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http://pdglive.lbl.gov/ParticleGroup.action?node=MXXX035 | # CHARMED MESONS ($\boldsymbol C$ = $\pm1$)
${{\mathit D}^{+}}$ = ${\mathit {\mathit c}}$ ${\mathit {\overline{\mathit d}}}$, ${{\mathit D}^{0}}$ = ${\mathit {\mathit c}}$ ${\mathit {\overline{\mathit u}}}$, ${{\overline{\mathit D}}^{0}}$ = ${\mathit {\overline{\mathit c}}}$ ${\mathit {\mathit u}}$, ${{\mathit D}^{-}}$ = ${\mathit {\overline{\mathit c}}}$ ${\mathit {\mathit d}}$, similarly for ${{\mathit D}^{*}}$'s
See related review: ${{\mathit D}^{0}}$ $-$ ${{\overline{\mathit D}}^{0}}$ Mixing
• ${{\mathit D}^{\pm}}$ $1/2(0^{-})$
• ${{\mathit D}^{0}}$ $1/2(0^{-})$
• ${{\mathit D}^{*}{(2007)}^{0}}$ $1/2(1^{-})$
• ${{\mathit D}^{*}{(2010)}^{\pm}}$ $1/2(1^{-})$
• ${{\mathit D}_{{0}}^{*}{(2400)}^{0}}$ $1/2(0^{+})$
${{\mathit D}_{{0}}^{*}{(2400)}^{\pm}}$ $1/2(0^{+})$
• ${{\mathit D}_{{1}}{(2420)}^{0}}$ $1/2(1^{+})$
${{\mathit D}_{{1}}{(2420)}^{\pm}}$ $1/2(?^{?})$
${{\mathit D}_{{1}}{(2430)}^{0}}$ $1/2(1^{+})$
• ${{\mathit D}_{{2}}^{*}{(2460)}^{0}}$ $1/2(2^{+})$
• ${{\mathit D}_{{2}}^{*}{(2460)}^{\pm}}$ $1/2(2^{+})$
${{\mathit D}{(2550)}^{0}}$ $1/2(?^{?})$
${{\mathit D}_{{J}}^{*}{(2600)}}$ was ${{\mathit D}{(2600)}}$ $1/2(?^{?})$
${{\mathit D}^{*}{(2640)}^{\pm}}$ $1/2(?^{?})$
${{\mathit D}{(2740)}^{0}}$ $1/2(?^{?})$
${{\mathit D}_{{3}}^{*}{(2750)}}$ $1/2(3^{-})$
${{\mathit D}{(3000)}^{0}}$ $1/2(?^{?})$
• Indicates established particles. | 2019-03-22T12:41:45 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9929437637329102, "perplexity": 355.4855930039502}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202658.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20190322115048-20190322141048-00055.warc.gz"} |
https://www.usgs.gov/programs/national-water-quality-program/harmful-algal-bloom-funds | # Harmful Algal Bloom Funds
New projects from coast-to-coast will advance the research on harmful algal blooms (HABs) in lakes, reservoirs and rivers. Vivid emerald-colored algal blooms are caused by cyanobacteria, which can produce cyanotoxins that threaten human health and aquatic ecosystems and can cause major economic damage.
In Fiscal Year 2019, Congress provided the National Water Quality Program (NWQP) with \$819K in additional Cooperative Matching Funds (CMF) to assess HABs. In Fiscal Year 2020, Congress provided an additional \$529K to support HABs CMF projects, for a total of \\$1.348M.
The NWQP is funding projects, done in cooperation with state and local partners, to advance real-time monitoring, remote sensing, and the use of molecular techniques to identify and predict the occurrence of HABs and the toxins they may produce. These new approaches will provide information that can act as an “early warning” of HABs, assist water-treatment plant operators in decision making, and build our knowledge of the cyanobacterial communities that cause HABs and the cyanotoxins produced. | 2023-04-01T06:13:58 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.25899842381477356, "perplexity": 14757.013827936908}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": false}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296949701.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20230401032604-20230401062604-00530.warc.gz"} |
https://ftp.aimsciences.org/article/doi/10.3934/proc.2015.0066 | Article Contents
Article Contents
# Stabilization of a hyperbolic/elliptic system modelling the viscoelastic-gravitational deformation in a multilayered Earth
• In the last 30 years several mathematical studies have been devoted to the viscoelastic-gravitational coupling in stationary and transient regimes either for static case or for hyperbolic case. However, to the best of our knowledge there is a lack of mathematical study of the stabilization as $t$ goes to infinity of a viscoelastic-gravitational models crustal deformations of multilayered Earth. Here we prove that, under some additional conditions on the data, the difference of the viscoelastic and elastic solutions converges to zero, as $t$ goes to infinity, in a suitable functional space. The proof of that uses a reformulation of the hyperbolic/elliptic system in terms of a nonlocal hyperbolic system.
Mathematics Subject Classification: 34H15, 37B25, 35Q74, 35Q84.
Citation:
• [1] A. Arjona, J.I. Díaz, J. Fernández and J.B. Rundle, On the Mathematical Analysis of an Elastic-gravitational Layered Earth Model for Magmatic Intrusion: The Stationary Case, Pure Appl. Geophys., 165 (2008), 1465-1490. [2] A. Arjona and J.I. Díaz, On the mathematical analysis of a viscoealstic-gravitational layered earth model for magmatic intrusion: The dynamic Case, Submitted. [3] T. Cazenave and A. Haraux, Introduction aux Problèmes d'évolution Semi-Linéaires. Ellipses , Paris, 1990. [4] J.I. Díaz and F. de Thelin, On a nonlinear parabolic problems arising in some models related to turbulence flows, SIAM Journal of Mathematical Analysis, 25 (1994), 1085-1111. [5] J. Fernández, J.M. Carrasco, J.B. Rundle and V. Araña, Geodetic methods for detecting volcanic unrest: a theoretical approach, Bulletin of Volcanology, 60 (1999), 534-544. [6] J. Fernández, M. Charco, K.F. Tiampo, G. Jentzsch and J.B. Rundle, Joint interpretation of displacement and gravity data in volcanic areas. A test example: Long Valley Caldera, California, J.Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 28 (2001), 1063-1066. [7] J. Fernández and J.B. Rundle, Postseismic visoelastic-gravitational half space computations: Problems and solutions, Geophysical Research Letters, 31 (2004). [8] A. Folch, J. Fernández, J.B. Rundle and J. Martí, Ground deformation in a viscoelastic medium composed of a layer overlying a half space: A comparison between point and extended sources, Geophys.J.Int., 140 (2000), 37-50. [9] A.E.H. Love, Some problems in Geodynamics, Cambridge University Press, New York, 1911. [10] J.B. Rundle, Static elastic-gravitational deformation of a layared half space by point couple sources, J. Geophys.Res., 85 (1980), 5355-5363. [11] J.B. Rundle, Numerical Evaluation of static elastic-gravitational deformation of a layared half space by point couple sources, Rep., Sandia National Lab., Albuquerque, NM, SAND80-2048., (1980), 2048. [12] J.B. Rundle, Deformation, gravity and potential changes due to volcanic loading of the crust, J. Geophys.R, 87 (1982), 10.729-10.744. [13] J.B. Rundle, Viscoeslastic-Gravitational Deformation by a Rectangular Thrust Fault in a Layered Earth, J. Geophys.Res., 87 (1982b), 7787-7796.
Open Access Under a Creative Commons license | 2022-12-01T12:20:36 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 1, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.5826973915100098, "perplexity": 5638.857699235392}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710813.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20221201121601-20221201151601-00328.warc.gz"} |
https://dlmf.nist.gov/10.17#E9 | # §10.17 Asymptotic Expansions for Large Argument
## §10.17(i) Hankel’s Expansions
Define $a_{0}(\nu)=1$,
10.17.1 $a_{k}(\nu)=\frac{(4\nu^{2}-1^{2})(4\nu^{2}-3^{2})\cdots(4\nu^{2}-(2k-1)^{2})}{% k!8^{k}}=\frac{{\left(\frac{1}{2}-\nu\right)_{k}}{\left(\frac{1}{2}+\nu\right)% _{k}}}{(-2)^{k}k!},$ $k\geq 1$, ⓘ Defines: $a_{k}(\nu)$: polynomial coefficient (locally) Symbols: ${\left(\NVar{a}\right)_{\NVar{n}}}$: Pochhammer’s symbol (or shifted factorial), $!$: factorial (as in $n!$), $k$: nonnegative integer and $\nu$: complex parameter Referenced by: §10.49(i), Erratum (V1.1.3) for Additions Permalink: http://dlmf.nist.gov/10.17.E1 Encodings: TeX, pMML, png Addition (effective with 1.1.3): An alternative Pochhammer symbol representation was added. See also: Annotations for §10.17(i), §10.17 and Ch.10
10.17.2 $\omega=z-\tfrac{1}{2}\nu\pi-\tfrac{1}{4}\pi,$ ⓘ Defines: $\omega$ (locally) Symbols: $\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $z$: complex variable and $\nu$: complex parameter Permalink: http://dlmf.nist.gov/10.17.E2 Encodings: TeX, pMML, png See also: Annotations for §10.17(i), §10.17 and Ch.10
and let $\delta$ denote an arbitrary small positive constant. Then as $z\to\infty$, with $\nu$ fixed,
10.17.3 $J_{\nu}\left(z\right)\sim\left(\frac{2}{\pi z}\right)^{\frac{1}{2}}\*\left(% \cos\omega\sum_{k=0}^{\infty}(-1)^{k}\frac{a_{2k}(\nu)}{z^{2k}}-\sin\omega\sum% _{k=0}^{\infty}(-1)^{k}\frac{a_{2k+1}(\nu)}{z^{2k+1}}\right),$ $|\operatorname{ph}z|\leq\pi-\delta$,
10.17.4 $Y_{\nu}\left(z\right)\sim\left(\frac{2}{\pi z}\right)^{\frac{1}{2}}\*\left(% \sin\omega\sum_{k=0}^{\infty}(-1)^{k}\frac{a_{2k}(\nu)}{z^{2k}}+\cos\omega\sum% _{k=0}^{\infty}(-1)^{k}\frac{a_{2k+1}(\nu)}{z^{2k+1}}\right),$ $|\operatorname{ph}z|\leq\pi-\delta$,
10.17.5 ${H^{(1)}_{\nu}}\left(z\right)\sim\left(\frac{2}{\pi z}\right)^{\frac{1}{2}}e^{% i\omega}\sum_{k=0}^{\infty}i^{k}\frac{a_{k}(\nu)}{z^{k}},$ $-\pi+\delta\leq\operatorname{ph}z\leq 2\pi-\delta$,
10.17.6 ${H^{(2)}_{\nu}}\left(z\right)\sim\left(\frac{2}{\pi z}\right)^{\frac{1}{2}}e^{% -i\omega}\sum_{k=0}^{\infty}(-i)^{k}\frac{a_{k}(\nu)}{z^{k}},$ $-2\pi+\delta\leq\operatorname{ph}z\leq\pi-\delta$,
where the branch of $z^{\frac{1}{2}}$ is determined by
10.17.7 $z^{\frac{1}{2}}=\exp\left(\tfrac{1}{2}\ln|z|+\tfrac{1}{2}i\operatorname{ph}z% \right).$
Corresponding expansions for other ranges of $\operatorname{ph}z$ can be obtained by combining (10.17.3), (10.17.5), (10.17.6) with the continuation formulas (10.11.1), (10.11.3), (10.11.4) (or (10.11.7), (10.11.8)), and also the connection formula given by the second of (10.4.4).
## §10.17(ii) Asymptotic Expansions of Derivatives
We continue to use the notation of §10.17(i). Also, $b_{0}(\nu)=1$, $b_{1}(\nu)=(4\nu^{2}+3)/8$, and for $k\geq 2$,
10.17.8 $b_{k}(\nu)=\frac{\left((4\nu^{2}-1^{2})(4\nu^{2}-3^{2})\cdots(4\nu^{2}-(2k-3)^% {2})\right)(4\nu^{2}+4k^{2}-1)}{k!8^{k}}.$ ⓘ Defines: $b_{k}(\nu)$: polynomial coefficient (locally) Symbols: $!$: factorial (as in $n!$), $k$: nonnegative integer and $\nu$: complex parameter Permalink: http://dlmf.nist.gov/10.17.E8 Encodings: TeX, pMML, png See also: Annotations for §10.17(ii), §10.17 and Ch.10
Then as $z\to\infty$ with $\nu$ fixed,
10.17.9 $\displaystyle J_{\nu}'\left(z\right)$ $\displaystyle\sim-\left(\frac{2}{\pi z}\right)^{\frac{1}{2}}\left(\sin\omega% \sum_{k=0}^{\infty}(-1)^{k}\frac{b_{2k}(\nu)}{z^{2k}}+\cos\omega\sum_{k=0}^{% \infty}(-1)^{k}\frac{b_{2k+1}(\nu)}{z^{2k+1}}\right),$ $|\operatorname{ph}z|\leq\pi-\delta$, 10.17.10 $\displaystyle Y_{\nu}'\left(z\right)$ $\displaystyle\sim\left(\frac{2}{\pi z}\right)^{\frac{1}{2}}\left(\cos\omega% \sum_{k=0}^{\infty}(-1)^{k}\frac{b_{2k}(\nu)}{z^{2k}}-\sin\omega\sum_{k=0}^{% \infty}(-1)^{k}\frac{b_{2k+1}(\nu)}{z^{2k+1}}\right),$ $|\operatorname{ph}z|\leq\pi-\delta$,
10.17.11 $\displaystyle{H^{(1)}_{\nu}}'\left(z\right)$ $\displaystyle\sim i\left(\frac{2}{\pi z}\right)^{\frac{1}{2}}e^{i\omega}\sum_{% k=0}^{\infty}i^{k}\frac{b_{k}(\nu)}{z^{k}},$ $-\pi+\delta\leq\operatorname{ph}z\leq 2\pi-\delta$, 10.17.12 $\displaystyle{H^{(2)}_{\nu}}'\left(z\right)$ $\displaystyle\sim-i\left(\frac{2}{\pi z}\right)^{\frac{1}{2}}e^{-i\omega}\sum_% {k=0}^{\infty}(-i)^{k}\frac{b_{k}(\nu)}{z^{k}},$ $-2\pi+\delta\leq\operatorname{ph}z\leq\pi-\delta$.
## §10.17(iii) Error Bounds for Real Argument and Order
In the expansions (10.17.3) and (10.17.4) assume that $\nu\geq 0$ and $z>0$. Then the remainder associated with the sum $\sum_{k=0}^{\ell-1}(-1)^{k}a_{2k}(\nu)z^{-2k}$ does not exceed the first neglected term in absolute value and has the same sign provided that $\ell\geq\max(\tfrac{1}{2}\nu-\tfrac{1}{4},1)$. Similarly for $\sum_{k=0}^{\ell-1}(-1)^{k}a_{2k+1}(\nu)z^{-2k-1}$, provided that $\ell\geq\max(\tfrac{1}{2}\nu-\tfrac{3}{4},1)$.
In the expansions (10.17.5) and (10.17.6) assume that $\nu>-\tfrac{1}{2}$ and $z>0$. If these expansions are terminated when $k=\ell-1$, then the remainder term is bounded in absolute value by the first neglected term, provided that $\ell\geq\max(\nu-\tfrac{1}{2},1)$.
## §10.17(iv) Error Bounds for Complex Argument and Order
For (10.17.5) and (10.17.6) write
10.17.13 $\rselection{{H^{(1)}_{\nu}}\left(z\right)\\ {H^{(2)}_{\nu}}\left(z\right)}=\left(\frac{2}{\pi z}\right)^{\frac{1}{2}}e^{% \pm i\omega}\left(\sum_{k=0}^{\ell-1}(\pm i)^{k}\frac{a_{k}(\nu)}{z^{k}}+R_{% \ell}^{\pm}(\nu,z)\right),$ $\ell=1,2,\dotsc$.
Then
10.17.14 $\left|R_{\ell}^{\pm}(\nu,z)\right|\leq 2|a_{\ell}(\nu)|\mathcal{V}_{z,\pm i% \infty}\left(t^{-\ell}\right)\*\exp\left(|\nu^{2}-\tfrac{1}{4}|\mathcal{V}_{z,% \pm i\infty}\left(t^{-1}\right)\right),$ ⓘ Defines: $R_{\ell}^{\pm}(\nu,z)$: remainder (locally) Symbols: $\exp\NVar{z}$: exponential function, $\mathrm{i}$: imaginary unit, $\mathcal{V}_{\NVar{a,b}}\left(\NVar{f}\right)$: total variation, $z$: complex variable, $\nu$: complex parameter and $a_{k}(\nu)$: polynomial coefficient Referenced by: §10.17(iv), Erratum (V1.0.10) for Equation (10.17.14) Permalink: http://dlmf.nist.gov/10.17.E14 Encodings: TeX, pMML, png Errata (effective with 1.0.10): Originally the factor $\mathcal{V}_{z,\pm i\infty}\left(t^{-1}\right)$ in the argument to the exponential was written incorrectly as $\mathcal{V}_{z,\pm i\infty}\left(t^{-\ell}\right)$. Reported 2014-09-27 by Gergő Nemes See also: Annotations for §10.17(iv), §10.17 and Ch.10
where $\mathcal{V}$ denotes the variational operator (2.3.6), and the paths of variation are subject to the condition that $|\Im t|$ changes monotonically. Bounds for $\mathcal{V}_{z,i\infty}\left(t^{-\ell}\right)$ are given by
10.17.15 $\mathcal{V}_{z,i\infty}\left(t^{-\ell}\right)\leq\begin{cases}|z|^{-\ell},&0% \leq\operatorname{ph}z\leq\pi,\\ \chi(\ell)|z|^{-\ell},&\parbox[t]{224.037pt}{-\tfrac{1}{2}\pi\leq% \operatorname{ph}z\leq 0 or \pi\leq\operatorname{ph}z\leq\tfrac{3}{2}\pi,}\\ 2\chi(\ell)|\Im z|^{-\ell},&\parbox[t]{224.037pt}{-\pi<\operatorname{ph}z\leq% -\tfrac{1}{2}\pi or \tfrac{3}{2}\pi\leq\operatorname{ph}z<2\pi,}\end{cases}$
where $\chi(\ell)=\pi^{\frac{1}{2}}\Gamma\left(\tfrac{1}{2}\ell+1\right)/\Gamma\left(% \tfrac{1}{2}\ell+\tfrac{1}{2}\right)$; see §9.7(i). The bounds (10.17.15) also apply to $\mathcal{V}_{z,-i\infty}\left(t^{-\ell}\right)$ in the conjugate sectors. Corresponding error bounds for (10.17.3) and (10.17.4) are obtainable by combining (10.17.13) and (10.17.14) with (10.4.4).
## §10.17(v) Exponentially-Improved Expansions
As in §9.7(v) denote
10.17.16 $G_{p}\left(z\right)=\frac{e^{z}}{2\pi}\Gamma\left(p\right)\Gamma\left(1-p,z% \right),$
where $\Gamma\left(1-p,z\right)$ is the incomplete gamma function (§8.2(i)). Then in (10.17.13) as $z\to\infty$ with $|\ell-2|z||$ bounded and $m$ ($\geq 0$) fixed,
10.17.17 $R_{\ell}^{\pm}(\nu,z)=(-1)^{\ell}2\cos\left(\nu\pi\right)\*\left(\sum_{k=0}^{m% -1}(\pm i)^{k}\frac{a_{k}(\nu)}{z^{k}}G_{\ell-k}\left(\mp 2iz\right)+R_{m,\ell% }^{\pm}(\nu,z)\right),$
where
10.17.18 $R_{m,\ell}^{\pm}(\nu,z)=O\left(e^{-2|z|}z^{-m}\right),$ $|\operatorname{ph}\left(ze^{\mp\frac{1}{2}\pi i}\right)|\leq\pi$. ⓘ Defines: $R_{\ell}^{\pm}(\nu,z)$: remainder (locally) Symbols: $O\left(\NVar{x}\right)$: order not exceeding, $\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $\mathrm{e}$: base of natural logarithm, $\mathrm{i}$: imaginary unit, $\operatorname{ph}$: phase, $m$: integer, $z$: complex variable and $\nu$: complex parameter Permalink: http://dlmf.nist.gov/10.17.E18 Encodings: TeX, pMML, png See also: Annotations for §10.17(v), §10.17 and Ch.10
For higher re-expansions of the remainder terms see Olde Daalhuis and Olver (1995a) and Olde Daalhuis (1995, 1996). | 2021-10-19T17:55:25 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 232, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9727140069007874, "perplexity": 5485.19292244432}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": false}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585280.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20211019171139-20211019201139-00504.warc.gz"} |
http://dlmf.nist.gov/22.2 | # §22.2 Definitions
The nome is given in terms of the modulus by
where , are defined in §19.2(ii). Inversely,
where and the theta functions are defined in §20.2(i).
With
22.2.4
22.2.5
22.2.6
22.2.7
22.2.8
22.2.9
As a function of , with fixed , each of the 12 Jacobian elliptic functions is doubly periodic, having two periods whose ratio is not real. Each is meromorphic in for fixed , with simple poles and simple zeros, and each is meromorphic in for fixed . For , all functions are real for .
## ¶ Glaisher’s Notation
The Jacobian functions are related in the following way. Let , , be any three of the letters , , , . Then
22.2.10
with the convention that functions with the same two letters are replaced by unity; e.g. .
The six functions containing the letter in their two-letter name are odd in ; the other six are even in .
In terms of Neville’s theta functions (§20.1)
where
and , are any pair of the letters , , , . | 2013-12-09T08:07:41 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9793167114257812, "perplexity": 1015.0485892843243}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 5, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163936569/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204133216-00083-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://finalfantasy.fandom.com/wiki/Magic_Break_(ability)?diff=3234856&oldid=2829058 | ## FANDOM
37,198 Pages
You place too much trust in your Magicks!
Auron, Final Fantasy X
Magic Break (マジックブレイク, Majikku Bureiku?), also known as Rend MP, Addle, and Rend Magick, attacks the target's Magic Power or their MP, similar to the ability Mind Break.
## AppearancesEdit
### Final Fantasy IXEdit
Reduces the enemy's Magic.
Description
Magic Break is one of Steiner's Sword Arts. It costs 4 MP to use, and can be learned for 25 AP from the Flame Saber. It has a 50% accuracy rate, but can be used repeatedly.
The formula is as follows:
$[(Magic * 75)/100]$[1]
### Final Fantasy XEdit
Magic Break is found on Auron's section of the Sphere Grid and halves the target's Magic Power. It can be healed by Dispel, and ends if the target is KO'd during battle. It can also be inflicted via the Full Break ability, also found on Auron's Sphere Grid path and via some of Rikku's mixes. Some enemy attacks also inflict it upon the party. Some enemies are immune against Magic Break.
#### Final Fantasy X-2Edit
Magic Break is used by the Warrior dressphere for 4 MP. It takes 30 AP to learn. It deals physical damage to a target and decreases their MAG by -2 levels. It also appears in the form of Magic Eraser, usable by Rikku while in Mascot, which targets all enemies.
### Final Fantasy XIIEdit
Addle is a Technick which halves one foe's Magick Power. It has 66% base accuracy and can be used repeatedly, but is not as effective on repeated uses. Once the effect has been applied, it is permanent, and the opponent can't remove it. Addle can be bought in Rabanastre and Archades for 3,500 gil, and can be used for 30 License Points.
In the Zodiac versions, Addle costs 50 LP and can be used by Foebreaker, Archer and Time Battlemage, although the Time Battlemage must acquire the license for Zeromus first.
#### Final Fantasy XII: Revenant WingsEdit
Rend Magick is an enemy ability that lower one foe's Magick. It is used by Rinok, Sky Pirate, and Sky Soldier.
### Final Fantasy TacticsEdit
A technique that reduces the target's MP.
Description
Rend MP (Magic Break on the PS) is an ability available to the Knight job class, learned for 250 JP, which reduces the target's MP. It reduces the target's MP by approximately half (rounded up).
### Final Fantasy Tactics AdvanceEdit
Deals damage to MP.
Description
Magicbreak is used by both Soldiers and Warriors. It can be learned from the Ancient Sword for 200 AP and deals MP damage, the element is the same as the equipped weapon.
#### Final Fantasy Tactics A2: Grimoire of the RiftEdit
Rend MP is an ability for the Warrior and Soldier classes, learned for 250 AP from the Falchion for the Warrior and by the for 250 AP from the Ancient Sword for the Soldier. It damages a target's MP.
### Bravely DefaultEdit
Skull Bash is the job level 11 ability for the Pirate It deals the same damage as a conventional attack to one target, and for four turns, lowers the target's magic attack by 25%. The lower limit for M.Atk is 75%. it costs 9 MP to use.
#### Bravely Second: End Layer Edit
Skull Bash is the job level 8 command ability for the Pirate. It allows the user to deal the same damage as a conventional attack to one target, and for four turns, lower the target's M.Atk by 25%. The lower limit for M.Atk is 75%. It cost 9 MP to use.
### Final Fantasy Airborne BrigadeEdit
This section about an ability in Final Fantasy Airborne Brigade is empty or needs to be expanded. You can help the Final Fantasy Wiki by expanding it.
### Final Fantasy Record KeeperEdit
This section about an ability in Final Fantasy Record Keeper is empty or needs to be expanded. You can help the Final Fantasy Wiki by expanding it.
### Final Fantasy Brave ExviusEdit
Damage and reduce MAG for one enemy
Description
This section about an ability in Final Fantasy Brave Exvius is empty or needs to be expanded. You can help the Final Fantasy Wiki by expanding it.
#### War of the Visions: Final Fantasy Brave ExviusEdit
This section about an ability in War of the Visions: Final Fantasy Brave Exvius is empty or needs to be expanded. You can help the Final Fantasy Wiki by expanding it.
## GalleryEdit
This gallery is incomplete and requires Final Fantasy XII: Revenant Wings and Enemy version in Final Fantasy Record Keeper added. You can help the Final Fantasy Wiki by uploading images.
## ReferencesEdit
Community content is available under CC-BY-SA unless otherwise noted. | 2020-02-20T01:07:55 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.5306686758995056, "perplexity": 8020.004975169823}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875144498.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20200220005045-20200220035045-00304.warc.gz"} |
https://linkeddata.tern.org.au/viewer/tern/id/http://linked.data.gov.au/def/tern-cv/c_b837456f | # dead stand tree basal area
URI: http://linked.data.gov.au/def/tern-cv/c_b837456f
Date created: 2021-11-30
Date modified: 2021-11-30
Parameter Type
##### Definition
the sum of the basal area of all dead trees in a stand, is usually expressed in square metres per hectare.
##### source
http://anpsa.org.au/APOL25/mar02-4.html
TERN is supported by the Australian Government through the National Collaborative Research Infrastructure Strategy, NCRIS. | 2022-06-30T07:40:45 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.3058696687221527, "perplexity": 10085.011888080227}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103669266.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20220630062154-20220630092154-00523.warc.gz"} |
https://wiki.cosmos.esa.int/planck-legacy-archive/index.php?title=Map-making_LFI&diff=cur&oldid=12034 | # Difference between revisions of "Map-making LFI"
## Mapmaking
The inputs to the mapmaking procedure consist of the calibrated timelines, along with the corresponding pointing information. The main output consists of temperature and polarization maps. An important part of the mapmaking step is the removal of correlated 1/f noise.
LFI maps were constructed with the MADAM mapmaking code, version 3.7.4. The code is based on a generalized destriping technique, where the correlated noise component is modelled as a sequence of constant offset "baselines". The baseline solution is constrained by a noise filter. As auxiliary information, the code produces a hit-count map and a white noise covariance matrix. No beam information is used, with the signal being simply assigned to the pixel where the centre of the beam falls.
The chosen baseline length was 1s for the 44GHz and 70GHz maps, 0.25s for the 30GHz map. This gives good noise removal, without being computationally burdensome. The noise filter was built according to the noise parameters (see noise section). Flagged samples were excluded from the analysis. The Galaxy region was masked out in the destriping phase, to reduce errors arising from strong signal gradients. Radiometers were combined according to the horn-uniform weighting scheme to minimize systematics. The polarization component was included in the analysis and is part of this release. A detailed description of the mapmaking procedure is given in Planck-2013-II[1], Planck-2015-A02[2], Planck-2015-A06[3] no relevant changes has been applyed in the 2018 release. See also the section on Frequency Maps.
The maps are in HEALPix format, at resolution Nside=1024 for all frequencies with an additional map at Nside=2048 for the LFI 70GHz channel, in the nested pixelization scheme. Unobserved pixels are marked by a special value.
The released maps are in Galactic coordinates. The conversion between ecliptic and Galactic coordinates is described by the rotation matrix
The conversion was applied to the input pointing data, prior to the construction of the map.
## Low-resolution maps and noise covariance matrices
To fully exploit the information contained in the large-scale structure of the microwave sky, pixel-pixel covariances are needed in the maximum likelihood estimation of the CMB power spectrum. However, full covariance matrices are impossible to employ at the native map resolution due to resource limitations. A low-resolution data set is therefore required for the low-ℓ analysis. This data set has been packed into three different files, one per frequency, called "LFI_NoiseCovMat_0??_0016_R3.00.tgz", that can be downloaded from the Cosmology section of the Planck Legacy Archive. They consist of low-resolution maps, and descriptions of residual noise present in those maps given by pixel-pixel noise covariance matrices (NCVMs). Note the in the 2018 release the Low-resolution maps full mission coverage, excluding Surveys 2 and 4 has not been used. We release them for crosschecking purposes with respect 2015 release.
Contents of LFI_NoiseCovMat_0??_0016_R3.20.tgz
Filenames Comment
LFI_SkyMap_0??_0016_coswin_DX12_full_regnoise.fits Low-resolution maps. Full mission coverage.
LFI_SkyMap_0??_0016_coswin_DX12_Corrected_full_regnoise.fits Low-resolution maps BandPass Corrected. Full mission coverage. Corrected for the BandPass.
LFI_SkyMap_0??_0016_coswin_DX12_s1-s3-s5-s6-s7-s8_regnoise.fits Low-resolution maps. Full mission coverage, excluding Surveys 2 and 4.
LFI_SkyMap_0??_0016_coswin_DX12_Corrected_s1-s3-s5-s6-s7-s8_regnoise.fits Low-resolution maps. Full mission coverage, excluding Surveys 2 and 4. Corrected for the BandPass.
offset_covmat_toast_nside64T16_coswin_025sec_??GHz_DX12_full_bin.dat Low-resolution noise covariance matrices. Regularization noise added. Format: C unformatted.
offset_covmat_toast_nside64T16_coswin_025sec_??GHz_DX12_s1-s3-s5-s6-s7-s8_bin.dat Low-resolution noise covariance matrices. Regularization noise added. Format: C unformatted.
covmat_toast_nside64T16_coswin_025sec_??GHz_DX12_full_bin.dat Low-resolution noise covariance matrices. No regularization noise added. Format: C unformatted.
covmat_toast_nside64T16_coswin_025sec_??GHz_DX12_s1-s3-s5-s6-s7-s8_bin.dat Low-resolution noise covariance matrices. No regularization noise added. Format: C unformatted.
offset_RESCALED_base_bestfit_cov_IQU.da Rescaled noise ONLY for 70 GHz. C unformatted.
The low-resolution data set can currently be utilized efficiently only at resolution Nside = 16, or lower. All the low-resolution data products are produced at this target resolution.
### Low-resolution maps
A number of different schemes to obtain the low-resolution maps are discussed in [4]. We chose to downgrade the maps using the inverse noise weighting, no changes on the procedure has been applyed to the 2018 release. This is discussed further in Planck-2013-II[1]Planck-2015-A06[3].
#### Inputs
We took the high-resolution maps described in Map-making and Frequency Maps, and the corresponding 3×3 matrices as an input for this analysis step.
#### Production
The high-resolution maps were downgraded to Nside = 16 using inverse noise weights (given by the 3×3 matrices), and subsequently the temperature part was smoothed with a symmetric Gaussian beam with FWHM = 440arcmin.
### Noise covariance matrices
The statistical description of the residual noise in the maps is given in the form of a pixel-to-pixel noise covariance matrix (NCVM), as described in [4].
#### Inputs
The noise model was determined by three noise parameters: the white noise level σ; slope; and knee frequency fknee. We actually used three sets of noise parameters, one for the entire mission (noise parameters are listed in Table 1), and one for each sky survey (SS1 and SS2).
We used the same pointing as in the noise Monte Carlo simulations. See the description in Noise Monte Carlo Simulation Inputs.
We used the gap files produced during the making of the flight maps to leave out samples that were flagged as bad for various reasons.
#### Production
The output of the NCVM module of MADAM mapmaker are inverse NCVMs. Since the inverse matrices are additive, we divided the computations into a number of small chunks to save computational resources. We first calculated one inverse NCVM per radiometer per survey at resolution Nside=32, and then combined these individual inverse matrices to form the actual inverse matrices. The mapmaking parameters were almost identical to the standard mapmaking runs. The differing parameter values are listed below:
• baseline lengths were 0.25s for 30GHzand 1.0s for 44GHz, and 70GHz;
• the calculations were performed at resolution Nside = 64;
• no destriping mask was applied;
• the horns were weighted optimally.
To obtain the noise covariance from its inverse, the matrices are inverted using the eigen decomposition of a matrix. The monopole of the temperature map cannot be resolved by the mapmaker, and thus the matrix becomes singular. This ill-determined mode is left out of the analysis.
Having calculated the eigen decomposition in the previous step, we can apply the same linear operators to modify the eigenvectors as were applied to the high-resolution maps while downgrading them. The eigenvectors are downgraded to Nside = 16 using inverse noise weights, and subsequently the temperature part is smoothed with a symmetric Gaussian beam with FWHM = 440arcmin.
The final matrices are then recomposed from the original eigenvalues and modified eigenvectors.
The low-resolution noise covariance matrices:
• are C binary format files;
• are organized in block form,
• are in the HEALPix nested pixelisation scheme (with resolution is Nside = 16, and thus there are Npix = 3072 pixels);
• are in Galactic coordinates;
• have KCMB units.
## Half-ring jackknife noise maps
### Overview
In the 2018 release we follow the same procedure as in Planck-2015-A03[2] in order to estimate the noise directly at the map level and in the angular power spectra.
Briefly, instead of using the full time-ordered data as described above, we produced two sets of maps using either only the first half of each pointing period (map named j1 below) or only the second half of each pointing period (map named j2). At each pixel p, these half-ring jackknife maps j1 and j2 contain the same sky signal, since they result from the same scanning pattern on the sky. However, because of instrumental noise, the maps j1 and j2 are not identical.
We estimated the noise level in each map m made using the full (ring) data, by constructing a half-ring difference map
with weights
.
Here hitfull(p) = hit1(p) + hit2(p) is the hit count at pixel p in the full map m, while hit1 and hit2 are the hit counts of j1 and j2, respectively. The weight factor whit(p) is equal to 2 only in those pixels where hit1(p) = hit2(p) . In a typical pixel, hit1(p) will differ slightly from hit2(p) and hence the weight factor is whit(p)>2.
The half-ring difference maps nm are the most direct measure of the noise in the actual maps. The other noise estimates (NCVM and noise Monte Carlo) rely on specific modelling of the noise and this modelling can be validated by comparing to the half-ring difference maps. However, the half-ring difference maps can only capture the noise that varies faster than half of the duration of the pointing period, i.e., the noise whose frequency is approximately f > 1/20min = 0.85mHz.
We calculated the noise maps nm, from half-ring "jackknife" maps for temperature (I) and polarization (Q and U) and as a first quality check of the maps (and as one of the tests of the whole data processing pipeline up to the map level) tested both numerically and visually that these noise maps divided pixel-by-pixel by the square root of the white noise covariance maps were approximately Gaussian with variance near to unity. Temperature noise maps for the nominal survey and for the first and second sky surveys are shown in the next subsection. Furthermore we calculated from the noise maps the temperature and polarization (E and B mode) auto-correlation and cross-correlation noise angular power spectra using HEALPix anafast and compared to these the results from the white noise covariance matrices and from the noise Monte Carlo simulations. A similar comparison was made between downgraded half-ring noise maps, downgraded noise Monte Carlo maps, and the low-resolution noise covariance maps. Detailed results are presented in Planck-2020-A2[5].
### Comparison of noise estimates using Half-Ring
Here we compare noise angular power spectra estimated from half-ring difference maps (red), white noise covariance maps (black dash-dotted lines), and 100 full noise Monte Carlo simulations (grey band showing range for 16th and 84th quantiles of noise simulations, and the black solid lines giving the median, i.e., 50th quantile, of distributions). See the next section for details of noise Monte Carlo simulations. From top to botto we show TT, EE and BB power spectra for 30 GHz (left), 44 GHz (centre), and 70 GHz (right). Half-ring spectra are binned with for .
Consistency Check
Below the null-tests comparing power spectra from survey differences to those from teh half-ring maps are showed. Difefrences are: left, Survey 1 - Survey 2; Middle , Survey 1- Survey 3; and right, Survey 1 - Survey4. these are for 30 GHz (top), 44 GHz (middle), and 70 GHz (bottom), for both TT and EE power spectra. There is a significant improvement in Surve1 - Survey 2 and Survey 1 - Survey 4 at 30 GHz, especially in EE. See Planck-2020-A2[5] for further details.
Null Test
#### High-ell average noise relative to white noise estimate
The figure below is the same as the previous figures, but here the noise comparison is made from the high ℓ tails of the angular power spectra, where the white noise dominates. We have taken the average of C from multipoles between 1150 and 1800 for both temperature and polarization and tehn comparing with the WNCVM. As already shown in previous releases, there is still an excess of 1/f noise, meaning tha both the real data and the noise MCs predict slightly larger noise than the WNCVM. It is important to note that such noise excess is reduced considerably with respect to the 2015 release.
Ratio at high multipoles
## Noise Monte Carlo simulations
### Overview
Calculating and handling full pixel-to-pixel noise covariance matrices for Planck maps if feasible only at low resolution. To support the analysis of high-resolution maps, a Monte Carlo set of noise maps were produced. These maps were produced from noise timelines using the same map-making procedure as for the flight data. In the noise Monte Carlo it was possible to follow exactly the mapmaking procedure used for the flight maps, whereas for the calculation of noise covariance matrices some approximations had to be made. Such noise Monte Carlos were produced at two levels of the analysis: (1) LFI Monte Carlo (MC) as part of the LFI data processing procedure; and (2) Full Focal Plane (FFP) Monte Carlos as part of the joint HFI/LFI data processing. This page describes the LFI noise MCs. For the FFP MC, see HL-sims and Simulation data.
### Inputs
The noise MC uses a three-parameter noise model, consisting of white noise level (σ), slope, and knee frequency (fknee)). Here the noise consists of white noise and correlated 1/f noise, with a power spectrum
,
where fsample is the sampling frequency of the instrument. The noise parameters were determined separately for each radiometer, as described in the section Noise above, assuming they stayed constant over the mission.
The detector pointing was reconstructed from satellite pointing information, focal-plane geometry, pointing correction (tilt angle), and sample timing, using Level-S simulation software. The same pointing solution (two focal planes) was used as for the LFI flight maps. Due to numerical accuracy, the detector pointing in the noise MC was not exactly the same as for the flight maps, so some data samples (of the order of one in a thousand) whose pointing was near the pixel boundary ended up assigned to the neighbouring pixel. During mapmaking from the flight data, a "gap file" was produced to represent the samples that were omitted from mapmaking due to various flags. This gap file was used in the noise MC instead of the full set of flags. The flight mapmaking procedure used destriping masks to prevent regions of strong signal gradients from contributing to the noise baseline solution. These same destriping masks (one for each frequency channel) were used for the noise MC.
### Production
The noise was generated internally in the Madam mapmaking code using a stochastic differential equation (SDE) method, to avoid time-consuming writing and reading of noise timelines to and from disk. Noise for each pointing period was generated separately, using a double-precision random number seed constructed from the realization number, radiometer number, and the pointing period number; this allowed for regeneration of the same noise realization when needed. White noise and 1/f noise were generated separately.
The same mapmaking code (Madam) with the same parameter settings was used for the noise MC as for the flight maps. In addition to the destriped maps from the full noise (output maps), binned maps from just the white noise (binned white noise maps) were produced; they represent the white noise part of the output maps. The difference between these two maps represents the residual correlated noise in the output map. The maps were made at HEALPix resolution Nside = 1024 for all LFI frequency channels and also at HEALPix resolution Nside = 2048 for the 70 GHz channel. For low-resolution analysis, these maps were downgraded (and the temperature part was smoothed) to Nside = 32 and Nside = 16.
In addition to frequency maps for the nominal survey, also single-survey and 70 GHz horn-pair maps were produced in the noise MC. For each case 102-1026 realizations were produced.
### Usage
These noise Monte Carlo maps were used for a number of purposes in LFI data analysis. They were compared to the low-resolution noise covariance matrices, generated for the same noise model, in order to reveal the impact of the approximations in the noise covariance matrix calculation. They were compared to the half-ring noise maps to see how well the noise model matches the noise in the flight maps (noting, however, that the half-ring noise maps misrepresent the lowest noise frequencies in the flight maps, and contain some effects from the sky signal). They were also used in power spectrum estimation and non-Gaussianity estimation.
### Examples
As an example, we show below images of the first realization of the 70GHz frequency map noise for the nominal survey. The images are in the order: destriped full noise; binned white noise; and residual correlated noise. Note that it is difficult to see any difference between the first two images, since the residual correlated noise is more than an order of magnitude below the white noise level. The units here are KCMB.
Destriped full noise.
Binned white noise.
Residual correlated noise.
The following two images show the statistics of the angular power spectra of 101 realizations of the 70 GHz frequency map noise for the nominal survey. The thick black line shows the median C, while the green line the mean C. Thin black lines show the minimum, 16th percentile, 84th percentile, and the maximum C. The red line is the 102nd realization. The first plot is for the full noise in the output map, while the second plot is for the residual correlated noise.
Full noise.
Residual correlated noise.
## References
1. Planck 2013 results. II. Low Frequency Instrument data processing, Planck Collaboration, 2014, A&A, 571, A2.
2. Planck 2015 results. II. LFI processing, Planck Collaboration, 2016, A&A, 594, A2.
3. Planck 2015 results. VI. LFI mapmaking, Planck Collaboration, 2016, A&A, 594, A6.
4. Residual noise covariance for Planck low-resolution data analysis, R. Keskitalo, M. A. J. Ashdown, P. Cabella, T. Kisner, T. Poutanen, R. Stompor, ArXiv e-prints, (2013).
5. Planck 2018 results. II. Low Frequency Instrument data processing, Planck Collaboration, 2020, A&A, 641, A2.
(Planck) Low Frequency Instrument
(Hierarchical Equal Area isoLatitude Pixelation of a sphere, <ref name="Template:Gorski2005">HEALPix: A Framework for High-Resolution Discretization and Fast Analysis of Data Distributed on the Sphere, K. M. Górski, E. Hivon, A. J. Banday, B. D. Wandelt, F. K. Hansen, M. Reinecke, M. Bartelmann, ApJ, 622, 759-771, (2005).
Cosmic Microwave background
Full-Width-at-Half-Maximum
(Planck) High Frequency Instrument | 2022-10-01T04:34:16 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 2, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8089402318000793, "perplexity": 2668.1732930652784}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030335530.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20221001035148-20221001065148-00067.warc.gz"} |
https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10111646-training-faster-separating-modes-variation-batch-normalized-models | Training Faster by Separating Modes of Variation in Batch-normalized Models
Batch Normalization (BN) is essential to effectively train state-of-the-art deep Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN). It normalizes the layer outputs during training using the statistics of each mini-batch. BN accelerates training procedure by allowing to safely utilize large learning rates and alleviates the need for careful initialization of the parameters. In this work, we study BN from the viewpoint of Fisher kernels that arise from generative probability models. We show that assuming samples within a mini-batch are from the same probability density function, then BN is identical to the Fisher vector of a Gaussian distribution. That means batch normalizing transform can be explained in terms of kernels that naturally emerge from the probability density function that models the generative process of the underlying data distribution. Consequently, it promises higher discrimination power for the batch-normalized mini-batch. However, given the rectifying non-linearities employed in CNN architectures, distribution of the layer outputs show an asymmetric characteristic. Therefore, in order for BN to fully benefit from the aforementioned properties, we propose approximating underlying data distribution not with one, but a mixture of Gaussian densities. Deriving Fisher vector for a Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM), reveals that batch normalization can be improved by independently normalizing with respect more »
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Publication Date:
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IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
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0162-8828 | 2022-08-14T07:34:57 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8209378719329834, "perplexity": 1121.3910773900363}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571996.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814052950-20220814082950-00436.warc.gz"} |
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51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA.
## Documentation¶
The documentation is released under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) license. | 2018-10-15T13:44:27 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.28490203619003296, "perplexity": 1584.9427128285627}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583509196.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20181015121848-20181015143348-00108.warc.gz"} |
https://www.aimsciences.org/article/doi/10.3934/proc.2013.2013.159 | Article Contents
Article Contents
On the lower and upper solution method for the prescribed mean curvature equation in Minkowski space
• We develop a lower and upper solution method for the Dirichlet problem associated with the prescribed mean curvature equation in Minkowski space \begin{equation*} \begin{cases} -{\rm div}\Big( \nabla u /\sqrt{1 - |\nabla u|^2}\Big)= f(x,u) & \hbox{ in } \Omega, \\ u=0& \hbox{ on } \partial \Omega. \end{cases} \end{equation*} Here $\Omega$ is a bounded regular domain in $\mathbb {R}^N$ and the function $f$ satisfies the Carathéodory conditions. The obtained results display various peculiarities due to the special features of the involved differential operator.
Mathematics Subject Classification: Primary: 35J25; Secondary: 35J62, 35J75, 35J93, 35A01, 47H07.
Citation:
• [1] R. Bartnik and L. Simon, Spacelike hypersurfaces with prescribed boundary values and mean curvature, Comm. Math. Phys. 87 (1982/83), 131-152. [2] C. Bereanu, P. Jebelean, and P. Torres, Positive radial solutions for Dirichlet problems with mean curvature operators in Minkowski space, J. Funct. Anal. 264 (2013), 270-287. [3] C. Bereanu, P. Jebelean, and P. Torres, Multiple positive radial solutions for a Dirichlet problem involving the mean curvature operator in Minkowski space, J. Funct. Anal. 265 (2013), 644-659. [4] H. Brezis and J. Mawhin, Periodic solutions of the forced relativistic pendulum, Differential Integral Equations 23 (2010), 801-810. [5] I. Coelho, C. Corsato, F. Obersnel, and P. Omari, Positive solutions of the Dirichlet problem for the one-dimensional Minkowski-curvature equation, Adv. Nonlinear Stud. 12 (2012), 621-638. [6] I. Coelho, C. Corsato, and S. Rivetti, Positive radial solutions of the Dirichlet problem for the Minkowski-curvature equation in a ball, Topol. Methods Nonlinear Anal. (2013), in press. Available at: http://www.dmi.units.it/pubblicazioni/Quaderni_Matematici/624_2012.pdf [7] C. Corsato, F. Obersnel, P. Omari, and S. Rivetti, Positive solutions of the Dirichlet problem for the prescribed mean curvature equation in Minkowski space, J. Math. Anal. Appl. 405 (2013) 227-239. [8] C. Gerhardt, $H$-surfaces in Lorentzian manifolds, Comm. Math. Phys. 89 (1983), 523-553. [9] J. Mawhin, Radial solutions of Neumann problem for periodic perturbations of the mean extrinsic curvature operator, Milan J. Math. 79 (2011), 95-112. [10] P. Omari and F. Zanolin, Infinitely many solutions of a quasilinear elliptic problem with an oscillatory potential, Comm. Partial Differential Equations 21 (1996), 721-733.
Open Access Under a Creative Commons license | 2023-04-01T05:30:36 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 1, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9117919206619263, "perplexity": 784.5254576718282}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296949701.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20230401032604-20230401062604-00684.warc.gz"} |
https://pos.sissa.it/339/018/ | Volume 339 - Prospects for Charged Higgs Discovery at Colliders (CHARGED2018) - Main session
Data-driven background estimation in Charged Higgs search in ATLAS
M. Bahmani
Full text: pdf
Pre-published on: 2019 February 05
Published on:
Abstract
In analyses using reconstructed $\tau$ leptons, estimation of backgrounds arising for jets misidentified as hadronically decaying $\tau$s becomes a crucial issue.
This paper presents two methods employed by the ATLAS experiment at the LHC, the fully data-driven fake factor method and the semi-data-driven fake rate method. Example of fake factor method in the background modelling of $H^{\pm}\rightarrow\tau\nu$ analysis and the fake rate method applied to the search for high mass resonances decaying to $\tau\tau$, in the $\tau_{ \rm had}\tau_{\rm had}$ channel, are presented. The systematics
associated with the methods are also discussed.
Open Access
Copyright owned by the author(s) under the term of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. | 2019-02-19T14:51:22 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.19408531486988068, "perplexity": 4155.450631456361}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 5, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247490225.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20190219142524-20190219164524-00037.warc.gz"} |
https://www.usgs.gov/center-news/man-a-powerful-agent-landscape-change | # Man is a powerful agent of landscape change
Release Date:
If given a choice, most of us might prefer to hire the Kīlauea Lava Company when faced with building new land beyond the island's coastline.
The Reef Runway at Honolulu International Airport.
(Public domain.)
The supply of lava rock seems endless, labor costs are trifling, and work takes place around the clock. In the 23 years since the current eruption began, Kīlauea's coastal area has expanded by 228 hectares (ha) (563 acres), with never a permit required nor legal challenge mustered.
For better or for worse, mankind has proven a worthy competitor of the lava machine, at least for short periods of time. We often ignore the many small changes to coastline shape that result from our civilization, but their incremental extent across the island chain exceeds the shoreline expansion by lava flows of the past few decades.
Some statistics are in order. Owing to volcanism in the past 23 years, Hawaii Island's coastline has grown by the aforementioned 228 ha of new land. The Mauna Ulu eruptions in the early 1970s also added land, of which about 19 ha (47 acres) remain strong against the force of coastal erosion. Thus an impressive 247 ha (610 acres) of new land have been generated by the Kīlauea Lava Company in only two or three generations.
For comparison, the Reef Runway at Honolulu International Airport covers 319 ha (788 acres), infilling the once-shallow waters of Pearl Harbor. In a single man-borne project, Oahu gained more new ground than has resulted from two major lengthy eruptions at Kīlauea.
Statewide, the total area of manmade infill amounts to 2,693 ha (6,655 acres). Most is concentrated in the Pearl Harbor area, where 2,356 ha (5,822 acres) of what was once shallow bay, salt marsh, and estuary are now dry land, covered extensively with asphalt or buildings, baking in the tropical sun. Kaneohe construction adds another 130 ha (321 acres). The remaining 207 ha (512 acres) are scattered chiefly on Kauai, Maui, and Hawaii islands, where harbor improvements at Lihue, Kahului, and Kawaihae, respectively, form the major component of seaward expansion by infilling of the wet places.
This partly tongue-in-cheek analysis unfairly downplays the total area of land covered by lava flows, as opposed to the loss of only shallow bays. For example, lava flows have paved a whopping 11,700 ha (28,911 acres) of onshore ground during the past 23 years. Our wharves, runways, houses, and highways have caused monumental changes to the surface of the earth.
Statistics cited here arise from comparing modern maps with those showing island geology and shorelines in the 1920s, '30s, '40s, and '50s. In closing, one other notable area of nearshore land expansion-nearly 400 ha (988 acres) on Molokai-warrants comment. In the area west of Kaunakakai, a substantial expanse of tidal flats and open ocean shown on the 1922 topographic base map has been filled by mud eroded from upland sites.
The change has been insidious, a creeping expansion easily overlooked in the short view. Its progress was already well established by 1935, when Harold Stearns first started his geologic mapping of Molokai. He described the burial of the shoreward part of the reef that fringes the island's south coast by red mud carried seaward as a result of overgrazing in the previous 150 years. The erosion is a natural process, of course, but the increased sediment supply stems from man's stewardship.
————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————
### Volcano Activity Update
This past week, activity levels at the summit of Kīlauea Volcano have remained at background levels. The number of earthquakes located in the summit area is low (usually less than 10 per day that are large enough to locate). Widening of the summit caldera, indicating inflation, has resumed after pausing earlier in April. We continue to monitor unusual inflation south of Halemaumau Crater.
Eruptive activity at Puu Oo continues. On clear nights, glow is visible from several vents within the crater. There have been several gas pistoning events within the Drainhole vent in Puu Oo crater. Lava continues to flow through the PKK lava tube from its source on the flank of Puu Oo to the ocean at East Laeapuki. Lava also flows through a branch of this tube to the east, called the Campout flow, to the ocean at East Kailiili. Both locations where lava is entering the ocean are within Hawaii Volcanoes National Park.
Access to the sea cliff near the ocean entries is closed, due to significant hazards. The National Park has reopened the surrounding area, however. If you visit the eruption site, check with the rangers for current updates, and remember to carry lots of water when venturing out onto the flow field.
There were two earthquakes beneath Oahu and Hawaii Island reported felt within the past week. A magnitude-1.9 earthquake occurred at 3:36 a.m. H.s.t. on Monday, August 28, and was located 16 km (10 miles) northwest of Naalehu at a depth of 7 km (4 miles). An unusual magnitude-3.6 earthquake occurred at 8:10 p.m. the same day and was located 48 km (30 miles) northeast of Kailua, Oahu, at a depth of 30 km (19 miles).
Mauna Loa is not erupting. During the past week, earthquake activity remained low beneath the volcano's summit (two earthquakes were located). Extension of distances between locations spanning the summit, indicating inflation, continues at slow rates. | 2020-01-19T00:13:03 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.26349392533302307, "perplexity": 4329.001081133038}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250593994.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118221909-20200119005909-00526.warc.gz"} |
https://www.nist.gov/property-fieldsection/recovery-act-nist-construction-grant-program-federal-funding-opportunity | # Recovery Act NIST Construction Grant Program Federal Funding Opportunity
ANNOUNCEMENT OF FEDERAL FUNDING OPPORTUNITY
## EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
• Federal Agency Name: National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Department of Commerce
• Funding Opportunity Title: Recovery Act NIST Construction Grant Program
• Announcement Type: Initial
• Funding Opportunity Number: 2009-NIST-ARRA-CONSTRUCTION-01
• Catalog of Federal Domestic Assistance (CFDA) Number: 11.618, National Institute of Standards Construction Grant Program
• Dates: A Letter of Intent is required and must be received no later than 3 p.m. Eastern Time, Thursday, June 25, 2009. A corresponding full proposal must be received no later than 3 p.m. Eastern Time, Monday, August 10, 2009. Review, selection, and grant award processing is expected to be completed in February 2010.
• Proposal Submission Address:
Letters of Intent may only be submitted by paper to:
National Institute of Standards and Technology
100 Bureau Drive, Stop 4701
Gaithersburg, MD 20899-4701
Full proposals may be submitted by paper and electronically to:
- Paper Submission:
National Institute of Standards and Technology
100 Bureau Drive, Stop 4701
Gaithersburg, MD 20899-4701
- Electronic submission: www.grants.gov
• Funding Opportunity Description: The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), United States Department of Commerce (DoC), is soliciting grant proposals for construction of research science buildings.
• Total Amount to be Awarded: Approximately $120 million for new grants. • Anticipated Amounts: NIST anticipates funding 8-12 projects with Federal shares in the$10 million - $15 million range with a project period of performance of up to five (5) years, although there is an expectation that most of the projects will be completed prior to 5 years. • Funding Instrument: Grant • Who Is Eligible: U.S. institutions of higher education and non-profit organizations are eligible to apply for awards under this Program. • Cost Sharing Requirements: Although cost sharing is not required, NIST encourages cost sharing in order for a proposal to be competitive, and it will be considered as part of the Selection Factors. A cost share of 25% would be viewed favorably, 50% even more favorably. FULL ANNOUNCEMENT TEXT I. Funding Opportunity Description The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (Recovery Act) (Public Law 111-5) appropriated$180 million to NIST "for a competitive construction grant program for research science buildings. Additional information on the program was provided on page 418 of the Conference Report to accompany House Report 111-16 (Feb. 12, 2009): ". . . $180,000,000 shall be for the competitive construction grant program for research science buildings, including fiscal year 2008 and 2009 competitions. Consistent with the Conference Report language NIST intends to issue grant awards for approximately$60 million to unfunded meritorious proposals submitted under the fiscal year 2008 competition and issue grant awards for approximately $120 million under a new fiscal year 2009 competition. The goals and objectives of the program are to provide competitively awarded grant funds for research science buildings through the construction of new buildings or expansion of existing buildings. For purposes of this program, "research science building means a building or facility whose purpose is to conduct scientific research, including laboratories, test facilities, measurement facilities, research computing facilities, and observatories. In addition, "expansion of existing buildings means that space to conduct scientific research is being expanded from what is currently available for the supported research activities. Consistent with Section 3 of the Recovery Act, the projects undertaken through this program will result in the preservation of jobs and the promotion of economic recovery; the provision of investments needed to increase economic efficiency by spurring technological advances; and the investment in infrastructure that will provide long-term economic benefits. Activities will be commenced as quickly as possible while ensuring prudent management. II. Award Information NIST anticipates funding 8-12 projects with the Federal shares in the$10 million - $15 million range and with a project period of performance of up to five (5) years, although there is an expectation that most of the projects will be completed prior to 5 years. The anticipated start date will be one month after the award is made. The period of performance depends on the construction schedule proposed. The funding instrument that will be used is a grant. III. Eligibility Information 1. Eligible Applicants U.S. institutions of higher education and non-profit organizations are eligible to apply. 2. Cost Sharing or Matching Requirement Although cost sharing is not required it is encouraged for a proposal to be selected for funding. A cost share of 25% would be viewed favorably, 50% even more favorably. Cost sharing is that portion of the project costs not borne by the Federal government and includes direct and indirect costs. Sources of cost share include cash and third party in-kind contributions. Cash contributions can be from recipient, state, county, city, or other non-Federal sources. Third party in-kind contributions can be made by non-Federal third parties and can include, but are not limited to, equipment and materials and supplies. The purchase of land cannot be used as cost sharing. See also section IV.6. Funding Restrictions. Any cost sharing must be in accordance with the "cost sharing or matching provisions of 15 CFR Part 14, Uniform Administrative Requirements for Grants and Cooperative Agreements with Institutions of Higher Education, Hospitals, Other Non-Profit, and Commercial Organizations. As with the Federal share, any costs included as cost share must be allowable under the following applicable Federal cost principles: 1) Institutions of Higher Education: 2 CFR Subtitle A, Chapter II, Part 220 (OMB Circular A-21); and 2) Nonprofit organizations: 2 CFR Subtitle A, Chapter II, Part 230 (OMB Circular A-122). 3. Ineligible Projects. The following projects are unallowable/ineligible under this program: 1. Projects to construct or expand a building not intended for performing research or that will predominately be equipped with routine office equipment and/or lecture/class room furnishings. 2. Projects to construct facilities that will primarily benefit undergraduate research training programs, rather than the creation of new graduate level research programs, or expanding existing graduate level research programs. 3. Projects to construct facilities that will primarily benefit the education of the general public rather than support research activities. 4. Projects that include tasks for constructing shell space that will not be completed into research space within the grant will have these tasks removed. IV. Application/Proposal and Submission Information 1. Letter of Intent (required) Each eligible organization can submit only one Letter of Intent in response to this solicitation. A Letter of Intent, in paper form only, is mandatory and must be received by NIST no later than 3 p.m. Eastern Time, Thursday, June 25, 2009. If a full proposal is submitted to NIST from an applicant who did not submit the required Letter of Intent, the full proposal will be rejected and not reviewed. It is expected that the Letter of Intent, which is to provide an overview of responsible personnel and estimated costs, will be reviewed for eligibility, and whether or not the project complements one or more of the program priorities. NIST will send an acknowledgement of the Letter of Intent to all applicants who timely submit a Letter of Intent. The Letter of Intent must provide the following information: 1. Title of Proposed Project 2. Primary Contact Name (someone with fiduciary authority over the project) 3. Submitting Organization Name 4. Facility (to be built or renovated) Name 5. Project Synopsis – (maximum of 2,500 characters): Summarize the need and justify the proposed project. Summarize the contributions, improvements, and impacts the project will have on science and technology and associated infrastructure. 6. Total anticipated project costs, including total Federal funds requested and any cost share. These estimates can change for the full proposal. 7. Project Personnel – (maximum of 2,500 characters): Each project must identify (1) key scientific personnel that will use the facility, and (2) construction management project personnel. For each person, order the list as follows: Last name, first name; organization affiliation; organization title (e.g., VP for Research, Professor, Construction Manager, etc.); and project role (e.g., project director, project manager, project coordinator, etc.) Each applicant organization may only submit one Letter of Intent. Submission of multiple Letters of Intent from one applicant organization is not allowed. If more than one Letter of Intent is received from the same applicant organization, NIST will acknowledge each Letter of Intent received from the same applicant organization and provide notice that if more than one full proposal is received from the same applicant organization at the time of full proposal submission, all full proposals from that same applicant organization will be rejected without review. Letters of Intent may only be submitted by paper (an original and two copies) to: National Institute of Standards and Technology 100 Bureau Drive, Stop 4701 Gaithersburg, MD 20899-4701 2. Full Proposal Requirements and Application Package For electronic proposal submission, the forms listed in 3.a. through 3.d. below are available as part of the Grants.gov application package and can be completed through the download application process. For paper proposal submission, fillable forms listed in 3.a. through 3.d. below are available on the NIST Recovery Act Web site at www.nist.gov/recovery. For both electronic and paper proposal submissions, the forms listed in 3.f. through 3.h. are available on the NIST Recovery Act Web site www.nist.gov/recovery. Requests for paper copies of the application package can be made to Christopher Hunton at 301-975-5718 or christopher.hunton@nist.gov or to Sue Li at 301-975-8817 or sue.li@nist.gov. 3. Content and Form of Application/Proposal Submission Complete proposals must include the following forms and documents: 1. SF-424, Application for Federal Assistance (required) 2. SF-424C, Budget Information – Construction Projects (required) 3. SF-424D, Assurances - Construction Programs (required) 4. SF-LLL, Disclosure of Lobbying Activities (required) 5. Technical Proposal responsive to program description (required) 6. NIST-1101, NIST Construction Grant Program Budget Narrative (required) 7. NIST-1101A, NIST Construction Grant Program Details on Unallowable Project Costs (if applicable) 8. NIST-1101B, NIST Construction Grant Program Environmental Compliance Questionnaire (required) 9. Letters of Commitment for Cost Sharing (required) If submitting a proposal electronically via Grants.gov, items 3.a through 3.d. are part of the mandatory application package in Grants.gov. Items 3.e. through 3.i. are to be completed and attached as a single PDF document to item 15 of the SF-424, Application for Federal Assistance. If submitting by paper, all of the mandatory proposal documents should be submitted in the order listed above. Technical Proposal Preparation Instructions: The Technical Proposal is a word-processed document written by the applicant. The Technical Proposal should describe in depth the planned research use or scientific/technical goals for the research space, the key research personnel that will use the building/facility, the research capabilities of the organization, the research activities that become possible with the building/facility that are not feasible with the organization's current research infrastructure, the scope of the construction project, the project monitoring methods to be used, the detailed schedule, the key construction personnel working on the project and their qualifications, and the construction management capabilities of the organization. Additionally, in preparing the Technical Proposal, the selection factors should be taken into account. 1. Project Summary (maximum length, 1 page). Describe the proposed construction project scope for the research science building/facility and the type of research planned for the facility that is unlikely to be achieved without the new research facility. Describe which Program Priorities will be addressed. Proposals that do not address the three Evaluation Criteria within the one-page Project Summary will be returned without review. 2. Project Description (maximum length 29 pages). The project description must include subsections (1) – (4) below. The suggested length for subsections (1) and (2) together is 9-14 pages. The suggested length for subsections (3) and (4) together is 15-20 pages. Research bibliographies, experience summaries (CVs) for key research and construction personnel, and design drawings and other figures are all included in the page count and limited to letter-size paper: (1) Research Activities and Potential Impacts (2) Need for Federal Funding (3) Design Description of the Research Facility (4) Project Management Plan i. Description of Project Scope and Requirements ii. Project Time Schedule and Linkage to the Budget iii. Capability to Manage the Project iv. Financial Commitments to Implement the Plan NIST-1101, NIST Construction Grant Program Budget Narrative; NIST-1101A, NIST Construction Grant Program Details on Unallowable Project Costs; and NIST-1101B, NIST Construction Grant Program Environmental Compliance Questionnaire: There is no page limit on the NIST-1101, NIST-1101A, and NIST-1101B. These forms are available on the NIST Recovery Act Web site www.nist.gov/recovery. Letters of Commitment for Cost Sharing. Cost sharing included in the proposed project budget requires letters of commitment from individuals or organizations that are providing the cost sharing. Letters of commitment for cost sharing do not count towards the page limit. General "letters of support are not required and will be counted against the page limit for the Project Description if included in the proposal. A summary listing of this support is allowed. It is inappropriate for any Federal staff to provide critique or feedback on project ideas, etc., and it is also inappropriate to ask Federal employees for a letter of support. Paper submissions require an original and two (2) copies. NIST is not accepting pre-proposals under this program. NOTE: Proposals that deviate substantially from the guidelines in this FFO or omit required information and forms may be found unresponsive and may not be considered for funding. 4. Submission Dates and Times Letter of Intent Due Date (required): A Letter of Intent is required in advance before submission of a full proposal. A Letter of Intent must be submitted by the organization's sponsoring project office by the deadline in order for an organization's full proposal to be eligible for review. The Letter of Intent must be received by NIST no later than 3 p.m. Eastern Time, Thursday, June 25, 2009. The Letter of Intent may only be submitted by paper. Full Proposal: Full proposals must be received by NIST no later than 3 p.m. Eastern Time, Monday, August 10, 2009. This deadline applies to any mode of proposal submission, including express mailing, courier services, and electronic. Do not wait until the last minute to submit a proposal. NIST will not make any allowances for late submissions, including incomplete Grants.gov registration or delays by guaranteed overnight couriers. To avoid any potential processing backlogs due to last minute registrations, applicants are highly encouraged to start their Grants.gov registration process at least four weeks prior to the proposal submission due date. Any proposals not received by the due date will not be considered and will be returned to the proposer without review. NIST determines whether a proposal has been submitted before the deadline by date/time receipt of proposals as they are physically received in the program office or in the case of electronic submission, as the time stamped on the automatically generated notification indicating successful submission. Important: All applicants, both electronic and paper, should be aware that adequate time must be factored into applicants' schedules for delivery of the proposal. Electronic applicants are advised that volume on Grants.gov is currently extremely heavy, and if Grants.gov is unable to accept proposals electronically in a timely fashion, applicants are encouraged to exercise their option to submit proposals in paper format. Paper applicants should allow adequate time to ensure a paper proposal will be received on time, taking into account that guaranteed overnight carriers are not always able to fulfill their guarantees. 5. Executive Order 12372 (Intergovernmental Review of Federal Programs) Proposals under this program are not subject to Executive Order 12372. 6. Funding Restrictions 1. Unallowable/Ineligible Costs. The following items, regardless of whether they are allowable under the Federal cost principles, are unallowable under this program: (1) Any equipment used for research or otherwise that is not an integral part of the building's structure, e.g., MRI, portable air conditioners, etc. (2) Costs or charges associated with routine maintenance, operation, interior decorating, or landscaping of any building. (3) Purchase of land. (4) Costs incurred prior to award are not eligible for reimbursement or as cost share. 1. Limit on Letters of Intent and Proposals per Applicant. Letters of Intent and full proposals are limited to one per applicant organization. Distinct academic campuses (that award their own degrees, have independent administrative structures, admission policies, alumni associations, etc.) within multi-campus systems qualify as separate institutions. 7. Other Submission Requirements Letters of Intent may only be submitted by paper. An original and two copies of a Letter of Intent are required. Full proposals may be submitted in hard copy or in electronic format as follows: a. Paper submission: National Institute of Standards and Technology 100 Bureau Drive, Stop 4701 Gaithersburg, MD 20899-4701 b. Paper submissions require an original and two (2) copies. c. Electronic submission: www.grants.gov Please refer to important information in Submission Dates and Times above to help ensure your proposal is received on time. V. Application/Proposal Review Information 1. Criteria The evaluation criteria that will be used in evaluating proposals are as follows: 1. Scientific and technical merit of the proposed use of the facility and the need for Federal funding (50 percent). The criterion addresses the intellectual merit and broader impacts of the proposed use of the facility; the strategic research directions planned with the facility and how well the plan is conceived and organized; what the facility will enable in terms of the advancement of knowledge and understanding within a specific field(s) or across different fields; the qualifications of the proposed key researchers (individuals or teams) which will use the facility, as well as the management team that will lead them; the potential for targeted impacts resulting from the use of the facility that are unlikely to be achieved with the current infrastructure, such as what transformative or creative concepts may expand the science and technology knowledge base; the extent to which the facility will enhance collaborations within and outside of the institution; and the need for Federal funding due to a lack of alternative funding sources, specifically what other sources were pursued. 2. The quality of the design of the research science building (25 percent). This criterion addresses the quality of the design information provided for the building/facility to establish that the design has the ability to meet the safety, physical, environmental, experimental/research (e.g. unique environmental controls – vibration, humidity temperature etc.), and operational (e.g. utilities and circulation of people) requirements of the science and technology activities the building/facility is expected to support. It also addresses whether or not preliminary drawings and plans, together with appropriate estimates, of in-house or vendor costs, are complete, in progress, or planned. Furthermore, it addresses the rationale for and summary specifications of the building/facility, including location, size, configuration, environmental controls for research space, utility needs, gross and/or assignable square footage, assignments of square footage to research and non-research related activities (e.g., routine administrative office space, conference rooms, classrooms, etc.), and the assigned purpose by areas. 3. Adequacy of the detailed Project Management Plan for construction of the research science building/facility (25 percent). The program will evaluate the following four aspects of the Project Management Plan: (1) Project Scope and Requirements This criterion addresses the description and organization of project work packages (project tasks/elements) in a clear and complete Work/task Breakdown Structure (WBS) approach that comprises the total scope of the building/facility project from inception through commissioning of the facility, including descriptions of each work package and its associated subtasks, the relationship between the work packages and their associated subtasks, consolidated into a unified project scope description that will be used by project management key personnel throughout the project management life-cycle to identify and monitor project progress, as well as link and track work packages and subtasks to the budget and schedule plans addressed in c.(2) below. In addition, this criterion addresses which work packages are proposed to be within, before or after the project period. The project period covers only the Federal and the allowable auditable cost share portion of the project. (2) Adequacy of the Proposed Project Time Schedule and Linkage to the Budget, including the Clarity of the Budget and the Budget Narrative This criterion addresses the time schedule for implementing the work packages and associated subtasks described within the WBS addressed in c.(1) above, and how the budget costs associated with the work packages correctly sum up to each of the cost categories of the SF-424C by project year. (3) Capability to Manage the Project This criterion addresses the approach planned for project management monitoring and risk control during the life of the award, from kick-off through close-out, which may include tools, techniques and processes (manual and automated systems). It also addresses an analysis of potential project risks (e.g. timing, cost and/or scope changes), where in the schedule risk(s) may be expected, and how the risk(s) may be mitigated through specific control mechanisms, and the planning/control decision making process to implement the control mechanisms. Finally, it addresses the management plan for direction and implementation of the project, including capability descriptions of the performing organizations and experience summaries for the manager with fiduciary project responsibility, the project manager, and other key project personnel as appropriate.; and (4) Soundness of the Financial Commitments to Implement the Project Management Plan This criterion addresses the current and any pending commitments required for the building/facility to be constructed, commissioned and become fully operational, including any risk(s) associated with finalizing funding commitments and the organizational name/contact that has the fiduciary authority over the funding commitments. 2. Selection Factors The Selecting Official shall recommend proposals for award based upon the Evaluation Board's rank order of the proposals, and may select a proposal out of rank based on one or more of the following selecting factors: 1. Degree to which the project complements one or more programs of DoC's three science organizations' science and technology program priorities (see Program Priorities below), including the amount and quality of experience that the institution that will use the facility has had with novel research. 2. Ability of a project to fulfill objectives of the Recovery Act, as described in the Funding Opportunity Description section I. above: preservation of jobs and the promotion of economic recovery; provision of investments needed to increase economic efficiency by spurring technological advances; and investing in infrastructure that will provide long-term economic benefits, through activities that will commence as quickly as possible while ensuring prudent management. 3. Degree to which the applicant proposes an early construction start date and/or is close to or has awarded a construction contract for the facility. For example, an early start date for construction of a ready to proceed project may be considered more favorably than a project that requires a longer time to complete design requirements. NIST will emphasize the selection of projects that are ready to proceed and will thereby stimulate local economies through the creation or retention of jobs in U.S. jurisdictions, as well as yield significant program benefits. Projects that are ready to proceed are generally those where feasibility studies and/or other baseline information required for a design to commence are completed, where required consultations and permits, if not in-hand, are either in progress or where there is reasonable assurance provided that they can be attained quickly, and where National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) or equivalent analysis and any environmental permits and authorizations are finished or can be expeditiously completed, so that projects can be implemented shortly after funding is made available. The adequacy of information needed to assess compliance with and to make a determination under NEPA, as described in Section VI.2.c. below may be considered. 4. Assuring a balance/distribution of projects across the program priorities (see Program Priorities below). 5. Availability of Federal funds. 6. Experience or potential of promoting national impacts through research outcomes, training, cooperation with Federal programs, and/or opportunities for visiting researchers. 7. Credibility of plans to transition to operational status (i.e., staffing and equipping the research science building, and operational readiness). 8. Degree to which the project considers and incorporates green/sustainable design practices. 9. Although cost sharing is not required, the degree to which the applicant is proposing cost share will be considered. (A cost share of 25% would be viewed favorably; 50% even more favorably.) 10. Whether this project duplicates other projects funded by DoC or other Federal agencies. 11. Applicant's prior Federal award performance. 3. Program Priorities All applicable fields of science that complement one or more programs of DoC's three science organizations: NIST, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), and the National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA). Specifically, these include science related to measurements, oceans and atmosphere, and telecommunications. More information about those programs can be found on the agencies' Web sites (www.nist.gov, www.noaa.gov, and www.ntia.doc.gov). Proposals are only required to link to the program priorities of one of the three DoC science organizations. Proposals that address program priorities of more than one organization are not considered to be more competitive. 4. Review and Selection Process An initial administrative review of timely received full proposals will be conducted to determine compliance with requirements and completeness. Responsive and complete proposals will be considered further. Proposals that are nonresponsive and/or incomplete will be eliminated. Each of the remaining proposals will receive a minimum of three independent reviews, which will include written evaluations and scores, based on the evaluation criteria. Reviews concerning V.1.b. and V.1.c. above may be performed by non-Federal Engineers or Architects. No consensus advice will be given by the reviewers. The individual proposal evaluations and scores will be considered by an Evaluation Board(s) (a committee made up of Federal employees). This Board(s) will present rankings in numerical order and funding recommendations based on the evaluation criteria to a Selecting Official for further consideration. In making final selections, the Selecting Official (Chief Facilities Management Officer, NIST) will select funding recipients based upon the Evaluation Board's rank order of the proposals and the selection factors. The selection of proposals by the Selecting Official is final and cannot be appealed. NIST reserves the right to negotiate the cost and scope of the proposed work with the applicants that have been selected to receive awards. This may include requesting that the applicant delete from the scope of work a particular task that is deemed by NIST to be inappropriate for support (or of a lower priority compared with competing uses of funds) against the evaluation criteria or selection factors. NIST also reserves the right to reject a proposal where information is uncovered that raises a reasonable doubt as to the responsibility of the applicant. The final approval of selected proposals and award of grants will be made by the NIST Grants Officer. The award decision of the NIST Grants Officer is final and cannot be appealed. 5. Anticipated Announcement and Award Date NIST anticipates making awards in approximately 9 months depending on the number of proposals received. 6. Additional Information 1. Applicants may not submit replacement and/or revised pages and/or documents for any portion of a proposal once that portion has been submitted unless specifically requested by NIST. 2. One copy of each incomplete, nonresponsive, or non-selected proposal will be retained for three (3) years for record keeping purposes and the other two (2) copies will be destroyed. After three (3) years the remaining copy will be destroyed. VI. Award Administration Information 1. Award Notices. Successful applicants will receive a grant award document (CD-450 Financial Assistance Award) signed by the NIST Grants Officer. The grant will include the award period, the budget, special award conditions, DoC Financial Assistance Standard Terms and Conditions, and will incorporate the applicable Federal cost principles, and applicable policy and regulatory references that will govern the award. The grant will be mailed to the successful applicant via surface mail in triplicate and requires a counter-signature on all three copies by an authorized official at the organization. The recipient should retain one original and return the other two copies to the address listed in the award document. The grant award document, i.e., CD-450 and award terms and conditions are available at http://oamweb.osec.doc.gov/aboutOAM_organization_GMD.html. In addition, the award terms will include applicable construction terms set forth in Section E.2.a.(2) of Chapter 17 of the DoC Interim Grants Manual, which is also available on the previously cited Web site. 2. Administrative and National Policy Requirements. 1. DoC Pre-Award Notification Requirements. The Department of Commerce Pre-Award Notification Requirements for Grants and Cooperative Agreements, which are contained in the Federal Register Notice of February 11, 2008 (73 FR 7696-01), are applicable to this solicitation. On the form SF-424 items 8.b. and 8.c., the applicant's 9-digit Employer/Taxpayer Identification Number (EIN/TIN) and 9-digit Dun and Bradstreet Data Universal Numbering System (DUNS) number must be consistent with the information on the Central Contractor Registration (CCR) (www.ccr.gov) and Automated Standard Application for Payment System (ASAP). For complex organizations with multiple EIN/TIN and DUNS numbers, the EIN/TIN and DUNS number MUST be the numbers for the applying organization. Organizations that provide incorrect/inconsistent EIN/TIN and DUNS numbers may experience significant delays in receiving funds if their proposal is selected for funding. Please confirm that the EIN/TIN and DUNS number are consistent with the information on the CCR and ASAP. 2. Security Interest. Grant recipients will be required to execute a security interest or other statement of NIST's interest in the property (building), acceptable to NIST, which must be perfected and placed on record in accordance with local law. This security interest will provide that, for the estimated useful life of the building (20 years), the recipient will not sell, transfer, convey, or mortgage any interest in the real property improved in whole or in part with Federal funds made available under the award, nor shall the recipient use the property for purposes other than the purposes for which the award was made, without the prior written approval of the Grants Officer. Such approval may be withheld until such time as the recipient first pays to NIST the Federal share of the property as provided in 15 CFR Part 14. 3. National Environmental Policy Act. The Department must analyze the potential environmental impacts, as required by the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), for applicant projects or proposals which are seeking Recovery Act funding. General information on compliance with NEPA can be found at the following websites: http://www.nepa.noaa.gov, and the Council on Environmental Quality's (CEQ) NEPAnet, http://ceq.hss.doe.gov/nepa/nepanet.htm. Consequently, as part of an applicant's proposal, and under their description of their program activities, applicants are required to provide detailed information on the activities to be conducted, safety concerns, locations, site characteristics, surrounding environment, species and habitat that might be affected, construction activities, and any environmental concerns that may exist (e.g., the use and disposal of hazardous or toxic chemicals, impacts to endangered and threatened species, or any social, economic or cultural impacts to the surrounding environment) and in accordance with the required NIST-1101B, NIST Construction Grant Program Environmental Compliance Questionnaire. It is the applicant's responsibility to obtain all necessary Federal, state, and local government permits and approvals where necessary for the proposed work to be conducted. Applicants are expected to design their projects so that they minimize the potential for adverse impacts to the environment. Applicants will also be required to cooperate with the Department in identifying feasible measures to reduce or avoid any identified adverse environmental impacts of their proposed project. The failure to do so will be grounds for not awarding a grant. Documentation of requests/completion of required environmental authorizations and permits, including the Endangered Species Act, if applicable, should be included in the proposal. Applications will be reviewed to ensure that they contain sufficient information to allow Department staff to conduct a NEPA analysis so that appropriate NEPA documentation, required as part of the proposal, can be submitted to the NIST Grants and Agreements Management Division along with the recommendation for funding for selected applications. Applicants proposing activities that cannot be covered by a Program Environmental Assessment (PEA) and Finding of No Significant Impact (FONSI) or whose activities are not covered under another agency's NEPA compliance procedures that can be analyzed and adopted for use by the Department, will be informed after the technical review stage to determine if NEPA compliance and other requirements can otherwise be expeditiously met so that a project can proceed within the timeframes anticipated under the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act. If additional information is required after an application is accepted, funds can be withheld by the Grants Officer under a special award condition requiring the recipient to submit additional environmental law compliance information sufficient to enable the Department to make an assessment on any impacts that a project may have on the environment. 4. Notification of Recovery Act Requirements. Recovery Act limitations are applicable to the projects funded under this Notice. Recipients must comply with the following three provisions of the Recovery Act, as applicable, and any other terms required by the Act or that may be added to the recipient's award pursuant to guidance implemented by the Office of Management and Budget. (1) Buy American Recovery Act Provision. Unless waived by DoC, none of the funds appropriated or otherwise made available by ARRA, may be used for a project for the construction, alteration, maintenance, or repair of a public building or public work unless all of the iron, steel, and manufactured goods used in the project are produced in the United States. This provision shall be applied in a manner consistent with United States obligations under international agreements. (2) Davis Bacon Act. Under Section 1606 of the ARRA, projects using ARRA funds require the payment of not less than the prevailing wages under the Davis-Bacon Act to "all laborers and mechanics employed by contractors and subcontractors on projects funded directly by or assisted in whole or in part by and through the Federal Government." (3) False Claims Act. Each recipient or sub-recipient awarded funds under the ARRA shall promptly refer to an appropriate inspector general any credible evidence that a principal, employee, agent, contractor, sub-grantee, subcontractor, or other person has submitted a false claim under the False Claims Act or has committed a criminal or civil violation of laws pertaining to fraud, conflict of interest, bribery, gratuity, or similar misconduct involving those funds. 5. Ensuring Responsible Spending of Recovery Act Funds. The agency intends to implement this program in compliance with Office of Management and Budget guidance on the President's Memorandum for the Heads of Executive Departments and Agencies of March 20, 2009. Ensuring Responsible Spending of Recovery Act Funds, 74 FR 12531 (Mar. 25, 2009), when such guidance becomes available. 6. Best Practices to Promote Equality of Opportunity. Pursuant to OMB Guidance (see, e.g., "Updated Implementing Guidance for the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009," April 3, 2009) and consistent with the Recovery Act and other applicable laws, DoC encourages recipients to implement best practices to promote equality of opportunity, to provide opportunities for small and disadvantaged businesses, including veteran-owned small businesses and service disabled veteran-owned small businesses, and to follow sound labor practices. 3. Reporting. Award Recipients shall provide access to information that is required to assess the project's progress throughout the project life cycle. The following reports are required: 1. Technical Performance Reports. Award Recipients shall submit a technical performance report in triplicate (an original and two copies) on a calendar quarter basis for the periods ending March 31, June 30, September 30, and December 31, or any portion thereof. Reports are due no later than 30 days following the end of each reporting period. A final technical performance report shall be submitted within 90 days after the expiration date of the award. Two copies of the technical performance reports shall be submitted to the Project Manager and the original report to the NIST Grants Officer. Technical performance reports shall contain information as prescribed in 15 CFR 14.51. 2. Financial Reports. For recipients under this program, Article A.01 of the DoC Financial Assistance Standard Terms and Conditions dated March 2008 is revised as follows: Award Recipients shall submit a Federal Financial Report (SF-425) in triplicate (an original and two copies) on a calendar quarter basis for the periods ending March 31, June 30, September 30, and December 31, or any portion thereof. Reports are due no later than 30 days following the end of each reporting period. A final SF-425 shall be submitted within 90 days after the expiration date of the award. All SF-425s shall be submitted to the NIST Grants Officer. 3. Recovery Act Reports – Job Creation and Retention. As set out in Sec. 1512(c) of the Recovery Act, no later than ten (10) days after the end of each calendar quarter, any recipient that received funds under the Recovery Act from NIST must submit a report to NIST that contains the following four items: (1) The total amount of Recovery Act funds received from NIST. (2) The amount of Recovery Act funds received that were obligated and expended to projects or activities. This reporting will also include unobligated allotment balances to facilitate reconciliations. (3) A detailed list of all projects or activities for which recovery funds were obligated and expended, including. (a) The name of the project or activity; (b) A description of the project or activity; (c) An evaluation of the completion status of the project or activity; (d) An estimate of the number of jobs created and the number of jobs retained by the project or activity; and (e) For infrastructure investments made by State and local governments, the purpose, total cost, and rationale of the agency for funding the infrastructure investment with funds made available under this Act, and name of the person to contact at the agency if there are concerns with the infrastructure investment. (4) Detailed information on any subcontracts or subgrants awarded by the recipient to include the data elements required to comply with the Federal Funding Accountability and Transparency Act of 2006 (PL 109-282), allowing aggregate reporting on awards below$25,000 or to individuals, as prescribed by the Director of the Office of Management and Budget (OMB).
Recipients that must report information in accordance with paragraph (4) above must register with the Central Contractor Registration database (http://www.ccr.gov/) or complete other registration requirements as determined by the Director of OMB. Section 1512(d) further requires that no later than thirty (30) days after the end of each calendar quarter, NIST must make the information in reports submitted under section 1512(c) of the Recovery Act as outlined above publicly available by posting the information on a Web site. OMB Memo M-09-10, "Initial Implementing Guidance for the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, which can be accessed at http://www.recovery.gov/, provides information on requirements for Federal agencies under the Recovery Act. Additional guidance may be forthcoming related to responsibilities of recipients of grants and cooperative agreements under the Recovery Act.
Reporting requirements are described in the Department of Commerce Financial Assistance Standard Terms and Conditions dated March, 2008, found on the Internet at: http://oamweb.osec.doc.gov/docs/GRANTS/DOC%20STCsMAR08Rev.pdf.
The references to Financial Reporting Form SF-269 in the DoC Standard Terms & Conditions, A.01 and B.01, are hereby replaced with the SF-425, "Federal Financial Report, as required by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) (73 FR 61175, October 15, 2008). As authorized under 15 CFR §§ 14.52 and 24.41, the OMB approved SF-425 shall be used in the place of the SF-269 and SF-272 under the uniform administrative requirements and elsewhere under awards in this program where such forms are referenced.
VII. Agency Contact(s)
Questions should be directed to the following contact persons:
Subject Area Point of Contact
Administrative, budget, cost-sharing, and eligibility questions
Barbara Lambis
Phone: 301-975-4447
Fax: 301-869-1150
E-mail: barbara.lambis@nist.gov
Project evaluation criteria and other programmatic questions
Michael Diestel
Phone: 301-975-8809
Fax: 301-975-8835
E-mail: michael.diestel@nist.gov
Electronic proposal submission
Christopher Hunton
Phone: 301–975–5718
Fax: 301–840-5976
E-mail: christopher.hunton@nist.gov
or
Sue Li
Phone: 301-975-8817
Fax: 301-840-5976
E-mail: sue.li@nist.gov
Grant rules and regulations
Grants & Agreements Management Division
Phone: 301-975-5718
Fax: 301-840-5976
E-mail: grants@nist.gov
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# Advances in Industrial-strength Verification of Systems and Software
The Master of Software Engineering (MSE) Professional program at Carnegie Mellon University and the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) held a free, one day seminar on new, industrial strength techniques for systems and software verification. Techniques presented and demonstrated were combinatorial testing, the classification tree method, and static analysis.
Introduction to Combinatorial Testing
(Rick Kuhn, NIST)
Introduction to the Classifcation Tree Method
(Eduardo Miranda, CMU)
Static Analysis and Software Quality
(Jonathan Aldrich, CMU)
Evolution of Combinatorial Testing Methods: From DOE to ACTS
(Raghu Kacker, NIST) Advanced Topics in Combinatorial Testing (Rick Kuhn, NIST) Integrating the Classification Tree Method with Combinatorial Testing (Eduardo Miranda, CMU)
#### Event Details
Starts: June 07, 2011 - 08:00 AM EST
Ends: June 07, 2011 - 05:00 PM EST
Format: In-person Type: Forum
#### Location
Carnegie Mellon University
#### Related Topics
Technologies: combinatorial testing
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https://community.kde.org/index.php?title=Plasma/PlasMate/IssueTracker&diff=prev&oldid=23704 | Difference between revisions of "Plasma/PlasMate/IssueTracker"
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Issue Tracker
Components
general
General issues about plasmate
plasmoidviewer
Issues about the plasmoidviewer. This regards both the standalone application and the embedded one
engineexplorer
Issues about the engineexplorer. This regards both the standalone application and the embedded one
wallpaperviewer
Issues about the wallpaperviewer. This regards both the standalone application and the embedded one
remote-helper-widgets
Issues about the remote-helper-widgets. This regards both the standalone application and the embedded one
metadataeditor
Issues about the metadataeditor
publisher
Issues about the publisher
remoteinstaller
Issues about the remoteinstaller. This regards both the standalone application and the embedded one
kconfigxteditor
Issues about the kconfigxteditor. This regards both the standalone application and the embedded one
konsolepreviewer
Issues regarding the konsole previewer
HOWTO
• wishes must be marked for a milestone or to be discarded, we don't want 10 bugs and 1000 wishes, so basically wishes are TODOs
• bugs should be CCed
• fixed bugs should must mention in which version they have been fixed
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https://code.ornl.gov/b1n/scale-manual/-/blame/47bf368209e42a4582bd3fa7b90da54d412f5344/_build/html/_sources/MAVRIC.rst.txt | MAVRIC.rst.txt 53.6 KB
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E. Peplow and C. Celik* Introduction ------------ Monte Carlo particle transport calculations for deep penetration problems can require very long run times in order to achieve an acceptable level of statistical uncertainty in the final answers. Discrete-ordinates codes can be faster but have limitations relative to the discretization of space, energy, and direction. Monte Carlo calculations can be modified (biased) to produce results with the same variance in less time if an approximate answer or some other additional information is already known about the problem. If an importance can be assigned to different particles based on how much they will contribute to the final answer, more time can be spent on important particles with less time devoted to unimportant particles. One of the best ways to bias a Monte Carlo code for a particular tally is to form an importance map from the adjoint flux based on that tally. Unfortunately, determining the exact adjoint flux could be just as difficult as computing the original problem itself. However, an approximate adjoint can still be very useful in biasing the Monte Carlo solution :cite:wagner_acceleration_1997. Discrete ordinates can be used to quickly compute that approximate adjoint. Together, Monte Carlo and discrete ordinates can be used to find solutions to thick shielding problems in reasonable times. The MAVRIC (Monaco with Automated Variance Reduction using Importance Calculations) sequence is based on the CADIS (Consistent Adjoint Driven Importance Sampling) and FW-CADIS (Forward-Weighted CADIS) methodologies :cite:wagner_automated_1998 :cite:wagner_automated_2002 :cite:haghighat_monte_2003 :cite:wagner_forward-weighted_2007 MAVRIC automatically performs a three-dimensional, discrete-ordinates calculation using Denovo to compute the adjoint flux as a function of position and energy. This adjoint flux information is then used to construct an importance map (i.e., target weights for weight windows) and a biased source distribution that work together—particles are born with a weight matching the target weight of the cell into which they are born. The fixed-source Monte Carlo radiation transport Monaco then uses the importance map for biasing during particle transport and the biased source distribution as its source. During transport, the particle weight is compared with the importance map after each particle interaction and whenever a particle crosses into a new importance cell in the map. For problems that do not require variance reduction to complete in a reasonable time, execution of MAVRIC without the importance map calculation provides an easy way to run Monaco. For problems that do require variance reduction to complete in a reasonable time, MAVRIC removes the burden of setting weight windows from the user and performs it automatically with a minimal amount of additional input. Note that the MAVRIC sequence can be used with the final Monaco calculation as either a multigroup (MG) or a continuous-energy (CE) calculation. Monaco has a wide variety of tally options: it can calculate fluxes (by group) at a point in space, over any geometrical region, or for a user-defined, three-dimensional, rectangular grid. These tallies can also integrate the fluxes with either standard response functions from the cross section library or user-defined response functions. All of these tallies are available in the MAVRIC sequence. While originally designed for CADIS, the MAVRIC sequence is also capable of creating importance maps using both forward and adjoint deterministic estimates. The FW-CADIS method can be used for optimizing several tallies at once, a mesh tally over a large region, or a mesh tally over the entire problem. Several other methods for producing importance maps are also available in MAVRIC and are explored in Appendix C. CADIS Methodology ----------------- MAVRIC is an implementation of CADIS (Consistent Adjoint Driven Importance Sampling) using the Denovo SN and Monaco Monte Carlo functional modules. Source biasing and a mesh-based importance map, overlaying the physical geometry, are the basic methods of variance reduction. In order to make the best use of an importance map, the map must be made consistent with the source biasing. If the source biasing is inconsistent with the weight windows that will be used during the transport process, source particles will undergo Russian roulette or splitting immediately, wasting computational time and negating the intent of the biasing. Overview of CADIS ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ CADIS has been well described in the literature, so only a brief overview is given here. Consider a class source-detector problem described by a unit source with emission probability distribution function :math:q\left(\overrightarrow{r},E \right) and a detector response function :math:\sigma_{d}\left(\overrightarrow{r},E \right). To determine the total detector response, *R*, the forward scalar flux :math:\phi\left(\overrightarrow{r},E \right) must be known. The response is found by integrating the product of the detector response function and the flux over the detector volume :math:V_{d}. .. math:: :label: mavric-1 R = \int_{V_{d}}^{}{\int_{E}^{}{\sigma_{d}\left( \overrightarrow{r},E \right)}}\phi\left(\overrightarrow{r},E \right)\textit{dE dV.} Alternatively, if the adjoint scalar flux, :math:\phi^{+}\left(\overrightarrow{r},E \right), is known from the corresponding adjoint problem with adjoint source :math:q^{+}\left(\overrightarrow{r},E \right) = \sigma_{d}\left(\overrightarrow{r},E \right), then the total detector response could be found by integrating the product of the forward source and the adjoint flux over the source volume, :math:V_{s}. .. math:: :label: mavric-2 R = \int_{V_{s}}^{}{\int_{E}^{}{q\left(\overrightarrow{r},E \right)}}\phi^{+}\left( \overrightarrow{r},E \right)\textit{dE dV.} Unfortunately, the exact adjoint flux may be just as difficult to determine as the forward flux, but an approximation of the adjoint flux can still be used to form an importance map and a biased source distribution for use in the forward Monte Carlo calculation. Wagner\ :sup:1 showed that if an estimate of the adjoint scalar flux for the corresponding adjoint problem could be found, then an estimate of the response *R* could be made using Eq. . The adjoint source for the adjoint problem is typically separable and corresponds to the detector response and spatial area of tally to be optimized: :math:q^{+}\left(\overrightarrow{r},E \right) = \sigma_{d}\left(E \right)g\left( \overrightarrow{r} \right), where :math:\sigma_{d}\left( E \right) is a flux-to-dose conversion factor and :math:g\left( \overrightarrow{r} \right) is 1 in the tally volume and 0 otherwise. Then, from the adjoint flux :math:\phi^{+}\left( \overrightarrow{r},E \right) and response estimate *R*, a biased source distribution, :math:\widehat{q}\left( \overrightarrow{r},E \right), for source sampling of the form .. math:: :label: mavric-3 \widehat{q}\left(\overrightarrow{r},E \right) = \frac{1}{R}q\left(\overrightarrow{r},E\right)\phi^{+}\left( \overrightarrow{r},E \right) and weight window target values, :math:\overline{w}\left( \overrightarrow{r},E \right), for particle transport of the form .. math:: :label: mavric-4 \overline{w}\left( \overrightarrow{r},E \right) = \frac{R}{\phi^{+}\left( \overrightarrow{r},E \right)} could be constructed, which minimize the variance in the forward Monte Carlo calculation of *R*. When a particle is sampled from the biased source distribution :math:\widehat{q}\left( \overrightarrow{r},E \right), to preserve a fair game, its initial weight is set to .. math:: :label: mavric-5 w_{0}\left(\overrightarrow{r},E \right) = \frac{q\left(\overrightarrow{r},E \right)}{\widehat{q}\left( \overrightarrow{r},E \right)} = \frac{R}{\phi^{+}\left( \overrightarrow{r},E \right)}\, which exactly matches the target weight for that particle’s position and energy. This is the “consistent” part of CADIS—source particles are born with a weight matching the weight window of the region/energy they are born into. The source biasing and the weight windows work together. CADIS has been applied to many problems—including reactor ex-core detectors, well-logging instruments, cask shielding studies, and independent spent fuel storage facility models—and has demonstrated very significant speed-ups in calculation time compared to analog simulations. Multiple sources with CADIS ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ For a typical Monte Carlo calculation with multiple sources (each with a probability distribution function :math:q_{i}\left( \overrightarrow{r},E \right) and a strength :math:S_{i}, giving a total source strength of :math:S = \sum_{}^{}S_{i}), the source is sampled in two steps. First, the specific source *i* is sampled with probability :math:p\left( i \right) = \ S_{i}/S, and then the particle is sampled from the specific source distribution :math:q_{i}\left( \overrightarrow{r},E \right). The source sampling can be biased at both levels: which source to sample from and how to sample each source. For example, the specific source can be sampled using some arbitrary distribution, :math:\widehat{p}\left( i \right), and then the individual sources can be sampled using distributions :math:{\widehat{q}}_{i}\left( \overrightarrow{r},E \right). Particles would then have a birth weight of .. math:: :label: mavric-6 w_{0} \equiv \ \left(\frac{p\left( i \right)}{\widehat{p}\left( i \right)} \right)\left(\frac{q_{i}\left( \overrightarrow{r},E \right)}{{\widehat{q}}_{i}\left( \overrightarrow{r},E \right)} \right)\text{.} For CADIS, a biased multiple source needs to be developed so that the birth weights of sampled particles still match the target weights of the importance map. For a problem with multiple sources (each with a distribution :math:q_{i}\left( \overrightarrow{r},E \right) and a strength :math:S_{i}), the goal of the Monte Carlo calculation is to compute some response :math:R for a response function :math:\sigma_{d}\left( \overrightarrow{r},E \right) at a given detector. .. math:: :label: mavric-7 R = \ \int_{V}^{}{\int_{E}^{}{\sigma_{d}\left( \overrightarrow{r},E \right)\text{ϕ}\left( \overrightarrow{r},E \right)\textit{dE dV.}}} Note that the flux :math:\phi\left( \overrightarrow{r},E \right) has contributions from each source. The response, :math:R_{i}, from each specific source (:math:S_{i} with :math:q_{i}\left( \overrightarrow{r},E \right)) can be expressed using just the flux from that source, :math:\phi_{i}\left( \overrightarrow{r},E \right), as .. math:: :label: mavric-8 R_{i} = \ \int_{V}^{}{\int_{E}^{}{\sigma_{d}\left(\overrightarrow{r},E \right)\ \phi_{i}\left(\overrightarrow{r},E \right)\textit{dE dV .}}} The total response is then found as :math:R = \sum_{i}^{}R_{i}. For the adjoint problem, using the adjoint source of :math:q^{+}\left( \overrightarrow{r},E \right) = \sigma_{d}\left( \overrightarrow{r},E \right), the response :math:R can also be calculated as .. math:: :label: mavric-9 R = \ \int_{V}^{}{\int_{E}^{}{\left\lbrack \sum_{i}^{}{S_{i}q_{i}\left( \overrightarrow{r},E \right)} \right\rbrack\ \phi^{+}\left( \overrightarrow{r},E \right)\textit{dE dV}}}, with response contribution from each specific source being .. math:: :label: mavric-10 R_{i} = \ \int_{V}^{}{\int_{E}^{}{\ {S_{i}q_{i}\left( \overrightarrow{r},E \right)\text{ϕ}}^{+}\left( \overrightarrow{r}, E \right)\textit{dE dV.}}} The target weights :math:\overline{w}\left( \overrightarrow{r},E \right) of the importance map are found using .. math:: :label: mavric-11 \overline{w}\left( \overrightarrow{r},E \right) = \frac{R/S}{\text{ϕ}^{+}\left( \overrightarrow{r},E \right)\ }. Each biased source :math:{\widehat{q}}_{i}\left( \overrightarrow{r},E \right) pdf is found using .. math:: :label: mavric-12 {\widehat{q}}_{i}\left(\overrightarrow{r},E \right) = \frac{S_{i}}{R_{i}}{q_{i}\left( \overrightarrow{r},E \right)\text{ϕ}}^{+}\left( \overrightarrow{r}, E \right)\ , and the biased distribution used to select an individual source is :math:\widehat{p}\left( i \right) = \ R_{i}/\sum_{}^{}{R_{i} = R_{i}/R}. When using the biased distribution used to select an individual source, :math:\widehat{p}\left( i \right), and the biased source distribution, :math:{\widehat{q}}_{i}\left( \overrightarrow{r},E \right), the birth weight of the sampled particle will be .. math:: :label: mavric-13 \begin{matrix} w_{0} & \equiv & \left( \frac{p\left( i \right)}{\widehat{p}\left( i \right)} \right)\left( \frac{q_{i}\left( \overrightarrow{r}, E \right)}{{\widehat{q}}_{i}\left(\overrightarrow{r},E \right)} \right) \\ & = & \ \left( \frac{\frac{S_{i}}{S}}{\frac{R_{i}}{R}} \right) \left( \frac{q_{i}\left( \overrightarrow{r},E \right)}{\frac{S_{i}}{R_{i}}{q_{i}\left( \overrightarrow{r},E \right)\text{ϕ}}^{+}\left( \overrightarrow{r},E \right)} \right) \\ & = & \frac{R/S}{\text{ϕ}^{+}\left( \overrightarrow{r},E \right)\ }, \\ \end{matrix} which matches the target weight, :math:\overline{w}\left( \overrightarrow{r},E \right). Multiple tallies with CADIS ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ The CADIS methodology works quite well for classic source/detector problems. The statistical uncertainty of the tally that serves as the adjoint source is greatly reduced since the Monte Carlo transport is optimized to spend more simulation time on those particles that contribute to the tally, at the expense of tracking particles in other parts of phase space. However, more recently, Monte Carlo has been applied to problems where multiple tallies need to all be found with low statistical uncertainties. The extension of this idea is the mesh tally—where each voxel is a tally where the user desires low statistical uncertainties. For these problems, the user must accept a total simulation time that is controlled by the tally with the slowest convergence and simulation results where the tallies have a wide range of relative uncertainties. The obvious way around this problem is to create a separate problem for each tally and use CADIS to optimize each. Each simulation can then be run until the tally reaches the level of acceptable uncertainty. For more than a few tallies, this approach becomes complicated and time-consuming for the user. For large mesh tallies, this approach is not reasonable. Another approach to treat several tallies, if they are in close proximity to each other, or a mesh tally covering a small portion of the physical problem is to use the CADIS methodology with the adjoint source near the middle of the tallies to be optimized. Since particles in the forward Monte Carlo simulation are optimized to reach the location of the adjoint source, all the tallies surrounding that adjoint source should converge quickly. The drawback to this approach is the difficult question of “how close.” If the tallies are too far apart, certain energies or regions that are needed for one tally may be of low importance for getting particles to the central adjoint source. This may under-predict the flux or dose at the tally sites far from the adjoint source. MAVRIC has the capability to have multiple adjoint sources with this problem in mind. For several tallies that are far from each other, multiple adjoint sources could be used. In the forward Monte Carlo, particles would be drawn to one of those adjoint sources. The difficulty with this approach is that typically the tally that is closest to the true physical source converges faster than the other tallies—showing the closest adjoint source seems to attract more particles than the others. Assigning more strength to the adjoint source further from the true physical source helps, but finding the correct strengths so that all of the tallies converge to the same relative uncertainty in one simulation is an iterative process for the user. Forward-weighted CADIS ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ In order to converge several tallies to the same relative uncertainty in one simulation, the adjoint source corresponding to each of those tallies needs to be weighted inversely by the expected tally value. In order to calculate the dose rate at two points—say one near a reactor and one far from a reactor—in one simulation, then the total adjoint source used to develop the weight windows and biased source needs to have two parts. The adjoint source far from the reactor needs to have more strength than the adjoint source near the reactor by a factor equal to the ratio of the expected near dose rate to the expected far dose rate. This concept can be extended to mesh tallies as well. Instead of using a uniform adjoint source strength over the entire mesh tally volume, each voxel of the adjoint source should be weighted inversely by the expected forward tally value for that voxel. Areas of low flux or low dose rate would have more adjoint source strength than areas of high flux or high dose rate. An estimate of the expected tally results can be found by using a quick discrete-ordinates calculation. This leads to an extension of the CADIS method: forward-weighted CADIS (FW-CADIS).**Error! Bookmark not defined.** First, a forward S\ :sub:N calculation is performed to estimate the expected tally results. A total adjoint source is constructed where the adjoint source corresponding to each tally is weighted inversely by those forward tally estimates. Then the standard CADIS approach is used—an importance map (target weight windows) and a biased source are made using the adjoint flux computed from the adjoint S\ :sub:N calculation. For example, if the goal is to calculate a detector response function :math:\sigma_{d}\left( E \right) (such as dose rate using flux-to-dose-rate conversion factors) over a volume (defined by :math:g\left( \overrightarrow{r} \right)) corresponding to mesh tally, then instead of simply using :math:q^{+}\left( \overrightarrow{r},E \right) = \sigma_{d}\left( E \right)\ g(\overrightarrow{r}), the adjoint source would be .. math:: :label: mavric-14 q^{+}\left( \overrightarrow{r},E \right) = \frac{\sigma_{d}\left( E \right)\text{g}\left( \overrightarrow{r} \right)}{\int_{}^{}{\sigma_{d}\left( E \right)\text{ϕ}\left( \overrightarrow{r},E \right)}\textit{dE}}\ , where :math:\phi\left( \overrightarrow{r},E \right) is an estimate of the forward flux and the energy integral is over the voxel at :math:\overrightarrow{r}. The adjoint source is nonzero only where the mesh tally is defined (:math:g\left( \overrightarrow{r} \right)), and its strength is inversely proportional to the forward estimate of dose rate. The relative uncertainty of a tally is controlled by two components: first, the number of tracks contributing to the tally and, second, the shape of the distribution of scores contributing to that tally. In the Monte Carlo game, the number of simulated particles, :math:m\left( \overrightarrow{r},E \right), can be related to the true physical particle density, :math:n\left( \overrightarrow{r},E \right), by the average Monte Carlo weight of scoring particles, :math:\overline{w}\left( \overrightarrow{r},E \right), by .. math:: :label: mavric-15 n\left( \overrightarrow{r},E \right) = \ \overline{w}\left( \overrightarrow{r},E \right)\text{m}\left( \overrightarrow{r},E \right). In a typical Monte Carlo calculation, tallies are made by adding some score, multiplied by the current particle weight, to an accumulator. To calculate a similar quantity related to the Monte Carlo particle density would be very close to calculating any other quantity but without including the particle weight. The goal of FW-CADIS is to make the Monte Carlo particle density, :math:m\left( \overrightarrow{r},E \right), uniform over the tally areas, so an importance map needs to be developed that represents the importance to achieving uniform Monte Carlo particle density. By attempting to keep the Monte Carlo particle density more uniform, more uniform relative errors for the tallies should be realized. Two options for forward weighting are possible. For tallies over some area where the entire group-wise flux is needed with low relative uncertainties, the adjoint source should be weighted inversely by the forward flux, :math:\phi\left( \overrightarrow{r},E \right). The other option, for a tally where only an energy-integrated quantity is desired, is to weight the adjoint inversely by that energy-integrated quantity,\ :math:\int_{}^{}{\sigma_{d}\left( E \right)\text{ϕ}\left( \overrightarrow{r},E \right)}\text{\ dE}. For a tally where the total flux is desired, then the response in the adjoint source is simply :math:\sigma_{d}\left( E \right) = 1. To optimize the forward Monte Carlo simulation for the calculation of some quantity at multiple tally locations or across a mesh tally, the adjoint source needs to be weighted by the estimate of that quantity. For a tally defined by its spatial location :math:g\left( \overrightarrow{r} \right) and its optional response :math:\sigma_{d}\left( E \right), the standard adjoint source would be :math:q^{+}\left( \overrightarrow{r},E \right) = \sigma_{d}\left( E \right)\text{g}\left( \overrightarrow{r} \right). The forward-weighted adjoint source, :math:q^{+}\left( \overrightarrow{r},E \right), depending on what quantity is to be optimized, is listed below. +--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **For the calculation of** | **Adjoint source** | +==================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================+=========================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================+ | Energy and spatially dependent flux. :math:\phi\left(\overrightarrow{r},E \right) | .. math:: \frac{g\left( \overrightarrow{r}\right)}{\phi\left(\overrightarrow{r},E \right)} | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Spatially dependent total flux. :math:\int_{}^{}{\phi\left( \overrightarrow{r},E \right)}\textit{dE} | .. math:: \frac{g\left( \overrightarrow{r}\right)}{\int_{}^{}{\phi\left( \overrightarrow{r},E \right)}\textit{dE}} | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Spatially dependent total response. :math:\int_{}^{}{\sigma_{d}\left( E \right)\text{ϕ}\left(\overrightarrow{r},E\right)}\textit{dE} | .. math:: \frac{\sigma_{d}\left( E \right)\text{g}\left( \overrightarrow{r} \right)}{\int_{}^{}{\sigma_{d}\left( E \right)\text{ϕ}\left( \overrightarrow{r},E \right)}\textit{dE}} | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ The bottom line of FW-CADIS is that in order to calculate a quantity at multiple tally locations (or across a mesh tally) with more uniform relative uncertainties, an adjoint source needs to be developed for an objective function that keeps some non-physical quantity—related to the Monte Carlo particle density and similar in form to the desired quantity—constant. FW-CADIS uses the solution of a forward discrete-ordinates calculation to properly weight the adjoint source. After that, the standard CADIS approach is used. MAVRIC Implementation of CADIS ------------------------------ With MAVRIC, as with other shielding codes, the user defines the problem as a set of physical models—the material compositions, the geometry, the source, and the detectors (locations and response functions)—as well as some mathematical parameters on how to solve the problem (number of histories, etc.). For the variance reduction portion of MAVRIC, the only additional inputs required are (1) the mesh planes to use in the discrete-ordinates calculation(s) and (2) the adjoint source description—basically the location and the response of each tally to optimize in the forward Monte Carlo calculation. MAVRIC takes this information and constructs a Denovo adjoint problem. (The adjoint source is weighted by a Denovo forward flux or response estimate for FW-CADIS applications.) MAVRIC then uses the CADIS methodology: it combines the adjoint flux from the Denovo calculation with the source description and creates the importance map (weight window targets) and the mesh-based biased source. Monaco is then run using the CADIS biased source distribution and the weight window targets. Denovo ~~~~~~ Denovo is a parallel three-dimensional SN code that is used to generate adjoint (and, for FW-CADIS, forward) scalar fluxes for the CADIS methods in MAVRIC. For use in MAVRIC/CADIS, it is highly desirable that the SN code be fast, positive, and robust. The phase-space shape of the forward and adjoint fluxes, as opposed to a highly accurate solution, is the most important quality for Monte Carlo weight-window generation. Accordingly, Denovo provides a step-characteristics spatial differencing option that produces positive scalar fluxes as long as the source (volume plus in-scatter) is positive. Denovo uses an orthogonal, nonuniform mesh that is ideal for CADIS applications because of the speed and robustness of calculations on this mesh type. Denovo uses the highly robust GMRES (Generalized Minimum Residual) Krylov method to solve the SN equations in each group. GMRES has been shown to be more robust and efficient than traditional source (fixed-point) iteration. The in-group discrete SN equations are defined as .. math:: :label: mavric-16 \mathbf{L}\psi = \mathbf{\text{MS}}\phi + q where **L** is the differential transport operator, **M** is the moment-to-discrete operator, **S** is the matrix of scattering cross-section moments, *q* is the external and in-scatter source, :math:\phi is the vector of angular flux moments, and :math:\psi is the vector of angular fluxes at discrete angles. Applying the operator **D**, where :math:\phi = \mathbf{D}\psi, and rearranging terms casts the in-group equations in the form of a traditional linear system, :math:\mathbf{A}x = b, .. math:: :label: mavric-17 \left( \mathbf{I} - \mathbf{D}\mathbf{L}^{- 1}\mathbf{\text{MS}} \right) = \mathbf{D}\mathbf{L}^{- 1}q . The operation :math:\mathbf{L}^{- 1}\nu, where :math:\nu is an iteration vector, is performed using a traditional wave-front solve (transport sweep). The parallel implementation of the Denovo wave-front solver uses the well-known Koch-Baker-Alcouffe (KBA) algorithm, which is a two-dimensional block‑spatial decomposition of a three-dimensional orthogonal mesh :cite:baker_sn_1998. The Trilinos package is used for the GMRES implementation :cite:willenbring_trilinos_2003 Denovo stores the mesh-based scalar fluxes in a double precision binary file (*.dff) called a Denovo flux file. Past versions of SCALE/Denovo used the TORT :cite:rhoades_tort_1997 \*.varscl file format (DOORS package :cite:rhoades_doors_1998), but this was limited to single precision. Since the rest of the MAVRIC sequence has not yet been parallelized, Denovo is currently used only in serial mode within MAVRIC. Monaco ~~~~~~ The forward Monte Carlo transport is performed using Monaco, a fixed-source, shielding code that uses the SCALE General Geometry Package (SGGP, the same as used by the criticality code KENO-VI) and the standard SCALE material information processor. Monaco can use either MG or CE cross section libraries. Monaco was originally based on the MORSE Monte Carlo code but has been extensively modified to modernize the coding, incorporate more flexibility in terms of sources/tallies, and read a user-friendly block/keyword style input. Much of the input to MAVRIC is the same as Monaco. More details can be found in the Monaco chapter of the SCALE manual. Running MAVRIC ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ The objective of a SCALE sequence is to execute several codes, passing the output from one to the input of the next, in order to perform some analysis—things that users typically had to do in the past. MAVRIC does this for difficult shielding problems by running approximate discrete-ordinates calculations, constructing an importance map and biased source for one or more tallies that the user wants to optimize in the Monte Carlo calculation, and then using those in a forward Monaco Monte Carlo calculation. MAVRIC also prepares the forward and adjoint cross sections when needed. The steps of a MAVRIC sequence are listed in :numref:Mavric-sequence. The user can instruct MAVRIC to run this whole sequence of steps or just some subset of the steps—in order to verify the intermediate steps or to reuse previously calculated quantities in a new analyses. The MAVRIC sequence can be stopped after key points by using the “parm= *parameter* ” operator on the “=mavric” command line, which is the first line of the input file. The various parameters are listed in Table :numref:mavric-param. These parameters allow the user to perform checks and make changes to the importance map calculation before the actual Monte Carlo calculation in Monaco. MAVRIC also allows the sequence to start at several different points. If an importance map and biased source have already been computed, they can be used directly. If the adjoint scalar fluxes are known, they can quickly be used to create the importance map and biased source and then begin the forward Monte Carlo. All of the different combinations of starting MAVRIC with some previously calculated quantities are listed in the following section detailing the input options. When using MG cross-section libraries that do not have flux-to-dose-rate conversion factors, use “parm=nodose” to prevent the cross section processing codes from trying to move these values into the working library. MAVRIC creates many files that use the base problem name from the output file. For an output file called “c:\path1\path2\\\ *outputName*.out” or “/home/path1/path2/ *outputName*.inp”, spaces in the output name will cause trouble and should not be used. .. list-table:: Steps in the MAVRIC sequence :name: Mavric-sequence :widths: 100 100 :header-rows: 0 :align: center * - **Cross section calculation** - XSProc is used to calculate the forward cross sections for Monaco * - **Forward Denovo (optional)** - * - Cross section calculation - XSProc is used to calculate the forward cross sections for Denovo * - Forward flux calculation - Denovo calculates the estimate of the forward flux * - **Adjoint Denovo (optional)** - * - Cross section calculation - XSProc is used to calculate the adjoint cross sections for Denovo * - Adjoint flux calculation - Denovo calculates the estimate of the adjoint flux * - **CADIS (optional)** - The scalar flux file from Denovo is then used to create the biased source distribution and transport weight windows * - **Monte Carlo calculation** - Monaco uses the biased source distribution and transport weight windows to calculate the various tallies .. list-table:: Parameters for the MAVRIC command line (“parm=…”) :name: mavric-param :widths: 50 50 :header-rows: 1 :align: center * - Parameter - MAVRIC will stop after * - check - input checking * - forinp - Forward Denovo input construction (makes xkba_b.inp in the tmp area) * - forward - The forward Denovo calculation * - adjinp - Adjoint Denovo input construction (makes xkba_b.inp in the tmp area) * - adjoint - The adjoint Denovo calculation * - impmap - Calculation of importance map and biased source MAVRIC input ------------ The input file for MAVRIC consists of three lines of text (“=mavric” command line with optional parameters, the problem title, and SCALE cross section library name) and then several blocks, with each block starting with “read xxxx” and ending with “end xxxx”. There are three required blocks and nine optional blocks. Material and geometry blocks must be listed first and in the specified order. Other blocks may be listed in any order. Blocks (must be in this order): - Composition – (required) SCALE standard composition, list of materials used in the problem - Celldata – SCALE resonance self-shielding - Geometry – (required) SCALE general geometry description - Array – optional addition to the above geometry description - Volume – optional calculation or listing of region volumes - Plot – create 2D slices of the SGGP geometry Other Blocks (any order, following the blocks listed above): - Definitions – defines locations, response functions, and grid geometries used by other blocks - Sources – (required) description of the particle source spatial, energy, and directional distributions - Tallies – description of what to calculate: point detector tallies, region tallies, or mesh tallies - Parameters – how to perform the simulation (random number seed, how many histories, etc.) - Biasing – data for reducing the variance of the simulation - ImportanceMap – instructions for creating an importance map based on a discrete-ordinates calculation The material blocks (Composition and Celldata) and the physical model blocks (Geometry, Array, Volume, and Plot) follow the standard SCALE format. See the other SCALE references as noted in the following sections for details. The Biasing block and ImportanceMap block cannot both be used. For the other six blocks, scalar variables are set by “keyword=value”, fixed-length arrays are set with “keyword value\ :sub:1 ... value\ :sub:N\ ”, variable-length arrays are set with “keyword value\ :sub:1 ... value\ :sub:N end”, and some text and filenames are read in as quoted strings. Single keywords to set options are also used in some instances. The indention, comment lines, and upper/lowercase shown in this document are not required— they are used in the examples only for clarity. Except for strings in quotes (like filenames), SCALE is case insensitive. After all input blocks are listed, a single line with “end data” should be listed. A final “end” should also be listed, to signify the end of all MAVRIC input. Nine of the blocks are the same input blocks used by the functional module Monaco, with a few extra keywords only for use with MAVRIC. These extra keywords are highlighted here, without relisting all of the standard Monaco keywords for those blocks. See :numref:input-format for an overview of MAVRIC input file structure. Composition block ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Material information input follows the standard SCALE format for material input. Basic materials known to the SCALE library may be used as well as completely user-defined materials (using isotopes with known cross sections). Input instructions are located in the XSProc chapter in the SCALE manual. The Standard Composition Library chapter lists the different cross section libraries and the names of standard materials. An example is as follows: .. code:: rest read composition uo2 1 0.2 293.0 92234 0.0055 92235 3.5 92238 96.4945 end orconcrete 2 1.0 293.0 end ss304 3 1.0 293.0 end end composition Details on the cell data block are also included in the XSProc chapter. When using different libraries for the importance map production (listed at the top of the input) and the final Monte Carlo calculation (listed in the parameters block, if different), make sure that the materials are present in both libraries. .. list-table:: Overall input format :widths: 30 30 :header-rows: 1 :align: center :name: input-format * - input file - Comment * - .. code:: rest =mavric Some title for this problem v7-27n19g read composition ... end composition read celldata ... end celldata read geometry ... end geometry read array ... end array read volume ... end volume read plot ... end plot read definitions ... end definitions read sources ... end sources read tallies ... end tallies read parameters ... end parameters read biasing ... end biasing read importanceMap ... end importanceMap end data end - .. code:: rest name of sequence title cross section library name SCALE material compositions [required block] SCALE resonance self-shielding [optional block] SCALE SGGP geometry [required block] SCALE SGGP arrays [optional block] SCALE SGGP volume calc [optional block] SGGP Plots [optional block] Definitions [possibly required] Sources definition [required block] Tally specifications [optional block] Monte Carlo parameters [optional block] Biasing information [optional block] Importance map [optional block] end of all blocks end of MAVRIC input SGGP geometry blocks ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ MAVRIC uses the functional module Monaco for the forward Monte Carlo calculation. Monaco tracks particles through the physical geometry described by the SGGP input blocks as well as through the mesh importance map and any mesh tallies, which are defined in the global coordinates and overlay the physical geometry. Because Monaco must track through all of these geometries at the same time, users should not use the reflective boundary capability in the SGGP geometry. For more details on each SGGP Geometry block, see the following sections of the KENO-VI chapter of the SCALE Manual. Geometry – *Geometry Data* Array – *Array Data* Volume – *Volume Data* Plot – *Plot Data* Other blocks shared with Monaco ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ The definitions, sources, tallies, and biasing blocks are all the same as Monaco. They are all fully described in the Monaco chapter of the SCALE Manual. Definitions – *Definitions Block* Sources – *Sources Block* Tallies – *Tallies Block* Biasing – *Biasing Block* In the parameters block, there are several extra keywords compared to Monaco (see the *Parameter Block* section of the Monaco chapter) which are used when the cross section library used in the importance calculations is different from the library used in the final forward Monaco Monte Carlo calculation. The library listed at the beginning of the MAVRIC input file will be used for the importance calculations (forward and adjoint Denovo calculation, formation of the importance map, and biased sources). To use a different MG library in the final Monaco simulation, use the keyword “library=” with the cross section library name in quotes. A cross section library for Monaco will be made using csas-mg. If there are any extra parameters to use (“parm=” in the “=csas-mg” line of the csas-mg input), they can be passed along using the keyword “parmString=” with the extra information in quotes. For example, the following input file would use a coarse-group library for the importance calculations and a fine-group library for the final Monaco, each with CENTRM processing. .. code:: rest =mavric parm=centrm v7-27n19g … read parameters library=”v7-200n47g” parmString=”centrm” … end parameters … end data end To use a CE cross section in the final Monaco step, use the keyword “ceLibrary=” with the cross section library name in quotes. When using the “library=” or “ceLibrary=” keywords, they should precede the “neutron”, “photon”, “noNeutron”, and “noPhoton” keywords. :numref:extra-keywords summarizes all of the keywords in the MAVRIC parameter block. When using two different cross section libraries, be sure that the responses and distributions are defined in ways that do not depend on the cross section library. For example, any response that is just a list of n values (corresponding to a cross section library of n groups) needs to have the group energies specifically listed so that it can be evaluated properly on the other group structure. .. csv-table:: Extra keywords for the parameters block :file: csv-tables/table4.1.04.csv :header-rows: 1 :name: extra-keywords Importance map block ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ The importance map block is the “heart and soul” of MAVRIC. This block lists the parameters for creating an importance map and biased source from one (adjoint) or two (forward, followed by adjoint) Denovo discrete-ordinates calculations. Without an importance map block, MAVRIC can be used to run Monaco and use its conventional types of variance reduction. If both the importance map and biasing blocks are specified, only the importance map block will be used. There are a variety of ways to use the importance map block, as explained in the subsections below. Keywords for this block are summarized at the end of this section, in :numref: Constructing a mesh for the S\ :sub:N calculation ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ All of the uses of the importance map block that run the discrete-ordinates code require the use of a grid geometry that overlays the physical geometry. Grid geometries are defined in the definitions block of the MAVRIC input. The extent and level of detail needed in a grid geometry are discussed in the following paragraphs. When using S\ :sub:N methods alone for solving radiation transport in shielding problems, a good rule of thumb is to use mesh cell sizes on the order of a meanfree path of the particle. For complex shielding problems, this could lead to an extremely large number of mesh cells, especially when considering the size of the meanfree path of the lowest energy neutrons and photons in common shielding materials. In MAVRIC, the goal is to use the S\ :sub:N calculation for a quick approximate solution. Accuracy is not paramount—just getting an idea of the overall shape of the true importance map will help accelerate the convergence of the forward Monte Carlo calculation. The more accurate the importance map, the better the forward Monte Carlo acceleration will be. At some point there is a time trade-off when the computational time for calculating the importance map followed by the Monte Carlo calculation exceeds that of a standard analog Monte Carlo calculation. Large numbers of mesh cells, coming from using very small mesh sizes, for S\ :sub:N calculations also use a great deal of computer memory. Because the deterministic solution(s) for CADIS and FW-CADIS can have moderate fidelity and still provide variance reduction parameters that substantially accelerate the Monte Carlo solution, mesh cell sizes in MAVRIC applications can be larger than what most S\ :sub:N practioners would typically use. The use of relatively coarse mesh reduces memory requirements and the run time of the deterministic solution(s). Some general guidelines to keep in mind when creating a mesh for the importance map/biased source are: - The true source regions should be included in the mesh with mesh planes at their boundaries. - For point or very small sources, place them in the center of a mesh cell, not on the mesh planes. - Any region of the geometry where particles could eventually contribute to the tallies (the “important” areas) should be included in the mesh. - Point adjoint sources (corresponding to point detector locations) in standard CADIS calculations do not have to be included inside the mesh. For FW-CADIS, they must be in the mesh and should be located at a mesh cell center, not on any of the mesh planes. - Volumetric adjoint sources should be included in the mesh with mesh planes at their boundaries. - Mesh planes should be placed at significant material boundaries. - Neighboring cell sizes should not be drastically different. - Smaller cell sizes should be used where the adjoint flux is changing rapidly, for example, toward the surfaces of adjoint sources and shields (rather than their interiors). Another aspect to keep in mind is that the source in the forward Monaco Monte Carlo calculation will be a biased, mesh-based source. Source particles will be selected by first sampling which mesh cell to use and then sampling a position uniformly within that mesh cell that meets the user criteria of “unit=”, “region=”, or “mixture=” if specified. The mesh should have enough resolution that the mesh source will be an accurate representation of the true source. The geometry for the Denovo calculation is specified using the keyword “gridGeometryID=” and the identification number of a grid geometry that was defined in the definitions block. The material assigned to each voxel of the mesh is determined by testing the center point in the SGGP geometry (unless the macro-material option is used – see below). Macromaterials for S\ :sub:N geometries ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ Part of the advantage of the CADIS method is that the adjoint discrete-ordinates calculation only needs to be approximate in order to form a reasonable importance map and biased source. This usually means that the mesh used is much coarser than the mesh that would be used if the problem were to be solved only with a discrete-ordinates code. This coarse mesh may miss significant details (especially curves) in the geometry and produce a less-than-optimal importance map. In order to get more accurate solutions from a coarse-mesh discrete-ordinates calculation, Denovo can represent the material in each voxel of the mesh as a volume-weighted mixture of the real materials, called macromaterials, in the problem. When constructing the Denovo input, the Denovo EigenValue Calculation (DEVC, see section SECTIONREFERENCE) sequence can estimate the volume fraction occupied by each real material in each voxel by a sampling method. The user can specify parameters for how to sample the geometry. Note that finer sampling makes more accurate estimates of the material fraction but requires more setup time to create the Denovo input. Users should understand how the macromaterials are sampled and consider that when constructing a mesh grid. This is especially important for geometries that contain arrays. Careful consideration should be given when overlaying a mesh on a geometry that contains arrays of arrays. Because the list of macromaterials could become large, the user can also specify a tolerance for how close two different macromaterials can be to be considered the same, thereby reducing the total number of macromaterials. The macromaterial tolerance, “mmTolerance=”, is used for creating a different macromaterial from the ones already created by looking at the infinity norm between two macromaterials. The number of macromaterials does not appreciably impact Denovo run time or memory requirements. Two different sampling methods are available—point testing :cite:ibrahim_improving_2009 with the keyword mmPointTest and ray tracing :cite:johnson_fast_2013 with the keyword mmRayTest. Ray Tracing ''''''''''' This method estimates the volume of different materials in the Denovo mesh grid elements by tracing rays through the SGGP geometry and computing the average track lengths through the each material. Rays are traced in all three dimensions to better estimate the volume fractions of materials within each voxel. The mmSubCell parameter controls how many rays to trace in each voxel in each dimension. For example, if mmSubCell= n, then when tracing rays in the z dimension, each column of voxels uses a set of n×n rays starting uniformly spaced in the x and y dimensions. With rays being cast from all three orthogonal directions, a total of 3n2 rays are used to sample each voxel. One can think of subcells as an equally spaced sub-mesh with a single ray positioned at each center. The number of subcells in each direction, and hence the number of rays, can be explicitly given with mmSubCells ny nz nx nz nx ny end keyword for rays parallel to the x axis, y axis, and z axis. :numref:ray-positions shows different subcell configurations (in two dimensions) for a given voxel. .. _ray-positions: .. figure:: figs/fig4.1.01_rayTrace6.png :width: 500 :align: center Ray positions within a voxel with different mmSubCells parameters. Ray tracing is a more robust method compared to the simple point testing method used in previous versions of SCALE/MAVRIC; however, it requires more memory than point testing. Ray tracing gives more accurate estimates of volume fractions because track lengths across a voxel give more information than a series of test points. Ray tracing is also much faster than point testing because the particle tracking routines are optimized for quickly determining lists of materials and distance along a given ray. Ray tracing operates on the grid geometry supplied by the user and shoots rays in all three directions starting from the lower bounds of the mesh grid. An example of an arbitrary assembly geometry is shown in :numref:geom-model. A ray consists of a number of steps that each correspond to crossing a material boundary along the path of the ray. Ratios of each step’s length to the voxel length in the ray’s direction determine the material volume fraction of that step in that voxel, and summation of the same material volume fractions gives the material volume fraction of that material in that voxel. Ray tracing through a single voxel that contains a fuel pin is illustrated in Figure 4.1.3. .. _geom-model: .. figure:: figs/fig4.1.02_kenoDenovo.png :width: 600 :align: center Geometry model (left) and the Denovo representation (right) of an assembly using macromaterials determined by ray tracing. .. bibliography:: /bibs/mavric.bib | 2022-08-17T14:27:59 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7324082851409912, "perplexity": 1047.370708979652}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572908.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817122626-20220817152626-00382.warc.gz"} |
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biholomorphy | # Biholomorphism
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The complex exponential function mapping biholomorphically a rectangle to a quarter-annulus.
In the mathematical theory of functions of one or more complex variables, and also in complex algebraic geometry, a biholomorphism or biholomorphic function is a bijective holomorphic function whose inverse is also holomorphic.
Formally, a biholomorphic function is a function $\phi$ defined on an open subset U of the $n$-dimensional complex space Cn with values in Cn which is holomorphic and one-to-one, such that its image is an open set $V$ in Cn and the inverse $\phi^{-1}:V\to U$ is also holomorphic. More generally, U and V can be complex manifolds. As in the case of functions of a single complex variable, a sufficient condition for a holomorphic map to be biholomorphic onto its image is that the map is injective, in which case the inverse is also holomorphic (e.g., see Gunning 1990, Theorem I.11).
If there exists a biholomorphism $\phi \colon U \to V$, we say that U and V are biholomorphically equivalent or that they are biholomorphic.
If $n=1,$ every simply connected open set other than the whole complex plane is biholomorphic to the unit disc (this is the Riemann mapping theorem). The situation is very different in higher dimensions. For example, open unit balls and open unit polydiscs are not biholomorphically equivalent for $n>1.$ In fact, there does not exist even a proper holomorphic function from one to the other.
In the case of maps f : UC defined on an open subset U of the complex plane C, some authors (e.g., Freitag 2009, Definition IV.4.1) define a conformal map to be an injective map with nonzero derivative i.e., f’(z)≠ 0 for every z in U. According to this definition, a map f : UC is conformal if and only if f: Uf(U) is biholomorphic. Other authors (e.g., Conway 1978) define a conformal map as one with nonzero derivative, without requiring that the map be injective. According to this weaker definition of conformality, a conformal map need not be biholomorphic even though it is locally biholomorphic. For example, if f: UU is defined by f(z) = z2 with U = C–{0}, then f is conformal on U, since its derivative f’(z) = 2z ≠ 0, but it is not biholomorphic, since it is 2-1.
## References
• John B. Conway (1978). Functions of One Complex Variable. Springer-Verlag. ISBN 3-540-90328-3.
• John P. D'Angelo (1993). Several Complex Variables and the Geometry of Real Hypersurfaces. CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-8272-6.
• Eberhard Freitag and Rolf Busam (2009). Complex Analysis. Springer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-540-93982-5.
• Robert C. Gunning (1990). Introduction to Holomorphic Functions of Several Variables, Vol. II. Wadsworth. ISBN 0-534-13309-6.
• Steven G. Krantz (2002). Function Theory of Several Complex Variables. American Mathematical Society. ISBN 0-8218-2724-3.
This article incorporates material from biholomorphically equivalent on PlanetMath, which is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License. | 2014-08-30T13:14:02 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 7, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9305118322372437, "perplexity": 405.03980617804496}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 5, "enable": false}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500835119.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021355-00061-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://www.usgs.gov/center-news/volcano-watch-k-laueas-magma-budget | # Volcano Watch — Kīlauea's magma budget
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How much magma enters Kīlauea every day? How much is erupted to the surface? How much stays underground?
How much magma enters Kīlauea every day? How much is erupted to the surface? How much stays underground?
These questions strike to the heart of what makes Kīlauea work. But all important questions about nature are tough to answer, and those three have eluded definitive answers. Here's where we stand today.
The amount of lava erupted each day should be easy to determine, but it's not. Let's start with the simple case of an eruption in a pit crater, such as at Halemaumau in 1952 and 1967-68. Here the dimensions of the crater were well known, so it was an easy matter to calculate the volume of lava added to the crater. The volume, however, is made of liquid and gas. The bubbles puff up the lava and make it look more voluminous than it really is, just as the popped corn you eat won't fit in the bag the corn came in. So, the calculated volume of lava in the crater must be adjusted for the amount of gas bubbles it contains-an inexact estimate, at best.
Another way to estimate the amount erupted is to calculate the amount of lava flowing through tubes. That is the way we make the estimate during the ongoing eruption. The cross-sectional area of flowing lava is estimated using a geophysical method based on very low frequency radio waves. Then the velocity of the lava is measured with a radar gun. Multiplying the cross-sectional area by the velocity gives the flux of lava through the tube. If there is only one active tube, then this flux is the daily amount erupted by Kīlauea. There is generally more than one tube, however, and the measurements are not exact, and the problem of bubbles in the lava is still there. So, the final answer, though sophisticated and the best we can do, is an estimate only.
Recently another method has been used-measuring the amount of sulfur dioxide gas given off in the Puu Oo area. This amount is directly proportional to the amount of lava that loses the gas. Since the gas is lost near and on the surface, this volume is a credible estimate of the lava supplied to the surface. The flux determined in this way generally agrees to within 25 percent of that calculated from the tubes.
All the methods suggest a long-term (months) average daily supply of lava to the surface of about 300,000 cubic meters (400,000 cubic yards). That's the equivalent of 40,000 moderate-size (10-yard) dump trucks! This number comes up repeatedly and suggests a throttle within the volcano that governs the amount of lava that can reach the surface. Short-term bursts of activity from pressurized reservoirs can supply magma at much higher rates, but over the long haul the throttle controls the output to about 300,000 cubic meters (400,000 cubic yards) per day.
But is that all of the magma that enters Kīlauea? Is some permanently stored within the volcano? What about the times between eruptions? Does the supply to the volcano shut off, or is it held within the volcano, awaiting eruption?
Recent modeling of ground deformation, focused on the eight years before the start of the current eruption but generalized to the present, suggests that magma does enter the volcano during quiet periods. The flux to the volcano is estimated to be about twice the amount supplied during long eruptions--about 600,000 cubic meters (800,000 cubic yards) per day. Before the eruption, most of this was stored within the volcano (some escaped during small eruptions); now about half is erupting and half remains stored. The modeling, done by HVO colleagues Valerie Cayol (France) and Jim Dieterich (USGS, Menlo Park, CA) aided by HVO staff scientists Asta Miklius and Arnold Okamura, provides the best estimate yet of the total magma flux into Kīlauea. But it is only an estimate that future researchers will surely improve.
### Volcano Activity Update
Eruptive activity of Kīlauea Volcano continued unabated during the past week. Lava is erupting from Puu Oo and flowing through a network of tubes toward the coast near the eastern boundary of Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. Breakouts from the tube system feed flows on top of Pulama pali and in the coastal flats. Lava is entering the ocean mainly at two locations: the coast near the site of the buried Wahaula heiau and 1.2 km (0.7 mi) to the west of Wahaula at Kamokuna. Several small entries, located to the east of Wahaula, are weak and ephemeral. The public is reminded that the ocean-entry areas are extremely hazardous, with explosions accompanying sudden collapses of the new land. The active lava flows are hot and have places with very thin crust. The steam clouds are highly acidic and laced with glass particles.
A resident of Leilani Estates subdivision felt an earthquake at 9:05 p.m. on July 31. The magnitude-2.0 earthquake was located 9 km (5.4 mi) southeast of Pu`ulena Crater at a depth of 7.0 km (4.2 mi). | 2019-11-13T12:20:38 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.4924899637699127, "perplexity": 2332.2004819733684}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496667260.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20191113113242-20191113141242-00516.warc.gz"} |
https://www.ctcms.nist.gov/~langer/oof2man/RegisteredClass-Newton.html | # OOF2: The Manual
## Name
Newton (Newton) — Solve nonlinear equations with Newton's method.
## Synopsis
Newton(relative_tolerance,absolute_tolerance,maximum_iterations)
## Details
• Base class: NonlinearSolverBase
• Parameters:
relative_tolerance
Relative tolerance for convergence to a nonlinear solution. Type: A real number.
absolute_tolerance
Absolute tolerance for convergence to a nonlinear solution. Type: A real number.
maximum_iterations
Maximum number of iterations for convergence to a nonlinear solution. Type: Integer.
## Description
Newton is a nonlinear solver used in AdvancedSolverMode for solving nonlinear equations of the form
(6.149)
It implements Newton's method, which uses the derivative of the nonlinear term with respect to the vector of unknowns, (i.e, Field values), to compute successive approximations to the solution. The iteration stops when the norm of the residual after the nth step, |An|, satisfies
(6.150)
where =relative_tolerance and =absolute_tolerance, or when the maximum_iterations limit is exceeded.
Newton's method generally converges in fewer iterations than Picard, but may require more work per iteration.
Newton's method relies upon knowing the derivatives of the nonlinear function with respect to the unknowns, . This information comes from the Material Properties, which determine the exact form of the equations being solved. Nonlinear Properties that are built into OOF2 provide routines to compute the derivatives, but Properties defined in OOF2 extensions might not. In this case, Newton will compute the derivatives numerically. This will make Newton perform more computations on each iteration and quite possibly also require more iterations. The parameters used for the numerical differentiation may be set by the OOF.Settings.Mesh_Defaults.Numerical_Differentiation command. | 2019-04-23T08:37:13 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8959254622459412, "perplexity": 1205.816230605955}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578596541.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20190423074936-20190423100936-00338.warc.gz"} |
https://hoven.in/ncert-chem-xi-ch-2/q08-ch2-chem.html | (solved)Question 2.8 of NCERT Class XI Chemistry Chapter 2
What is the number of photons of light with a wavelength of 4000 pm that provide 1J of energy?
(Rev. 20-Nov-2022)
Categories | About Hoven's Blog
,
Question 2.8 NCERT Class XI Chemistry
What is the number of photons of light with a wavelength of 4000 pm that provide 1J of energy?
Video Explanation(detailed solution given after this video)
Please watch this youtube video for a quick explanation of the solution:
Solution in Detail
by Planck's formula for energy of n photons
$\displaystyle E = n \times h\nu = n \times \frac{hc}{\lambda} \text{ (J)}$
$\displaystyle \implies n = \frac{E \times \lambda}{hc}$
where h, c, $\displaystyle \lambda\text{, }\nu$ mean as usual
(1) Put $\displaystyle \lambda = 4000 \text{ pm} = 4000 \times 10^{-12} \text{m}$
(2) Put $\displaystyle c = 3 \times 10^8 \text{m/s}$
(3) Put $\displaystyle h = 6.6 \times 10^{-34} \text{ Js}$
(4) Put $\displaystyle E = 1\text{ J}$
$\displaystyle n = \frac{1 \times 4000 \times 10^{-12}}{6.6 \times 10^{-34} \times 3 \times 10^8}$
$\displaystyle = 2.02 \times 10^{16}\text{ photons }\underline{Ans}$
This Blog Post/Article "(solved)Question 2.8 of NCERT Class XI Chemistry Chapter 2" by Parveen is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. | 2022-12-02T00:08:13 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.43964317440986633, "perplexity": 5416.433817907807}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710870.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20221201221914-20221202011914-00398.warc.gz"} |
https://phys.libretexts.org/TextBooks_and_TextMaps/University_Physics/Book%3A_University_Physics_(OpenStax)/Map%3A_University_Physics_II_-_Thermodynamics%2C_Electricity%2C_and_Magnetism_(OpenStax)/6%3A_Gauss's_Law/6.0%3A_Prelude_to_Gauss's_Law | $$\require{cancel}$$
6.0: Prelude to Gauss's Law
Flux is a general and broadly applicable concept in physics. However, in this chapter, we concentrate on the flux of the electric field. This allows us to introduce Gauss’s law, which is particularly useful for finding the electric fields of charge distributions exhibiting spatial symmetry. The main topics discussed here are
1. Electric flux. We define electric flux for both open and closed surfaces.
2. Gauss’s law. We derive Gauss’s law for an arbitrary charge distribution and examine the role of electric flux in Gauss’s law.
3. Calculating electric fields with Gauss’s law. The main focus of this chapter is to explain how to use Gauss’s law to find the electric fields of spatially symmetrical charge distributions. We discuss the importance of choosing a Gaussian surface and provide examples involving the applications of Gauss’s law.
4. Electric fields in conductors. Gauss’s law provides useful insight into the absence of electric fields in conducting materials.
Figure $$\PageIndex{1}$$: This chapter introduces the concept of flux, which relates a physical quantity and the area through which it is flowing. Although we introduce this concept with the electric field, the concept may be used for many other quantities, such as fluid flow. (credit: modification of work by “Alessandro”/Flickr)
So far, we have found that the electrostatic field begins and ends at point charges and that the field of a point charge varies inversely with the square of the distance from that charge. These characteristics of the electrostatic field lead to an important mathematical relationship known as Gauss’s law. This law is named in honor of the extraordinary German mathematician and scientist Karl Friedrich Gauss (Figure $$\PageIndex{2}$$). Gauss’s law gives us an elegantly simple way of finding the electric field, and, as you will see, it can be much easier to use than the integration method described in the previous chapter. However, there is a catch—Gauss’s law has a limitation in that, while always true, it can be readily applied only for charge distributions with certain symmetries.
Figure $$\PageIndex{2}$$: Karl Friedrich Gauss (1777–1855) was a legendary mathematician of the nineteenth century. Although his major contributions were to the field of mathematics, he also did important work in physics and astronomy.
Contributors
• Samuel J. Ling (Truman State University), Jeff Sanny (Loyola Marymount University), and Bill Moebs with many contributing authors. This work is licensed by OpenStax University Physics under a Creative Commons Attribution License (by 4.0). | 2018-07-20T10:37:16 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7979168891906738, "perplexity": 379.33216620872724}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676591578.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20180720100114-20180720120114-00506.warc.gz"} |
https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10223342-vacancy-defect-control-colossal-thermopower-fesb2 | Vacancy defect control of colossal thermopower in FeSb2
Abstract
Iron diantimonide is a material with the highest known thermoelectric power. By combining scanning transmission electron microscopic study with electronic transport neutron, X-ray scattering, and first principle calculation, we identify atomic defects that control colossal thermopower magnitude and nanoprecipitate clusters with Sb vacancy ordering, which induce additional phonon scattering and substantially reduce thermal conductivity. Defects are found to cause rather weak but important monoclinic distortion of the unit cellPnnm → Pm. The absence of Sb along [010] for high defect concentration forms conducting path due to Fedorbital overlap. The connection between atomic defect anisotropy and colossal thermopower in FeSb2paves the way for the understanding and tailoring of giant thermopower in related materials.
Authors:
; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;
Publication Date:
NSF-PAR ID:
10223342
Journal Name:
npj Quantum Materials
Volume:
6
Issue:
1
ISSN:
2397-4648
Publisher:
Nature Publishing Group
National Science Foundation
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4. In the physics of condensed matter, quantum critical phenomena and unconventional superconductivity are two major themes. In electron-doped cuprates, the low critical field (HC2) allows one to study the putative quantum critical point (QCP) at low temperature and to understand its connection to the long-standing problem of the origin of the high-TCsuperconductivity. Here we present measurements of the low-temperature normal-state thermopower (S) of the electron-doped cuprate superconductor La2−xCexCuO4(LCCO) fromx= 0.11–0.19. We observe quantum critical$S/T$versus$ln(1/T)$behavior over an unexpectedly wide doping rangex= 0.15–0.17 above the QCP (x= 0.14), with a slope that scales monotonicallymore »
5. Binary Co 4 Sb 12 skutterudite (also known as CoSb 3 ) has been extensively studied; however, its mixed-anion counterparts remain largely unexplored in terms of their phase stability and thermoelectric properties. In the search for complex anionic analogs of the binary skutterudite, we begin by investigating the Co 4 Sb 12 –Co 4 Sn 6 Te 6 pseudo-binary phase diagram. We observe no quaternary skutterudite phases and as such, focus our investigations on the ternary Co 4 Sn 6 Te 6 via experimental phase boundary mapping, transport measurements, and first-principles calculations. Phase boundary mapping using traditional bulk syntheses revealsmore » | 2022-08-13T16:28:58 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 4, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.5171525478363037, "perplexity": 4960.199573649159}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571959.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813142020-20220813172020-00669.warc.gz"} |
https://openastronomy.org/rcsc18/chapters/03-fundamentals-of-python/07-comments-and-docs | # Comments and documentation
## Commenting code
• Confirm comment character if haven’t seen it already (unlikely)
• Purpose of comments
• Where/why/how to write comments
• cat/dog picture
• go back through code and make sure it’s commented
## Documentation
• Broad concept of why there should be docs (large scale)
• smaller scale reasons for having docs
• docstrings, etc
• go back through code and doc it
• see docstring challenges in swc function material
## Documenting code
Now that we’ve started thinking about re-using parts of our code, we need to think about what that will actually involve for the user. At the moment, the user is yourself, and you’ve only just written the function, so it doesn’t take a lot to remember what the function does and what parameters it takes.
But re-using code doesn’t just mean within a single project in the short term. You might have some task you want to do many times over several projects over the next few years, in which case the user may be future-you. Will you remember in two weeks’ time what parameters your function takes? How about in two months? Two years? If you make your code available to others to use, they will also want to know how to use your functions.
One way of figuring out how to use a function is to simply look at the code, but this isn’t ideal. It means finding the particular file where the function is written and looking through the whole function to see what all the variables do, which is time-consuming and can be difficult in large or complex functions. A much better solution is documentation - writing down what your code does as you write it.
Some large software packages may have a manual, or narrative documentation which describes conceptually how and why to use different parts of that software. These are useful and an important aspect of documentation. But for now we’ll focus more on documenting the code itself, which is more likely to be helpful when working on a smaller or personal project. To do this we’ll use two things: comments, which we’ve already seen, and docstrings.
For this lesson we’ll use a new function to demonstrate documentation. It will take a NumPy array and shift it such that the mean is offset to some user-defined value.
import numpy as np
def offset_mean(data, target_mean_value):
return (data - np.mean(data)) + target_mean_value
## # Comments - reminder
Comments are lines in a code which are ignored when the code is run. They're usually indicated by a comment character at the start of the line (in Python's case, a hash, '#'), and they're a crucial part of documenting code.
### How not to use comments
Comments are important but they have to be carefully considered. This picture demonstrates a common way in which comments are misused, by simply describing exactly what the corresponding code does. For the function we wrote above, such a comment might look something like this:
def offset_mean(data, target_mean_value):
# Subtract the mean of the data from the data, then add the target mean value to the result and return that
return (data - np.mean(data)) + target_mean_value
At best, this is no better than not having a comment, since it is essentially just repeating the code. In fact, the code itself arguably a clearer and more concise description of what the comment is trying to express anyway. Similarly, it’s easy for comments to be too brief or vague:
def offset_mean(data, target_mean_value):
# Return solution
return (data - np.mean(data)) + target_mean_value
This is just as unhelpful - just like the last comment, it doesn’t provide any new information to the user. Even worse would be this:
def offset_mean(data, target_mean_value):
# Add the mean of the data to the data, then add the target mean value to the result and return that
return (data - np.mean(data)) + target_mean_value
You might not think this kind of comment is particularly likely, but it’s actually very easy for comments to be left behind when code changes. This may also seem like an easy mistake to spot and to ignore, but again, the best case scenario here is that you realise the comment is wrong, in which case the comment may as well not be there. Also, what if the comment isn’t wrong? Maybe we changed the comment and then neglected to change the code. However it happens, if the code and comment don’t match up, would you be able to determine which one is correct? This is just a difficult task in any situation, but it is made far more difficult when the comment only (incorrectly) describes what the following code does.
### How to use comments
Comments should always be used liberally throughout your code (with the caveat of avoiding unhelpful ones as described above). Most importantly they should describe why and how the code is doing what it’s doing. The aim is for someone reading your code (which might be you) to be able to understand what is happening, not simply to describe mechanically what any particular part of it does. For example, we might more usefully document our function from above like this:
# offset_mean(data, target_mean_value):
# return a new array containing the original data with its mean offset to match the desired value.
def offset_mean(data, target_mean_value):
return (data - np.mean(data)) + target_mean_value
In these comments we have a description of how to call the fuction, what output the user can expect from the function, and what the function achieves. The description of the function call may seem redundant, but we’ll see in a moment how it can be made more useful. Also note here that we’re documenting the function itself here, not the code within it. Smaller blocks of code certainly should be commented, especially in a larger function than this, but it’s very easy to fall into the traps described above, and it’s more important to comment chunks of code than individual lines. With a very short function like this, it can reasonably be commented as a single block.
## Docstrings
So now we’ve seen There’s a better way, though. If the first thing in a function is a string that isn’t assigned to a variable, that string is attached to the function as its documentation:
# offset_mean(data, target_mean_value):
# return a new array containing the original data with its mean offset to match the desired value.
def offset_mean(data, target_mean_value):
return (data - np.mean(data)) + target_mean_value
There’s a better way, though. If the first thing in a function is a string that isn’t assigned to a variable, that string is attached to the function as its documentation:
def offset_mean(data, target_mean_value):
"""Return a new array containing the original data with its mean offset to match the desired value."""
return (data - np.mean(data)) + target_mean_value
This is better because we can now ask Python’s built-in help system to show us the documentation for the function:
help(offset_mean)
Help on function offset_mean in module __main__:
offset_mean(data, target_mean_value)
Return a new array containing the original data with its mean offset to match the desired value.
A string like this is called a docstring. We don’t need to use triple quotes when we write one, but if we do, we can break the string across multiple lines:
def offset_mean(data, target_mean_value):
"""
Return a new array containing the original data
with its mean offset to match the desired value.
Example: offset_mean([1, 2, 3], 0) => [-1, 0, 1]
"""
return (data - np.mean(data)) + target_mean_value
help(offset_mean)
Help on function offset_mean in module __main__:
offset_mean(data, target_mean_value)
Return a new array containing the original data
with its mean offset to match the desired value.
Example: offset_mean([1, 2, 3], 0) => [-1, 0, 1]
Consider these two functions:
def s(p):
a = 0
for v in p:
a += v
m = a / len(p)
d = 0
for v in p:
d += (v - m) * (v - m)
return np.sqrt(d / (len(p) - 1))
def std_dev(sample):
sample_sum = 0
for value in sample:
sample_sum += value
sample_mean = sample_sum / len(sample)
sum_squared_devs = 0
for value in sample:
sum_squared_devs += (value - sample_mean) * (value - sample_mean)
return np.sqrt(sum_squared_devs / (len(sample) - 1))
The functions s and std_dev are computationally equivalent (they both calculate the sample standard deviation), but to a human reader, they look very different. You probably found std_dev much easier to read and understand than s.
As this example illustrates, both documentation and a programmer’s coding style combine to determine how easy it is for others to read and understand the programmer’s code. Choosing meaningful variable names and using blank spaces to break the code into logical “chunks” are helpful techniques for producing readable code. This is useful not only for sharing code with others, but also for the original programmer. If you need to revisit code that you wrote months ago and haven’t thought about since then, you will appreciate the value of readable code!
## # Testing and Documenting Your Function
Run the commands help(np.arange) and help(np.linspace) to see how to use these functions to generate regularly-spaced values, then use those values to test your rescale function. Once you’ve successfully tested your function, add a docstring that explains what it does.
## # Solution
"""
Takes an array as input, and returns a corresponding array scaled so that 0 corresponds to the minimum and 1 to the maximum value of the input array.
Examples:
>>> rescale(numpy.arange(10.0))
array([ 0. , 0.11111111, 0.22222222, 0.33333333, 0.44444444,
0.55555556, 0.66666667, 0.77777778, 0.88888889, 1. ])
>>> rescale(numpy.linspace(0, 100, 5))
array([ 0. , 0.25, 0.5 , 0.75, 1. ])
"""
## # Readable Code
Revise a function you wrote for one of the previous exercises to try to make the code more readable. Then, collaborate with one of your neighbors to critique each other’s functions and discuss how your function implementations could be further improved to make them more readable.
## Key Points
• Use help(thing) to view help for something.
• Put docstrings in functions to provide help for that function.
The material in this notebook is derived from the Software Carpentry lessons © Software Carpentry under the terms of the CC-BY 4.0 license. | 2022-01-21T07:32:25 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.2915090024471283, "perplexity": 1171.5093651915192}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320302740.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20220121071203-20220121101203-00591.warc.gz"} |
http://dlmf.nist.gov/22.4 | # §22.4 Periods, Poles, and Zeros
## §22.4(i) Distribution
For each Jacobian function, Table 22.4.1 gives its periods in the $z$-plane in the left column, and the position of one of its poles in the second row. The other poles are at congruent points, which is the set of points obtained by making translations by $2mK+2niK^{\prime}$, where $m,n\in\Integer$. For example, the poles of $\mathop{\mathrm{sn}\/}\nolimits\left(z,k\right)$, abbreviated as $\mathop{\mathrm{sn}\/}\nolimits$ in the following tables, are at $z=2mK+(2n+1)iK^{\prime}$.
Three functions in the same column of Table 22.4.1 are copolar, and four functions in the same row are coperiodic.
Table 22.4.2 displays the periods and zeros of the functions in the $z$-plane in a similar manner to Table 22.4.1. Again, one member of each congruent set of zeros appears in the second row; all others are generated by translations of the form $2mK+2niK^{\prime}$, where $m,n\in\Integer$.
Figure 22.4.1 illustrates the locations in the $z$-plane of the poles and zeros of the three principal Jacobian functions in the rectangle with vertices $0$, $2K$, $2K+2iK^{\prime}$, $2iK^{\prime}$. The other poles and zeros are at the congruent points.
For the distribution of the $k$-zeros of the Jacobian elliptic functions see Walker (2009).
## §22.4(ii) Graphical Interpretation via Glaisher’s Notation
Figure 22.4.2 depicts the fundamental unit cell in the $z$-plane, with vertices $\mbox{s}=0$, $\mbox{c}=K$, $\mbox{d}=K+iK^{\prime}$, $\mbox{n}=iK^{\prime}$. The set of points $z=mK+niK^{\prime}$, $m,n\in\Integer$, comprise the lattice for the 12 Jacobian functions; all other lattice unit cells are generated by translation of the fundamental unit cell by $mK+niK^{\prime}$, where again $m,n\in\Integer$.
Using the p,q notation of (22.2.10), Figure 22.4.2 serves as a mnemonic for the poles, zeros, periods, and half-periods of the 12 Jacobian elliptic functions as follows. Let p,q be any two distinct letters from the set s,c,d,n which appear in counterclockwise orientation at the corners of all lattice unit cells. Then: (a) In any lattice unit cell $\mathop{\mathrm{pq}\/}\nolimits\left(z,k\right)$ has a simple zero at $z=\mbox{p}$ and a simple pole at $z=\mbox{q}$. (b) The difference between p and the nearest q is a half-period of $\mathop{\mathrm{pq}\/}\nolimits\left(z,k\right)$. This half-period will be plus or minus a member of the triple ${K,iK^{\prime},K+iK^{\prime}}$; the other two members of this triple are quarter periods of $\mathop{\mathrm{pq}\/}\nolimits\left(z,k\right)$.
## §22.4(iii) Translation by Half or Quarter Periods
See Table 22.4.3.
For example, $\mathop{\mathrm{sn}\/}\nolimits\left(z+K,k\right)=\mathop{\mathrm{cd}\/}% \nolimits\left(z,k\right)$. (The modulus $k$ is suppressed throughout the table.) | 2015-11-26T03:19:42 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 235, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8147715330123901, "perplexity": 436.606415653184}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398446300.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205406-00277-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai%3Aweiss.george | # zbMATH — the first resource for mathematics
## Weiss, George
Compute Distance To:
Author ID: weiss.george Published as: Weiss, G.; Weiss, George External Links: MGP · Wikidata · dblp
Documents Indexed: 77 Publications since 1988, including 1 Book
all top 5
#### Co-Authors
14 single-authored 10 Tucsnak, Marius 7 Curtain, Ruth Frances 7 Zhao, Xiaowei 6 Staffans, Olof Johan 5 Rebarber, Richard 3 Natarajan, Vivek 3 Wang, Chen 3 Weiss, Martin G. 2 Gilliam, David S. 2 Hansen, Scott K. 2 Jayawardhana, Bayu 2 Logemann, Hartmut 2 Xu, Cheng-Zhong 2 Zhou, Hua-Cheng 1 Byrnes, Christopher Ian 1 Fridman, Emilia 1 Häfele, Martin 1 Kannai, Yakar 1 Katsnelson, Victor Emanuelovich 1 Malinen, Jarmo 1 Partington, Jonathan R. 1 Ramdani, Karim 1 Russell, David L. 1 Schnaubelt, Roland 1 Shubov, Viktor Isaakovich 1 Su, Pei 1 Takahashi, Takéo 1 Yao, Pengfei 1 Zhong, Qing-Chang
all top 5
#### Serials
12 SIAM Journal on Control and Optimization 10 MCSS. Mathematics of Control, Signals, and Systems 7 IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control 6 Automatica 5 Systems & Control Letters 4 International Journal of Control 3 IMA Journal of Mathematical Control and Information 2 Journal of Differential Equations 2 Transactions of the American Mathematical Society 2 International Journal of Robust and Nonlinear Control 1 International Journal of Systems Science 1 Israel Journal of Mathematics 1 Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications 1 Integral Equations and Operator Theory 1 Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 1 Zeitschrift für Analysis und ihre Anwendungen 1 European Series in Applied and Industrial Mathematics (ESAIM): Control, Optimization and Calculus of Variations 1 International Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science 1 Journal of Dynamical and Control Systems 1 Communications in Information and Systems 1 Mathematical Control and Related Fields 1 Birkhäuser Advanced Texts. Basler Lehrbücher
all top 5
#### Fields
66 Systems theory; control (93-XX) 16 Operator theory (47-XX) 11 Partial differential equations (35-XX) 6 Calculus of variations and optimal control; optimization (49-XX) 4 Ordinary differential equations (34-XX) 3 Mechanics of particles and systems (70-XX) 2 Dynamical systems and ergodic theory (37-XX) 1 Functions of a complex variable (30-XX) 1 Integral transforms, operational calculus (44-XX) 1 Mechanics of deformable solids (74-XX) 1 Fluid mechanics (76-XX)
#### Citations contained in zbMATH
71 Publications have been cited 1,623 times in 813 Documents Cited by Year
Observation and control for operator semigroups. Zbl 1188.93002
Tucsnak, Marius; Weiss, George
2009
Admissibility of unbounded control operators. Zbl 0685.93043
Weiss, George
1989
Admissible observation operators for linear semigroups. Zbl 0696.47040
Weiss, George
1989
Transfer functions of regular linear systems. I: Characterizations of regularity. Zbl 0798.93036
Weiss, George
1994
Regular linear systems with feedback. Zbl 0819.93034
Weiss, George
1994
Conditions for robustness and nonrobustness of the stability of feedback systems with respect to small delays in the feedback loop. Zbl 0853.93081
Logemann, Hartmut; Rebarber, Richard; Weiss, George
1996
A general necessary condition for exact observability. Zbl 0795.93023
Russell, David L.; Weiss, George
1994
Internal model based tracking and disturbance rejection for stable well-posed systems. Zbl 1028.93012
Rebarber, Richard; Weiss, George
2003
Recovering the initial state of an infinite-dimensional system using observers. Zbl 1204.93023
Ramdani, Karim; Tucsnak, Marius; Weiss, George
2010
Dynamic stabilization of regular linear systems. Zbl 0876.93074
Weiss, George; Curtain, Ruth F.
1997
Transfer functions of regular linear systems. II: The system operator and the Lax-Phillips semigroup. Zbl 0996.93012
Staffans, Olof; Weiss, George
2002
Well-posed linear systems – a survey with emphasis on conservative systems. Zbl 0990.93046
Weiss, George; Staffans, Olof J.; Tucsnak, Marius
2001
How to get a conservative well-posed linear system out of thin air. I: Well-posedness and energy balance. Zbl 1063.93026
Weiss, George; Tucsnak, Marius
2003
Two conjectures on the admissibility of control operators. Zbl 0763.93041
Weiss, George
1991
Well posedness of triples of operators (in the sense of linear systems theory). Zbl 0686.93049
Curtain, Ruth F.; Weiss, George
1989
How to get a conservative well-posed linear system out of thin air. II: Controllability and stability. Zbl 1125.93383
Tucsnak, Marius; Weiss, George
2003
Optimizability and estimatability for infinite-dimensional linear systems. Zbl 0981.93032
Weiss, George; Rebarber, Richard
2000
Optimal control of stable weakly regular linear systems. Zbl 0884.49021
Weiss, Martin; Weiss, George
1997
Admissibility of input elements for diagonal semigroups on $$\ell$$ 2. Zbl 0634.93046
Weiss, George
1988
The state feedback regulator problem for regular linear systems. Zbl 1360.93264
Natarajan, Vivek; Gilliam, David S.; Weiss, George
2014
Regular linear systems governed by a boundary controlled heat equation. Zbl 1010.93052
Byrnes, C. I.; Gilliam, D. S.; Shubov, V. I.; Weiss, G.
2002
Weak $$L^ p$$-stability of a linear semigroup on a Hilbert space implies exponential stability. Zbl 0675.47031
Weiss, George
1988
Exponential stabilization of well-posed systems by colocated feedback. Zbl 1139.93026
Curtain, Ruth F.; Weiss, George
2006
Well-posed systems – the LTI case and beyond. Zbl 1296.93072
Tucsnak, Marius; Weiss, George
2014
When is a linear system conservative? Zbl 1125.47007
Malinen, Jarmo; Staffans, Olof J.; Weiss, George
2006
New results on the operator Carleson measure criterion. Zbl 0874.93031
Hansen, Scott; Weiss, George
1997
Representation of shift-invariant operators on $$L^ 2$$ by $$H^{\infty}$$ transfer functions: An elementary proof, a generalization to $$L^ p$$, and a counterexample for $$L^{\infty}$$. Zbl 0724.93021
Weiss, George
1991
Transfer functions of regular linear systems. III: Inversions and duality. Zbl 1052.93032
Staffans, Olof J.; Weiss, George
2004
Repetitive control of MIMO systems using $$H^\infty$$ design. Zbl 0949.93043
Weiss, George; Häfele, Martin
1999
Coprime factorization for regular linear systems. Zbl 0870.93025
Curtain, Ruth; Weiss, George; Weiss, Martin
1996
Simultaneous exact controllability and some applications. Zbl 0982.93021
Tucsnak, Marius; Weiss, George
2000
Necessary conditions for exact controllability with a finite-dimensional input space. Zbl 0985.93028
Rebarber, R.; Weiss, G.
2000
A physically motivated class of scattering passive linear systems. Zbl 1264.93090
Staffans, Olof J.; Weiss, George
2012
The operator Carleson measure criterion for admissibility of control operators for diagonal semigroups on $$\ell ^ 2$$. Zbl 0728.93047
Hansen, Scott; Weiss, George
1991
Maxwell’s equations as a scattering passive linear system. Zbl 1417.93157
Weiss, George; Staffans, Olof J.
2013
Admissible observation operators for the right-shift semigroup. Zbl 0966.93033
Partington, Jonathan R.; Weiss, George
2000
Weakly $$l^ p$$-stable linear operators are power stable. Zbl 0686.93081
Weiss, George
1989
Exponential stabilization of a Rayleigh beam using collocated control. Zbl 1367.74029
Weiss, George; Curtain, Ruth F.
2008
The resolvent growth assumption for semigroups on Hilbert spaces. Zbl 0693.47034
Weiss, George
1990
Stabilization of a fluid-rigid body system. Zbl 1328.35182
Takahashi, Takéo; Tucsnak, Marius; Weiss, George
2015
State convergence of passive nonlinear systems with an $$L^2$$ input. Zbl 1367.93435
Jayawardhana, Bayu; Weiss, George
2009
Well-posedness and controllability of a class of coupled linear systems. Zbl 1203.93029
Weiss, George; Zhao, Xiaowei
2009
Tracking and disturbance rejection for fully actuated mechanical systems. Zbl 1152.93403
Jayawardhana, Bayu; Weiss, George
2008
The representation of regular linear systems on Hilbert spaces. Zbl 0685.93040
Weiss, George
1989
Time-varying additive perturbations of well-posed linear systems. Zbl 1327.93271
Chen, Jian-Hua; Weiss, George
2015
From exact observability to identification of singular sources. Zbl 1308.93047
Tucsnak, Marius; Weiss, George
2015
Controllability and observability of a well-posed system coupled with a finite-dimensional system. Zbl 1368.93041
Zhao, Xiaowei; Weiss, George
2011
Eigenvalues and eigenvectors of semigroup generators obtained from diagonal generators by feedback. Zbl 1271.93042
Xu, Cheng-Zhong; Weiss, George
2011
Suppression of the vibrations of wind turbine towers. Zbl 1228.93103
Zhao, Xiaowei; Weiss, George
2011
Two classes of passive time-varying well-posed linear systems. Zbl 1202.93063
Schnaubelt, Roland; Weiss, George
2010
Spectral properties of infinite-dimensional closed-loop systems. Zbl 1102.93024
Weiss, G.; Xu, C.-Z.
2005
The iISS property for globally asymptotically stable and passive nonlinear systems. Zbl 1367.93575
Wang, Chen; Weiss, George
2008
A unified Smith predictor based on the spectral decomposition of the plant. Zbl 1066.93018
Zhong, Qing-Chang; Weiss, George
2004
Optimal control of systems with a unitary semigroup and with colocated control and observation. Zbl 1157.49307
Weiss, George
2003
Stabilization of irrational transfer functions by controllers with internal loop. Zbl 1175.93186
Curtain, Ruth F.; Weiss, George; Weiss, Martin
2001
A counterexample in Hardy spaces with an application to systems theory. Zbl 0841.30031
Katsnelson, V.; Weiss, G.
1995
Strong stabilisation of a wind turbine tower model in the plane of the turbine blades. Zbl 1308.93186
Zhao, Xiaowei; Weiss, George
2014
Well-posedness and controllability of a wind turbine tower model. Zbl 1216.49023
Zhao, Xiaowei; Weiss, George
2011
Global smooth solutions and exponential stability for a nonlinear beam. Zbl 1126.93032
Yao, Peng-Fei; Weiss, George
2007
Almost global asymptotic stability of a grid-connected synchronous generator. Zbl 1396.93104
Natarajan, Vivek; Weiss, George
2018
Stability properties of coupled impedance passive LTI systems. Zbl 1390.93228
Zhao, Xiaowei; Weiss, George
2017
Optimal control of a capacitor-type energy storage system. Zbl 1360.90015
Lifshitz, Doron; Weiss, George
2015
Optimal energy management for grid-connected storage systems. Zbl 1329.49075
Lifshitz, D.; Weiss, G.
2015
Stability analysis of the drive-train of a wind turbine with quadratic torque control. Zbl 1185.93121
Wang, Chen; Weiss, George
2009
Repetitive control systems: Old and new ideas. Zbl 0949.93513
Weiss, G.
1997
Strong stabilization of (almost) impedance passive systems by static output feedback. Zbl 1441.93219
Curtain, Ruth F.; Weiss, George
2019
Output feedback exponential stabilization for one-dimensional unstable wave equations with boundary control matched disturbance. Zbl 1408.37131
Zhou, Hua-Cheng; Weiss, George
2018
Linear parameter varying control of a doubly fed induction generator based wind turbine with primary grid frequency support. Zbl 1302.93064
Wang, Chen; Weiss, George
2014
Well-posedness, regularity and exact controllability of the SCOLE model. Zbl 1248.93030
Zhao, Xiaowei; Weiss, George
2010
Memoryless output feedback nullification and canonical forms, for time varying systems. Zbl 1092.93021
Weiss, G.
2005
Approximating signals by fast impulse sampling. Zbl 0786.93069
Kannai, Yakar; Weiss, George
1993
Strong stabilization of (almost) impedance passive systems by static output feedback. Zbl 1441.93219
Curtain, Ruth F.; Weiss, George
2019
Almost global asymptotic stability of a grid-connected synchronous generator. Zbl 1396.93104
Natarajan, Vivek; Weiss, George
2018
Output feedback exponential stabilization for one-dimensional unstable wave equations with boundary control matched disturbance. Zbl 1408.37131
Zhou, Hua-Cheng; Weiss, George
2018
Stability properties of coupled impedance passive LTI systems. Zbl 1390.93228
Zhao, Xiaowei; Weiss, George
2017
Stabilization of a fluid-rigid body system. Zbl 1328.35182
Takahashi, Takéo; Tucsnak, Marius; Weiss, George
2015
Time-varying additive perturbations of well-posed linear systems. Zbl 1327.93271
Chen, Jian-Hua; Weiss, George
2015
From exact observability to identification of singular sources. Zbl 1308.93047
Tucsnak, Marius; Weiss, George
2015
Optimal control of a capacitor-type energy storage system. Zbl 1360.90015
Lifshitz, Doron; Weiss, George
2015
Optimal energy management for grid-connected storage systems. Zbl 1329.49075
Lifshitz, D.; Weiss, G.
2015
The state feedback regulator problem for regular linear systems. Zbl 1360.93264
Natarajan, Vivek; Gilliam, David S.; Weiss, George
2014
Well-posed systems – the LTI case and beyond. Zbl 1296.93072
Tucsnak, Marius; Weiss, George
2014
Strong stabilisation of a wind turbine tower model in the plane of the turbine blades. Zbl 1308.93186
Zhao, Xiaowei; Weiss, George
2014
Linear parameter varying control of a doubly fed induction generator based wind turbine with primary grid frequency support. Zbl 1302.93064
Wang, Chen; Weiss, George
2014
Maxwell’s equations as a scattering passive linear system. Zbl 1417.93157
Weiss, George; Staffans, Olof J.
2013
A physically motivated class of scattering passive linear systems. Zbl 1264.93090
Staffans, Olof J.; Weiss, George
2012
Controllability and observability of a well-posed system coupled with a finite-dimensional system. Zbl 1368.93041
Zhao, Xiaowei; Weiss, George
2011
Eigenvalues and eigenvectors of semigroup generators obtained from diagonal generators by feedback. Zbl 1271.93042
Xu, Cheng-Zhong; Weiss, George
2011
Suppression of the vibrations of wind turbine towers. Zbl 1228.93103
Zhao, Xiaowei; Weiss, George
2011
Well-posedness and controllability of a wind turbine tower model. Zbl 1216.49023
Zhao, Xiaowei; Weiss, George
2011
Recovering the initial state of an infinite-dimensional system using observers. Zbl 1204.93023
Ramdani, Karim; Tucsnak, Marius; Weiss, George
2010
Two classes of passive time-varying well-posed linear systems. Zbl 1202.93063
Schnaubelt, Roland; Weiss, George
2010
Well-posedness, regularity and exact controllability of the SCOLE model. Zbl 1248.93030
Zhao, Xiaowei; Weiss, George
2010
Observation and control for operator semigroups. Zbl 1188.93002
Tucsnak, Marius; Weiss, George
2009
State convergence of passive nonlinear systems with an $$L^2$$ input. Zbl 1367.93435
Jayawardhana, Bayu; Weiss, George
2009
Well-posedness and controllability of a class of coupled linear systems. Zbl 1203.93029
Weiss, George; Zhao, Xiaowei
2009
Stability analysis of the drive-train of a wind turbine with quadratic torque control. Zbl 1185.93121
Wang, Chen; Weiss, George
2009
Exponential stabilization of a Rayleigh beam using collocated control. Zbl 1367.74029
Weiss, George; Curtain, Ruth F.
2008
Tracking and disturbance rejection for fully actuated mechanical systems. Zbl 1152.93403
Jayawardhana, Bayu; Weiss, George
2008
The iISS property for globally asymptotically stable and passive nonlinear systems. Zbl 1367.93575
Wang, Chen; Weiss, George
2008
Global smooth solutions and exponential stability for a nonlinear beam. Zbl 1126.93032
Yao, Peng-Fei; Weiss, George
2007
Exponential stabilization of well-posed systems by colocated feedback. Zbl 1139.93026
Curtain, Ruth F.; Weiss, George
2006
When is a linear system conservative? Zbl 1125.47007
Malinen, Jarmo; Staffans, Olof J.; Weiss, George
2006
Spectral properties of infinite-dimensional closed-loop systems. Zbl 1102.93024
Weiss, G.; Xu, C.-Z.
2005
Memoryless output feedback nullification and canonical forms, for time varying systems. Zbl 1092.93021
Weiss, G.
2005
Transfer functions of regular linear systems. III: Inversions and duality. Zbl 1052.93032
Staffans, Olof J.; Weiss, George
2004
A unified Smith predictor based on the spectral decomposition of the plant. Zbl 1066.93018
Zhong, Qing-Chang; Weiss, George
2004
Internal model based tracking and disturbance rejection for stable well-posed systems. Zbl 1028.93012
Rebarber, Richard; Weiss, George
2003
How to get a conservative well-posed linear system out of thin air. I: Well-posedness and energy balance. Zbl 1063.93026
Weiss, George; Tucsnak, Marius
2003
How to get a conservative well-posed linear system out of thin air. II: Controllability and stability. Zbl 1125.93383
Tucsnak, Marius; Weiss, George
2003
Optimal control of systems with a unitary semigroup and with colocated control and observation. Zbl 1157.49307
Weiss, George
2003
Transfer functions of regular linear systems. II: The system operator and the Lax-Phillips semigroup. Zbl 0996.93012
Staffans, Olof; Weiss, George
2002
Regular linear systems governed by a boundary controlled heat equation. Zbl 1010.93052
Byrnes, C. I.; Gilliam, D. S.; Shubov, V. I.; Weiss, G.
2002
Well-posed linear systems – a survey with emphasis on conservative systems. Zbl 0990.93046
Weiss, George; Staffans, Olof J.; Tucsnak, Marius
2001
Stabilization of irrational transfer functions by controllers with internal loop. Zbl 1175.93186
Curtain, Ruth F.; Weiss, George; Weiss, Martin
2001
Optimizability and estimatability for infinite-dimensional linear systems. Zbl 0981.93032
Weiss, George; Rebarber, Richard
2000
Simultaneous exact controllability and some applications. Zbl 0982.93021
Tucsnak, Marius; Weiss, George
2000
Necessary conditions for exact controllability with a finite-dimensional input space. Zbl 0985.93028
Rebarber, R.; Weiss, G.
2000
Admissible observation operators for the right-shift semigroup. Zbl 0966.93033
Partington, Jonathan R.; Weiss, George
2000
Repetitive control of MIMO systems using $$H^\infty$$ design. Zbl 0949.93043
Weiss, George; Häfele, Martin
1999
Dynamic stabilization of regular linear systems. Zbl 0876.93074
Weiss, George; Curtain, Ruth F.
1997
Optimal control of stable weakly regular linear systems. Zbl 0884.49021
Weiss, Martin; Weiss, George
1997
New results on the operator Carleson measure criterion. Zbl 0874.93031
Hansen, Scott; Weiss, George
1997
Repetitive control systems: Old and new ideas. Zbl 0949.93513
Weiss, G.
1997
Conditions for robustness and nonrobustness of the stability of feedback systems with respect to small delays in the feedback loop. Zbl 0853.93081
Logemann, Hartmut; Rebarber, Richard; Weiss, George
1996
Coprime factorization for regular linear systems. Zbl 0870.93025
Curtain, Ruth; Weiss, George; Weiss, Martin
1996
A counterexample in Hardy spaces with an application to systems theory. Zbl 0841.30031
Katsnelson, V.; Weiss, G.
1995
Transfer functions of regular linear systems. I: Characterizations of regularity. Zbl 0798.93036
Weiss, George
1994
Regular linear systems with feedback. Zbl 0819.93034
Weiss, George
1994
A general necessary condition for exact observability. Zbl 0795.93023
Russell, David L.; Weiss, George
1994
Approximating signals by fast impulse sampling. Zbl 0786.93069
Kannai, Yakar; Weiss, George
1993
Two conjectures on the admissibility of control operators. Zbl 0763.93041
Weiss, George
1991
Representation of shift-invariant operators on $$L^ 2$$ by $$H^{\infty}$$ transfer functions: An elementary proof, a generalization to $$L^ p$$, and a counterexample for $$L^{\infty}$$. Zbl 0724.93021
Weiss, George
1991
The operator Carleson measure criterion for admissibility of control operators for diagonal semigroups on $$\ell ^ 2$$. Zbl 0728.93047
Hansen, Scott; Weiss, George
1991
The resolvent growth assumption for semigroups on Hilbert spaces. Zbl 0693.47034
Weiss, George
1990
Admissibility of unbounded control operators. Zbl 0685.93043
Weiss, George
1989
Admissible observation operators for linear semigroups. Zbl 0696.47040
Weiss, George
1989
Well posedness of triples of operators (in the sense of linear systems theory). Zbl 0686.93049
Curtain, Ruth F.; Weiss, George
1989
Weakly $$l^ p$$-stable linear operators are power stable. Zbl 0686.93081
Weiss, George
1989
The representation of regular linear systems on Hilbert spaces. Zbl 0685.93040
Weiss, George
1989
Admissibility of input elements for diagonal semigroups on $$\ell$$ 2. Zbl 0634.93046
Weiss, George
1988
Weak $$L^ p$$-stability of a linear semigroup on a Hilbert space implies exponential stability. Zbl 0675.47031
Weiss, George
1988
all top 5
#### Cited by 848 Authors
54 Guo, Bao-Zhu 34 Weiss, George 25 Jacob, Birgit 24 Curtain, Ruth Frances 22 Tucsnak, Marius 22 Zwart, Hans J. 17 Logemann, Hartmut 16 Ammari, Kais 16 Partington, Jonathan R. 16 Zuazua, Enrique 14 Wang, Junmin 14 Xu, Gen-Qi 13 Zhou, Hua-Cheng 12 Staffans, Olof Johan 12 Trélat, Emmanuel 11 Feng, Hongyinping 11 Micu, Sorin 11 Rebarber, Richard 10 Dubljevic, Stevan S. 10 Fridman, Emilia 10 Guo, Wei 10 Hadd, Said 9 Mei, Zhandong 9 Opmeer, Mark R. 8 Bounit, Hamid 8 Jin, Fengfei 8 Xu, Cheng-Zhong 7 Ammar-Khodja, Farid 7 Benabdallah, Assia 7 Buşe, Constantin 7 Chai, Shugen 7 Ervedoza, Sylvain 7 Krstić, Miroslav 7 Miller, Luc 7 Paunonen, Lassi 7 Peng, Jigen 7 Pott, Sandra 7 Prieur, Christophe 7 Roventa, Ionel 7 Ryan, Eugene P. 7 Townley, Stuart B. 7 Xu, Xiaodong 6 Chen, Jianhua 6 Cîndea, Nicolae 6 Deutscher, Joachim 6 Engel, Klaus-Jochen 6 González-Burgos, Manuel 6 Goreac, Dan 6 Gugat, Martin 6 Kunisch, Karl 6 Liu, Junjun 6 Morris, Kirsten A. 6 Pohjolainen, Seppo A. 6 Privat, Yannick 6 Reis, Timo 6 Schnaubelt, Roland 6 Shao, Zhichao 6 Takahashi, Takéo 6 Waurick, Marcus 5 Auriol, Jean 5 Callier, Frank M. 5 Choulli, Mourad 5 de Teresa, Luz 5 Di Meglio, Florent 5 Grabowski, Piotr 5 Guiver, Chris 5 Haak, Bernhard H. 5 Kurula, Mikael 5 Malinen, Jarmo 5 Moireau, Philippe 5 Nicaise, Serge 5 Pandolfi, Luciano 5 Peralta, Gilbert R. 5 Schwenninger, Felix L. 5 Trostorff, Sascha 5 Valein, Julie 5 Wang, Gengsheng 5 Wang, Junwei 5 Yang, Kunyi 4 Aalto, Atte 4 Auroux, Didier 4 Avdonin, Sergeĭ Anatol’evich 4 Driouich, Abderrahim 4 Huang, Falun 4 Iftime, Orest V. 4 Immonen, Eero 4 Maniar, Lahcen 4 Morancey, Morgan 4 Natarajan, Vivek 4 O’Regan, Donal 4 Ramdani, Karim 4 Sklyar, Grigory Mikhailovitch 4 Triki, Faouzi 4 Winkin, Joseph J. 4 Zhao, Zhixue 3 Adler, Martin 3 Ahmed-Ali, Tarek 3 Al-Fhaid, Abdulrahman S. 3 Arov, Damir Zyamovich 3 Asiri, Asim M. ...and 748 more Authors
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#### Cited in 155 Serials
97 Systems & Control Letters 80 Automatica 49 MCSS. Mathematics of Control, Signals, and Systems 39 Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications 39 European Series in Applied and Industrial Mathematics (ESAIM): Control, Optimization and Calculus of Variations 37 SIAM Journal on Control and Optimization 36 International Journal of Control 34 Journal of Differential Equations 20 Integral Equations and Operator Theory 16 Journal of Functional Analysis 16 European Journal of Control 16 Journal of Evolution Equations 15 Semigroup Forum 14 International Journal of Robust and Nonlinear Control 13 Journal of the Franklin Institute 13 Journal de Mathématiques Pures et Appliquées. Neuvième Série 12 Mathematical Control and Related Fields 9 Journal of Dynamical and Control Systems 9 Evolution Equations and Control Theory 8 Mathematical Problems in Engineering 7 Journal of Systems Science and Complexity 6 Mathematical Methods in the Applied Sciences 6 Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society 6 Discrete and Continuous Dynamical Systems 6 Discrete and Continuous Dynamical Systems. Series B 5 Numerische Mathematik 5 Applied Mathematics Letters 5 Complex Analysis and Operator Theory 4 Applied Mathematics and Computation 4 Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 4 Linear Algebra and its Applications 4 Abstract and Applied Analysis 4 Advances in Difference Equations 4 Asian Journal of Control 3 Applicable Analysis 3 Computers & Mathematics with Applications 3 International Journal of Systems Science 3 Journal of Optimization Theory and Applications 3 Mathematische Nachrichten 3 Nonlinear Analysis. Theory, Methods & Applications. Series A: Theory and Methods 3 Transactions of the American Mathematical Society 3 Optimal Control Applications & Methods 3 Indagationes Mathematicae. New Series 3 Journal of Mathematical Sciences (New York) 3 Nonlinear Dynamics 3 European Series in Applied and Industrial Mathematics (ESAIM): Mathematical Modelling and Numerical Analysis 2 Mathematics of Computation 2 Applied Mathematics and Optimization 2 Archiv der Mathematik 2 Mathematical Systems Theory 2 Acta Applicandae Mathematicae 2 Annales de l’Institut Henri Poincaré. Analyse Non Linéaire 2 Mathematical and Computer Modelling 2 Journal of Integral Equations and Applications 2 M$$^3$$AS. Mathematical Models & Methods in Applied Sciences 2 Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Section A. Mathematics 2 SIAM Journal on Mathematical Analysis 2 Annales de la Faculté des Sciences de Toulouse. Mathématiques. Série VI 2 Annales Mathématiques Blaise Pascal 2 Bulletin des Sciences Mathématiques 2 Complexity 2 Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2 International Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science 2 Comptes Rendus. Mathématique. Académie des Sciences, Paris 2 Journal of Function Spaces and Applications 2 Journal of Spectral Theory 1 Archive for Rational Mechanics and Analysis 1 Inverse Problems 1 Israel Journal of Mathematics 1 Journal of Computational Physics 1 Journal of Mathematical Physics 1 Mathematical Notes 1 Reports on Mathematical Physics 1 Wave Motion 1 ZAMP. Zeitschrift für angewandte Mathematik und Physik 1 Advances in Mathematics 1 Annales de l’Institut Fourier 1 Annali di Matematica Pura ed Applicata. Serie Quarta 1 Czechoslovak Mathematical Journal 1 Functional Analysis and its Applications 1 Fuzzy Sets and Systems 1 International Journal of Circuit Theory and Applications 1 Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics 1 Journal of the London Mathematical Society. Second Series 1 Journal of Soviet Mathematics 1 Monatshefte für Mathematik 1 Numerical Functional Analysis and Optimization 1 Results in Mathematics 1 SIAM Journal on Numerical Analysis 1 Siberian Mathematical Journal 1 Zeitschrift für Analysis und ihre Anwendungen 1 Chinese Annals of Mathematics. Series B 1 Acta Mathematica Hungarica 1 Physica D 1 Acta Mathematicae Applicatae Sinica. English Series 1 Computers & Operations Research 1 Journal of Robotic Systems 1 SIAM Journal on Matrix Analysis and Applications 1 European Journal of Applied Mathematics 1 Atti della Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei. Classe di Scienze Fisiche, Matematiche e Naturali. Serie IX. Rendiconti Lincei. Matematica e Applicazioni ...and 55 more Serials
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#### Cited in 34 Fields
654 Systems theory; control (93-XX) 297 Partial differential equations (35-XX) 165 Operator theory (47-XX) 71 Ordinary differential equations (34-XX) 68 Mechanics of deformable solids (74-XX) 64 Calculus of variations and optimal control; optimization (49-XX) 31 Fluid mechanics (76-XX) 29 Numerical analysis (65-XX) 20 Functions of a complex variable (30-XX) 19 Dynamical systems and ergodic theory (37-XX) 19 Functional analysis (46-XX) 16 Mechanics of particles and systems (70-XX) 15 Biology and other natural sciences (92-XX) 13 Probability theory and stochastic processes (60-XX) 12 Integral equations (45-XX) 7 Linear and multilinear algebra; matrix theory (15-XX) 7 Operations research, mathematical programming (90-XX) 6 Harmonic analysis on Euclidean spaces (42-XX) 6 Global analysis, analysis on manifolds (58-XX) 6 Information and communication theory, circuits (94-XX) 4 Integral transforms, operational calculus (44-XX) 4 Classical thermodynamics, heat transfer (80-XX) 3 Number theory (11-XX) 3 Several complex variables and analytic spaces (32-XX) 3 Computer science (68-XX) 3 Quantum theory (81-XX) 2 Real functions (26-XX) 2 Difference and functional equations (39-XX) 2 Geophysics (86-XX) 1 Mathematical logic and foundations (03-XX) 1 Approximations and expansions (41-XX) 1 General topology (54-XX) 1 Statistics (62-XX) 1 Optics, electromagnetic theory (78-XX)
#### Wikidata Timeline
The data are displayed as stored in Wikidata under a Creative Commons CC0 License. Updates and corrections should be made in Wikidata. | 2021-03-04T03:38:54 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.4711184501647949, "perplexity": 6376.456835326495}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178368431.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20210304021339-20210304051339-00434.warc.gz"} |
http://dlmf.nist.gov/27.13 | # §27.13(i) Introduction
Whereas multiplicative number theory is concerned with functions arising from prime factorization, additive number theory treats functions related to addition of integers. The basic problem is that of expressing a given positive integer $n$ as a sum of integers from some prescribed set $S$ whose members are primes, squares, cubes, or other special integers. Each representation of $n$ as a sum of elements of $S$ is called a partition of $n$, and the number $S(n)$ of such partitions is often of great interest. The subsections that follow describe problems from additive number theory. See also Apostol (1976, Chapter 14) and Apostol and Niven (1994, pp. 33–34).
# §27.13(ii) Goldbach Conjecture
Every even integer $n>4$ is the sum of two odd primes. In this case, $S(n)$ is the number of solutions of the equation $n=p+q$, where $p$ and $q$ are odd primes. Goldbach’s assertion is that $S(n)\geq 1$ for all even $n>4$. This conjecture dates back to 1742 and was undecided in 2009, although it has been confirmed numerically up to very large numbers. Vinogradov (1937) proves that every sufficiently large odd integer is the sum of three odd primes, and Chen (1966) shows that every sufficiently large even integer is the sum of a prime and a number with no more than two prime factors.
The current status of Goldbach’s conjecture is described in the Wikipedia.
# §27.13(iii) Waring’s Problem
This problem is named after Edward Waring who, in 1770, stated without proof and with limited numerical evidence, that every positive integer $n$ is the sum of four squares, of nine cubes, of nineteen fourth powers, and so on. Waring’s problem is to find, for each positive integer $k$, whether there is an integer $m$ (depending only on $k$) such that the equation
27.13.1 $n=x_{1}^{k}+x_{2}^{k}+\dots+x_{m}^{k}$
has nonnegative integer solutions for all $n\geq 1$. The smallest $m$ that exists for a given $k$ is denoted by $\mathop{g\/}\nolimits\!\left(k\right)$. Similarly, $\mathop{G\/}\nolimits\!\left(k\right)$ denotes the smallest $m$ for which (27.13.1) has nonnegative integer solutions for all sufficiently large $n$.
Lagrange (1770) proves that $\mathop{g\/}\nolimits\!\left(2\right)=4$, and during the next 139 years the existence of $\mathop{g\/}\nolimits\!\left(k\right)$ was shown for $k=3,4,5,6,7,8,10$. Hilbert (1909) proves the existence of $\mathop{g\/}\nolimits\!\left(k\right)$ for every $k$ but does not determine its corresponding numerical value. The exact value of $\mathop{g\/}\nolimits\!\left(k\right)$ is now known for every $k\leq 200,000$. For example, $\mathop{g\/}\nolimits\!\left(3\right)=9$, $\mathop{g\/}\nolimits\!\left(4\right)=19$, $\mathop{g\/}\nolimits\!\left(5\right)=37$, $\mathop{g\/}\nolimits\!\left(6\right)=73$, $\mathop{g\/}\nolimits\!\left(7\right)=143$, and $\mathop{g\/}\nolimits\!\left(8\right)=279$. A general formula states that
27.13.2 $\mathop{g\/}\nolimits\!\left(k\right)\geq 2^{k}+\left\lfloor\frac{3^{k}}{2^{k}% }\right\rfloor-2,$
for all $k\geq 2$, with equality if $4\leq k\leq 200,000$. If $3^{k}=q2^{k}+r$ with $0, then equality holds in (27.13.2) provided $r+q\leq 2^{k}$, a condition that is satisfied with at most a finite number of exceptions.
The existence of $\mathop{G\/}\nolimits\!\left(k\right)$ follows from that of $\mathop{g\/}\nolimits\!\left(k\right)$ because $\mathop{G\/}\nolimits\!\left(k\right)\leq\mathop{g\/}\nolimits\!\left(k\right)$, but only the values $\mathop{G\/}\nolimits\!\left(2\right)=4$ and $\mathop{G\/}\nolimits\!\left(4\right)=16$ are known exactly. Some upper bounds smaller than $\mathop{g\/}\nolimits\!\left(k\right)$ are known. For example, $\mathop{G\/}\nolimits\!\left(3\right)\leq 7$, $\mathop{G\/}\nolimits\!\left(5\right)\leq 23$, $\mathop{G\/}\nolimits\!\left(6\right)\leq 36$, $\mathop{G\/}\nolimits\!\left(7\right)\leq 53$, and $\mathop{G\/}\nolimits\!\left(8\right)\leq 73$. Hardy and Littlewood (1925) conjectures that $\mathop{G\/}\nolimits\!\left(k\right)<2k+1$ when $k$ is not a power of 2, and that $\mathop{G\/}\nolimits\!\left(k\right)\leq 4k$ when $k$ is a power of 2, but the most that is known (in 2009) is $\mathop{G\/}\nolimits\!\left(k\right) for some constant $c$. A survey is given in Ellison (1971).
# §27.13(iv) Representation by Squares
For a given integer $k\geq 2$ the function $\mathop{r_{k}\/}\nolimits\!\left(n\right)$ is defined as the number of solutions of the equation
27.13.3 $n=x_{1}^{2}+x_{2}^{2}+\dots+x_{k}^{2},$ Symbols: $k$: positive integer, $n$: positive integer and $x$: real number Referenced by: §27.13(iv) Permalink: http://dlmf.nist.gov/27.13.E3 Encodings: TeX, pMML, png
where the $x_{j}$ are integers, positive, negative, or zero, and the order of the summands is taken into account.
Jacobi (1829) notes that $\mathop{r_{2}\/}\nolimits\!\left(n\right)$ is the coefficient of $x^{n}$ in the square of the theta function $\mathop{\vartheta\/}\nolimits\!\left(x\right)$:
27.13.4 $\mathop{\vartheta\/}\nolimits\!\left(x\right)=1+2\sum_{m=1}^{\infty}x^{m^{2}},$ $|x|<1$. Defines: $\mathop{\vartheta\/}\nolimits\!\left(x\right)=\mathop{\theta_{3}\/}\nolimits\!% \left(0,x\right)$: alternative notation Symbols: $\mathop{\theta_{j}\/}\nolimits\!\left(z,q\right)$: theta function, $m$: positive integer and $x$: real number A&S Ref: 16.27.3 (with $z=0$, $q=x$) Referenced by: §27.13(iv) Permalink: http://dlmf.nist.gov/27.13.E4 Encodings: TeX, pMML, png
(In §20.2(i), $\mathop{\vartheta\/}\nolimits\!\left(x\right)$ is denoted by $\mathop{\theta_{3}\/}\nolimits\!\left(0,x\right)$.) Thus,
27.13.5 $(\mathop{\vartheta\/}\nolimits\!\left(x\right))^{2}=1+\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}% \mathop{r_{2}\/}\nolimits\!\left(n\right)x^{n}.$
One of Jacobi’s identities implies that
27.13.6 $(\mathop{\vartheta\/}\nolimits\!\left(x\right))^{2}=1+4\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}% \left(\delta_{1}(n)-\delta_{3}(n)\right)x^{n},$
where $\delta_{1}(n)$ and $\delta_{3}(n)$ are the number of divisors of $n$ congruent respectively to 1 and 3 (mod 4), and by equating coefficients in (27.13.5) and (27.13.6) Jacobi deduced that
27.13.7 $\mathop{r_{2}\/}\nolimits\!\left(n\right)=4\left(\delta_{1}(n)-\delta_{3}(n)% \right).$
Hence $\mathop{r_{2}\/}\nolimits\!\left(5\right)=8$ because both divisors, $1$ and $5$, are congruent to $1\;\;(\mathop{{\rm mod}}4)$. In fact, there are four representations, given by $5=2^{2}+1^{2}=2^{2}+(-1)^{2}=(-2)^{2}+1^{2}=(-2)^{2}+(-1)^{2}$, and four more with the order of summands reversed.
By similar methods Jacobi proved that $\mathop{r_{4}\/}\nolimits\!\left(n\right)=8\!\mathop{\sigma_{1}\/}\nolimits\!% \left(n\right)$ if $n$ is odd, whereas, if $n$ is even, $\mathop{r_{4}\/}\nolimits\!\left(n\right)=24$ times the sum of the odd divisors of $n$. Mordell (1917) notes that $\mathop{r_{k}\/}\nolimits\!\left(n\right)$ is the coefficient of $x^{n}$ in the power-series expansion of the $k$th power of the series for $\mathop{\vartheta\/}\nolimits\!\left(x\right)$. Explicit formulas for $\mathop{r_{k}\/}\nolimits\!\left(n\right)$ have been obtained by similar methods for $k=6,8,10$, and $12$, but they are more complicated. Exact formulas for $\mathop{r_{k}\/}\nolimits\!\left(n\right)$ have also been found for $k=3,5$, and $7$, and for all even $k\leq 24$. For values of $k>24$ the analysis of $\mathop{r_{k}\/}\nolimits\!\left(n\right)$ is considerably more complicated (see Hardy (1940)). Also, Milne (1996, 2002) announce new infinite families of explicit formulas extending Jacobi’s identities. For more than 8 squares, Milne’s identities are not the same as those obtained earlier by Mordell and others. | 2014-09-01T07:38:42 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 132, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9073256850242615, "perplexity": 268.6794498886909}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1409535917463.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20140901014517-00084-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://pdgdoc.lbl.gov/Pdg/ReviewsInLatexTutorial | # Before the tutorial
## Setting up Latex before the tutorial
• extract the files in the archive (if using a command line prompt, use tar -xvf intro.tar).
• cd intro
• compile it with the following commands:
• pdflatex intro
• bibtex intro
• pdflatex intro
• pdflatex intro
• or alternative, if you have make installed, type the following command:
• make
• if neither of the set of commands work, check if you have available the following LaTeX packages required for PDG reviews in LaTeX (check error messages in the log file):
• xifthen
• color
• float
• amsmath
• graphicx
• xspace
• titling
• fancyhdr
• titlesec
• geometry
• import
• lineno
• showlabels
• bibunit
• if you have these packages installed, and updated, and still it does not compile, write an email to
# At the tutorial
• We will use a dedicated database for the review: TutorialPdgWorkspace.
• Once you open this webpage, you should see database: tutorial on the top left of the page, right under the PDGworkspace logo
• More details about the workflow fore reviews and tip on naming conventions can be found here: https://pdgdoc.lbl.gov/Pdg/ReviewTool
## Check out and compile LaTex Tutorial review
• Open PDGworkspace TutorialPdgWorkspace.
• Select Reviews from the top row, and then select my reviews from the drop-down menu under Review Filters
• In your list of reviews, you should see one titled "LaTeX Tutorial". Click on the title, and it will take you to the overview tab for this review.
• Under the sources file tab, you can see the instructions on how to check out your review. If you can, please run the svn command in a command line prompt. Otherwise, download the tar file from the pdgworskpace interface and extract the archive.
• cd latex_tutorial (or click on the extracted directory)
• you need to compile the latex code. Type the following lines in a command line prompt:
• pdflatex latex_tutorial
• bibtex latex_tutorial
• pdflatex latex_tutorial
• pdflatex latex_tutorial
• or
• make
• Now you should have a pdf file available titled pdf_latex.pdf. Open and inspect it.
## Edit the test LaTex Tutorial review
• Now let's edit the main body of the review.
• Open with your favorite text editor the file latex_tutorial-main.tex
• After the command with the revision date (\revised{August 2018}), you can add some text.
• Use the standard latex syntax:
\section{Title of the section}\label{basename:sec:_meaningful name_}
• To add a figure, make sure to add a figure into the subdirectory figures (there is already a file in the subdirectory for your convenience)
• the command to add a figure in your review is the following:
\pdgfigure{ the name of the file, found in the figures directory }{ your caption }{ label }{option to determine the position }{other options}
• For example:
• \pdgfigure{intro96.pdf}{A typical ideogram}{latex-tutorial:fig:ideogram}{}{}
• \pdgfigure{intro96.pdf}{A typical ideogram}{latex-tutorial:fig:ideogram}{}{width=0.4\textwidth}
• \pdgfigure{intro96.pdf}{A typical ideogram}{latex-tutorial:fig:ideogram}{h!}{width=0.4\textwidth}
• If you want to add a reference to the figure in the text, you can use the following command:
\ref{label}
• For example: see Fig. \ref{latex-tutorial:fig:ideogram}
• good practice for the label is to use: basename:fig:_some meaningful name_
• To add a table, we use the following environment :
\pdgtable{ dimension of the table }{ your caption }{ label }{options}
• for example, to add a table with three columns, with the text centered:
\begin{pdgtable}
{|c|c|c|} {This is an example table}{latex-tutorial:tab:mytable}{}
My Table & 1.5 & $1.3\%$\\
\end{pdgtable}
• If you want to add a reference to the table in the text, you can use the following command:
see Table \ref{latex-tutorial:tab:mytable}
• References are handled using BibTeX. To add a reference to your review:
• Look up the reference in INSPIRE and download its BibTeX entry (see bottom of the "Information" tab for the article, under "Export").
• Add the BibTeX entry to your review's .bib file. Note the article tag assigned by INSPIRE - you can see it in the first line of the BibTeX entry, after "@article{".
• Cite the reference with "\cite", using the article tag assigned by INSPIRE.
• For example, add the following reference: https://inspirehep.net/record/1691634 in latex_tutorial.bib, and then add a reference in latex_tutorial-main.tex, using the command:
\cite{}
## Start migrating one of your own review from teXsis to Latex -- Advanced, optional part
• open the tutorial pdg workspace using this link: TutorialPdgWorkspace
• under Review Filters, choose "my reviews" from the drop-down menu
• click on the name of your reviews that you want to migrate from texSis to Latex
• under the source file tab, you can find the command to check out the teXsis version of your review
• make sure that you have these files saved somewhere safe, you will need them later
• ask Kirill in person, or send an email to support AT pdg.lbl.gov, to change your review in the tutorial database from teXsis to Latex
• open again the tutorial pdg workspace using this link: TutorialPdgWorkspace
• Under Review Filters, choose "my reviews" from the drop-down menu
• Click again on the same review, and check that now the database point to the Latex version. To do that, once you click on the name of one of your review, you can check under the Technical Details tab if the format field correspond to LaTeX. If not, ask for help.
• go back in the Overview tab
• click on draft link under Generate latest version (PDF), the current version of the review will appear. It should contain only the title and the authors.
• download the Latex version of your review, following the instructions under the source file tab. Make sure to check out this code in a different folder wrt of the code in teXsis
### Start updating the review in Latex
• open the Tutorial pdgworkspace TutorialPdgWorkspace, navigate to the review you're about to modify, and then update its status under the Overview tab.
• click on update
• click on start editing draft
• Now you can start copying the text from your review in teXsis to the main body of the review in Latex.
• Suggestions:
• copy a small amount of text at the time, and then test if it compiles
• if there are equations, you'd have to change to syntax. Equation in latex are added using the equation environment. A working example is:
$$\label{BASENAME:eq:myname} N_{exp} = \sigma_{exp} \times \int L(t) dt.$$
• Once you've migrate the all review (or part of it for testing), you can check the updated source code into svn. Make sure you run the following command from the directory where the Latex version of the review was downloaded.
• svn status : it will list the files that you modified
• svn commit -m "Brief summary of your changes" : it will copy the changes in the svn repository
• Now you can go into the tutorial pdg workspace TutorialPdgWorkspace, select your review, and then under the Overview tab click on draft link under Generate latest version (PDF): you should see the updated version of the review. * If you're happy of your change and they are final, update the status of the review under the Overview tab.
• click on update
• click on pass to editor
-- No permission to view TWiki.UserReports
Topic attachments
I Attachment History Action Size Date Who Comment
tar intro.tar r2 r1 manage 170.0 K 2018-10-25 - 14:55 ElisabettaPianori
Topic revision: r8 - 2018-10-25 - ElisabettaPianori | 2018-11-16T23:21:05 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 1, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.6354389786720276, "perplexity": 4015.2913441518867}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039743216.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20181116214920-20181117000920-00494.warc.gz"} |
http://pdglive.lbl.gov/Particle.action?init=0&node=M032&home=MXXX005 | LIGHT UNFLAVORED MESONS($\boldsymbol S$ = $\boldsymbol C$ = $\boldsymbol B$ = 0) For $\mathit I = 1$ (${{\mathit \pi}}$, ${{\mathit b}}$, ${{\mathit \rho}}$, ${{\mathit a}}$): ${\mathit {\mathit u}}$ ${\mathit {\overline{\mathit d}}}$, ( ${\mathit {\mathit u}}$ ${\mathit {\overline{\mathit u}}}−$ ${\mathit {\mathit d}}$ ${\mathit {\overline{\mathit d}}})/\sqrt {2 }$, ${\mathit {\mathit d}}$ ${\mathit {\overline{\mathit u}}}$;for $\mathit I = 0$ (${{\mathit \eta}}$, ${{\mathit \eta}^{\,'}}$, ${{\mathit h}}$, ${{\mathit h}^{\,'}}$, ${{\mathit \omega}}$, ${{\mathit \phi}}$, ${{\mathit f}}$, ${{\mathit f}^{\,'}}$): ${\mathit {\mathit c}}_{{\mathrm {1}}}$( ${{\mathit u}}{{\overline{\mathit u}}}$ $+$ ${{\mathit d}}{{\overline{\mathit d}}}$ ) $+$ ${\mathit {\mathit c}}_{{\mathrm {2}}}$( ${{\mathit s}}{{\overline{\mathit s}}}$ ) INSPIRE search
# ${{\boldsymbol \rho}{(2150)}}$ $I^G(J^{PC})$ = $1^+(1^{- -})$
This entry was previously called ${{\mathit T}_{{1}}{(2190)}}$. See our mini-review under the ${{\mathit \rho}{(1700)}}$.
${{\boldsymbol \rho}{(2150)}}$ MASS
${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}$ PRODUCED
${{\overline{\mathit p}}}$ ${{\mathit p}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \pi}}{{\mathit \pi}}$
$\mathit S$-CHANNEL ${{\overline{\mathit N}}}{{\mathit N}}$
${{\mathit \pi}^{-}}$ ${{\mathit p}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \omega}}{{\mathit \pi}^{0}}{{\mathit n}}$
${{\boldsymbol \rho}{(2150)}}$ WIDTH
${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}$ PRODUCED
${{\overline{\mathit p}}}$ ${{\mathit p}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \pi}}{{\mathit \pi}}$
$\mathit S$-CHANNEL ${{\overline{\mathit N}}}{{\mathit N}}$
${{\mathit \pi}^{-}}$ ${{\mathit p}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \omega}}{{\mathit \pi}^{0}}{{\mathit n}}$ | 2019-09-23T13:11:45 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.993276834487915, "perplexity": 467.5499216641504}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514576965.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20190923125729-20190923151729-00190.warc.gz"} |
https://pos.sissa.it/380/212/ | Volume 380 - Particles and Nuclei International Conference 2021 (PANIC2021) - Hadrons in medium - hyperons and mesons in nuclear matter
Femtoscopic study of coupled-channel baryon-baryon interactions with $S=-2$
A. Ohnishi*, Y. Kamiya, K. Sasaki, T. Fukui, T. Hyodo, K. Morita, K. Ogata and T. Hatsuda
Full text: pdf
Pre-published on: March 25, 2022
Published on:
Abstract
The correlation functions of $p\Xi^-$ and $\Lambda\Lambda$ pairs
from $pp$ and $pA$ collisions
are studied in the coupled-channel framework
using the $N\Xi\text{-}\Lambda\Lambda$ coupled-channel baryon-baryon
potentials obtained in the lattice QCD calculation at almost physical quark masses.
The $p\Xi^-$ correlation function is calculated to be significantly enhanced
from the pure Coulomb case,
while the $\Lambda\Lambda$ correlation function is slightly enhanced
from that of the pure Fermion quantum statistics.
These features reflect the large and small scattering lengths
in the $p\Xi^-$ and $\Lambda\Lambda$ channels in magnitude,
and agree with the observed data by the ALICE collaboration.
The agreement confirms the $S=-2$ baryon-baryon potentials from lattice QCD.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.22323/1.380.0212
How to cite
Metadata are provided both in "article" format (very similar to INSPIRE) as this helps creating very compact bibliographies which can be beneficial to authors and readers, and in "proceeding" format which is more detailed and complete.
Open Access
Copyright owned by the author(s) under the term of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. | 2022-05-16T04:49:15 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.3776242434978485, "perplexity": 5020.087751301338}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662509990.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20220516041337-20220516071337-00183.warc.gz"} |
https://lammps.sandia.gov/doc/fix_plumed.html | # fix plumed command
## Syntax
fix ID group-ID plumed keyword value ...
• ID, group-ID are documented in fix command
• plumed = style name of this fix command
• keyword = plumedfile or outfile
plumedfile arg = name of PLUMED input file to use (default: NULL)
outfile arg = name of file on which to write the PLUMED log (default: NULL)
## Examples
fix pl all plumed all plumed plumedfile plumed.dat outfile p.log
## Description
This fix instructs LAMMPS to call the PLUMED library, which allows one to perform various forms of trajectory analysis on the fly and to also use methods such as umbrella sampling and metadynamics to enhance the sampling of phase space.
The documentation included here only describes the fix plumed command itself. This command is LAMMPS specific, whereas most of the functionality implemented in PLUMED will work with a range of MD codes, and when PLUMED is used as a stand alone code for analysis. The full documentation for PLUMED is available online and included in the PLUMED source code. The PLUMED library development is hosted at https://github.com/plumed/plumed2 A detailed discussion of the code can be found in (PLUMED).
There is an example input for using this package with LAMMPS in the examples/USER/plumed directory.
The command to make LAMMPS call PLUMED during a run requires two keyword value pairs pointing to the PLUMED input file and an output file for the PLUMED log. The user must specify these arguments every time PLUMED is to be used. Furthermore, the fix plumed command should appear in the LAMMPS input file after relevant input parameters (e.g. the timestep) have been set.
The group-ID entry is ignored. LAMMPS will always pass all the atoms to PLUMED and there can only be one instance of the plumed fix at a time. The way the plumed fix is implemented ensures that the minimum amount of information required is communicated. Furthermore, PLUMED supports multiple, completely independent collective variables, multiple independent biases and multiple independent forms of analysis. There is thus really no restriction in functionality by only allowing only one plumed fix in the LAMMPS input.
The plumedfile keyword allows the user to specify the name of the PLUMED input file. Instructions as to what should be included in a plumed input file can be found in the documentation for PLUMED
The outfile keyword allows the user to specify the name of a file in which to output the PLUMED log. This log file normally just repeats the information that is contained in the input file to confirm it was correctly read and parsed. The names of the files in which the results are stored from the various analysis options performed by PLUMED will be specified by the user in the PLUMED input file.
Restart, fix_modify, output, run start/stop, minimize info:
When performing a restart of a calculation that involves PLUMED you must include a RESTART command in the PLUMED input file as detailed in the PLUMED documentation. When the restart command is found in the PLUMED input PLUMED will append to the files that were generated in the run that was performed previously. No part of the PLUMED restart data is included in the LAMMPS restart files. Furthermore, any history dependent bias potentials that were accumulated in previous calculations will be read in when the RESTART command is included in the PLUMED input.
The fix_modify energy option is not supported by this fix.
Nothing is computed by this fix that can be accessed by any of the output commands within LAMMPS. All the quantities of interest can be output by commands that are native to PLUMED, however.
## Restrictions
This fix is part of the USER-PLUMED package. It is only enabled if LAMMPS was built with that package. See the Build package doc page for more info.
There can only be one plumed fix active at a time.
## Default
The default options are plumedfile = NULL and outfile = NULL
(PLUMED) G.A. Tribello, M. Bonomi, D. Branduardi, C. Camilloni and G. Bussi, Comp. Phys. Comm 185, 604 (2014) | 2019-04-18T10:34:27 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.4060373604297638, "perplexity": 3631.5271765353014}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578517558.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20190418101243-20190418122319-00008.warc.gz"} |
http://www.sandia.gov/surface_science/pjf/Kabstracts/kaxiras.html | APPLICATIONS OF FIRST-PRINCIPLES AND EMPIRICAL METHODS
IN DETERMINING ACTIVATED STATES
AT SURFACES AND INTERFACES OF SILICON
(summary of invited talk by Efthimios Kaxiras)
There is a wide range of phenomena in semiconductor physics that involve
thermally activated processes. Understanding the microscopic mechanisms
involved in these processes is usually the crucial question. Here we will
discuss two cases that involve activated processes, both related to silicon,
and in which the interpretation in terms of microscopic mechanisms is a
challenge.
The first example involves the dissociation of hydrogen molecules on the
Si(111) 7x7 reconstruction. Experimental observations indicate that H_2
molecules adsorb on this reconstructed surface with a very low sticking
coefficient, which translates to an adsorption barrier of 0.9 eV. The H_2
molecules can be thermally desorbed, and this process involves an activation
energy barrier of 2.5 eV. The most intriguing aspect of experimental results
is that when the molecules are desorbed, they leave the surface in a very
cold'' state, that is, they carry no internal energy in any of the degrees
of freedom involved (rotational, vibrational or translational). This is
puzzling, since a simplistic interpretation of desorption as the inverse of
the adsorption process would mean that the desorbing molecules should carry
an energy approximately equal to the adsorption barrier.
In order to elucidate what happens in this physical system, we have performed
an extensive study based on first-principles total energy calculations using
density functional theory and the generalized gradient approximation. Our
basic assumption is that the H_2 molecules adsorb onto and desorb from a pair
of surface atoms, an adatom and a rest-atom, which represent the most chemically
active sites on the 7x7 reconstruction. Our total energy calculations give
an adsorption barrier of 0.8 eV and a barrier for thermal desorption of 2.4 eV,
both in excellent agreement with experiment. What is interesting and appealing
about our results, is that a detailed analysis of charge density distributions
reveals that the motion of the Si adatom on the surface makes both
the adsorption and desorption processes possible; this motion also provides
a natural explanation for the puzzling experimental observations mentioned
above. Specifically, the adatom breaks one of its back bonds, pivots closer
to the position of the rest-atom, and this makes it possible for the H_2
molecule to dissociate with each H atom attaching to one of the Si dangling
bonds on the adatom and the rest-atom. The reverse process, the formation of
an H_2 molecule from the two H atoms attached on the Si adatom and rest-atom,
also proceeds through the pivoting action of the adatom, which brings the
two H atoms closer together so they can start forming the H_2 molecule.
Since the cost of breaking of the adatom back-bonds is 0.8 eV, this can
be associated with the adsorption barrier and with part of the desorption
barrier. Once the H_2 molecule has left the surface, the adatom must
pivot back to its equilibrium position, gaining the 0.8 eV of energy when
it reforms the back-bond. This accounting of the energy costs indicates that
the H_2 molecule can leave the surface without carrying any excess energy.
Rather, the excess energy is gained by the surface when the adatom relaxes
to its equilibrium structure. A detailed account of this theory can be found
in: Theory of adsorption and desorption of H$_2$ molecules
on the Si(111)-$(7 \times 7)$ surface'', K. Cho, E. Kaxiras and J.D.
Joannopoulos, Phys. Rev. Lett. vol. 79, p. 5078 (1997).
The second problem that we will discuss is the phenomenon referred to as
Solid Phase Epitaxial Growth (SPEG) of silicon. In this phenomenon, a system
consisting of an amorphous film of Si on top of a crystalline Si substrate is
transformed into high-quality crystalline Si when the interface moves into the
amorphous phase. This is a thermally activated process, with an activation
energy of 2.7 eV, which is measured over a very wide range (about 10 orders
of magnitude) of the speed of the interface as a function of temperature.
Moreover, there exist non-hydrostatic pressure experiments indicating that
the activated state is short-and-fat'', i.e. the interface speed increases
with stress perpendcular to the interface, and decreases with stress parallel
to the interface. Despite all this detailed information, nothing is known
about the microscopic mechanisms responsible for SPEG.
In order to investigate this problem, we found it necessary to explore first
what is the structure of the crystalline-amorphous interface in Si. To this
end, we created a tight-binding non-orthogonal Hamiltonian, which we fitted
to reproduce a range of structures relevant to low-energy bulk phases, point
defects and atomic motions related to self diffusion in Si. The development
of the model Hamiltonian and its fitting can be found in:
Non-orthogonal tight-binding Hamiltonians for defects and interfaces in
silicon'', N. Bernstein and E. Kaxiras, Phys. Rev. B, vol. 56, p. 10488 (1997).
Using this Hamiltonian, we were able to produce samples of the amorphous-
crystalline interface, by melting part of the sample while keeping another
part in a cold, crystalline state, and then cooling the molten part slowly.
The resulting interfaces exhibit a number of interesting features which
have been discussed in detail in:
Amorphous-crystal interface in silicon: a tight-binding simulation'',
N. Bernstein, M.J. Aziz, E. Kaxiras, Phys. Rev. B, vol. 58, p. 4579 (1998).
While the structure of the interface is interesting in itself, the
simulation of SPEG would require a much faster computational method than a
tight-binding approach can handle: it is necessary to let the system evolve for
a large enough number of steps to obtain crystallization of the amorphous
phase. We were able to perform such simulations using the recently developed
Environment Dependent Interatomic Potential (EDIP) for Si. This potential
encompasses a number of important theoretical constraints on its functional
form, and was fitted to reproduce the same structures as the tight-binding
Hamiltonian. Details of the theory for EDIP and its fitting are given in:
Modeling of covalent bonding in solids by inversion of cohesive energy
curves'', M. Z. Bazant and E. Kaxiras, Phys. Rev. Lett. vol. 77, p. 4370 (1996);
Environment dependent interatomic potential for bulk silicon'',
M. Z. Bazant, E. Kaxiras and J. F. Justo, Phys. Rev. B, vol. 56, p. 8542 (1997);
Interatomic potential for silicon defects and disordered phases'',
J. F. Justo, M. Z. Bazant, E. Kaxiras, V. V. Bulatov, and S. Yip,
Phys. Rev. B, vol. 58, p. 2539 (1998).
Using EDIP, we performed simulations at different temperatures, which
clealry indicate the activated nature of SPEG. From these simulations we
extracted an activation energy of 2.0 eV for high temperature and 0.4 eV
for low temperature. We suggest that the low-temperature regime is dominated
by defect motion, whereas the high-temperature regime is dominated by defect
formation (which we expect will have a higher activation energy than motion),
within the amorphous phase. We also find, by monitoring stress during the
simulation, that the activated state has properties compatible with the
experimental measurements mentioned above. Extracting more detailed iformation
from the simulations on the microscopic processes responsible for SPEG is
a very demanding proposition, which will be discussed in this Symposium
Acknowledgment and Disclaimer | 2014-09-21T16:08:56 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.5620677471160889, "perplexity": 2861.372103647901}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657135597.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011215-00252-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://wiki.bnl.gov/TECHQM/index.php?title=Momentum_anisotropies | # Momentum anisotropies
Kevin Dusling, 05/06/2008
The figures below compare results for the total momentum anisotropy epsilon'_p (here denoted simply as epsilon_p without prime) as a function of proper time for three independent groups running a viscous hydrodynamic code in 2+1 dimensions.
KD+DT = Kevin Dusling and Derek Teaney
HS+UH = Huichao Song + Ulrich Heinz (VISH2+1)
R = Paul + Ulrike Romatschke
I-S = Israel-Stewart
O-G = Oettinger-Grmela
Note: the comparison in this post was done for e_0 = 17 GeV/fm**3, not for e_0 = 30 GeV/fm**3 as will be the case for all future code verification plots.
Comparing R (full I-S) vs. HS+UH (simplified I-S & full I-S):
For HS+UH and R data tables to generate these curves can be downloaded from Song-Romatschke-1107.tar
Kevin Dusling, 7/1/2008 Momentum Anisotropy
Momentum anisotropy as a function of proper time. Includes comparison of the codes by Dusling/Teaney, Song/Heinz and Romatschke.
The raw data for Dusling/Teaney is here: Momentum Anisotropy Data
Huichao Song, 05/17/2008
Time evolution of momentum anisotropy in ideal and viscous hydro (HS+UH, using VISH2+1 with full I-S eqns.)
(total momentum anisotropy vs. ideal fluid part only)
The figure above was updated on 08/04/2008 by H.S. to include an comparison between different full I-S eqn:
• full I-S eqn-(R&R): ${\displaystyle \Delta _{j}^{m}\Delta _{k}^{n}{\dot {\pi }}^{jk}=-{\frac {1}{\tau _{\pi }}}(\pi ^{mn}{-}2\eta \sigma ^{mn})+{\frac {1}{2}}\pi ^{mn}\left(5D(\ln T)-\partial _{k}u^{k}\right)}$
• full I-S eqn-(S&H):${\displaystyle \Delta _{j}^{m}\Delta _{k}^{n}{\dot {\pi }}^{jk}=-{\frac {1}{\tau _{\pi }}}(\pi ^{mn}{-}2\eta \sigma ^{mn})-{\frac {1}{2}}\pi ^{mn}{\frac {\eta T}{\tau _{\pi }}}d_{k}\left({\frac {\tau _{\pi }}{\eta T}}u^{k}\right)}$
Other formats and data tables for the figure can be downloaded here: Au-global-0508.tar | 2023-03-25T18:01:52 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 2, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.31693732738494873, "perplexity": 13019.662543081566}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945368.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20230325161021-20230325191021-00255.warc.gz"} |
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# Central banks in a shifting world: selected takeaways from the ECB’s online Sintra Forum
Philipp Hartmann, Glenn Schepens
12 May 2021
The 2020 ECB Forum on Central Banking addressed some key issues from the ongoing monetary policy strategy review and embedded them in discussions of major structural changes in advanced economies and the post-COVID recovery. In this column, two of the organisers highlight some of the main points from the papers and debates, including whether globalisation is reversing, implications of climate change, options for formulating the ECB's inflation aim, challenges with informal monetary policy communication, relationships between financial stability and monetary policy, how to make a monetary policy framework robust to deflation or inflation traps and the role of fiscal policy for the recovery from the pandemic.
## 1 Introduction
The 2020 ECB Forum was one of the “ECB listens” events through which the ECB collects the views of relevant outside parties on its monetary policy framework. Policymakers, academics and market economists debated the implications of selected key structural changes that have a bearing for how monetary policy works in the euro area, combined with discussions on core topics featuring in the strategy review. We group some of the main issues debated in five sections below. All papers, discussions and speeches can be found in the conference e-book (ECB 2021). Video recordings of all sessions are available on the ECB website.
## 2 Fundamental structural changes in the world economy: “Slowbalisation” and climate change
One of the key structural changes in the world economy over the last decades was globalisation. But since the Great Financial Crisis and with the rise of populism the issue has emerged as to whether this process is reversing to de-globalisation. Pol Antras (in Antras 2021) argues that international trade and supply chains have slowed but not reversed ("slowbalisation") and may be regarded as not likely to turn to de-globalisation. The backward-looking part is illustrated in Chart 1, which shows that after a period of very fast "hyperglobalisation" between the mid-eighties and 2008, the share of world trade in world GDP has stayed roughly constant.
Looking forward, Antras argues that two out of three main factors that explained "hyperglobalisation" are unlikely to reverse. First, new technologies will continue to foster trade, because those substituting (foreign) labour (such as robotisation or 3D printing) still generate increased demand for traded goods (such as machines or IT parts). Second, the high sunk costs of establishing global supply chains make them resilient to temporary shocks and re-shoring only attractive for very persistent shocks. The only hyperglobalisation factor risking to reverse is multilateral trade liberalisation. To the extent that agents perceive the COVID-19 pandemic as temporary, it is unlikely to become a persistent de-globalisation force.
Susan Lund (in Lund 2021) added that China rotating from exports to domestic consumption and building domestic supply chains can account for most of the global trade slowdown over the last decade. As both reflect economic development, it may be regarded as a positive story, one also other emerging economies may go through in the future.
Climate change is likely to set in motion another set of major structural changes in the world economy. But Frederick van der Ploeg (in van der Ploeg 2021) strongly warns of the great risk that policy responses will be too timid and too late, implying an unsmooth carbon transition with stranded assets and financial instability. A sudden shift in climate policy or a technological breakthrough can lead to sudden changes in the market valuation of firms (so-called tipping events). Chart 2 (taken from van der Ploeg 2018) illustrates that the route of a cap to global warming taken by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (dotted line) would increase the carbon price (and therefore reduce carbon emissions and increase renewables) much faster than economists' preferred approach of pricing carbon at its estimated social costs (solid line). The reason is that economists' "Pigouvian" approach does not take peak temperature constraints into account, and thus prices do not have to rise so fiercely under it.
Van der Ploeg (2021) calls for climate policies being delegated to a politically independent emissions authority ("carbon central bank"), the carbon price starting relatively high and then growing moderately but steadily (avoiding paradoxical emission increases due to the anticipation of future policy tightening), using revenues to compensate low-income households and to support firms at risk from carbon-intensive imports as well as keeping financial stability risks under control with climate stress tests. Francois Villeroy de Galhau suggested that central banks look at whether climate risks are adequately reflected in their collateral frameworks. Krogstrup (2021) concluded that fiscal policy should be first in line for a cost-efficient carbon transition, but central banks will address their stake in it.
## 3 Formulations of central banks' inflation aim close to the effective lower bound of nominal interest rates
One of the key challenges for monetary policy in our times is the sustained downward trend in natural interest rates that can be estimated for the past decades (Laubach and Williams 2003, Brand et al. 2018). The low estimates of natural rates imply that central banks' conventional interest rate policy may not be able to provide sufficient stimulus in the presence of negative shocks, as policy rates cannot be reduced low enough below the natural rate.
Klaus Adam (in Adam 2021) argued that an increase in the inflation target could be a solution, because - if the increase is credible - the inflation expectations that it would induce would stimulate the economy through lower real interest rates. His research suggests that the declining natural rate also influences asset price volatility and that therefore the efficiency of financial markets has a bearing on the extent to which the target should be increased and whether monetary policy should react to longer run asset price fluctuations. More precisely, the New-Keynesian model developed in Adam et al. (2020) suggests that, with rational expectations in financial markets, the optimal increase in the target to compensate for the constrained policy rate is relatively small (red line in Chart 2). The inflation target needs to be increased by much more when subjective price expectations create procyclical asset price fluctuations (blue line in Chart 2), as the effective lower bound (ELB) of monetary policy rates is hit more often.
Interestingly, in this model the central bank finds "leaning" against inefficient asset price fluctuations optimal, undershooting the inflation target in upturns and overshooting it in downturns. The reason is that inefficiently high asset price volatility has too high a welfare cost in terms of capital misallocation towards appreciating assets.
Argia Sbordone (in Sbordone 2021) argued that, in Adam's model, the increased incidence of the lower bound constraint does not imply that optimal policy raises the long-term inflation target. Instead, it increases the time for which the central bank should temporarily target higher future inflation than its stated long-term inflation target. This de facto would be similar to average inflation targeting (AIT), the policy announced by the US Federal Reserve in 2020. In Sbordone's view such a policy is preferable, because it faces a lower risk of permanently higher inflation when ELB incidences turn out to be infrequent. Alan Blinder made the point, however, that the vague formulation by the Fed risked undermining the basic idea of AIT.
Jordi Galí (in Galí 2021, Chart 1) showed a similar negative relationship as Adam between the natural rate and the central bank's optimal inflation target, based on a New-Keynesian model calibrated to euro area data (Andrade et al. 2021). It suggests that while a target between 1.5 and 2 per cent would be optimal for a higher real interest rate, for the lower levels estimated nowadays the target could easily increase to around 3 per cent. However, for increasingly aggressive monetary policy rules embodying an AIT with long enough averaging window, the optimal target could be reduced to close to 2 per cent. Aggressive countercyclical fiscal policy rules would have a similar effect in the model. Galí concluded that rather than deciding in favour of one of the three options, policy makers may want to pursue all the three at the same time.
Volker Wieland (in Wieland 2021) regarded it as problematic to raise the ECB's inflation aim at a time when inflation is very low, as the distance between the two is very large in such a situation and further policy easing may be difficult to achieve. Hence, the desired inflation expectations effect may not materialise and the central bank’s credibility be eroded. Vítor Constâncio and Ignazio Visco argued the other way around, worrying that too little ambition could contribute to de-anchoring inflation expectations making convergence to the desirable levels of inflation more difficult.
Moreover, as Wieland saw a significant part of low inflation in the euro area being caused by import prices and the headline HICP inflation index does not cover faster rising owner-occupied housing prices, he recommended that the ECB uses a wider range of inflation measures. Based on a model in Wieland (2020), he also wondered whether uncertainty about the effectiveness of quantitative easing and some unintended side effects would not justify a slower rather than faster convergence towards the inflation aim.
## 4 Undesirable informal monetary policy communication
Annette Vissing-Jorgensen opened the topic of monetary policy communication (Vissing-Jorgensen 2021). One of her main points was that unattributed individual communication, such as "sources stories" in the media driven by disagreements among policy makers, are subject to a prisoner's dilemma-type problem and unambiguously detrimental. She illustrated this point with a game-theoretic model of individual policy makers trying to "spin" market expectations towards their preferred choices (Vissing-Jorgensen 2020). While asset prices may not be distorted on average, as victories and defeats cancel out over time, the policy space of the decision-making body will still be constrained, as central banks have to mind about too material deviations between market expectations and ultimate decisions. Vissing-Jorgensen recommended consensus-building in monetary policy committees, as it would naturally reduce incentives for engaging in such individual informal communications.
## 5 Monetary policy, the allocation of risk and central bank independence
Lucrezia Reichlin (in Reichlin 2021) spelled out a conceptual framework for the relationships between monetary policy, risk and financial stability in the new world of unconventional instruments. She stressed the multi-dimensional nature of unconventional monetary policy "packages", which control the entire yield curve and create complex interactions between macroeconomic and financial risks.
These policies can only be effective in supporting the macroeconomy, if they induce the creation of new assets climbing up the risk spectrum. If the new assets finance productive activities, then the additional risks are "good". But prudential policy would need to prevent the creation of "bad" risks. Delayed, partial or incoherent use of the range of instruments would undermine effectiveness; and so would be neglecting interactions and coordination with fiscal policy.
Hyun Shin (in Shin 2021) complemented this with emphasising the importance of "elastic nodes" in the financial system, which need to help accommodate the much-increased demand for money in situations of stress. The first line of defence should be well-capitalised and resilient commercial banks; an example being how US banks allowed companies to draw on their credit lines during the "dash for cash" in March 2020 (at the start of the COVID crisis). In fact, several Forum speakers - such as Jerome Powell and Bank of England Governor Andrew Bailey - confirmed that banks generally stood up to this first major test of the reforms introduced after the Great Financial Crisis.
Markus Brunnermeier (in Brunnermeier 2021) broadened the discussion with a proposal about how a monetary policy strategy can be robustified against the risk of a central bank getting trapped in high inflation or deflation. In the post-COVID recovery an "inflation whipsaw" could emerge, in that pent-up demand, government commitments or capital re-allocation could create a reversal from low to high inflation (Brunnermeier et al. 2020). In other words, it is necessary that the central bank can "put on the breaks" later, in order to be able to confidently stimulate the economy with force in the low inflation context.
But if during the downturn government debt becomes too high, a situation of fiscal dominance could occur, as the central bank could not raise interest rates in the upturn without destabilising the budgets. Similarly, if the banking sector was not to maintain its resilience and if the government was unwilling or unable to recapitalise the banks, the central bank may be forced to stabilise them with monetary policy redistributing risk - a situation of financial dominance. Brunnermeier suggested that the relevant tail risks would be considered in a re-oriented second pillar in the ECB's monetary policy strategy. This would institutionalise heterogeneous thinking and go against relying on a uniform class of economic models.
## 6 The role of fiscal policy in the post-COVID recovery
Evi Pappa (in Pappa 2021) made a strong plea for discretionary fiscal policy taking a prominent role in the recovery from the COVID pandemic. The theoretical case relies on higher fiscal multipliers in a situation in which conventional monetary policy is close to the ELB, as the central bank would not tighten in response to inflation expectations ensuing from the fiscal stimulus. In line with this, Christine Lagarde argued in her introductory speech to the Forum (Lagarde 2021) that monetary policy should minimise any crowding out effects on private investment that may emerge from rising market interest rates that the fiscal expansion could induce.
Based on the experiences with European Union structural funds for member states and regions over the last 30 years, Pappa particularly supported public investment spending funded by the Next Generation EU recovery programme. Her estimations in Table 1 (Canova and Pappa 2020) suggest that grants provided by the European Regional Development Fund have sizeable short-term effects. Measurable effects of grants by the European Social Fund take more time to materialise. At the same time, Pappa cautioned that the literature suggests that the size of fiscal multipliers can depend on many factors.
Vítor Gaspar (in Gaspar 2021) added that while national fiscal support packages increased euro area public debt by about 17 percentage points during 2020 to above 100 per cent of GDP, the primary risk at the time of the Forum was the premature withdrawal of fiscal support. Moreover, he joined Evi Pappa in supporting public investment, emphasising the International Monetary Fund's assessment that fiscal multipliers are particularly elevated in periods of high uncertainty (see Chart 4, based on IMF 2020), such as the case during the COVID pandemic (e.g. Barrero and Bloom 2020). According to Gaspar, this happens because public support to investment in green and digital technologies would facilitate and give confidence to private firms to invest, in part because public investments signal governments' commitment to sustainable growth.
Lagarde (2021) contributed that in a pandemic emergency, when interest rates are already very low, private demand is constrained by health containment measures and levels of economic uncertainty are very high, fiscal policy can be particularly effective for at least two more reasons. First, it can support the sectors most affected in a more targeted way than monetary policy (Woodford 2020). Second, as fiscal policy determines about half of total spending in the euro area, it can help coordinate the other half, breaking "paradox of thrift" dynamics in the private sector and thereby also reinvigorating the transmission of monetary policy. All in all, the right policy mix requires that fiscal policy remains at the centre of the stabilisation effort.
Authors’ note: All views expressed are summarised to the best of our understanding from the various participants’ Forum contributions and should not be interpreted as the views of the ECB or the Eurosystem.
## References
Adam, K. (2021), “Monetary policy changes from falling natural interest rates”, in Central Banks in a Shifting World, ECB, Frankfurt am Main.
Adam, K., Pfaeuti, O. and Reinelt, Z. (2020), “Falling natural rates, rising housing volatility and the optimal inflation target”, Collaborative Research Center Transregio 224 Discussion Paper, No. 235, November.
Andrade, P., Galí, J., Le Bihan, H., and Matheron, J. (2021), "Should the ECB Revise its Strategy in the Face of a Lower r*," mimeo, Pompeu Fabra University, January.
Antras, P. (2021), “De-globalisation? Global value chains in the post-Covid-19 era”, in Central Banks in a Shifting World, ECB, Frankfurt am Main.
Attig, D., Baker, S., Barrero, J. M., Bloom, N., Bunn, P., Chen, S., Davis, S. J., Leather, J., Meyer, B., Mihaylov, E., Mizen, P., Parker, N., Renault, T., Smietanka, P., Thwaites, G. (2020), “Economic uncertainty before and during the COVID-19 pandemic,” Journal of Public Economics, Vol. 191, 104274.
Barrero, J. and Bloom, N. (2020), “Economic uncertainty and the recovery,” in Navigating the Decade Ahead: Implications for Monetary Policy, Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, Economic Policy Symposium Proceedings, pp. 255-284.
Brand, C., Bielecki, M., and Penalver, A. (2018), “The natural rate of interest: estimates, drivers, and challenges to monetary policy”, ECB Occasional Paper Series, No 217, December.
Brunnermeier, M. (2021), “De- and inflationary traps: strengthening ECB’s second pillar to avoid fiscal and financial dominance”, in Central Banks in a Shifting World, ECB, Frankfurt am Main.
Brunnermeier, M., Merkel, S., Payne, J., and Sannikov, Y. (2020), COVID-19: inflation and deflation pressures, mimeo., Princeton University, September.
Canova, F., and Pappa, E. (2021), “What are the likely macroeconomic effects of the EU Recovery plan?”, mimeo., Pompeu Fabra University, February.
ECB (2021), “Central Banks in a Shifting World”, ECB, Frankfurt am Main.
Gali, J. (2021), “The decline in r* and the ECB strategy”, in Central Banks in a Shifting World, ECB, Frankfurt am Main.
Gaspar, V. (2021), “Discussion of Evi Pappa’s “Fiscal rules, policy and macroeconomic stabilization in the euro area””, in Central Banks in a Shifting World, ECB, Frankfurt am Main.
IMF (2020), Fiscal monitor: policies for the recovery, International Monetary Fund, Washington. https://www.imf.org/en/publications/fm/issues/2020/09/30/october-2020-fiscal-monitor.
Krogstrup, S. (2021), “Discussion of “Macro-financial implications of climate change and the carbon transmission” by Frederick van der Ploeg”, in Central Banks in a Shifting World, ECB, Frankfurt am Main.
Lagarde, C. (2021), "Monetary policy in a pandemic emergency", in Central Banks in a Shifting World, ECB, Frankfurt am Main.
Laubach, T., and Williams, J. C. (2003). Measuring the natural rate of interest. Review of Economics and Statistics, 85(4), pp. 1063-1070.
Lund, S. (2021), “De-globalisation? The recent slowdown of global trade and prospects for future rebalancing”, in Central Banks in a Shifting World, ECB, Frankfurt am Main.
Nordhaus, W. D. (1993), "Optimal greenhouse-gas reductions and tax policy in the 'DICE' model", American Economic Review, Vol. 83, pp. 313-317.
Pappa, E., (2021), “Fiscal rules, policy and macroeconomic stabilization in the euro area”, in Central Banks in a Shifting World, ECB, Frankfurt am Main.
Reichlin, L. (2021), “Non-standard monetary policy instruments: effectiveness and risks”, in Central Banks in a Shifting World, ECB, Frankfurt am Main.
Sbordone, A. (2021), “Discussion of “Monetary Policy Challenges from Falling Natural Interest Rates” by Klaus Adam”, in Central Banks in a Shifting World, ECB, Frankfurt am Main.
Shin, H.S. (2021), “Central bank balance sheets and financial stability”, in Central Banks in a Shifting World, ECB, Frankfurt am Main.
van der Ploeg, F. (2018), “The safe carbon budget”, Climate Change, Vol. 147, pp. 47-59.
van der Ploeg, F. (2021), “Macro-financial implications of climate change and the carbon transmission”, in Central Banks in a Shifting World, ECB, Frankfurt am Main.
Vissing-Jorgensen, A. (2020), " Central banking with many voices: the communications arms race", mimeo., University of California at Berkeley, 2 February.
Vissing-Jorgensen, A. (2021), "Informal central bank communication", in Central Banks in a Shifting World, ECB, Frankfurt am Main.
Wieland, V. (2020), “Quantitative easing: The proportionality principle and Brainard-style policy attenuation”, unpublished manuscript, University of Frankfurt.
Wieland, V. (2021), “The decline in euro area inflation and the choice of policy strategy", in Central Banks in a Shifting World, ECB, Frankfurt am Main.
Woodford, M. (2020), “Effective Demand Failures and the Limits of Monetary Stabilization Policy”, NBER Working Paper Series, No 27768, National Bureau of Economic Research, September. | 2021-09-20T13:12:29 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 12, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.26849228143692017, "perplexity": 6406.362239271563}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057039.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20210920131052-20210920161052-00309.warc.gz"} |
https://www.usgs.gov/center-news/volcano-watch-lava-flows-two-pu-u-o-o-vents | # Volcano Watch — Lava flows from two Pu‘u ‘O‘o vents
Release Date:
The eruption on Kīlauea's East Rift Zone continued through the week. Two vents were active, both located on the flanks of the 770-foot-high Puu Oo cone.
Lava flows from two Pu'u 'O'o vents
(Public domain.)
The eruption on Kīlauea's East Rift Zone continued through the week. Two vents were active, both located on the flanks of the 770-foot-high Puu Oo cone.
The first of these is the episode 51 vent, which has been intermittently active for exactly one year. The second is the episode 53 vent, which began erupting on February 20. The lava fountains that were active during the first two days of episode 53 constructed a large, dome-shaped cone over the vent.
The vent is no longer fountaining, but lava intermittently overflows the top of the 53 cone and feeds small pahoehoe flows that extend only a few hundred yards from its base to the southwest. Not far from the 53 vent, this lava tube empties into a skylight in an older tube from the 51 vent. The two streams join and flow through the tube on the top of the pali. On the slope of the pali, flows have broken out of the old 51 tube to form new surface flows. Most of these flows are now roofed-over, forming new tubes.
For the most part, the new flows have remained on top of the Kamoamoa flow that entered the ocean from November until early February. The new flow reached the ocean on March 2 at the western edge of the Kamoamoa flow. By the 3rd, numerous small streams of lava were entering the ocean along a front about 500 feet wide.
Throughout the week, a small branch of the new flow crept toward the Chain of Craters Road well to the west of the main flow and threatens to cut the road just west of Laeapuki, where the Kalapana Trail reaches the road. The active surface flows are visible from the end of the Chain of Craters Road in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park.
The lava pond at the bottom of the crater in Puu O`o remains active. The pond has resumed the dimensions it had before the collapse of the crater floor on the night of Feb. 8 and is about 250 feet in diameter. The crater floor is now about 190 feet below the lowest point on the crater rim. For the last week, the level of active lava in the pond has fluctuated by approximately 30 feet, so that sometimes the surface of the pond is below the crater floor and at other times the pond overflows onto the crater floor and coats it with a fresh sheet of pahoehoe.
There were no earthquakes of magnitude 3 or greater on the island during the last week. | 2020-01-20T11:26:43 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.19818036258220673, "perplexity": 2637.7045920958476}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250598726.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120110422-20200120134422-00205.warc.gz"} |
http://www-cdf.fnal.gov/physics/new/top/2011/meatv3_tau_public/index.html | Top Quark Properties Measurements in the Hadronic Tau + Jets Channel in 2.2 fb-1 of data
Authors
Daryl Hare
Ian Laflotte
(Rutgers)
A complete description of the analysis method can be found here.
Abstract
We present a measurement of the ttbar cross section and the first measurement of the top quark mass in the hadronic tau + jets channel using the CDF detector at the Fermilab Tevatron. The ttbar cross section is derived from a Poisson likelihood function based on the number of observed and predicted events. The top quark mass is extracted using an unbinned maximum likelihood method with the probability density function evaluated for each event using leading-order ttbar and W + jets matrix elements and a set of parameterized jet-to-parton mapping functions. Using a total integrated luminosity of 2.2 fb-1, we measure the ppbar to ttbar cross section to be 8.8 ± 4.0 pb, and the top quark mass to be 172.7 ± 10.0 GeV.
Event Selection
We use events from the hadronic tau + jets decay channel of the ttbar system, where each of the top quarks decays into a W boson and b-quark, and one of the W bosons subsequently decays hadronically into two jets and the other leptonically into a tau and neutrino. The tau identification selects taus decaying to hadrons. These decays look like well isolated narrow cone jets with 1 or 3 charged hadrons. We require a single, high transverse energy, well-isolated tau, large missing transverse energy from the neutrino and exactly four high transverse energy jets (two from the b-quarks and two from the hadronic W). Of these jets, we require at least one to be identified as originating from a b-quark using a secondary vertex tag. The secondary vertex tag identifies tracks associated with the jet originating from a vertex displaced from the primary vertex.
Event Selection Criteria
lepton Tau with Et > 25 GeV
jets Et > 20 GeV, |&eta| < 2.0
missing Et missing Et > 20 GeV
b-tag >= 1 jet coming from secondary vertex
The dominant background for this analysis is QCD mulitjet events when one of the jets fakes the signature of a tau lepton. To further reduce the QCD multijets background, we developed a neural network (NN) to distinguish between true ttbar to tau + jets events and QCD multijets events. First, we create a sample of QCD multijets events by applying the selection cuts to the data. However, we reverse one of the tau isolation cuts so that we identity jets faking taus rather than actual tau leptons. The NN is trained to distinguish between these selected QCD multijets events and ttbar events which are generated with the Pythia Monte Carlo (MC) generator. We use 8 variables to train the NN: missing ET, lead jet ET, sum ET of the jets and tau lepton, sum ET of the two lowest ET jets and the tau lepton, sum ET of the two highest ET jets, transverse momentum of the W which decays to a tau lepton, average eta-moment of all jets not identified as coming from a b quark, and the lowest ratio of dijet mass to trijet mass for any possible triplet of jets. The distributions for each of these 8 variables can be seen here. After training the NN, we find it provides good separation between QCD multijets and ttbar events, and we chose to remove all events which return a NN output below 0.85.
Output distribution from neural network for ttbar (signal) and QCD multijets (background). The cut is chosen at 0.85.(EPS)
With this neural network cut applied on top of the selection cuts above, we estimate the following number of expected signal and background events:
Estimated number of signal and background events after applying all selection criteria.(EPS)
A full set of validtion plots for measured variables in selected events with these contributions can be found
here.
Finally, we plot the acceptance with all selection criteria as a function of the top quark mass. This function is used to normalize the probability function for the top quark mass measurement.
Event Display
Here is an example of what a tau + jets event looks like. The tau is the single well isolated track in the upper right quadrant of the cross section view.
Et (GeV) Eta Phi
tau 65.6 0.8250.6
b-tagged jet 53.6 -0.69295.6
jet 59.6 1.13146.8
jet 47.6 1.70 37.3
jet 36.8 1.63 218.5
• Cross Section
As the background estimate (as described in detail in the note) is dependent on the top pair production cross section, we cannot simply measure the cross section as:
where Ndata and Nbkgd are the number of events observed in the data and the number of estimated background events, respectively. The geometric and kinematic acceptance of the ttbar events is A, ε is the product of all the event selection data/MC scale factors (trigger, lepton identification, and b-tagging), and L is the total luminosity.
Instead, we construct a Poisson likelihood function based on the number of events in the data and the background prediction.
where D is the denominator of the previous equation (A times ε times L) and Nbttbar) is the number of events from the background prediction for a given top pair production cross section σttbar. We calculate this likelihood for several different input top pair production cross sections ranging from 5 to 15 pb. We then fit a second order polynomial around the minimum of this function. The minimum value is taken to be the measured cross section, and the uncertainty is measured as the range of cross sections which return a likelihood result within 0.5 units of the minimum likelihood value.
• Mass
Our previous top quark mass result with 3.2 fb-1 selecting electron or muon + jet events can be found here.
The top quark mass measurement is derived from a likelihood function based on signal and background probabilities for each event. The signal probability is based on a ttbar leading order matrix element calculation and is calculated over 31 input mass values from 145 to 205 GeV for each event. The background probability for each event is calculated with a W + jets matrix element from the Vecbos Monte Carlo generator. Since there is no top quark mass dependence in the background probability, it is calculated only once for each event. To improve the statistical uncertainty on the top mass measurement, we add a Gaussian constraint on the background fraction (1-cs) to the likelihood function. The background fraction is constrained to be 0.498 ± 0.106 from the estimated number of signal and background events in the table above. The likelihood function is calculated as:
where P is:
where Ps and Pb represent properly normalized signal and background probability terms, mt is the top mass, cs is the fractional contribution to the signal probability of each event, Abkgd is a relative normalization term which account for differences between the signal and background probability calculation, and the vector x represents all detector measured quantities. cS ensures that as long as Ps and Pb are properly normalized, then their sum P will also be properly normalized.
The signal and background probability are both calculated by integrating over the differential cross section for the appropriate process:
where dσ is the differential cross section, f is the probability distribution function (pdf) for a quark with momentum \tilde{q}, the vector x refers to detector reconstructed quantities, the vector y refers to parton level quantities, and W(x,y) is the transfer function used to map x to y. After calculating the probabilities for each event, we evaluate a likelihood function for each of the 31 input top quark masses and fit the result with a second order polynomial to derive the central value and statistical uncertainty.
For each event, we evaluate the signal probability on a grid of 31 mass points (for signal MC with known mass we use a smaller grid of 21 mass points to reduce computation time). The grid has a step size of 2 GeV in mt. The full grid covers mt from 145 to 205 GeV. The natural log of the signal probability for a given grid point and of the background probability for all events can be seen below.
ln pbkg for all events.(EPS)
To obtain our result, we fit our likelihood function over a region centered at the minimum of the natural log of our likelihood function. The region first spans 8 GeV in mass on both sides of the minimum point. We then continue to expand the region in 2 GeV steps on both sides until the goodness of fit (represented by the chi2 of the fit worsens.
After calibrating our method on signal monte carlo, we obtain the following linearity plots for the top mass residual and pull width.
Top mass pull width vs input top mass(EPS)
We also check the expected uncertainty as a function of mass. Based on the fit of the plot below, we expect a statistical uncertainty of 6.0 GeV for our expected mass value of 172.5 GeV. | 2013-05-23T07:03:40 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8553529381752014, "perplexity": 1055.4520442272506}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368702957608/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516111557-00059-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
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SPIRES-BOOKS: FIND KEYWORD PARTICLES NUCLEAR PHYSICS EXPERIMENTS. *END*INIT* use /tmp/qspiwww.webspi1/29814.21 QRY 131.225.70.96 . find keyword "particles nuclear physics experiments." ( in books using www
Call number: 9789814644150:ONLINE Show nearby items on shelf Title: 60 years of CERN experiments and discoveries [electronic resource] Author(s): Herwig F. Schopper (ed.) L. Di Lella (ed.) Date: 2015 Publisher: World Scientific Size: 1 online resource Note: open access Contents: The discovery of the Higgs boson at the lHC / P. Jenni and T.S. Virdee -- Precision physics with heavy-flavoured hadrons / P. Koppenburg and V. Vagnoni -- Towards the limits of matter: ultra-relativisic nuclear collisions at CERN / J. Schukraft and R. Stock -- The measurement of number of light neutrino species at LEP / S. Mele -- Precision experiments at LEP / W. de Boer -- The discovery of the W and Z particles / L. Di Lella and C. Rubbia -- The discovery of weak neutral currents / D. Haidt -- Hig hlights from high energy neutrino experiments at CERN / W.D. Schlatter -- The discovery of direct CP violation / L. Iconomidou-Fayard and D. Fournier -- Measurements of discrete symmetries in the neutral kaon system with the CPLEAR(PS195) experiment / T. Ruf -- An ISR discovery: the rise of the proton-proton cross-section / U. Amaldi -- Deep inelastic scattering with the SPS muon beam / G. Mallot and R. Voss -- Revealing partons in hadrons: from the ISR to the SPS collider / P. Darriulat and L. Di Lella - - Properties of antiprotons and antihydron, and the study of exotic atoms / M. Doser -- Muon g-2 and tests of relativity / F.J.M. Farley -- CERN discoveries: rare pion decays at the synchrocyclotron / G. Fidecaro -- Highlights at ISOLDE / K. Blaum, M.J.G. Borge, B. Jonson and P. Van Duppen. ISBN: 9789814644143 Series: Advanced series on directions in high energy physics Series: eBooks Series: World Scientific platform Keywords: Particle accelerators, Experiments. Availability: Click here to see Library holdings or inquire at Circ Desk (x3401) Click to reserve this book Be sure to include your ID please. More info: Amazon.com More info: Barnes and Noble Full Text: Click here Location: ONLINE
Call number: 9780511622588:ONLINE Show nearby items on shelf Title: Introduction to experimental particle physics [electronic resource] Author(s): Richard C. Fernow Date: 1986 Publisher: New York : Cambridge University Press Size: 1 online resource (421 p.) Contents: Electromagnetic interactions -- Nuclear interactions -- Particle beams -- Targets -- Fast electronics -- Scintillation counters -- Cerenkov counters -- Proportional chambers -- Drift chambers -- Sampling calorimeters -- Specialized detectors -- Triggers -- Detector systems -- Some fundamental measurements. ISBN: 9780521301701 Series: Cambridge Books Online Series: eBooks single Keywords: Particles (Nuclear physics) Experiments , Particles (Nuclear physics) Technique , Electromagnetic interactions , Nuclear counters , Nuclear reactions Availability: Click here to see Library holdings or inquire at Circ Desk (x3401) Click to reserve this book Be sure to include your ID please. More info: Amazon.com More info: Barnes and Noble Full Text: Click here Location: ONLINE
Call number: 7349:ONLINE Show nearby items on shelf Title: At the leading edge [electronic resource]: the ATLAS and CMS LHC experiments Author(s): Dan Green (ed.) Date: 2010 Publisher: Hackensack, NJ : World Scientific Size: 1 online resource (436 p.) Note: Unlimited concurrent users Note: World Scientific eBook platform Contents: Introduction : How physics defines the LHC environment and detectors -- The CMS pixel detector, W. Erdmann -- The hybrid tracking systems of ATLAS, Leonardo Rossi -- The all-silicon strip CMS tracker : microtechnology at the macroscale, M. Mannelli -- The ATLAS electromagnetic calorimeters : features and performance Luciano Mandelli -- The CMS electromagnetic calorimeter : crystals and APD productions, P. Bloch -- ATLAS electronics : an overview, Philippe Farthouat -- Innovations in the CMS tracker electronics, G. Hall -- TileCal : the hadronic section of the central ATLAS calorimeter, K. Anderson ... et al. -- Innovations for the CMS HCAL, J. Freeman -- ATLAS superconducting toroids : the largest ever built, Herman H.J. ten Kate -- Constructing a 4-tesla large thin solenoid at the limit of what can be safely operated, A. Herve. -- The ATLAS muon spectrometer, Giora Mikenberg -- The CMS muon detector : from the first thoughts to the final design, Fabrizio Gasparini -- The why and how of the ATLAS data acquisition system, Livio Mapelli and Giuseppe Mornacchi -- Removing the haystack : the CMS trigger and data acquisition system, Vivian O'Dell. ISBN: 9789814277624 Series: eBooks Single Keywords: Large Hadron Collider (France and Switzerland) , Nuclear counters , Particles (Nuclear physics) , Symmetry (Physics) Availability: Click here to see Library holdings or inquire at Circ Desk (x3401) Click to reserve this book Be sure to include your ID please. More info: Amazon.com More info: Barnes and Noble Full Text: Click here Location: ONLINE
Call number: SPRINGER-2013-9783642321634:ONLINE Show nearby items on shelf Title: Introduction to Polarization Physics [electronic resource] Author(s): Sandibek B Nurushev Mikhail F Runtso Mikhail N Strikhanov Date: 2013 Publisher: Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg : Imprint: Springer Size: 1 online resource Note: Springer e-book platform Note: Springer 2013 e-book collections Note: This book is devoted to the polarization (spin) physics of high energy particles and contains three parts. The first part presents the theoretical prefaces of polarization in the particle physics for interpretations, predictionsand bases for understa nding the following two parts. The second part of the book presents the description of the essential polarization experiments including the recent ones. This part is devoted to the innovative instrumentations,gives the parameters of the polarized beams, t argets, polarized gas jets and polarimeters. The third part of the book concentrates on the important achievements in polarization physics. The book can be used in lectures on nuclearand particle physics and and nuclear instruments and methods. As supplem entary reading this book is useful for researchers working in particle and nuclear physics Note: Springer eBooks Contents: Preface Theoretical bases of polarization Spin and its properties Spin in strong interactions Theoretical models Inclusive hadron production Latest results from the largest polarization setups Results of the experiments with fixed targets ISBN: 9783642321634 Series: e-books Series: SpringerLink (Online service) Series: Lecture Notes in Physics, 0075-8450 : v859 Series: Physics and Astronomy (Springer-11651) Keywords: Nuclear physics , Particle acceleration Availability: Click here to see Library holdings or inquire at Circ Desk (x3401) Click to reserve this book Be sure to include your ID please. More info: Amazon.com More info: Barnes and Noble Full Text: Click here Location: ONLINE
Call number: SPRINGER-2012-9781461439516:ONLINE Show nearby items on shelf Title: The Picture Book of Quantum Mechanics [electronic resource] Author(s): Siegmund Brandt Hans Dieter Dahmen Date: 2012 Edition: 4th ed. 2012 Publisher: New York, NY : Springer New York : Imprint: Springer Size: 1 online resource Note: Springer e-book platform Note: Springer 2013 e-book collections Note: The aim of this book is to explain the basic concepts and phenomena of quantum mechanics by means of visualization. Computer-generated illustrations in color are used extensively throughout the text, helping to establish therelation between quantum m echanicswave functions, interference, atomic structure, and so forthand classical physicspoint mechanics, statistical mechanics, and wave optics. Even more important, by studying the pictures inparallel with the text, readers develop an intuition for such notoriously abstract phenomena as the tunnel effect excitation and decay of metastable states wave-packet motion within a well systems of distinguishable andindistinguishable particles free wave packets and scattering in 3 dimensions angular-moment um decomposition stationary bound states in various 3-dimensional potentials hybrid states Kepler motion of wave packets inthe Coulomb field spin and magnetic resonance Illustrations from experiments in a variety of fields, including chemistry, and mo lecular, atomic, nuclear, and particle physics, underline the basic as well as the practical importanceof quantum mechanics. In the present, fourth edition all computer graphics are presented in full color. It also contains additional physics topics such as hybridization. Praise for Previous Editions The book is highly recommended asa complement to any standard textbook in quantum mechanics, but it will also be valuable to all of us who studied quantum mechanics without the pictures. International Journa l of Quantum Chemistry This book would be anexcellent basis for the study of special topics in a quantum physics course. Most serious students of physics and all of their teachers will want to consider having this orderly and graphic outline of introducto ry quantum theory attheir fingertips. American Journal of Physics Their aim is the presentation of the 'principal ideas of wave mechanics' in such a wa Note: Springer eBooks Contents: Introduction Light Waves Probability Waves of Matter Solution of the Schrdinger Equation in One Dimension One Dimensional Quantum Mechanics: Scattering by a Potential One Dimensional Quantum Mechanics: Motion within a Potential, Stationary Bound States Quantile Motion in One Dimension Coupled Harmonic Oscillators: Distinguishable Particles Coupled Harmonic Oscillators: Indistinguishable Particles Wave Packet in Three Dimensions Solution of the Schrdinger Equation in Three Dimensions Three Dimensional Quantum Mechanics: Scattering by a Potential Three Dim ISBN: 9781461439516 Series: e-books Series: SpringerLink (Online service) Series: Physics and Astronomy (Springer-11651) Keywords: Quantum theory Availability: Click here to see Library holdings or inquire at Circ Desk (x3401) Click to reserve this book Be sure to include your ID please. More info: Amazon.com More info: Barnes and Noble Full Text: Click here Location: ONLINE
Call number: SPRINGER-2009-9789048123681:ONLINE Show nearby items on shelf Title: Biophysics and the Challenges of Emerging Threats [electronic resource] Author(s): Joseph D Puglisi Date: 2009 Publisher: Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands Size: 1 online resource Note: Springer e-book platform Note: Springer 2013 e-book collections Note: This volume is a collection of articles from the proceedings of the International School of Structural Biology and Magnetic Resonance 8th Course: Biophysics and the Challenges of Emerging Threats. This NATO Advance Study Institute(ASI) was held in Er ice at the Ettore Majorana Foundation and Centre for Scientific Culture on 19 through 30 June 2007. The ASI brought together a diverse group of experts who bridged the fields of virology and biology, biophysics,chemistry and physics. Prominent lecturers a nd students from around the world representant a total of 24 countries participated in the NATO ASI organized by Professors Joseph Puglisi (Stanford University, USA) and Alexander Arseniev(Moscow, RU). The central hypothesis underlying this ASI was that i nterdisciplinary research, merging principles of physics, chemistry and biology, can drive new discovery in detecting and fighting bioterrorism agents, lead to cleanerenvironments, and help propel development in NATO partner countries. The ASI merged the related disciplines of biophysics, biochemistry and molecular structure to treat, detect, and understand emerging infectious diseases. It addressedthe treatment and detection of bioterrorism agents, and focused on critical partner country priorities in bi otechnology, materials, drug discovery and the environment. It provided crossroads discussing new technologies in biophysicsand structural biology, their implications pathogen detection and treatment and their role in partner country development. The ASI allowed deep and wide-ranging discussion between lecturers and students, providing overviews of keyareas and links between them. The range of topics represent the diversity of critical problems between structural biology, biochemistry and biophysics, in w hich lies the fertile ground of drug development, biotechnology and newmaterials Note: Springer eBooks Contents: Preface List of Contributors A Simple Model for Protein Folding Complementarity of Hydrophobic/Hydrophilic Properties in Protein Ligand Complexes: A New Tool to Improve Docking Results Structures of Cvnh Family Lectins Biohysical Approaches to Study DNA Base Flipping The Diversity of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Improved Dye Stability in Single Molecule Fluorescence Experiments The Evaluation of Isotope Editing and Filtering for Protein Ligand Interaction Elucidation by NMR Ribosome: an Ancient Cellular Nano Machine for Genetic Code Translation Course A ISBN: 9789048123681 Series: e-books Series: SpringerLink (Online service) Series: NATO Science for Peace and Security Series B: Physics and Biophysics, 1874-6500 Series: Physics and Astronomy (Springer-11651) Keywords: Biotechnology , Chemistry , Particles (Nuclear physics) , Crystallography , Biomedical engineering Availability: Click here to see Library holdings or inquire at Circ Desk (x3401) Click to reserve this book Be sure to include your ID please. More info: Amazon.com More info: Barnes and Noble Full Text: Click here Location: ONLINE
Call number: SPRINGER-2008-9783540793687:ONLINE Show nearby items on shelf Title: Particles and Nuclei [electronic resource] : An Introduction to the Physical Concepts Author(s): Bogdan Povh Klaus Rith Christoph Scholz Frank Zetsche Martin Lavelle Date: 2008 Publisher: Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg Size: 1 online resource Note: Springer e-book platform Note: Springer 2013 e-book collections Note: This well-established textbook gives a uniform and unique presentation of both nuclear and particle physics. Analysis, Part 1, is devoted to disentangling the substructure of matter. This part shows that experiments designed touncover the substructur es of nuclei and nucleons have a similar conceptual basis, and lead to the present picture of all matter being built out of a small number of elementary building blocks and a small number of fundamentalinteractions. Synthesis, Part 2, shows how the elemen tary particles may be combined to build hadrons and nuclei. The fundamental interactions responsible for the forces in all systems become less and less evident in increasinglycomplex systems. A section on neutrino oscillations and one on nuclear matter at high temperatures bridge the field of nuclear and particle physics and modern astrophysics and cosmology. The new edition incorporates a largeamount of new experimental results on deep inelastic scattering (obtained at the Electron-Proton Collider HERA a t DESY in Hamburg) into chapters 7 and 8. Translated into many languages, Particles and Nuclei has become a standardreference for advanced and undergraduate courses. From the reviews of an earlier edition: ...an excellent introduction to nuclear and parti cle physics... A very clear presentation... I thus recommend this book as a very goodphenomenological approach to the physics of particles and nuclei... Physicalia Note: Springer eBooks Contents: Hors d'oeuvre Analysis: The Building Blocks of Matter Global Properties of Nuclei Nuclear Stability Scattering Geometric Shapes of Nuclei Elastic Scattering of Nucleons Deep Inelastic Scattering Quarks, Gluons, and the Strong Interaction Particle Production in e+e Collisions Phenomenology of the Weak Interaction Exchange Bosons of the Weak Interaction The Standard Model Synthesis: Composite Systems Quarkonia Mesons Made from Light Quarks The Baryons The Nuclear Force The Structure of Nuclei Collective Nuclear Excitations Nuclear Ther ISBN: 9783540793687 Series: e-books Series: SpringerLink (Online service) Series: Physics and Astronomy (Springer-11651) Keywords: Quantum theory , Particles (Nuclear physics) , Plasma (Ionized gases) Availability: Click here to see Library holdings or inquire at Circ Desk (x3401) Click to reserve this book Be sure to include your ID please. More info: Amazon.com More info: Barnes and Noble Full Text: Click here Location: ONLINE
Call number: SPRINGER-2008-9783540726340:ONLINE Show nearby items on shelf Title: The Anomalous Magnetic Moment of the Muon [electronic resource] Author(s): Friedrich Jegerlehner Date: 2008 Publisher: Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg Size: 1 online resource Note: Springer e-book platform Note: Springer 2013 e-book collections Note: This book reviews the present state of knowledge of the anomalous magnetic moment a=(g-2)/2 of the muon. The muon anomalous magnetic moment amy is one of the most precisely measured quantities in elementary particle physics andprovides one of the mos t stringent tests of relativistic quantum field theory as a fundamental theoretical framework. It allows for an extremely precise check of the standard model of elementary particles and of its limitations. Recentexperiments at the Brookhaven National Labo ratory now reach the unbelievable precision of 0.5 parts per million, improving the accuracy of previous g-2 experiments at CERN by a factor of 14. A major part of the book is devoted to thetheory of the anomalous magnetic moment and to estimates of the t heoretical uncertainties. Quantum electrodynamics and electroweak and hadronic effects are reviewed. Since non-perturbative hadronic effects play a key role for theprecision test, their evaluation is described in detail. After the overview of theory, the experimental achievements are surveyed, and comparisons with theory are discussed. Possible explanations for the observed deviation arepresented. Perspectives for future improvements of the theoretical and experimental precision are considered. This refer ence text for researchers in elementary particle physics requires some basic knowledge of relativistic quantumfield theory and elementary particle theory Note: Springer eBooks Contents: Part I Basic Concepts, Introduction to QED, g 2 in a Nutshell, General Properties and Tools: Introduction Quantum Field Theory and Quantum Electrodynamics Lepton Magnetic Moments: Basics Part II A Detailed Account of the Theory, Outline of Concepts of the Experiment, Status and Perspectives: Electromagnetic and Weak Radiative Corrections Hadronic Effects The g 2 Experiments Comparison between Theory and Experiment and Future Perspectives List of Acronyms ISBN: 9783540726340 Series: e-books Series: SpringerLink (Online service) Series: Springer Tracts in Modern Physics, 0081-3869 : v226 Series: Physics and Astronomy (Springer-11651) Keywords: Particles (Nuclear physics) Availability: Click here to see Library holdings or inquire at Circ Desk (x3401) Click to reserve this book Be sure to include your ID please. More info: Amazon.com More info: Barnes and Noble Full Text: Click here Location: ONLINE
Call number: SPRINGER-2007-9781402059001:ONLINE Show nearby items on shelf Title: Structure and Biophysics New Technologies for Current Challenges in Biology and Beyond [electronic resource] Author(s): Joseph D Puglisi Date: 2007 Publisher: Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands Size: 1 online resource Note: Springer e-book platform Note: Springer 2013 e-book collections Note: This volume is a collection of articles from the proceedings of the ISSBMR 7th Course: Structure and Biophysics - New Technologies for Current Challenges in Biology and Beyond. This NATO Advanced Institute (ASI) was held in Ericeat the Ettore Majoran a Foundation and Centre for Scientific Culture on 22 June through 3 July 2005. The ASI brought together a diverse group of experts in the fields of Structural Biology, Biophysics and Physics. Prominent lecturers,from seven different countries, and student s from around the world participated in the NATO ASI organized by Professors Joseph Puglisi (Stanford University, USA) and Alexander Arseniev (Moscow, RU). Advances in nuclear magneticresonance spectroscopy (NMR) and x-ray crystallography have allowed the three-dimensional structures of many biological macromolecules and their complexes, including the ribosome and RNA polymerase to be solved. Fundamental principlesof NMR spectroscopy and dynamics, x-ray crystallography, computation and experimental dynami cs were taught in the context of important biological applications. The ASI addressed the treatment and detection of bioterrorism agents, andfocused on critical partner country priorities in biotechnology, materials and drug discovery. The range of topics represent the diversity of critical problems between structural biology, biochemistry and biophysics, in which lies thefertile ground of drug development, biotechnology and new materials. The individual articles represent the state of the art in each are a and provide a guide to the original literature in this rapidly developing field Note: Springer eBooks Contents: Preface Structural Genomics by NMR Spectroscopy Investigation of Proteins in Living Bacteria with in Cell NMR Experiments Protein Membrane Interactions: Lessons from In Silico Studies Anything Goes Protein Structural Polymorphism Tandem Interactions in the trp Repressor System may Regulate Binding to Operator DNA Basic Principles of RNA NMR Spectroscopy Probabilistic Structure Calculation Molecular Insights into PKR Activation by Viral Double Stranded RNA Structural Dynamic Approach as Rational Input for Drug Design Max Perutz: Chemist, Molecular Biologist, Hu ISBN: 9781402059001 Series: e-books Series: SpringerLink (Online service) Series: NATO Science Series Series: Physics and Astronomy (Springer-11651) Keywords: Biotechnology , Particles (Nuclear physics) , Crystallography , Biomedical engineering Availability: Click here to see Library holdings or inquire at Circ Desk (x3401) Click to reserve this book Be sure to include your ID please. More info: Amazon.com More info: Barnes and Noble Full Text: Click here Location: ONLINE
Call number: SPRINGER-2006-9783540366843:ONLINE Show nearby items on shelf Title: Particles and Nuclei [electronic resource] : An Introduction to the Physical Concepts Author(s): Bogdan Povh Klaus Rith Christoph Scholz Frank Zetsche Date: 2006 Edition: Fifth Edition Publisher: Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg Size: 1 online resource Note: Springer e-book platform Note: Springer 2013 e-book collections Note: This well-known introductory textbook gives a uniform presentation of nuclear and particle physics from an experimental point of view. The new edition has been extensively revised and updated. The first part, Analysis, is devotedto disentangling the substructure of matter. This part shows that experiments designed to uncover the substructures of nuclei and nucleons have a similar conceptual basis, and lead to the present picture of all matter being constructedfrom a small number of elementary buildin g blocks and a small number of fundamental interactions. The second part, Synthesis, shows how the elementary particles may be combined to build hadrons and nuclei. The fundamental interactions,which are responsible for the forces in all systems, become l ess and less evident in increasingly complex systems. Such systems are in fact dominated by many-body phenomena. A section on neutrino oscillations and one on nuclear matterat high temperatures bridge the field of nuclear and particle physics and modern a strophysics and cosmology. New developments are covered, e. g. in sections on the double beta decay including a discussion of the possibility fora neutrinoless decay and its implications for the standard model. The concise text is based on lectures held a t the University of Heidelberg. It has been translated into many languages and has become a standard reference for advancedundergraduate and graduate courses and includes numerous exercises with worked answers Note: Springer eBooks Contents: Hors d'oeuvre Analysis: The Building Blocks of Matter Global Properties of Nuclei Nuclear Stability Scattering Geometric Shapes of Nuclei Elastic Scattering of Nucleons Deep Inelastic Scattering Quarks, Gluons, and the Strong Interaction Particle Production in e+e Collisions Phenomenology of the Weak Interaction Exchange Bosons of the Weak Interaction The Standard Model Synthesis: Composite Systems Quarkonia Mesons Made from Light Quarks The Baryons The Nuclear Force The Structure of Nuclei Collective Nuclear Excitations Nuclear Ther ISBN: 9783540366843 Series: e-books Series: SpringerLink (Online service) Series: Physics and Astronomy (Springer-11651) Keywords: Quantum theory , Particles (Nuclear physics) , Plasma (Ionized gases) Availability: Click here to see Library holdings or inquire at Circ Desk (x3401) Click to reserve this book Be sure to include your ID please. More info: Amazon.com More info: Barnes and Noble Full Text: Click here Location: ONLINE
Call number: SPRINGER-2006-9783540315001:ONLINE Show nearby items on shelf Title: Unconventional Superconductors [electronic resource] : Experimental Investigation of the Order-Parameter Symmetry of Unconventional Superconductors Author(s): Gernot Goll Date: 2006 Publisher: Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg Size: 1 online resource Note: Springer e-book platform Note: Springer 2013 e-book collections Note: This book offers a comprehensive summary of experiments that are especially suited to reveal the order-parameter symmetry of unconventional superconductors. It briefly introduces readers to the basic theoretical concepts and termsof unconventional su perconductivity, followed by a detailed overview of experimental techniques and results investigating the superconducting energy gap and phase, plus the pairing symmetry. This review includes measurements ofspecific heat, thermal conductivity, penetration depth and nuclearmagnetic resonance and muon-spin rotation experiments. Further, point-contact and tunnelling spectroscopy and Josephson experiments are addressed. Current understandingis reviewed from the experimental point of view. With an appendix off ering five tables with almost 200 references that summarize the present results from ambient pressure heavy-fermion and noncopper-oxide superconductors, the monographprovides a valuable resource for further studies in this field Note: Springer eBooks Contents: Part I: Introduction to Unconventional Superconductivity: A Brief Overview Basic Theoretical Concepts Part II: Experimental Methods: Probing the Nodal Structure Probing the Parity and Spin State Probing the Energy Gap Probing the Phase Probing the Vortices: Lattice Symmetry and Internal Structure Part III: Possible Unconventional Superconductors: Ce based Heavy Fermion Superconductors U based Heavy Fermion Superconductors Metal Oxide Superconductors Appendix ISBN: 9783540315001 Series: e-books Series: SpringerLink (Online service) Series: Springer Tracts in Modern Physics, 0081-3869 : v214 Series: Physics and Astronomy (Springer-11651) Keywords: Thermodynamics , Condensed matter , Particles (Nuclear physics) , Superconductivity Availability: Click here to see Library holdings or inquire at Circ Desk (x3401) Click to reserve this book Be sure to include your ID please. More info: Amazon.com More info: Barnes and Noble Full Text: Click here Location: ONLINE
Call number: SPRINGER-2005-9783540324102:ONLINE Show nearby items on shelf Title: Parametric X-Ray Radiation in Crystals [electronic resource] : Theory, Experiment and Applications Author(s): Vladimir Baryshevsky Ilya Feranchuk Alexander Ulyanenkov Date: 2005 Publisher: Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg Size: 1 online resource Note: Springer e-book platform Note: Springer 2013 e-book collections Note: This systematic and comprehensive monograph is devoted to parametric X-ray radiation (PXR). This radiation is generated by the motion of electrons inside a crystal, whereby the emitted photons are diffracted by the crystal and theradiation intensity critically depends on the parameters of the crystal structure. Nowadays PXR is the subject of numerous theoretical and experimental studies throughout the world. The first part of the book is a theoretical treatmentof PXR, which includes a new approach to describe the radiation process in crystals. The second part is a survey of PXR experimental results and the possible applications of PXR as a tool for crystal structure analysis and a source oftunable X-ray radiation Note: Springer eBooks Contents: Theory: Electromagnetic Radiation from a Charged Particle in a Crystal Qualitative Consideration Radiation of a Charged Particle in Periodic Media Classical Theory Quantum Electrodynamics in a Crystal Experiments and Applications: Characteristics of PXR from Relativistic Electrons Special Cases of PXR Generation X Ray Radiation from Nonrelativistic Particles Prospective PXR Applications Collective Effects in PXR within a High Current Electron Beam ISBN: 9783540324102 Series: e-books Series: SpringerLink (Online service) Series: Springer Tracts in Modern Physics, 0081-3869 : v213 Series: Physics and Astronomy (Springer-11651) Keywords: Weights and measures , Particles (Nuclear physics) , Crystallography , Electrodynamics Availability: Click here to see Library holdings or inquire at Circ Desk (x3401) Click to reserve this book Be sure to include your ID please. More info: Amazon.com More info: Barnes and Noble Full Text: Click here Location: ONLINE
Call number: SPRINGER-2005-9783540288824:ONLINE Show nearby items on shelf Title: Advanced Time-Correlated Single Photon Counting Techniques [electronic resource] Author(s): Wolfgang Becker A. W Castleman J.P Toennies W Zinth Date: 2005 Publisher: Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg Size: 1 online resource Note: Springer e-book platform Note: Springer 2013 e-book collections Note: Time-correlated single photon counting (TCSPC) is a remarkable technique for recording low-level light signals with extremely high precision and picosecond-time resolution. TCSPC has developed from an intrinsically time-consumingand one-dimensional t echnique into a fast, multi-dimensional technique to record light signals. So this reference and text describes how advanced TCSPC techniques work and demonstrates their application to time-resolved laser scanningmicroscopy, single molecule spectroscopy, photon correlation experiments, and diffuse optical tomography of biological tissue. It gives practical hints about constructing suitable optical systems, choosing and using detectors, detectorsafety, preamplifiers, and using the control features and opti mising the operating conditions of TCSPC devices. Advanced TCSPC Techniques is an indispensable tool for everyone in research and development who is confronted with the taskof recording low-intensity light signals in the picosecond and nanosecond range Note: Springer eBooks Contents: Optical Signal Recording Overview of Photon Counting Techniques Advanced TCSPC Techniques Building Blocks of Advanced TCSPC Devices Applications of Modern TCSPC Techniques Detectors for Photon Counting Practice of TCSPC Experiments ISBN: 9783540288824 Series: e-books Series: SpringerLink (Online service) Series: Springer Series in Chemical Physics, 0172-6218 : v81 Series: Physics and Astronomy (Springer-11651) Keywords: Chemistry, Physical organic , Particles (Nuclear physics) , Laser physics , Spectrum analysis Availability: Click here to see Library holdings or inquire at Circ Desk (x3401) Click to reserve this book Be sure to include your ID please. More info: Amazon.com More info: Barnes and Noble Full Text: Click here Location: ONLINE
Call number: SPRINGER-2005-9783540268383:ONLINE Show nearby items on shelf Title: Learning About Particles 50 Privileged Years [electronic resource] Author(s): Jack Steinberger Date: 2005 Publisher: Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg Size: 1 online resource Note: Springer e-book platform Note: Springer 2013 e-book collections Note: Embedded in an autobiographic framework, this book retraces vividly and in some depth the golden years of particle physics as witnessed by one of the scientists who made seminal contributions to the understanding of what is nowknown as the Standard M odel of particle physics. Well beyond a survey of interest to historians of sciences and researchers in the field, this book is a must for all students and young researchers who have learned about the theoreticaland experimental facts that make up the sta ndard model through modern textbooks only. It will provide the interested reader with a first hand account and deeper understanding of the multilayered and sinuous development that finally ledto the present architecture of this theory Note: Springer eBooks Contents: Origins and Education Institute for Advanced Study, 19481949, Theory Berkeley, 19491950, Accelerators Properties of Pi Mesons Strange Particles and Bubble Chambers Neutrinos I CP Violation Neutrinos, II Experiments with the LEP e+e? Collider ISBN: 9783540268383 Series: e-books Series: SpringerLink (Online service) Series: Physics and Astronomy (Springer-11651) Keywords: Weights and measures , Particles (Nuclear physics) Availability: Click here to see Library holdings or inquire at Circ Desk (x3401) Click to reserve this book Be sure to include your ID please. More info: Amazon.com More info: Barnes and Noble Full Text: Click here Location: ONLINE
Call number: SPRINGER-2004-9783642185342:ONLINE Show nearby items on shelf Title: Beyond the Desert 2003 Proceedings of the Fourth Tegernsee International Conference on Particle Physics Beyond the Standard Model, BEYOND 2003, Castle Ringberg, Tegernsee, Germany, 9–14 June 2003 Author(s): Date: 2004 Size: 1 online resource (1117 p.) Note: 10.1007/978-3-642-18534-2 Contents: I SUSY/SUGRA Phenomenology and Early Universe -- Twenty Years of SUGRA -- Dark MatterMuon g-2 and Other SUSY Constraints -- On CPT Symmetry: Cosmological, Quantum-Gravitational and Other Possible Violations and Their Phenomenology -- II Cosmic Microwave Background -- Determination of Cosmological Parameters from Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) Observations -- Neutrino Physics from Cosmological Observations -- Can Planck See Transplanck? -- III Superstrings and Symmetries -- Superstring Phenomenology in Light of LEP, KamLAND and WMAP -- CP-Violating Electron-Nucleon Interactions and CP-Violation Beyond the Standard Model -- Lorentz-Violating Supergravity -- The Lorentz-Violating Extension of the Standard Model -- A Time Variation of the QCD Scale -- Unification in Higher Dimensions -- Preon Prophecies by the Standard Model -- IV Cosmology and Neutrino Oscillations -- Big Bang Nucleosynthesis and Neutrinos -- Cosmoparticle Physics — The Challenge for the Millenium -- Leptogenesis in a Prompt Decay Scenario -- Supernova Neutrino Oscillations: An Analytical Approach -- Neutrino Data, CP Violation, and Cosmological Implications -- Solar Neutrino Measurements at the SUDBURY Neutrino Observatory -- Indications of Neutrino Oscillation in a 250 km Long-Baseline Experiment -- V Neutrinoless Double Beta Decay -- The HEIDELBERG-MOSCOW 76Ge Double Beta Experiment in Gran Sasso 1990-2003 and Status of Absolute Neutrino Mass -- The Search For Rare Processes with DAMA/LXe -- Towards a Background-Free ??-Decay Experiment Using the EDELWEISS Cryogenic Ge Detectors -- XMASS Experiment -- Contributions to Fundamental Physics and Constants Using Penning Traps -- The Neutrino Mass Matrix — New Developments -- Single ? and Double 0??? Decays with Majorana Spinors -- VI Fundamental Symmetries and Tests of General Relativity -- Application of Neutron Interferometry for Tests of Fundamental Physics Questions -- Gravitational Energy Loss and Binary Pulsars in the Scalar Ether-Theory of Gravitation -- Cosmological Term, Mass, and Space-Time Symmetry -- Fermions, Bosons and Locality in Special Relativity with Two Invariant Scales -- New Perspectives in Testing the General Relativistic Lense-Thirring Effect -- ??? Geometries from the Point of View of Different Observers -- VII Dark Matter Search — Experiments -- Results from DAMA/Nal and Perspectives for DAMA/LIBRA -- GENIUS-Test-Facility Started Operation in GRAN SASSO — with First Ten kg of Naked Germanium Detectors in Liquid Nitrogen -- Latest Results from the EDELWEISS WIMP Search -- Direct Search for Dark Matter Particles with Very Large Detectors -- VIII Dark Matter Search — Theory -- Why a Ring of Stars at r = 20 kpc? -- The Distribution of Dark Matter in Galaxies: The Core Radius Issue -- The Supermassive Black Hole at the Center of the Milky Way -- Dark Matter at the Center and in the Halo of the Galaxy -- Light Relic Neutralinos -- QCD Axion and Quintessential Axion -- Conformal Bulk Fields, Dark Energy, and Brane Dynamics -- IX Supernova, Relic and Solar Neutrinos -- SN 1987 A — Historical View About Registration of the Neutrino Signal with BAKSAN, Kamiokande II, and IMB Detectors -- Relic Supernova Neutrinos in Super-Kamiokande -- Supernova Relic Neutrinos and Observational Implications for Neutrino Oscillation -- The Structure of the Solar Core -- Nuclear Reactions in the Sun after SNO and KamLAND -- X Gamma-Ray Astronomy, Highest Energy Cosmic Rays and GKZ -- Ground-Based Gamma-Ray Astronomy, Status and Perspectives -- Observations of Gamma Ray Bursts with BeppoSAX -- The Physics Potential of AMS: Astrophysics and Astroparticle Physics -- Status and Perspectives of the Pierre Auger Observatory -- Status of an Atmospheric Cherenkov Imaging Camera for the CANGAROO-III Experiment and Perspective of the Field -- Tau Neutrino Astronomy -- Strongly Interacting Neutrinos as the Highest Energy Cosmic Rays -- XI Neutrino Factories Underwater and Underground Experiments -- Neutrino Factory and Muon Factory -- Results from the AMANDA Neutrino Telescope -- The Baikal Neutrino Project: Status and Perspectives -- Status of the ANTARES Experiment -- Final Results of the MACRO Experiment -- ICARUS: A Second-Generation Proton Decay Experiment and Neutrino Observatory at the Gran Sasso Laboratory -- XII Search for New Physics at Colliders -- Results on the Higgs Boson Searches at the LEP Collider -- Towards Final Results on the Search for R-Parity Violation at LEP -- Status and Perspectives of MECO, the Muon to Electron COnversion Experiment -- Recent D? Results at Run II -- Heavy Ion Collisions -- Search for Exotic Couplings at DELPHI -- Searches for Leptoquarks with the OPAL Detector at LEP -- XIII Gravitational Waves -- The Search for Gravitational Waves — Status and Perspectives -- XIV Superheavy Elements -- Achievements and Perspectives in the Search for Super Heavy Elements -- Superheavy Elements — Status of Research in Dubna -- Author Index -- List of Participants ISBN: 9783642185342 Series: eBooks Series: SpringerLink (Online service) Series: Springer eBooks Series: Springer Proceedings in Physics: 92 Keywords: Physics , Quantum field theory , String theory , Astronomy , Astrophysics , Cosmology , Nuclear physics , Physics , Particle and Nuclear Physics , Astronomy, Astrophysics and Cosmology , Quantum Field Theories, String Theory Availability: Click here to see Library holdings or inquire at Circ Desk (x3401) Click to reserve this book Be sure to include your ID please. 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Call number: SPRINGER-2004-9783642185038:ONLINE Show nearby items on shelf Title: Applications of the Isotopic Effect in Solids Author(s): Vladimir G Plekhanov Date: 2004 Size: 1 online resource (334 p.) Note: 10.1007/978-3-642-18503-8 Contents: 1 Introduction -- 2 Phonon Spectra of Solids: Indicator of Their Isotope Purity -- 2.1 Theory of Lattice Dynamics -- 2.2 Elastic Properties -- 2.3 Vibrational Properties -- 3 Thermal Properties -- 3.1 Dependence of the Thermal Conductivity on the Isotopic Composition -- 3.2 Lattice Constant Dependence on Temperature and Isotopic Composition -- 4 Isotopic Renormalization of the Electronic Excitation Energy Spectrum -- 4.1 Exciton States -- 4.2 Exciton-Phonon Interaction -- 4.3 Giant Isotopic Effect in the Energy Spectrum of Wannier-Mott Exciton in LiH Crystals -- 4.4 Nonlinear Dependence of Band-Gap Energy on the Isotopic Effect -- 4.5 Renormalization of Binding Energy of Wannier-Mott Excitons by Isotopic Effect -- 4.6 Nonlinear Dependence of Binding Energy on Isotopic Concentration -- 4.7 Isotopic Effect in the Luminescence Spectrum -- 5 Process of Self-Diffusion in Isotopically Pure Materials and Heterostructures -- 5.1 General Remarks -- 5.2 The Relation of Diffusion Experiments to the Mathematics of Diffusion -- 5.3 The Self-Diffusion Process -- 5.4 The SIMS-Technique -- 5.5 Self-Diffusion of Li and H in LiH Crystals -- 5.6 Self-Diffusion in Intrinsic Ge -- 5.7 Self- and Interdiffusion of Ga and Al in Isotopically Pure and Doped Heterostructures -- 6 Neutron Transmutative Doping -- 6.1 The NTD Process: A New Reactor Technology -- 6.2 Reactor Facilities for Transmutative Doping -- 6.3 Nuclear Reaction Under the Influence of Charged Particles -- 6.4 Nuclear Reaction Under the Action of the ?-Rays -- 6.5 Nuclear Reactions Under the Influence of Neutrons -- 6.6 The Influence of Dopants -- 6.7 Atomic Displacement Effects in NTD -- 6.8 Experimental Results -- 7 Optical Fiber -- 7.1 Optical Communication -- 7.2 Maxwell’s Equations -- 7.3 Geometric Optics of Fibers -- 7.4 Waveguide Mode Propagation -- 7.5 Pulse Spreading -- 7.6 Materials for Optical Fibers -- 7.7 Fiber Preparation -- 7.8 Isotopes in Fibers -- 8 Laser Materials -- 8.1 Some General Remarks -- 8.2 Absorption and Induced Emission -- 8.3 Semiconductor Lasers -- 8.4 Nonlinear Properties of Excitons in Isotopically Mixed Crystals -- 9 Other Unexplored Applications of Isotopic Engineering -- 9.1 Isotopic Information Storage -- 9.2 Isotopic Structuring for Fundamental Studies -- 9.3 Other Possibilities -- 10 Conclusion -- References ISBN: 9783642185038 Series: eBooks Series: SpringerLink (Online service) Series: Springer eBooks Series: Springer Series in Materials Science: 70 Keywords: Physics , Mechanics , Nuclear physics , Atoms , Condensed matter , Optical materials , Electronic materials , Materials science , Physics , Mechanics , Condensed Matter Physics , Atomic, Molecular, Optical and Plasma Physics , Particle and Nuclear Physics , Optical and Electronic Materials , Characterization and Evaluation of Materials Availability: Click here to see Library holdings or inquire at Circ Desk (x3401) Click to reserve this book Be sure to include your ID please. More info: Amazon.com More info: Barnes and Noble Full Text: Click here Location: ONLINE
Call number: SPRINGER-2004-9781402028526:ONLINE Show nearby items on shelf Title: ICAME 2003 Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on the Applications of the Mössbauer Effect (ICAME 2003) held in Muscat, Oman, 21–25 September 2003 Author(s): Date: 2004 Size: 1 online resource (656 p.) Note: 10.1007/978-1-4020-2852-6 Contents: Mössbauer Instrument Package MS-2000IP -- Nuclear Resonant Scattering of Synchrotron Radiation as a Method for Distinction between Covariant Ether Theories and Special Relativity -- Mössbauer Spectrometer with Novel Moving System and Resonant Detection of Gamma Rays -- Angular Distribution of Hyperfine Magnetic Field in Fe3O4 and Fe66Ni34 from Mössbauer Polarimetry -- Two-Dimensional Mössbauer Spectra -- 57Fe Mössbauer Study of Magnetic Nanowires -- Synthesis and Mössbauer Study of Maghemite Nanowire Arrays -- Mössbauer Characterization of Iron-Based Nanogranular Films -- Mössbauer Study of Nanocrystalline ?-Fe3?xCoxN System -- Mössbauer Studies of Nanosize CuFe2O4 Particles -- Mössbauer Studies on Nanocrystalline Diol Capped ?-Fe2O3 -- Hyperfine and Structural Properties of the Mechanically Alloyed (FeMn)30Cu70 System -- 197Au Mössbauer Study of Bimetallic Nanoparticles Prepared by Sonochemical Technique -- Phase Composition and Properties of Iron Nanocrystals and Clusters Embedded in MgO Matrix -- Shifting the Superparamagnetic Limit of Nanosized Copper Iron Spinel -- Synthesis of Nanocrystalline Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 by Aerosol Route and Its Characterization -- Transitions and Spin Dynamics at Very Low Temperature in the Pyrochlores Yb2Ti2O7 and Gd2Sn2O7 -- Mössbauer and Neutron Diffraction Studies on Co-Al Ferrite -- Mössbauer Studies of Fe0.7?xSi0.3Mnx Alloys -- Observation of Substitutional Fe in CEMS Measurements on Synthetic CVD Diamond -- Interaction between Interstitial Hydrogen and Fe Atoms within the ?-Hydride Phase in Nb1?yFeyHx Alloys -- First Observation of Photoinduced Magnetization for the Cyano-Bridged 3d–4f Heterobimetallic Assembly Nd(DMF)4(H2O)3(?-CN)Fe(CN)5·H2O (DMF = N,N-Dimethylformamide) -- Non-Magnetic Stainless Steels Reinvestigated — a Small Effective Field Component in External Magnetic Fields -- Magnetic Response and Hyperfine Magnetic Fields at Fe Sites of Sr3Fe2MO9 (M = Mo, Te, W, U) Double-Perovskites -- Modification of Nuclear Decay Constant in the Finite Space -- Mössbauer Studies and Magnetic Properties of Y3?xCexFe5O12 -- Control of Charge Transfer Phase Transition in Iron Mixed-Valence System (n-CnH2n+1)4 N[FeIIFeIII(dto)3] (n = 3?6 dto = C2O2S2) -- Mössbauer Spectroscopy Study on the Effect of Al-Cr Co-Substitution in Yttrium and Yttrium-Gadolinium Iron Garnets -- Mössbauer Study of Microstructure and Magnetic Properties (Co, Ni)-Zr Substituted Ba Ferrite Particles -- Mössbauer Studies of Dilute 119Sn and 57Fe in SrRuO3 and Sr2FeRuO6 -- Mössbauer Studies on the Quasibinary System FeTe1.45-TiTe1.45 -- Magnetic Properties of Iron Clusters in Silver -- Magnetic Properties of Nanocrystalline FexCu1?x Alloys Prepared by Ball Milling -- The Formation of Lithiated Ti-Doped ?-Fe2O3 Nanocrystalline Particles by Mechanical Milling of Ti-Doped Lithium Spinel Ferrite -- Effect of Mg2+ on the Magnetic Compensation of Lithium-Chromium Ferrite -- High-Pressure 57Fe Mössbauer Spectroscopy of Octamethyl-Ethynyl-Ferrocene -- 57Fe Mössbauer Spectroscopic Study of Fe-B Compounds -- Mössbauer- and EPR-Snapshots of an Enzymatic Reaction: The Cytochrome P450 Reaction Cycle -- The Effect of Biocompatible Coating Layers on Magnetic Properties of Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles -- Spin States of Iron(III) in Highly Saddled Dodecaphenylporphyrin Complexes -- Mössbauer Spectroscopy of Iron Containing Vitamins and Dietary Supplements -- Comparative Study of Human Liver Ferritin and Chicken Liver by Mössbauer Spectroscopy. Preliminary Results -- Low-Spin Ferriheme Models of the Cytochromes: Correlation of Molecular Structure with EPR and Mössbauer Spectral Parameters -- Iron-Sulfur Proteins Investigated by EPR-, Mössbauer- and EXAFS-Spectroscopy -- Mössbauer Study of Lanthanum-Strontium Ferromanganite Oxides -- Iron-57 Mössbauer Spectroscopic Investigation of Manganese-Doped ?-Fe2O3 -- Study on Chemical Bond and Electronic State of New Gold Mixed Valence Complexes Cs2[Au1X2][AuIIIY4] (X, Y = Cl, Br, I) by Means of 197Au Mössbauer Spectroscopy -- Magnetic Properties of TlCo2Se2 Studied by Mössbauer Spectroscopy -- Exploring the Verwey-Type Transition in GdBaFe2O5+? Using 57Fe Mössbauer Spectroscopy -- First Principles Calculations of Mössbauer Spectra of Intermetallic Anodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries -- 57Fe Mössbauer Spectroscopy Study of LaFe1?xCoxO3 (x = 0 and 0.5) Formed by Mechanical Milling -- A Crystallographic and Mössbauer Spectroscopic Study of BaCo0.5xZn0.5xTix Fe12?2xO19 (M-Type Hexagonal Ferrite) -- Laboratory Intercomparison on the Determination of the Fe(II)/Fe(III) Ratio in Glass Using Mössbauer Spectroscopy -- 57Fe Mössbauer Spectroscopic Study on the Assembled Iron Complexes -- 155Gd Mössbauer Isomer Shifts and Quadrupole Coupling Constants of Gadolinium Complexes -- Mössbauer Spectroscopy in the Characterisation of Polymetallic Cluster Compounds: a Triple Mössbauer Study of (PPh4)[Fe2Ir2(CO)12{?3-Au(PPh3)}] -- The Nonanuclear [Mo(IV){(CN)Fe(III)(3-ethoxysaldptn)}8]Cl4 Complex Compound Exhibits Multiple Spin Transitions Observed by Mössbauer Spectroscopy -- Processes in Geophysics Studied by Mössbauer Spectroscopy -- High Pressure Mössbauer Studies on FCC Fe53Ni47 Alloy -- Mössbauer and XRD Comparative Study of Host Rock and Iron Rich Mineral Samples from Paz del Rio Iron Ore Mineral Mine in Colombia -- Characterization and Thermal Behaviour of Garnets from Almandine-Pyrope Series at 1200°C -- Mössbauer Study of Magnetite Formation by Iron- and Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria -- What Oxidation State of Iron Determines the Amethyst Colour? -- Fe-Hydroxysulphates from Bacterial Fe2+ Oxidation -- Mössbauer Spectroscopic Study of a Mural Painting from Morgadal Grande, Mexico -- Quantification of Secondary Fe-Phases Formed During Sorption Experiments on Chlorites -- Synthesis by Coprecipitation of Al-Substituted Hydroxysulphate Green Rust Fe4IIFe(2?y)IIIAlyIII(OH)12SO4, nH2O -- Mössbauer Study of Ancient Albanian Ceramics -- Variation of Some Physical Properties of Brownmillerite Doped with a Transition Metal Oxide -- Iron-Containing Adsorbents in Great Nile Sediments -- Fe(II–III) Hydroxysalt Green Rusts from Corrosion to Mineralogy and Abiotic to Biotic Reactions by Mössbauer Spectroscopy -- Identification of Corrosion Products Due to Seawater and Fresh Water -- Atmospheric Corrosion on Steel Studied by Conversion Electron Mössbauer Spectroscopy -- Mössbauer Spectrometry as a Powerful Tool to Study Lithium Reactivity Mechanisms for Battery Electrode Materials -- Arrangements of Interstitial Atoms in fcc Fe-C and Fe-N Solid Solutions -- A Dilute-Limit Heat of Solution of 3d Transition Metals in Iron Studied with 57Fe Mössbauer Spectroscopy -- Distribution of N Atoms in the fcc Fe-N Interstitial Solid Solution -- Distribution of Mn Atoms in a Substitutional bcc-FeMn Solid Solution -- Effect of Sulfur Addition on the Redox State of Iron in Iron Phosphate Glasses -- Structural and Electronic Features of Sb-Based Electrode Materials: 121Sb Mössbauer Spectrometry -- Study of Disordered Fe2Cr(1?x)MnxAl Alloys -- Mössbauer and X-ray Study of Fe1?xAlx, 0.2 ? x ? 0.5, Samples Produced by Mechanical Alloying -- Investigation of Steel Surfaces Treated by a Hybrid Ion Implantation Technique -- Ferromagnetic Planar Nanocomposites -- Surface and Interface Investigations by Nuclear Resonant Scattering with Standing Waves -- Nuclear Resonant Reflectivity Investigations of a Thin Magnetic 57Fe Layer Adjacent to a Superconducting V Layer -- CEMS Investigations of Swift Heavy Ion Irradiation Effects in Tb/Fe Multilayers -- Thermally Induced Processes of Intermetalloid Phase Formation in Laminar Systems Fe-Sn -- DCEMS Study of Thin Oxide Layers and Interface of Stainless Steel Films Deposited by Sputtering Austenitic AISI304 -- CEMS Study on Fe Films Deposited by Laser Ablation -- The Investigation of the Magnetic Properties of Metallic Multilayers by Angle Dependent Mössbauer Spectroscopy -- Concluding Remarks -- Author Index ISBN: 9781402028526 Series: eBooks Series: SpringerLink (Online service) Series: Springer eBooks Keywords: Physics , Solid state physics , Surfaces (Physics) , Interfaces (Physical sciences) , Thin films , Spectroscopy , Microscopy , Physics , Solid State Physics , Spectroscopy and Microscopy , Surface and Interface Science, Thin Films , Physics, general Availability: Click here to see Library holdings or inquire at Circ Desk (x3401) Click to reserve this book Be sure to include your ID please. 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Call number: SPRINGER-2003-9789401732727:ONLINE Show nearby items on shelf Title: The Cosmology of Extra Dimensions and Varying Fundamental Constants A JENAM 2002 Workshop Porto, Portugal 3–5 September 2002 Author(s): Date: 2003 Size: 1 online resource (252 p.) Note: 10.1007/978-94-017-3272-7 Contents: The cosmology of extra dimensions and varying fundamental constants -- String theory, cosmology and varying constants -- Cosmological parameters from Cosmic Microwave Background anisotropies: Status and prospects -- Cosmology in a brane-universe -- Brane world effective action at low energies -- Varying fundamental constants from a string-inspired brane world model -- Cosmology ‘without’ constants -- Variable speed of light theories -- Varying fundamental constants: A dynamical systems approach -- A resolution of the cosmological singularity in string theory -- The global structure of the colliding bubble braneworld universe -- The value of ?0 in a colliding bubble universe -- Inhomogeneous dark radiation dynamics on a de Sitter brane -- The confrontation between general relativity and experiment -- The implications of experimental uncertainties in Newton’s constant on the standard evolution of the Sun -- Varying fine-structure constant and the cosmological constant problem -- Does the fine structure constant vary? A third quasar absorption sample consistent with varying ? -- Does the fine structure constant vary? A detailed investigation into systematic effects -- Does the proton-to-electron mass ratio ? = mp/me vary in the course of cosmological evolution? -- Measuring ? in the early universe -- Constraining theoretical models with astronomical and geophysical bounds -- White dwarf constraints on exotic physics -- Possible evidence of time variation of weak interaction constant from double beta decay experiments -- Varying constants, nuclear physics and unification -- Cosmological perturbations of an expanding brane in an antide Sitter bulk: A short review -- Varying constants in brane world scenarios -- Cosmological tensor perturbations in brane world models -- Holographic view of cosmological perturbations -- Constants and variations: From alpha to omega -- A qualitative analysis of the attractor mechanism of general relativity -- Non-Abelian brane cosmology -- Chaos and brane-worlds -- Multidimensional cosmology and asymptotical AdS -- Black hole solutions in braneworlds with induced gravity ISBN: 9789401732727 Series: eBooks Series: SpringerLink (Online service) Series: Springer eBooks Keywords: Physics , Gravitation , Observations, Astronomical , Astronomy , Astrophysics , Nuclear physics , Heavy ions , Hadrons , Elementary particles (Physics) , Quantum field theory , Physics , Classical and Quantum Gravitation, Relativity Theory , Theoretical, Mathematical and Computational Physics , Elementary Particles, Quantum Field Theory , Nuclear Physics, Heavy Ions, Hadrons , Astrophysics and Astroparticles , Astronomy, Observations and Techniques Availability: Click here to see Library holdings or inquire at Circ Desk (x3401) Click to reserve this book Be sure to include your ID please. More info: Amazon.com More info: Barnes and Noble Full Text: Click here Location: ONLINE
Call number: SPRINGER-2003-9789401000765:ONLINE Show nearby items on shelf Title: Techniques and Concepts of High-Energy Physics XII Author(s): Date: 2003 Size: 1 online resource (383 p.) Note: 10.1007/978-94-010-0076-5 Contents: THE STANDARD MODEL AND THE TOP QUARK -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Standard Model -- 3 Virtual Top Quark -- 4 Top Strong Interactions -- 5 Top Weak Interactions -- NEUTRINO PHYSICS -- 1 Lecture 1: Neutrino Masses -- 2 Lecture 2: Neutrino Oscillations -- 3 Lecture 3: Solar and Atmospheric Neutrinos -- THE SUPERSYMMETRIC UNIVERSE -- 1 Getting Motivated -- 2 Simple Models -- 3 Towards Realistic Models -- 4 Phenomenology -- 5 Lepton Flavour Violation -- 6 Concluding Remarks -- WEIGHING THE UNIVERSE -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Dark Matter -- COSMOLOGY, INFLATION AND THE PHYSICS OF NOTHING -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Resurrecting Einstein’s greatest blunder -- 3 The Cosmic Microwave Background -- 4 Inflation -- 5 Looking for signs of quantum gravity in inflation -- 6 Conclusion -- SILICON DETECTORS -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Silicon Strip Detector Principles of Operation -- 3 Silicon Strip Detector Performance -- 4 Radiation Damage to Silicon Devices -- 5 Silicon Sensor Fabrication -- 6 Construction of Detector Modules -- 7 Front-end Electronics -- 8 Silicon Detectors in Experiments -- 9 Other Types of Silicon Detector -- 10 Conclusions -- GASEOUS DETECTORS: THEN AND NOW -- 1 Introduction and Historical Overview -- 2 Single Wire Proportional Chamber (SWPC) -- 3 Multiwire Proportional Chambers -- 4 Drift and Diffusion of Charges in Gases Under the Influence of and Electric Field -- 5 Large Volume Tracking -- 6 Limitations in Wire Chambers and Future Perspectives -- NUCLEI AT THE BORDERLINE OF THEIR EXISTENCE -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Nuclear Shells and the Stability of Heavy Elements -- 3 Reactions of Synthesis -- 4 Strategies of Experiments and Experimental Equipment -- 5 Experiments Devoted to the Synthesis of Superheavy Nuclei 48Ca + 244Pu Reaction -- 6 Experiments with the 248Cm-target. Synthesis of Element 116 -- 7 Even-odd Isotopes. Experiments with 238U and 242Pu -- 8 Comparison with Theoretical Predictions 369 -- 9 Consequences and Prospects -- PARTICIPANTS ISBN: 9789401000765 Series: eBooks Series: SpringerLink (Online service) Series: Springer eBooks Series: NATO Science Series, Series II: Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry: 123 Keywords: Physics , Nuclear physics , Heavy ions , Hadrons , Elementary particles (Physics) , Quantum field theory , Physics , Nuclear Physics, Heavy Ions, Hadrons , Elementary Particles, Quantum Field Theory , Theoretical, Mathematical and Computational Physics Availability: Click here to see Library holdings or inquire at Circ Desk (x3401) Click to reserve this book Be sure to include your ID please. More info: Amazon.com More info: Barnes and Noble Full Text: Click here Location: ONLINE
Call number: SPRINGER-2001-9789401005227:ONLINE Show nearby items on shelf Title: Techniques and Concepts of High-Energy Physics Author(s): Date: 2001 Size: 1 online resource (411 p.) Note: 10.1007/978-94-010-0522-7 Contents: 1 The Standard Model: 30 Years of Glory -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 QCD -- 1.3 Weak interaction and quark and lepton families -- 1.4 LEP and SLC: The ideal machines for Standard Model studies -- 1.5 Conclusion -- 2 Bremsstrahlung -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Small coupling, large logarithms and evolution -- 2.3 Bremsstrahlung, coherence, conservation of current -- 2.4 Back to QCD 80 -- 3 Baryon Asymmetry of the Universe -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Non-conservation of baryon number -- 3.3 Hot Big Bang -- 3.4 Grand unified baryogenesis -- 3.5 Leptogenesis -- 3.6 Electroweak baryogenesis -- 3.7 Conclusions -- 4 Introduction to Superstring Theory -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Lecture 1: Overview and Motivation -- 4.3 Lecture 2: String Theory Basics -- 4.4 Lecture 3: Superstrings -- 4.5 Lecture 4: From Super strings to M Theory -- 5 Neutrino Mass and Oscillations -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Neutrinos in the Standard Model -- 5.3 Direct Measurements of Neutrino Mass -- 5.4 Motivating Neutrino Mass and Sterile Neutrinos in the Theory -- 5.5 Neutrino Oscillation Formalism -- 5.6 Experimental Signals for Oscillations -- 5.7 Experiments Which Set Limits on Oscillations -- 5.8 Theoretical Interpretation of the Data -- 5.9 The Future (Near and Far) -- 5.10 Conclusions -- 6 New Developments in Charged Particle Tracking -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Experimental Environment - New Challenges -- 6.3 Charged Particle Tracking with Gaseous Detectors -- 6.4 Charged Particle Tracking with Semiconductor Detectors -- 6.5 Radiation Damage Issues - (a) Gaseous Detectors -- 6.6 Radiation Damage Issues - (b) Silicon Detectors -- 6.7 New Tracking Systems - Selected Example -- 6.8 Summary -- 7 Issues in Calorimetry -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Physics of electromagnetic showers -- 7.3 Energy resolution of electromagnetic calorimeters -- 7.4 Physics of hadronic showers -- 7.5 Energy resolution of hadronic calorimeters -- 7.6 Calorimeter performance requirements -- 7.7 Main calorimeter techniques -- 7.8 Calorimeter calibration -- 7.9 Calorimeter integration in an experiment -- 7.10 Conclusions -- 8 An Update on the Properties of the Top Quark -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 More on mass and cross section -- 8.3 Search for decay of top into a charged Higgs -- 8.4 Helicity of the W and spin correlations in top decays -- 8.5 Conclusion -- 9 Accelerator Physics and Circular Colliders -- 9.1 Accelerator Physics Concepts -- 9.2 Present Day Circular Colliders -- 9.3 Future Circular Colliders -- 10 Workshop on Confidence Limits -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Goal of Workshop -- 10.3 Main Issues -- 10.4 Conclusions -- Participants ISBN: 9789401005227 Series: eBooks Series: SpringerLink (Online service) Series: Springer eBooks Series: NATO Science Series, Series C: Mathematical and Physical Sciences: 566 Keywords: Physics , Nuclear physics , Heavy ions , Hadrons , Elementary particles (Physics) , Quantum field theory , Atoms , Physics , Atomic, Molecular, Optical and Plasma Physics , Nuclear Physics, Heavy Ions, Hadrons , Elementary Particles, Quantum Field Theory Availability: Click here to see Library holdings or inquire at Circ Desk (x3401) Click to reserve this book Be sure to include your ID please. More info: Amazon.com More info: Barnes and Noble Full Text: Click here Location: ONLINE
Call number: SPRINGER-2001-9783662045879:ONLINE Show nearby items on shelf Title: Sources and Detection of Dark Matter and Dark Energy in the Universe Fourth International Symposium Held at Marina del Rey, CA, USA February 23–25, 2000 Author(s): Date: 2001 Size: 1 online resource (544 p.) Note: 10.1007/978-3-662-04587-9 Contents: I Overview of Cosmological Parameters and Concept -- Cosmological Parameters -- The Cosmological Constant Problems -- The Cosmological Constant from the Viewpoint of String Theory -- The Dark Matter Telescope -- II The Cosmological Constant Evidence -- Dust Versus Supernova Cosmology -- Measurement of the Cosmological Constant from Galactic Velocity Rotation Data -- An Introduction to Quintessence -- Is the ACDM Model Consistent with Observations of Large-Scale Structure? -- Light Scalars in Cosmology -- III Precision Cosmology Measurements -- Optimal Supernova Search Strategies -- The Second Peak: The Dark-Energy Density and the Cosmic Microwave Background -- Latest Cosmological Constraints on the Densities of Hot and Cold Dark Matter -- Prospects for MAP & PLANCK -- Studying Dark Matter with ACBAR on Viper -- Resonant Photon—Graviton Conversion as a Probe into Inflationary Universe -- IV Baryonic Dark Matter -- Death of Stellar Baryonic Dark Matter -- EROS Microlensing Results: Not Enough Machos in the Galactic Halo -- Neutralino Dark Matter Versus Galaxy Formation -- Cosmological Relativity: A General-Relativistic Theory for the Accelerating Expanding Universe -- V Theory of Dark Matter Processes -- Relic Neutralinos and Dark Matter -- CP Violation and Dark Matter -- Mirror Dark Matter -- Neutralino Proton Cross Sections for Dark Matter in SUGRA and D-BRANE Models -- Antimatter from Supersymmetric Dark Matter -- Relic Abundances and the Boltzmann Equation -- Supersymmetry, Q-Balls, and Dark Matter -- SIMP (Strongly Interacting Massive Particle) Search -- Self-Interacting Dark Matter -- Prediction of ?M and Estimate of ?? -- Accurate Dark Matter Theory and Exact Solutions -- VI Possible Evidence for Dark Matter Particles -- Recent DAMA Results -- Annual Signal Modulation to Search for WIMPs and Direct Searching -- Recent Results from the Cryogenic Dark Matter Search for Weakly Interacting Massive Particles -- Pulse Shape Discrimination and Dark Matter Search with NaI (Tl) Scintillator at the Laboratoire Souterrain de Modane -- Interpretation of the Anomalous NaI Events -- Combining Information from Direct and Indirect Searches for WIMPs -- VII Search for Dark Matter Particles Around the World -- Progress on the Boulby Mine Dark Matter Experiments -- Status of the EDELWEISS Experiment -- Status of Dark Matter Search with the HDMS Experiment and the GENINO Project -- The CRESST Dark Matter Search -- Dark Matter Experiments in the Canfranc Underground Laboratory -- Dark Matter Results in the MIBETA Experiment -- Search for Dark Matter WIMPs Using Upward-Going Muons in Super-Kamiokande -- Search for SUSY Dark Matter with CMS at LHC -- VIII New Detectors for the Dark Matter Search -- Design of the ZEPLIN II Detector -- Development of a Two-Phase Xenon Discriminating Detector for Use in Dark Matter Searches at the Boulby Underground Laboratory -- A Project of a New Detector for Direct Dark Matter Search: MACHe3 -- Status and Prospects for SIMPLE -- Measurement of Scintillation Amplification in a Xenon Detector with a CsI-Luminescence Plate -- Hot and Cold Dark Matter Search with GENIUS -- IX Hot Dark Matter -- Large Extra Dimensions and Hot Dark Matter -- Detecting Ultra High Energy Neutrinos by Upward Tau Airshowers and Gamma Flashes -- Super-Kamiokande 0.07 eV Neutrinos in Cosmology: Hot Dark Matter and the Highest Energy Cosmic Rays -- Future Neutrino Astrophysics Projects at the UK Boulby Mine -- Symposium Agenda ISBN: 9783662045879 Series: eBooks Series: SpringerLink (Online service) Series: Springer eBooks Keywords: Physics , Gravitation , Observations, Astronomical , Astronomy , Astrophysics , Space sciences , Cosmology , Nuclear physics , Physics , Cosmology , Extraterrestrial Physics, Space Sciences , Astrophysics and Astroparticles , Astronomy, Observations and Techniques , Classical and Quantum Gravitation, Relativity Theory , Particle and Nuclear Physics Availability: Click here to see Library holdings or inquire at Circ Desk (x3401) Click to reserve this book Be sure to include your ID please. More info: Amazon.com More info: Barnes and Noble Full Text: Click here Location: ONLINE
Call number: SPRINGER-2001-9783642566431:ONLINE Show nearby items on shelf Title: Dark Matter in Astro- and Particle Physics Proceedings of the International Conference DARK 2000 Heidelberg, Germany, 10–14 July 2000 Author(s): Date: 2001 Size: 1 online resource (740 p.) Note: 10.1007/978-3-642-56643-1 Contents: I Astronomical Evidence for Dark Matter -- Large-Scale Structure and Dark Matter Problem -- The Distribution of Dark Matter in Galaxies: Constant-Density Dark Halos Envelop the Stellar Disks -- The Amount of Dark Matter in Spiral Galaxies -- Measuring Stellar and Dark Mass Fractions in Spiral Galaxies -- Dark Matter Caustics -- Constraints on White Dwarfs as Galactic Halo Dark Matter -- Contribution to Dark Matter from Extragalactic Dust -- Astrophysical Axion Bounds -- The Sloan Digital Sky Survey at the Millennium -- X-Ray Measurements of the Dark Matter Content of Galaxy Clusters -- Can Dark Matter See Itself? -- Self-Interacting Cold Dark Matter Halos -- II Cosmology and the Early Universe -- Evidence for Dark Energy from a Study of Type la Supernovae -- On the Mystery of the Cosmic Vacuum Energy Density -- Can Quintessence Be Natural? -- Preheating, Thermilaziation and Supergravity -- Dark Energy in Extra Dimensions and String Theory: Consistency Conditions -- Models of Inflation, Supersymmetry Breaking and Observational Constraints -- Big Bang Nucleosynthesis and Related Observations -- Big Bang Nucleosynthesis in the Precision Era -- III Beyond the Standard Model -- Testing a (Stringy) Model of Quantum Gravity -- Particles in the Bulk: A Higher-Dimensional Approach to Neutrino and Axion Phenomenology -- Dark Matter in Supergravity -- Dark Matter in SUSY -- Collider Signatures of Sneutrino Cold Dark Matter -- Searching for Supersymmetric Dark Matter — the Directional Rate for Caustic Rings -- Primordial Black Holes as Dark Matter -- Formation of Primordial Black Holes by Multi-Winding String Collapse -- Baryonic Q-Balls as Dark Matter -- Gluino Axion -- IV Gravitational Lensing and Baryonic Dark Matter -- Gravitational Lensing and Dark Matter -- The MACHO Project 5.7 Year LMC Results -- Are There MACHOs in Our Galactic Halo? -- What Are MACHOs? Interpreting LMC Microlensing -- Microlensing by Non-Compact Astronomical Objects: Theory and Possible Interpretation of Observational Data -- V Hot Dark Matter — Neutrino Masses: Phenomenology and Experiments -- Neutrino Physics: Status and Prospect -- Degenerate and Other Neutrino Mass Scenarios and Dark Matter -- Neutrinoless Double Beta Decay Potential in a Large Mixing Angle World -- The Weight of Neutrinos and Related Questions -- Neutrino Masses and Leptogenesis from R Parity Violation -- Shadows of Relic Neutrino Masses and Spectra on Highest Energy GZK Cosmic Rays -- Long Baseline Neutrino Oscillation Experiments -- Recent Results from Experiments Using the Super-Kamiokande Detector -- First Neutrino Observations from the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory -- Evidence for Neutrino Oscillations in LSND -- Neutrino Mass from Tritium ?-Decay -- Latest Results from the Heidelberg—Moscow Double-Beta-Decay Experiment -- VI Direct Dark Matter Detection -- Recent Results from the DAMA Experiments for Particle Dark Matter Search -- Results of the Saclay NaI(Tl) WIMP Search Experiment and Comparison with Other NaI(Tl) Experiments -- Status of the HDMS Experiment, the GENIUS Project and the GENIUS-TF -- Results of the Cryogenic Dark Matter Search -- The EDELWEISS Experiment: Status and Outlook -- The CRESST Dark Matter Search -- Current Status of the DRIFT Project and UKDMC Dark Matter Search -- The Status of SIMPLE-2000 -- The PICASSO Project, Present Status and Future Developements -- The LiF Dark Matter Experiment at Kamioka Mine -- ZEPLIN II and Amplification of Primary Scintillation -- Lower Limit on the Mass of the Neutralino (LSP) at LEP with the ALEPH Detector -- The U.S. Large-Scale Dark Matter Axion Search -- The Rydberg-Atom-Cavity Axion Search -- VII Indirect Dark Matter Searches -- Indirect Method of Cold Dark Matter Search -- Neutrino Oscillation Effects in Indirect Detection of Dark Matter -- Higgs Bosons and the Indirect Search for WIMPs -- Ultra High Energy Neutrinos by Tau Airshowers -- Neutrino Astronomy and Indirect Search for WIMPs -- Status of the Neutrino Telescope AMANDA: Monopoles and WIMPS -- The BAIKAL Neutrino Project: Status Report -- VIII Concluding Remarks -- Concluding Remarks for Dark 2000 -- List of Participants -- Author Index ISBN: 9783642566431 Series: eBooks Series: SpringerLink (Online service) Series: Springer eBooks Keywords: Physics , Gravitation , Astrophysics , Nuclear physics , Physics , Astrophysics and Astroparticles , Classical and Quantum Gravitation, Relativity Theory , Particle and Nuclear Physics Availability: Click here to see Library holdings or inquire at Circ Desk (x3401) Click to reserve this book Be sure to include your ID please. 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Call number: SPRINGER-2001-9781461513117:ONLINE Show nearby items on shelf Title: Many-Particle Spectroscopy of Atoms, Molecules, Clusters, and Surfaces Author(s): Date: 2001 Size: 1 online resource (518 p.) Note: 10.1007/978-1-4615-1311-7 Contents: 1. Experimental study of interferences in non-coplanar (e,2e) cross sections -- 2. Ionization of laser oriented sodium atoms by polarized electrons -- 3. Time-dependent calculation of electron-hydrogen single differential ionization cross sections using pseudostates -- 4. (e,2e) processes on isoelectronic hydrogen- and alkali-like ions: Scaling laws -- 5. Asymptotics of the helium bound states -- 6. An application of the Coulomb scattering theory to ionization processes -- 7. Exact versus local exchange in distorted-wave Born calculations of electron impact ionisation -- 8. On the influence of using Dirac-Fock rather than density functional Potentials in the relativistic DWBA approximation -- 9. Effective potential study of (e,2e) processes with polarized electrons -- 10. Low energy (e,2e) ionization of argon in the equal energy sharing geometry -- 11. Low energy inner-valence electron impact ionization of argon -- 12. Electron-electron coincidence studies in Xenon with precisely tailored equipment -- 13. Influence of post collision interaction on the line-shape of auger-electron spectra in electron impact ionisation -- 14. Direct observations of satellite and inner-valence states of Xe2+ -- 15. Spin-Flip transitions for the resonantly excited Xe*(6p3/2)N5O2,3O2,3 Auger spectrum -- 16. Multiple scattering processes in ion atom single ionisation -- 17. Rescattering of an atomic electron in a time-dependent field -- 18. Recent progress in theory of atomic double photoionization -- 19. The double ionisation of helium by both photon and electron impact -- 20. Is the optical limit approached in coplanar (e,3e) experiments on He at high and intermediate energies? -- 21. The role of the momentan transfer in (e,3e) collisions on helium -- 22. Electron-impact double ionization to investigate electron correlation -- 23. (e,3e) as a two-step process -- 24. (e,3e) processes: A brief theoretical review and new ideas -- 25. On the importance of the second order term for double excitation processes of helium by charged particles -- 26. (PS, E+E-) -- 27. Differential measurements of single and multiple ionisation of argon by positron impact -- 28. A multi-technique investigation of doubly-excited states of N2 -- 29. Fragment ion-photon coincidence (FIPCO) study of dissociative ionization accompanying light emission by electron impact on hydrocarbon molecules -- 30. An electron momentan spectroscopy study on molecules having two equivalent functional groups -- 31. Study of multicapture cross sections using multicoincidence technique in Xe30+ on C60 collisions -- 32. On the role of screening in metallic clusters -- 33. Assorted remarks on density functional theory -- 34. (e,2e) studies of Condensed matter: A review of recent results -- 35. Theory of electron- and photon-induced two-electron emission from surfaces -- 36. (e,2e) spectroscopy of high-Tc cuprate oxides -- 37. Double-electron photoemission from surfaces -- 38. The electronic structure of Ag/Cu(100) and Pd/Cu(100) surface alloys studied by Auger-photoelectron coincidence spectroscopy -- 39. The effect of confinement in double photoemission -- 40. Semiclassical study of the rydberg atoms near a metal surface ISBN: 9781461513117 Series: eBooks Series: SpringerLink (Online service) Series: Springer eBooks Keywords: Physics , Physical chemistry , Optics , Electrodynamics , Nuclear physics , Heavy ions , Hadrons , Atoms , Atomic structure , Molecular structure , Spectra , Solid state physics , Physics , Atomic, Molecular, Optical and Plasma Physics , Optics and Electrodynamics , Atomic/Molecular Structure and Spectra , Nuclear Physics, Heavy Ions, Hadrons , Physical Chemistry , Solid State Physics Availability: Click here to see Library holdings or inquire at Circ Desk (x3401) Click to reserve this book Be sure to include your ID please. More info: Amazon.com More info: Barnes and Noble Full Text: Click here Location: ONLINE
Call number: SPRINGER-1999-9783709168004:ONLINE Show nearby items on shelf Title: N* Physics and Nonperturbative Quantum Chromodynamics Proceedings of the Joint ECT*/JLAB Workshop, Trento, Italy, May 18–29, 1998 Author(s): Date: 1999 Size: 1 online resource (375 p.) Note: 10.1007/978-3-7091-6800-4 Contents: Electromagnetic Excitation of Baryon Resonances and the CLAS N* Program -- Perturbative QCD Applied to Baryons -- Boson and Gluon Exchange and the Quark-Quark Interaction -- Semirelativistic Constituent-Quark Model with Goldstone-Boson-Exchange Hyperfme Interactions -- Hadronic Decays of Baryon Resonances in the Goldstone-Boson-Exchange Constituent Quark Model -- Multiquark States in a Goldstone Boson Exchange Model -- Hypercentral Constituent Quark Model -- The Nucleon Wave Function in Light-Front Dynamics -- Lorentz Covariant Spin-Grouping of Baryon Resonances -- Baryon Properties in Soliton Models -- QCD Sum Rules and Soft-Hard Interplay for Hadronic Form Factors -- Light-Baryon Spectroscopy and the Electromagnetic Form Factors in the Quark Model -- Charge-Current Operators Consistent with a Semi-relativistic Hamiltonian -- NN and N? Form Factors Viewed from ChPT -- Missing Baryons -- Amplitude Analysis -- Baryon Resonance Spectrum, Error Analysis, Background Effects -- Coupled-Channel Analysis of N* Photoproduction -- Parity-Violating ?(1232) Electroweak Production: Axial Structure and New Physics -- Nucleon Axial Matrix Elements -- Electroproduction of the ?(1232) and S11(1535) Resonances at High Momentum Transfer -- Axial Vector Form Factor GAN? for the N? ?(1232) Transition -- Exchange Currents and Nucleon Deformation -- The N-?(1232) Electromagnetic Transition -- Multipole Analyses for p(?, ?) and p(?, ?) in the Region of the P33 ? Resonance -- Theories of Electromagnetic Productions of Pions -- Single Pion Electroproduction in the ? (1232) Resonance from CLAS Data at Jefferson Lab -- Pion Photo- and Electroproduction on the Proton -- Photoabsorption on Bound Nucleons in the Resonance Region -- The Gerasimov-Drell-Hearn Sum Rule - Experimental Aspects -- Dispersion Approach to Pion Photoproduction and GDH Sum Rule -- DIS contribution to the GDH Sum Rule -- ? Meson Photoproduction -- The Role of N*(1520) Resonance in Eta Photoproduction in the Light of New Polarization Data -- Beam Polarisation Asymmetries in Meson Photoproduction at Graal -- ? Physics and Multi-Resonance Coupled-Channel Analysis -- K Meson Photo- and Electro- Production with CLAS at Jefferson Lab -- Study of the Strange Hadrons Electromagnetic Form Factors via the Process ep ? e’K+? -- Effective Lagrangian Study of the ?p -> K+? (Spin 3/2 Resonances and Their Off-Shell Effects) -- SU(3) Chiral Dynamics with Coupled Channels: Eta and Kaon Production -- The Diquark Model for Exclusive Reactions -- Single Meson Photoproduction via Higher Twist Mechanism and IR Renormalons -- Double Pion Production Experiments -- Double Pion Production Reactions -- Baryon Resonances in the Double Pion Channel at Jefferson Lab (CEBAF): Experimental and Physical Analysis Status and Perspectives -- Description of Two-Pion Production on Proton by Real and Virtual Photons in N* Excitation Region -- Vector Meson Production -- Spin Information from Vector-Meson Decay in Photoproduction -- Real and Virtual Compton Scattering (experiments) -- Virtual Compton Scattering — Generalized Polarizabilities of Nucleons and Pions -- Dispersion Theoretical Analysis of the Nucléon Spin Polarizabilities -- The Spin of the Nucleon -- Nucleon Structure Functions and Light-Front Dynamics -- Nucleon Structure Functions in a Constituent Quark Scenario -- Strangeness and Charm Production with HERMES -- Questions on the Quark Model: Panel Discussion -- List of Participants -- Author Index ISBN: 9783709168004 Series: eBooks Series: SpringerLink (Online service) Series: Springer eBooks Series: Few-Body Systems, Supplement 11: 11 Keywords: Physics , Nuclear physics , Heavy ions , Hadrons , Elementary particles (Physics) , Quantum field theory , Nuclear fusion , Physics , Nuclear Physics, Heavy Ions, Hadrons , Nuclear Fusion , Elementary Particles, Quantum Field Theory Availability: Click here to see Library holdings or inquire at Circ Desk (x3401) Click to reserve this book Be sure to include your ID please. More info: Amazon.com More info: Barnes and Noble Full Text: Click here Location: ONLINE
Call number: SPRINGER-1999-9781461548775:ONLINE Show nearby items on shelf Title: The Roots of Things Topics in Quantum Mechanics Author(s): Alan A Grometstein Date: 1999 Size: 1 online resource (576 p.) Note: 10.1007/978-1-4615-4877-5 Contents: 1 Themes -- Appendix DIR Paul Dirac -- 2 O Light Divine -- Appendix FOU Fourier Analysis -- Appendix FRE Frequency -- Appendix MEC Mechanism -- 3 The Young Experiment (1801) -- Appendix GED Gedanken Experiments -- 4 A Whiff of Ether (1887) -- Appendix ABE Aberration -- Appendix RIT Ritz Stars -- Appendix PDX Paradox and Antinomy -- 5 Prof. Planck Is Desperate (1901) -- Appendix PLA Max Planck -- Appendix STA Standing Waves -- 6 The Photoelectric Effect (1902) -- 7 Dr. Einstein’s Light Arrows (1905) -- 8 Young Revisited (1909) -- 9 The Nuclear Atom (1904-1912) -- Appendix SPH Spheres -- 10 Bohr’s Atom (1913-1925) -- Appendix ACC Accelerated Charges -- 11 Compton’s Shift (1923) -- 12 A Princely Postulate (1924) -- Appendix ENE Energy of an Electron -- 13 Realism and Other Isms -- 14 Inventing the Wave Equation (1926) -- Appendix WEL Well-Behaved Waves -- Appendix CMP Completeness -- 15 Collapsing the Wave -- Appendix HEI Werner Heisenberg -- Appendix COM Commutativity -- 16 Copenhagen Takes Over (1925¡ª?) -- Appendix BOH Niels Bohr -- 17 EPR (1935) and EPR-B -- Appendix LIT Lightcones -- Appendix PAU Wolfgang Pauli -- 18 Bell’s Thunderbolt (1964) -- 19 The Toll of Bell -- Appendix SCH Schrödinger’s Cat -- Appendix TIM Troublesome Time -- 20 Envoi -- References -- Name Index ISBN: 9781461548775 Series: eBooks Series: SpringerLink (Online service) Series: Springer eBooks Keywords: Mathematics , History , Philosophy and science , Applied mathematics , Engineering mathematics , Physics , Elementary particles (Physics) , Quantum field theory , Mathematics , Applications of Mathematics , Elementary Particles, Quantum Field Theory , Theoretical, Mathematical and Computational Physics , History, general , Philosophy of Science Availability: Click here to see Library holdings or inquire at Circ Desk (x3401) Click to reserve this book Be sure to include your ID please. More info: Amazon.com More info: Barnes and Noble Full Text: Click here Location: ONLINE
Call number: SPRINGER-1999-9781461548393:ONLINE Show nearby items on shelf Title: Impact Spectropolarimetric Sensing Author(s): S. A Kazantsev Date: 1999 Size: 1 online resource (361 p.) Note: 10.1007/978-1-4615-4839-3 Contents: 1. Physical Introduction: Concepts, Phenomenology, Retrospectives, Applications -- 1.1. Polarization of Atomic Ensembles in Ionized Media -- 1.2. Polarization of Solar Flare Emission -- 1.3. Impact Polarization -- 1.4. Gas Discharge Studies -- 1.5. Collisional Kinetics of Polarization -- 1.6. Spectropolarimetric Sensing -- 1.7. Polarization Effects in the Earth Atmosphere -- 2. Polarization of a Photon Beam -- 2.1. Introduction -- 2.2. Wave Function of a Photon -- 2.3. Momentum, Spin, and Parity of a Photon -- 2.4. Rotation Matrix -- 2.5. Spinors -- 2.6. Relationship between the Polarization Direction and Characteristics of a Photon -- 2.7. Relationship between Stokes Parameters and the Characteristics of an Optical Field -- 2.8. Concluding Remarks -- 3. Theory of Collisional Spectropolarimetric Effects -- 3.1. Introduction -- 3.2. Density Matrix of an Atomic Ensemble -- 3.3. Polarization Density Matrix -- 3.4. Polarization Moments of the Density Matrix -- 3.5. Physical Meaning of Polarization Moments -- 3.6. Polarization Moments and Spectral Characteristics of an Atomic Ensemble -- 3.7. Density Matrix Relaxation Theory -- 3.8. Collisional Evolution of Polarization Moments -- 3.9. Interaction with an Electromagnetic Field -- 3.10. Impact Alignment Cross Section -- 3.11. Anisotropic Collisional Relaxation of Excited Hydrogen Atoms -- 3.12. Spectropolarimetric Effects for Angular Correlation Experiments -- 3.13. Concluding Remarks -- 4. Fast Particle Collision with a Heavy Atomic Target -- 4.1. Introduction -- 4.2. Born Expansion of the Scattering Amplitude -- 4.3. The Glauber Approximation -- 4.4. The System of Impact Parameter Equations -- 4.5. Concluding Remarks -- 5. Theory of Anisotropic Collisional Relaxation -- 5.1. Introduction -- 5.2. Symmetry of the Collisional Relaxation Cross Section Matrix -- 5.3. Rate Constants of Collisional Relaxation in Case of Partial Anisotropy -- 5.4. Distribution Functions of Relative Velocities -- 5.5. Collisional Relaxation of Polarization Moments under Intermultiplet Mixing -- 5.6. Anisotropie Collisional Alignment of a Narrow Multiplet -- 5.7. Anisotropie Relaxation and Polarization of Light -- 5.8. Depolarizing Collisions with Charged Particles -- 5.9. Concluding Remarks -- 6. Theory of Charge Exchange Polarization -- 6.1. Introduction -- 6.2. Theory of an Electron in the Field of Two Coulomb Centers -- 6.3. Distorted Wave Approximation Theory -- 6.4. Pseudolevel Technique for Computing the Polarization of Ions -- 6.5. Concluding Remarks -- 7. Spectropolarimeters for Solar Problems -- 7.1. Introduction -- 7.2. Spectropolarimetric Techniques of Meudon Observatory (France) -- 7.3. Polarimetric Observations in the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory (Ukraine) -- 7.4. The Spectropolarimeter of the Institute of Solar and Terrestrial Physics (Irkutsk, Russia) -- 7.5. Solar Spectropolarimeter of Sacramento Peak Observatory (USA) -- 7.6. Concluding Remarks -- 8. Solar Flare Observations at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory (Ukraine) -- 8.1. Introduction -- 8.2. Technique of Observation and Data Processing -- 8.3. Degree of Polarization along the Hydrogen H? Line -- 8.4. Spatial Distribution of the Degree of Polarization -- 8.5. Orientation of the Polarization Plane -- 8.6. Concluding Remarks -- 9. Observations of Polarization Effects at the Irkutsk Institute of Solar and Terrestrial Physics (Russia) -- 9.1. Introduction -- 9.2. Spectropolarimetric Parameters of H? and H? Lines for the Flare on 15.09.1981 -- 9.3. Spectropolarimetric Parameters of the Active Region 5669 (SGD) on 07.09.1989 -- 9.4. Detection of the Linear Polarization of the Flare on 16.05.1991 -- 9.5. Concluding Remarks -- 10. Solar Flare Observations at Meudon Observatory (France) -- 10.1. Introduction -- 10.2. Linear Polarization of Emission of the Flare on 17.05.1980 -- 10.3. Spectropolarimetric Effects of the Flare on 15.07.1980 -- 10.4. Spectropolarimetric Features of Three Flares on 11.07.1982 -- 10.5. Polarization Effects of the Emission of Two Flares on 17.07.1982 -- 10.6. Concluding Remarks -- 11. Spectropolarimetric Measurements of Mustaches -- 11.1. Introduction -- 11.2. Polarization of Emission of Mustaches near the Solar Limb -- 11.3. Spectropolarimetric Measurements of Mustaches with an H? Filter -- 11.4. Improved Spectropolarimetric Observations of Mustaches on 14.11.1985 -- 11.5. Observations of Mustaches at Baikal Astrophysical Observatory -- 11.6. Observations of Mustaches at Sacramento Peak Observatory -- 11.7. Concluding Remarks -- 12. Methodology of Impact Spectropolarimetric Sensing -- 12.1. Introduction -- 12.2. Spectropolarimetric Sensing Using Ground-Based Observations -- 12.3. Role of the Solar Magnetic Field -- 12.4. Linear Polarization of H? and H? Hydrogen Lines in the Born Approximation -- 12.5. Linear Polarization of the H? Hydrogen Line in the Glauber Approximation -- 12.6. Linear Polarization of H? and H? Hydrogen Lines by the Impact Parameter Method -- 12.7. Linear Polarization of the L? Hydrogen Line -- 12.8. Concluding Remarks -- 13. Impact Spectropolarimetric Diagnostics of Nonthermal Phenomena in the Solar Atmosphere -- 13.1. Introduction -- 13.2. Energy Transport into the Chromospheric Region of a Solar Flare -- 13.3. Determination of Proton Energy for the Flare on 16.05.1991 -- 13.4. Impact Spectropolarimetric Sensing for the Flare on 15.09.1981 -- 13.5. Impact Spectropolarimetric Sensing of Mustaches -- 13.6. Concluding Remarks -- 14. Conclusions -- References ISBN: 9781461548393 Series: eBooks Series: SpringerLink (Online service) Series: Springer eBooks Keywords: Physics , Observations, Astronomical , Astronomy , Astrophysics , Nuclear physics , Heavy ions , Hadrons , Atoms , Atomic structure , Molecular structure , Spectra , Physics , Atomic/Molecular Structure and Spectra , Atomic, Molecular, Optical and Plasma Physics , Nuclear Physics, Heavy Ions, Hadrons , Astronomy, Observations and Techniques , Astrophysics and Astroparticles Availability: Click here to see Library holdings or inquire at Circ Desk (x3401) Click to reserve this book Be sure to include your ID please. More info: Amazon.com More info: Barnes and Noble Full Text: Click here Location: ONLINE
Call number: SPRINGER-1998-9783540691037:ONLINE Show nearby items on shelf Title: Chiral Dynamics: Theory and Experiment Proceedings of the Workshop Held in Mainz, Germany, 1–5 September 1997 Author(s): Date: 1998 Size: 1 online resource (394 p.) Note: 10.1007/BFb0104893 Contents: to chiral dynamics: Theory and experiment -- Aspects of chiral dynamics -- Light quark masses and condensates in QCD -- Connections between lattice gauge theory and chiral perturbation theory -- Nucleon-nucleon interaction and isospin violation -- Valence quark model from lattice QCD -- New developments in threshold pion photoproduction and electroproduction -- Experiments on threshold pion photoproduction ?p ? p? 0 -- Experiments on threshold pion electroproduction -- Experiments on the N ? ? transition -- The ?(1232) as an effective degree of freedom in chiral perturbation theory -- SU(3) chiral dynamics with coupled channels: Eta and kaon production -- Status of three-flavor baryon chiral perturbation theory -- Working group on electromagnetic production of goldstone bosons -- Chiral perturbation theory and nucleon polarizabilities -- Experiments on nucleon polarizabilities -- Pion and kaon polarizabilities and radiative transitions -- Working group on hadron polarizabilities and form factors -- Goldstone boson production and decay -- Working group on goldstone boson production and decay -- Pion-pion and pion-nucleon interactions in chiral perturbation theory -- Low energy experiments on ?-? scattering -- Working group on ?? and ?N interactions ISBN: 9783540691037 Series: eBooks Series: SpringerLink (Online service) Series: Springer eBooks Series: Lecture Notes in Physics: 513 Keywords: Physics , Nuclear physics , Heavy ions , Hadrons , Elementary particles (Physics) , Quantum field theory , Nuclear fusion , Physics , Nuclear Physics, Heavy Ions, Hadrons , Nuclear Fusion , Elementary Particles, Quantum Field Theory Availability: Click here to see Library holdings or inquire at Circ Desk (x3401) Click to reserve this book Be sure to include your ID please. More info: Amazon.com More info: Barnes and Noble Full Text: Click here Location: ONLINE
Call number: SPRINGER-1998-9780306470851:ONLINE Show nearby items on shelf Title: Physics of Mass Author(s): Date: 1998 Size: 1 online resource (282 p.) Note: 10.1007/b114980 Contents: Gravitational Mass -- A New Cosmological Parameter Spanning the Microcosm and Macrocosm -- Top Quark and Electroweak Mass -- Anti-De Sitter Black Holes and Their Superpartners in 2+1 Dimensions -- The Case for a Standard Model with Anomalous U(1) -- p-Form Charges and p-Brane Spectra -- Neutrino Masses -- Karmen-Upgrade: Improvement in the Search for Neutrino Oscillations and First Results -- Atmospheric Neutrino Flux Studies with the Super-Kamiokande Detector -- Numerical Field Theory on the Continuum -- Progress on New and Old Ideas -- Leptoquarks Revisited -- The Relation of Spin, Statistics, Locality and TCP -- Testing a CPT- and Lorentz-Violating Extension of the Standard Model -- Tests of CPT and Lorentz Symmetry in Penning-Trap Experiments -- Mass Hierarchy and Flat Directions in String Models -- Measurement of the Mass of the Intermediate Vector Bosons at LEP -- Polarized Parity Violating Electron Scattering on 3He from Low to High Energy -- Gauge Dyonic Strings and Their Global Limit -- Particle Masses -- Quark Mass Hierarchy and Flavor Mixing -- Quark Masses, B-Parameters, and CP Violation Parameters ? and ??/? -- Progress on New and Old Ideas II -- Particles as Bound States in Their Own Potentials -- Enhanced Symmetries and Tensor Theories in Six Dimensions -- Quark Masses in Dual Theories -- The BaBar Experiment at SLAC -- On the Mass of the Kuiper Belt -- Nucleon Stability and Dark Matter Constraints on Susy Unification -- Large N Duality of Yang-Mills Theory on a Torus -- Susy Masses with Non-Universal Soft Breaking ISBN: 9780306470851 Series: eBooks Series: SpringerLink (Online service) Series: Springer eBooks Keywords: Physics , Gravitation , Astrophysics , Cosmology , Nuclear physics , Heavy ions , Hadrons , Atoms , Physics , Cosmology , Classical and Quantum Gravitation, Relativity Theory , Theoretical, Mathematical and Computational Physics , Nuclear Physics, Heavy Ions, Hadrons , Astrophysics and Astroparticles , Atomic, Molecular, Optical and Plasma Physics Availability: Click here to see Library holdings or inquire at Circ Desk (x3401) Click to reserve this book Be sure to include your ID please. More info: Amazon.com More info: Barnes and Noble Full Text: Click here Location: ONLINE
Call number: SPRINGER-1997-9789401158862:ONLINE Show nearby items on shelf Title: New Developments on Fundamental Problems in Quantum Physics Author(s): Date: 1997 Size: 1 online resource (458 p.) Note: 10.1007/978-94-011-5886-2 Contents: 1. The Hidden-Measurement Formalism: Quantum Mechanics as a Consequence of Fluctuations on the Measurement -- 2. A Model with Varying Fluctuations in the Measurement Context -- 3. Short-Time Behavior and Zero Effect in Relativistic Quantum Field Theory -- 4. A Minimal Local Extension of the Quantum Formalism -- 5. Chaos and Decoherence in a Quantum System with a Regular Classical Counterpart -- 6. Quantum Computation -- 7. Superdiffusive Behavior in Weakly Chaotic Systems: A New Avenue to Quantum Macroscopic Manifestations -- 8. A Proof with 18 Vectors of the Bell-Kochen-Specker Theorem -- 9. Temporal Bell Inequalities and the Uncertainty Principle -- 10. Parametric Down-Conversion Experiments in the Wigner Representation -- 11. Negative Entropy in Quantum Information Theory -- 12. Stochastic Approach to the Tunnel Effect -- 13. Classical Physical Entities with a Quantum Description -- 14. Dynamical Effects Generated by the Current Fluctuations in a Long Solenoid -- 15. Coherent States and the Measurement Problem -- 16. Contextualism, Locality, and the No-Go Theorems -- 17. A State-Specific Proof of the Bell-Kochen-Specker Theorem Using Only 5 Propositions -- 18. Properties of a Causal Qauntum Theory in Phase Space -- 19. From Quantum to Classical: the Quantum State Diffusion Model -- 20. Quantum Physics and the Problem of the Ontological Priority Between Continuous Quantity and Discrete Quantity -- 21. Localized and Delocalized States in Pyramidal Molecules -- 22. A Bigger Contradiction Between Quantum Theory and Locality for Two Particles without Inequalities -- 23. Irreversible Quantum Evolution for Unstable Systems in Lax-Phillips Scattering Theory -- 24. Dichotomic Functions and Bell’s Theorems -- 25. Production and Uses of Hyper-Entangled States -- 26. From Newton to Schrödinger and Beyond -- 27. Quenching of Spontaneous Emission via Quantum Interference: Time Evolution -- 28. Quantum Mechanics on Discrete Space and Time -- 29. Symplectic Tomography of Schrödinger Cat States of a Trapped Ion -- 30. Magical Photon or Real Zeropoint? -- 31. Linear and Nonlinear Optical Response of a Dilute Bose Gas in the Condensation Regime -- 32. Quantum Measurement and Practice in Nuclear Physics -- 33. Quantum Predictions without Nonlocal Projections -- 34. The Emergence of Statistical Laws in Quantum Mechanics -- 35. Consistent Histories: A Critique -- 36. Immaterial Interpretation of Quantum Theory in the Context of Quantum Cosmology -- 37. Atom Interferometry for Quantum Gravity? -- 38. Quantum Nonlocality and Inseparability -- 39. Decoherence Limits to Quantum Factoring -- 40. Quantum Engineering with Trapped Ions -- 41. Many-Valued Interpretation of the Logic of Quantum Mechanics -- 42. No Point Particles, Definitely no Waves -- 43. Interference and Violation of Bell’s Inequalities Using Separate Sources -- 44. Bell’s Inequality for a Particle -- 45. Quantum Gravity Corrections for the Initial State of Gravitons -- 46. Quantum Privacy Amplification: A Secure Method for Cryptography -- 47. The Program of Local Hidden Variables -- 48. Noninvariant Velocity of Light and Locally Equivalent Reference Frames -- 49. Quantum Interferometry, Measurement and Objectivity: Some Basic Features Revisited -- 50. Effect of QED Fluctuations on the Dynamics of the Macroscopic Phase -- 51. What When Gleason’s Theorem Fails? -- 52. Quantum Decoherence Induced by Gravitational Fluctuations in the Measurement Apparatus -- 53. Schrödinger Cat States in Quantum Optics -- 54. An Experimental Realization of Bohm’s Spin-1/2 Particle EPR Gedanken Experiment -- 55. What is Achieved by Decoherence? -- Author Index ISBN: 9789401158862 Series: eBooks Series: SpringerLink (Online service) Series: Springer eBooks Series: Fundamental Theories of Physics, An International Book Series on The Fundamental Theories of Physics: Their Clarification, Development and Application : 81 Keywords: Physics , Metaphysics , Quantum physics , Elementary particles (Physics) , Quantum field theory , Atoms , Physics , Elementary Particles, Quantum Field Theory , Atomic, Molecular, Optical and Plasma Physics , Quantum Physics , Metaphysics , Theoretical, Mathematical and Computational Physics Availability: Click here to see Library holdings or inquire at Circ Desk (x3401) Click to reserve this book Be sure to include your ID please. More info: Amazon.com More info: Barnes and Noble Full Text: Click here Location: ONLINE
Call number: SPRINGER-1997-9783642608384:ONLINE Show nearby items on shelf Title: CP Violation Without Strangeness Electric Dipole Moments of Particles, Atoms, and Molecules Author(s): Iosif B Khriplovich Date: 1997 Size: 1 online resource (230 p.) Note: 10.1007/978-3-642-60838-4 Contents: 1. Introduction -- 1.1 Overview of CP Violation Without Strangeness -- 1.2 The Neutron Electric Dipole Moment: Early History -- 1.3 Molecular Electric Dipole Moments and CP Violation -- 1.4 T-Odd Effects Without CP Violation -- 2. Kinematics of Discrete Symmetries -- 2.1 CPT Theorem: Intuitive Approach -- 2.2 T-Even and T-Odd Electromagnetic Multipole Moments -- 2.3 General Structure of Four-Fermion Operators -- 3. General Features of EDM Experiments -- 3.1 Interaction of an EDM with an Electric Field -- 3.2 Ground State Optical Pumping and Detection of Atomic Polarization -- 3.3 Electric Fields and Coherence Times in Various Systems -- 3.4 Magnetic Field Control and Generation -- 3.5 Systematic Effects -- 4. The Search for the Neutron EDM -- 4.1 Properties of the Neutron -- 4.2 Interaction of Neutrons with Matter -- 4.3 Neutron Beam EDM Experiments -- 4.4 Ultracold Neutrons -- 4.5 Neutron EDM Measurements with Stored Ultracold Neutrons -- 4.6 The Future: Superfluid He Neutron EDM with a 3He Comagnetometer -- 4.7 Comparison of Experimental Techniques -- 5. Theoretical Predictions for Neutron and Electron Dipole Moments -- 5.1 The CP-Violating ? Term in Quantum Chromodynamics -- 5.2 Predictions of the Standard Model for Dipole Moments -- 5.3 Spontaneous CP Violation in the Higgs Sector -- 5.4 Phenomenological Approach -- 6. EDM Experiments with Paramagnetic Atoms -- 6.1 The Shielding Problem -- 6.2 Enhancement of the Electron EDM in Paramagnetic Atoms -- 6.3 Overview of Paramagnetic Atom Experiments -- 6.4 The Cs EDM Experiment -- 6.5 The T1 EDM Experiment -- 6.6 Future Prospects for Improving the Electron EDM Limit -- 6.7 EDM Limits of Some Other Elementary Particles -- 7. EDM Experiments with Diamagnetic Atoms -- 7.1 Shielding in the 1S0 System -- 7.2 The 129Xe EDM Experiment -- 7.3 The 199Hg EDM Experiment -- 7.4 3He — 129Xe Comparison -- 8. Atomic Calculations -- 8.1 Wave Function of an Outer Electron at Short Distances -- 8.2 The Electron EDM in Paramagnetic Heavy Atoms -- 8.3 CP-Odd Electron—Nucleon Interaction -- 8.4 Electron EDM in Diamagnetic Atoms -- 8.5 CP-Odd Nuclear Moments -- 9. T Violation in Molecules -- 9.1 Enhancement of an Applied Field by a Polar Molecule -- 9.2 TIF Beam Experiments -- 9.3 What Have We Learned from the TIF Experiment? -- 9.4 Paramagnetic Molecules -- 9.5 What Will Be Gained from Experiments with Paramagnetic Molecules? -- 10. CP-Odd Nuclear Forces -- 10.1 CP-Odd Mixing of Opposite-Parity Nuclear Levels -- 10.2 Nuclear Moments Induced by T- and P-Odd Potentials -- 10.3 Enhancement Mechanisms for T- and P-Odd Nuclear Multipoles -- 10.4 Theoretical Predictions and Implications -- 11. What Do We Really Know About T -Odd, but P-Even Interactions? -- 11.1 Long-Range Effects -- 11.2 TOPE Fermion—Fermion Interactions.One-Loop Approach -- 11.3 TOPE Fermion—Fermion Interactions.Two-Loop Approach -- 11.4 Conclusions on TOPE eN and NN Interactions -- 11.5 T-Odd ? Decay Constants -- References ISBN: 9783642608384 Series: eBooks Series: SpringerLink (Online service) Series: Springer eBooks Keywords: Physics , Nuclear physics , Atoms , Physics , Particle and Nuclear Physics , Atomic, Molecular, Optical and Plasma Physics Availability: Click here to see Library holdings or inquire at Circ Desk (x3401) Click to reserve this book Be sure to include your ID please. More info: Amazon.com More info: Barnes and Noble Full Text: Click here Location: ONLINE
Call number: SPRINGER-1996-9783709194270:ONLINE Show nearby items on shelf Title: Few-Body Problems in Physics ’95 In memoriam Professor Paul Urban Author(s): Date: 1996 Size: 1 online resource (540 p.) Note: 10.1007/978-3-7091-9427-0 Contents: Session 1: Methods in the Few-Body Problem -- Paul Urban: Promoter of Modern Theoretical Physics -- Nuclear Three- and Four-Body Systems -- Correlated Hyperspherical Harmonic Functions for Few-Nucleon Systems -- Session 2: Methods in the Few-Body Problem -- Recent Progress in Path Integral Calculations of Nuclei -- Convergence Properties of the Adiabatic Expansion for Few-Nucleon Systems -- Cross Sections and Vector Analyzing Powers in the Proton Induced Deuteron Breakup Reaction at 65 MeV: Star Configurations -- Single Particle Spectral Function for Finite Nuclei -- Session 3: Atomic and Molecular Systems -- Few-Body Problems in Atomic Physics -- Molecular Potentials and Relativistic Effects -- Strong Correlation in Three-Particle Continuum A++ + e + e: Theory and Visualization -- Faddeev Approach to Scattering in Atomic and Mesic Atomic Systems -- Session 4: Methods in the Few-Body Problem -- Precise Nonvariational Calculation of Resonant States of Helium with the Correlation Function Hyperspherical Harmonic Method -- A Coupled-Channel Formalism for Breakup Reactions -- $${}^{2}\text{H(}\vec{d},p{{\text{)}}^{3}}\text{H}$$3H Reaction Calculations at 20–120 keV by the Four-Body Yakubovsky Equations with the Paris Potential -- Integral Equation Calculations for the Photodisintegration of 4He -- Session 5: Strong and Electromagnetic Interactions -- Spin Observables in High Energy Electron Scattering -- Pion Nucleus Scattering -- Recent Developments in one and two Pion Production in Elementary Reactions and Few-Body Systems -- Session 6: Strong and Electromagnetic Interactions -- Plans for Nucleon-Nucleon Bremsstrahlung Measurements with AGOR -- First Results on Proton-Proton Scattering and Near Threshold Two Meson Production at COSY -- Study of Proton-Neutron Correlations with the reaction 3,4He(e, e?d) -- Selected Topics of the Few-Nucleon Research Program at TUNL -- Measurement of the Spin-dependent Structure Function g1(x) of the Deuteron and the Proton -- Session 7: Strong and Electromagnetic Interactions -- Double Pion Photoproduction on the Proton up to 800 MeV -- High Missing-Momentum Components in 4He Studied with the (e, e?p) Reaction -- Electron-Deuteron Scattering with the New Generation of Nucleon-Nucleon Potentials -- Polarization Studies of Few Nucleon Systems at Laboratory for High Energies of Joint Institute for Nuclear Research -- Panel Session 8: Few-Body Systems Probed in Several Ways -- Achievements and Perspectives in the Field of Few-Body Systems Studied with Hadronic Probes -- Few-Body Systems Probed in Several Ways -- Session 9: Atomic Clusters and Exotic Atoms -- Theoretical Description of Helium Clusters -- Antiprotonic Helium Atoms -- Muon Catalyzed Fusion -- Precision Measurement of Nuclear Muon Capture by 3He -- Session 10: Nuclear Forces, Chirality and Relativistic Effects -- The ?NN Coupling from High Precision np Charge Exchange Data -- Two-Body Components in the Nucleon Wave Function and their Consequences in Various Phenomena -- Hidden Local Symmetries and Meson Exchange Currents -- Relativistic Calculations of the Deuteron Form Factors and Triton Binding Energy -- Session 11: Antiprotonic and Strange Systems -- Glueballs, ? and ?? Mesons and Antiproton-Proton Annihilation Dynamics -- ? Production via the Strong Interaction -- ?-Physics with Electromagnetic Probes -- Interaction of ?-Meson with Light Nuclei -- Session 12: Few-Body Problems in Astrophysics -- Nuclear Reactions of Astrophysical Interest Involving Light Nuclei -- Optical Theorem and Finite-Range Effect for Nuclear Reactions in Astrophysics -- Peripheral Astrophysical Radiative Capture Processes -- Session 13a: Quark Structure of Hadrons -- Towards a Unified Description of the Baryon Spectrum and the Baryon-Baryon Interaction within a Potential Model Scheme -- Nucleon and Pion Electromagnetic Structure and Constituent Quark Form Factors -- On the Dynamical Retardation Effect for the Mass Spectrum of Heavy Quarkonia -- Relativistic Quark Model Baryon Analysis -- Polarized Structure Functions and the Nucleon Spin -- Quark-Gluon Point of View on the Spin Structure of the Deuteron from Experiments with Relativistic Deuteron Beams -- Session 13b: Nuclear Structure and Reactions -- Searching for 6Li D-state Effects -- Comparison between Three-Body and Many-Body Descriptions of 11Li -- Light Ion Induced Reactions at Intermediate Energies -- An Analysis of the Use of the Cluster Separability in Scattering Theory -- Method of Integral Transforms for Calculating (e, e?) and (e, e?N) Reactions -- Effect of the Three-Nucleon Force Based on ?-Isobar Excitation in Neutron-Deuteron Scattering -- Session 14a: Physics with Strange Particles and Antiprotons -- Electromagnetic Associated Strangeness Production and Hadron Form Factors -- ?-Helium Scattering -- $$\bar{p}N$$ Scattering with Annihilation Channel in an Extended Hilbert Space Model -- ?I = 1/2 Rule: Interplay of Quark and Hadronic Degrees of Freedom -- Session 14b: Relativistic Effects and Antiprotonic Atoms -- Asymptotic Behavior of the Deuteron Extra-Components in the Covariant Light Front Dynamics -- Nucleon-Nucleon Correlations and Inclusive Electron Scattering off Few-Nucleon Systems at x > 1 -- Antiproton Helium Polarization States -- Antiproton Delayed Annihilation: the Problem of the Description in Isolated Atom Model and Other Possible Scenarios -- Session 15: The Baryon-Baryon Interaction -- The Nijmegen Potentials -- The Bonn Potential -- The Nature of the Baryon-Baryon Interaction in the Quark-Model -- Nuclear Forces and Chiral Theories -- Panel Session 16: Relativistic Effects in the Few-Body Problem -- Field Theory Approach in Few-Body Systems -- Application of the Few-Body Theory to Deep Inelastic Lepton-Nucleon Scattering -- Session 17: Closing session -- From the Structure of Nucleons to that of Complex Nuclei: the Role Played by Few-Body Physics -- List of Participants -- List of Authors ISBN: 9783709194270 Series: eBooks Series: SpringerLink (Online service) Series: Springer eBooks Series: Few-Body Systems: 8 Keywords: Physics , Nuclear physics , Heavy ions , Hadrons , Elementary particles (Physics) , Quantum field theory , Nuclear fusion , Atoms , Physical measurements , Measurement , Physics , Elementary Particles, Quantum Field Theory , Nuclear Physics, Heavy Ions, Hadrons , Nuclear Fusion , Measurement Science and Instrumentation , Atomic, Molecular, Optical and Plasma Physics Availability: Click here to see Library holdings or inquire at Circ Desk (x3401) Click to reserve this book Be sure to include your ID please. 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Call number: SPRINGER-1995-9783642976537:ONLINE Show nearby items on shelf Title: Particles and Nuclei An Introduction to the Physical Concepts Author(s): Bogdan Povh Date: 1995 Size: 1 online resource (340 p.) Note: 10.1007/978-3-642-97653-7 Contents: 1. Hors d’œuvre -- 1.1 Fundamental Constituents of Matter -- 1.2 Fundamental Interactions -- 1.3 Symmetries and Conservation Laws -- 1.4 Experiments -- 1.5 Units -- I Analysis: the Building Blocks of Matter -- 2. Global Properties of Nuclei -- 3. Nuclear Stability -- 4. Scattering -- 5. Geometric Shapes of Nuclei -- 6. Elastic Scattering off Nucleons -- 7. Deep Inelastic Scattering -- 8. Quarks, Gluons, and the Strong Interaction -- 9. Particle Production in e+e- Collisions -- 10. Phenomenology of the Weak Interaction -- 11. Exchange Bosons of the Weak Interaction -- 12. The Standard Model -- II Synthesis: Composite Systems -- 13. Quarkonia -- 14. Mesons Made from Light Quarks -- 15. The Baryons -- 16. The Nuclear Force -- 17. The Structure of Nuclei -- 18. Collective Nuclear Excitations -- 19. Many-Body Systems in the Strong Interaction -- A. Appendix -- Problems -- Solutions -- References ISBN: 9783642976537 Series: eBooks Series: SpringerLink (Online service) Series: Springer eBooks Keywords: Physics , Nuclear physics , Heavy ions , Hadrons , Elementary particles (Physics) , Quantum field theory , Nuclear fusion , Physics , Nuclear Physics, Heavy Ions, Hadrons , Nuclear Fusion , Particle and Nuclear Physics , Elementary Particles, Quantum Field Theory Availability: Click here to see Library holdings or inquire at Circ Desk (x3401) Click to reserve this book Be sure to include your ID please. More info: Amazon.com More info: Barnes and Noble Full Text: Click here Location: ONLINE
Call number: SPRINGER-1995-9781489910424:ONLINE Show nearby items on shelf Title: The Hubbard Model Its Physics and Mathematical Physics Author(s): Date: 1995 Size: 1 online resource (407 p.) Note: 10.1007/978-1-4899-1042-4 Contents: Solvable Models, Rigorous Results, and Advances in Formalism -- The Hubbard Model: Some Rigorous Results and Open Problems -- On the Bethe Ansatz Soluble Degenerate Hubbard Model -- Thermodynamical Properties of the Exactly Solvable 1/r-Hubbard and 1/r-tJ Model -- Hierarchy of 1-D Electron Models with Long-Range Interaction -- One-Dimensional Luttinger Liquid of Particles for a Class of Infinitely Repulsive Interactions: Exact Solutions -- Exact Results for Spin and Charge Dynamics of Electrons with Supersymmetry -- Hidden Symmetry of Strongly Correlated Fermions -- Symmetries of Strongly Correlated Electrons -- Exact Results on a Supersymmetric Extended Hubbard Model -- Functional Integrals for Correlated Electrons -- Charge-Spin Separation and Pairing in a Generalized Hubbard Model -- A Renormalization Procedure for the Hubbard Model -- New Operator Algebra for the Hubbard Chain -- Exact Results and Conjectures on the Adiabatic Holstein-Hubbard Model at Large Electron-Phonon Coupling -- Ferromagnetism in Correlated Electron Systems: A New Class of Rigorous Criteria -- Infinite in All Directions: Large Coupling, High Dimensions, and Many Components -- The Mott Transition in Infinite Dimensions: Old Ideas and Some Surprises -- The Hubbard Model with Local Disorder in d = Infinity -- The Hubbard Model with Infinite Interaction: Magnetic Properties -- The Extended Hubbard Model at Large Interaction -- Drude Weight and f-Sum Rule of the Hubbard Model at Strong Coupling -- The Gutzwiller Projector in the Large U-Hubbard Model -- Revising the 1/N Expansion for the Slave-Boson Approach within the Functional Integral -- Fermi Liquid versus Luttinger Liquid -- “Infarared Catastrophe:” When Does It Trash Fermi Liquid Theory? -- Two-Particle Scattering and Orthogonality Catastrophe in the Hubbard Model -- Failure of Fermi Liquid Theory in 2-Dimensions: How to Infer it from Peturbation Theory -- Conservation Laws in Normal Metals: Luttinger Liquid vs. Fermi Liquid -- Charge-Spin Separation and the Spectral Properties of Luttinger Liquids -- Non-Fermi Behavior in the Kondo and Heisenberg Models -- Luttinger-Liquid Behavior in 2-D: The Variational Approach -- Non-Fermi Liquid Behavior of Electrons in the 2-D Honeycomb Lattice: A Renormalization Group Analysis -- Search for Deviations from Fermi Liquid Behavior in 2-D Repulsive and Attractive Hubbard Models -- Perturbative, Mean Field, Variational, and Numerical Studies -- Hartree-Fock and RPA Studies of the Hubbard Model -- From One- to Two-Dimensions in the Weak Coupling Limit -- Metal-Insulator Transition in the 2-D Hubbard Model: A Fermionic Linearization Approach -- The Phase Diagram of the One-Dimensional Extended Hubbard Model -- Quantum-Monte-Carlo Simulations of Correlation Functions for the One-Dimensional Hubbard Model -- Quantum-Monte-Carlo Studies of One- and Two-Dimensional Hubbard Models -- Effect of Disorder on Several Properties of the One-Band Hubbard Model in 2-D -- The Wavefunction Renormalization Constant for the One- and Two-Band Hubbard Hamiltonians in Two-Dimensions -- Experiments and Physical Applications -- Electron Spectroscopy and Hubbard: Issues and Opportunities -- On Electrical Properties of Chalcogenide Glassy Semiconductors in the Framework of Hubbard Model with Negative Correlation Energy -- The Metal Insulator Transition in the Hubbard Model -- Metal to Insulator Transition in the 2-D Hubbard Model: A Slave-Boson Approach -- The Hubbard Model and Its Application to Conjugated ?-Electron Systems ISBN: 9781489910424 Series: eBooks Series: SpringerLink (Online service) Series: Springer eBooks Series: NATO ASI Series, Series B: Physics: 343 Keywords: Physics , Nuclear physics , Heavy ions , Hadrons , Physics , Nuclear Physics, Heavy Ions, Hadrons , Theoretical, Mathematical and Computational Physics Availability: Click here to see Library holdings or inquire at Circ Desk (x3401) Click to reserve this book Be sure to include your ID please. More info: Amazon.com More info: Barnes and Noble Full Text: Click here Location: ONLINE
Call number: SPRINGER-1994-9789401583329:ONLINE Show nearby items on shelf Title: Hydrogen Bond Networks Author(s): Date: 1994 Size: 1 online resource (558 p.) Note: 10.1007/978-94-015-8332-9 Contents: Section A — Modelling and Hydrogen-bond Structures -- Hydrogen Bonding and the Fragility of Supercooled Liquids and Biopolymers -- Hydrogen Bonding and Molecular Mobility in Aqueous Systems -- Structural and Dynamical Quantum Effects in Aqueous Solution -- Novel Features in the Equation of State of Metastable Water -- The Role of H-bonds in the Formation of Ices -- Radial Distribution Function of Heavy Water Steam -- Molecular Dynamics on a Water Model with Polarizability and Hyperpolarizability -- M. D. Simulations of Stretched TIP4P — Water in the Supercooled Regime -- Anomalous Sound Dispersion in Liquid Water -- Sound Propagation in Hydrogen Bonded Molecular Liquids: the Case of Liquid Water -- Orientational Correlations in Hydrogen Bonded Networks -- Are Hydrogen Bonds present in Hydrogen Halides Liquids other than HF? -- Investigation of the Structure of Liquid Formic Acid -- Section B — Spectroscopic Studies, Complexes and Solutions -- Incoherent Inelastic Neutron Scattering from Liquid Water: A Computer Simulation Study -- The Observation of Different Strengths of H-bonds in Ices -- I. R. Spectra and Dynamics of H2O (D2O, HDO) Molecules in a Still Poorly Known Liquid: Water -- Low Frequency Raman Spectra from Anhydrous Sulfuric and Chlorosulfonic Acids and Liquid Water Disruption of Tetrahedral Hydrogen Bonding Relation to Water Structure -- Picosecond Holebuming Spectroscopy in the Infrared of Water and other Hydrogen-bonded Systems -- Low Frequency Raman Spectra in Water by Normal Mode Analysis -- Light Scattering from Liquid Water -- Dielectric Properties of Aqueous Solutions -- Formic Acid, Ethanol in Vycor Glass, and Water in Aluminosilicate Zeolites -- Application of the Reactive Flux Formalism to Study Water Hydrogen Bond Dynamics -- Temperature Dependence of Ion Solvation Dynamics in Liquid Water -- Theoretical Simulation of OH and OD Stretching Bands of Isotopically Diluted HDO Molecules in Lithium Formate Solution -- Influence of Water Molecules on the Nucleation Rate of Polymorphic Complexes with Different Conformations in solution -- Hydrogen-bond Nature in Solids based on Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance Spectroscopy Studies -- Simulation of Liquid Mixtures -- Section C — Networks, Interfaces and Confined Geometry -- Structure and Dynamics of Water in Confined Geometry -- Structure and Dynamics of Water at Interfaces -- Hydrogen Bond Solids in Space -- Hyperquenched Glassy Bulk Water: A Comparison with other amorphous forms of water, and with vitreous but freezable water in a hydrogel and on hydrated methemoglobin -- Spectroscopic and Simulation Study of Ice Surfaces: Bare and with Adsorbates -- A Structural Study of Vapour Deposited Amorphous Ice by Neutron Diffraction -- Hydrogen Bond Reorganisation during Clathrate Hydrate Growth in Hexagonal Ice -- Langmuir Films of Amphiphilic Alcohols and Surfaces of Polar Crystals as Templates for Ice Nucleation -- Structural Studies of Ice Nucleation in Confined Geometries -- Crystal ab initio Investigations of Ice II, VIII and IX -- Water in Mesoscopic Hydrophobic Confinements -- Structure and dynamic Properties of Water Confined in Small Volumes -- Water Dynamics in Porous Biopolymer Networks: Data of neutron experiments -- Tg Regulation Effect in Polymer-Water Systems -- Role of Water Molecules in the Growth of Nanosize Particles in Reverse Micelles -- Section D — Hydrogen-bonding in Biology -- Physical Origin and Biological Significance of Solvent-induced Forces -- Structure and Dynamics of Aqueous Solutions of Tetramethylurea -- Structure, Dynamics and Function of Hydrogen-bonded Networks in Proteins and Related Systems -- Hydration and Association Abilities of Cytidine 2?-Deoxycytidine and their Phosphate Salts in the Aqueous Solutions by Molecular Dynamics Simulations and FTIR Spectroscopy -- Dynamics of Water Confined in Aqueous Gels -- Self-trapped states in Chains of Hydrogen-bonded Molecules: Optical measurements, neutron scattering and diffraction -- Fibrous Biopolymers: New Experimental Approaches using Pulsed-source Neutron Techniques -- Workshop Reports and Concluding Remarks -- Workshop A: Simulations, Predictions and Experimental Observations for Water Structure -- Workshop B: Experimental Investigation of Structural and Dynamic Features in Varying Conditions -- Workshop C: Role of the H-bond Network of Water in Biological Structures and Systems -- Concluding remarks -- Author Index -- Chemical Index ISBN: 9789401583329 Series: eBooks Series: SpringerLink (Online service) Series: Springer eBooks Series: NATO ASI Series, Series C: Mathematical and Physical Sciences: 435 Keywords: Physics , Physical chemistry , Biochemistry , Condensed matter , Materials , Thin films , Physics , Condensed Matter Physics , Physical Chemistry , Biochemistry, general , Surfaces and Interfaces, Thin Films Availability: Click here to see Library holdings or inquire at Circ Desk (x3401) Click to reserve this book Be sure to include your ID please. 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Call number: SPRINGER-1994-9783642579202:ONLINE Show nearby items on shelf Title: Techniques for Nuclear and Particle Physics Experiments A How-to Approach Author(s): William R Leo Date: 1994 Edition: Second Revised Edition Size: 1 online resource (382 p.) Note: 10.1007/978-3-642-57920-2 Contents: 1. Basic Nuclear Processes in Radioactive Sources -- 1.1 Nuclear Level Diagrams -- 1.2 Alpha Decay -- 1.3 Beta Decay -- 1.4 Electron Capture (EC) -- 1.5 Gamma Emission -- 1.5.1 Isomeric States -- 1.6 Annihilation Radiation -- 1.7 Internal Conversion -- 1.8 Auger Electrons -- 1.9 Neutron Sources -- 1.9.1 Spontaneous Fission -- 1.9.2 Nuclear Reactions -- 1.10 Source Activity Units -- 1.11 The Radioactive Decay Law -- 1.11.1 Fluctuations in Radioactive Decay -- 1.11.2 Radioactive Decay Chains -- 1.11.3 Radioisotope Production by Irradiation -- 2. Passage of Radiation Through Matter -- 2.1 Preliminary Notions and Definitions -- 2.1.1 The Cross Section -- 2.1.2 Interaction Probability in a Distance x. Mean Free Path -- 2.1.3 Surface Density Units -- 2.2 Energy Loss of Heavy Charged Particles by Atomic Collisions -- 2.2.1 Bohr’s Calculation — The Classical Case -- 2.2.2 The Bethe-Bloch Formula -- 2.2.3 Energy Dependence -- 2.2.4 Scaling Laws for dE/dx -- 2.2.5 Mass Stopping Power -- 2.2.6 dE/dx for Mixtures and Compounds -- 2.2.7 Limitations of the Bethe-Bloch Formula and Other Effects -- 2.2.8 Channeling -- 2.2.9 Range -- 2.3 Cherenkov Radiation -- 2.4 Energy Loss of Electrons and Positrons -- 2.4.1 Collision Loss -- 2.4.2 Energy Loss by Radiation: Bremsstrahlung -- 2.4.3 Electron-Electron Bremsstrahlung -- 2.4.4 Critical Energy -- 2.4.5 Radiation Length -- 2.4.6 Range of Electrons -- 2.4.7 The Absorption of ? Electrons -- 2.5 Multiple Coulomb Scattering -- 2.5.1 Multiple Scattering in the Gaussian Approximation -- 2.5.2 Backscattering of Low-Energy Electrons -- 2.6 Energy Straggling: The Energy Loss Distribution -- 2.6.1 Thick Absorbers: The Gaussian Limit -- 2.6.2 Very Thick Absorbers -- 2.6.3 Thin Absorbers: The Landau and Vavilov Theories -- 2.7 The Interaction of Photons -- 2.7.1 Photoelectric Effect -- 2.7.2 Compton Scattering -- 2.7.3 Pair Production -- 2.7.4 Electron-Photon Showers -- 2.7.5 The Total Absorption Coefficient and Photon Attenuation -- 2.8 The Interaction of Neutrons -- 2.8.1 Slowing Down of Neutrons. Moderation -- 3. Radiation Protection. Biological Effects of Radiation -- 3.1 Dosimetric Units -- 3.1.1 The Roentgen -- 3.1.2 Absorbed Dose -- 3.1.3 Relative Biological Effectiveness (RBE) -- 3.1.4 Equivalent Dose -- 3.1.5 Effective Dose -- 3.2 Typical Doses from Sources in the Environment -- 3.3 Biological Effects -- 3.3.1 High Doses Received in a Short Time -- 3.3.2 Low-Level Doses -- 3.4 Dose Limits -- 3.5 Shielding -- 3.6 Radiation Safety in the Nuclear Physics Laboratory -- 4. Statistics and the Treatment of Experimental Data -- 4.1 Characteristics of Probability Distributions -- 4.1.1 Cumulative Distributions -- 4.1.2 Expectation Values -- 4.1.3 Distribution Moments. The Mean and Variance -- 4.1.4 The Covariance -- 4.2 Some Common Probability Distributions -- 4.2.1 The Binomial Distribution -- 4.2.2 The Poisson Distribution -- 4.2.3 The Gaussian or Normal Distribution -- 4.2.4 The Chi-Square Distribution -- 4.3 Measurement Errors and the Measurement Process -- 4.3.1 Systematic Errors -- 4.3.2 Random Errors -- 4.4 Sampling and Parameter Estimation. The Maximum Likelihood Method -- 4.4.1 Sample Moments -- 4.4.2 The Maximum Likelihood Method -- 4.4.3 Estimator for the Poisson Distribution -- 4.4.4 Estimators for the Gaussian Distribution -- 4.4.5 The Weighted Mean -- 4.5 Examples of Applications -- 4.5.1 Mean and Error from a Series of Measurements -- 4.5.2 Combining Data with Different Errors -- 4.5.3 Determination of Count Rates and Their Errors -- 4.5.4 Null Experiments. Setting Confidence Limits When No Counts Are Observed -- 4.5.5 Distribution of Time Intervals Between Counts -- 4.6 Propagation of Errors -- 4.6.1 Examples -- 4.7 Curve Fitting -- 4.7.1 The Least Squares Method -- 4.7.2 Linear Fits. The Straight Line -- 4.7.3 Linear Fits When Both Variables Have Errors -- 4.7.4 Nonlinear Fits -- 4.8 Some General Rules for Rounding-off Numbers for Final Presentation -- 5. General Characteristics of Detectors -- 5.1 Sensitivity -- 5.2 Detector Response -- 5.3 Energy Resolution. The Fano Factor -- 5.4 The Response Function -- 5.5 Response Time -- 5.6 Detector Efficiency -- 5.7 Dead Time -- 5.7.1 Measuring Dead Time -- 6. Ionization Detectors -- 6.1 Gaseous Ionization Detectors -- 6.2 Ionization and Transport Phenomena in Gases -- 6.2.1 Ionization Mechanisms -- 6.2.2 Mean Number of Electron-Ion Pairs Created -- 6.2.3 Recombination and Electron Attachment -- 6.3 Transport of Electrons and Ions in Gases -- 6.3.1 Diffusion -- 6.3.2 Drift and Mobility -- 6.4 Avalanche Multiplication -- 6.5 The Cylindrical Proportional Counter -- 6.5.1 Pulse Formation and Shape -- 6.5.2 Choice of Fill Gas -- 6.6 The Multiwire Proportional Chamber (MWPC) -- 6.6.1 Basic Operating Principle -- 6.6.2 Construction -- 6.6.3 Chamber Gas -- 6.6.4 Timing Resolution -- 6.6.5 Readout Methods -- 6.6.6 Track Clusters -- 6.6.7 MWPC Efficiency -- 6.7 The Drift Chamber -- 6.7.1 Drift Gases -- 6.7.2 Spatial Resolution -- 6.7.3 Operation in Magnetic Fields -- 6.8 The Time Projection Chamber (TPC) -- 6.9 Liquid Ionization Detectors (LID) -- 7. Scintillation Detectors -- 7.1 General Characteristics -- 7.2 Organic Scintillators -- 7.2.1 Organic Crystals -- 7.2.2 Organic Liquids -- 7.2.3 Plastics -- 7.3 Inorganic Crystals -- 7.4 Gaseous Scintillators -- 7.5 Glasses -- 7.6 Light Output Response -- 7.6.1 Linearity -- 7.6.2 Temperature Dependence -- 7.6.3 Pulse Shape Discrimination (PSD) -- 7.7 Intrinsic Detection Efficiency for Various Radiations -- 7.7.1 Heavy Ions -- 7.7.2 Electrons -- 7.7.3 Gamma Rays -- 7.7.4 Neutrons -- 8. Photomultipliers -- 8.1 Basic Construction and Operation -- 8.2 The Photocathode -- 8.3 The Electron-Optical Input System -- 8.4 The Electron-Multiplier Section -- 8.4.1 Dynode Configurations -- 8.4.2 Multiplier Response: The Single-Electron Spectrum -- 8.5 Operating Parameters -- 8.5.1 Gain and Voltage Supply -- 8.5.2 Voltage Dividers -- 8.5.3 Electrode Current. Linearity -- 8.5.4 Pulse Shape -- 8.6 Time Response and Resolution -- 8.7 Noise -- 8.7.1 Dark Current and Afterpulsing -- 8.7.2 Statistical Noise -- 8.8 Environmental Factors -- 8.8.1 Exposure to Ambient Light -- 8.8.2 Magnetic Fields -- 8.8.3 Temperature Effects -- 8.9 Gain Stability, Count Rate Shift -- 9. Scintillation Detector Mounting and Operation -- 9.1 Light Collection -- 9.1.1 Reflection -- 9.2 Coupling to the PM -- 9.3 Multiple Photomultipliers -- 9.4 Light Guides -- 9.5 Fluorescent Radiation Converters -- 9.6 Mounting a Scintillation Detector: An Example -- 9.7 Scintillation Counter Operation -- 9.7.1 Testing the Counter -- 9.7.2 Adjusting the PM Voltage -- 9.7.3 The Scintillation Counter Plateau -- 9.7.4 Maintaining PM Gain -- 10. Semiconductor Detectors -- 10.1 Basic Semiconductor Properties -- 10.1.1 Energy Band Structure -- 10.1.2 Charge Carriers in Semiconductors -- 10.1.3 Intrinsic Charge Carrier Concentration -- 10.1.4 Mobility -- 10.1.5 Recombination and Trapping -- 10.2 Doped Semiconductors -- 10.2.1 Compensation -- 10.3 The np Semiconductor Junction. Depletion Depth -- 10.3.1 The Depletion Depth -- 10.3.2 Junction Capacitance -- 10.3.3 Reversed Bias Junctions -- 10.4 Detector Characteristics of Semiconductors -- 10.4.1 Average Energy per Electron-Hole Pair -- 10.4.2 Linearity -- 10.4.3 The Fano Factor and Intrinsic Energy Resolution -- 10.4.4 Leakage Current -- 10.4.5 Sensitivity and Intrinsic Efficiency -- 10.4.6 Pulse Shape. Rise Time -- 10.5 Silicon Diode Detectors -- 10.5.1 Diffused Junction Diodes -- 10.5.2 Surface Barrier Detectors (SSB) -- 10.5.3 Ion-Implanted Diodes -- 10.5.4 Lithium-Drifted Silicon Diodes — Si(Li) -- 10.6 Position-Sensitive Detectors -- 10.6.1 Continuous and Discrete Detectors -- 10.6.2 Micro-Strip Detectors -- 10.6.3 Novel Position-Sensing Detectors -- 10.7 Germanium Detectors -- 10.7.1 Lithium-Drifted Germanium — Ge(Li) -- 10.7.2 Intrinsic Germanium -- 10.7.3 Gamma Spectroscopy with Germanium Detectors -- 10.8 Other Semiconductor Materials -- 10.9 Operation of Semiconductor Detectors -- 10.9.1 Bias Voltage -- 10.9.2 Signal Amplification -- 10.9.3 Temperature Effects -- 10.9.4 Radiation Damage -- 10.9.5 Plasma Effects -- 11. Pulse Signals in Nuclear Electronics -- 11.1 Pulse Signal Terminology -- 11.2 Analog and Digital Signals -- 11.3 Fast and Slow Signals -- 11.4 The Frequency Domain. Bandwidth -- 12. The NIM Standard -- 12.1 Modules -- 12.2 Power Bins -- 12.3 NIM Logic Signals -- 12.4 TTL and ECL Logic Signals -- 12.5 Analog Signals -- 13. Signal Transmission -- 13.1 Coaxial Cables -- 13.1.1 Line Constituents -- 13.2 The General Wave Equation for a Coaxial Line -- 13.3 The Ideal Lossless Cable -- 13.3.1 Characteristic Impedance -- 13.4 Reflections -- 13.5 Cable Termination. Impedance Matching -- 13.6 Losses in Coaxial Cables. Pulse Distortion -- 13.6.1 Cable Response. Pulse Distortion -- 14. Electronics for Pulse Signal Processing -- 14.1 Preamplifiers -- 14.1.1 Resistive vs Optical Feedback -- 14.2 Main Amplifiers -- 14.3 Pulse Shaping Networks in Amplifiers -- 14.3.1 CR-RC Pulse Shaping -- 14.3.2 Pole-Zero Cancellation and Baseline Restoration -- 14.3.3 Double Differentiation or CR-RC-CR Shaping -- 14.3.4 Semi-Gaussian Shaping -- 14.3.5 Delay Line Shaping -- 14.4 Biased Amplifiers -- 14.5 Pulse Stretchers -- 14.6 Linear Transmission Gate -- 14.7 Fan-out and Fan-in -- 14.8 Delay Lines -- 14.9 Discriminators -- 14.9.1 Shapers -- 14.10 Single-Channel Analyzer (Differential Discriminator) -- 14.11 Analog-to-Digital Converters (ADC or A/D) -- 14.11.1 ADC Linearity -- 14.12 Multichannel Analyzers -- 14.13 Digital-to-Analog Converters (DAC or D/A) -- 14.14 Time to Amplitude Converters (TAC or TPHC) -- 14.15 Scalers -- 14.16 Ratemeter -- 14.17 Coincidence Units -- 14.18 Majority Logic Units -- 14.19 Flip-Flops -- 14.20 Registers (Latches) -- 14.21 Gate and Delay Generators -- 14.22 Some Simple and Handy Circuits for Pulse Manipulation -- 14.22.1 Attenuators -- 14.22.2 Pulse Splitting -- 14.22.3 ISBN: 9783642579202 Series: eBooks Series: SpringerLink (Online service) Series: Springer eBooks Keywords: Physics , Nuclear physics , Engineering , Physics , Particle and Nuclear Physics , Engineering, general Availability: Click here to see Library holdings or inquire at Circ Desk (x3401) Click to reserve this book Be sure to include your ID please. 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Call number: SPRINGER-1994-9783540484202:ONLINE Show nearby items on shelf Title: Advances in Solar Physics Proceedings of the Seventh European Meeting on Solar Physics Held in Catania, Italy, 11–15 May 1993 Author(s): Date: 1994 Size: 1 online resource (338 p.) Note: 10.1007/3-540-58041-7 Contents: The Sun today -- Recent results from helioseismology -- The structure of the solar core -- New sub-barrier nuclear fusion cross sections as a possible solution to the solar neutrino problem -- Helioseismic evidence for mixing in the radiative interior -- Microscopic settling and turbulent diffusion induced by rotation in the sun -- Mean-field theory of the solar dynamo -- Hydrodynamical simulations of the solar dynamo -- The asymmetric behaviour of solar activity -- On the possibility of supergiant stable flows in the convection zone of the sun -- Stellar dynamos -- On magnetic fields, rossby numbers and dynamo action in late-type stars -- The magnetic field of the solar corona -- The control of the corona by the convective zone magnetic fields -- Line-tying in a gravitationally stratified atmosphere -- Magnetic fields surrounding coronal holes -- Coronal heating mechanisms -- Coronal heating via nanoflares -- Magnetic structures of the intermediate corona -- Oscillations in quiescent prominences -- Pressure diagnostics of coronal loops observed by NIXT -- Quiet sun from multifrequency radio observations on RATAN-600 -- Frequency spectra of solar microwave bursts associated with coronal mass ejections -- Observations of high-energy (E?10 MeV) gamma-rays with the PHEBUS instrument -- Observational characteristics of explosive events -- Plasma physics of explosive phenomena -- A search for small solar flares with BATSE -- Solar flares and laboratory experiments -- Particle acceleration and radiation generation by nonlinear mode-mode coupling processes in the solar corona -- A fast mechanism for the acceleration of solar energetic particles in solar flares -- Acceleration and storage of energetic particles in the solar corona -- Electromagnetic signatures of particle acceleration and propagation -- Proton acceleration in long duration flares -- Signatures of proton beams in the Ly? profile: Sensitivity of the diagnostics -- Ground — based instrumentation -- Space instrumentation -- The Yohkoh mission: Instruments and recent results -- High resolution solar observations: Spectropolarimetry with THEMIS -- Conference summary ISBN: 9783540484202 Series: eBooks Series: SpringerLink (Online service) Series: Springer eBooks Series: Lecture Notes in Physics: 432 Keywords: Physics , Geophysics , Observations, Astronomical , Astronomy , Astrophysics , Nuclear physics , Heavy ions , Hadrons , Elementary particles (Physics) , Quantum field theory , Nuclear fusion , Physics , Astronomy, Observations and Techniques , Astrophysics and Astroparticles , Geophysics/Geodesy , Elementary Particles, Quantum Field Theory , Nuclear Physics, Heavy Ions, Hadrons , Nuclear Fusion Availability: Click here to see Library holdings or inquire at Circ Desk (x3401) Click to reserve this book Be sure to include your ID please. More info: Amazon.com More info: Barnes and Noble Full Text: Click here Location: ONLINE
Call number: SPRINGER-1994-9783540482772:ONLINE Show nearby items on shelf Title: Substructures of Matter as Revealed with Electroweak Probes Proceedings of the 32. Internationale Universitätswochen für Kern- und Teilchenphysik Schladming, Austria, 24 February – 5 March 1993 Author(s): Date: 1994 Size: 1 online resource (441 p.) Note: 10.1007/BFb0028945 Contents: Electromagnetic interactions of nucleons and nuclei at low energy and momentum transfer -- Electro-excitation of nucleon resonances and meson production -- Present electron and photon scattering experiments up to GeV energies -- Partons and QCD: Hadron structure and basics of the standard model -- Electroweak reactions in the non-perturbative regime of QCD -- Polarized structure functions and the spin of the proton -- Small ? physics -- Nucleon structure functions -- The standard electroweak theory and its experimental tests -- First results from HERA -- Seminars ISBN: 9783540482772 Series: eBooks Series: SpringerLink (Online service) Series: Springer eBooks Series: Lecture Notes in Physics: 426 Keywords: Physics , Quantum physics , Nuclear physics , Heavy ions , Hadrons , Elementary particles (Physics) , Quantum field theory , Nuclear fusion , Quantum computers , Spintronics , Physics , Elementary Particles, Quantum Field Theory , Quantum Information Technology, Spintronics , Quantum Physics , Nuclear Physics, Heavy Ions, Hadrons , Nuclear Fusion Availability: Click here to see Library holdings or inquire at Circ Desk (x3401) Click to reserve this book Be sure to include your ID please. More info: Amazon.com More info: Barnes and Noble Full Text: Click here Location: ONLINE
Call number: SPRINGER-1994-9781461525608:ONLINE Show nearby items on shelf Title: Frontiers of Fundamental Physics Author(s): Date: 1994 Size: 1 online resource (601 p.) Note: 10.1007/978-1-4615-2560-8 Contents: Empirical Evidence on the Creation of Galaxies and Quasars -- Periodicity in Extragalactic Redshifts -- Quasar Spectra: Black Holes or Nonstandard Models? -- Configurations and Redshifts of Galaxies -- Isominkowskian Representation of Cosmological Redshifts and the Internal Red-Blue-Shifts of Quasars -- The Relativistic Electron Pair Theory of Matter and its Implications for Cosmology -- Are Quasars Manifesting a de Sitter Redshift? -- What, if Anything, Is the Anthropic Cosmological Principle Telling Us? -- Large Anomalous Redshifts and Zero-Point Radiation -- Theoretical Basis for a Non-Expanding and Euclidean Universe -- Light Propagation in an Expanding Universe -- Fornax - The Companion of the Milky Way and the Question of Its Standard Motion -- Cosmological Redshifts and the Law of Corresponding States -- Did the Apple Fall? -- Investigations with Lasers, Atomic Clocks and Computer Calculations of Curved Spacetime and of the Differences between the Gravitation Theories of Yilmaz and of Einstein -- Gravity Is the Simplest Thing! -- Fourdimensional Elasticity: Is It General Relativity? -- Universality of the Lie-Isotopic Symmetries for Deformed Minkowskian Metrics -- Hertz’s Special Relativity and Physical Reality -- From Relativistic Paradoxes to Absolute Space and Time Physics -- Theories Equivalent to Special Relativity -- The Physical Meaning of Albert Einstein’s Relativistic Ether Concept -- The Limiting Nature of Light-Velocity as the Causal Factor Underlying Relativity -- The Ether Revisited -- What Is and What Is Not Essential in Lorentz’s Relativity -- Vacuum Substratum in Electrodynamics and Quantum Mechanics Theory and Experiment -- The Influence of Idealism In 20th Century Science -- Creeds of Physics -- Earth Complexity vs. Plate Tectonic Simplicity -- An Evolutionary Earth Expansion Hypothesis -- Global Models of the Expanding Earth -- An Orogenic Model Consistent with Earth Expansion -- Earth Expansion Requires Increase in Mass -- Principles of Plate Movements on the Expanding Earth -- The Origin of Granite and Continental Masses in an Expanding Earth -- The Primordially Hydridic Character of Our Planet and Proving It by Deep Drilling -- Possible Relation between Earth Expansion and Dark Matter -- Earth Expansion and the Prediction of Earthquakes and Volcanicism -- Tension-Gravitational Model of Island Arcs -- Electromagnetic Interactions and Particle Physics -- Isotopic and Genotopic Relativistic Theory -- A Look at Frontiers of High Energy Physics: From the GeV(109eV) to PeV(1015eV) and Beyond -- An Approach to Finite-Size Particles with Spin -- A New High Energy Scale? -- On the Space-Time Structure of the Electron -- Physics without Physical Constants -- The Relation between Information, Time and Space Inferred from Universal Phenomena in Solid-State Physics -- Quantum-Like Behaviour of Charged Particles in a Magnetic Field and Observation of Discrete Forbidden States in the Classical Mechanical Domain -- Unipolar Induction and Weber’s Electrodynamics -- Impact of Maxwell’s Equation of Displacement Current on Electromagnetic Laws and Comparison of the Maxwellian Waves with Our Model of Dipolic Particles -- Direct Calculation of H and the Complete Self Energy of the Electron from Fluid Models -- Interbasis “Sphere-Cylinder” Expansions for the Oscillator in the Three Dimensional Space of Constant Positive Curvature -- Pancharatnam’s Topological Phase in Relation to theDynamical Phase in Polarization Optics -- On the Connection between Classical and Quantum Mechanics -- Discrete Time Realizations of Quantum Mechanics and Their Possible Experimental Tests -- Heraclitus’ Vision - Schrödinger’s Version -- Is It Possible to Believe in both Orthodox Quantum Theory and History? -- A New Logic for Quantum Mechanics? -- Dangerous Effects of the Incomprehensibility in Microphysics -- Classical Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics -- Rabi Oscillations Described by de Broglian Probabilities -- A Test of the Complementarity Principle in Single-Photon States of Light -- Experiments with Entangled Two-Photon States from Type-II Parametric Down Conversion: Evidence for Wave-Particle Unity -- Correlation Functions and Einstein Locality -- Optical Tests of Bell’s Inequalities. Closing the Poor Correlation Loophole -- Atomic Cascade Experiments with Two-Channel Polarizers and Quantum Mechanical Nonlocality -- New Tests on Locality and Empty Waves -- Wave-Particle Duality -- Quantum Correlations from a Logical Point of View -- Local Realism and the Crucial Experiment -- The Space of Local Hidden Variables Can Limit Non-Locality And What Next? -- How the Quantum of Action Cannot Be a Metric one -- The Ghostly Solution of the QuantumParadoxes and Its Experimental Verification ISBN: 9781461525608 Series: eBooks Series: SpringerLink (Online service) Series: Springer eBooks Keywords: Physics , Gravitation , Observations, Astronomical , Astronomy , Nuclear physics , Heavy ions , Hadrons , Atoms , Physics , Astronomy, Observations and Techniques , Classical and Quantum Gravitation, Relativity Theory , Atomic, Molecular, Optical and Plasma Physics , Nuclear Physics, Heavy Ions, Hadrons Availability: Click here to see Library holdings or inquire at Circ Desk (x3401) Click to reserve this book Be sure to include your ID please. 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Call number: SPRINGER-1994-9781461525509:ONLINE Show nearby items on shelf Title: Waves and Particles in Light and Matter Author(s): Date: 1994 Size: 1 online resource (628 p.) Note: 10.1007/978-1-4615-2550-9 Contents: 1. The Great Veil, Reality, and Louis de Broglie: Personal Memories 1 -- 2. The Fallacy of the Arguments against Local Realism in Quantum Phenomena -- 3. Restoring Locality with Faster-than-Light Velocities -- 4. The Wave-Particle Duality and the Aharonov-Bohm Effect -- 5. De Broglie’s Wave in Space and Time -- 6. Interferometry with De Broglie Waves -- 7. Quantum Mechanics of Ultracold Neutrons -- 8. The Physical Interpretation of Special Relativity -- 9. Quantum Neutron Optics -- 10. Some Comments on the De Broglie-Bohm Picture by an Admiring Spectator -- 11. The Relationship between the Dirac Velocity Operator and the de Broglie Postulate -- 12. Optics and Interferometry with Atoms -- 13. Louis de Broglie’s Wave-Particle Dualism: Historical and Philosophical Remarks -- 14. Compatible Statistical Interpretation of Interference in Double-Slit Interferometer -- 15. Wave Function Structure and Transactional Interpretation -- 16. Intersubjectivity, Relativistic Invariance, and Conditionals (Classical and Quantal) -- 17. Quantization as a Homogeneous Wave Effect -- 18. In Quest of de Broglie Waves -- 19. Why Local Realism? -- 20. Bohm’s Interpretation of Quantum Field Theory -- 21. Proposal for an Experiment to Detect Macroscopic Quantum Coherence with a System of SQUIDS -- 22. On Longitudinal Free Spacetime Electric and Magnetic Fields in the Einstein-de Broglie Theory of Light -- 23. Time-Delayed Interferometry with Nuclear Resonance -- 24. A Counterexample of Bohr’s Wave-Particle Complementarity -- 25. Classical Electromagnetic Theory of Diffraction and Interference: Edge, Single-Slit and Double-Slit Solutions -- 26. A Quasi-Ergodic Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics -- 27. De Broglie Waves and Natural Units -- 28. A Classical Model for Wave-Particle Duality -- 29. Towards a Philosophy of Objects -- 30. The Energy-Momentum Transport Wave Function -- 31. The Spacetime Structure of Quantum Objects -- 32. Høffding and Bohr: Waves or Particles -- 33. Photonic Tunneling Experiments: Superluminal Tunneling -- 34. Possible Tests of Nonlinear Quantum Mechanics -- 35. Detection of Empty Waves Contradicts either Special Relativity or Quantum Mechanics -- 36. Interferometry with Very Cold Neutrons -- 37. Velocity-Symmetrizing Synchronization and Conventional Aspects of Relativity -- 38. Trajectories of Particles Interacting with Environments -- 39. On the Wave System Theory of the EPR Experiment -- 40. CFD or not CFD? That is the Question -- 41. Quantum Particle as Seen in Light Scattering -- 42. e2 = ?h, the Only Physically Justified Formulation of Electron Charge, and the Resulting Electron Energy Paradigm -- 43. Spacetime Approach to Weinberg-Salam Model: Waves and Particles in Spacetime Structure -- 44. Computer Portrayals of the Sine-Gordon Breather as a Model of the de Broglie Double Solution -- 45. Phenomenology of a Subquantum, Realistic, Relativistic Theory -- 46. p = h/?? W = hv? A Riddle Prior to any Attempt at Grand Unification -- 47. Informational Experiments with Microparticles and Atoms -- 48. The Principles of Classical Mechanics and their Actuality in Contemporary Microphysics -- 49. Ascribed to and Described by: Which is More Important? -- 50. Quantization of Generalized Lagrangians: A New Derivation of Dirac’s Equation -- 51. Quantum Transition and Temporal Description -- Author Index ISBN: 9781461525509 Series: eBooks Series: SpringerLink (Online service) Series: Springer eBooks Keywords: Physics , Atoms , Electrical engineering , Physics , Atomic, Molecular, Optical and Plasma Physics , Electrical Engineering , Theoretical, Mathematical and Computational Physics Availability: Click here to see Library holdings or inquire at Circ Desk (x3401) Click to reserve this book Be sure to include your ID please. More info: Amazon.com More info: Barnes and Noble Full Text: Click here Location: ONLINE
Call number: SPRINGER-1992-9783709175811:ONLINE Show nearby items on shelf Title: Few-Body Problems in Physics Proceedings of the XIIIth European Conference on Few-Body Physics, Marciana Marina, Isola d’Elba, Italy, September 9–14, 1991 Author(s): Date: 1992 Size: 1 online resource (635 p.) Note: 10.1007/978-3-7091-7581-1 Contents: Session 1 The Structure of Hadrons and Hadronic Interactions -- The Naive Quark Model and Beyond -- Algebraic Approach to Hadronic Structure -- Antiproton Reactions and Charm (With and Without Nuclei) -- The Structure of Scalar and Vector Mesons -- Some Measurements for Determining Strangeness Matrix Elements in the Nucleon -- Discussion Session: The Structure of Hadrons -- A Covariant Model of Mesons That Decouples Confinement and Chiral Symmetry Breaking -- Compact Colorless Quark-Gluon Clusters in IAE Bag Model and Intermediate Structure of SU(3) Hadrons. Pion and Nucleon Electromagnetic Form Factors -- Hyperon Structure in the Soliton Approach -- Electroproduction of Strangeness in the Nucleon -- Session 2 The Quark and Meson-Nucleon Descriptions of Few-Body Systems -- A New Partial Wave Analysis and the Nucleon-Nucleon Interaction -- Uncertainties of Phase Shift Analyses and the Nucleon-Nucleon Interaction -- S-D Transition in the Nucleon-Nucleon System -- New Results on the ?NN System -- Multiquark Exotics -- Multiquark Spectra in Large Harmonic Oscillator Bases -- The Quark Model, Deuteron Form Factors and Nuclear Magnetic Moments -- Deuteron Form Factors from Meson-Theoretical Nucleon-Nucleon Interactions -- Discussion Session: Electro- and Photodisintegration of the Deuteron -- to the Discussion Session on Photo- and Electrodisintegration of the Deuteron -- Deuteron Threshold Electrodisintegration -- L/T Structure of the Electrodisintegration of the Deuteron -- Deuteron Electrodisintegration with Relativistic Corrections -- Deuteron Photodisintegration at Intermediate Energy and Quark Models -- Polarization Observables in Deuteron Electrodisintegration -- Three-Nucleon Potentials Due to ? and ? Exchange -- Three-Body Force Effects in Three-Nucleon Systems. What Was Achieved by the Study of Three-Nucleon Bound States? -- Discussion Session: Break-Up and Continuum States of Few-Nucleon Systems -- Break-Up and Continuum States of Few-Nucleon Systems -- Three-Nucleon Break-Up Processes -- Photo disintegration of 4He -- NN P-Wave Effects in Polarized Deuteron Capture on Hydrogen: An Exact Faddeev Calculation -- p-d Radiative Capture with Realistic Three-Nucleon Wave Functions -- Recent Advances in Three-Nucleon Continuum Studies -- Low Energy Scattering on Two-Body Bound State in Cartesian Coordinates -- Session 3 Discussion Session: Mesomolecular Problems and Muon Catalyzed Fusion -- p-d Capture Reactions in Muonic Molecules -- Muon Catalyzed Fusion (µCF) as a Method for Studying Few Nucleon Systems -- Effect of the Nuclear d-t Resonance on Muon Sticking in µ-Catalyzed Fusion -- Muonic Molecules of Light Nuclei -- Session 4 Response of Few-Body Systems to High Energy Probes -- Theoretical Description of Nucleon Structure Functions -- Discussion Session: The Spin Structure of the Nucleon -- The Spin Muon Collaboration Experiment -- Future Experiments to Measure the Spin Structure of the Nucleon -- Measurement of the Neutron Spin Structure Function—Test of the Bjorken Sum Rule -- The Role of Sea Polarisation and Gluons in Magnetic Moments and Resonance Excitation -- Discussion Session: Present Status and Future Perspectives in the Experimental Activity -- Summary of Sessions on Experimental Facilities -- MAMI Experimental Activity -- Nuclear Physics with 1 GeV Continuous Current Electron Beams. -- Few-Body Experimental Program at CEBAF -- Few-Body Physics at TRIUMF and KAON -- News from SATURNE in Few-Body Systems -- The Few-Body Experimental Activity at the Saskatchewan Accelerator Laboratory -- Discussion Session: Present Status and Future Perspectives in the Experimental Activity -- The Many Facets of QCD at Low and Medium Energies: The Role of the Nucleus. European Collaboration for a Continuous Wave Electron Accelerator at 15–30 GeV -- Present and Future Few-Nucleon Studies with Cooler Beams at the Indiana University Cyclotron Facility -- Discussion Session: Electron Scattering by Few-Nucleon Systems -- The Scattering of Polarized Electrons from Polarized 3He: First Experiments and Implications for the Measurement of GEn -- Anomaly in the Transverse Response of 3He(e, e’p) Reaction for High Recoil Momentum -- Electromagnetic Studies of Few-Body Systems Using BLAST -- Studies of Inclusive Electron Scattering off the Lightest Nuclei -- Session 5 Theoretical Methods in Few-Body Problems -- Relativistic Approaches to the Few-Body Problem -- Front-Form Calculation of ?d ? np Reactions at High Energies -- Relativistic Two-Body Equations and Nuclear Interactions -- Discussion Session: New Approaches for Bound and Scattering States -- New Approaches for Bound and Scattering States -- New Applications of the Faddeev Approach to the Three-Body Coulomb Problem -- New Method for Solving Three-Dimensional Schrödinger Equation -- The Integrodifferential Equation Approach and Some Applications -- Study of the Bound States of Few-Nucleon Systems with Correlated Basis Functions -- Discussion Session: Few-Body Problems in Atomic and Molecular Physics: Dynamics and Reactions -- Discrete Analogs of Hyperspherical Harmonics and Their Use for the Quantum Mechanical Three-Body Problem -- Many-Body Coulomb Systems Above the Threshold for Total Break-Up -- Non-Relativistic Field Theory in Few-Body Atomic Physics -- Discussion Session: Few-Body Problems in Atomic and Molecular Physics: Bound States and Molecular Structure -- Green’s Functions for Molecules -- Bound States and Molecular Structure of Systems with Hyperons -- List of Participants -- Author Index ISBN: 9783709175811 Series: eBooks Series: SpringerLink (Online service) Series: Springer eBooks Series: Few-Body Systems: 6 Keywords: Physics , Quantum physics , Nuclear physics , Heavy ions , Hadrons , Elementary particles (Physics) , Quantum field theory , Nuclear fusion , Physical measurements , Measurement , Quantum computers , Spintronics , Physics , Nuclear Physics, Heavy Ions, Hadrons , Nuclear Fusion , Elementary Particles, Quantum Field Theory , Measurement Science and Instrumentation , Quantum Information Technology, Spintronics , Quantum Physics Availability: Click here to see Library holdings or inquire at Circ Desk (x3401) Click to reserve this book Be sure to include your ID please. 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Call number: SPRINGER-1992-9783540472643:ONLINE Show nearby items on shelf Title: Nuclear Physics Concepts in the Study of Atomic Cluster Physics Proceedings of the 88th WE-Heraeus-Seminar Held at Bad Honnef, FRG, 26–29 November 1991 Author(s): Date: 1992 Size: 1 online resource (13 p.) Note: 10.1007/3-540-55625-7 Contents: Clusters in nuclear physics: From nuclear molecules to cluster radioactivities -- Balian-Bloch supershells for pedestrians -- Selfconsistent calculation of electronic supershells in metal clusters -- Supershells in laser-warmed Na-clusters -- Coexistence of electronic shells and shells of atoms in microclusters -- Magic numbers of Coulomb and Lennard-Jones crystals and quasicrystals -- Clusters as solitons on the nuclear surface -- Fission versus metastable decay series of rare gas cluster ions -- Applications of the liquid drop model to metal clusters -- The dynamical model of the atomic cluster fraqmentation -- Fission of metallic clusters -- Dissociation of doubly-charged alkali-metal clusters -- Projectile break-up in heavy ion collisions: Molecular dynamics for clusters of alpha particles -- Nuclear heavy-ion and atomic cluster-cluster collisions -- Molecular dynamics simulations of cluster-cluster collisions -- Collision-induced reactions of size-selected cluster ions of Ar -- Reactions and fission of clusters -- Molecule-cluster collisions: Reaction of D2 with Ni13 -- Vibrational dynamics of large clusters from high resolution He atom scattering -- Collision experiments with C60 -- Ion trap studies of ternary and radiative association processes -- Chemical reactions of trapped metal clusters -- Electron scattering and electromagnetic response properties of metal clusters -- Statistical fragmentation of clusters into clusters — in the example of nuclear fragmentation -- Shell effects in cluster-cluster collisions -- Snowballs: Micro-clusters in liquid helium as tools in nuclear and condensed-matter physics -- Collective excitations in silver cluster anions and kations -- RPA in nuclei and metal clusters -- Optical response of doped S1-electron metal clusters -- Collective excitations in large metal clusters -- Quantum molecular interpretation of optical response properties of simple metal clusters -- Photoelectron spectroscopy of alkali metal cluster anions -- Structure and bonding in aluminium and gallium clusters -- Electronic shell structures in aluminum and noble metal clusters -- Correlated electron pairs in metal clusters -- Electronic and atomic structure of simple-metal clusters: Beyond the spherical jellium model -- Shell-model and projected mean-field approach to electronic excitations of atomic clusters -- Dipole excitations of closed-shell alkali-metal clusters -- Some considerations on “isoarithmic” and isoelectronic clusters -- Magnetic properties of transition- and rare-earth metal clusters ISBN: 9783540472643 Series: eBooks Series: SpringerLink (Online service) Series: Springer eBooks Series: Lecture Notes in Physics: 404 Keywords: Physics , Nuclear physics , Heavy ions , Hadrons , Nuclear fusion , Atoms , Physics , Nuclear Physics, Heavy Ions, Hadrons , Nuclear Fusion , Atomic, Molecular, Optical and Plasma Physics Availability: Click here to see Library holdings or inquire at Circ Desk (x3401) Click to reserve this book Be sure to include your ID please. More info: Amazon.com More info: Barnes and Noble Full Text: Click here Location: ONLINE
Call number: SPRINGER-1992-9783540467946:ONLINE Show nearby items on shelf Title: Eruptive Solar Flares Proceedings of Colloquium No. 133 of the International Astronomical Union Held at Iguazú, Argentina, 2–6 August 1991 Author(s): Date: 1992 Size: 1 online resource (409 p.) Note: 10.1007/3-540-55246-4 Contents: History and basic characteristics of eruptive flares -- Basic magnetic configuration and energy supply processes for an interacting flux model of eruptive solar flares -- The role of cancelling magnetic fields in the buildup to erupting filaments and flares -- Variation of the vector magnetic field in an eruptive flare -- Intrinsically hot flares and a possible connection to deep convective magnetic fields -- Interaction of large-scale magnetic structures in solar flares -- The intrinsic relationship between flares and eruption of filament currents -- Filament eruptions, flaring arches and eruptive flares -- MHD non-equilibrium: A numerical experiment -- Triggering of eruptive flares: Destabilization of the preflare magnetic field configuration -- Field opening and reconnection -- Energy release at Alfvénic fronts in a force-free magnetic flux tube -- Energy transport in solar flares: Implications for Ca XIX emission -- Fluid flow in a jet and the CA XIX line profiles observed during solar flares -- Characteristics of the impulsive phase of flares -- Comparison of UV and X-ray solar flare observations and theoretical models -- White-light flares -- “Post” flare loops -- Plasma parameters derived from MSDP observations of cool flare loops -- Flare evolution in the density temperature diagram -- The Neupert Effect: What can i tell us about the impulsive and gradual phases of eruptive flares? -- Particle acceleration in the impulsive phase of solar flares -- Kinetic description of electron beams in the chromosphere -- Nuclear reactions in flares -- Radio emission of eruptive flares -- Arcsecond determination of solar burst centers of emission simultaneous to high time resolution and high sensitivity at 48 GHz -- Trapping and escape of the high energy particles responsible for major proton events -- Coronal and interplanetary transport of solar flare protons from the ground level event of 29 september 1989 -- High energetic solar proton flares of 19 to 29 October 1989 -- Large-scale quasi-stationary X-ray coronal structures associated with eruptive solar flares -- Large scale structures associated with eruptive flares and radio waves -- Coronal millimeter sources associated with eruptive flares -- On the association between large scale X-ray brightenings and solar flares -- A giant post-flare coronal arch observed by Skylab -- Characteristics of coronal mass ejections -- The solar sources of coronal mass ejections -- Remote sensing observations of mass ejections and shocks in interplanetary space -- In situ observations of coronal mass ejections in interplanetary space -- Meter-decameter radio emission associated with a coronal mass ejection -- Models of normal and inverse polarity filament eruptions and coronal mass ejections -- MHD shocks and simple waves in CMES -- Terrestrial response to eruptive solar flares: Geomagnetic storms -- Stellar flares: Confined or eruptive events? -- Radio flare emission from late-type stars -- The Solar-A mission experiments and the targets -- Nobeyama radioheliograph -- Decimeter high resolution solar radio spectroscope -- Considerations of a Solar Mass Ejection Imager in a low-earth orbit -- An Observational-conceptual model of the formation of filaments -- Dynamics in the prominence-corona transition region from HRTS spectra -- Active region classifications, complexity, and flare rates -- Compact sources of suprathermal microwave emission detected in quiescent active regions during lunar occulatations -- Velocity field in the 13 June 1980 flare area -- Deformation of magnetic null points -- The X12 limb flare and spray of 01 June 1991 -- Analysis of X-ray flares observed by the SMM spacecraft -- Distribution function for electron beams in the chromosphere -- Sub-second variations of HXR and H-alpha flare emission -- The role of protons in solar flares -- High spectral resolution of MM-wavelength (23 – 18 GHz) solar bursts -- Microwave flare characteristics in 8 and 3 mm Metsähovi measurements compared with optical and H-alpha data -- Simultaneous H? and microwave observations of a limb flare on June 20, 1989 -- Nonresonant ion-beam turbulence in solar flares -- Nonlinear emission mechanism of type III solar radio bursts -- A numerical simulation of magnetically driven coronal mass ejections -- Coronal mass ejections: The link between solar and geomagnetic activity -- A study of geomagnetic variations with periods of four years, six months and 27 days -- Atmospheric models of flare stars -- The emerging picture of eruptive solar flares ISBN: 9783540467946 Series: eBooks Series: SpringerLink (Online service) Series: Springer eBooks Series: Lecture Notes in Physics: 399 Keywords: Physics , Geophysics , Observations, Astronomical , Astronomy , Astrophysics , Physics , Astronomy, Observations and Techniques , Astrophysics and Astroparticles , Geophysics/Geodesy Availability: Click here to see Library holdings or inquire at Circ Desk (x3401) Click to reserve this book Be sure to include your ID please. 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Call number: SPRINGER-1992-9781461533429:ONLINE Show nearby items on shelf Title: Nuclear Shapes and Nuclear Structure at Low Excitation Energies Author(s): Date: 1992 Size: 1 online resource (457 p.) Note: 10.1007/978-1-4615-3342-9 Contents: I- Introduction -- Introductory Remarks -- Panoramic New Vistas of Nuclei in and near Their Ground States -- Nuclear Shapes and Nuclear Structure at Low Excitation Energies: Theoretical Aspects -- Atomic Physics and Nuclear Properties -- II - Atomic Methods in Nuclear Spectroscopy -- Progress in Atomic Physics Experiments on Nuclear Properties -- Resonance Ionization Spectroscopy of Rare-Earth Elements at Iris Facility -- Atomic Spectroscopy as a Probe of Parity Non-Conserving Effects in the Nucleus -- Isotope Shifts and Hyperfine Structure in Polonium Isotopes by Atomic Beam Laser Spectroscopy -- III- Single Particles Aspect -- Single-Particle Response Function:Complementary Aspects of (e,e’p) and Transfer Reactions -- Intruder States and Low Energy Nuclear Spectroscopy -- Rotational Structures and Residual Interactions in Doubly Odd Nuclei -- Collective and Quasi-Particle Degrees of Freedom in178Hf -- Diabatic Effects and Shape Coexistence in Neutron Deficient Pb Isotopes -- IV - Multiphonon States -- Low-Energy Multiphonon States in Deformed Nuclei -- Low-Lying Vibrational States in Deformed Nuclei -- V - Shapes and Coexistence -- Algebraic Approaches to Nuclear Structure -- Shape Coexistence in the Pb Region -- Population of the Oblate and Prolate Systems in 187Au Produced at Various Beam Energies in Two Different Reactions -- The Shell Model Distribution of Nuclear Shapes -- Magnetic Dipole Excitations of Heavy Nonspherical Nuclei -- VI - Octupoles -- Reflection-Asymmetric Shapes in Atomic Nuclei -- Electric Transition Strengths in Octupole Nuclei Measured by Coulomb Excitation -- Open Questions on the Low-Energy Negative-Parity Excitations -- VII - Superdeformation -- Microscopic Description of Superdeformation at Low Spin -- Superdeformation:An Experimental Review -- Thallium Isotopes:A Set of “Identical” Superdeformed Bands -- Microscopic Description of Quadrupole and Octupole Modes in the Superdeformation Region of 192Hg -- VIII - Exotic Nuclei -- Isospin Forbidden ? Transitions to Low-Lying 0+ States and the Effect on Superallowed Decay Rates -- Nuclei Far from Stability and the R-Process Waiting-Point Concept -- Emission of Neutrons and the Neutron Halo of 11Li -- Search for New Radioactivities at the Proton Drip-Line -- Internal Conversion Anomaly around A=187 -- Exploration of the Neutron-Rich Mass Surface from 11Li to 66Fe -- IX - Chaos -- Statistical Properties of Complete Level Schemes -- X - Experimental Techniques -- Nuclear Moments by Orientation Methods -- High-Accuracy Mass Determination of Unstable Rb, Sr, Cs, Ba, Fr and Ra Isotopes with a Penning Trap Mass Spectrometer -- ?-Ray Spectroscopy of Relativistic Fragments:A Novel Technique -- Lifetime Measurements in Medium Heavy Nuclei Using the Gamma Ray Induced Doppler Broadening (GRID) Technique -- Post Acceleration of Radioactive Beams:A New Tool for Nuclear Physics Studies -- In Beam Nuclear Polarization of Radioactive Ion Beams -- XI - Conclusion -- Concluding Remarks -- Participants ISBN: 9781461533429 Series: eBooks Series: SpringerLink (Online service) Series: Springer eBooks Series: NATO ASI Series, Series B: Physics: 289 Keywords: Physics , Nuclear physics , Heavy ions , Hadrons , Atoms , Physics , Atomic, Molecular, Optical and Plasma Physics , Nuclear Physics, Heavy Ions, Hadrons , Theoretical, Mathematical and Computational Physics Availability: Click here to see Library holdings or inquire at Circ Desk (x3401) Click to reserve this book Be sure to include your ID please. More info: Amazon.com More info: Barnes and Noble Full Text: Click here Location: ONLINE
Call number: SPRINGER-1991-9783642766619:ONLINE Show nearby items on shelf Title: High Energy Spin Physics Volume 2: Workshops Author(s): Date: 1991 Size: 1 online resource (393 p.) Note: 10.1007/978-3-642-76661-9 Contents: I Polarized Electron Sources and Electron Spin Polarimeters -- The SLC Polarized Electron Source -- The Orsay Polarized Electron Source -- Source of Polarized Electrons for MAMI B -- Status of the Kharkov Linac Polarized Electron Source -- Photocathode Studies for an Ultracold Electron Beam Device -- Spin-Polarized Photoelectrons from Optically Pumped p-CdSiAs2(100) -- Development of Polarized Electron Source of GaAs-AlGaAs Superlattice and Strained GaAs -- Spinrotator for MAMI -- Status of the HERA Electron Polarimeter -- The Møller Polarimeter for MAMI -- Monte Carlo Studies of Compton Scattering for the LEP Laser Polarimeter -- List of Participants -- II Siberian Snakes and Polarization in Circular Machines -- Experiments with Siberian Snakes -- A Partial Snake for the AGS -- An Operational Description of the Compact and Tunable LEP Spin Rotator -- First Evidence of Transverse Polarization in LEP -- Transverse Polarization in LEP -- Compensation of Depolarizing Effects at HERA -- Spin Matching Conditions in Large Electron Storage Rings with Purely Horizontal Beam Polarization -- The New Conceptual Design of Snakes and Spin Rotators in RHIC -- The Capability of Polarized Beam Acceleration at the Moscow KAON Factory -- Polarized Protons in the TRIUMF KAON Factory -- Status of the Spin Splitter Experiment at IUCF -- An Intense Polarized Beam by a Laser Ionization Injection -- Higher Order Spin Resonances in High Energy Electron Storage Rings -- On Snake-Orbit Matching -- Reduction of the Spin Perturbations at Using the Intrinsic Framework -- Measurement of Electron Polarization at TRISTAN -- List of Participants -- III Polarized Gas Targets -- Recent Developments in Laser-Driven Polarized Sources -- Progress on the Michigan-MIT Ultra-Cold Polarized Hydrogen Jet -- Polarized Jet Target of Hydrogen and Deuterium Atoms -- Accumulation of Hydrogen Atoms in a Low Temperature Storage Cell of a Polarized Hydrogen Gas Jet Source -- Intensity Measurements on the FILTEX Atomic Beam Source -- The Pumping Speed Limitations of the Atomic Beam Intensity -- Compression of Polarized 3He -- Progress with High Density Polarized 3He Targets -- Spin Relaxation on Surfaces -- Storage Cell Target for Polarized Hydrogen and Deuterium -- The Measurements of the Atoms’ Polarization in the Drifilm Coating Storage Cell -- Description of an Atomic-Beam Sampling Polarimeter -- A Polarimeter for Polarized Proton Gas Targets -- Gas Dynamics Aspects of Internal Targets -- Protecting the HERMES Experiment from Synchrotron Radiation -- A Storage Cell for the Filter Target Test Experiment -- Mechanical Design of Storage Cells -- List of Participants -- IV Polarized Solid Targets -- First Use of the Polarized Target Facility at Fermilab -- The Bonn Frozen Spin Target for Experiments with Real Photons -- The PSI Frozen-Spin Target -- Spin Physics in CHAOS -- The New Polarized Target Facility at the Kharkov Institute of Physics and Technology -- A Cryostat for Sample Irradiations in Liquid Argon -- A Multipurpose Q-Meter with Switching Phase Shift Detector -- Design Considerations for Variable-Frequency Pulsed NMR Deuteron Polarization Measurement -- Instrumentation for the Two-Litre Polarized Target of the SMC NA47 Experiment -- The PSI NMR-System for Polarized Targets -- Calculation and Simulation of the Deuteron NMR Spectrum in Propanediol -- Polarization Studies with Radiation Doped Ammonia at 5T and 1K -- Polarization Behaviour of NH3 at 3.5 Tesla and in the Frozen Spin Mode -- DNP of 15NH3 -- Butanol in the Frozen Spin Mode -- LAMPF Polarized 13C Targets -- Results from the PSI 6LiD Target -- Comparison of Polarized Target Materials in Different Magnetic Fields -- Dynamic Polarization of Solid 3He -- Investigation of Organic Substances for Development of Targets with Polarized Hydrogen and Deuterium Nuclei -- Progress in the Chemistry of Chromium(V) Doping Agents Used in Polarized Target Materials -- Some Metal Complexes as Free Radicals for Polarized Targets -- Measurements of Glass Properties and Density of Hydrocarbon Mixtures of Interest in Polarized Targets -- Low Temperature Thermal Properties of Pentanol-2 — A Perspective Polarized Target Material -- Determination of Polarization Parameters of a Polarized Deuteron Target by Experimental Data -- DNP with Inhomogeneously Broadened ESR Lines -- Polarization Reversal by Adiabatic Fast Passage in Deuterated Alcohols -- Computer Controlled Microwave System for CERN-SMC Polarized Target -- NMR Data Taking System by Personal Computer PC9801 (NEC) Presented -- A Remark on Nuclear Spin-Lattice Relaxation -- Heat Sinking of Cryogenic Coaxial Cables in a Dilution Refrigerator -- Density Measurement of Solid Butanol by ?-ray Attenuation -- List of Participants -- Index of Contributors ISBN: 9783642766619 Series: eBooks Series: SpringerLink (Online service) Series: Springer eBooks Keywords: Physics , Elementary particles (Physics) , Quantum field theory , Physical measurements , Measurement , Physics , Elementary Particles, Quantum Field Theory , Measurement Science and Instrumentation Availability: Click here to see Library holdings or inquire at Circ Desk (x3401) Click to reserve this book Be sure to include your ID please. 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Call number: SPRINGER-1991-9781468480269:ONLINE Show nearby items on shelf Title: Interaction of Charged Particles with Solids and Surfaces Author(s): Date: 1991 Size: 1 online resource (726 p.) Note: 10.1007/978-1-4684-8026-9 Contents: Mainstream Lecture Series -- Theory of Charged-Particle Stopping -- Dynamical Interaction of Charges with Condensed Matter -- Density Functional Theory of Stopping Power -- Statistics of Charged-Particle Penetration -- Accelerators and Stopping Power Experiments -- Experimental Aspects of Channeling -- Charged Particle-Surface Interactions and Spectroscopies -- Electron Spectra in Solids -- Low Energy Ion Penetration and Collision Cascades in Solids -- Interaction of Low-Energy Ions, Atoms and Molecules with Surfaces -- Applications of Ion Beams to Materials Science -- Desorption Induced by Electronic Transitions: Basic Principles and Mechanisms -- Invited Lectures -- Impact Parameter Dependent Energy Loss for Heavy Ions: an Overview -- Questions Concerning the Stopping Power of Heavy Ions in Solids -- Scattering of Fast Ions and Energy Loss on Surfaces -- Neutralization of Fast Protons in Grazing Collisions with an A1(111) Surface -- On the Stopping Power of an Electron Gas for Slow Proton and Antiproton -- Electron Capture in Atomic Collisions -- Channeling and Channeling Radiation Theory -- Wakes, Dynamic Screening -- Current Topics in Kinetic Electron Emission from Solids -- Convoy Electrons -- Surface Electron Spectroscopy Importance of Particle Transport -- Stopping Power of Hot Plasmas and Cold Solids: Dielectric and Transport Cross Section Formulations -- Ion-Induced Emission From Magnetic Materials Near Phase Transition Temperature -- Contributed Papers: Ion Stopping -- Accurate Quantum Mechanical Calculation of Stopping Powers for Intermediate Energy Light Ions Penetrating Atomic H and He Targets -- Charge Exchange and Energy Loss of Particles Interacting with Surfaces -- Effective Charge of Helium Ions in Solids -- Wake Potential in the Vicinities of a Surface -- Stopping Power of Large Molecular Clusters in Cold and Heated Solids -- A Stopping Power Formula for Helium Ions -- Survey of Heavy-Ions Research at CIRIL/GANIL -- Influence of Thickness Fluctuations on the Energy-Loss Spectra of Protons Transmitted through Thin Films -- Contributed Papers: Stopping of Electrons -- Inelastic Interactions of Electrons with Solids: LPA and Penn’s Statistical Model -- Energy Distribution of Electrons Excited by Slow Particles in Solids -- Ion-Induced Auger Electron Emission from Single Crystals: Experiment and Simulation -- Electron Spectra from Ion Bombardment of Cleaned Surfaces Covered with Frozen Gases at Low Sample Temperatures -- Emission of Spin-Polarized Electrons to Study Surface Magnetism and Particle-Surface Interaction -- Positron Thermalisation in Aluminum -- Contributed Papers: Low Energies -- Interaction of a Charged Particle with a Semi Infinite Non Polar Dielectric Liquid -- On the Experimental Verification of Various Mechanisms of Secondary Atomic and Molecular Ion Production Upon Ion Bombardment of Pure Metals -- Cascade Evolution and Sputtering in Condensed Rare Gases -- Contributed Papers: Applications -- Monte Carlo Simulations of Deposition Processes -- Growth of Thin Films by Ion Beam Sputtering: Study of Rare Gas Incorporation -- Experimental Evidence of the Bond Breaking Mechanism in Oxygen Secondary Ion Emission Enhancement -- Ion Beam Induced Ni-Ag Mixing -- SIMS Surface Analysis of PET: Degradation Development -- Closing Remarks -- Closing Remarks: Perspectives in Particle-Solid Interactions -- Participants -- Author Index ISBN: 9781468480269 Series: eBooks Series: SpringerLink (Online service) Series: Springer eBooks Series: Nato ASI Series, Series B: Physics: 271 Keywords: Physics , Nuclear physics , Heavy ions , Hadrons , Atoms , Condensed matter , Solid state physics , Crystallography , Spectroscopy , Microscopy , Physics , Atomic, Molecular, Optical and Plasma Physics , Nuclear Physics, Heavy Ions, Hadrons , Solid State Physics , Spectroscopy and Microscopy , Condensed Matter Physics , Crystallography Availability: Click here to see Library holdings or inquire at Circ Desk (x3401) Click to reserve this book Be sure to include your ID please. More info: Amazon.com More info: Barnes and Noble Full Text: Click here Location: ONLINE
Call number: SPRINGER-1991-9781468413601:ONLINE Show nearby items on shelf Title: New Technologies for Supercolliders Author(s): Date: 1991 Size: 1 online resource (391 p.) Note: 10.1007/978-1-4684-1360-1 Contents: Why 200 TeV -- Calorimetry -- A Totally Active Liquid Xenon or Kripton Electromagnetic Calorimeter for High Luminosity Hadron Colliders -- Progress on BaF2 Calorimeters -- A New Scintillator: LiBaF3, and Its Basic Properties -- Hybrid Photodiode Tube -- Calorimeters Sampled with Warm Liquids -- Electron Identification with TRD at Future Colliders -- Trigger and Data Acquisition Prospects for the Spaghetti Calorimeter -- Subnuclear Multichannel Integrated Detector Technologies -- Development of Front End Electronics for Future Supercollider Experiments -- Large Area Devices -- A Study of a Toroidal Muon Spectrometer with a Discrete Air Coil for a Multi-TeV Hadron-Hadron Collider -- Latest Results on the Development of the Gaseous Pixel Chamber -- The Muon Spectrometer: What is Needed? -- High Precision Tracking -- Scintillating Fibres for Central Tracking of Charged Particles -- Opto-electronic Delay for the Readout of Particle Tracks from Scintillating Fibres -- GaAs Detectors for Physics at the LHC -- New Developments in Gaseous Tracking Chambers -- Superconducting Strips for Microvertex Detectors -- Leading Particle Detection -- Status of Leading Particle Detection -- Supercollider Physics -- QCD Physics of Jets in the TeV Range -- Higher-order Corrections in QCD Event Simulation -- High Energy Phenomenon of Baryon Number Violation -- Monte Carlo Simulation -- A “Super Monte Carlo” for Multi-TeV Physics Simulation -- Computing Tools, Now and then -- Detector Simulation for Complex Multi-TeV Experiments -- Data Acquisition and Analysis -- Image Processing at Supercolliders -- Signal Processing, Triggering and Data Acquisition -- Participants ISBN: 9781468413601 Series: eBooks Series: SpringerLink (Online service) Series: Springer eBooks Series: Ettore Majorana International Science Series, Physical Sciences : 57 Keywords: Physics , Nuclear physics , Heavy ions , Hadrons , Physics , Nuclear Physics, Heavy Ions, Hadrons , Theoretical, Mathematical and Computational Physics Availability: Click here to see Library holdings or inquire at Circ Desk (x3401) Click to reserve this book Be sure to include your ID please. More info: Amazon.com More info: Barnes and Noble Full Text: Click here Location: ONLINE
Call number: SPRINGER-1991-9781461538349:ONLINE Show nearby items on shelf Title: Spin and Isospin in Nuclear Interactions Author(s): Date: 1991 Size: 1 online resource (535 p.) Note: 10.1007/978-1-4615-3834-9 Contents: Deep Inelastic Scattering of Leptons and Tests of Quark/Parton Models -- Meson-Exchange and Deep Inelastic Scattering -- Electron Scattering with Polarized 3He -- Hadronic Reactions in the Quasi-Elastic Peak Region -- ? Excitations in Nuclei -- Gluons, Spin and Flavour in the LEP -- Tensor Polarization Measurements of the Recoil Deuterons in Elastic Electron-Deuteron Scattering -- Electron Scattering from Tensor-Polarized Deuterons in the VEPP-3 Electron Storage Ring -- Study of Decay and Absorption of ? Resonance in Nuclei with a 4? Detector -- First Measurements of Spin Observables in $$N\bar N$$ Scattering Experiments at LEAR -- Flavor Production at Low Energies -- Chiral-Odd Parton Distributions and Polarized Drell-Yan -- Measurement of Spin Transfer Parameters in the $$\bar pp \to \bar nn$$ Charge-Exchange Reaction at LEAR -- Study of the np ? pp?- Reaction with the Vertex Detector ARCOLE -- Three Decades of Missing Gamow-Teller Strength -- Chiral Symmetry and Axial Charge Sum Rules -- Spontaneous-Symmetry Breaking and Gamow-Teller States -- Ground State Gamow-Teller Strength in 64Ni(n,p)64Co -- Structure of Neutron Rich Nucleus 11Be Studied by the 11B( $$\vec d$$, 2He) Reaction at 70 MeV -- Development and Application of Full-Folding Optical Potentials -- Spin Dependent Effective Interaction for Medium Energy Nucleon-Nucleus Scattering -- Measurements of Polarization Transfer Observables in ( $$\left( {\vec{p},\vec{p}'} \right)$$ ) Reactions at Intermediate Energies -- Modifications of the Effective Isovector Interaction from Studies of ( $$\left( {\vec{p},\vec{p}'} \right)$$ ) Polarization Transfer -- Medium Modifications of the NN Interaction and (p, p’) Scattering -- Experimental Foundation for NN Interactions: A Comment -- Spin-Longitudinal Correlations -- The Continuum Spin Response to Intermediate Energy Protons at Low Momentum Transfer -- The Nuclear Spin Response in Extended RPA Theories -- Fragmentation of the M6 Response -- Measuring the Quark Contribution to the Proton Spin Through vp ? vp -- 37Ca ?+-Decay: Is the GT Strength Really ‘Quenched’? -- Isospin and Quarks in Nuclear Beta-Decay -- Scattering of Protons and Pions from Polarized 3He -- Polarization Transfer in (p,n) Reactions at 495 MeV -- Relativistic Effects on Spin Observables -- Recent Results of (n,p) Studies at Intermediate Energies -- Theory of Inclusive (p,n) and (3He,t) Reactions on Nuclei in the Quasielastic and ?-Isobar Excitation Region -- Recent Developments in Low-Energy Nucleon-Nucleon Interaction Studies -- Delta and Roper Resonance Excitation in Hadronic Interactions with Particles of Isoscalar Structure -- The Quasifree Response for (d,2p) on Nuclei -- Conference Summary -- Participants ISBN: 9781461538349 Series: eBooks Series: SpringerLink (Online service) Series: Springer eBooks Keywords: Physics , Nuclear physics , Heavy ions , Hadrons , Nuclear engineering , Physics , Nuclear Physics, Heavy Ions, Hadrons , Theoretical, Mathematical and Computational Physics , Nuclear Engineering Availability: Click here to see Library holdings or inquire at Circ Desk (x3401) Click to reserve this book Be sure to include your ID please. More info: Amazon.com More info: Barnes and Noble Full Text: Click here Location: ONLINE
Call number: SPRINGER-1990-9789400918627:ONLINE Show nearby items on shelf Title: Quantum Paradoxes and Physical Reality Author(s): Franco Selleri Date: 1990 Size: 1 online resource (374 p.) Note: 10.1007/978-94-009-1862-7 Contents: 1 / Quantum Theorists and the Physical World -- 1.1. Three Central Questions about Physics -- 1.2. The Older Generation -- 1.3. The Middle Generation -- 1.4. The Younger Generation -- 1.5. Conclusions -- 2 / Is Quantum Mechanics a Complete Theory? -- 2.1. The Problem of Completeness and of Hidden Variables -- 2.2. De Broglie’s Paradox -- 2.3. The Spin-1/2 System in Quantum Mechanics -- 2.4. A Simple Proof of von Neumann’s Theorem -- 2.5. The Theorem is not General Enough -- 2.6. Von Neumann’s Theorem: Assumptions, Definitions, and Results -- 2.7. General Proof of von Neumann’s Theorem -- 2.8. Jauch and Piron’s Theorem -- 2.9. The Debate on Impossibility Proofs -- 3 / The Wave—Particle Duality -- 3.1. Duality for Photons -- 3.2. Duality for Neutrons -- 3.3. Einstein’s Discovery of Duality -- 3.4. De Broglie’s Duality -- 3.5. Schrödinger’s Waves -- 3.6. Bohr’s Complementarity -- 3.7. Fock’s Relativity with Respect to the Means of Observation -- 3.8. Heisenberg Beyond Complementarity -- 3.9. The Consciousness Interpretation -- 3.10. Delayed Choices -- 3.11. How to do what Complementarity Forbids -- 4 / Properties of Quantum Waves -- 4.1. Quantum Waves and Quantum Potential -- 4.2. Experiments on the Nature of Duality -- 4.3. Stimulated Emission -- 4.4. Quantitative Empty Wave Amplification -- 4.5. Two Further Experimental Proposals -- 4.6. Triple-Slit Experiments -- 4.7. The Bohm—Aharonov Effect -- 4.8. Further Ideas about Wave—Particle Duality -- 5 / The Einstein—Podolsky—Rosen Paradox -- 5.1. The Original Formulation -- 5.2. Bohr’s Answer -- 5.3. Two Types of State Vectors -- 5.4. Spin States for Two Particles -- 5.5. Reality and Separability -- 5.6. The EPR Paradox: Quantum Mechanics Complete -- 5.7. The EPR Paradox: Quantum Mechanics not Complete -- 5.8. From Theory to Practice -- 5.9. The Experimental Information -- 5.10. Solution 1: Modifying the Past -- 5.11. Solution 2: Superluminal Connections -- 5.12. Solution 3: New Definitions of Probability -- 5.13. Solution 4: Modifications of Quantum Theory -- 6 / The EPR Paradox in the Real World -- 6.1. Criticisms of Einstein Locality -- 6.2. Probabilistic Einstein Locality -- 6.3. New Proof of Bell’s Inequality -- 6.4. Probabilities for Pairs of Correlated Systems -- 6.5. A New Factorizability Condition -- 6.6. All the Inequalities of Einstein Locality -- 6.7. Tests of the EPR Paradox in Particle Physics -- 6.8. On the Possibility of New Experiments -- 6.9. Variable Probabilities -- 7 / Perspectives of Physical Realism -- 7.1. Objectivity of Scientific Knowledge -- 7.2. Mathematics and Reality -- 7.3. The Role of History of Physics -- 7.4. Fragmentation of Modern Physics -- 7.5. Niels Bohr and Philosophy -- 7.6. Quantum Physics and Biological Sciences -- 7.7. Forms of Physical Realism ISBN: 9789400918627 Series: eBooks Series: SpringerLink (Online service) Series: Springer eBooks Series: Fundamental Theories of Physics, An International Book Series on The Fundamental Theories of Physics: Their Clarification, Development and Application : 35 Keywords: Physics , Quantum physics , Nuclear physics , Heavy ions , Hadrons , Physics , Quantum Physics , Nuclear Physics, Heavy Ions, Hadrons , History and Philosophical Foundations of Physics Availability: Click here to see Library holdings or inquire at Circ Desk (x3401) Click to reserve this book Be sure to include your ID please. More info: Amazon.com More info: Barnes and Noble Full Text: Click here Location: ONLINE
Call number: SPRINGER-1989-9781468499810:ONLINE Show nearby items on shelf Title: Heavy Flavours and High-Energy Collisions in the 1–100 TeV Range Author(s): Date: 1989 Size: 1 online resource (620 p.) Note: 10.1007/978-1-4684-9981-0 Contents: Heavy Flavour Physics -- 1. Properties of B Mesons Results from ARGUS -- 2. Recent Results from CLEO on the Decay of B Mesons -- 3. B-Physics Possibilities at DO -- 4. B Meson Lifetime Measurement -- 5. Experimental Status of CP Violation in K° ? ?? -- 6. Heavy Flavours in Photoproduction Experiments -- 7. Hadroproduction of Top for mt? mw -- 8. Heavy Flavour Production Results from UA -- 9. Masses of Heavy Flavoured Hadrons -- 10. Measuring the Chiralities of Weak b ? c (u) Transitions in Inclusive B Meson Decays -- 11. Rare B Decays: A Window on the Standard Model and Beyond it for the 90’s -- 12. CP Violation in the B System -- 13. A Theoretical Determination of the CP Violating Phase ?00 -- 14. Possible Searches for CP Non-Conservation in Z Boson Decays -- 15. Heavy Flavour Production in High Energy Electron-Proton Collisions -- 16. The Lepton-Quark Mass Spectrum — a Guide to the Physics Beyond Standard Model -- 17. Threshold B?B Factories -- 18. Experimental Aspects of Heavy Quark Physics at HERA -- 19. Prospects in Top Physics -- 20. Photons, Electrons and Muons in Past, Present and Future -- High Energy Physics with 1–100 TeV Proton Beams -- 21. Perspectives for a new Detector at a Future Supercollider: the LAA Project -- 22. Experimentation at Supercolliders -- 23. Calorimetry in the Supercollider Era -- 24. Fast Intelligent Systems at the ELOISATRON -- 25. Review of Experimental Results and Perspectives from UA2 at the CERN p?p Collider -- 26. Electroweak Symmetry Breaking studies at the pp Colliders of the 1990’s and Beyond -- 27. Non-Perturbative Aspects of the Higgs Sector in the Standard Electroweak Theory -- 28. Gluino Signatures And Discovery When R-Parity Is Broken -- 29. Testing of the WW? Coupling at Future Multi-TeV pp-Colliders -- 30. Aspects of the Gluonic Production of Weakly Interacting Particles -- 31. Excited Quarks and Leptons -- 32. Probing New Contact Interactions at Future pp, ep and e+e- Colliders -- QCD -- 33. Monte Carlo Simulation of General Hard Processes with QCD Coherence -- 34. Semihard interactions and Inelastic Cross Section in High Energy Hadronic Collisions -- 35. The Pomeron in QCD and Experiment -- Participants ISBN: 9781468499810 Series: eBooks Series: SpringerLink (Online service) Series: Springer eBooks Series: Ettore Majorana International Science Series : 44 Keywords: Physics , Nuclear physics , Physics , Particle and Nuclear Physics , Biomedicine general Availability: Click here to see Library holdings or inquire at Circ Desk (x3401) Click to reserve this book Be sure to include your ID please. More info: Amazon.com More info: Barnes and Noble Full Text: Click here Location: ONLINE
Call number: SPRINGER-1989-9781468457155:ONLINE Show nearby items on shelf Title: Nuclear Matter and Heavy Ion Collisions Proceedings of a NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Nuclear Matter and Heavy Ion Collisions, held February 7–16, 1989, in Les Houches, France Author(s): Date: 1989 Size: 1 online resource (511 p.) Note: 10.1007/978-1-4684-5715-5 Contents: Invited Papers -- Nuclear Matter with Non-Relativistic Potentials: Present Status -- A Relativistic Theory of Nuclear Matter -- Elements of a Relativistic Microscopic Theory of Hadronic Matter in Equilibrium and Non-Equilibrium -- Hot Nuclear Matter -- to Non-Relativistic Transport Theories -- Relativistic Transport Theory of Fluctuating Fields For Hadrons -- Pion Absorption in Nuclei -- Formation and Decay of Hot Nuclei: The Experimental Situation -- Multifragmentation Of Nuclei -- Nuclear Matter and Fragmenting Nuclei -- Collective Phenomena in Relativistic Heavy Ion Collisions: The Experimental Situation -- Inclusive Experiments, Correlations and Pion Production Data -- Confrontation of Theoretical Approaches and Experimental Data on High Energy Heavy Ion Collisions -- Momentum Dependent Mean Fields in The BUU Model of Heavy Ion Collisions -- Hard Photons and Subthreshold Mesons From Nucleus-Nucleus Collisions -- Measurements of e+e- Pair Production at The Bevalac -- Status Of The SIS/ESR-Project at GSI -- Contributed Papers -- Heavy Ions at Saturne -- Pion Polarisations in The Relativistic Dirac-Brueckner Model -- Cut-Off And Effective Meson Field Theory -- A Non-Perturbative Transport Theory For Nuclear Collective Motion -- Timescale of Particle Emission Using Nuclear Interferometry -- Determination of Time Scales in Intermediate Energy Reactions -- Fragment Production and Nuclear Freezeout -- A Excitation in Nuclei by Heavy Ion Charge-Exchange Reactions -- Momentum Dependent Potentials in Relativistic Heavy Ion Collisions -- Classical Models Of Heavy Ion Collisions -- Relativistic Molecular Dynamics and The Relativistic Vlasov Equation -- Stability Conditions and Vibration Modes of Self-Consistent Vlasov Solutions with Diffuse Surface -- Sideward Flow of Charged Particles and Neutrons in Heavy Ion Collisions -- Dilepton Radiation From Hot Nuclear Matter and Nucleon-Nucleon Collisions -- Kaon And Pion Production in the Reaction Silicon (14.5 MeV) on Gold -- Participants ISBN: 9781468457155 Series: eBooks Series: SpringerLink (Online service) Series: Springer eBooks Series: NATO ASI Series, Series B: Physics: 205 Keywords: Physics , Nuclear physics , Heavy ions , Hadrons , Physics , Nuclear Physics, Heavy Ions, Hadrons , Particle and Nuclear Physics Availability: Click here to see Library holdings or inquire at Circ Desk (x3401) Click to reserve this book Be sure to include your ID please. More info: Amazon.com More info: Barnes and Noble Full Text: Click here Location: ONLINE
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https://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/ssb/v69n1/v69n1p45.html | Elderly Poverty and Supplemental Security Income
by
Social Security Bulletin, Vol. 69, No. 1, 2009
Provided here are the absolute and relative poverty status of 2002 elderly Supplemental Security Income (SSI) recipients. Official poverty estimates are generated from the Current Population Survey's Annual Social and Economic Supplement (CPS/ASEC). The poverty study presented here differs from previous studies in that it is based on CPS/ASEC income and weight records conditionally adjusted by matching Social Security administrative data. This effort improves the coverage of SSI receipt and the accuracy of SSI estimates. The adjusted CPS/administrative matched data reveal lower 2002 poverty rates among elderly persons (with and without SSI payments) than those generated from the unadjusted CPS/ASEC data.
Joyce Nicholas is a social science research analyst in the Office of Program Development and Research within the Office of Retirement and Disability Policy, Social Security Administration. Michael Wiseman is a professor at George Washington University.
Acknowledgments: The authors thank Paul Davies and Howard Iams for sharing their expertise on SSA administrative data and are especially appreciative of the helpful comments and suggestions provided by Kalman Rupp, Joyce Manchester, Glenn Springstead, Tom Rush, Tom Hale, Jim Sears, and Lynn Fisher.
The findings and conclusions presented in the Bulletin are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the Social Security Administration.
The original print and web versions of this article contained errors in Table 3 and the corresponding text discussing Table 3.
In Table 3, the CPS/DER labels in columns 4–6 were incorrectly transposed and should have been DER/CPS, DER-CPS, and DER-CPS, respectively. In addition, data in the rows "Missing or zero" and "Total" under columns "Mean difference in DER/CPS earnings" and "Standard deviation of difference" were incorrect as was the percentage in the row "Zero DER; CPS greater than 0" under the column "Earnings distribution, Percent." Corrected data now appear in the web version of this report.
The text discussing Table 3 in "The DER" subsection under "The Merge" heading has been corrected as follows:
Last sentence of the first paragraph:
"Despite these income-loss cases, on average, reports of adults with lower-range DER earnings have higher earnings in the DER CPS than are reported indicated in the CPS DER."
Second sentence of the second paragraph:
"In this range the CPS DER earnings totals on average are higher than amounts reported in the DER CPS, with the most dramatic differences occurring at the highest levels."
Abstract
ASEC Annual Social and Economic Supplement CPS Current Population Survey DER Detailed Earnings Record DI Disability Insurance FBR federal benefit rate FICA Federal Insurance Contributions Act MEF Master Earnings File NRC National Research Council OASDI Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance PHUS Payment History Update System SECA Self-Employment Contributions Act SER Summary Earnings Record SGA substantial gainful activity SIPP Survey of Income and Program Participation SSA Social Security Administration SSI Supplemental Security Income SSN Social Security number SSR Supplemental Security Record
In the United States, poverty is generally assessed on the basis of income, as reported in the Current Population Survey's (CPS's) Annual Social and Economic Supplement (ASEC), using an official poverty standard established in the 1960s. The prevalence of receipt of means-tested transfers is underreported in the CPS, with uncertain consequences for the measurement of poverty rates by both the official standard and by using alternative "relative" measures linked to the contemporaneous income distribution. The article reports results estimating the prevalence of poverty in 2002. We complete this effort by using a version of the 2003 CPS/ASEC for which a substantial majority (76 percent) of respondents have individual records matching administrative data from the Social Security Administration on earnings and receipt of income from the Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance and Supplemental Security Income (SSI) programs. Adjustment of the CPS income data with administrative data substantially improves coverage of SSI receipt. The consequence for general poverty is sensitive to the merge procedures employed, but under both sets of merge procedures considered, the estimated poverty rate among all elderly persons and among elderly SSI recipients is substantially less than rates estimated using the unadjusted CPS. The effect of the administrative adjustment is less significant for perception of relative poverty than for absolute poverty. We emphasize the effect of these adjustments on perception of poverty among the elderly in general and elderly SSI recipients in particular.
Introduction
The decline in the elderly poverty rate is often cited as a major accomplishment of national poverty policy. From 1966 through 2006, the official poverty rate for persons 65 or older declined from 28.5 percent to 9.4 percent. In 1966, elderly poverty exceeded that of adults aged 18–65 by 18 percentage points. By 1993, parity with the poverty rate of other adults was achieved, and since that year, the elderly poverty rate has generally been over a percentage-point lower than that registered for adults of "working age" (DeNevas-Walt, Proctor, and Smith 2007, 50).
Supplemental Security Income (SSI)—the nation's safety net for the aged, blind, and disabled—presumably played some role in this decline and serves to ameliorate the consequences of poverty for those who remain poor. However, assessing the contribution of SSI payments to the reduction of elderly poverty raises three issues. First, receipt of SSI is significantly underreported, so any evaluation using standard sources—notably the Current Population Survey's (CPS's) Annual Social and Economic Supplement (ASEC)—is likely unreliable (Roemer 2000; Weinberg 2006). Second, the federal SSI payment is not alone sufficient to move recipients out of poverty, so the SSI effect, if present, must occur in combination with other family resources. Third, as is widely appreciated, the poverty standard itself is controversial, and its modest empirical basis is outdated (Citro and Michael 1995; Weinberg 2006; Blank 2008).
This article addresses these measurement, context, and standards issues. On the measurement side, we investigate the consequences for perception of poverty among the elderly of using administrative information from the Social Security Administration (SSA) on earnings and income from the Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance (OASDI) and SSI programs to adjust CPS/ASEC data for underreporting. We consider the consequence of adjustment of income for all family members, not the elderly alone. On the standards side, we compare results using the official "absolute" poverty measure that is based on a threshold fixed in real terms with outcomes when poverty is assessed using a "relative" measure, that is, with reference to the general income distribution. Our investigation is limited to the 2003 CPS/ASEC (covering incomes in calendar year 2002); it is our intention to create a template for duplication of this analysis for subsequent years in a companion article.
This work is informed by a substantial amount of earlier work by SSA analysts on procedures for merging administrative and survey data and for using the resulting hybrids to study the prevalence of poverty and dependence on OASDI and SSI benefits (see, for example, Sears and Rupp (2003); Koenig (2003); Koenig and Rupp (2004); and Fisher (2005)). We also refer to the labor economics literature on use of administrative data versus survey-derived information in analysis of earnings (Pedace and Bates 2000; Bound, Brown, and Mathiowetz 2001; Abowd and Stinson 2005; Dahl, DeLeire, and Schwabish 2008) and on the burgeoning Census Bureau (2007) work on the consequences of using alternative resource measures and poverty standards.
Combining census and administrative data is not simple, and results are sensitive to several important decisions concerning where credence should rest. The credence issue is particularly important in working with earnings data; our approach is to develop two adjusted measures of income, one largely restricted to administrative amounts and the other more inclusive of survey responses. Reality, we argue, probably lies somewhere between the two. We find that incorporation of administrative data under both the restrictive and inclusive adjustment procedures has substantial consequences for perception of the prevalence of poverty by either absolute or relative standards. Our adjustments reduce the estimated aggregate official poverty rate in 2002 for all persons from 12.1 percent to 9.3–11.8 percent; the estimated poverty rate among elderly SSI recipients is reduced from 48 percent to 38.6–39.9 percent. Estimated relative poverty among SSI recipients also declines, but the effect of our adjustments on inferences about the relative poverty of the elderly is less significant than the effect on the official poverty measure. We argue these results present a challenge to those who would rely on unadjusted data for inferences about the prevalence of poverty or program take-up. We suggest that further experimentation with combining administrative data with CPS data be given high priority. Such investigations should cover more years and incorporate administrative data on other sources of income.
To reach these conclusions, we take the following route. The next section presents a brief overview of the SSI program. The CPS and pertinent SSA administrative data are then reviewed. For a variety of reasons including their own choice, not all persons in households interviewed for the CPS can be matched to SSA administrative records. Next, we discuss procedures for data preparation and the prevalence of successful match. Our strategy for merging the CPS and administrative data is then outlined. We discuss three alternatives for handling the shortfall of our incomplete match. The section that follows reports the consequences for estimating the prevalence of poverty in 2002 and of incorporating administrative data using the official poverty standard. The effect of our adjustments on estimates of the total population of SSI recipients is also discussed in this section. We then repeat the analysis using a relative poverty measure. The last section presents our conclusions and suggestions for future research.
SSI: An Overview
Although our focus is on the elderly, we include rules pertinent to children and nonelderly adults because our data adjustments involve all persons. In general, the data we cite are for 2002, the focal year for our subsequent calculations.
The SSI program provides a basic monthly national income guarantee, called the federal benefit rate (FBR) to children and adults with disabilities (including the blind) as well as to persons aged 65 or older. The FBR is adjusted annually for inflation. In 2002, the FBR was $545 per month ($6,540 per year) for a single individual and $817 ($9,804 per year) for a couple (SSA 2003). SSI is intended to be a program of last resort. Accordingly, payments are reduced if an individual or a couple has earnings or other income or receives "in-kind support and maintenance" (ISM), and the amount depends as well on a person's living arrangement. In all states1 except one, the federal SSI payment is augmented for at least some SSI recipients by a state supplemental payment (SSA 2004). In most states, SSI recipients are also immediately eligible for Medicaid, and if they live alone they are categorically eligible for food stamps (except in California, where the food stamp benefit is incorporated into the state supplement).
To be eligible, SSI nonelderly (younger than age 65) applicants must pass a disability test. Both elderly and nonelderly individuals must meet the same income and resource requirements.
For persons aged 18 or older, financial eligibility requires that countable income (whether from work or other sources) be less than the current FBR plus, where available, any state supplement. Certain income exclusions are applied to the calculation of net income. SSI program rules exclude the first $20 of income from all sources,$65 of earned income (for a total exclusion from earnings of $85 if the applicant or recipient does not have any unearned income), and half of any additional earnings beyond$65. The FBR is reduced by one-third for applicants or recipients receiving food and shelter—ISM—in another's household and not contributing to those expenses. Generally, resources cannot exceed $2,000 for an individual and$3,000 for a couple, but one's home and automobile as well as certain other resources are not counted.
As for children less than 18 years of age, the financial eligibility requirements generally pertain to the parents, whose income from sources other than public assistance is partially deemed to the child. Before any income is deemed to the child recipient, certain exclusions are applied to account for needs of other family members. The disability test for children is that the child must have a medically determinable impairment (or a combination of impairments) resulting in "marked and severe functional limitations."
For persons aged 65 or older, only the financial test for SSI eligibility applies. The disability test for nonelderly adults is the same test used for Social Security Disability Insurance (DI) and is quite stringent. It requires that the applicant be either blind or have a physical or mental impairment that prevents him or her from engaging in any substantial gainful activity (SGA) and that has lasted or is expected to last for a continuous period of at least 12 months or to result in death. SGA is generally defined in terms of specific earnings thresholds. In 2002 the SGA standard was $780 or more per month, so applicants judged capable of earning this much anywhere in the economy were ineligible for SSI. The threshold of SGA is automatically adjusted each year for changes in the average wage. Once eligibility is established, the monthly SSI payment is simply the FBR (plus the applicable state supplement), less any countable income. Because eligibility is not determined by total household or even family income, a substantial number of SSI recipients living with persons other than their spouse are not poor, although by official standards anyone living on the FBR alone is. In 2002, the official poverty standard was$9,359 for a nonelderly single person and $8,628 if aged 65 or older; the standard was$12,047 for a couple (again, nonelderly) and $10,874 if the "householder" was aged 65 or older. The annualized FBR—$6,450 per year for a single individual and $9,804 per year for a couple—was therefore less than even the poverty standard applied to elderly persons. Despite this shortfall, it is possible for SSI payments, when considered in combination with the income of other family members, to lift persons, including the elderly, out of poverty as officially measured. For others, SSI fills at least a portion of the shortfall between income and the poverty threshold and moves them upward in the general income distribution. The FBR is indexed so that the benefit stays constant in real terms.2 However, the assets limits and various income exclusions were fixed in nominal terms before the interval studied here and hence declined in real terms by 25 percent from 1993 through 2002. This has presumably reduced access to SSI. The Data We work with 2002 data from the 2003 CPS/ASEC and contemporaneous administrative files. The CPS The CPS is a monthly survey of approximately 60,000 households conducted by the Census Bureau and the Bureau of Labor Statistics.3 This survey is the main source of information about employment characteristics of the civilian noninstitutionalized American population. The Bureau of Labor Statistics gathers information about the employment status of each member of an interviewed household, who is at least 15 years of age. The CPS provides household, family, and person-level data about employment, unemployment, earnings, hours of work, and other indicators. Additional data are collected in the ASEC for CPS households (and some others) on various family characteristics in addition to income received in the previous year (Census Bureau 2003). The unweighted 2003 CPS/ASEC data set (covering income in calendar year 2002) consists of 216,424 person and 78,310 household observations. We exclude 564 children younger than 15 years of age who are unrelated to the reference person for their household or anyone else in the unit. This adjustment is required because no income data are collected for such persons; the same exclusion is applied by the Census Bureau in its poverty calculations. The exclusion reduces the sample to 215,860 members and the estimated size of the sampled population by about 0.2 percent, to 285,317,346 persons. To protect confidentiality, income data in the CPS are subject to top- and bottom-coding. When reported amounts exceed certain thresholds, the actual amounts reported are replaced (top-coded) with average reported amounts for the same item for all surveyed persons with above-threshold amounts and identical (on certain dimensions) demographic characteristics. Bottom-coding occurs for losses from farm and nonfarm self-employment income. When persons are known to have received certain types of income but amounts are not reported, the Census Bureau imputes the missing amount using "hot-deck" methods. In this procedure, missing values are imputed using the amounts reported for a person with identical (on certain dimensions) demographic characteristics encountered earlier in the data adjustment process. It is possible for top- or bottom-coded amounts to be used in such imputations, depending on the data processing sequence. SSA Administrative Files Social Security's administrative files of interest here include records of individual earnings in employment covered by the OASDI programs, OASDI benefits paid, and payments made from the SSI program. The data sources for these programs are the Summary Earnings Record (SER) and the Detailed Earnings Record (DER) for earnings, the Payment History Update System (PHUS) for OASDI, and the Supplemental Security Record (SSR) for SSI. Summary Earnings Record. These data are an extract from SSA's Master Earnings File (MEF). A primary MEF record is created when a person receives a Social Security number (SSN); thus every person in the CPS/ASEC for whom an SSN match was successfully accomplished will have an SER. Detailed Earnings Record. This type of record is an extract from the MEF that includes data on total earnings from all sources, including wages and salaries and income from self-employment, which is subject to Federal Insurance Contributions Act (FICA) and/or Self-Employment Contributions Act (SECA) taxation. DER coverage extends to all earnings reported by employers on workers' W-2 Forms, and the amounts are not capped.4 These data include deferred wages such as contributions to 401(k) retirement plans.5 Because individuals do not make SECA contributions if they lose money in self-employment, only positive self-employment earnings are reported in the DER. Our data are aggregated across all employers for each individual and include wage and salary income, income from self-employment, and deferred income. The data aggregation was performed by SSA's Office of Research, Evaluation, and Statistics following a protocol established by the agency. Payment History Update System (PHUS). These data record OASDI (or Social Security) benefits when paid. PHUS data include both total benefit and the amount of benefit subtracted for Medicare Part B premiums. A key feature of the PHUS is that monthly amounts recorded here represent actual payments, not entitlement. Hence if a person begins entitlement for a Social Security benefit in November 2001 but does not actually receive a check for the amount until February 2002, the payment will be recorded for 2002. This corresponds to income received as reported in the CPS/ASEC.6 Supplemental Security Record. This record provides the information that is needed to calculate and distribute SSI payments. SSA typically creates an SSR record when an individual files an SSI application. Each person's record includes eligibility and payment information, as well as income information about ineligible spouses and parents that is pertinent to establishing and maintaining the individual's eligibility. SSR payments are recorded as disbursed. The SSR includes state SSI supplements if SSA makes the payment on the state's behalf. Thirty-four states, by 2002, had chosen to administer some or all of the supplementation themselves (SSA 2004, 7). Payments made in state-administered SSI supplement programs are not included in the SSR. For the most part, state supplements are small, and some of the largest (California, Massachusetts, and New York, for example) are federally administered (SSA 2004, 7). However, benefits in Alaska, Connecticut, Wisconsin, Minnesota, and a few other states are substantial and state administered. By far the largest state-administered state supplement is Alaska's. In 2002, that state added$362 to the FBR for singles and $528 to the FBR for couples living independently (SSA 2004, 13). We do not have administrative data on sources of income other than wages and salaries, self-employment, OASDI, and SSI. For these other categories of income we must rely on the CPS. The Match The data we employ are the result of collaboration between SSA and the Census Bureau. The sources employed in the CPS/administrative data match are detailed in Appendix A. The Procedure CPS interviewers request SSNs for all persons aged 15 or older in each household in the address-based CPS household sample. Interviewees are not required to provide these data, but most do, or at least permit the Census Bureau to search SSA's administrative files for it using names, birth dates, and addresses. SSNs for persons younger than age 15 are all obtained by searching administrative data. Once collected, the CPS data are extensively reviewed and reorganized, missing values are imputed, and potentially identifiable outlier income values are top- or bottom-coded. Eventually a public-use data set is released that is the source of most official Census Bureau publications, including annual poverty estimates. The public-use data set includes unique numeric identifiers constructed by the Census Bureau for each household, and for each person within the household a unique person identifier is included in the data set. These identifiers relate to file structure only and convey no information useful for determining the actual identity of CPS respondents. At the time of release of the public-use CPS data, a special encrypted file is provided to SSA. This "cross-walk" file provides the SSN for each person in the CPS for whom an SSN has been reported, identified by the household sequence number and person identifier. At SSA, only one person has access to the cross-walk file. This person then uses the SSNs to construct SER, DER, PHUS, and SSR files for each person with a corresponding household sequence number and person identifier. Only the CPS identifiers are retained. We employ these extracts for calendar year 2002 in the following analysis. On the CPS side, we are working with the public-use CPS data sets available to all researchers. The Outcome Table 1 provides the first tabulation of the extent of match between the SER and our 2003 CPS/ASEC data. The analysis is based on age at the time of the March 2003 CPS/ASEC interview, so in some instances a person's age category will be one year greater than their age during all or part of 2002, when the earnings data are accumulated. Here and elsewhere we report separate tabulations for children (persons 0–17 years old), "working-age" adults (18–64 years old), the elderly (at least 65 years old), and various combinations. Table 1. The CPS/SER match: 2003 CPS/ASEC, by age group Age group a Total CPS records Total CPS records with an SER match Percent 0–17 b 66,016 57,763 87.5 18–64 129,460 93,472 72.2 At least 65 20,384 13,804 67.7 At least 18 149,844 107,276 71.6 All groups 215,860 165,039 76.5 SOURCE: Authors' calculations using 2003 CPS/ASEC data matched to administrative records. a. Age at time of CPS/ASEC interview. b. Sample excludes children younger than age 15 who are unrelated to others in their household. This exclusion is applied in all CPS poverty tabulations. The unweighted 2003 CPS/SER overall observation match rate is 76.5 percent.7 We do not have data to tell how much of the residual is attributable to failure to report an SSN versus reporting an SSN for which no records exist. In the material that follows, we concentrate on adults (persons at least 18 years old). For this group, the match rate is 71.6 percent. Matched observations tend to have slightly lower weights than unmatched ones, so the weighted match rate for adults (persons aged 18 or older) is 68.3 percent. The match rates reported in Table 1 are based only on finding records in the SER with the same SSN as is reported by a respondent in the CPS or derived for children from administrative data. It is possible that the match for some individuals is false because of misreporting of the SSN in the CPS interview or because of multiple users of the same SSN in the SER. Some information on the quality of the match is provided by comparing age as reported in the CPS to age as computed from SSA records. To do this, we limited our comparisons to those persons whose age at the time of the interview, as recorded in the SER, was 74 or younger because the CPS top-codes age at 80. The results (available from the authors) are consistent with a good fit: Almost 99 percent of the adults in our matched group have a CPS age that differs from age recorded in SSA data by no more than a year. Interestingly, the fit is asymmetric. Almost all of the discrepancies are the result of a lower age report in the CPS than in SSA's data. We have also compared CPS and SSA data by sex, and the discrepancy for all three age groups is less than 1 percent. In the remainder of the analysis, we accept the entire CPS/SER match as valid, foregoing to another day the development of procedures for identifying and excluding erroneous matches (Herzog, Sheuren, and Winkler 2007). The Merge We turn now to procedures for merging the CPS data with SSA administrative records. The term "adjusted data" is used for any CPS-reported values that have been replaced with administrative data. Alteration in earnings records is discussed first, and then we detail reports of OASDI and SSI receipt. Many conflicts between income as reported in the CPS and recorded in administrative data are found; particularly with regard to components of earnings, there is little basis for choosing between the two. Therefore, we created "restrictive" and "inclusive" income-adjusted data sets using different assumptions about the relationship between reported earnings and self-employment income in the CPS and administrative records. For this procedural summary, unmatched CPS respondents in the data set are retained, but later in the article we report outcomes for a sample restricted to persons in families with at least one person with a CPS/SER match. The data is then reweighted to adjust for variation in match rates across types of individuals. The CPS collects data on 17 types of income, from alimony to veterans' benefits to wages and salaries. Our adjustments involve only earnings—wage and salary and self-employment income. For all other sources the CPS amounts, including imputations and top-coded values, are retained. The Strategy The baseline for our calculations is income as reported in the public-use CPS/ASEC. We distinguish between our restrictive and inclusive assumptions at each step in the material that follows. Our procedural protocol is summarized in Appendix A. In general, the restrictive assumption set gives credence to administrative data when both administrative and CPS reports are available, and the inclusive assumption set gives credence to CPS income reports when such reports exceed amounts recorded in our administrative sources. Our procedure incorporates three important choices: (1) when we compare CPS data with income reported in the DER, we generally work with total earnings—the sum of wages and salaries and self-employment income—rather than distinguish between wages and salaries and income from self-employment; (2) we work with the DER, but accept CPS earnings reports in the absence of DER amounts; and (3) we rely wholly on SSA administrative sources for income from OASDI and SSI. Aggregate Earnings. Roemer (2002, 12) argues that people report as wages or salaries in the CPS (and the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP)) some income that is identified as "self-employment" income by their employers. Table 2 reproduces Roemer's example for the 2003 CPS/ASEC and presents the average distribution for 1990, 1993, and 1996 combined, based on his data. All the data here are for persons for whom a matched DER is available and who have reported wage and salary in the CPS. As the table indicates, Roemer, like us, finds substantial numbers of observations with wage and salary income in the CPS, but no wage and salary or self-employment income in the DER. He suggests these cases reflect the "underground" economy, where income is not reported to the Internal Revenue Service. However, a significant number of persons with wage and salary income in the CPS have only self-employment income in the DER. Roemer denotes these cases as "CPS misclassification." The prevalence of such cases is of the same order of magnitude in both Roemer's and our data. Table 2. Number and percentage distribution of 2003 CPS/ASEC observations reporting wage and/or salary earnings in 2002, by presence of wages or self-employment income in the DER DER earnings record group 2003 CPS/ASEC Average for 1991, 1994, 1997—March CPS a Number Percent Percent Wage and salary earnings reported in the DER; no self-employment income reported. 66,582 89.2 89.5 Wage and salary earnings reported in the DER along with self-employment income. 3,596 4.8 3.5 No DER wages and salary or self-employment present ("CPS underground"). 2,872 3.8 5.2 No DER wages and salary present, but self-employment present ("CPS misclassification"). 1,591 2.1 1.8 Total 74,641 100.0 100.0 SOURCE: Authors' calculations using 2003 CPS/ASEC data matched to administrative records. NOTES: Sample is comprised of adult 2003 CPS/ASEC observations with matching SER data and positive reported wage and salary or self-employment income in the CPS. a. From Roemer (2002, 12). As indicated in Appendix A, we work around the problem of misclassification by focusing on total earnings as denoted by Roemer for relevant cases in which no component of CPS self-employment income has been imputed. Aside from such cases, the general rule applied is that for the restrictive adjustment, the DER self-employment income amount is used except in cases in which the DER self-employment income total is zero and the CPS indicates income loss. In these cases the negative CPS amount is used. For our inclusive alternative, CPS-reported income is used when the reported amounts are greater than what is recorded in the DER or, again, in cases of income loss not contradicted by the DER. The DER. Beyond possible confusion between self-employment and wage and salary income, for many individuals there is considerable discrepancy between total earnings as reported in the DER and in the CPS. Table 3 sorts the 107,276 CPS adults with an SER match (see Table 1) on the basis of earnings as reported in the DER. Nearly 3 percent (3,096) of these adults had no matching DER record at all; we treat their DER earnings as zero. For each of the 11 DER earnings categories, we compare the CPS report for total earnings with what is recorded in the DER. Several features of the data are important both for our reconstruction of the income distribution and interpretation of the results. First, a quarter of the matched respondents—26,589—have no DER earnings report at all. However, of this group a substantial number (3,986; see the bottom line of data in Table 3) have positive matching CPS records. Second, the four earnings categories covering the range$1–$39,999 account for over half (55 percent) of these adults. Within this range the overlap of the CPS and DER earnings distributions is reasonably good, generally with identical amounts reported in the CPS and the DER for median workers in each DER category and about half of all CPS reports falling within 25 percent or more of the corresponding DER total. Nevertheless, there is a lot of variance in the difference between the CPS and DER totals. The lowest earnings categories include significant numbers of self-employed persons reporting income losses; for such cases the CPS value is always lower than reported DER earnings. Despite these income-loss cases, on average, reports of adults with lower-range DER earnings have higher earnings in the CPS than are indicated in the DER. Table 3. Distribution of CPS earnings reports relative to DER values DER earnings category ($) Earnings distribution Observations with CPS earnings values less than or equal to 0 DER/CPS earnings ratio from .75 to 1.25 Median difference in DER-CPS earnings ($) Mean difference in DER-CPS earnings ($) Standard deviation of difference ($) CPS value imputed Number Percent Less than 0 Equal to 0 Number Percent Number Percent Missing or zero a 26,589 24.8 193 22,410 . . . . . . 0 -3,561 18,132 3,143 11.8 1–9,999 19,704 18.4 128 4,212 5,338 27.1 0 -4,581 19,272 4,616 23.4 10,000–19,999 14,965 13.9 45 695 7,825 52.3 -179 -4,218 21,295 3,718 24.8 20,000–29,999 13,563 12.6 15 267 9,205 67.9 0 -2,893 23,989 3,079 22.7 30,000–39,999 10,580 9.9 5 143 7,688 72.7 160 -1,894 25,411 2,310 21.8 40,000–49,999 6,860 6.4 8 76 5,110 74.5 521 -739 29,521 1,386 20.2 50,000–59,999 4,561 4.3 6 40 3,325 72.9 1,219 1,025 30,205 923 20.2 60,000–69,999 2,992 2.8 3 27 2,125 71.0 1,328 792 38,103 641 21.4 70,000–84,899 2,663 2.5 3 24 1,876 70.4 2,553 3,735 38,271 544 20.4 84,900–199,999 3,998 3.7 5 42 2,477 62.0 7,654 13,231 59,105 905 22.6 200,000 or more 801 0.7 0 6 185 23.1 100,724 153,881 403,502 241 30.1 Total 107,276 100.0 411 27,942 45,154 42.1 0 -1,125 45,364 21,506 20.0 Zero DERa CPS greater than 0 3,986 3.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . -14,000 -23,755 41,396 1,677 42.1 SOURCE: Authors' calculations using 2003 CPS/ASEC data matched to administrative records. NOTES: This table consists of unweighted adult CPS respondents with an SER match. . . . = not applicable. a. Includes adults with no DER match. At earnings levels above$50,000 there is a reversal of pattern. In this range the DER earnings totals on average are higher than amounts reported in the CPS, with the most dramatic differences occurring at the highest levels. Interpretation of these outcomes is complicated by the high incidence of imputations; overall, one out of five of the matched adult observations has some element of earnings imputed. These imputations add substantially to both the mean and variance of the difference between CPS and DER earnings reports.
Clearly more investigative work could be done, but developing alternative imputation approaches for the CPS is beyond the scope of this article. Instead, we fall back to development of the two alternatives. For the restrictive estimates, we distinguish between observations with zero and positive DER values. In cases with a positive DER amount, we use the DER report minus any self-employment income loss reported in the CPS. For cases with an SER match and no DER earnings (as well as all adults without a match), we opt to accept the CPS amount. We do this largely on the basis of suspicion that the CPS captures unreported income and concern that disregarding the Census Bureau report altogether is too restrictive in instances in which evidence (from the CPS interview) exists that work has occurred. Our inclusive estimate is generally the greater of the CPS and DER amounts unless no earnings are reported in the DER, and the CPS includes a self-employment income loss. For these individuals the CPS value is employed. One implication is that our inclusive estimate includes some cases in which a CPS imputation or top-coded amount is used in place of a lesser DER value.8
Administrative Data on Benefits. For OASDI and SSI, we rely on SSA administrative data for both our restrictive and inclusive income adjustments. Incorporation of OASDI and SSI administrative data is complicated by the absence of administrative information on state-administered SSI supplements and evidence that CPS respondents sometimes confuse SSI payments with OASDI benefits. This confusion problem is illustrated by the tabulation reported in Table 4.
Table 4. Average reported SSI and OASDI benefits, by SSI reporting status: CPS/SSR matched adult sample, 2002
CPS SSI benefit category Observation counts SSI OASDI
In CPS In SSR In CPS In PHUS
Number of positive values
Reports of positive SSI receipt 1,681 1,681 1,681 719 744
Reports of negative SSI receipt 1,119 0 1,119 658 531
Total 2,800 1,681 2,800 1,377 1,275
Average benefit values of observations with positive values ($) Reports of positive SSI receipt 1,681 4,671 4,592 5,892 5,039 Reports of negative SSI receipt 1,119 0 4,400 7,382 5,431 SOURCE: Authors' calculations using 2003 CPS/ASEC data matched to administrative records. We have 2,800 CPS/ASEC adult observations in the CPS that are known from the SSR match to have received SSI payments in 2002. Table 4 divides these observations between those for whom SSI was also reported in the CPS and those for whom the CPS indicates no SSI receipt. Note the following: For individuals reported to the CPS interviewer to be SSI recipients, the average amount ($4,671) is quite similar to the average amount recorded in the SSR ($4,592). Moreover, the average SSI payment recorded in the SSR is on the same order of magnitude for adults with and without positive CPS SSI records. As would be expected given that state-administered SSI supplements are not captured by the SSR, the average benefit reported in the CPS exceeds the average benefit recorded in the SSR for the same adults. The last two columns in Table 4 show average OASDI amounts from the CPS and the PHUS for the adults with a CPS/SSR match and positive benefit values from the CPS and/or PHUS's OASDI records. In general the CPS totals are greater. As anticipated, the differential between the CPS and the PHUS's OASDI reports is larger for people identified as SSI recipients by the SSR, but for whom no SSI payments are recorded in the CPS. However, the offset is not complete. The average SSI plus OASDI benefit for those reporting SSI and OASDI in the CPS is$4,671 + $5,892 =$10,563. For those not reporting SSI (but known to have received it), reported OASDI is substantially larger ($7,382 versus$5,892), but the amount falls short of the combined SSI ($4,400) and OASDI ($5,431) averages ($9,831) from the administrative data. Given state supplementation, the combined CPS amount should exceed, not fall short of, this amount. We have confirmed what was already well known—receipt of SSI is substantially underreported in the CPS.9 It is possible that some CPS respondents are confusing SSI with OASDI. It would be easy to do so because both programs are administered by SSA and individuals may apply for SSI and OASDI benefits at the same office. Both programs fall under the jurisdiction of SSA and may be easily confused. If such confusion does in fact exist, we should expect to see greater reported OASDI in the CPS among known SSI recipients who fail to report SSI than is the case for individuals who correctly report SSI receipt. We do find this to be true. However, such evidence is not definitive without additional control; it is possible that underreporting of SSI increases with the size of one's Social Security entitlement, and hence those failing to report SSI might be expected to have larger OASDI income. Nevertheless, we conclude that both underreporting and misreporting are present in the data.10 Given the misreporting problem, our income adjustment is focused on the combined SSI and OASDI payment. Again, we distinguish between individuals with and without an SER match. For individuals without an SER match, we utilize the sum of SSI and OASDI amounts as reported in the CPS and accept positive-reported SSI income as indeed indicating SSI receipt. For persons with an SER match, the following rules are applied to both our restrictive and inclusive calculations. In this case, we take SSA administrative data from the PHUS and SSR as truth and make adjustments only in instances in which state supplements are not included in these sources. If the person resides in a state with no universal state supplement or in which the state supplement is federally administered, we utilize the sum of the SSI amount reported in the SSR and the OASDI amount reported in the PHUS. If there is no SSR and/or PHUS match, SSI and/or OASDI are recorded as zero. By "universal" we mean a supplement paid to all or virtually all SSI recipients. This adjustment applies to both the restrictive and inclusive calculations. If the person resides in a state with a universal state-administered SSI supplement, we again utilize the sum of the SSI amount reported in the SSR and the OASDI amount reported in the PHUS. To this we add an estimate of the state-administered supplement.11 The restrictive and inclusive estimates differ only on the basis of the number of months out of the year in which the person receives assistance; among most persons with positive SSR SSI records, the amounts are identical. Detail on federally and state-administered SSI supplements and the imputation procedures we follow appear in Appendix B. The Outcome Table 5 presents the outcome of these income adjustments, differentiating observations by their CPS/SER match status and whether their earnings or SSI/OASDI totals were changed. The table has two panels, one incorporating the restrictive adjustments and the other incorporating the inclusive adjustments. To get a sense of the total impact, it is necessary to sum the individuals for whom total SSI and OASDI payments were adjusted (the totals for rows 1 and 3) with the individuals with earnings changes but no alteration in SSI plus OASDI income (the amounts in the two earnings alteration columns in row 2). Given restrictive adjustments, this is 8,815 + 12,865 + 32,745 + 45,404 = 99,829—46 percent of all persons in the CPS and 61 percent of all CPS/SER matched observations. The inclusive calculation retains CPS values for earnings and SSI/OASDI benefits more frequently; in this case 31 percent of all persons in the CPS and 41 percent of all CPS/SER matched observations have incomes adjusted. Clearly, under both approaches the incidence of alteration is high, but because these numbers count every adjustment, no matter how small, it is possible that they do not matter much.12 The obvious question is whether the size and distribution of these adjustments have significant effect on our perception of poverty for the elderly and for individuals and families in general. Table 5. Incidence of SSI, OASDI, and earnings adjustment: 2002 CPS/administrative matched estimates Adjustment category No CPS/SER match a CPS/SER match, but no CPS/DER match a CPS earnings adjustments Total CPS earnings total replaced with a lesser adjusted CPS earnings total CPS earnings total remained unchanged CPS earnings total replaced with a greater adjusted CPS earnings total Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Restrictive income adjustment CPS combined SSI and OASDI amount replaced with lesser combined administrative SSI and OASDI amount 0 0 986 0.5 697 0 5,619 2.6 1,513 0.7 8,815 4.1 CPS combined SSI and OASDI amount remained unchanged 50,821 23.5 47,722 22.1 32,745 15.2 17,488 8.1 45,404 21.0 194,180 90.0 CPS combined SSI and OASDI amount replaced with greater combined administrative SSI and OASDI amount 0 0 3,193 1.5 950 0 6,929 3.2 1,793 0.8 12,865 6.0 Total 50,821 23.5 51,901 24.0 34,392 15.9 30,036 13.9 48,710 22.6 215,860 100.0 Inclusive income adjustment CPS combined SSI and OASDI amount replaced with lesser combined administrative SSI and OASDI amount 0 0 986 0.5 0 0 6,315 2.9 1,512 0.7 8,813 4.1 CPS combined SSI and OASDI amount remained unchanged 50,821 23.5 47,722 22.1 0 0 50,233 23.3 45,404 21.0 194,180 90.0 CPS combined SSI and OASDI amount replaced with greater combined administrative SSI and OASDI amount 0 0 3,193 1.5 0 0 7,880 3.7 1,794 0.8 12,867 6.0 Total 50,821 23.5 51,901 24.0 0 0 64,428 29.8 48,710 22.6 215,860 100.0 SOURCE: Authors' calculations using 2003 CPS/ASEC data matched to administrative records. a. CPS earnings totals applied. We now have two versions of the CPS/ASEC. The first is the standard public-use sample, the basis for national poverty statistics such as those cited at the beginning of this article. The second is an adjusted data set, containing the same individuals, households, and families but with incomes adjusted using the procedures outlined above to incorporate, where available, information from administrative files. For each person we have two income figures, one computed using the restrictive adjustments and the other using the inclusive alternative. Because overall, 23.5 percent of the individuals were not matched to administrative data, the second version is an amalgam that contains many respondents for whom only survey data are available. To address this missing match problem, we have experimented with creating a third version based only on families and individuals for whom some administrative match exists. Adjusting for Unmatched Observations The absence of a CPS/SER match can be treated as a problem in unit nonresponse—as if failure to provide an SSN that could be matched to the SER is equivalent to refusing to cooperate with the survey at all (Lehtonen and Pahkinen 2004, 115). Adjustment of data for nonresponse then requires some specification of the circumstances that affect the likelihood of cooperation (Groves and Couper 1998). The simplest assumption is that such outcomes are a random phenomenon, and each sampling unit shares a common probability $θ$ of responding. The response rate for the survey then provides an estimate $θ ^$ of this common probability, and population totals for various features of interest could be obtained by multiplying the analysis weights for respondents by a nonresponse adjustment factor, $1 / θ ^$ . However, even the simplest tabulation (as in Table 1) indicates that the match rate is not independent of demographic characteristics. Hence without adjustment, the subset of observations for which match is achieved cannot be used to make inference about the U.S. population as a whole. We address this problem by reweighting our matched sample in a manner that reflects the varying propensity across interview units to provide SSNs or the information required for SSA to find them. Both poverty and income distribution statistics are based on families and single individuals. Given that poverty assessment requires family income for persons living in families, it would be convenient if every individual in a family had a successful SER match. In practice, this is not the case. In the 2003 CPS/ASEC, nearly 66 percent of persons lived in families in which everyone was matched to the SER ("families" here include single individuals living alone or with unrelated persons), so slightly more than a third did not have a successful SER match (these are unweighted counts). However, only 14.2 percent of sample persons lived in families in which no one was matched. This presents a choice. We can focus on (a) those individuals who live in families in which someone in the family is matched, but not necessarily themselves; (b) those individuals who themselves are matched, but this is not necessarily true for all family members; or (c) those individuals who live in families in which everyone, including themselves, is matched. Unweighted sample counts for each alternative are presented in Table 6. Criterion (a) is obviously the least restrictive. Table 6. Observation counts and match rates, by sample restriction criteria, 2003 CPS/ASEC Match criterion Count Match rate (%) Person observations in original CPS sample 215,860 100.0 Person observations with at least one family member with matching SER record 185,284 85.8 Person observations with self matched with SER record 165,039 76.5 Person observations with all family members matched with SER records 141,937 65.8 SOURCE: Authors' calculations using 2003 CPS/ASEC data matched to administrative records. The difference between groups (a) and (b) is 20,245 persons for whom we have no SER match but who live in families with others for whom we do. About one-third are children, and 31 percent are the "reference" persons at the top of the survey register for the household. The remainder are other adults, commonly the reference person's spouse. Given that children are unlikely to be contributing to income, and the remaining group of persons for whom we will be forced to rely on Census income is small, for our third CPS-based sample, we choose to work with group (a)—those individuals who live in families in which someone in the family is matched, but not necessarily themselves.13 Given this subsample restriction, we next compute the parameters of a logistic regression for the log odds of being matched in this sense for each of the 215,860 persons in our sample, as shown in Table 1 (Folsom 1991; Iannacchione 1999). We estimate separate functions for persons in each of the three age groups; all three logits are reported in Appendix C. We use this function to calculate $θ i$ and an adjusted weight $w i / θ ^ i$ for each individual observation. These calculations produce a third sample made up of unrelated individuals with an SER match and persons in families with at least one member with an SER match, each with a propensity-adjusted weight and both restrictive and inclusive income estimates. The Results: Absolute Poverty and the Prevalence of SSI Receipt We begin by examining the consequence of these income adjustments for estimated rates of poverty using the poverty thresholds applied in Census Bureau publications. As previously noted, for 2002 a single, nonelderly adult living alone was considered poor if his or her gross cash income after transfers but before taxes for the year fell below$9,359; for a family of four with two children, the reference amount was $18,244 (Proctor and Dalaker 2003, 4). The standard increases with family size and varies with composition. Elderly persons living alone or with spouses are assumed to require about 10 percent less income than nonelderly persons in the same circumstance. Prevalence of "Official" Poverty The results are shown in Table 7—which is divided between (1) results for the total U.S. population as covered by official poverty statistics, and (2) results for SSI recipients, a subgroup of the total. For both groups we present results (a) as published by the Census Bureau, (b) based on our "intermediate" CPS data that include income adjustments for persons for whom an SER match was obtained, and (c) for our "final" reweighted matched sample that is restricted to persons living in families with at least one SER match. Within each estimate group, we present results for children ages 0–17, for adults aged 18–64, and for adults aged 65 or older. Table 7. Poverty rates across age and SSI recipient groups, 2002: Before and after income adjustment using administrative data Age group Estimated population Restrictive Inclusive Number of person records Number living below poverty a Percent living below poverty Number living below poverty Percent living below poverty 1(a): U.S. population; estimates based on unadjusted CPS income data b 0–17 72,695,775 12,127,725 16.7 12,127,725 16.7 66,016 18–64 178,387,747 18,859,737 10.6 18,859,737 10.6 129,460 65 or older 34,233,824 3,576,169 10.4 3,576,169 10.4 20,384 Total 285,317,346 34,563,631 12.1 34,563,631 12.1 215,860 1(b): U.S. population; estimates based on adjusted CPS income data c 0–17 72,695,775 11,942,960 16.4 9,684,218 13.3 66,016 18–64 178,387,747 18,702,806 10.5 15,030,345 8.4 129,460 65 or older 34,233,824 3,111,542 9.1 3,043,279 8.9 20,384 Total 285,317,346 33,757,308 11.8 27,757,842 9.7 215,860 1(c): U.S. population with income adjustment, sample restriction, and reweighting d 0–17 72,451,591 11,832,495 16.3 9,453,838 13.0 62,682 18–64 172,660,884 18,192,264 10.5 13,616,602 7.9 108,038 65 or older 33,001,207 2,768,217 8.4 2,677,064 8.1 14,564 Total 278,113,682 32,792,976 11.8 25,747,504 9.3 185,284 2(a): SSI recipient population; estimates based on unadjusted CPS income data e 0–17 364,804 132,151 36.2 132,151 36.2 323 18–64 3,595,948 1,577,196 43.9 1,577,196 43.9 2,534 65 or older 1,192,268 572,868 48.0 572,868 48.0 778 Total 5,153,020 2,282,215 44.3 2,282,215 44.3 3,635 2(b): SSI recipient population; estimates based on adjusted CPS income data f 0–17 830,116 219,764 26.5 181,242 21.8 696 18–64 3,809,850 1,609,734 42.3 1,557,189 40.9 2,604 65 or older 1,695,088 688,697 40.6 668,344 39.4 1,081 Total 6,335,054 2,518,195 39.8 2,406,775 38.0 4,381 2(c): SSI recipient population with income adjustment, sample restriction, and reweighting g 0–17 862,176 228,729 26.5 187,873 21.8 680 18–64 3,880,146 1,729,553 44.6 1,666,596 43.0 2,121 65 or older 1,956,997 781,043 39.9 754,997 38.6 906 Total 6,699,319 2,739,325 40.9 2,609,466 39.0 3,707 SOURCE: Authors' calculations using 2003 CPS/ASEC data matched to administrative records. a. Persons are identified as "poor" if their CPS total family unadjusted income record is less than their corresponding CPS family poverty threshold record. Family income records may include top-coded components. These totals differ slightly from official reports, which are based on actual reported income without top-coding. b. Figures have been generated from the entire 2003 CPS/ASEC sample of 215,860 persons used by the Census Bureau to estimate official poverty rates. Income and weight records are unadjusted. c. Income adjustments were made using administrative data on earnings, OASDI, and SSI receipt, following decision rules presented in the text. CPS weights are unadjusted. d. Estimates were derived from a reduced 2003 CPS/ASEC poverty sample of 185,284 persons who had at least one family member with matching CPS/SER records. Figures are based on the adjustment of CPS income records using administrative data, following "sample restriction" decision rules presented in the text. Weights have been adjusted by propensity estimates derived from a regression model involving person-level records (based on CPS/SER family); see the text and Appendix B. e. Persons are identified as SSI recipients if they have a positive CPS SSI record. Income and weight records are unadjusted. f. Income adjustments were made using administrative data on earnings, OASDI, and SSI receipt, following decision rules presented in the text. SSI status is based on adjusted data. Weights are unadjusted. g. Estimates were derived from a reduced 2003 CPS/ASEC poverty sample of 185,284 persons who had at least one family member with matching CPS/SER records. Figures are based on the adjustment of CPS income records using administrative data, following "sample restriction" decision rules presented in the text. Weights have been adjusted by propensity estimates derived from a regression model involving person-level records (based on CPS/SER family); see the text and Appendix B. Persons are identified as SSI recipients if they have a positive SSR SSI record. Tabulations 1(a) and 2(a) are based on the same CPS data (n = 215,860) used by the Census Bureau to generate official poverty estimates. (Our estimates differ very slightly from figures published by the Census Bureau because it uses data without top codes, and we use the public-use sample, which is top-coded.) The official measures appear for reference at the top of the columns for both the restrictive and inclusive computations. We are particularly interested in poverty rates for the elderly and among SSI recipients. In the national data, the poverty rates for working-age and elderly populations are 10.6 percent and 10.4 percent, respectively. As anticipated, poverty rates for persons in all age groups that are identified as SSI recipients are much higher than rates estimated for the age groups as a whole. Tabulations 1(b) and 2(b) report the results of applying only our restrictive and inclusive income-adjustment protocols. The entire CPS sample is retained (n = 215,860), and CPS data are used for all persons for whom a CPS/SER match was not achieved, so the total sample size does not change from that recorded for the CPS. Looking first at the data for all persons, the effect of incorporating administrative data is sensitive to the assumption set. The restrictive adjustment decreases the estimated aggregate poverty rate from 12.1 percent to 11.8 percent; the estimated rates for all three groups decline, with the greatest change for the elderly. The inclusive adjustment produces a much larger reduction in poverty rates for all groups, most notably for the nonelderly. Both adjustments produce lower SSI poverty rates. The effect is most dramatic for persons aged 17 or younger. Under the restrictive procedure, the poverty rate for the elderly is 40.6 percent, over 7 percentage-points lower than the CPS estimate. Using our inclusive income adjustment procedure, the estimate is 39.4 percent, 8.6 percentage-points lower than the CPS estimate. The unweighted SSI recipient count (the number of "person records" in the last column of the table) goes up by over a fifth, from 3,635 to 4,381 when administrative data are employed. This is another manifestation of underreporting of SSI in the CPS. Tabulations 1(c) and 2(c) illustrate the results of applying our adjustment conventions, restricting the sample to persons living in families with at least one member with matching individual CPS and SER records (n = 185,284) and reweighting the observations using propensity scores. Appendix C reports the parameter estimates for the logistic functions used to reweight the CPS person weights of the noted 185,284 member restricted person sample. The aggregate outcome (in 1(c)) is a modest additional decrease in estimated aggregate poverty rates under the restrictive convention when compared with estimates based only on adjusting data for respondents who could be matched to SSA records. When the inclusive procedure is employed, the outcome is similar—estimated poverty rates decline further. For SSI recipients, the effect is a bit more varied, with child and nonelderly adult SSI poverty estimates slightly higher and elderly rates slightly lower than those estimated without sample restriction and reweighting. What drives the difference between the restrictive and inclusive estimates? A review of the details in Appendix A indicates that the most significant difference between the two alternative calculations is that for earnings and self-employment income, the restrictive calculations rely on the DER, that is, earnings reported by employers. The inclusive alternative takes CPS reports when the amounts reported in the survey exceed what appears in administrative data. Because the inclusive procedure generally follows a "greater of DER and CPS" rule, the amounts there will be larger; the results indicate the difference is quite significant. For the elderly, earnings are less important (although they count because poverty is estimated on the basis of total family income, not just the income of the elderly themselves). What makes the difference is correction for SSI underreporting. Aside from imputations for state-administered SSI supplements, the same correction is applied in both the restrictive and inclusive procedures because SSA knows what people receive and the consequence in both cases is an 8–9 percentage-point reduction in estimated poverty, particularly among SSI elderly recipients. SSI Population Estimates In "The Merge" section of this article, we established the CPS undercount of SSI recipients by looking at the actual prevalence of SSI receipt for adults (aged 18 or older) in CPS households who were successfully matched with administrative data and comparing this number to what was actually reported to Census Bureau interviewers (see Table 4). The CPS is designed to provide estimates of the total numbers of households, families, and persons with various attributes. Thus the undercount could also be investigated by comparing the number of SSI recipients estimated from the CPS sample with total recipients recorded by SSA. This could presumably be done with both the original and the adjusted CPS data. But just what is meant by "total recipients" poses yet another problem. Normally caseload data are reported for a point in time. For example, SSA regularly publishes case counts by age group in December (see, for example, SSA (2007), Table 3). However, the CPS/ASEC asks for SSI payments received in the preceding year. Thus, in principle the SSI recipient count derived from the 2003 CPS/ASEC is an estimate of the total number of people who received SSI at any time during calendar 2002. This "ever-on" number should be larger than the largest monthly caseload during the year. There are nuances. Persons who receive SSI in 2003 but die before experiencing the CPS interview are uncounted. Age in the CPS is reported as of the time of the interview, so age categorization only approximates what would be obtained by considering, for example, age at some point in 2002. Any comparison between caseload projection from the CPS and administrative data should also be adjusted for the fact that the SSI caseload includes persons living in institutions who are not included in the CPS. Despite these complications, it is important to gauge CPS coverage by estimating just how many SSI recipients should have been captured by the survey. To do this, we use a 1 percent sample of monthly SSR SSI recipient records to count the number of persons who received SSI at any time during calendar 2002, and we compare these counts with the recipient population estimated from the various CPS samples we used during our study.14 The results by age group appear in Table 8. Columns 1, 2, and 3 show the SSI population estimates generated from our "baseline," "intermediate," and "final" CPS samples, respectively. More specifically, the first column of data (our baseline estimates) are straight from the CPS and indicate the sum of sample weights for persons for whom the unadjusted 2003 CPS/ASEC reports receipt of SSI in 2002. The second column shows intermediate estimates generated from the same CPS sample used for official poverty estimates, but matched to administrative sources and involving adjustment to only CPS income records. The third column gives our final estimates of the number of recipients calculated on the basis of our restricted CPS/administrative-matched sample with CPS income and weight adjustments. Table 8. Estimated SSI population compared with administrative count (with Medicaid institution adjustment), 2002 Age group (at time of 2003 CPS/ASEC) Total 2002 SSI recipients estimated from identified CPS samples Average monthly recipient caseload in 2002 from administrative data Total 2002 SSI recipients in 2003 CPS/ASEC universe, estimated from administrative data a Ratio, CPS restricted/reweighted sample population estimate to administrative recipient count 2003 CPS/ASEC CPS/ASEC using adjusted income data CPS/ASEC using restricted/reweighted sample and adjusted income data (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) 0–17 364,804 830,116 862,176 897,771 1,024,500 0.842 18–64 3,595,948 3,809,850 3,880,146 3,862,587 4,308,000 0.901 65 or older 1,192,268 1,695,088 1,956,997 1,998,249 2,064,200 0.948 Total 5,153,020 6,335,054 6,699,319 6,758,608 7,396,700 0.906 SOURCE: Authors' calculations using 2003 CPS/ASEC data and the Social Security 1 percent SSR beneficiary sample. CPS income reports are adjusted using administrative data. See the text. a. See the text and Table 6. This is the estimated number of persons ever receiving SSI in 2002 who were alive and in the indicated age group at the time of the 2003 CPS/ASEC survey. This estimate is reduced by the number of persons in communal facilities or by those who are homeless. Administrative counts are given in columns 4 and 5. Column 4 notes the average monthly SSI caseload for 2002. Column 5 shows our 1 percent SSR sample estimate of the number of persons, in the "universe" sampled by the CPS, who had income from SSI in 2002. That column also shows our "target count" because it indicates SSA's record of the number of persons, by age category, on March 15, 2003 (roughly the midpoint of the CPS/ASEC field interviews), who should have reported receiving SSI at some time in 2002. Estimates in column 5 exclude (obviously) persons deceased by March 15 and persons who were, in December 2002, residents in Medicaid institutions. The estimate is 1–2 percentage-points higher than the estimate indicated by the CPS because it includes homeless persons. The only estimate we have found for the point-in-time prevalence of homelessness among SSI recipients is 55,000–70,000 in 2002, or about 1.1 percent of the average monthly adult caseload in that year.15 (Child SSI recipients are unlikely to be homeless.) Note that our estimate of recipients "ever on" during the year and alive for the CPS interview exceeds the average monthly caseload by almost 10 percent. Administrative Data Help In Table 8, the ratio of columns 1 and 5 values (not shown) reflect the incidence of CPS SSI underreporting before adjustment. The overall CPS SSI underreporting rate, before adjustment, was 30 percent, and the underreporting rates for children, the working-aged, and elderly recipients were 64 percent, 17 percent, and 42 percent, respectively. Even with the allowance for exclusion of the homeless from the CPS, it is clear that without incorporation of administrative data, the CPS is not a reliable source of SSI child and adult recipient counts. The last column in Table 8 gives the ratio of our CPS-based "best estimates" of our final SSI recipient estimate (column 3) compared with the total derived from administrative data (column 5). These figures reveal the effectiveness of our CPS income and weight adjustments and indicate that our CPS adjustments reduced the overall CPS SSI underreporting rate from 30 percent to 9 percent. For the elderly, these adjustments reduced their CPS SSI underreporting rate from 42 percent to 5 percent. Our final SSI estimates are not equal to the "target counts" estimated from the 1 percent SSR sample, but are closer than the expected number of SSI recipients captured by our baseline or intermediate samples. The low CPS SSI underreporting rates associated with our final sample reaffirms the use of our CPS income and weight adjustments. Five conclusions are drawn from our analysis to this point: 1. More thought needs to be given to the advisability of and procedures for integrating administrative and survey data. The disparity between administrative and survey reports and the apparent correlation of this disparity with income levels presents serious difficulties. 2. We think truth lies somewhere between our restrictive and inclusive estimates. Because both procedures produce lower estimated poverty estimates, the implication is that income is underreported in the CPS, with the consequence that official poverty rates are exaggerated. 3. SSI receipt is underreported in the CPS—most substantially for children, and least for working-age adults. 4. Adjustment with administrative data reduces estimated elderly poverty rates. More specifically, our final estimates suggest that from 38.6–39.9 percent of elderly SSI recipients were poor in 2002. 5. Judged on the basis of comparing sample-based recipient counts to administrative data, the propensity-adjusted CPS sample offers a more reliable basis for inference about the prevalence of SSI receipt than either the CPS alone or the CPS partially adjusted with administrative income data. Relative Poverty In recent years the Census Bureau (2007) has conducted extensive studies on what effect alternative poverty standards and measures of resources have on poverty assessment. In general this work, while acknowledging the problem of underreporting, does not incorporate adjustments for it (Weinberg 2005). Our study utilizes only what the Census Bureau terms "money income." More refined measures subtract taxes, add capital gains and estimates of the value of various benefits, include food stamps and rent subsidies, and include in the most ambitious "disposable income" measure—imputed rental income for homeowners (Census Bureau 2007, 2). The effect on the estimated poverty rate of refining the income measure is similar in magnitude to the effect we discover for adjusting for underreporting. In 2002, use of the most inclusive measure of income drops the estimated aggregate poverty rates from 12.1 percent to 9.3 percent if imputed rental income of homeowners is not included and 8.6 percent if it is (Dalaker 2005, 7). As might be anticipated, the effect of considering homeownership is greatest for the elderly. These adjustments require a number of imputations that cannot be replicated without detailed information on Census Bureau procedures. This matter is addressed in our concluding remarks. It is common internationally to assess poverty not on the basis of an absolute benchmark like the official U.S. measure, but in relation to the distribution of income within society. In this section, we consider the consequences of the CPS adjustments we have introduced for inferences about the distribution of income and the position of SSI recipients within it. The Equivalence Scale To investigate the poverty status of SSI recipients across a variety of family types, we must have an equivalence scale that makes explicit our assumption about the amount of income that makes the standard of living for a person in one family size (for example, a person living alone) equal to that of a person in a family differently composed (for example, two adults and a child). For these calculations we follow the precedent of the Census Bureau's alternative poverty estimates (Dalaker 2005; Census Bureau 2007) and adopt the three-parameter equivalence scale suggested by a recent National Research Council (NRC) review of recommendations for poverty standard reform (Iceland 2005). This is the same scale used by Koenig and Rupp (2004) in their analysis of the sensitivity of estimated poverty rates for SSI recipients to alternative ways of measuring poverty. Under the three-parameter equivalence scale, to achieve an equivalent standard of living, for every$1 of income for a single individual, a childless couple would require $1.41; single-parent families would need$(A + α + P * (C–1))F; and all other families would require $(A + P * C)F, where A is the number of adults in a family and C is the number of children. Following the NRC's poverty reform recommendations and the Census Bureau, we assume that α = 0.8, P = 0.5, and F = 0.7. The parameter P indicates how children are to be weighted relative to adults: P = 5 means that each child beyond the first one requires half the income needed for adults. The parameter α allows the first child in a single-parent family to be weighted differently from others. F reflects economies of scale; a value of 1.0 would mean that expenses go up proportionately with effective size. The assumed value of 0.7 indicates that a doubling (100 percent) increase in effective family size would increase the cost of sustaining a given standard of living by 70 percent. Inserting the appropriate numbers for a single parent with two children produces an equivalence adjustment of$(1 +0.8 +0.5)7 = $1.79. For every$1 of income for a single individual, achieving an equivalent standard of living for a single adult with two children would require using the NRC equivalence scale—$1.79. For the differential between single adults and childless couples, this scale follows the "square root" convention that living costs go up with the square root of family size, which is common in European analysis of income distribution (Förster and Mira d'Ercole 2005). We shall term this four-part system the NRC equivalence scale. Note that unlike the official poverty standard, the NRC scale does not differentiate among families on the basis of age. Also, like the official standard, the NRC scale is not affected by the presence of disabilities (as is the case for all nonelderly SSI recipients), even when offsetting the consequences of a disability is expensive (Zaidi and Burchardt 2005). The Results Income distribution estimates are presented in Table 9. Again, we present three versions based on our baseline, intermediate, and final CPS-related data sets previously discussed and labeled (a), (b), and (c) in Table 7. In Table 9, we do this in the first panel under the restrictive income adjustment procedure and in the second panel for the higher inclusive alternative. For each set, the line marked "upper bound" shows the income level that demarks the percentile of the income distribution identified by the column header. Thus for the unadjusted CPS data (a), median personal income is$25,712. In the column adjacent to the top decile of the distribution, we report half the median and the proportion of the population with incomes (adjusted for family composition using the NRC equivalence scale) less than half this amount. Thus unadjusted CPS data for 2002 indicate that 22 percent of the population would have been counted as poor because their incomes fell below half the equivalence-adjusted median, one of the standards typically applied in Europe.16
Table 9. The effect of merging CPS and administrative data on the estimated national income distribution, 2002
General income distribution Percentiles Number of person records
10 20 40 50 60 80 90 Top decile 50 percent of the median
Restrictive 2002 CPS/administrative matched data set—
(a): using unadjusted income percentiles for all people and the NRC equivalence scale (unadjusted weights) a
Upper bound ($) 7,462 12,000 20,862 25,712 31,350 47,696 64,793 . . . 12,856 215,860 Distribution (%) All people 10.0 10.0 20.0 10.0 10.0 20.0 10.0 10.0 22.0 215,860 Elderly b 7.8 16.1 29.1 11.9 9.2 13.3 6.0 6.7 27.5 20,384 Elderly SSI c 32.9 39.0 14.8 5.0 3.6 2.9 1.0 0.8 75.1 778 (b): using adjusted income percentiles for all people and the NRC equivalence scale (unadjusted weights) d Upper bound ($) 7,579 12,134 20,856 25,662 31,284 48,302 66,451 . . . 12,831 215,860
Distribution (%)
All people 10.0 10.0 20.0 10.0 10.0 20.0 10.0 10.0 21.7 215,860
Elderly 7.2 15.2 29.1 12.2 9.7 14.1 6.1 6.4 25.2 20,384
Elderly SSI e 35.4 33.4 12.4 5.6 5.0 5.7 1.2 1.4 70.0 1,081
(c): using adjusted income percentiles for all people and the NRC equivalence scale (adjusted weights) f
Upper bound ($) 7,624 12,109 20,726 25,527 31,086 47,903 66,343 . . . 12,764 185,284 Distribution (%) All people 10.0 10.0 20.0 10.0 10.0 20.0 10.0 10.0 21.6 185,284 Elderly b 6.8 14.9 28.5 12.2 10.0 14.9 6.4 6.4 24.0 14,564 Elderly SSI c 35.2 34.2 11.5 5.8 4.8 5.7 1.4 1.5 70.7 906 Inclusive 2002 CPS/administrative matched data set— (a): using unadjusted income percentiles for all people and the NRC equivalence scale (unadjusted weights) a Upper bound ($) 7,462 12,000 20,862 25,712 31,350 47,696 64,793 . . . 12,856 215,860
Distribution (%)
All people 10.0 10.0 20.0 10.0 10.0 20.0 10.0 10.0 22.0 215,860
Elderly b 7.8 16.1 29.1 11.9 9.2 13.3 6.0 6.7 27.5 20,384
Elderly SSI c 32.9 39.0 14.8 5.0 3.6 2.9 1.0 0.8 75.1 778
(b): using adjusted income percentiles for all people and the NRC equivalence scale (unadjusted weights) d
Upper bound ($) 8,708 13,585 23,095 28,325 34,441 52,321 72,435 . . . 14,163 215,860 Distribution (%) All people 10.0 10.0 20.0 10.0 10.0 20.0 10.0 10.0 21.3 215,860 Elderly 10.1 17.6 28.7 10.8 8.5 12.7 5.8 5.8 29.6 20,384 Elderly SSI e 42.3 27.4 13.2 4.2 5.1 5.1 1.4 1.4 70.7 1,081 (c): using adjusted income percentiles for all people and the NRC equivalence scale (adjusted weights) f Upper bound ($) 9,000 13,896 23,444 28,718 34,843 52,919 73,743 . . . 14,359 185,284
Distribution (%)
All people 10.0 10.0 20.0 10.0 10.0 20.0 10.0 10.0 21.0 185,284
Elderly b 10.0 17.3 28.3 10.7 8.6 13.2 5.9 5.9 29.0 14,564
Elderly SSI c 46.7 23.9 12.4 3.7 5.2 5.3 1.5 1.4 71.7 906
SOURCE: Authors' calculations using 2003 CPS/ASEC data matched to administrative records.
NOTES: . . . = not applicable.
a. Figures involve unadjusted CPS income data and weights, as well as the entire 2003 CPS/ASEC poverty sample of 215,860 persons.
b. Persons with a CPS-reported age of 65 years or older.
c. Persons with a positive CPS SSI record.
d. Estimates are based on adjusted CPS income records, unadjusted weights, and involve the entire 2003 CPS/ASEC sample used to generate official poverty estimates.
e. Persons are identified as SSI recipients if either they have no matching CPS/SER records and a positive CPS SSI record, or matching CPS/SER records and a positive SSR SSI record.
f. Figures involve adjusted CPS income data (with "sample restriction" decision rules) and weights, and a 2003 CPS/ASEC poverty sample limited to those observations with at least one family member with matching CPS/SER records.
For each of the samples, we also report where the elderly as a whole and elderly SSI recipients are on the equivalence scale. Again referring to sample (a) where (n = 215,860), the unadjusted CPS data indicate that 27.5 percent of the elderly had incomes below half the median, and over three-quarters of elderly SSI recipients were at the same level. At the same time, some elderly persons receiving SSI appear relatively well off: 8.3 percent of elderly SSI recipients have incomes above the median. This outcome occurs because these recipients live in families with substantial income from other sources. The annual equivalent of the 2002 single-person FBR was $6,540, well below the half-the-median relative poverty threshold of$12,856. Indeed, separate tabulations indicate that only 8.2 percent of all persons (regardless of SSI status) included in the 2003 CPS/ASEC had equivalence-adjusted incomes less than the annualized single-person FBR amount.
Tabulations in both the (b) and (c) panels of Table 9 show what occurs when the CPS data are adjusted. Our discussion concentrates on comparison of outcomes before adjustment—tabulation (a)—to outcomes using the income-adjusted, restricted, and reweighted sample, (c). It should be noted first that the restrictive and inclusive income-adjustment procedures have substantially different implications for the location and shape of the income distribution. Under the restrictive adjustment, median equivalent income changes very little, falling less than a percent, from $25,712 to$25,527. The inclusive adjustment produces a substantial upward shift, raising the estimated median by almost 12 percent, from $25,712 to$28,718. Every other decile cutoff increases as well. Second, under both adjustment protocols there is little difference between estimates based on the entire CPS with income adjustment—sample (b) where (n = 215,860)—and values calculated using the restricted sample (c) where (n = 185,284). Indeed, for all three CPS versions the estimated relative poverty rate for all persons is similar, 21–22 percent. The adjusted samples produce a reduced, but still very high, relative poverty rate for elderly SSI recipients; here, too, there is little difference between estimates made under restrictive and inclusive adjustment assumptions. Using sample (c) places the FBR even further down the income distribution. By our calculation, in 2002, the restrictive income-adjusted data indicate that only 7.7 percent of persons had equivalence-adjusted incomes less than the annualized FBR. The corresponding figure for the inclusive income adjustment is just 5.7 percent.
The restrictive and inclusive income-adjustment procedures differ in their consequences for the estimated dispersion of income. One common measure of dispersion, or inequality, of income is the ratio of the 90th to the 10th decile cutoff (see Burkhauser, Feng, and Jenkins (2007) for a critical discussion). Without adjustment, the 90/10 ratio calculated from the unadjusted sample is 8.68. The same ratio calculated using sample (c) is 8.70 using the restrictive income adjustment and 8.19 using the inclusive alternative.
Comparison of results by decile of the income distribution in Table 9 provides additional perspective on the absolute poverty rates reported in Table 7. In Table 6, the restrictive/inclusive adjusted estimate of the poverty rate for all persons is 9.3–11.8 percent. For the elderly the range is 8.1–8.4 percent, and for elderly SSI recipients the range is 38.6–39.9 percent. For the elderly these rates compare closely with the poverty rates in Table 8 if instead of considering half the median we take the 10th decile of the overall income distribution as the standard. Under this stringent definition, the restrictive/inclusive range for the elderly poverty rate is 6.8–10.0 percent, and the poverty rate range for elderly SSI recipients is 35.2–46.7 percent. Recall that the official 2002 poverty standard for elderly persons living alone was $8,628, falling between the first decile cutoff under restrictive ($7,624) and inclusive ($9,000) adjustment procedures. Thus in 2002 the official poverty standard was roughly equivalent in terms of estimated poverty prevalence to what would have been obtained had a relative standard been used and set at the tenth decile. Whether the composition of the population identified as poor under the two approaches would be similar is a matter for additional research. Table 9 compares the elderly as a whole and elderly SSI recipients with the national income distribution. For some purposes it may be more useful to compare elderly SSI recipients with the entire elderly population from which the former are a subset of. Table 10 places elderly SSI recipients in context of the income distribution of all elderly persons (with and without SSI payments), using the alternative merge assumptions. In this case, both the restrictive and inclusive adjustment procedures shift the estimated income distribution to the right, raising estimated median income among all elderly persons by 4.8 percent under the restrictive adjustment and 7.9 percent under the inclusive adjustment. (Here again we concentrate on the restricted and reweighted subsample.) Between 46.3 percent and 46.6 percent of elderly SSI recipients have incomes in the lowest decile of the elderly income distribution; nearly 70 percent fall in the lower 20 percent of the distribution. At the same time, under both adjustment rules we estimate that approximately 19 percent of elderly SSI recipients have equivalence-adjusted incomes that exceed the median income calculated for the entire elderly population. Table 10. The effect of merging CPS and administrative data on the estimated income distribution of the elderly, 2002 Income distribution of the elderly a Percentiles Number of person records 10 20 40 50 60 80 90 Top decile 50 percent of the median Restrictive 2002 CPS/administrative matched data set— (a): using unadjusted income percentiles for the elderly and the NRC equivalence scale (unadjusted weights) b Upper bound ($) 8,162 11,013 16,375 19,736 23,522 36,844 53,070 . . . 9,868 20,384
Distribution (%)
All elderly 10.0 10.0 20.0 10.0 10.0 20.0 10.0 10.0 15.8 20,384
Elderly SSI c 47.7 18.4 15.8 3.6 4.6 6.5 2.0 1.5 61.3 778
(b): using adjusted income percentiles for the elderly and the NRC equivalence scale (unadjusted weights) d
Upper bound ($) 8,604 11,448 16,962 20,248 24,006 37,027 53,747 . . . 10,124 20,384 Distribution (%) All elderly 10.0 10.0 20.0 10.0 10.0 20.0 10.0 10.0 14.9 20,384 Elderly SSI e 42.8 24.1 10.7 3.3 4.8 8.8 3.2 2.3 58.9 1,081 (c): using adjusted income percentiles for the elderly and the NRC equivalence scale (adjusted weights) f Upper bound ($) 8,868 11,669 17,318 20,690 24,472 37,508 54,300 . . . 10,345 14,564
Distribution (%)
All elderly 10.0 10.0 20.0 10.0 10.0 20.0 10.0 10.0 15.0 14,564
Elderly SSI e 46.3 22.1 9.3 3.1 4.9 8.9 3.2 2.2 61.2 906
Inclusive 2002 CPS/administrative matched data set—
(a): using unadjusted income percentiles for the elderly and the NRC equivalence scale (unadjusted weights) b
Upper bound ($) 8,162 11,013 16,375 19,736 23,522 36,844 53,070 . . . 9,868 20,384 Distribution (%) All elderly 10.0 10.0 20.0 10.0 10.0 20.0 10.0 10.0 15.8 20,384 Elderly SSI c 47.7 18.4 15.8 3.6 4.6 6.5 2.0 1.5 61.3 778 (b): using adjusted income percentiles for the elderly and the NRC equivalence scale (unadjusted weights) d Upper bound ($) 8,687 11,557 17,256 20,749 24,633 38,589 56,083 . . . 15,675 20,384
Distribution (%)
All elderly 10.0 10.0 20.0 10.0 10.0 20.0 10.0 10.0 15.6 20,384
Elderly SSI e 42.1 23.5 11.4 3.1 4.3 9.4 4.2 2.1 59.1 1,081
(c): using adjusted income percentiles for the elderly and the NRC equivalence scale (adjusted weights) f
Upper bound ($) 8,988 11,856 17,763 21,298 25,438 39,860 57,294 . . . 10,649 14,564 Distribution (%) All elderly 10.0 10.0 20.0 10.0 10.0 20.0 10.0 10.0 15.5 14,564 Elderly SSI e 46.6 20.4 10.4 3.3 4.0 9.7 3.5 2.2 60.5 906 SOURCE: Authors' calculations using 2003 CPS/ASEC data matched to administrative records. NOTES: . . . = not applicable. a. Persons with a CPS-reported age of 65 years or older. b. Figures involve unadjusted CPS income data and weights, as well as the entire 2003 CPS/ASEC poverty sample of 215,860 persons. c. Persons with a positive CPS SSI record. d. Estimates are based on adjusted CPS income records, unadjusted weights, and involve the entire 2003 CPS/ASEC sample used to generate official poverty estimates. e. Persons are identified as SSI recipients if either they have no matching CPS/SER records and a positive CPS SSI record, or matching CPS/SER records and a positive SSR SSI record. f. Figures involve adjusted CPS income data (with "sample restriction" decision rules) and weights, and a 2003 CPS/ASEC poverty sample limited to those observations with at least one family member with matching CPS/SER records. Summary When poverty is assessed using a relative standard of less than half the median, the prevalence of poverty is estimated to be much greater than when the official standard is employed, and poverty among the elderly exceeds the rate for all other persons. Adjusting the CPS data using information from administrative files leads to generally greater income, but little change in relative status. Considered in either relative or absolute terms, the prevalence of poverty among elderly SSI recipients is high, and the FBR is inadequate by itself to raise income above the poverty standard. Here as with the absolute poverty standard, the outcome is sensitive to the merging procedure employed. Conclusions This article explores the effect of merging CPS and SSA administrative data on perception of poverty among the elderly in general and SSI recipients in particular. The findings are as follows: • The CPS substantially understates the prevalence of SSI receipt in the population. • For the entire national population, adjustment of CPS weights and reported income using administrative data significantly reduces estimated rates of absolute poverty (using the official U.S. poverty standard), but has a smaller influence on relative poverty rates. In contrast, CPS adjustments have a sizable impact on the poverty rates of elderly SSI recipients, whether they are evaluated by an absolute or relative standard. • Without adjustment, CPS data modestly exaggerate income inequality. • Use of a relative poverty standard leads to perception of greater prevalence of poverty both overall and among the elderly. • Elderly SSI recipients are very poor. Nearly 70 percent fall in the bottom fifth of the national income distribution, and about the same proportion fall in the bottom fifth of the income distribution among all elderly persons. Although correction for SSI underreporting reduces the official poverty rate for elderly SSI recipients, the revised absolute rate is still 38–40 percent when all SSI (and OASDI) benefits are included as income. There are many opportunities for additional research. It is important to replicate this analysis for subsequent years. Among other things, replication would support the study of the effect of using administrative data on the perception of poverty at one versus numerous points in time. We need to assess the sensitivity of our results to alternative treatment of CPS response and variations in procedures for addressing unmatched observations. We have provided only point estimates and have slated testing for statistical precision for another time because of the challenges raised by reweighting and uncertainty about how to adjust such estimates for the effects of our merging strategy. Like official poverty measurement, our income measure does not include income from the Food Stamp Program or the Earned Income Tax Credit program despite these programs being among the largest of their kind in the United States (Trenkamp and Wiseman 2007). It is important to gauge the effect of such programs on poverty and the income distribution. Our analysis reveals that the CPS substantially underreports SSI receipt, and similar underreporting problems are known to arise for food stamp receipt (Meyer and Sullivan 2007). It would be advantageous to experiment with the incorporation of administrative data into the Census Bureau's "alternative poverty measures" analyses. Appendix A: Data Merge Procedure Return to first in-text reference. The sources used for the CPS/administrative data-matching process are identified by acronym as indicated and detailed in Box 1 below. For convenience, these acronyms are used both to refer to a source itself and, in places, to the value of payments recorded in the source. Hence "DER=0" indicates that the value of the DER for some person in the merged data set is zero. Box 1. Sources employed in CPS/administrative data match CPS/ASEC Current Population Survey/Annual Social and Economic Supplement, 2003. Captures wage and salary earnings for calendar year 2002 as well as self-employment income (SEI)—(including losses)—derived from farm and nonfarm activities. Summary Earnings Record. "SER match" indicates that the CPS individual has been matched to SSA's master database. The SER includes all earnings (including positive SEI) subject to FICA taxation, and thus the value is capped at the FICA contribution maximum. The SER does not capture SEI losses. Detailed Earnings Record. Summary of earnings reports from all employers and SEI received by SSA. Earnings totals are not capped at FICA contribution maximums and include earnings from employment not covered by OASDI, but subject to Medicare taxation. The tabulation includes separate information for wage and salary receipts, SEI (if positive), and deferred income. Supplemental Security Record. Administrative record of SSI payments. Payment History Update System. Administrative record of OASDI benefit amounts. The protocol for merging the 2003 CPS/ASEC and administrative data is summarized in Table A-1 on the following page. Table A-1. Protocol for merging CPS and administrative data Number of observations a Administrative match status CPS (baseline) record content Income adjustment Restrictive Inclusive Earnings: Wage, salary, and self-employment income . . . . . . . . . Summary: When a CPS/SER match and a positive DER earnings total exist, we accept the DER total. b If a DER record is not available, we use CPS values. Summary: When a CPS/SER match and a positive SER earnings record exist, we generally accept the greater of the DER, SER, or CPS earnings totals. b If a SER record is not available, we use CPS values. 50,821 No SER match. . . . Accept the CPS earnings total. Same. c 81,638 With SER match, no DER match, or DER earnings = 0. CPS imputed and nonimputed earnings records. Accept the CPS earnings total. Same. c 83,401 With DER match; positive DER earnings total. CPS imputed or nonimputed earnings records. If the CPS/SEI record is negative and not imputed, set the adjusted earnings record to the DER earnings total plus the CPS/SEI value. Otherwise, set adjusted earnings record to the DER value. Apply the greater of (1) the earnings value assigned under the "restrictive" procedure or (2) the CPS earnings total. OASDI/SSI: Income from OASDI and SSI a . . . . . . d Use administrative data, when available. Differs from the restrictive adjustment only in states with SSI supplement. 50,821 No SER match . . . Accept the CPS SSI/OASDI total. Same. c 67,745 SER match in state with universal federally administered state SSI supplement. . . . Accept the sum of the SSR and PHUS amounts for the sum of SSI and OASDI receipt. Same. c 97,294 SER match in state with universal state-administered SSI supplement. . . . Accept the sum of the SSR and PHUS amounts for federal contribution to the sum of SSI and OASDI receipt. Add the lower estimate of state-administered supplement (see Appendix B). Accept the sum of the SSR and PHUS amounts for federal contribution to the sum of SSI and OASDI receipt. Add the higher estimate of state-administered supplement (see Appendix B). SOURCE: Authors' calculations using 2003 CPS/ASEC data matched to administrative records. NOTES: . . . = not applicable. a. Numbers below are counts of CPS person observations meeting indicated administrative match and CPS record content requirement for the row. b. When appropriate, SER and DER values are adjusted for self-employment income (SEI) losses reported in the CPS. c. "Same" means the same procedure as that used in the restrictive adjustment. d. Given evident respondent confusion over difference between SSI and OASDI, we consider benefit totals. Appendix B: State SSI Supplements Return to first in-text reference. As shown in Table B-1, all but one of the 51 states (including the District of Columbia) supplemented the federal SSI payment in 2002 for at least some individuals (SSA 2004, 7). In a very few cases, these payments are required by federal law to sustain benefits for persons receiving state benefits at the time (1974). SSI replaced the federal/state programs—Old-Age Assistance and Aid to the Blind—instituted by the Social Security Act of 1935. The remaining "optional"17 supplements serve a variety of purposes, from general income support to provision for special needs. Some state supplements are administered by SSA; in other cases the supplements are administered by states. When the supplements are administered by SSA, states pay both for the benefit itself and a per-payment charge levied by SSA to cover its costs. Table B-1. State SSI payment supplementation, January 2002 State and (FIPS code) Recipients of federally administered SSI payments (national count) Universal income supplement—monthly benefit, other than the mandatory minimum supplementation ($) a Administration and take-up Adjustment procedure b (1 = special rule; 2 = SSR + PHUS) (rule applied)
SSI child, living with own family (child supplement) Single adult, living independently (single supplement) Couple, living independently (couple supplement) Optional state supplement, federally administered (yes = 1; no = 0) Optional supplement recipients— state or federally administered (state count)
AL (1) 161,729 a a a 0 672 2
AK (2) 9,222 0 362.00 528.00 0 14,640 1
AZ (4) 85,308 a a a . . . 677 2
AR (5) 85,369 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
CA (6) 1,113,679 98.00 205.00 515.00 1 1,093,860 2
CO (8) 53,821 37.00 37.00 347.00 0 34,982 1
CT (9) 49,953 a 202.00 277.00 0 21,984 1
DE (10) 12,310 . . . . . . . . . 1 590 2
DC (11) 20,099 a a a 1 1,680 2
FL (12) 387,626 a a a 0 15,169 2
GA (13) 198,294 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
HI (15) 21,402 4.90 4.90 8.80 1 19,680 2
ID (16) 19,034 52.00 52.00 20.00 0 10,795 1
IL (17) 250,212 . . . . . . . . . 0 38,388 2
IN (18) 89,586 a a a 0 1,383 2
IA (19) 41,146 a 22.00 44.00 1 6,630 2
KS (20) 36,759 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
KY (21) 176,458 a a a 0 4,739 2
LA (22) 166,574 a a a 0 5,121 2
ME (23) 30,390 10.00 10.00 15.00 0 34,977 1
MD (24) 89,380 a a a 0 3,016 2
MA (25) 167,359 114.39 114.39 180.06 1 162,740 2
MI (26) 211,615 14.00 14.00 28.00 1 210,340 1
MN (27) 66,331 a 81.00 111.00 0 38,146 1
MS (28) 128,800 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
MO (29) 113,990 a a a 0 8,486 2
MT (30) 14,324 a a a 1 924 2
NE (31) 21,572 8.00 8.00 a 0 5,884 2
NV (32) 27,403 a c d 1 7,250 2
NH (33) 12,101 a 27.00 21.00 0 6,780 1
NJ (34) 147,817 31.25 31.25 25.36 1 143,670 2
NM (35) 47,922 a a a 0 199 2
NY (36) 623,307 23.00 87.00 104.00 0 605,850 1
NC (37) 192,091 a a a 0 23,499 2
ND (38) 8,182 a a a 0 465 2
OH (39) 242,696 . . . a a 0 2,546 2
OK (40) 73,108 53.00 53.00 106.00 0 70,972 1
OR (41) 54,795 a 1.70 a 0 24,009 2
PA (42) 295,904 27.40 27.40 43.70 1 284,720 2
RI (44) 28,697 64.35 64.35 120.50 1 27,880 2
SC (45) 106,835 a a a 0 3,382 2
SD (46) 12,819 a 15.00 15.00 0 3,601 1
TN (47) 163,196 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
TX (48) 420,279 a a a 0 6,441 2
UT (49) 20,654 a a a 1 1,540 1
VT (50) 12,678 59.04 59.04 110.88 1 12,730 2
VA (51) 133,156 . . . a a 0 6,705 2
WA (53) 105,074 25.90 25.90 19.90 1 97,850 1
WV (54) 73,006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
WI (55) 86,053 83.78 83.78 132.05 0 90,299 1
WY (56) 5,841 a 9.90 25.12 0 2,749 1
SOURCE: Unless otherwise noted, data for this table are derived from SSA (2004).
NOTES: FIPS = Federal Information Processing Standard.
. . . indicates a state that offers no optional state supplements regardless of one's living arrangement.
a. None for those states that offer a state SSI supplement, but not to persons living independently.
b. See the text. "SSR/PHUS" means SSA data employed exclusively; "rule" means administrative data on federal payment combined with "low" and "high" estimates of state-administered state supplement.
c. None, if younger than age 65; $36.40 otherwise. d. None, if neither person is aged 65 or older. The state supplements pose two problems for this analysis. First, in many instances the provision is not universal and compensates for some special need. Information on receipt of such payments or the benefits they support is not readily available. Second, if state-administered, such benefits do not appear in the SSR, yet it is likely that if reported at all they are reported as SSI in response to CPS interviewers. Thus in comparing SSA administrative data with CPS reports for states with state-administered supplements, it is essential to recognize that CPS reports may exceed amounts known to SSA because of the supplements. Moreover, it is possible for persons to retain eligibility for a state supplement even when income is too high for federal benefit receipt. In this article, the state supplements are addressed in the following way. First, for individuals without an SER match, we assume state supplements are included in what is identified in the sum of SSI and OASDI income. (As discussed in the text, we work with the sum of SSI and OASDI to allow for misidentification of the source of benefits.) For individuals with an SER match, we concentrate on "universal" supplements, which we define as additions to cash benefits unrelated to special needs. We ignore supplements that are paid for special needs and unavailable to SSI recipients generally. Second, we differentiate between universal state supplements administered by SSA and those administered by states. Federally administered payments are recorded in the SSR and thus are covered by the procedures outlined in Table A-1. Third, in cases in which state supplements are state-administered, we develop restrictive and inclusive estimates of the amounts involved and impute these figures to administrative SSI payment totals. The restrictive estimate assumes that the state supplement is received only in the months during the year in which a federal benefit is paid. The inclusive estimate assumes the state benefit is received in all months of any year in which a federal benefit is paid in any month. Thus we are assuming in the restrictive-estimate case that any reduction in benefit amount that is the result of other income is taken from the federal payment, not the state supplement, and in the high-benefit case we assume that state eligibility continues for a longer period than federal benefit eligibility. There is little practical difference between the two because of the prevalence of application of these "special rule" state payments. Appendix C: Propensity Functions for Sample Reweighting Return to first in-text reference. This appendix reports parameter estimates for the logistic functions used for reweighting 2003 CPS/ASEC data for individuals in households meeting the administrative match criterion to account for the incomplete match. As discussed in the text, each person in the CPS who resides in a family in which at least one person was successfully matched to administrative data is included in the subsample. The log odds of this designation were estimated using a standard logit function and data for all individuals in the person's age class. The logit results were then translated into a point estimate of the probability of family match—"response." The inverse of this probability was then multiplied by the original CPS person weight to give a revised weight, adjusted for nonresponse. Variables All models are similarly constituted, using variables described in Table C-1 below. Table C-1. Propensity function variables Variable name Type Description Independent PSERGRP Binary Individual has at least one family member with a CPS/SER match. Dependent AAGE Continuous Individual's age (in years) at the time of their CPS interview. AAGESQB Continuous Equal to AAGE2. AAGESQC Continuous Equal to AAGE3. AAGETEEN Binary Individual is 16 or 17 years of age. FAMREF Binary Individual is a family reference person. HISPANIC Binary Individual is Hispanic. MALERRT Binary Individual is male. MARRIED Binary Individual is married. METRO Binary Individual lives in a metropolitan statistical area (MSA). METROCC Binary Individual resides in a MSA central city. MINORITT Binary Individual is nonwhite. MULTFAMH Binary Individual lives in a multi-family household. NEGINC Binary Individual has negative family total income. PRATIO Continuous Ratio of individual's family total income to his or her applicable family poverty threshold. If negative, set to zero. PRATIO2 Continuous If PRATIO > 2, PRATIO2 = PRATIO-2, otherwise 0. PZEROINC Binary Individual has no family income. SINGLE Binary Individual belongs to a one-person family, living alone in household. UNRELOTH Binary Individual belongs to a one-person family, but shares a household with nonrelatives. SOURCE: Authors' calculations using 2003 CPS/ASEC data matched to administrative records. NOTE: For binary variables, the description identifies circumstance when indicator = 1; otherwise, the indicator value is 0. Parameter Estimates The propensity function was estimated separately for each of the three age groups. In each case, the dependent variable is the occurrence of an SER match for at least one person in the respondent's family (Table C-2). Table C-2. Parameter estimates: Logistic response propensity function, 2002 Variable Children (aged 0–17) Working-age adults (aged 18–64) Elderly (aged 65 or older) Coefficient Standard error Coefficient Standard error Coefficient Standard error Intercept 3.5171 0.0804 0.4972 0.2390 1.7056 0.2542 AAGE -0.0450 0.0046 0.1372 0.0199 -0.0056 0.0031 AAGESQB . . . . . . -0.0028 0.0005 . . . . . . AAGESQC . . . . . . 0.0000 0.0000 . . . . . . AAGETEEN -0.6048 0.0563 . . . . . . . . . . . . FAMREF -0.5565 0.2203 0.1236 0.0192 -0.0958 0.0408 HISPANIC -0.3909 0.0457 -0.4046 0.0217 -0.1009 0.0596 MALERRT -0.0407 0.0360 -0.0788 0.0157 0.1061 0.0353 MARRIED -0.6696 0.4355 0.1427 0.0234 -0.4649 0.0544 METRO -0.3121 0.0431 -0.3540 0.0183 -0.3115 0.0363 METROCC -0.0918 0.0464 0.0349 0.0200 -0.0092 0.0428 MINORITT -0.1427 0.0458 0.0869 0.0208 0.5031 0.0467 MULTFAMH 0.2026 0.0779 0.1590 0.0493 0.4175 0.2362 NEGINC -0.3280 0.4332 -0.7908 0.1687 -0.5033 0.5822 PRATIO 0.2002 0.0359 -0.0281 0.0188 0.1003 0.0399 PRATIO2 -0.2046 0.0380 0.0076 0.0193 -0.0933 0.0415 PZEROINC -0.5989 0.1423 -0.6986 0.0617 0.0625 0.2001 SINGLE . . . . . . -1.0263 0.0305 -0.5415 0.0595 UNRELOTH -0.8095 0.2883 -1.4198 0.0522 -1.0500 0.2559 Observation count 66,016 129,460 20,384 Mean propensity estimate 0.95 0.83 0.71 SOURCE: Authors' calculations using 2003 CPS/ASEC data matched to administrative records. NOTE: . . . = not applicable. Notes 1 Throughout this article, the term "state" includes the District of Columbia. 2 To the extent that the Consumer Price Index is biased upward, indexation has led to slight growth in the real value of the SSI payment. See Gordon (2006). 3 See Census Bureau (2006) for a detailed CPS description. 4 The SER also includes earnings data. However, annual earnings reports in the SER are capped at the FICA/SECA taxable maximum ($84,900 in 2002).
5 Information on retirement plan contributions in the DER corresponds to codes "d" through "h" in box 13 on the W-2 Form: 401(k); SiMPLE; 403(b); 408(k) and (6); SEP; 457(b); and 501(c), (18), and (D) plans (Smith, Johnson, and Muller 2004, 8). See Abowd and Stinson (2005, 10) for a more detailed discussion on elements of gross compensation (for example, pretax health insurance premiums paid by the employee) that do not appear in the DER.
6 See Sears and Rupp (2003) for an investigation of the divergence between payment eligibility and payment receipt and the consequence for assessment of errors in OASDI reporting in the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP). Koenig (2003) analyzes OASDI/SSI underreporting in the March 1997 CPS, but could at the time use only information on OASDI entitlement, not payments (as in the PHUS) for comparison with CPS reports.
7 Koenig (2003, 131) reports linking 75 percent of March 1997 CPS observations (for persons aged 15 or older) to SSA administrative data.
8 Burkhauser, Feng, and Jenkins (2007) discuss problems created by top-coding for analysis of trends at the top end of the earnings distribution.
9 Koenig (2003, 132) reports that 31.2 percent of known SSI recipients for 1996 (as reported in the 1997 March CPS) do not report SSI receipt in the CPS. Table 4 indicates that our result for 2002 is 40 percent. The Koenig estimate is weighted; ours is not because we are not interested at this point in statistical inference.
10 Huynh, Rupp, and Sears (2002) report similar problems in the SIPP.
11 It is possible to imagine scenarios in which persons residing in a state with a state-administered supplement would be missing an SSR entry and therefore would not receive either the restrictive or inclusive imputation, yet might report such amounts in the CPS/ASEC. Such cases, if they exist, are certain to be rare.
12 In fact, the adjustments are in many cases quite large. In both the restrictive and inclusive cases, for roughly 60 percent of individuals for whom some adjustment was made the absolute value of the total income adjustment exceeded \$2,000. The restrictive adjustment procedure affects more observations than does the inclusive alternative. These details are available on request from the authors.
13 We have calculated all of the estimates cited later using subsample (c) instead of (a), and none of the outcomes reported is qualitatively dependent on choice of sample. These results are available from the authors.
14 "We" here includes our colleagues Paul Davies and the late Jeff Shapiro, without whose assistance this table could not have been constructed.
15 See SSA (2002). The methodology for SSA's estimate, based in part on an unidentified "1996 study," is not detailed.
16 Practices vary. The half-of-median standard generally applies to income before taxes; the European Union uses 60 percent of median disposable income (Eurostat 2007, 36).
17 In principle, states have the option of terminating these programs. However, if any state does terminate its SSI supplement program it loses eligibility for reimbursement for the federal share of Medicaid costs. At minimum, states are required to sustain either nominal payment levels or aggregate expenditure levels in order to retain Medicaid reimbursement. See Committee on Ways and Means (2004, 3–25).
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Zaidi, Asghar, and Tania Burchardt. 2005. Comparing incomes when needs differ: Equivalization for the extra costs of disability in the U.K. The Review of Income and Wealth 51(1): 89–114. | 2021-08-04T22:45:28 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 5, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.4178314805030823, "perplexity": 5575.310768639871}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 5, "enable": false}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046155188.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20210804205700-20210804235700-00120.warc.gz"} |
https://ccsweb.lanl.gov/~pakin/software/conceptual/userguide/ncptl_002dlogextract-manual-page.html | Previous: , Up: ncptl-logextract [Contents][Index]
#### NAME
ncptl-logextract - Extract various bits of information from a coNCePTuaL log file
#### SYNOPSIS
ncptl-logextract --usage | --help | --man
ncptl-logextract [ --extract=[data|params|env|source|warnings]] [ --format=format] [format-specific options...] [ --before=string] [ --after=string] [ --force-merge [=number]] [ --procs=string] [ --quiet] [ --verbose] [ --output=filename] [filename...]
#### DESCRIPTION
Background coNCePTuaL is a domain-specific programming language designed to facilitate writing networking benchmarks and validation suites. coNCePTuaL programs can log data to a file but in only a single file format. ncptl-logextract extracts this log data and outputs it in a variety of formats for use with other applications.
The coNCePTuaL-generated log files that serve as input to ncptl-logextract are plain ASCII files. Syntactically, they contain a number of newline-separated tables. Each table contains a number of newline-separated rows of comma-separated columns. This is known generically as comma-separated value or CSV format. Each table begins with two rows of header text followed by one or more rows of numbers. Text is written within double quotes. Double-quote characters and backslashes within text are escaped with a backslash. No other escaped characters are recognized. Lines that begin with # are considered comments.
Semantically, there are four types of data present in every coNCePTuaL-generated log file:
1. The complete source code of the coNCePTuaL program that produced the log file
2. Characteristics of the run-time environment and the values of all command-line parameters
3. A list of warning messages that coNCePTuaL issued while analyzing the run-time environment
4. One or more tables of measurement data produced by the coNCePTuaL program
The first three items appear within comment lines. The measurement data is written in CSV format.
Extracting information from coNCePTuaL log files It is common to want to extract information (especially measurement data) from log files. For simple formatting operations, a one-line awk or Perl script suffices. However, as the complexity of the formatting increases, the complexity of these scripts increases even more. That’s where ncptl-logextract fits in. ncptl-logextract makes it easy to extract any of the four types of log data described above and format it in variety of ways. Although the number of options that ncptl-logextract supports may be somewhat daunting, it is well worth learning how to use ncptl-logextract to avoid reinventing the wheel every time a coNCePTuaL log file needs to be processed. ncptl-logextract takes care of all sorts of special cases that crop up when manipulating coNCePTuaL log files.
#### OPTIONS
ncptl-logextract accepts the following command-line options regardless of what data is extracted from the log file and what formatting occurs:
-h
Output the Synopsis section and the Options section then exit the program.
-m
Output a complete Unix man (“manual”) page for ncptl-logextract then exit the program.
-e
Specify what sort of data should be extracted from the log file. Acceptable values for info are listed and described in the Additional Options section and include data, params, env, and source.
-f
Specify how the extracted data should be formatted. Valid arguments depend upon the value passed to --extract and include such formats as csv, html, latex, text, and bash. See the Additional Options section for details, explanations, and descriptions of applicability.
-b
Output an arbitrary string of text before any other output. string can contain escape characters such as \n for newline, \t for tab, and \\ for backslash.
-a
Output an arbitrary string of text after all other output. string can contain escape characters such as \n for newline, \t for tab, and \\ for backslash.
-F
Try extra hard to merge multiple log files, even if they seem to have been produced by different programs or in different execution environments. This generally implies padding empty rows and columns with blanks. However, if --force-merge is given a numeric argument, the value of that argument is used instead of blanks to pad empty locations. Note that --force-merge is different from --force-merge=0 because data-merging functions (mean, max, etc.) ignore blanks but consider zeroes.
-p
When given a “merged” log file, unmerge only the data corresponding to the comma-separated processor ranges in string. For example, --procs=0,16-20,25 unmerges the data for processors 0, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, and 25. By default, ncptl-logextract uses all of the data from a merged log file.
-q
Suppress progress output. Normally, ncptl-logextract outputs status information regarding its operation. The --quiet option instruct ncptl-logextract to output only warning and error messages.
-v
Increase progress output. Normally, ncptl-logextract outputs basic status information regarding its operation. The --verbose option instruct ncptl-logextract to output more detailed information. Each time --verbose is specified, the program’s verbosity increases (up to a maximum).
-o
Redirect the output from ncptl-logextract to a file. By default, ncptl-logextract writes to the standard output device.
The above is merely a terse summary of the ncptl-logextract command-line options. The reader is directed to the Additional Options section for descriptions of the numerous ways that ncptl-logextract can format information. Note that --extract and --format are the two most common options as they specify what to extract and how to format it; most of the remaining options in the Additional Options section exist to provide precise control over formatting details.
The ncptl-logextract command-line options follow a hierarchy. At the top level is --extract, which specifies which of the four types of data ncptl-logextract should extract. Next, --format specifies how the extracted data should be formatted. Valid values for --format differ based on the argument to --extract. Finally, there are various format-specific options that fine-tune the formatted output. Each output format accepts a different set of options. Many of the options appear at multiple places within the hierarchy, although usually with different default values.
The following hierarchical list describes all of the valid combinations of --extract, --format, and the various format-specific options:
--extract=data [default]
Extract measurement data
--format=csv [default]
Output each table in comma-separated-value format
Do not output column headers
--colbegin=string
Specify the text placed at the beginning of each data column [default: “”]
--colsep=string
Specify the text used to separate data columns [default: “,]
--colend=string
Specify the text placed at the end of each data column [default: “”]
--rowbegin=string
Specify the text placed at the beginning of each data row [default: “”]
--rowsep=string
Specify the text used to separate data rows [default: “” ]
--rowend=string
Specify the text placed at the end of each data row [default: “\\n]
--hcolbegin=string
Specify the text placed at the beginning of each header column [default: same as colbegin]
--hcolsep=string
Specify the text used to separate header columns [default: same as colsep]
--hcolend=string
Specify the text placed at the end of each header column [default: same as colend]
--hrowbegin=string
Specify the text placed at the beginning of each header row [default: same as rowbegin]
--hrowsep=string
Specify the text used to separate header rows [default: same as rowsep]
--hrowend=string
Specify the text placed at the end of each header row [default: same as rowend]
--tablebegin=string
Specify the text placed at the beginning of each table [default: “”]
--tablesep=string
Specify the text used to separate tables [default: “\\n]
--tableend=string
Specify the text placed at the end of each table [default: “” ]
--quote=string
Specify the text used to begin quoted text [default: “"]
--unquote=string
Specify the text used to end quoted text [default: same as quote]
--excel
Output strings in a format readable by Microsoft Excel
--keep-columns=string
Enumerate the columns that should be included in the output [default: all columns]
--merge=function
Specify how to merge data from multiple files [default: “mean]
--showfnames=option
Add an extra header row showing the filename the data came from [default: “none]
--format=tsv
Output each table in tab-separated-value format
Do not output column headers
--colbegin=string
Specify the text placed at the beginning of each data column [default: “”]
--colsep=string
Specify the text used to separate data columns [default: “\\t]
--colend=string
Specify the text placed at the end of each data column [default: “”]
--rowbegin=string
Specify the text placed at the beginning of each data row [default: “”]
--rowsep=string
Specify the text used to separate data rows [default: “” ]
--rowend=string
Specify the text placed at the end of each data row [default: “\\n]
--hcolbegin=string
Specify the text placed at the beginning of each header column [default: same as colbegin]
--hcolsep=string
Specify the text used to separate header columns [default: same as colsep]
--hcolend=string
Specify the text placed at the end of each header column [default: same as colend]
--hrowbegin=string
Specify the text placed at the beginning of each header row [default: same as rowbegin]
--hrowsep=string
Specify the text used to separate header rows [default: same as rowsep]
--hrowend=string
Specify the text placed at the end of each header row [default: same as rowend]
--tablebegin=string
Specify the text placed at the beginning of each table [default: “”]
--tablesep=string
Specify the text used to separate tables [default: “\\n]
--tableend=string
Specify the text placed at the end of each table [default: “” ]
--quote=string
Specify the text used to begin quoted text [default: “"]
--unquote=string
Specify the text used to end quoted text [default: same as quote]
--excel
Output strings in a format readable by Microsoft Excel
--keep-columns=string
Enumerate the columns that should be included in the output [default: all columns]
--merge=function
Specify how to merge data from multiple files [default: “mean]
--showfnames=option
Add an extra header row showing the filename the data came from [default: “none]
--format=html
Output each table in HTML table format
Do not output column headers
--colbegin=string
Specify the text placed at the beginning of each data column [default: “<td>]
--colsep=string
Specify the text used to separate data columns [default: “ ]
--colend=string
Specify the text placed at the end of each data column [default: “</td>]
--rowbegin=string
Specify the text placed at the beginning of each data row [default: “<tr>]
--rowsep=string
Specify the text used to separate data rows [default: “” ]
--rowend=string
Specify the text placed at the end of each data row [default: “</tr>\\n]
--hcolbegin=string
Specify the text placed at the beginning of each header column [default: “<th>]
--hcolsep=string
Specify the text used to separate header columns [default: same as colsep]
--hcolend=string
Specify the text placed at the end of each header column [default: “</th>]
--hrowbegin=string
Specify the text placed at the beginning of each header row [default: same as rowbegin]
--hrowsep=string
Specify the text used to separate header rows [default: same as rowsep]
--hrowend=string
Specify the text placed at the end of each header row [default: same as rowend]
--tablebegin=string
Specify the text placed at the beginning of each table [default: “<table>\\n]
--tablesep=string
Specify the text used to separate tables [default: “” ]
--tableend=string
Specify the text placed at the end of each table [default: “</table>\\n]
--quote=string
Specify the text used to begin quoted text [default: “” ]
--unquote=string
Specify the text used to end quoted text [default: same as quote]
--keep-columns=string
Enumerate the columns that should be included in the output [default: all columns]
--merge=function
Specify how to merge data from multiple files [default: “mean]
--showfnames=option
Add an extra header row showing the filename the data came from [default: “none]
--format=gnuplot
Output each table as a gnuplot data file
Do not output column headers
--colbegin=string
Specify the text placed at the beginning of each data column [default: “”]
--colsep=string
Specify the text used to separate data columns [default: “ ]
--colend=string
Specify the text placed at the end of each data column [default: “”]
--rowbegin=string
Specify the text placed at the beginning of each data row [default: “”]
--rowsep=string
Specify the text used to separate data rows [default: “” ]
--rowend=string
Specify the text placed at the end of each data row [default: “\\n]
--hcolbegin=string
Specify the text placed at the beginning of each header column [default: same as colbegin]
--hcolsep=string
Specify the text used to separate header columns [default: same as colsep]
--hcolend=string
Specify the text placed at the end of each header column [default: same as colend]
--hrowbegin=string
Specify the text placed at the beginning of each header row [default: “#
--hrowsep=string
Specify the text used to separate header rows [default: same as rowsep]
--hrowend=string
Specify the text placed at the end of each header row [default: same as rowend]
--tablebegin=string
Specify the text placed at the beginning of each table [default: “”]
--tablesep=string
Specify the text used to separate tables [default: “\\n\\n]
--tableend=string
Specify the text placed at the end of each table [default: “” ]
--quote=string
Specify the text used to begin quoted text [default: “"]
--unquote=string
Specify the text used to end quoted text [default: same as quote]
--keep-columns=string
Enumerate the columns that should be included in the output [default: all columns]
--merge=function
Specify how to merge data from multiple files [default: “mean]
--showfnames=option
Add an extra header row showing the filename the data came from [default: “none]
--format=octave
Output each table as an Octave text-format data file
Do not output column headers
--colbegin=string
Specify the text placed at the beginning of each data column [default: “”]
--colsep=string
Specify the text used to separate data columns [default: “” ]
--colend=string
Specify the text placed at the end of each data column [default: “\\n]
--rowbegin=string
Specify the text placed at the beginning of each data row [default: “”]
--rowend=string
Specify the text placed at the end of each data row [default: “” ]
--hcolbegin=string
Specify the text placed at the beginning of each header column [default: “”]
--hcolsep=string
Specify the text used to separate header columns [default: “_]
--hcolend=string
Specify the text placed at the end of each header column [default: “”]
--hrowbegin=string
Specify the text placed at the beginning of each header row [default: “# ]
--hrowsep=string
Specify the text used to separate header rows [default: “” ]
--hrowend=string
Specify the text placed at the end of each header row [default: “\\n]
--tablebegin=string
Specify the text placed at the beginning of each table [default: “”]
--tablesep=string
Specify the text used to separate tables [default: “\\n]
--tableend=string
Specify the text placed at the end of each table [default: “” ]
--quote=string
Specify the text used to begin quoted text [default: “” ]
--unquote=string
Specify the text used to end quoted text [default: same as quote]
--keep-columns=string
Enumerate the columns that should be included in the output [default: all columns]
--merge=function
Specify how to merge data from multiple files [default: “mean]
--showfnames=option
Add an extra header row showing the filename the data came from [default: “none]
--format=custom
Output each table in a completely user-specified format
Do not output column headers
--colbegin=string
Specify the text placed at the beginning of each data column [default: “”]
--colsep=string
Specify the text used to separate data columns [default: “” ]
--colend=string
Specify the text placed at the end of each data column [default: “”]
--rowbegin=string
Specify the text placed at the beginning of each data row [default: “”]
--rowsep=string
Specify the text used to separate data rows [default: “” ]
--rowend=string
Specify the text placed at the end of each data row [default: “” ]
--hcolbegin=string
Specify the text placed at the beginning of each header column [default: same as colbegin]
--hcolsep=string
Specify the text used to separate header columns [default: same as colsep]
--hcolend=string
Specify the text placed at the end of each header column [default: same as colend]
--hrowbegin=string
Specify the text placed at the beginning of each header row [default: same as rowbegin]
--hrowsep=string
Specify the text used to separate header rows [default: same as rowsep]
--hrowend=string
Specify the text placed at the end of each header row [default: same as rowend]
--tablebegin=string
Specify the text placed at the beginning of each table [default: “”]
--tablesep=string
Specify the text used to separate tables [default: “” ]
--tableend=string
Specify the text placed at the end of each table [default: “” ]
--quote=string
Specify the text used to begin quoted text [default: “” ]
--unquote=string
Specify the text used to end quoted text [default: same as quote]
--excel
Output strings in a format readable by Microsoft Excel
--keep-columns=string
Enumerate the columns that should be included in the output [default: all columns]
--merge=function
Specify how to merge data from multiple files [default: “mean]
--showfnames=option
Add an extra header row showing the filename the data came from [default: “none]
--format=latex
Output each table as a LaTeX tabular environment
--dcolumn
Use the dcolumn package to align numbers on the decimal point
--booktabs
Use the booktabs package for a more professionally typeset look
--longtable
Use the longtable package to enable multi-page tables
--keep-columns=string
Enumerate the columns that should be included in the output [default: all columns]
--merge=function
Specify how to merge data from multiple files [default: “mean]
--showfnames=option
Add an extra header row showing the filename the data came from [default: “none]
--extract=params
Extract the program’s run-time parameters and environment variables
--format=text [default]
Output the parameters in plain-text format
--include=filename
Read from a file the list of keys to output
--exclude=regexp
Ignore any keys whose name matches a regular expression
--sort
Sort the list of parameters alphabetically by key
--noenv
Exclude environment variables
--noparams
Exclude run-time parameters
--envformat=template
Format environment variable names using the given template [default: “%s (environment variable)]
--columns=number
Output the parameters as a 1-, 2-, or 3-column table [default: 1]
--colsep=string
Specify the text used to separate data columns [default: “: ]
--rowbegin=string
Specify the text that’s output at the start of each data row [default: “”]
--rowend=string
Specify the text that’s output at the end of each data row [default: “\\n]
--format=dumpkeys
Output a list of the keys only (i.e., no values)
--include=filename
Read the list of parameters to output from a given file
--exclude=regexp
Ignore any keys whose name matches a regular expression
--envformat=template
Format environment variable names using the given template [default: “%s (environment variable)]
--sort
Sort the list of parameters alphabetically by key
--noenv
Exclude environment variables
--noparams
Exclude run-time parameters
--format=latex
Output the parameters as a LaTeX tabular environment
--include=filename
Read from a file the list of keys to output
--exclude=regexp
Ignore any keys whose name matches a regular expression
--envformat=template
Format environment variable names using the given template [default: “%s (environment variable)]
--sort
Sort the list of parameters alphabetically by key
--booktabs
Use the booktabs package for a more professionally typeset look
--tabularx
Use the tabularx package to enable line wraps within the value column
--longtable
Use the longtable package to enable multi-page tables
--noenv
Exclude environment variables
--noparams
Exclude run-time parameters
--extract=env
Extract the environment in which the program was run
--format=sh [default]
Use Bourne shell syntax for setting environment variables
--newlines
Separate commands with newlines instead of semicolons
--unset
Unset all other environment variables
--chdir
Switch to the program’s original working directory
--format=bash
Use Bourne Again shell syntax for setting environment variables
--newlines
Separate commands with newlines instead of semicolons
--unset
Unset all other environment variables
--chdir
Switch to the program’s original working directory
--format=ksh
Use Korn shell syntax for setting environment variables
--newlines
Separate commands with newlines instead of semicolons
--unset
Unset all other environment variables
--chdir
Switch to the program’s original working directory
--format=csh
Use C shell syntax for setting environment variables
--newlines
Separate commands with newlines instead of semicolons
--unset
Unset all other environment variables
--chdir
Switch to the program’s original working directory
--format=zsh
Use Z shell syntax for setting environment variables
--newlines
Separate commands with newlines instead of semicolons
--unset
Unset all other environment variables
--chdir
Switch to the program’s original working directory
--format=tcsh
Use tcsh syntax for setting environment variables
--newlines
Separate commands with newlines instead of semicolons
--unset
Unset all other environment variables
--chdir
Switch to the program’s original working directory
--format=ash
Use ash syntax for setting environment variables
--newlines
Separate commands with newlines instead of semicolons
--unset
Unset all other environment variables
--chdir
Switch to the program’s original working directory
--extract=source
Extract coNCePTuaL source code
--format=text [default]
Output the source code in plain-text format
--linebegin=string
Specify the text placed at the beginning of each line [default: “”]
--lineend=string
Specify the text placed at the end of each line [default: “\\n]
--kwbegin=string
Specify the text placed before each keyword [default: “” ]
--kwend=string
Specify the text placed after each keyword [default: “” ]
--strbegin=string
Specify the text placed before each string [default: “” ]
--strend=string
Specify the text placed after each string [default: “” ]
--combegin=string
Specify the text placed before each comment [default: “” ]
--comend=string
Specify the text placed after each comment [default: “” ]
--indent=number
Indent each line by a given number of spaces
--wrap=number
Wrap the source code into a paragraph with a given character width
--extract=warnings
Extract a list of warnings the program issued during initialization
--format=text [default]
Output warnings in plain-text format
--listbegin=string
Specify text to appear at the beginning of the list [default: “” ]
--listend=string
Specify text to appear at the end of the list [default: “” ]
--itembegin=string
Specify text to appear before each warning [default: “* ]
--itemend=string
Specify text to appear after each warning [default: “\\n]
--format=html
Output warnings as an HTML list
--listbegin=string
Specify text to appear at the beginning of the list [default: “<ul>\\n]
--listend=string
Specify text to appear at the end of the list [default: “</ul>\\n]
--itembegin=string
Specify text to appear before each warning [default: “ <li>]
--itemend=string
Specify text to appear after each warning [default: “</li>\\n]
--format=latex
Output warnings as a LaTeX list
--listbegin=string
Specify text to appear at the beginning of the list [default: “\begin@{itemize@}\\n]
--listend=string
Specify text to appear at the end of the list [default: “\end@{itemize@}\\n]
--itembegin=string
Specify text to appear before each warning [default: “ \item ]
--itemend=string
Specify text to appear after each warning [default: “\\n]
The following represent additional clarification for some of the above:
• If --indent is specified without an argument, the argument defaults to 2.
• If --wrap is specified without an argument, the argument defaults to 72.
• The following are examples of the different arguments to the --columns option:
--columns=1 (default)
coNCePTuaL version: 1.0
coNCePTuaL backend: c_mpi
Average timer overhead [gettimeofday()]: <1 microsecond
Log creation time: Thu Mar 27 19:22:48 2003
Log completion time: Thu Mar 27 19:22:48 2003
--columns=2
coNCePTuaL version: 1.0
coNCePTuaL backend: c_mpi
Average timer overhead [gettimeofday()]: <1 microsecond
Log creation time: Thu Mar 27 19:22:48 2003
Log completion time: Thu Mar 27 19:22:48 2003
--columns=3
coNCePTuaL version : 1.0
coNCePTuaL backend : c_mpi
Average timer overhead [gettimeofday()]: <1 microsecond
Log creation time : Thu Mar 27 19:22:48 2003
Log completion time : Thu Mar 27 19:22:48 2003
• --dumpkeys produces suitable input for the --include option.
• --exclude can be specified repeatedly on the command line.
• --keep-columns accepts a list of comma-separated column ranges. For example, --keep-columns=1,3-6,8 tells ncptl-logextract to ignore all but the first, third through sixth, and eighth columns of data.
• --merge takes one of mean (arithmetic mean), hmean (harmonic mean), min (minimum), max (maximum), median (median), sum (sum), all (all values from each column), or concat (horizontal concatenation of all data), and applies the function to corresponding data values across all of the input files. --merge can also accept a comma-separated list of the above functions, one per data column. This enables a different merge operation to be used for each column. For example, --merge=min,min,mean will take the minimum value across all files of each element in the first and second columns and the arithmetic mean across all files of each element in the third column. If the number of comma-separated values differs from the number of columns and --force-merge is specified, ncptl-logextract will cycle over the given values until all columns are accounted for. The concat merge type applies to all columns and therefore cannot be combined with any other merge type. The difference between --merge=all and --merge=concat is that the former merges three files each with columns A and B as {A, A, A, B, B, B} while the latter merges the same files as {A, B, A, B, A, B}.
Note that --merge is applied after --keep-columns. Hence, if --keep-columns specifies that only three columns be kept, --merge should list exactly three operations (or a single operation that applies to all three columns).
• --showfnames prepends to each data table in the input file an extra header line indicating the log file the data was extracted from. This option makes sense only when data is being extracted and primarily when --merge=all is specified. --showfnames takes one of none, all, or first. The default is none, which doesn’t add an extra header row. all repeats the filename in each column of the extra header row. first outputs the filename in only the first column, leaving the remaining columns with an empty string. The following examples show how a sample data table is formatted with --showfnames set in turn to each of none, all, and first:
• Set to none (the default):
"Size","Value"
1,2
2,4
3,6
• Set to all (filename repeated in each column of the first row):
"mydata.log","mydata.log"
"Size","Value"
1,2
2,4
3,6
• Set to first (filename shown only in the first column of the first row):
"mydata.log",""
"Size","Value"
1,2
2,4
3,6
• If --format=params is used with both --longtable and --tabularx, the generated table will be formatted for use with the ltxtable LaTeX package. See the ltxtable documentation for more information.
#### NOTES
If no filenames are given, ncptl-logextract will read from the standard input device. If multiple log files are specified, coNCePTuaL will merge the data values and take all other information from the first file specified. Note, however, that all of the log files must have been produced by the same coNCePTuaL program and that that program must have been run in the same environment. In other words, only the data values may change across log files; everything else must be invariant. See the description of --merge in the Additional Options section for more information about merging data values from multiple log files.
ncptl-logextract treats certain files specially:
• If ncptl-logextract is given a filename ending in .gz, .bz2, or .Z it automatically decompresses the file to a temporary location using gunzip, bunzip2, or uncompress, as appropriate, then recursively processes the decompressed file.
• If ncptl-logextract is given a filename ending in .tar or .zip it automatically extracts the file’s contents to a temporary directory using tar or unzip, as appropriate, then recursively processes the temporary directory.
• If ncptl-logextract is given the name of a directory it processes all of the plain files found (recursively) beneath that directory.
• If an input file is a merged coNCePTuaL log file (i.e., produced by ncptl-logmerge), ncptl-logextract automatically invokes ncptl-logunmerge to split the file into its constituent, ordinary log files then recursively processes those.
ncptl-logmerge treats filenames ending in .tgz as if they ended in .tar.gz and filenames ending in .taz as if they ended in .tar.Z.
If the argument provided to any ncptl-logextract option begins with an at sign (“@”), the value is treated as a filename and is replaced by the file’s contents. To specify an non-filename argument that begins with an at sign, merely prepend an additional “@”:
--this=that
The option this is given the value “that”.
--this=@that
The option this is set to the contents of the file called that.
--this=@@that
The option this is given the value “@that”.
#### EXAMPLES
For the following examples, we assume that results.log is the name of a log file produced by a coNCePTuaL program.
Extract the data in CSV format and write it to results.csv:
ncptl-logextract --extract=data results.log --output=results.csv
Note that --extract=data is the default and therefore optional:
ncptl-logextract results.log --output=results.csv
ncptl-logextract can combine data from multiple log files (using an arithmetic mean by default):
ncptl-logextract results-*.log --output=results.csv
Put the data from all of the log files side-by-side and produce a CSV file that Microsoft Excel can read directly:
ncptl-logextract results-*.log --output=results.csv --merge=all \
--showfnames=first --excel
Output the data from result.log in tab-separated-value format:
ncptl-logextract --format=tsv results.log
Output the data in space-separated-value format:
ncptl-logextract --colsep=" " results.log
Use gnuplot to draw a PostScript graph of the data:
ncptl-logextract results.log --format=gnuplot \
--before=@params.gp | gnuplot > results.eps
In the above, the params.gp file might contain gnuplot commands such as the following:
set terminal postscript eps enhanced color "Times-Roman" 30
set output
set logscale xy
set data style linespoints
set pointsize 3
plot "-" title "Latency"
(There should be an extra blank line at the end of the file because ncptl-logextract strips off a trailing newline character whenever it reads a file using “@”.)
Produce a complete HTML file of the data (noting that --format=html produces only tables, not complete documents):
ncptl-logextract --format=html
--after='</body>\n</html>\n' results.log
Output the data as a LaTeX tabular, relying on both the (standard) dcolumn and (non-standard) booktabs packages for more attractive formatting:
ncptl-logextract --format=latex --dcolumn --booktabs \
--output=results.tex results.log
Output the run-time parameters in the form “key ---> value” with all of the arrows aligned:
ncptl-logextract results.log --extract=params --columns=3 --colsep=" --> "
Output the run-time parameters as an HTML description list:
ncptl-logextract results.log --extract=params --before='<dl>' \
--rowbegin='<dt>' --colsep='</dt><dd>' --rowend='</dd>\n' \
--after='</dl>\n'
Restore the exact execution environment that was used to produce results.log, including the current working directory (assuming that bash is the current command shell):
eval ncptl-logextract --extract=env --format=bash \
--unset --chdir results.log
Set all of the environment variables that were used to produce results.log, overwriting—but not removing—whatever environment variables are currently set (assuming that tcsh is the current command shell):
eval ncptl-logextract --extract=env --format=tcsh results.log
Extract the source code that produced results.log:
ncptl-logextract --extract=source results.log
Do the same, but indent the code by four spaces then re-wrap it into a 60-column paragraph:
ncptl-logextract --extract=source --indent=4 --wrap=60 results.log
Here are a variety of ways to express the same thing:
ncptl-logextract -e source --indent=4 --wrap=60 results.log
ncptl-logextract -e source --indent=4 results.log --wrap=60
cat results.log | ncptl-logextract --wrap=60 --indent=4 -e source
Output the source code wrapped to 72 columns, with no indentation, and formatted within an HTML preformatted-text block:
ncptl-logextract --extract=source --wrap --before="<PRE>\n" \
after="</PRE>\n" results.log
List all of the warning messages which occur in results.log:
ncptl-logextract --extract=warnings results.log | 2022-09-30T22:10:04 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7716072201728821, "perplexity": 5307.172406923213}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030335504.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20220930212504-20221001002504-00121.warc.gz"} |
http://dlmf.nist.gov/8.20 | # §8.20 Asymptotic Expansions of $\mathop{E_{p}\/}\nolimits\!\left(z\right)$
## §8.20(i) Large $z$
8.20.1 $\mathop{E_{p}\/}\nolimits\!\left(z\right)=\frac{e^{-z}}{z}\left(\sum_{k=0}^{n-% 1}(-1)^{k}\frac{\left(p\right)_{k}}{z^{k}}+(-1)^{n}\frac{\left(p\right)_{n}e^{% z}}{z^{n-1}}\mathop{E_{n+p}\/}\nolimits\!\left(z\right)\right),$ $n=1,2,3,\dots$.
As $z\to\infty$
8.20.2 $\mathop{E_{p}\/}\nolimits\!\left(z\right)\sim\frac{e^{-z}}{z}\sum_{k=0}^{% \infty}(-1)^{k}\frac{\left(p\right)_{k}}{z^{k}},$ $|\mathop{\mathrm{ph}\/}\nolimits z|\leq\frac{3}{2}\pi-\delta$,
and
8.20.3 $\mathop{E_{p}\/}\nolimits\!\left(z\right)\sim\pm\frac{2\pi i}{\mathop{\Gamma\/% }\nolimits\!\left(p\right)}e^{\mp p\pi i}z^{p-1}+\frac{e^{-z}}{z}\sum_{k=0}^{% \infty}\frac{(-1)^{k}\left(p\right)_{k}}{z^{k}},$ $\tfrac{1}{2}\pi+\delta\leq\pm\mathop{\mathrm{ph}\/}\nolimits z\leq\tfrac{7}{2}% \pi-\delta$,
$\delta$ again denoting an arbitrary small positive constant. Where the sectors of validity of (8.20.2) and (8.20.3) overlap the contribution of the first term on the right-hand side of (8.20.3) is exponentially small compared to the other contribution; compare §2.11(ii).
For an exponentially-improved asymptotic expansion of $\mathop{E_{p}\/}\nolimits\!\left(z\right)$ see §2.11(iii).
## §8.20(ii) Large $p$
For $x\geq 0$ and $p>1$ let $x=\lambda p$ and define $A_{0}(\lambda)=1$,
8.20.4 $A_{k+1}(\lambda)=(1-2k\lambda)A_{k}(\lambda)+\lambda(\lambda+1)\frac{dA_{k}(% \lambda)}{d\lambda},$ $k=0,1,2,\dots$,
so that $A_{k}(\lambda)$ is a polynomial in $\lambda$ of degree $k-1$ when $k\geq 1$. In particular,
8.20.5 $\displaystyle A_{1}(\lambda)$ $\displaystyle=1,$ $\displaystyle A_{2}(\lambda)$ $\displaystyle=1-2\lambda,$ $\displaystyle A_{3}(\lambda)$ $\displaystyle=1-8\lambda+6\lambda^{2}.$ Symbols: $A_{k}(\lambda)$ Permalink: http://dlmf.nist.gov/8.20.E5 Encodings: TeX, TeX, TeX, pMML, pMML, pMML, png, png, png
Then as $p\to\infty$
8.20.6 $\mathop{E_{p}\/}\nolimits\!\left(\lambda p\right)\sim\frac{e^{-\lambda p}}{(% \lambda+1)p}\sum_{k=0}^{\infty}\frac{A_{k}(\lambda)}{(\lambda+1)^{2k}}\frac{1}% {p^{k}},$
uniformly for $\lambda\in[0,\infty)$.
For further information, including extensions to complex values of $x$ and $p$, see Temme (1994b, §4) and Dunster (1996b, 1997). | 2016-05-28T22:08:30 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 73, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9920049905776978, "perplexity": 2131.036209208437}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464049278244.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524002118-00222-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://gocompetition.energy.gov/challenges/1/datasets | # Datasets
Sandbox submissions are processed as Division 1 submissions (10-minute Real-time limit with Objective Funtion Scoring).
Only the person who made the Sandbox submission, their team, and the GO Operations Team, can see the results. | 2020-07-04T19:06:04 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8174169659614563, "perplexity": 7831.202391545744}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655886516.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20200704170556-20200704200556-00192.warc.gz"} |
http://pdglive.lbl.gov/DataBlock.action?node=M042M3&home=sumtabM | # ${{\boldsymbol \eta}}{{\boldsymbol \eta}}$ MODE INSPIRE search
VALUE (MeV) DOCUMENT ID TECN COMMENT
$\bf{ 2157 \pm12}$ OUR AVERAGE
$2151$ $\pm16$
2000 E
450 ${{\mathit p}}$ ${{\mathit p}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit p}_{{f}}}{{\mathit \eta}}{{\mathit \eta}}{{\mathit p}_{{s}}}$
$2175$ $\pm20$
1995 D
GAM4 300 ${{\mathit \pi}^{-}}$ ${{\mathit N}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \pi}^{-}}{{\mathit N}}$2 ${{\mathit \eta}}$ , 450 ${{\mathit p}}$ ${{\mathit p}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit p}}$2 ${{\mathit \eta}}$
$2130$ $\pm35$
1994
GAM4 450 ${{\mathit p}}$ ${{\mathit p}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit p}}$2 ${{\mathit \eta}}$
• • • We do not use the following data for averages, fits, limits, etc. • • •
$2140$ $\pm30$ 1
1999 B
CBAR $1.94$ ${{\overline{\mathit p}}}$ ${{\mathit p}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \pi}^{0}}{{\mathit \eta}}{{\mathit \eta}}$
$2104$ $\pm20$ 2
1993 C
E760 ${{\overline{\mathit p}}}$ ${{\mathit p}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \pi}^{0}}{{\mathit \eta}}{{\mathit \eta}}$ $\rightarrow$ 6 ${{\mathit \gamma}}$
1 Spin not determined.
2 No $\mathit J{}^{PC}$ determination.
References:
BARBERIS 2000E
PL B479 59 A Study of the ${{\mathit \eta}}{{\mathit \eta}}$ Channel Produced in Central ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit p}}$ Interactions at 450 ${\mathrm {GeV/}}\mathit c$
ABELE 1999B
EPJ C8 67 Observation of Resonances in the Reaction ${{\overline{\mathit p}}}$ ${{\mathit p}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \pi}^{0}}{{\mathit \eta}}{{\mathit \eta}}$ at 1.94 ${\mathrm {GeV/}}\mathit c{}^{2}$
PROKOSHKIN 1995D
PD 40 495 Observation of ${{\mathit f}_{{2}}{(2175)}}$ Meson as a Possible Tensor Glueball
SINGOVSKI 1994
NC A107 1911 The ${{\mathit \eta}}{{\mathit \eta}}$ Systems Produced in 450 ${\mathrm {GeV/}}\mathit c$ Central ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit p}}$ Collisions
ARMSTRONG 1993C
PL B307 394 Evidence for ${{\mathit \eta}}{{\mathit \eta}}$ Resonances in Antiproton Proton Annihilations at 2950 $<$ $\sqrt {s }$ $<$ 3620 MeV | 2020-07-15T07:14:50 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9298743009567261, "perplexity": 5133.061743400899}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593657163613.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20200715070409-20200715100409-00102.warc.gz"} |
https://indico.fnal.gov/event/4624/ | # SIST Final Talks 2011
chaired by ,
Tuesday, August 9, 2011 from to (US/Central)
at Fermilab ( 1WEST )
Description Summer Internships in Science and Technology
Go to day
• Tuesday, August 9, 2011
• 08:30 - 08:40 Welcome
• 08:40 - 09:00 Gas Transport in the Mu2e Detector Straws 20'
The Mu2e transverse tracker will utilize over 20,000 Mylar straws of varying lengths connected in parallel to gas manifolds. Impurities in the Ar/CO2 supply could cause unwanted chemical reactions within the straw to take place, potentially damaging the sense wire and locally reducing the gain of the straw. By ensuring that a constant fresh supply of gas traverses the straw, these reactions can be impeded. If the system were dominated by flow, the resistance experienced by the gas would be proportional to the length of the straw, which may cause the flow in longer straws to be severely inhibited. Much of the summer was spent determining whether flow or diffusion was the dominant method for gas transportation through the straw, and whether the system could operate effectively in parallel.
Speaker: Mr. Blake Powell (Morehouse College, SIST Intern) Material:
• 09:00 - 09:20 Search for Standard Model Higgs Boson in the WH->WWW->lv.jj.jj Channel 20'
During the summer of 2011, work began on the intermediary stages of an analysis of the high-mass Standard Model Higgs boson in associated production with a W boson. This channel, WH->WWW->lv.jj.jj, is of particular interest since it has not yet been investigated by any other analysis group. Continued efforts are being focused on finalizing the results of the data and Monte Carlo simulations for this analysis.
Speaker: Mr. Anthony Podkowa (Summer Internships in Science and Technology) Material:
• 09:20 - 09:40 Calorimetry for future Lepton Colliders 20'
New projects for lepton colliders are developing around the world. The necessity for building capable detectors for these acceleratos is important. This project studies the advantages and limitations of a dual readout calorimeter when obtaining data from a linear accelerator.
Speaker: Edgar Nandayapa (OSU) Material:
• 09:40 - 09:50 Break
• 09:50 - 10:10 Developing high-current, mechanically reinforced BSCCO 2212 cable: a survey of compatible materials 20'
BSCCO 2212, a high temperature superconductor currently under extensive experimentation at Fermilab has the potential to be used in next generation accelerator magnets which would operate in the field range of 20 - 50T. However BSCCO 2212’s strain sensitivity is a considerable problem when operating in these high magnetic fields. In order to solve this problem alloy wire reinforcement to be used in high current multi-strand cables is being considered. These alloy wires have to fulfill two requirements, they must be mechanically strong, and they must be chemically compatible with 2212 wire. I performed tensile testing, and chemical compatibility testing on 5 different alloys, Inconel 600/625/X750, nickel chromium, and Kanthal A-1. Testing has indicated that Inconel X750 and Kanthal A-1 are possible candidates for 2212 reinforcement. Testing has also shown that titanium oxide and aluminum oxide coatings may be effective in reducing chemical interaction between 2212 wire and alloy wire.
Speaker: Alexander Matta (Virginia Tech) Material:
• 10:10 - 10:30 FPGA beam loss monitor system for the SRF facility 20'
A Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA)-based Time-to-Digital Converter (TDC) is being developed for use with cryogenic ionization chamber beam loss monitors which have been proposed for installation inside the cryostats at the Superconducting Radio-Frequency (SRF) beam test facility at Fermilab. The scheme employs an Altera Cyclone III FPGA and He-ionization chambers with recycling integrators as dose rate monitors. The time intervals between the pulses out from the dose rate monitors are measured with high timing resolution (> 10 bits) using this TDC method. This provides a more accurate measure of the current than was previously possible. The FPGA was initially programmed with a single channel output for test purposes; however several additional channels are required for the final phase. This project has extended the new design to handle multiple channel output up to 8 channels with a timing resolution of 1 ns(nano-second). This project discusses the design and test results that we have obtained so far.
Speaker: Ms. Diana Paola Perea Palacios (Benedict College) Material:
• 10:30 - 10:50 Performance Studies of a NOvA 53 MHz RF Cavity 20'
Three new RF cavities are required to perform multi-batch slip stacking in the Recycler Ring to increase the proton intensity of the NuMI beamline for the NOvA project to study muon to electron neutrino oscillations. Two RF cavities will operate at a 1200 Hz difference in frequency, and one will be used as a spare. The cavities are made from high conductivity copper (OFHC) and operate in the quarter-wavelength transverse electromagnetic mode with a length slightly reduced by the gap capacitance at the accelerating voltage end. In this study, we present results from low power measurements of one of these cavities. We used coaxial cables hooked-up to a Network Analyzer to transmit power into its structure and measure the resonant modes. After adjusting the length of the cavity, the fundamental mode which is used to accelerate the beam during slip stacking, was measured very close to the desired operational value of 52.809 MHz. The higher order modes of the cavity were also identified, and prototype dampers were constructed to test their ability to suppress them. To determine the frequency tuning range of the cavity, tuners were also developed. These RF devices were able to optimize the cavity’s performance.
Speaker: Mr. Frederic Jones (Stony Brook University) Material:
• 10:50 - 11:00 Break
• 11:00 - 11:20 Search for the Higgs Boson in the WH->lvbb and WH->WWW->lv.jj.jj Channels 20'
Throughout the summer of 2011, work continued on the analysis of the associated production of the Higgs boson. Our particular analysis was the WH → lνbb decay channel. This channel has the highest branching ratio of the low-mass Higgs decay channels and thus is one of the most sensitive channels to analyze, resulting in a solid framework and a good foundation. Work was also done on the WH → WWW → lνjjjj decay channel. This channel is unique within DØ because there are only a few people working on it, all whom are summer students. This paper explains ongoing efforts to process data and Monte Carlo (MC) samples, model data correctly, and utilize the output of multivariate training to effectively distinguish between signal and background events and perform a search for the Higgs Boson. It also discusses new variables that were added to the search and how they impacted the overall analysis.
Speaker: Stephanie Hamilton (Michigan State University) Material:
• 11:20 - 11:40 Simulation of Quench in an 11 T Dipole Magnet 20'
On 19 September 2008, approximately 100 of CERN’s dipole magnets quenched due to faulty electrical systems. This problem resulted in rapid heating of the magnets and the loss of 6 tons of liquid helium as well as the destruction of 53 dipole magnets, which had to be replaced at a cost of \$21,000,000. This in turn delayed the LHC from accelerating particles to “high energy” until November 2009, more than a year later. To avoid such a catastrophe ever happening again, it was decided that each magnet would be fitted with a heater and a dump resistor to facilitate the quick and safe shutdown of the magnet. To that end, I was commissioned to update a simplified 3D model of the dipole magnets with new geometry and retool the analysis performed on the old model in 2003 to work with the geometry of CERN’s dipole magnets. The analysis was performed using ANSYS 7.0 in 2003 and 13.0 in 2011. Unfortunately, I was unable to perform the analysis in full as the 3D analysis takes 10 days to run on the computer that was available to me at the time of project completion. I was, however, able to successfully run a 2D simulation, the results of which lie below.
Speaker: Mr. Charles Orozco (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign) Material:
• 11:40 - 12:00 Group Photo
Meet in the Atrium
• 12:00 - 13:00 Lunch
Note there is no lecture today.
• 13:00 - 13:20 Design and Implementation of a Motion Control Program to Assess the Consistency of the Flying Wire’s Feedthrough and Coupling 20'
The reliability of the hi-flex bellow coupling and the magnetic feedthrough utilized in the Flying Wire systems are two prime components that require research to increase dependability. The current design of the Flying Wire system has an issue with the coupling and the feedthrough being overwhelmed from prolonged use. In order to improve the dependability of these two components, a motion control system was designed to test these specific components. Using a test setup, a motion control program was written to analyze the consistency of the coupling and feedthrough. The motion control program was created by programming the Elmo Solo Whistle digital servo drive, which stores and executes the designed program. The system had to be tuned so that the Elmo Solo Whistle digital servo drive can provide the most suitable parameters while also reducing error. Once the setup has been tuned, the system operated continually for about 5 days to gather data about the coupling and feedthrough. This paper reviews the hardware and software format, proficiencies, and the results from the test system.
Speaker: Kayla Malone (Alabama A&M University) Material:
• 13:20 - 13:40 Bead-Pull RF Measurement System 20'
Bead-Pull is a most commonly used Radio Frequency (RF) field measurement technique. RF field measurements play an important role in qualifying any RF cavity. They are used in evaluating the field distribution inside a resonant structure and in tuning them to obtain the required field flatness. The Bead-Pull system consists of a small dielectric or metallic bead being pulled through a cavity while the electric field measurement in the cavities is done. A step motor and a pulley system guide the motion of the bead through the cavity while a Network Analyzer is used to take the RF measurements. A program is developed in National Instruments' Laboratory Virtual Instrumentation Engineering Workbench (LabVIEW) to control the hardware of the Bead-Pull system. The software will coordinate the step motor's movement, acquire data via the Network Analyzer and process the data as required.
Speaker: Jackline Koech (University of Massachusetts, Amherst) Material: Slides
• 13:40 - 14:00 Web Application for the Dual Readout Calorimeter Database 20'
The Dual Readout Calorimeter Project hopes to find the best materials to make a Dual Readout Calorimeter, which measures the energy response to both Cherenkov and scintillation light, as accurate as possible. All of the data and plots from the simulations are stored in the Dual Readout Calorimeter Image Database, where every plot can be described by a category and various tag names and values. A Web application allows users to easily find, view, and analyze these plots. Every time a client makes a request, the Web application establishes a connection with the Structured Query Language (SQL) database, which uses prepared statements to quickly return information stored in the database. All of the information the client sees is displayed using JavaServer Pages (JSP), a language based on a combination of Java and HTML. The Web page also incorporates the JavaScript language to increase functionality and user-interactivity.
Speaker: Jennifer Karkoska (University of Rochester) Material:
• 14:00 - 14:20 Laser Development for the New Muon Lab 20'
This research conducted regards the development of upgrades on two projects that will be used in the New Muon Lab. The projects include the characterization of the Picosecond Pulsed Fiber Laser as the seed laser for the RF gun, and the development of the Diode Pumped chassis as the upgraded laser pump source for the two-pass and multi-pass amplifiers. The results of tests, the issues that arose, and the solutions to these issues will be covered for future use or consideration in NML.
Speaker: Ms. Courtney Clarke (Fermilab SIST) Material: Paper | 2019-02-18T08:47:43 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.38346022367477417, "perplexity": 2168.201249069696}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": false}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247484772.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20190218074121-20190218100121-00514.warc.gz"} |
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# The effects of changes in the composition of employment on euro area wage growth
Prepared by Omiros Kouvavas, Friderike Kuik, Gerrit Koester and Christiane Nickel
Published as part of the ECB Economic Bulletin, Issue 8/2019.
## 1 Introduction
Until recently, wage growth in the euro area has been low and under-predicted. Looking at the period 2013-17, this weakness can be explained to a large extent by the factors traditionally captured in a Phillips curve analysis, such as economic slack and inflation expectations. Slack in the labour market can be measured by a broad range of different indicators, which include “narrow” indicators (e.g. the unemployment rate) or more unconventional measures such as the broad unemployment rate. The latter also includes euro area working age population marginally attached to the labour force – i.e. those members of the labour force categorised as inactive but still competing, albeit less actively, in the labour market.[1] In general it seems that broader measures of labour underutilisation brought some marginal gains in explaining the subdued wage growth observed in the euro area over the period 2013-17.[2] However, the factors traditionally included in a Phillips curve analysis do not paint the full picture.[3]
Could changes in the composition of employment also have contributed to low wage growth in the euro area? Wages differ, for example, across sectors and are affected by employees’ personal characteristics and contract types. These “compositional effects” can mean that changes in the composition of employment can affect average wage growth in an economy. They also depend on the degree to which the composition of employment changes and on the size of differences in wages.
In the euro area, significant changes in the composition of employment have taken place since the beginning of the crisis. These include shifts in age and level of education, as well as in the prevalence of different contract types reflecting temporary and permanent employment.[4] The sectoral composition of employment has also changed because of shifts in employees working in higher and lower-paying sectors of the economy.
Shifts in the composition of employment can be driven by trend and cyclical developments. One case in point is the age structure of employees: this can be affected by trend developments, such as an ageing population, but also by cyclical developments, such as younger workers being at a higher risk of losing their job in a downturn.
Based on the economic literature, compositional effects can have a substantial impact on wage growth. Early studies have shown that the impact of changes on the composition of employment can be sizeable,[5] and the results of more recent studies focusing on the period of the crisis are similar.[6]
Can such compositional effects help us understand the development of wage growth over the cycle? They can do, for example, if compositional effects are heavily influenced by the cycle, pushing up wage growth in a downturn or depressing wage growth in an upturn. According to the literature, compositional changes in employment may indeed lead to such a countercyclical effect on aggregate wages.[7]
This article assesses how compositional effects have affected wage growth in the euro area and its member countries since 2007.[8] For our analysis we mainly rely on microdata from the EU Survey on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC). The article also includes cross-checks based on the EU Labour Force Survey (EU-LFS) and national accounts data. After a discussion of some conceptual foundations, we introduce the data used and illustrate recent changes in employment composition in the euro area. This is followed by an outline of our approach to assessing compositional effects and, finally, a discussion of evidence of the role of compositional effects for the euro area as a whole and the contribution of individual euro area countries.[9]
This article finds that compositional effects have contributed to a subdued reaction of wages in the euro area over the business cycle – including in the period of low wage growth. Compositional effects pushed up wage growth early in the crisis, but have since decreased and turned negative. This has contributed to a relatively muted response from aggregate wage growth, both to the strong downturn of the labour market early in the crisis and later to cyclical improvements during the years after 2013. The most important contributions to compositional effects seem to have been related to changes in the age and educational structure of employment, which have had both a long-term and a cyclical impact. The countercyclical pattern of compositional effects resulted mainly from the group of young and comparatively low-skilled workers with relatively low wages; this group was hit especially hard by job losses early in the crisis (pushing average wage growth up during the downturn) and only experienced higher re-employment probability during the recovery period (with a downward effect on average wage growth). Looking at country-specific evidence, the euro area aggregate results have been influenced by Spain and Italy in particular.
Conceptually, it would be appealing to estimate a Phillips curve for wage growth net of compositional effects, but this seems to be very difficult to implement. With respect to data availability, such an approach is complicated by (i) the annual frequency of data needed to calculate compositional effects, (ii) the short length of the time series, and (iii) the substantial time lags in publication of the data.[10]
## 2 The effects of changes in the composition of employment on wage growth – conceptual foundations
Differences in wages can be observed in various dimensions and can vary based on workers’ individual characteristics and across sectors. As labour productivity differs strongly across sectors, wages vary. They tend, for example, to be higher in the industrial sector of the economy than in the services sector. Another factor accounting for differences in pay is level of education, with higher levels of education being correlated with higher skills and thus higher wages. Contract type may also play a role, depending on whether individuals work part-time or full-time, and whether they are employed on a temporary or permanent basis.[11]
Based on differences in wages across individuals and sectors, changes in the composition of employment can affect both the average level and the growth rate of wages in an economy. Key indicators for wages in an economy are compensation per employee (CPE) or compensation per hour (CPH). CPE is the sum total of employees’ compensation divided by the total number of employees, and CPH is the sum total of employees’ compensation divided by the total number of hours worked in the economy. Employees’ compensation includes not only wages and salaries in cash but also wages and salaries in kind, as well as employers' social contributions. Sectoral shifts in employment composition in the industrial sector, with its relatively high wages, can, for example, cause CPE and CPH to increase. In a similar vein, an increasing share of employees with high levels of education can also have a positive effect on average CPE and average CPH in an economy.
Changes in the composition of employment can have implications for wage growth based not only on differences in wage levels but also on differences in wage growth among different types of workers. One example is older workers tending to have higher wage levels but experiencing slower wage growth than younger workers. While both effects need to be taken into account, the effects resulting from the difference in wage levels, at least in the short run, seem to be dominating.[12]
While compositional effects based on sectoral developments can, to a certain extent, be analysed based on macrodata from national accounts, studying the impact of individual employees’ characteristics requires the use of microdata. The effects of sectoral shifts in employment can, to a certain level of sectoral granularity, be analysed based on national accounts data for employment and compensation. However, comprehensive and consistent datasets for the euro area, including data on employment composition based on individual employees’ characteristics and their wages, are only available based on surveys (see Box 2 for a discussion of available data).
Drivers of compositional effects may be of a cyclical or structural nature. Structural developments, such as ageing, are likely to have a slow-moving compositional effect on wage growth, since older employees tend to have higher wages.
Cyclical developments drive compositional effects, especially due to differences in the risk of losing or gaining employment. Employment risk over the business cycle is unequally distributed with respect to workers’ skills and characteristics. During downturns and upturns, job losses and gains have the greatest effect on lower-skilled and younger workers. This is supported by research both in the United States and Europe.[13]
Compositional effects can be countercyclical and may contribute to a muted reaction from wage growth to the business cycle. If lower-skilled and younger workers, who are more likely to receive relatively low wages, are particularly likely to lose their jobs in a downturn, average wage growth (measured by CPE and CPH, for example) is pushed up mechanically. On the other hand, the reintegration of these workers into employment in an upturn depresses average wage growth. Such countercyclical compositional effects can partially mute the “true” cyclical reaction of wages to changes in the labour market.
Empirical studies have indeed found a countercyclical pattern of compositional effects in the euro area and some EU countries.[14] Such countercyclical effects have been found in empirical studies of the euro area in the early part of the crisis[15] and also in country-specific studies for Belgium[16], Italy[17] and the United Kingdom[18].
Trend developments might have a pronounced impact on compositional effects but are unlikely to cancel out possible cyclical patterns. Overall, compositional effects are likely to reflect both trend and cyclical developments, the roles of which can vary over time depending on how pronounced a trend or cyclical development is. However, even if trend developments are very pronounced, they are unlikely to cancel out possible countercyclical patterns. This is because structural changes are usually uncorrelated with the business cycle.
## Box 1 Effects of changes in the sectoral composition of employment on wage growth
Prepared by Katalin Bodnár and Gerrit Koester
As wage levels differ across sectors in the economy, changes in the sectoral composition of employment can affect aggregate wage growth.[19] These differences are often linked to variations in labour productivity. The size of the effects on aggregate wage growth depends both on the extent of sectoral shifts in employment and on the size of differences in pay. For example, a rise in the share of employment in sectors with low wage levels can dampen wage growth. These sectoral changes can be analysed on the basis of national accounts data, which are available for ten main sectors (see Chart A).
Sectoral shifts are driven both by trend and cyclical developments. For example, a long-term reallocation of employment from industry to market and public services is observable (see Chart A). This longer-term trend is in line with developments in terms of value added, but may also be related to increasing automation in industry and the limited scope for that in the services sector. In the public sector, one main structural driver of increased employment is likely to be the demand for healthcare, which is related to the ageing of a society (among other things). The business cycle also has an impact on the sectoral composition of employment. This is most clearly visible in the concentration of the labour market adjustment during the crisis, primarily in the industrial and construction sectors.
The sectoral composition of employment growth in the euro area over the recovery period would suggest a downward impact on overall wage growth. Since the second quarter of 2013 – the start of the economic and labour market recovery – employment has grown most strongly in the services sectors. Wage levels in these sectors – such as in professional and administrative services, or trade transport and accommodation – are close to or below euro area averages (see Chart B). At the same time, employment growth was relatively small or negative in some sectors characterised by high wage levels, including financial and insurance services, information and communication services, and industry (excluding construction).
However, shifts in sectoral composition seem to have had only a very limited effect on aggregate wage growth in the euro area overall. Effects of changes in the sectoral composition on wage growth can be identified by comparing realised aggregate wage growth with a counterfactual series for wage growth, which keeps sectoral shares in overall employment constant. Fixing sectoral weights at their 2008 level reveals that such sectoral shifts have most likely had only a very limited effect on overall wage growth (see Chart C).
This box finds that shifts in the sectoral composition of employment do not seem to have had a major influence on wage growth. This could also be seen as an indication that microdata studies, like the one pursued in the main text, can also shed some light on within-sector shifts.[20]
## 3 Developments in the composition of employment and wage differences across employee characteristics
In the euro area, significant changes have taken place in the age and educational structure of employment (see Chart 1).[21] This can be illustrated based on microdata from EU-SILC, which are available up to and including 2016[22] (see Box 2 for details and a comparison of EU-SILC data with alternative available datasets; see Box 4 for a cross-check against data from the EU-LFS). Most importantly, the share of older employees has increased, while the share of younger workers has decreased substantially. At the same time, the share of employees with a lower level of education has decreased, while the share of more highly educated employees has increased.
These developments can be partly attributed to longer-term trends (demographic changes, pension system reforms, the trend towards higher levels of education, etc.) but can be also related to cyclical developments in some countries: younger and less educated/skilled workers were the first to lose their jobs during the crisis, further increasing the share of older and more highly educated employees. This cyclical pattern is also observed in the development of temporary contracts, the number of which declined early in the crisis in a number of countries but whose share increased during the recovery.
The developments in the composition of employment, together with considerable differences in the mean income of the different groups, motivates the assessment of compositional effects on wage growth. A comparison of the euro area mean income of different age groups with the mean income of all employees (see Chart 2) shows that workers over the age of 44, in particular, earn considerably more than workers between the ages of 16 and 34, the wages of the latter being, on average, less than 80% of the overall mean. The difference is even more notable when comparing employees across different levels of education: while less highly educated employees earn around 60% of the mean, more highly educated employees earn between 20% and 40% more than the mean (depending on the year). Similar differences can be observed when comparing employees’ occupations, skill levels, genders, contract types and nationalities.
## Box 2 Available microdata for studying compositional effects in euro area wage growth
Prepared by Friderike Kuik
Microdata that include characteristics of individual workers and cover EU or euro area countries in a consistent way are only available on the basis of surveys. Administrative data based on social security systems, for example, are only available in some countries,[23] which does not allow for a consistent approach covering all euro area countries.
The main survey-based microdata that can be used to describe the labour market and income statistics in EU countries are the Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC), the EU Labour Force Survey (EU-LFS) and the Structure of Earnings Survey (SES). Their main features are depicted in Table A. Contrary to macro-level data, e.g. from national accounts, which provide aggregate information, these datasets include micro-level data at the individual and/or household level.
The analysis presented in this article is based on the EU-SILC dataset, which is “the reference source for comparative statistics on income distribution and social inclusion in the European Union”[24]. It is an annual survey conducted in all EU and some non-EU countries.[25] The data are collected by National Statistical Institutes and disseminated by Eurostat. The survey offers a wide range of variables related to individual, job-related and firm-related characteristics as depicted in Table B. For the analysis in this article, the cross-sectional dataset[26] is used, which is currently available for the survey years from 2005 to 2017[27].
Compared with EU-LFS and SES data, the EU-SILC data offer a range of advantages for an analysis of the contribution of compositional changes in the labour force to wage growth. Most importantly, the EU-LFS only provides information on income in the form of income deciles for a country as a whole, which does not allow for an analysis of the effects of individual characteristics on wages.[28] Still, it is a valuable data source that – unlike the EU-SILC – offers very timely statistics on labour market developments (see also Box 4). The SES, on the other hand, includes rich and detailed information on the relationship between wages and workers’ individual characteristics, but is only conducted once every four years. This prevents analyses of changes in compositional effects from year to year. Furthermore, the survey includes individuals in firms with at least ten employees for most countries (see Table A), and thus excludes an important share of individuals who would ideally be included in an analysis of compositional effects.
Trends in aggregate hourly wage growth as calculated from the EU-SILC are broadly consistent with wage growth from national accounts. In some cases, however, differences exist.[29] Mismatches may relate to differences between the survey target population and national accounts, and small differences in variable definitions (e.g. hourly wages). For example, the survey might not fully capture special (i.e. temporary) working time adjustments or short-term changes. Furthermore, the EU-SILC target population is the resident population in private households of the survey country but excludes cross-border workers and “collective households”, e.g. immigrants in temporary housing arrangements.
## 4 Evidence of compositional effects in the euro area
### 4.1 Microdata evidence for compositional effects based on individual characteristics of the euro area
Analysing the effects of changes in the composition of employment on aggregate wage growth requires the effects from changes in the characteristics of employment to be disentangled from the changes in the individual returns. Disentanglement can be achieved using the “Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition” technique, which is the general approach we have taken for our analysis.
The compositional effect calculated using the Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition measures the mechanical differences in aggregate wages due only to the changed composition of employees. Box 3 describes the methodology in greater detail.
The dependent variable in our analysis is hourly gross wage growth, while the independent variables in a “baseline” configuration include the individual characteristics of age, education, gender and nationality.[30] Owing to the nature of the survey, the data represent annual averages. We weight all results with hours worked[31] during the decomposition.[32]
Sectoral and firms’ characteristics are not included in the analysis, as they are part of the market structure and would lead to an “artificial” inflation of the compositional effect. There are several arguments against including these characteristics: first, sectoral and firm characteristics may be correlated with individual characteristics, decreasing the impact of the individual characteristics. Furthermore, adding a covariate correlated to wages will increase the overall estimated composition effect, leading to overestimation.[33] Finally, as shown in Box 1, changes in sectoral composition do not seem to have had a decisive influence on wage growth in the euro area.
## Box 3 Estimating compositional effects on euro area wage growth based on microdata from the EU Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC)
Prepared by Omiros Kouvavas
The Oaxaca-Blinder[34] decomposition is the standard approach used to study the effects of compositional changes on labour market outcomes. The method has been used in studies covering a wide array of topics, from inequality to discrimination and demographics, in order to explain the change in the means of an outcome variable between groups. This gap is decomposed into the part that is due to changes in the determinants of an outcome and the part that is due to changes in the effects of these determinants. In our case the outcome variable is the wage, and the determinants are worker skills and characteristics. The Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition of aggregate wage growth disentangles effects owing to a change in the weighting of groups (composition change), a change in individual returns (returns effect) and a simultaneous change of both (interaction term).
The estimation of compositional effects requires the availability of individual-level data containing wages and skill characteristics. In order to determine, for example, whether an increase in the average wage is due to a nominal increase in returns to skills or to a change in the skill distribution of employment, an accurate estimate of the returns to skills for each year is required. As shown in Chart A, if both the average skills (S) and the returns to skills (R) change at the same time (right-hand figure), the observed wage growth ( $W - t + 1 - W - t$ ) may be understated. Thus, to accurately estimate the impact of the composition changes we first need to determine the returns to skills using individual-level wages and characteristics.
The Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition uses a series of regressions to disentangle compositional effects from changes in individual returns. First, the two different years are defined as two groups of employed individuals (group $t$ and group ), the individual wage (Y) and workers’ characteristics (X). The difference of the mean wage can be written:
Given a linear model:
it can be proven that:
The first term on the right-hand side of equation (3) is the compositional effect, measuring the differences in predicted wages due only to changes in the composition of the employed workforce. The second term is the coefficient effect, which measures the difference in wages (or the returns to the covariates) if the skillset of the workers is kept constant. The last term is the interaction effect, which accounts for the fact that differences in skills and returns coexist.
The interaction term captures changes in wages resulting indirectly from a change in the composition of the workforce. An example would be low-skilled immigration lowering the average wage of domestic workers (as a result of an increase in labour supply in this segment). In this article we exclude this term, as it goes beyond the direct (mechanical) effects of changes in the composition of employment on wage growth and could also capture effects other than those related to changes in the composition of employment. This is because shocks that are happening at the same time as the change in composition might, to some extent, be captured by the interaction term. For example, if a technology shock only hits low wage earners (i.e. the specific group that experiences the compositional change in a way different from the other groups) then the effects will be captured by the interaction term. Furthermore, this term is usually small[35] and would change the results only marginally. Nevertheless, we choose not to include it in the compositional effect, as it also captures an endogenous change in market conditions due to the composition change.
### 4.2 Evidence for the euro area
Euro area aggregate[36] results suggest that compositional effects pushed up wage growth early in the crisis, but the effect has since decreased and turned negative, thereby contributing to a relatively muted response from aggregate wage growth to cyclical improvements (see Chart 3). According to the results from the “baseline” configuration (see panel a in Chart 3), the largest positive contribution of compositional effects can be observed between 2008 and 2012, with compositional effects contributing more than 1 percentage point, up to about 1.5 percentage points, to wage growth.[37] The effect has been declining steadily since then, turning negative in 2015 and 2016.
The largest contribution to the overall effect comes from changes in the composition of the age and education structure. This is consistent with aggregate changes in the composition of employment, as discussed in Section 3, with the changes in age and education structure being dominant.
The declining and eventually negative impact of compositional effects is consistent with compositional effects having contributed to subdued wage growth in the euro area in recent years. Hence compositional effects could have contributed to the subdued reaction of wage growth to cyclical changes in the labour market – with compositional effects pushing up wage growth early in the crisis and the strong recovery of the labour market from 2013 onwards dampening this growth.
Different specifications are used as robustness checks – including workers’ skills – and different proxies for tenure as independent variables. As a first cross-check, education is replaced by skill level based on the employee’s occupation (see panel c in Chart 3). This is useful in cases where a large proportion of employees work in occupations not commensurate with their level of education. The second cross-check assesses the impact of adding proxy variables for tenure, including whether the individual has a permanent or temporary contract and whether the individual has changed jobs in the past year (see panels b and d in Chart 3). They are added on top of the baseline configuration. However, it is important to note that these proxies can only partially capture the concept of “tenure”, i.e. length of service with the same employer.
When replacing education with occupation as a proxy for skill level, the overall effect becomes more volatile and shows a less pronounced pattern for many countries. This indicates that the use of occupation as a proxy for skill level in the EU-SILC seems to be meaningful only to a limited extent. This can partly be attributed to data issues. Nevertheless, the results are in line with the overall pattern of the sign and amplitude of the compositional effects.
Adding variables that represent tenure has resulted in more negative compositional effects in recent years. The effect is illustrated in the figures in panels b and d in Chart 3, and might be explained by new hires (potentially on temporary contracts) on lower salaries coming into employment after the crisis.
Several additional checks were done but did not result in substantial changes to the results. We tested replacing “citizenship” with “country of birth”, as this seemed to be a better proxy for immigration. However, as changes in citizenship and country of birth in the EU-SILC largely follow the same trends, this did not impact the results either at the euro area aggregate level or for selected test countries.[38]
### 4.3 Microdata evidence for individual euro area countries
On a country-by-country basis, our analyses show a general trend in compositional effects that is similar to that for the euro area as a whole, but with some heterogeneity between countries concerning the sign and size of the effects in individual years (see Chart 4). In the configuration including proxy variables for tenure, compositional effects were positive in all countries in 2008 (see green shading in Chart 4), with effects decreasing between 2009 and 2013. This is in line with the findings for the euro area aggregate, which showed that, at the beginning of the crisis, compositional effects pushed up wage growth before later declining. For a large number of countries the results switched sign in 2014 and 2015 (see red shading in Chart 4). Large compositional effects were seen for some southern European countries in particular (e.g. Spain, Portugal and Italy), but the effect also decreased or even became negative in these countries in 2015 and 2016. Again, this sign switching is reflected in the euro area aggregate data and is driven to a significant extent by compositional changes in age and education.
Spain and Italy seem to be the main contributors to the euro area aggregate compositional effect (see Chart 5). The contribution from Spain was particularly large in 2008 but then declined, while Italy’s contribution was relatively large in 2012. In 2015 and 2016 Italy and Spain experienced very negative compositional effects; this can be explained by their respective increases in employment, which were concentrated at the lower end of the wage distribution. These results illustrate that compositional effects seem to be driven mostly by effects in countries that have experienced the largest cyclical changes in employment.[39] In line with these results, Germany and France seem to have experienced less marked compositional effects (with regard to total employment) throughout the cycle.
Negative compositional effects in recent years are mainly due to education and the reduced effect of age. Particularly in Spain and Italy – the two countries mainly driving the negative compositional effect – education has the greatest impact, as there is a stronger increase in employment among employees with a lower level of education. Furthermore, the impact of the age profile has become negative for both countries in the last two years, having previously had a strong positive effect.
Our results are consistent with studies on individual countries, such as Italy and Spain. This analysis shows significant and positive compositional effects in Italy[40] and Spain[41] during the period 2008-13.[42]
## Box 4 Changes in the composition of the workforce based on the EU Labour Force Survey (EU–LFS)
Prepared by Katalin Bodnár and Friderike Kuik
This box cross-checks the extent to which the findings on compositional changes in employment derived from the EU-SILC dataset are consistent with data derived from the EU-LFS. On top of this robustness check, the EU-LFS data – which, contrary to the EU-SILC data, are already available for 2017 and 2018 – also allow a discussion on more recent developments in the composition of employment and a preliminary assessment of their possible knock-on effects on wage growth in 2017 and 2018.
The EU-LFS is a set of microdata providing detailed information on the composition of employment using several characteristics (see Box 2). It is a household survey that is conducted in all euro area countries in a harmonised way. A representative sample of individuals is regularly asked about their labour market status, personal characteristics and the characteristics of their employment (for those who are employed). This dataset is regularly used to monitor the composition of employment growth in the euro area but does not provide information on wages in a harmonised way.[43] Given that the EU-LFS is representative of the labour force, a comparison of the composition of employment in this dataset with the EU-SILC is an important robustness check for the results shown in the article.[44]
As with the developments indicated by EU-SILC data, EU-LFS data point to sizeable changes in the composition of the workforce in the euro area. The most striking change can be seen in terms of the age composition of employment. Driven by demographic developments and a significant rise in the labour force participation rate, older workers (i.e. those older than 55) account for an increasing share of employment. This age group’s share in the stock of employment in the euro area has increased from around 12% to 20% since 2006.[45] At the same time, the employment share of the more highly skilled has also increased considerably, by about 10 percentage points, while the share of those who are lower skilled has declined. The composition of employment by gender has become closer to equal, as the labour supply of women has risen considerably; however, most of this change happened before 2013. The EU-LFS also points to an increase in the share of workers with citizenship of non-euro area EU Member States. According to the characteristics of the contracts and the tasks performed, there has been a moderate shift towards temporary positions in the years to 2018, and towards occupations requiring higher skill levels.
Overall the trends in the development of workers’ individual characteristics, as found by the EU-LFS, confirm the picture given by the EU-SILC data. The two datasets provide very similar pictures, both in the composition of employment according to individual characteristics and in terms of the changes to the time period for which both are available (see Chart A). For example, although the EU-LFS points to a slightly higher share of workers with a high level of education than is reflected by the EU-SILC, the change of this share over time is very similar in the two. Remaining differences between the two datasets might be attributable to differences in the definition of variables, differences in the samples and sampling methods, and other data issues such as missing data.[46]
More recent data from the EU-LFS indicate that some of the changes in the composition of employment have continued since 2016, for which EU-SILC data are not yet available (see Chart A). For example, the share of older workers has continued to increase and the share of workers with lower levels of education and skill has continued to decrease. These were found to be the main drivers of compositional changes in terms of aggregate wage dynamics according to the microdata analysis used in this article. Thus, the continuation of these trends suggests that we may still find some compositional effects in wage dynamics from more recent years. However, in some respects (in terms of gender, for example) the composition of employment has not changed considerably in recent years. Overall, the more limited changes in the composition of employment – especially when compared with the early years of the crisis – seem to indicate that compositional effects on wage growth might have been relatively limited in 2017 and 2018 and are unlikely to have been a major driving force behind the relatively strong recovery of wage growth in the euro area in that period. However, this can only be seen as preliminary evidence that must be reassessed once the EU-SILC data has become available for 2017 and 2018.
## 5 Conclusion
In the euro area, sizeable changes in the composition of employment have taken place since 2007. The share of older and more highly educated employees has increased, while the share of younger workers and those with a lower level of education has decreased. These developments can partly be attributed to longer-term trends (e.g. demographic changes, pension system reforms and the trend towards higher levels of education), but they can also be related to cyclical developments in some countries: younger and less educated/skilled workers were the first to lose their jobs during the crisis, further increasing the share of older and more highly educated employees. These patterns are confirmed by both EU-SILC and EU-LFS data.
These changes in the composition of employment seem to have pushed up wages during the crisis and contributed to subdued wage growth in recent years. An Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition applied to EU-SILC microdata suggests that these compositional effects were strongest between 2008 and 2012, but turned negative in 2015 and 2016.
A country-by-country consideration of the compositional effects shows a general trend that is similar to the trend for the euro area as a whole but with some heterogeneity among countries concerning the size of the effects in individual years. Spain and Italy seem to be the main contributors to the euro area aggregate compositional effect, while contributions from Germany and France are small with regard to total employment.
Overall, the results are robust across different specifications applied in the decomposition, and the changes in the composition of employment are also reflected in different sets of microdata. This indicates that the main developments in euro area compositional effects seem to be represented well, overall, by the analyses presented in this article.
1. See, for example, the box entitled “Assessing labour market slack”, Economic Bulletin, Issue 3, ECB, Frankfurt am Main, 2017.
2. See, for example, Lane, P.R. et al., “The Phillips Curve at the ECB”, speech given at the 50th Anniversary Conference of the Money, Macro & Finance Research Group, London School of Economics, 4 September 2019; Cœuré, B., “Scars or scratches? Hysteresis in the euro area”, speech given at the International Center for Monetary and Banking Studies, Geneva, 19 May 2017; and Section 2.2. of Nickel, C., Bobeica, E., Koester, G., Lis, E. and Porqueddu, M. (eds.), “Understanding low wage growth in the euro area and European countries”, Occasional Paper Series, No 232, ECB, Frankfurt am Main, September 2019.
3. For the results of an ESCB Wage Expert Group, see Nickel, C., Bobeica, E., Koester, G., Lis, E. and Porqueddu, M. (eds.), op. cit.
4. For details, see the box entitled “Compositional changes behind the growth in euro area employment during the recovery”, Economic Bulletin, Issue 8, ECB, Frankfurt am Main, 2018, and the article entitled “Labour supply and employment growth”, Economic Bulletin, Issue 1, ECB, Frankfurt am Main, 2018.
5. See, for example, Coleman, T., “Essays on Aggregate Labor Market Business Cycle Fluctuations”, PhD Thesis, University of Chicago, 1984, Barsky, R. and Solon, G., “Real Wages over the Business Cycle”, Working Paper Series, NBER, 1988, Blank, R.M., “Why are Wages Cyclical in the 1970s”, Journal of Labor Economics, 8(1):17-47, 1990, and Kydland, F.E. and Prescott, E.C., “Cyclical Movements of the Labor Input and its Implicit Real Wage”, Economic Review, (second quarter):12-23, 1993.
6. For later studies, see the box entitled “Real wages and employment composition effects during the crisis”, “Euro area labour markets and the crisis”, Occasional Paper Series, No 138, ECB, Frankfurt am Main, October 2012, and the box entitled “Real wage cyclicality in the euro area: disentangling composition from wage structure effects” in “Comparisons and contrasts of the impact of the crisis on euro area labour markets”, Occasional Paper Series, No 159, ECB, Frankfurt am Main, February 2015.
7. For more details on aggregation and selection bias, see, for example, Stockman, A.C., “Aggregation Bias and the Cyclical Behavior of Real Wages”, unpublished manuscript, 1983, and Keane, M., Moffitt, R., and Runkle, D., “Real Wages over the Business Cycle : Estimating the Impact of Heterogeneity with Micro Data”, Journal of Political Economy, 96(6):1232–1266, 1988.
8. The starting point of the analysis has been chosen in line with data availability and quality – see also the discussion in Box 2.
9. The article builds on extensive analyses of compositional effects pursued in the context of an ESCB Wage Expert Group – see Section 3.1 of Nickel, C., Bobeica, E., Koester, G., Lis, E. and Porqueddu, M. (eds.), op. cit.
10. Additionally, parts of compositional effects are likely to affect average labour productivity developments, are partially captured in Phillips curve analysis by including a productivity parameter.
11. For studies on contract type and wages, see Blanchard, O. and Landier, A., "The perverse effect of partial labour market reform: fixed-term contracts in France", Economic Journal, 112, 214-244, 2002, and Booth, A.L., Francesconi, M. and Frank, J., “Temporary jobs: stepping stones or dead ends”, Economic Journal, 112(480), 2002. For more details on Germany, see Hagen, T. “Do temporary workers receive risk premiums? Assessing the wage effects of fixed-term contracts in West Germany by a matching estimator compared with parametric approaches”, Labour, 16(4), 667-705, 2002. For more details on contract type as a proxy for tenure, see Carneiro, A., Guimarães, P. and Portugal, P., “Real Wages and the Business Cycle: Accounting for Worker, Firm, and Job Title Heterogeneity”, American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics, 4(2):133–152, 2012.
12. See the box entitled “Changes in employment composition and their impact on wage growth: an example based on age groups”, Economic Bulletin, Issue 1, ECB, Frankfurt am Main, 2018.
13. For a review of the response of income and employment risk over the business cycle, see the box entitled “Household income risk over the business cycle”, Economic Bulletin, Issue 6, ECB, Frankfurt am Main, 2019.
14. For a detailed literature review, see Christodoulopoulou, S. and Kouvavas, O., “Wages, Compositional Effects and the Business Cycle”, Working Paper Series, forthcoming, ECB, Frankfurt am Main, 2019.
15. For the early part of the crisis, see Verdugo, G., “Real wage cyclicality in the Eurozone before and during the Great Recession: Evidence from micro data”, European Economic Review, 2016.
16. De Sloover, F. and Saks, Y., “Is job polarisation accompanied by wage polarisation?”, Economic Review, 2018.
17. Adamopoulou, E., Bobbio, E., De Philippis, M. and Giorgi, F., “Allocative efficiency and aggregate wage dynamics in Italy”, Occasional Paper Series, Bank of Italy, 2016.
18. Blundell, R., Crawford, C. and Jin, W., “What can wages and employment tell us about the UK's productivity puzzle?”, Economic Journal, 124:377-407, 2014, and Elsby, M.W., Shin, D. and Solon, G., “Wage Adjustment in the Great Recession and Other Downturns: Evidence from the United States and Great Britain”, Journal of Labor Economics, 2013.
19. See Abraham, K.G. and Haltiwanger, J.C., “Real Wages and the Business Cycle”, Journal of Economic Literature, 33(3):1215–1264, 1995.
20. This finding is in line with analyses, for example, for the United Kingdom – see Broadbent, B., “Compositional shifts in the labour market”, speech given at “Understanding the Great Recession: from micro to macro”, Bank of England, 2015.
21. All results presented in this section are calculated using survey weights.
22. The 2017 data refers to the 2016 situation for individuals in most countries included in the EU-SILC.
23. For more details on Spain, see Puente, S. and Galán, S, “Analysis of composition effects on wage behaviour”, Economic Bulletin, Banco de España, February 2014.
24. See Eurostat.
25. EU-SILC data are based on a common framework and harmonised definitions, but implementations at the country level are different, particularly with regard to sampling methods and data sources. For example, some countries base the income information they include in the EU-SILC mostly or completely on administrative registers, while others base their information entirely on household and personal interviews. Income data are gross of taxes and social contributions, but a few countries collect net incomes and convert them to gross income. These differences may lead to differences in data quality for different countries. For further information, see, for instance, Atkinson, A.B., Guio, A.-C. and Marlier, E. (eds.), “Monitoring social inclusion in Europe”, Statistical Books, Eurostat, 2017.
26. The EU-SILC data includes a cross-sectional and a longitudinal dataset. While the cross-sectional data is related to a given time or time period, the longitudinal data also tracks changes in the individual level over a four-year period. However, the longitudinal data does not cover all countries (e.g. Germany is not covered) and includes fewer variables.
27. Available from 2004 for Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Norway, Portugal, Spain and Sweden, and gradually for all EU countries.
28. In some cases, more detailed income information is available from National Statistical Offices.
30. Dummies are used for the different sub-groups of each characteristic.
31. Along with the survey weights.
32. For a detailed explanation on the correct weighting of the EU-SILC for wage aggregation, see Christodoulopoulou, S. and Kouvavas, O., “Wages, compositional effects and the business cycle”, Working Paper Series, forthcoming, ECB, Frankfurt am Main, 2019.
33. An alternative approach is to include the firms’ characteristics as controls and not to include them in the composition effects.
34. Oaxaca, R., “Male-Female Wage Differentials in Urban Labour Markets”, International Economic Review 14(3): 693-709, 1973.
35. On average an order of magnitude smaller than the other two terms.
36. The results for euro area countries are weighted based on hours worked taken from the national accounts data.
37. The lower two specifications are also included in Chart 15 of the paper by Nickel, C., Bobeica, E., Koester, G., Lis, E. and Porqueddu, M. (eds.), op. cit. The results presented in Chart 3 add an additional year of data (2016). Furthermore, they are based on an improved weighting methodology that does not simply rely on survey weights but also uses hours worked for individual observations to determine the within-country weights. This reflects within-country weights more accurately, as differences in patterns of hours worked are accounted for. While the general pattern of the results is not affected, the improved approach leads to a slightly more negative effect for 2015 for all specifications.
38. It must be noted that this immigration variable in our analysis only captures potential differences over and above what could already be captured by education, age and the other characteristics.
39. The size of the employment changes experienced by these counties is affected by the high share of temporary contracts, among other things (Portugal and Spain have around 20%-25%, in comparison with Germany, which has less than 15%), which allows for higher flows and more labour market flexibility.
40. See, for example, D’Amuri, F., “Composition effects and average wage dynamics in Italy”, Mimeo, 2014, and Adamopoulou, E., Bobbio, E., De Philippis, M. and Giorgi, F., “Allocative Efficiency and Aggregate Wage Dynamics in Italy”, Occasional Paper Series, Banca d’Italia, 2016.
41. See, for example, Puente, S. and Galán, S., “Analysis of Composition Effects on Wage Behaviour.” Economic Bulletin, Banco de España, 2014, and Orsini, K., “Wage Adjustment in Spain: Slow, Inefficient and Unfair?” ECFIN Country Focus, European Commission, 2014.
42. The impact of immigration on wage growth in Germany is discussed in “Wage growth in Germany: assessment and determinants of recent developments”, Monthly Report, Deutsche Bundesbank, April 2018, p.18.
43. While the EU-LFS is used for a detailed breakdown of employment, it is not the primary source. National accounts are the main source for employment levels in the economy. While the dynamics of these two sets of statistics are similar, the resulting levels of employment and cumulative growth rates are somewhat different for methodological reasons. For a detailed explanation see Eurostat’s “Relation between employment in the labour force survey and in national accounts”.
44. While the analysis in the main text abstracts from self-employment, the comparison of the EU-LFS and EU-SILC datasets in this box is done based primarily on data for employment, including self-employment. The main reason for this difference between the box and the main text is that not all breakdowns for employment are available in the EU-LFS data, including self-employment. However, this should not affect the reliability of this box’s robustness check, as it consistently analyses employment, including self-employment, using both EU-LFS and EU-SILC data. Furthermore, a comparison of EU-SILC data shows that including self-employment has only a very limited effect on the overall picture.
45. See “Compositional changes behind the growth in euro area employment during the recovery”, Economic Bulletin, Issue 8, ECB, Frankfurt am Main, 2018.
46. For example, up to 50% of the information on contract type (permanent/temporary) is missing in the EU-SILC for some countries and years. | 2022-11-29T01:21:19 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 2, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.3971683979034424, "perplexity": 2599.626737070403}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710684.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20221128235805-20221129025805-00340.warc.gz"} |
http://simulationresearch.lbl.gov/modelica/buildingspy/simulate.html | # Running simulations¶
This module contains the class Simulator that can be used to run Modelica simulations using Dymola.
class buildingspy.simulate.Simulator.Simulator(modelName, simulator, outputDirectory=u'.', packagePath=None)
Class to simulate a Modelica model.
Parameters: modelName – The name of the Modelica model. simulator – The simulation engine. Currently, the only supported value is dymola. outputDirectory – An optional output directory. packagePath – An optional path where the Modelica package.mo file is located.
If the parameter outputDirectory is specified, then the output files and log files will be moved to this directory when the simulation is completed. Outputs from the python functions will be written to outputDirectory/BuildingsPy.log.
If the parameter packagePath is specified, the Simulator will copy this directory and all its subdirectories to a temporary directory when running the simulations.
Note
Up to version 1.4, the environmental variable MODELICAPATH has been used as the default value. This has been changed as MODELICAPATH can have multiple entries in which case it is not clear what entry should be used.
addModelModifier(modelModifier)
Parameters: dictionary – A model modifier.
Usage: Type
>>> from buildingspy.simulate.Simulator import Simulator
>>> s=Simulator("myPackage.myModel", "dymola", packagePath="buildingspy/tests/MyModelicaLibrary")
>>> s.addModelModifier('redeclare package MediumA = Buildings.Media.IdealGases.SimpleAir')
This method adds a model modifier. The modifier is added to the list of model parameters. For example, the above statement would yield the command simulateModel(myPackage.myModel(redeclare package MediumA = Buildings.Media.IdealGases.SimpleAir), startTime=...
addParameters(dictionary)
Adds parameter declarations to the simulator.
Parameters: dictionary – A dictionary with the parameter values
Usage: Type
>>> from buildingspy.simulate.Simulator import Simulator
>>> s=Simulator("myPackage.myModel", "dymola", packagePath="buildingspy/tests/MyModelicaLibrary")
>>> s.addParameters({'PID.k': 1.0, 'valve.m_flow_nominal' : 0.1})
This will add the three parameters PID.k, valve.m_flow_nominal and PID.t to the list of model parameters.
For parameters that are arrays, use a syntax such as
>>> from buildingspy.simulate.Simulator import Simulator
>>> s = Simulator("MyModelicaLibrary.Examples.Constants", "dymola", packagePath="buildingspy/tests/MyModelicaLibrary")
>>> s.addParameters({'const2.k' : [[1.1, 1.2], [2.1, 2.2], [3.1, 3.2]]})
Do not use curly brackets for the values of parameters, such as s.addParameters({'const1.k' : {2, 3}}) as Python converts this entry to {'const1.k': set([2, 3])}.
addPostProcessingStatement(command)
Adds a post-processing statement to the simulation script.
Parameters: statement – A script statement.
This will execute command after the simulation, and before the log file is written.
addPreProcessingStatement(command)
Adds a pre-processing statement to the simulation script.
Parameters: command – A script statement.
Usage: Type
>>> from buildingspy.simulate.Simulator import Simulator
>>> s=Simulator("myPackage.myModel", "dymola", packagePath="buildingspy/tests/MyModelicaLibrary")
This will execute the two statements after the openModel and before the simulateModel statement.
deleteLogFiles()
Deletes the log files of the Python simulator, e.g. the files BuildingsPy.log, run.mos and simulator.log.
deleteOutputFiles()
Deletes the output files of the simulator.
deleteSimulateDirectory()
Deletes the simulate directory. Can be called when simulation failed.
deleteTranslateDirectory()
Deletes the translate directory. Called after simulate_translated
exitSimulator(exitAfterSimulation=True)
This function allows avoiding that the simulator terminates.
Parameters: exit – Set to False to avoid the simulator from terminating after the simulation.
This function is useful during debugging, as it allows to keep the simulator open after the simulation in order to inspect results or log messages.
getOutputDirectory()
Returns the name of the output directory.
Returns: The name of the output directory.
getPackagePath()
Returns the path of the directory containing the Modelica package.
Returns: The path of the Modelica package directory.
getParameters()
Returns a list of parameters as (key, value)-tuples.
Returns: A list of parameters as (key, value)-tuples.
Usage: Type
>>> from buildingspy.simulate.Simulator import Simulator
>>> s=Simulator("myPackage.myModel", "dymola", packagePath="buildingspy/tests/MyModelicaLibrary")
>>> s.addParameters({'PID.k': 1.0, 'valve.m_flow_nominal' : 0.1})
>>> s.getParameters()
[(u'valve.m_flow_nominal', 0.1), (u'PID.k', 1.0)]
getSimulatorSettings()
Returns a list of settings for the parameter as (key, value)-tuples.
Returns: A list of parameters (key, value) pairs, as 2-tuples.
This method is deprecated. Use getParameters() instead.
printModelAndTime()
Prints the current time and the model name to the standard output.
This method may be used to print logging information.
setNumberOfIntervals(n)
Sets the number of output intervals.
Parameters: n – The number of output intervals.
The default is unspecified, which defaults by Dymola to 500.
setOutputDirectory(outputDirectory)
Sets the name of the output directory.
Returns: The name of the output directory.
setPackagePath(packagePath)
Set the path specified by packagePath.
Parameters: packagePath – The path where the Modelica package to be loaded is located.
It first checks whether the path exists and whether it is a directory. If both conditions are satisfied, the path is set. Otherwise, a ValueError is raised.
setResultFile(resultFile)
Sets the name of the result file (without extension).
Parameters: resultFile – The name of the result file (without extension).
setSolver(solver)
Sets the solver.
Parameters: solver – The name of the solver.
setStartTime(t0)
Sets the start time.
Parameters: t0 – The start time of the simulation in seconds.
The default start time is 0.
setStopTime(t1)
Sets the start time.
Parameters: t1 – The stop time of the simulation in seconds.
The default stop time is 1.
setTimeOut(sec)
Sets the time out after which the simulation will be killed.
Parameters: sec – The time out after which the simulation will be killed.
The default value is -1, which means that the simulation will never be killed.
setTolerance(eps)
Sets the solver tolerance.
Parameters: eps – The solver tolerance.
The default solver tolerance is 1E-6.
showGUI(show=True)
Call this function to show the GUI of the simulator.
By default, the simulator runs without GUI
showProgressBar(show=True)
Enables or disables the progress bar.
Parameters: show – Set to false to disable the progress bar.
If this function is not called, then a progress bar will be shown as the simulation runs.
simulate()
Simulates the model.
This method
1. Deletes dymola output files
2. Copies the current directory, or the directory specified by the packagePath parameter of the constructor, to a temporary directory.
3. Writes a Modelica script to the temporary directory.
4. Starts the Modelica simulation environment from the temporary directory.
5. Translates and simulates the model.
6. Closes the Modelica simulation environment.
7. Copies output files and deletes the temporary directory.
This method requires that the directory that contains the executable dymola is on the system PATH variable. If it is not found, the function returns with an error message.
simulate_translated()
Simulates a translated model or a copy of it, which is especially useful for a large amount of simulations of the same model. This method is usually called after the translate() command.
This method
1. Deletes dymola output files
2. Copies the temporary translate directory to a temporary directory.
3. Writes a Modelica script to the temporary directory.
4. Starts the Modelica simulation environment from the temporary directory.
5. Simulates the translated model.
6. Closes the Modelica simulation environment.
7. Copies output files and deletes the temporary directory.
Usage: Type
>>> from buildingspy.simulate.Simulator import Simulator
>>> s = Simulator("MyModelicaLibrary.MyModel", "dymola", packagePath="buildingspy/tests/MyModelicaLibrary")
>>> s.addModelModifier("redeclare Modelica.Blocks.Sources.Step source(offset=-0.1, height=1.1, startTime=0.5)")
>>> s.setSolver("dassl")
>>> s.translate()
>>> s.simulate_translated()
>>> s.deleteTranslateDirectory()
translate()
Translates the model. Usually followed by the command simulate_translated().
This method
1. Deletes dymola output files
2. Copies the current directory, or the directory specified by the packagePath parameter of the constructor, to a temporary directory.
3. Writes a Modelica script to the temporary directory.
4. Starts the Modelica simulation environment from the temporary directory.
5. Translates the model.
6. Closes the Modelica simulation environment.
7. Keeps translated output files in the temporary directory.
This method requires that the directory that contains the executable dymola is on the system PATH variable. If it is not found, the function returns with an error message. | 2017-09-25T22:26:49 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.472818523645401, "perplexity": 7018.392183764024}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818693459.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20170925220350-20170926000350-00657.warc.gz"} |
https://pdglive.lbl.gov/DataBlock.action?node=S029AEE | # Search for ${{\boldsymbol A}^{0}}$ (Axion) Resonance in Bhabha Scattering INSPIRE search
The limit is for $\Gamma\mathrm {({{\mathit A}^{0}})}$[B( ${{\mathit A}^{0}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}$ )]${}^{2}$.
VALUE ($10^{-3}$ eV) CL% DOCUMENT ID TECN COMMENT
• • • We do not use the following data for averages, fits, limits, etc. • • •
$<1.3$ 97 1
1992
CNTR ${\mathit m}_{{{\mathit A}^{0}}}$ = $1.75 - 1.88$ MeV
$\text{none 0.0016 - 0.47}$ 90 2
1992 C
CNTR ${\mathit m}_{{{\mathit A}^{0}}}$= $1.5 - 1.86$ MeV
$<2.0$ 90 3
1992
CNTR ${\mathit m}_{{{\mathit A}^{0}}}$= $1.56 - 1.86$ MeV
$<0.013$ 95
1991
CNTR ${\mathit m}_{{{\mathit A}^{0}}}$ = $1.832$ MeV
$\text{none 0.19 - 3.3}$ 95 4
1991
CNTR ${\mathit m}_{{{\mathit A}^{0}}}$= $1.78 - 1.92$ MeV
$<5$ 97
1990
CNTR ${\mathit m}_{{{\mathit A}^{0}}}$ = $1.832$ MeV
$\text{none 0.09 - 1.5}$ 95 5
1990
CNTR ${\mathit m}_{{{\mathit A}^{0}}}$ = $1.832$ MeV, elastic
$<1.9$ 97 6
1989
CNTR ${\mathit m}_{{{\mathit A}^{0}}}$ = $1.82$ MeV
$\text{<(10 - 40)}$ 97 6
1989
CNTR ${\mathit m}_{{{\mathit A}^{0}}}$ = $1.51-1.65$ MeV
$\text{<(1 - 2.5)}$ 97 6
1989
CNTR ${\mathit m}_{{{\mathit A}^{0}}}$ = $1.80-1.86$ MeV
$<31$ 95
1988
CNTR ${\mathit m}_{{{\mathit A}^{0}}}$ = $1.646$ MeV
$<94$ 95
1988
CNTR ${\mathit m}_{{{\mathit A}^{0}}}$ = $1.726$ MeV
$<23$ 95
1988
CNTR ${\mathit m}_{{{\mathit A}^{0}}}$ = $1.782$ MeV
$<19$ 95
1988
CNTR ${\mathit m}_{{{\mathit A}^{0}}}$ = $1.837$ MeV
$<3.8$ 97 7
1988
CNTR ${\mathit m}_{{{\mathit A}^{0}}}$ = $1.832$ MeV
8
1988
CNTR
9
1987
CNTR
$<2500$ 90
1987
CNTR ${\mathit m}_{{{\mathit A}^{0}}}$ = $1.8$ MeV
10
1987
CNTR
1 HALLIN 1992 quote limits on lifetime, $8 \times 10^{-14}~--~5 \times 10^{-13}$ sec depending on mass, assuming B( ${{\mathit A}^{0}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}$ ) = 100$\%$. They say that TSERTOS 1991 overstated their sensitivity by a factor of 3.
2 HENDERSON 1992C exclude axion with lifetime ${\mathit \tau}_{{{\mathit A}^{0}}}=1.4 \times 10^{-12}~--~4.0 \times 10^{-10}~$s, assuming B( ${{\mathit A}^{0}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}$ )=100$\%$. HENDERSON 1992C also exclude a vector boson with =$1.4 \times 10^{-12}~--~6.0 \times 10^{-10}~$s.
3 WU 1992 quote limits on lifetime $>3.3 \times 10^{-13}~$s assuming B( ${{\mathit A}^{0}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}$ )=100$\%$. They say that TSERTOS 1989 overestimate the limit by a factor of ${{\mathit \pi}}$/2. WU 1992 also quote a bound for vector boson, $>8.2 \times 10^{-13}~$s.
4 WIDMANN 1991 bound applies exclusively to the case B( ${{\mathit A}^{0}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}$ )=1, since the detection efficiency varies substantially as $\Gamma\mathrm {({{\mathit A}^{0}})}_{{\mathrm {total}}}$ changes. See their Fig.$~$6.
5 JUDGE 1990 excludes an elastic pseudoscalar ${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}$ resonance for $4.5 \times 10^{-13}~$s $<$ $\tau\mathrm {({{\mathit A}^{0}})}$ $<$ $7.5 \times 10^{-12}~$s (95$\%$ CL) at ${\mathit m}_{{{\mathit A}^{0}}}$ = $1.832$ MeV. Comparable limits can be set for ${\mathit m}_{{{\mathit A}^{0}}}$ = $1.776-1.856$ MeV.
7 The upper limit listed in TSERTOS 1988 is too large by a factor of 4. See TSERTOS 1988B, footnote 3.
8 VANKLINKEN 1988 looked for relatively long-lived resonance ($\tau$ = $10^{-10}-10^{-12}~$s). The sensitivity is not sufficient to exclude such a narrow resonance.
9 MAIER 1987 obtained limits $\mathit R\Gamma$ ${ {}\lesssim{} }$ 60 eV (100 eV) at ${\mathit m}_{{{\mathit A}^{0}}}$ $\simeq{}$ $1.64$ MeV ($1.83$ MeV) for energy resolution $\Delta \mathit E_{{\mathrm {cm}}}$ $\simeq{}$ 3 keV, where $\mathit R$ is the resonance cross section normalized to that of Bhabha scattering, and $\Gamma$ = $\Gamma {}^{2}_{ {{\mathit e}} {{\mathit e}} }/\Gamma _{{\mathrm {total}}}$. For a discussion implying that $\Delta \mathit E_{{\mathrm {cm}}}$ $\simeq{}$ 10$~$keV, see TSERTOS 1989 .
10 VONWIMMERSPERG 1987 measured Bhabha scattering for $\mathit E_{{\mathrm {cm}}}$ = $1.37-1.86$ MeV and found a possible peak at $1.73$ with $\int{\sigma \mathit d\mathit E_{{\mathrm {cm}}}}$ = $14.5$ $\pm6.8$ keV$\cdot{}$b. For a comment and a reply, see VANKLINKEN 1988B and VONWIMMERSPERG 1988 . Also see CONNELL 1988 .
References:
HALLIN 1992
PR D45 3955 Sensitive Search for Resonances in Low Energy ${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}$ Scattering
HENDERSON 1992C
PRL 69 1733 Search in s Channel for Production of 1 $−$ 2 ${\mathrm {MeV}}/\mathit c{}^{2}$ Longlived ${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}$ Resonances
WU 1992
PRL 69 1729 Search for Low Mass States in Elastic ${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}$ Scattering
TSERTOS 1991
PL B266 259 Experimental Exclusion of Neutral Resonances in Bhabha Scattering at MeV Energies
WIDMANN 1991
ZPHY A340 209 Limits for Two-Photon and ${{\mathit e}^{+}}{{\mathit e}^{-}}$ Decay Widths of Positron Electron Scattering Resonances for $\sqrt {s }$=1.78 to 1.92 MeV
BAUER 1990
NIM B50 300 The Stuttgart Positron Beam, its Performance and Recent Experiments
JUDGE 1990
PRL 65 972 Search for Longlived Neutral Resonances in Bhabha Scattering around 1.8 ${\mathrm {MeV}}/\mathit c{}^{2}$
TSERTOS 1989
PR D40 1397 High Sensitivity Measurements of the Excitation Function for Bhabha Scattering at MeV Energies
LORENZ 1988
PL B214 10 Search for Narrow Resonance Production in Bhabha Scattering at Centre-of-Mass Energies near 1.8 MeV
TSERTOS 1988
PL B207 273 Sensitive Search for Neutral Resonances in Bhabha Scattering around 1.8 ${\mathrm {MeV}}/\mathit c{}^{2}$
ZPHY A326 527 Experimental Limits for Narrow Lines in the Excitation Function of Positron-Electron Scattering around $\mathit E{}^{*}$ = 620 keV and $\mathit E{}^{*}$ = 810 keV
PR D36 707 Search for a Bhabha Scattering Resonance near 1.8 ${\mathrm {MeV}}/\mathit c{}^{2}$ | 2020-11-29T07:04:35 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9189855456352234, "perplexity": 7839.046544082053}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141197278.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20201129063812-20201129093812-00136.warc.gz"} |
https://dlmf.nist.gov/19.32 | # §19.32 Conformal Map onto a Rectangle
The function
19.32.1 $z(p)=R_{F}\left(p-x_{1},p-x_{2},p-x_{3}\right),$ ⓘ Symbols: $R_{F}\left(\NVar{x},\NVar{y},\NVar{z}\right)$: symmetric elliptic integral of first kind and $z(p)$: function Permalink: http://dlmf.nist.gov/19.32.E1 Encodings: TeX, pMML, png See also: Annotations for §19.32 and Ch.19
with $x_{1},x_{2},x_{3}$ real constants, has differential
19.32.2 $\mathrm{d}z=-\frac{1}{2}\left(\prod_{j=1}^{3}(p-x_{j})^{-1/2}\right)\mathrm{d}p,$ $\Im p>0$; $0<\operatorname{ph}\left(p-x_{j}\right)<\pi$, $j=1,2,3$. ⓘ Symbols: $\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $\mathrm{d}\NVar{x}$: differential, $\Im$: imaginary part, $\operatorname{ph}$: phase and $z(p)$: function Referenced by: §19.32 Permalink: http://dlmf.nist.gov/19.32.E2 Encodings: TeX, pMML, png See also: Annotations for §19.32 and Ch.19
If
19.32.3 $x_{1}>x_{2}>x_{3},$ ⓘ Permalink: http://dlmf.nist.gov/19.32.E3 Encodings: TeX, pMML, png See also: Annotations for §19.32 and Ch.19
then $z(p)$ is a Schwartz–Christoffel mapping of the open upper-half $p$-plane onto the interior of the rectangle in the $z$-plane with vertices
19.32.4 $\displaystyle z(\infty)$ $\displaystyle=0,$ $\displaystyle z(x_{1})$ $\displaystyle=R_{F}\left(0,x_{1}-x_{2},x_{1}-x_{3}\right)\quad\text{(>0)},$ $\displaystyle z(x_{2})$ $\displaystyle=z(x_{1})+z(x_{3}),$ $\displaystyle z(x_{3})$ $\displaystyle=R_{F}\left(x_{3}-x_{1},x_{3}-x_{2},0\right)=-iR_{F}\left(0,x_{1}% -x_{3},x_{2}-x_{3}\right).$ ⓘ Symbols: $R_{F}\left(\NVar{x},\NVar{y},\NVar{z}\right)$: symmetric elliptic integral of first kind, $\mathrm{i}$: imaginary unit and $z(p)$: function Permalink: http://dlmf.nist.gov/19.32.E4 Encodings: TeX, TeX, TeX, TeX, pMML, pMML, pMML, pMML, png, png, png, png See also: Annotations for §19.32 and Ch.19
As $p$ proceeds along the entire real axis with the upper half-plane on the right, $z$ describes the rectangle in the clockwise direction; hence $z(x_{3})$ is negative imaginary.
For further connections between elliptic integrals and conformal maps, see Bowman (1953, pp. 44–85). | 2022-11-30T20:25:52 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 31, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9789531826972961, "perplexity": 7246.3573344666565}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710771.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20221130192708-20221130222708-00719.warc.gz"} |
https://pdglive.lbl.gov/ParticleGroup.action?init=0&node=BXXX020 | #### ${{\mathit \Lambda}}$ BARYONS ($\mathit S$ = $-1$, $\mathit I$ = $\mathit{0}$)
${{\mathit \Lambda}^{0}}$ = ${\mathit {\mathit u}}$ ${\mathit {\mathit d}}$ ${\mathit {\mathit s}}$
${{\mathit \Lambda}}$ and ${{\mathit \Sigma}}$ Resonances Pole Structure of the ${{\mathit \Lambda}{(1405)}}$ Region | 2022-12-07T19:03:50 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9729633331298828, "perplexity": 527.4805464577873}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446711218.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20221207185519-20221207215519-00404.warc.gz"} |
https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai%3Aleitmann.george | ## Leitmann, George
Compute Distance To:
Author ID: leitmann.george Published as: Leitmann, G.; Leitmann, George; Leĭtman, G.; Leitmann, Georg; Leitmann, G. L. more...less Homepage: https://www.me.berkeley.edu/people/faculty/george-leitmann External Links: Wikidata · dblp · GND · IdRef
Documents Indexed: 205 Publications since 1959, including 7 Books 10 Contributions as Editor · 1 Further Contribution Biographic References: 9 Publications Co-Authors: 61 Co-Authors with 131 Joint Publications 1,292 Co-Co-Authors
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### Co-Authors
63 single-authored 20 Corless, Martin J. 10 Blaquiere, Austin 10 Reithmeier, Eduard 9 Carlson, Dean A. 7 Lambertini, Luca 7 Stalford, Harold L. 6 Wan, Henry Y. jun. 6 Yu, Po-Lung 5 Kaitala, Veijo T. 5 Ryan, Eugene P. 5 Udwadia, Firdaus E. 4 Garofalo, Franco 4 Pandey, Sandeep 4 Seube, Nicolas 3 Clemhout, Simone 3 Feichtinger, Gustav 3 Gutman, Shaul 3 Moitie, Rodéric 3 Schmitendorf, William E. 3 Skowronski, Janislaw M. 3 Vincent, Thomas L. 2 Barmish, B. Ross 2 Breinl, W. 2 Dragone, Davide 2 Haurie, Alain B. 2 Kai, Xiong Zhong 2 Palestini, Arsen 2 Rocklin, Sol M. 2 Soldatos, Argiris G. 2 Stipanović, Dušan M. 2 Tomlin, Claire J. 2 Wrzaczek, Stefan 1 Amemiya, Takashi 1 Avula, Xavier J. R. 1 Blum, Edward Kenneth 1 Chen, Santiago Fei-Hung 1 Chouinard, Leo G. II 1 Cruck, Eva 1 Dauer, Jerald P. 1 Diliberto, Stephen P. 1 Dockner, Engelbert J. 1 Flashner, Henryk 1 Garfinkel, Boris 1 Getz, Wayne M. 1 Goh, Bean San 1 Goldsmith, Werner 1 Halkin, K. A. 1 Hildén, Mikael 1 Jörgl, Hanns Peter 1 Kelly, Harry J. 1 Kelly, James M. 1 Kopp, Richard E. 1 Kryazhimskiĭ, Arkadiĭ Viktorovich 1 Litt, F.-X. 1 Lur’e, Anatoliĭ Isaakovich 1 Marzollo, Angelo 1 Mote, C. D. jun. 1 Moyer, Gardner H. 1 Novak, Andreas J. 1 Paiewonsky, Bernard 1 Petty, Clinton M. 1 Pickl, Stefan Wolfgang 1 Rodellar, José 1 Rodin, Ervin Y. 1 Saunders, K. V. 1 Tolwinski, Boleslaw 1 Torres, Delfim Fernando Marado 1 Troger, Hans 1 Wang, Zhengyu 1 Weber, Hans Ingo
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### Serials
41 Journal of Optimization Theory and Applications 7 International Journal of Non-Linear Mechanics 6 Computers & Mathematics with Applications 6 Applied Mathematics and Computation 6 IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control 6 Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement and Control 5 Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications 4 International Journal of Control 4 Dynamics and Control 3 Journal of the Franklin Institute 3 Mathematical and Computer Modelling 3 Dynamics and Stability of Systems 3 Mathematical Concepts and Methods in Science and Engineering 2 Applied Mathematics and Optimization 2 Automatica 2 Kibernetika 2 SIAM Journal on Control and Optimization 2 Optimal Control Applications & Methods 2 European Journal of Operational Research 2 Zagadnienia Drgań Nieliniowych 2 Buletinul Institutului Politehnic din Iași, New Series 2 Stability and Control: Theory, Methods, and Applications 1 Acta Astronautica 1 AIAA Journal 1 International Journal of Systems Science 1 Journal of Applied Mechanics 1 Mathematical Biosciences 1 Econometrica 1 Journal of Economic Theory 1 Kybernetika 1 Monatshefte für Mathematik 1 Nonlinear Analysis. Theory, Methods & Applications. Series A: Theory and Methods 1 Regelungstechnik 1 Large Scale Systems 1 Annals of Operations Research 1 Journal of Global Optimization 1 Problems of Control and Information Theory 1 ZOR. Zeitschrift für Operations Research 1 Archive of Applied Mechanics 1 International Journal of Robust and Nonlinear Control 1 Set-Valued Analysis 1 Mathematical Modelling and Scientific Computing 1 Dynamics of Continuous, Discrete and Impulsive Systems 1 Vychislitel’nye Tekhnologii 1 Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 1 Dynamics of Continuous, Discrete & Impulsive Systems. Series A. Mathematical Analysis 1 Dynamics of Continuous, Discrete & Impulsive Systems. Series B. Applications & Algorithms 1 Nonlinear Dynamics and Systems Theory 1 Cubo Matemática Educacional 1 International Journal of Control, I. Series 1 Journal of the Aerospace Sciences 1 PMM, Journal of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics 1 Journal of Cybernetics 1 CISM International Centre for Mechanical Sciences. Courses and Lectures 1 Mathematics in Science and Engineering 1 Numerical Algebra, Control and Optimization 1 Journal of the Society for Industrial & Applied Mathematics. Series A. Control 1 Nonlinear Analysis. Theory, Methods & Applications
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### Fields
105 Systems theory; control (93-XX) 78 Game theory, economics, finance, and other social and behavioral sciences (91-XX) 51 Calculus of variations and optimal control; optimization (49-XX) 20 Ordinary differential equations (34-XX) 15 Biology and other natural sciences (92-XX) 12 Operations research, mathematical programming (90-XX) 9 General and overarching topics; collections (00-XX) 9 Mechanics of particles and systems (70-XX) 5 History and biography (01-XX) 5 Mechanics of deformable solids (74-XX) 4 Statistics (62-XX) 3 Dynamical systems and ergodic theory (37-XX) 2 Linear and multilinear algebra; matrix theory (15-XX) 2 Numerical analysis (65-XX) 2 Fluid mechanics (76-XX) 1 Real functions (26-XX) 1 Computer science (68-XX) 1 Geophysics (86-XX) 1 Mathematics education (97-XX)
### Citations contained in zbMATH Open
166 Publications have been cited 2,212 times in 1,308 Documents Cited by Year
Continuous state feedback guaranteeing uniform ultimate boundedness for uncertain dynamic systems. Zbl 0473.93056
Corless, Martin J.; Leitmann, George
1981
A new class of stabilizing controllers for uncertain dynamical systems. Zbl 0503.93049
Barmish, B. Ross; Corless, M.; Leitmann, G.
1983
On the efficacy of nonlinear control in uncertain linear systems. Zbl 0473.93055
Leitmann, G.
1981
On ultimate boundedness control of uncertain systems in the absence of matching assumptions. Zbl 0469.93043
Barmish, B. Ross; Leitmann, G.
1982
Guaranteed asymptotic stability for some linear systems with bounded uncertainties. Zbl 0416.93077
Leitmann, G.
1979
An introduction to optimal control. Zbl 0196.46302
Leitmann, George
1966
Robustness of uncertain systems in the absence of matching assumptions. Zbl 0623.93023
Chen, Y. H.; Leitmann, G.
1987
The calculus of variations and optimal control. An introduction. Zbl 0475.49003
Leitmann, George
1981
On generalized Stackelberg strategies. Zbl 0372.90137
Leitmann, G.
1978
Optimal control of a prey-predator system. Zbl 0297.92013
Goh, Bean San; Leitmann, George; Vincent, Thomas L.
1974
Cooperative equilibria in differential games. Zbl 0607.90097
Tolwinski, B.; Haurie, A.; Leitmann, G.
1986
Compromise solutions, domination structures, and Salukvadze’s solution. Zbl 0362.90111
Yu, P. L.; Leitmann, G.
1974
Adaptive control of systems containing uncertain functions and unknown functions with uncertain bounds. Zbl 0497.93028
Corless, M.; Leitmann, G.
1983
Profit maximization through advertising: A nonzero sum differential game approach. Zbl 0383.90019
Leitmann, G.; Schmitendorf, W. E.
1978
Jeux quantitatifs. (Quantitative games). Zbl 0228.90061
Blaquière, A.; Leitmann, G.
1969
Bounded controllers for robust exponential convergence. Zbl 0791.93022
Corless, M.; Leitmann, G.
1993
Avoidance control. Zbl 0346.93025
Leitmann, G.; Skowronski, J.
1977
Cooperative and non-cooperative many players differential games. Course held at the Department of Automation and Information, July 1973, Udine 1974. Zbl 0358.90085
Leitmann, George
1974
Qualitative differential games with two targets. Zbl 0497.90097
Getz, W. M.; Leitmann, G.
1979
Some sufficiency conditions for Pareto-optimal control. Zbl 0298.49005
Leitmann, G.; Schmitendorf, W.
1973
Continuous feedback guaranteeing uniform ultimate boundedness for uncertain linear delay systems: An application to river pollution control. Zbl 0673.93052
Lee, C. S.; Leitmann, G.
1988
A differential game related to terrorism: Nash and Stackelberg strategies. Zbl 1188.91037
Novak, A. J.; Feichtinger, G.; Leitmann, G.
2010
Optimization techniques. With applications to aerospace systems. (Mathematics in Science and Engineering. Vol. 5). Zbl 0133.05602
1962
Robust control design for interconnected systems with time-varying uncertainties. Zbl 0758.93021
Chen, Y. H.; Leitmann, G.; Kai, Xiong Zhong
1991
Feedback control of uncertain systems: robustness with respect to neglected actuator and sensor dynamics. Zbl 0588.93056
Leitmann, G.; Ryan, E. P.; Steinberg, A.
1986
Nondominated decisions and cone convexity in dynamic multicriteria decision problems. Zbl 0273.90003
Yu, P. L.; Leitmann, G.
1974
A note on absolute extrema of certain integrals. Zbl 0148.10702
Leitmann, G.
1967
Guaranteed ultimate boundedness for a class of uncertain linear dynamical systems. Zbl 0388.93060
Leitmann, G.
1978
Sufficiency theorems for optimal control. Zbl 0175.39005
Leitmann, G.
1968
Sufficiency conditions for Nash equilibria in N-person differential games. Zbl 0325.90075
Stalford, H.; Leitmann, G.
1973
Control space properties of cooperative games. Zbl 0185.24002
Vincent, T. L.; Leitmann, G.
1970
A sufficiency theorem for optimal control. Zbl 0208.17306
Leitmann, G.; Stalford, H.
1971
On a class of direct optimization problems. Zbl 0983.49002
Leitmann, G.
2001
Guaranteed avoidance strategies. Zbl 0419.90096
Leitmann, G.
1980
On the global asymptotic stability of equilibrium solutions for open-loop differential games. Zbl 0548.90103
Haurie, A.; Leitmann, G.
1984
On optimal long-term management of some ecological systems subject to uncertain disturbances. Zbl 0511.90052
Lee, C. S.; Leitmann, G.
1983
Stabilizing control for linear systems with bounded parameter and input uncertainty. Zbl 0334.93030
Gutman, Shaul; Leitmann, G.
1976
Optimal strategies in the neighborhood of a collision course. Zbl 0366.90139
Gutman, Shaul; Leitmann, G.
1976
Guaranteeing ultimate boundedness and exponential rate of convergence for a class of nominally linear uncertain systems. Zbl 0714.93013
Garofalo, F.; Leitmann, G.
1989
A method for designing a stabilizing control for a class of uncertain linear delay systems. Zbl 0800.93951
Amemiya, Takashi; Leitmann, George
1994
Aircraft control for flight in an uncertain environment: Takeoff in windshear. Zbl 0728.93023
Leitmann, G.; Pandey, S.
1991
Robust control of base-isolated structures under earthquake excitation. Zbl 0596.93033
Kelly, J. M.; Leitmann, G.; Soldatos, A. G.
1987
Deterministic control of uncertain systems. Zbl 0667.93060
Corless, M.; Leitmann, G.
1988
A note on avoidance control. Zbl 0528.49004
Leitmann, G.; Skowronski, J.
1983
Sufficient conditions for optimality in two-person zero-sum differential games with state and strategy constraints. Zbl 0225.90055
Stalford, Harold L.; Leitmann, George
1971
A note on a sufficiency theorem for optimal control. Zbl 0164.39903
Leitmann, G.
1969
A note on control space properties of cooperative games. Zbl 0235.90059
Leitmann, G.; Rocklin, S.; Vincent, T. L.
1972
A differential game model of duopoly. Zbl 0237.90076
Clemhout, S.; Leitmann, G.; Wan, H. Y. jun.
1971
A dynamical model of terrorism. Zbl 1211.91215
Udwadia, Firdaus; Leitmann, George; Lambertini, Luca
2006
Practical stabilizability of uncertain dynamical systems: Application to robotic tracking. Zbl 0549.93044
Ryan, E. P.; Leitmann, G.; Corless, M.
1985
Adaptive control for uncertain dynamical systems. Zbl 0556.93042
Corless, M.; Leitmann, G.
1984
Some extensions to a direct optimization method. Zbl 0999.49017
Leitmann, G.
2001
Adaptive control for avoidance or evasion in an uncertain environment. Zbl 0633.90108
Corless, M.; Leitmann, G.; Skowronski, J. M.
1987
A direct method of optimization and its application to a class of differential games. Zbl 1084.49031
Leitmann, George
2004
Some remarks on Hamilton’s principle. Zbl 0127.39405
Leitmann, G.
1963
Deterministic control of uncertain systems. Zbl 0444.70017
Leitmann, G.
1980
Errate corrige: A differential game model of labor-management negotiation during a strike. Zbl 0288.90101
Leitmann, G.; Liu, P. T.
1974
A differential game model of oligopoly. Zbl 0288.90102
Clemhout, S.; Leitmann, G.; Wan, H. Y. jun.
1973
On a class of linear differential games. Zbl 0296.90054
Gutman, Shaul; Leitmann, G.
1975
Coordinate transformations and derivation of open-loop Nash equilibria. Zbl 0989.91013
Dockner, E. J.; Leitmann, G.
2001
Tracking in the presence of bounded uncertainties. Zbl 0586.93017
Corless, M.; Leitmann, G.; Ryan, E. P.
1985
On a class of variational problems in rocket flight. Zbl 0095.17701
Leitmann, G.
1959
R&D for green technologies in a dynamic oligopoly: Schumpeter, Arrow and inverted-U’s. Zbl 1346.91179
Feichtinger, Gustav; Lambertini, Luca; Leitmann, George; Wrzaczek, Stefan
2016
Output feedback control of uncertain coupled systems. Zbl 0781.93035
Rodellar, J.; Leitmann, G.; Ryan, E. P.
1993
Contrasting two transformation-based methods for obtaining absolute extrema. Zbl 1147.49002
Torres, D. F. M.; Leitmann, G.
2008
Robust vibration control of dynamical systems based on the derivative of the state. Zbl 1068.70544
Reithmeier, E.; Leitmann, G.
2003
Zustandsrueckfuehrung für dynamische Systeme mit Parameterunsicherheiten. Zbl 0504.93023
Breinl, W.; Leitmann, G.
1983
Sufficiency for optimal control with state and control constraints. Zbl 0269.49021
Leitmann, G.
1970
A simple derivation of necessary conditions for Pareto optimality. Zbl 0288.49016
Schmitendorf, W. E.; Leitmann, G.
1974
Coordinate transformation method for the extremization of multiple integrals. Zbl 1183.49018
Carlson, D. A.; Leitmann, G.
2005
An extension of the coordinate transformation method for open-loop Nash equilibria. Zbl 1107.91029
Carlson, D. A.; Leitmann, G.
2004
A introduction of optimal control. Zbl 0167.39003
Leĭtman, G.
1968
Topics in optimization. Zbl 0199.48602
1967
Multicriteria decision making and differential games. Zbl 0349.00026
1976
Guaranteed asymptotic stability for a class of uncertain linear dynamical systems. Zbl 0377.93064
Leitmann, G.
1979
A minimum principle for a population equation. Zbl 0215.30005
Leitmann, G.
1972
Collective bargaining: A differential game. Zbl 0243.90067
Leitmann, G.
1973
A direct method for open-loop dynamic games for affine control systems. Zbl 1182.91041
Carlson, Dean A.; Leitmann, George
2005
On a method of direct optimization. Zbl 1030.49032
Leitmann, G.
2002
Deterministic control of uncertain systems via a constructive use of Lyapunov stability theory. Zbl 0708.93027
Leitmann, George
1990
Fields of extremals and sufficient conditions for the simplest problem of the calculus of variations. Zbl 1194.49022
Carlson, Dean A.; Leitmann, George
2008
Cooperative and non-cooperative differential games. Zbl 0317.90069
Leitmann, G.
1975
A drug administration problem. Zbl 0754.92009
Lee, C. S.; Leitmann, G.
1991
Exponential convergence for uncertain systems with component-wise bounded controllers. Zbl 0857.93084
Corless, Martin; Leitmann, George
1996
State feedback for uncertain dynamical systems. Zbl 0626.93061
Breinl, W.; Leitmann, G.
1987
Necessary and sufficient conditions for multistage two-person zero-sum games. Zbl 0169.51706
Wang, G.; Leitmann, G.
1969
Monotone approximations of minimum and maximum functions and multi-objective problems. Zbl 1257.49042
Stipanović, Dušan M.; Tomlin, Claire J.; Leitmann, George
2012
On one aspect of science policy based on an uncertain model. Zbl 0941.93045
Lee, C. S.; Leitmann, G.
1999
Hamiltonian potential functions for differential games. Zbl 1329.49069
Dragone, Davide; Lambertini, Luca; Leitmann, George; Palestini, Arsen
2015
One approach to the control of uncertain dynamical systems. Zbl 0825.93649
Leitmann, G.
1995
Evasion in the plane. Zbl 0375.90091
Leitmann, G.; Liu, H. S.
1978
Stabilizing uncertain systems with bounded control. Zbl 0727.93059
Soldatos, A. G.; Corless, M.; Leitmann, G.
1991
Bargaining under strike: A differential game view. Zbl 0318.90071
Clemhout, S.; Leitmann, G.; Wan, H. Y. jun.
1975
Dynamics and control. Selected papers from the 8th workshop held in Sopron, Hungary, July 23–27, 1995. Zbl 0997.93504
1999
Adaptive controllers for uncertain dynamical systems. Zbl 0652.93034
Corless, Martin; Leitmann, George
1988
On optimal dual control systems. Zbl 0182.20502
Leitmann, G.
1968
Componentwise bounded controllers for robust exponential convergence. Zbl 0883.93046
Corless, M.; Leitmann, G.
1997
Lyapunov stability theory based control of uncertain dynamical systems. Zbl 0794.93080
Leitmann, G.
1993
Some problems of scalar and vector-valued optimization in linear viscoelasticity. Zbl 0342.73031
Leitmann, G.
1977
Multicriteria decision making. Zbl 0348.00028
1975
On the attainment of the maximum sustainable yield in the Verhulst-Lotka-Volterra model. Zbl 1429.91240
Lambertini, Luca; Leitmann, George
2019
R&D for green technologies in a dynamic oligopoly: Schumpeter, Arrow and inverted-U’s. Zbl 1346.91179
Feichtinger, Gustav; Lambertini, Luca; Leitmann, George; Wrzaczek, Stefan
2016
Hamiltonian potential functions for differential games. Zbl 1329.49069
Dragone, Davide; Lambertini, Luca; Leitmann, George; Palestini, Arsen
2015
Multi-agent optimal control problems and variational inequality based reformulations. Zbl 1315.49001
Leitmann, George; Pickl, Stefan; Wang, Zhengyu
2014
Monotone approximations of minimum and maximum functions and multi-objective problems. Zbl 1257.49042
Stipanović, Dušan M.; Tomlin, Claire J.; Leitmann, George
2012
A penalty method approach for open-loop variational games with equality constraints. Zbl 1296.91033
Carlson, Dean A.; Leitmann, George
2012
A differential game related to terrorism: Nash and Stackelberg strategies. Zbl 1188.91037
Novak, A. J.; Feichtinger, G.; Leitmann, G.
2010
A stochastic optimal control model of pollution abatement. Zbl 1211.91184
Dragone, D.; Lambertini, L.; Leitmann, G.; Palestini, A.
2010
Fields of extremals and sufficient conditions for the simplest problem of the calculus of variations in $$n$$-variables. Zbl 1182.49019
Carlson, Dean A.; Leitmann, George
2009
Contrasting two transformation-based methods for obtaining absolute extrema. Zbl 1147.49002
Torres, D. F. M.; Leitmann, G.
2008
Fields of extremals and sufficient conditions for the simplest problem of the calculus of variations. Zbl 1194.49022
Carlson, Dean A.; Leitmann, George
2008
A dynamical model of terrorism. Zbl 1211.91215
Udwadia, Firdaus; Leitmann, George; Lambertini, Luca
2006
Coordinate transformation method for the extremization of multiple integrals. Zbl 1183.49018
Carlson, D. A.; Leitmann, G.
2005
A direct method for open-loop dynamic games for affine control systems. Zbl 1182.91041
Carlson, Dean A.; Leitmann, George
2005
The direct method for a class of infinite horizon dynamic games. Zbl 1142.91353
Carlson, Dean A.; Leitmann, George
2005
A direct method of optimization and its application to a class of differential games. Zbl 1084.49031
Leitmann, George
2004
An extension of the coordinate transformation method for open-loop Nash equilibria. Zbl 1107.91029
Carlson, D. A.; Leitmann, G.
2004
Dynamical systems and control. Selected papers from the 11th international workshop on dynamics and control, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, October 9–11, 2000. Zbl 1050.00009
2004
Robust vibration control of dynamical systems based on the derivative of the state. Zbl 1068.70544
Reithmeier, E.; Leitmann, G.
2003
A direct method of optimization and its application to a class of differential games. Zbl 1162.91316
Leitmann, George
2003
On a method of direct optimization. Zbl 1030.49032
Leitmann, G.
2002
Viability analysis of an aircraft flight domain for take-off in a windshear. Zbl 1032.76030
Seube, N.; Moitie, R.; Leitmann, G.
2002
On a class of direct optimization problems. Zbl 0983.49002
Leitmann, G.
2001
Some extensions to a direct optimization method. Zbl 0999.49017
Leitmann, G.
2001
Coordinate transformations and derivation of open-loop Nash equilibria. Zbl 0989.91013
Dockner, E. J.; Leitmann, G.
2001
Structural vibration control. Zbl 1169.74497
Reithmeier, E.; Leitmann, G.
2001
Aircraft take-off in windshear: A viability approach. Zbl 0965.93076
Seube, N.; Moitie, R.; Leitmann, G.
2000
Analysis and control of a communicable disease. Zbl 1158.93377
Corless, M.; Leitmann, G.
2000
On one aspect of science policy based on an uncertain model. Zbl 0941.93045
Lee, C. S.; Leitmann, G.
1999
Dynamics and control. Selected papers from the 8th workshop held in Sopron, Hungary, July 23–27, 1995. Zbl 0997.93504
1999
A bounded harvest strategy for an ecological system in the presence of uncertain disturbances. Zbl 0959.92028
Lee, C. S.; Leitmann, G.
1999
Componentwise bounded controllers for robust exponential convergence. Zbl 0883.93046
Corless, M.; Leitmann, G.
1997
Destabilization via active stiffness. Zbl 0884.93048
Corless, Martin; Leitmann, George
1997
Exponential convergence for uncertain systems with component-wise bounded controllers. Zbl 0857.93084
Corless, Martin; Leitmann, George
1996
One approach to the control of uncertain dynamical systems. Zbl 0825.93649
Leitmann, G.
1995
A control scheme based on ER-materials for vibration attenuation of dynamical systems. Zbl 0844.70020
Leitmann, G.; Reithmeier, E.
1995
Control strategies for an endemic disease in the presence of uncertainty. Zbl 0880.92032
Lee, C. S.; Leitmann, G.
1995
A method for designing a stabilizing control for a class of uncertain linear delay systems. Zbl 0800.93951
Amemiya, Takashi; Leitmann, George
1994
A stabilizing harvesting strategy for an uncertain model of an ecological system. Zbl 0813.90021
Lee, C. S.; Leitmann, G.
1994
Stabilizing management and structural development of open-access fisheries. Zbl 0809.90027
Hildén, Mikael; Kaitala, Veijo; Leitmann, George
1994
An ER-material based control scheme for vibration suppression of dynamical systems with uncertain excitation. Zbl 0925.93061
Leitmann, G.; Reithmeier, E.
1994
Bounded controllers for robust exponential convergence. Zbl 0791.93022
Corless, M.; Leitmann, G.
1993
Output feedback control of uncertain coupled systems. Zbl 0781.93035
Rodellar, J.; Leitmann, G.; Ryan, E. P.
1993
Lyapunov stability theory based control of uncertain dynamical systems. Zbl 0794.93080
Leitmann, G.
1993
Adaptive control of aircraft in windshear. Zbl 0800.93675
Leitmann, George; Pandey, Sandeep; Ryan, Eugene
1993
Reduced order feedback control for a two-compartment drug administration model in the presence of model parameter uncertainty. Zbl 0800.93439
Leitmann, G.; Lee, C. S.
1993
A discrete stabilizing study strategy for a student related problem under uncertainty. Zbl 0800.93761
Leitmann, G.; Lee, C. S.
1993
Robust control design for interconnected systems with time-varying uncertainties. Zbl 0758.93021
Chen, Y. H.; Leitmann, G.; Kai, Xiong Zhong
1991
Aircraft control for flight in an uncertain environment: Takeoff in windshear. Zbl 0728.93023
Leitmann, G.; Pandey, S.
1991
A drug administration problem. Zbl 0754.92009
Lee, C. S.; Leitmann, G.
1991
Stabilizing uncertain systems with bounded control. Zbl 0727.93059
Soldatos, A. G.; Corless, M.; Leitmann, G.
1991
Some stabilizing study strategies for a student-related problem under uncertainty. Zbl 0729.93058
Lee, C. S.; Leitmann, G. L.
1991
Tracking and force control for a class of robotic manipulators. Zbl 0752.93048
Reithmeier, E.; Leitmann, G.
1991
Robust aircraft take-off control: A comparison of aircraft performance under different windshear conditions. Zbl 0800.93913
Kaitala, Veijo; Leitmann, George; Pandey, Sandeep
1991
Stabilizing management of fluctuating resources. Zbl 0739.90010
Kaitala, V.; Leitmann, G.
1991
Deterministic control of uncertain systems via a constructive use of Lyapunov stability theory. Zbl 0708.93027
Leitmann, George
1990
Stabilizing employment in a fluctuating resource economy. Zbl 0687.90025
Kaitala, V.; Leitmann, G.
1990
On a student-related optimal control problem. Zbl 0675.49012
Lee, C. S.; Leitmann, G.
1990
Aircraft control under conditions of windshear. Zbl 0709.93557
1990
Guaranteeing ultimate boundedness and exponential rate of convergence for a class of nominally linear uncertain systems. Zbl 0714.93013
Garofalo, F.; Leitmann, G.
1989
Stabilizing management of fishery resources in a fluctuating environment. Zbl 0678.90027
Kaitala, Veijo; Leitmann, George
1989
Adaptive controllers for avoidance or evasion in an uncertain environment: Some examples. Zbl 0699.90106
Corless, M.; Leitmann, G.
1989
Guaranteeing ultimate boundedness and exponential rate of convergence for a class of uncertain systems. Zbl 0727.93054
Corless, M.; Garofalo, F.; Leitmann, G.
1989
Controlling singularly perturbed uncertain dynamical systems. Zbl 0697.93046
Leitmann, G.
1989
Deterministic control of uncertain systems. Zbl 0676.93056
Corless, M.; Leitmann, George
1989
Continuous feedback guaranteeing uniform ultimate boundedness for uncertain linear delay systems: An application to river pollution control. Zbl 0673.93052
Lee, C. S.; Leitmann, G.
1988
Deterministic control of uncertain systems. Zbl 0667.93060
Corless, M.; Leitmann, G.
1988
Adaptive controllers for uncertain dynamical systems. Zbl 0652.93034
Corless, Martin; Leitmann, George
1988
A composite controller ensuring ultimate boundedness for a class of singularly perturbed uncertain systems. Zbl 0662.93033
Garofalo, F.; Leitmann, G.
1988
Robustness of uncertain systems in the absence of matching assumptions. Zbl 0623.93023
Chen, Y. H.; Leitmann, G.
1987
Robust control of base-isolated structures under earthquake excitation. Zbl 0596.93033
Kelly, J. M.; Leitmann, G.; Soldatos, A. G.
1987
Adaptive control for avoidance or evasion in an uncertain environment. Zbl 0633.90108
Corless, M.; Leitmann, G.; Skowronski, J. M.
1987
State feedback for uncertain dynamical systems. Zbl 0626.93061
Breinl, W.; Leitmann, G.
1987
Cooperative equilibria in differential games. Zbl 0607.90097
Tolwinski, B.; Haurie, A.; Leitmann, G.
1986
Feedback control of uncertain systems: robustness with respect to neglected actuator and sensor dynamics. Zbl 0588.93056
Leitmann, G.; Ryan, E. P.; Steinberg, A.
1986
The calculus of variations and optimal control. An introduction. 3rd printing. Zbl 0696.49001
Leitmann, George
1986
Practical stabilizability of uncertain dynamical systems: Application to robotic tracking. Zbl 0549.93044
Ryan, E. P.; Leitmann, G.; Corless, M.
1985
Tracking in the presence of bounded uncertainties. Zbl 0586.93017
Corless, M.; Leitmann, G.; Ryan, E. P.
1985
Properties of matrices used in uncertain linear control systems. Zbl 0568.93015
Chouinard, L. G.; Dauer, J. P.; Leitmann, G.
1985
Adaptive long-term management of some ecological systems subject to uncertain disturbances. Zbl 0621.92022
Corless, M.; Leitmann, G.
1985
On the global asymptotic stability of equilibrium solutions for open-loop differential games. Zbl 0548.90103
Haurie, A.; Leitmann, G.
1984
Adaptive control for uncertain dynamical systems. Zbl 0556.93042
Corless, M.; Leitmann, G.
1984
A new class of stabilizing controllers for uncertain dynamical systems. Zbl 0503.93049
Barmish, B. Ross; Corless, M.; Leitmann, G.
1983
Adaptive control of systems containing uncertain functions and unknown functions with uncertain bounds. Zbl 0497.93028
Corless, M.; Leitmann, G.
1983
On optimal long-term management of some ecological systems subject to uncertain disturbances. Zbl 0511.90052
Lee, C. S.; Leitmann, G.
1983
A note on avoidance control. Zbl 0528.49004
Leitmann, G.; Skowronski, J.
1983
Zustandsrueckfuehrung für dynamische Systeme mit Parameterunsicherheiten. Zbl 0504.93023
Breinl, W.; Leitmann, G.
1983
On ultimate boundedness control of uncertain systems in the absence of matching assumptions. Zbl 0469.93043
Barmish, B. Ross; Leitmann, G.
1982
Continuous state feedback guaranteeing uniform ultimate boundedness for uncertain dynamic systems. Zbl 0473.93056
Corless, Martin J.; Leitmann, George
1981
On the efficacy of nonlinear control in uncertain linear systems. Zbl 0473.93055
Leitmann, G.
1981
The calculus of variations and optimal control. An introduction. Zbl 0475.49003
Leitmann, George
1981
Guaranteed avoidance strategies. Zbl 0419.90096
Leitmann, G.
1980
Deterministic control of uncertain systems. Zbl 0444.70017
Leitmann, G.
1980
Guaranteed avoidance feedback control. Zbl 0445.49013
Leitmann, G.
1980
Labour-management bargaining modelled as a dynamic game. Zbl 0437.90120
Chen, Santiago Fei-Hung; Leitmann, George
1980
Guaranteed asymptotic stability for some linear systems with bounded uncertainties. Zbl 0416.93077
Leitmann, G.
1979
Qualitative differential games with two targets. Zbl 0497.90097
Getz, W. M.; Leitmann, G.
1979
Guaranteed asymptotic stability for a class of uncertain linear dynamical systems. Zbl 0377.93064
Leitmann, G.
1979
Guaranteed ultimate boundedness for a class of uncertain linear dynamical systems. Zbl 0403.93040
Leitmann, G.
1979
Macro-economic stabilization policy for an uncertain dynamic economy. Zbl 0461.90019
Leitmann, G.; Wan, H. Y. jun.
1979
...and 66 more Documents
all top 5
### Cited by 1,512 Authors
77 Leitmann, George 18 Vincent, Thomas L. 17 Qu, Zhihua 16 Stalford, Harold L. 14 Corless, Martin J. 14 Feichtinger, Gustav 13 Zaccour, Georges 12 Lambertini, Luca 12 Schmitendorf, William E. 11 Dockner, Engelbert J. 11 Haurie, Alain B. 11 Shinar, Josef 10 Dawson, Darren M. 10 Goh, Bean San 10 Hammami, Mohamed Ali 10 Mahmoud, Magdi Sadik Mostafa 10 Morgan, Jacqueline 10 Torres, Delfim Fernando Marado 10 Wu, Hansheng 9 Chen, Ye-Hwa 9 Galperin, Efim A. 9 Kaitala, Veijo T. 9 Park, Juhyun (Jessie) 9 Ryan, Eugene P. 9 Yeung, David Wing-Kay 8 Assunção, Edvaldo 8 Barmish, B. Ross 8 Jørgensen, Steffen 8 Viscolani, Bruno 7 Glizer, Valery Y. 7 Hayek, Naïla 7 Mallozzi, Lina 7 Martín-Herrán, Guiomar 7 Miele, Angelo 7 Petersen, Ian Richard 7 Skowronski, Janislaw M. 7 Stipanović, Dušan M. 6 Chen, Chung-Cheng 6 Dorsey, John F. 6 Fateh, Mohammad Mehdi 6 Lewis, Frank Leroy 6 Mizukami, Koichi 6 Novak, Andreas J. 6 Patsko, Valerii S. 6 Prasad, U. R. 6 Taras’ev, Aleksandr Mikhaĭlovich 6 Teixeira, Marcelo C. M. 6 Turetsky, Vladimir 6 Wu, Huaining 5 Ahmed, Nasir Uddin 5 Averboukh, Yuriĭ Vladimirovich 5 Cardim, Rodrigo 5 Carlson, Dean A. 5 Engwerda, Jacob Christiaan 5 Goodall, David P. 5 Gutman, Shaul 5 Hämäläinen, Raimo P. 5 Hsieh, Jer-Guang 5 Jiang, Zhong-Ping 5 Li, Peng 5 Malinowska, Agnieszka Barbara 5 Petrov, Nikolaĭ Nikandrovich 5 Reithmeier, Eduard 5 Rodellar, José 5 Shieh, Leang-San 5 Spurgeon, Sarah K. 5 Wang, Jun 5 Watanabe, Chihiro 5 Xie, Lihua 5 Yavin, Yaakov 5 Żak, Stanislaw H. 4 Aboussoror, Abdelmalek 4 Amemiya, Takashi 4 Ayala, Victor 4 Botkin, Nikolai D. 4 Clemhout, Simone 4 Colbaugh, Richard 4 Duan, Zhisheng 4 Fong, I-Kong 4 Fu, Li-Chen 4 Garofalo, Franco 4 Gearhart, William B. 4 Getz, Wayne M. 4 Grosset, Luca 4 Hartl, Richard F. 4 Hernández-Lerma, Onésimo 4 Holzapfel, Florian 4 Khalil, Hassan K. 4 Kuo, Teson 4 Li, Zhongkui 4 Lignola, Maria Beatrice 4 Megahed, Abd El-Monem A. 4 Mehlmann, Alexander 4 Pachter, Meir N. 4 Phan Thanh Nam 4 Quincampoix, Marc 4 Reddy, Puduru Viswanadha 4 Saberi, Ali 4 Samanta, Guru Prasad 4 Shchelchkov, Kirill Aleksandrovich ...and 1,412 more Authors
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### Cited in 196 Serials
267 Journal of Optimization Theory and Applications 116 Automatica 87 International Journal of Control 55 International Journal of Systems Science 41 Journal of the Franklin Institute 39 Systems & Control Letters 38 Applied Mathematics and Computation 37 Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications 32 European Journal of Operational Research 29 Computers & Mathematics with Applications 19 Dynamics and Control 17 Journal of Economic Dynamics & Control 17 Dynamic Games and Applications 15 International Journal of Robust and Nonlinear Control 14 Nonlinear Dynamics 13 International Game Theory Review 12 Optimal Control Applications & Methods 11 Mathematical Biosciences 10 Mathematical and Computer Modelling 9 Fuzzy Sets and Systems 9 Theoretical Population Biology 9 Operations Research Letters 9 Mathematical Problems in Engineering 8 Optimization 8 Journal of Robotic Systems 8 European Journal of Control 8 Journal of Vibration and Control 7 Journal of Economic Theory 7 Nonlinear Analysis. Theory, Methods & Applications. Series A: Theory and Methods 7 Journal of Global Optimization 7 Automation and Remote Control 7 Journal of Dynamical and Control Systems 7 International Journal of Systems Science. Principles and Applications of Systems and Integration 6 MCSS. Mathematics of Control, Signals, and Systems 6 Annals of Operations Research 6 Games 6 Asian Journal of Control 5 Acta Mechanica 5 Journal of Mathematical Biology 5 Bulletin of Mathematical Biology 5 Applied Mathematics and Optimization 5 Journal of Differential Equations 5 Journal of Mathematical Economics 5 Kybernetika 5 International Journal of Adaptive Control and Signal Processing 5 Applied Mathematical Modelling 5 Journal of Mathematical Sciences (New York) 5 International Journal of Control, I. Series 5 PMM, Journal of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics 4 Journal of Engineering Mathematics 4 Chaos, Solitons and Fractals 4 Journal of Soviet Mathematics 4 Dynamics and Stability of Systems 4 Journal of Intelligent & Robotic Systems 4 Journal of Systems Science and Complexity 4 Vestnik Udmurtskogo Universiteta. Matematika. Mekhanika. Komp’yuternye Nauki 4 Nonlinear Analysis. Theory, Methods & Applications 3 Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering 3 Mathematical Methods in the Applied Sciences 3 Physica A 3 Reports on Mathematical Physics 3 Information Sciences 3 Mathematics and Computers in Simulation 3 Numerical Functional Analysis and Optimization 3 OR Spektrum 3 Circuits, Systems, and Signal Processing 3 Stochastic Analysis and Applications 3 Complexity 2 Applicable Analysis 2 Journal of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics 2 ZAMP. Zeitschrift für angewandte Mathematik und Physik 2 Prikladnaya Matematika i Mekhanika 2 Mathematical Systems Theory 2 SIAM Journal on Control and Optimization 2 Theoretical Computer Science 2 Journal of Information & Optimization Sciences 2 Computational Mechanics 2 Applied Mathematics Letters 2 Journal of Elasticity 2 ZOR. Zeitschrift für Operations Research 2 Journal of Computer and Systems Sciences International 2 Economic Theory 2 Journal of Difference Equations and Applications 2 Abstract and Applied Analysis 2 Soft Computing 2 International Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science 2 Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computing 2 Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems 2 Mediterranean Journal of Mathematics 2 Advances in Difference Equations 2 Stochastics 2 Proceedings of the Steklov Institute of Mathematics 2 Optimization Letters 2 Journal of Control Science and Engineering 2 Set-Valued and Variational Analysis 2 Decision Analysis 2 Journal of Dynamics and Games 2 Journal of Applied Nonlinear Dynamics 2 Mathematics 1 International Journal of Modern Physics B ...and 96 more Serials
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### Cited in 38 Fields
696 Systems theory; control (93-XX) 395 Game theory, economics, finance, and other social and behavioral sciences (91-XX) 296 Calculus of variations and optimal control; optimization (49-XX) 175 Operations research, mathematical programming (90-XX) 110 Ordinary differential equations (34-XX) 89 Biology and other natural sciences (92-XX) 73 Mechanics of particles and systems (70-XX) 34 Numerical analysis (65-XX) 27 Mechanics of deformable solids (74-XX) 23 Computer science (68-XX) 22 Linear and multilinear algebra; matrix theory (15-XX) 19 Dynamical systems and ergodic theory (37-XX) 14 Partial differential equations (35-XX) 12 Probability theory and stochastic processes (60-XX) 9 Real functions (26-XX) 7 Statistics (62-XX) 7 Fluid mechanics (76-XX) 5 Difference and functional equations (39-XX) 5 Geophysics (86-XX) 5 Information and communication theory, circuits (94-XX) 3 History and biography (01-XX) 3 Topological groups, Lie groups (22-XX) 3 Functional analysis (46-XX) 3 Operator theory (47-XX) 3 Optics, electromagnetic theory (78-XX) 3 Quantum theory (81-XX) 3 Statistical mechanics, structure of matter (82-XX) 2 General and overarching topics; collections (00-XX) 2 Mathematical logic and foundations (03-XX) 2 Combinatorics (05-XX) 2 General topology (54-XX) 2 Relativity and gravitational theory (83-XX) 1 Measure and integration (28-XX) 1 Integral equations (45-XX) 1 Convex and discrete geometry (52-XX) 1 Algebraic topology (55-XX) 1 Global analysis, analysis on manifolds (58-XX) 1 Mathematics education (97-XX)
### Wikidata Timeline
The data are displayed as stored in Wikidata under a Creative Commons CC0 License. Updates and corrections should be made in Wikidata. | 2022-12-03T05:00:49 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.6061903834342957, "perplexity": 9026.379716697471}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710924.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20221203043643-20221203073643-00629.warc.gz"} |
https://www.itl.nist.gov/div898/software/dataplot/refman2/auxillar/mad.htm | Dataplot Vol 2 Vol 1
# MEDIAN ABSOLUTE DEVIATION
Name:
MEDIAN ABSOLUTE DEVIATION (LET)
Type:
Let Subcommand
Purpose:
Compute the median absolute deviation for a variable.
Description:
The median absolute deviation is:
$$\mbox{MAD} = \mbox{median} |x - \tilde{x}|$$
where $$\tilde{x}$$ is the median of the variable. This statistic is sometimes used as a robust alternative to the standard deviation as a measure of scale.
The scaled MAD is defined as
For normally distributed data, the scaled MAD is approximately equal to the standard deviation.
Syntax 1:
LET <par> = MEDIAN ABSOLUTE DEVIATION <y>
<SUBSET/EXCEPT/FOR qualification>
where <y> is the response variable;
<par> is a parameter where the computed median absolute deviation is stored;
and where the <SUBSET/EXCEPT/FOR qualification> is optional.
Syntax 2:
LET <par> = SCALED MEDIAN ABSOLUTE DEVIATION <y>
<SUBSET/EXCEPT/FOR qualification>
where <y> is the response variable;
<par> is a parameter where the computed scaled median absolute deviation is stored;
and where the <SUBSET/EXCEPT/FOR qualification> is optional.
Examples:
LET A = MEDIAN ABSOLUTE DEVIATION Y1
LET A = MEDIAN ABSOLUTE DEVIATION Y1 SUBSET TAG > 2
LET A = SCALED MEDIAN ABSOLUTE DEVIATION Y1
Note:
Dataplot statistics can be used in a number of commands. For details, enter
Default:
None
Synonyms:
MAD is a synonym for MEDIAN ABSOLUTE DEVIATION
MADN is a synonym for SCALED MEDIAN ABSOLUTE DEVIATION
NORMALIZED is a synomym for SCALED
Related Commands:
AVERAGE ABSOLUTE DEVIATION = Compute the average absolute deviation of a variable. STANDARD DEVIATION = Compute the standard deviation of a variable. VARIANCE = Compute the variance of a variable. RANGE = Compute the range of a variable.
Applications:
Robust Statistics
Implementation Date:
1995/04
2016/02: Added SCALED MEDIAN ABSOLUTE DEVIATION
Program 1:
LET Y1 = LOGISTIC RANDOM NUMBERS FOR I = 1 1 100
LET A1 = MEDIAN ABSOLUTE DEVIATION Y1
LET A2 = SCALED MEDIAN ABSOLUTE DEVIATION Y1
Program 2:
SKIP 25
TITLE AUTOMATIC
XLIMITS 1 10
MAJOR XTIC MARK NUMBER 10
MINOR XTIC MARK NUMBER 0
XTIC OFFSET 1 1
X1LABEL BATCH
Y1LABEL MEDIAN ABSOLUTE DEVIATION OF DIAMETER | 2018-05-24T09:47:31 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9246399402618408, "perplexity": 4312.79893807435}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794866201.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20180524092814-20180524112814-00564.warc.gz"} |
http://pdglive.lbl.gov/DataBlock.action?node=S071BHQ | # Quantum Black Holes INSPIRE search
VALUE (GeV) DOCUMENT ID TECN COMMENT
• • • We do not use the following data for averages, fits, limits, etc. • • •
1
2018 BA
ATLS ${{\mathit p}}$ ${{\mathit p}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \gamma}}{{\mathit j}}$
2
2018 CM
ATLS ${{\mathit p}}$ ${{\mathit p}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit e}}{{\mathit \mu}}$ , ${{\mathit e}}{{\mathit \tau}}$ , ${{\mathit \mu}}{{\mathit \tau}}$
3
2018 AT
CMS ${{\mathit p}}$ ${{\mathit p}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit e}}{{\mathit \mu}}$
4
2018 DD
CMS ${{\mathit p}}$ ${{\mathit p}}$ $\rightarrow$ dijet, ang. distrib.
5
2017 AK
ATLS ${{\mathit p}}$ ${{\mathit p}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit j}}{{\mathit j}}$
6
2017 CP
CMS ${{\mathit p}}$ ${{\mathit p}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit j}}{{\mathit j}}$
7
2016 BE
CMS ${{\mathit p}}$ ${{\mathit p}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit e}}{{\mathit \mu}}$
8
2015 V
CMS ${{\mathit p}}$ ${{\mathit p}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit j}}{{\mathit j}}$
9
2014 AL
ATLS ${{\mathit p}}$ ${{\mathit p}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \ell}}{{\mathit j}}$
10
2014 V
ATLS ${{\mathit p}}$ ${{\mathit p}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit e}}{{\mathit e}}$ , ${{\mathit \mu}}{{\mathit \mu}}$
11
2013 A
CMS ${{\mathit p}}$ ${{\mathit p}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit j}}{{\mathit j}}$
1 AABOUD 2018BA use 36.7 fb${}^{-1}$ of data from ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit p}}$ collisions at $\sqrt {s }$ = 13 TeV to search for quantum black hole decays to final states with a photon and a jet. No excess of events above the expected level of Standard Model background was observed. Exclusion limits at 95$\%$ C.L. are set on mass thresholds for black hole production in ADD (6 extra dimensions) and RS1 models. Assuming the black hole mass threshold is equal to the Planck scale, mass thresholds below 7.1 TeV and 4.4 TeV are excluded for the ADD and RS1 models, respectively. These limits supersede those in AAD 2016AI.
2 AABOUD 2018CM use 36.1 ${\mathrm {fb}}{}^{-1}$ of data from ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit p}}$ collisions at $\sqrt {s }$ = 13 TeV to search for quantum black hole decays with different-flavor high-mass dilepton final states. No excess of events above the expected level of Standard Model background was observed. Exclusion limits at 95$\%$ C.L. are set on mass thresholds for black hole production in ADD (6 extra dimensions) and RS1 models. Assuming the black hole mass threshold is equal to the higher-dimensional Planck scale, mass thresholds below 5.6 (3.4), 4.9 (2.9), and 4.5 (2.6) TeV are excluded in the ${{\mathit e}}{{\mathit \mu}}$ , ${{\mathit e}}{{\mathit \tau}}$ and ${{\mathit \mu}}{{\mathit \tau}}$ channels for the ADD (RS1) models, respectively. These limits supersede those in AABOUD 2016P.
3 SIRUNYAN 2018AT use 35.9 fb${}^{-1}$ of data from ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit p}}$ collisions at $\sqrt {s }$ = 13 TeV to search for quantum black hole decays to ${{\mathit e}}{{\mathit \mu}}$ final states. In Figure 4, lower mass limits of 5.3, 5.5 and 5.6 TeV are placed in a model with 4, 5 and 6 extra dimensions, respectively, and a lower mass limit of 3.6 TeV is found for a single warped dimension.
4 SIRUNYAN 2018DD use 35.9 fb${}^{-1}$ of data from ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit p}}$ collisions at $\sqrt {s }$ = 13 TeV to search for quantum black hole decays in dijet angular distributions. A lower mass limit of 5.9 (8.2) TeV is placed in the RS (ADD) model with one (six) extra dimension(s).
5 AABOUD 2017AK use 37 ${\mathrm {fb}}{}^{-1}$ of data from ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit p}}$ collisions at $\sqrt {s }$ = 13 TeV to search for quantum black hole decays to final states with dijets. No excess of events above the expected level of Standard Model background was observed. Exclusion limits at 95$\%$ C.L. are set on mass thresholds for black hole production in an ADD (6 extra dimensions) model. Assuming the black hole mass threshold is equal to the higher-dimensional Planck scale, mass thresholds below 8.9 TeV are excluded.
6 SIRUNYAN 2017CP use 2.3 ${\mathrm {fb}}{}^{-1}$ of data from ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit p}}$ collisions at $\sqrt {s }$ = 13 TeV to search for quantum black holes decaying to dijet final states. No excess of events above the expected level of standard model background was observed. Limits on the quantum black hole mass threshold are set as a function of the higher-dimensional Planck scale, under the assumption that the mass threshold must exceed the above Planck scale. Depending on the model, mass thresholds in the range up to $5.1 - 9.0$ TeV are excluded.
7 KHACHATRYAN 2016BE use 19.7 ${\mathrm {fb}}{}^{-1}$ of data from ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit p}}$ collisions at $\sqrt {s }$ = 8 TeV to search for quantum black holes undergoing lepton flavor violating decay to the ${{\mathit e}}{{\mathit \mu}}$ final state. No excess of events above the expected level of standard model background was observed. Exclusion limits at 95$\%$ CL are set on mass thresholds for black hole production in the ADD ($2 - 6$ flat extra dimensions), RS1 (1 warped extra dimension), and a model with a Planck scale at the TeV scale from a renormalization of the gravitational constant (no extra dimensions). Limits on the black hole mass threshold are set assuming that it is equal to the higher-dimensional Planck scale. Mass thresholds for quantum black holes in the range up to $3.15 - 3.63$ TeV are excluded in the ADD model. In the RS1 model, mass thresholds below 2.81 TeV are excluded in the PDG convention for the Schwarzschild radius. In the model with no extra dimensions, mass thresholds below 1.99 TeV are excluded.
8 KHACHATRYAN 2015V use 19.7 ${\mathrm {fb}}{}^{-1}$ of data from ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit p}}$ collisions at $\sqrt {s }$ = 8 TeV to search for quantum black holes decaying to dijet final states. No excess of events above the expected level of standard model background was observed. Exclusion limits at 95$\%$ CL are set on mass thresholds for black hole production in the ADD ($2 - 6$ flat extra dimensions) and RS1 (1 warped extra dimension) model. Limits on the black hole mass threshold are set as a function of the higher-dimensional Planck scale, under the assumption that the mass threshold must exceed the above Planck scale. Depending on the model, mass thresholds in the range up to $5.0 - 6.3$ TeV are excluded. This paper supersedes CHATRCHYAN 2013AD.
9 AAD 2014AL use 20.3 ${\mathrm {fb}}{}^{-1}$ of data from ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit p}}$ collisions at $\sqrt {s }$ = 8 TeV to search for quantum black hole decays to final states with high-invariant-mass lepton + jet. No excess of events above the expected level of Standard Model background was observed. Exclusion limits at 95$\%$ C.L. are set on mass thresholds for black hole production in an ADD (6 extra dimensions) model. Assuming the black hole mass threshold is equal to the higher-dimensional Planck scale, mass thresholds below 5.3 TeV are excluded.
10 AAD 2014V use 20.3 (20.5) ${\mathrm {fb}}{}^{-1}$ of data in the dielectron (dimuon) channels from ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit p}}$ collisions at $\sqrt {s }$ = 8 TeV to search for quantum black hole decays involving high-mass dilepton resonances. No excess of events above the expected level of Standard Model background was observed. Exclusion limits at 95$\%$ C.L. are set on mass thresholds for black hole production in ADD (6 extra dimensions) and RS1 models. Assuming the black hole mass threshold is equal to the higher-dimensional Planck scale, mass thresholds below 3.65 TeV and 2.24 TeV are excluded for the ADD and RS1 models, respectively.
11 CHATRCHYAN 2013A use 5 ${\mathrm {fb}}{}^{-1}$ of data from ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit p}}$ collisions at $\sqrt {s }$ = 7 TeV to search for quantum black holes decaying to dijet final states. No excess of events above the expected level of standard model background was observed. Exclusion limits at 95$\%$ CL are set on mass thresholds for black hole production in the ADD ($2 - 6$ flat extra dimensions) and RS (1 warped extra dimension) model. Limits on the black hole mass threshold are set as a function of the higher-dimensional Planck scale, under assumption that the mass threshold must exceed the above Planck scale. Depending on the model, mass thresholds in the range up to $4.0 - 5.3$ TeV are excluded.
References:
AABOUD 2018BA
EPJ C78 102 Search for new phenomena in high-mass final states with a photon and a jet from $pp$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV with the ATLAS detector
AABOUD 2018CM
PR D98 092008 Search for lepton-flavor violation in different-flavor, high-mass final states in $pp$ collisions at $\sqrt s=13?$?TeV with the ATLAS detector
SIRUNYAN 2018DD
EPJ C78 789 Search for new physics in dijet angular distributions using proton?proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}=$ 13 TeV and constraints on dark matter and other models
SIRUNYAN 2018AT
JHEP 1804 073 Search for lepton-flavor violating decays of heavy resonances and quantum black holes to e? final states in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}=13$ TeV
AABOUD 2017AK
PR D96 052004 Search for New Phenomena in Dijet Events using 37 ${\mathrm {fb}}{}^{-1}$ of ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit p}}$ Collision Data Collected at $\sqrt {s }$ = 13 TeV with the ATLAS Detector
SIRUNYAN 2017CP
PL B774 279 Search for black holes in high-multiplicity final states in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}=$13 TeV
KHACHATRYAN 2016BE
EPJ C76 317 Search for Lepton Flavour Violating Decays of Heavy Resonances and Quantum Black Holes to an ${{\mathit e}}{{\mathit \mu}}$ Pair in Proton-Proton Collisions at $\sqrt {s }$ = 8 TeV
KHACHATRYAN 2015V
PR D91 052009 Search for Resonances and Quantum Black Holes using Dijet Mass Spectra in Proton-Proton Collisions at $\sqrt {s }$ = 8 TeV
PR D90 052005 Search for High-Mass Dilepton Resonances in ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit p}}$ Collisions at $\sqrt {s }$ = 8 TeV with the ATLAS Detector
PRL 112 091804 Search for Quantum Black Hole Production in High-Invariant-Mass Lepton+Jet Final States using ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit p}}$ Collisions at $\sqrt {s }$ = 8 TeV and the ATLAS Detector
JHEP 1301 013 Search for Narrow Resonances and Quantum Black Holes in Inclusive and ${\mathit {\mathit b}}$-Tagged Dijet Mass Spectra from ${{\mathit p}}{{\mathit p}}$ Collisions at $\sqrt {s }$ = 7 TeV | 2019-11-12T15:25:34 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9513400197029114, "perplexity": 1899.626693350655}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496665575.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20191112151954-20191112175954-00174.warc.gz"} |
https://mooseframework.inl.gov/docs/doxygen/modules/classStressUpdateBase.html | StressUpdateBase Class Referenceabstract
StressUpdateBase is a material that is not called by MOOSE because of the compute=false flag set in the parameter list. More...
#include <StressUpdateBase.h>
Inheritance diagram for StressUpdateBase:
[legend]
## Public Member Functions
StressUpdateBase (const InputParameters ¶meters)
virtual void updateState (RankTwoTensor &strain_increment, RankTwoTensor &inelastic_strain_increment, const RankTwoTensor &rotation_increment, RankTwoTensor &stress_new, const RankTwoTensor &stress_old, const RankFourTensor &elasticity_tensor, const RankTwoTensor &elastic_strain_old, bool compute_full_tangent_operator, RankFourTensor &tangent_operator)=0
Given a strain increment that results in a trial stress, perform some procedure (such as an iterative return-mapping process) to produce an admissible stress, an elastic strain increment and an inelastic strain increment. More...
void setQp (unsigned int qp)
Sets the value of the global variable _qp for inheriting classes. More...
virtual void propagateQpStatefulProperties ()
If updateState is not called during a timestep, this will be. More...
virtual bool requiresIsotropicTensor ()=0
Does the model require the elasticity tensor to be isotropic? More...
virtual Real computeTimeStepLimit ()
virtual TangentCalculationMethod getTangentCalculationMethod ()
void resetQpProperties () final
Retained as empty methods to avoid a warning from Material.C in framework. These methods are unused in all inheriting classes and should not be overwritten. More...
void resetProperties () final
## Protected Attributes
const std::string _base_name
Name used as a prefix for all material properties related to the stress update model. More...
## Detailed Description
StressUpdateBase is a material that is not called by MOOSE because of the compute=false flag set in the parameter list.
This class is a base class for materials that perform some internal computational procedure (such as an iterative return-mapping procedure) to compute an admissible state (which is usually an admissible stress that lies on or within the yield surface, as well as a set of internal parameters such as plastic strains). The computational procedure must return the admissible stress and a decomposition of the applied strain into elastic and inelastic components. All materials inheriting from this class must be called by a separate material, such as ComputeMultipleInelasticStress
Definition at line 53 of file StressUpdateBase.h.
## ◆ StressUpdateBase()
StressUpdateBase::StressUpdateBase ( const InputParameters & parameters )
Definition at line 35 of file StressUpdateBase.C.
36 : Material(parameters),
37 _base_name(isParamValid("base_name") ? getParam<std::string>("base_name") + "_" : "")
38 {
39 }
const std::string _base_name
Name used as a prefix for all material properties related to the stress update model.
## ◆ computeTimeStepLimit()
Real StressUpdateBase::computeTimeStepLimit ( )
virtual
Reimplemented in RadialReturnStressUpdate.
Definition at line 55 of file StressUpdateBase.C.
56 {
57 return std::numeric_limits<Real>::max();
58 }
## ◆ getTangentCalculationMethod()
virtual TangentCalculationMethod StressUpdateBase::getTangentCalculationMethod ( )
inlinevirtual
## ◆ propagateQpStatefulProperties()
void StressUpdateBase::propagateQpStatefulProperties ( )
virtual
If updateState is not called during a timestep, this will be.
This method allows derived classes to set internal parameters from their Old values, for instance
Definition at line 48 of file StressUpdateBase.C.
49 {
50 mooseError(
51 "propagateQpStatefulProperties called: it needs to be implemented by your inelastic model");
52 }
## ◆ requiresIsotropicTensor()
virtual bool StressUpdateBase::requiresIsotropicTensor ( )
pure virtual
Does the model require the elasticity tensor to be isotropic?
Referenced by ComputeMultipleInelasticStress::initialSetup().
## ◆ resetProperties()
void StressUpdateBase::resetProperties ( )
inlinefinal
Definition at line 117 of file StressUpdateBase.h.
117 {}
## ◆ resetQpProperties()
void StressUpdateBase::resetQpProperties ( )
inlinefinal
Retained as empty methods to avoid a warning from Material.C in framework. These methods are unused in all inheriting classes and should not be overwritten.
Definition at line 116 of file StressUpdateBase.h.
116 {}
## ◆ setQp()
void StressUpdateBase::setQp ( unsigned int qp )
Sets the value of the global variable _qp for inheriting classes.
Definition at line 42 of file StressUpdateBase.C.
43 {
44 _qp = qp;
45 }
## ◆ updateState()
virtual void StressUpdateBase::updateState ( RankTwoTensor & strain_increment, RankTwoTensor & inelastic_strain_increment, const RankTwoTensor & rotation_increment, RankTwoTensor & stress_new, const RankTwoTensor & stress_old, const RankFourTensor & elasticity_tensor, const RankTwoTensor & elastic_strain_old, bool compute_full_tangent_operator, RankFourTensor & tangent_operator )
pure virtual
Given a strain increment that results in a trial stress, perform some procedure (such as an iterative return-mapping process) to produce an admissible stress, an elastic strain increment and an inelastic strain increment.
If _fe_problem.currentlyComputingJacobian() = true, then updateState also computes d(stress)/d(strain) (or some approximation to it).
This method is called by ComputeMultipleInelasticStress. This method is pure virutal: all inheriting classes must overwrite this method.
Parameters
strain_increment Upon input: the strain increment. Upon output: the elastic strain increment inelastic_strain_increment The inelastic_strain resulting from the interative procedure rotation_increment The finite-strain rotation increment stress_new Upon input: the trial stress that results from applying strain_increment as an elastic strain. Upon output: the admissible stress stress_old The old value of stress elasticity_tensor The elasticity tensor compute_full_tangent_operator The calling routine would like the full consistent tangent operator to be placed in tangent_operator, if possible. This is irrelevant if _fe_problem.currentlyComputingJacobian() = false tangent_operator d(stress)/d(strain), or some approximation to it If compute_full_tangent_operator=false, then tangent_operator=elasticity_tensor is an appropriate choice. tangent_operator is only computed if _fe_problem.currentlyComputingJacobian() = true
## ◆ _base_name
const std::string StressUpdateBase::_base_name
protected
Name used as a prefix for all material properties related to the stress update model.
Definition at line 122 of file StressUpdateBase.h.
The documentation for this class was generated from the following files: | 2019-02-16T17:47:18 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.3926742970943451, "perplexity": 8770.180342184736}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": false}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550247480905.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20190216170210-20190216192210-00083.warc.gz"} |
https://www.rba.gov.au/publications/rdp/2019/2019-04/full.html | # Research Discussion Paper – RDP 2019-04 A History of Australian Equities
## 1. Introduction
The equity market is one of Australia's largest and most high-profile financial markets. The total capitalisation of listed companies in Australia is nearly $2 trillion, and around$5 billion in shares are traded every day. Most large well-known companies in Australia, such as the major banks and resources companies, are listed; these account for a large part of Australian output and employ a significant number of people. And households are quite exposed to movements in share prices; if not directly, then through their superannuation, which is typically heavily invested in Australian equities.
Historical facts about the Australian equity market, however, can be difficult to identify with confidence, because coverage of Australian equities is quite mixed. This patchy coverage can, perhaps, be attributable to the relatively fragmented nature of the national stock exchanges until the 1980s. This paucity of data is in contrast to equity markets overseas. For example, Shiller (2000) observed that in the United States price-to-earnings ratios fluctuated around a constant mean for around 100 years before rapidly increasing from the 1980s. Facts of this nature have helped colour debates around such things as market valuations and rationality. However, this fact is impossible to verify for Australia as publicly available price-to-earnings data don't extend back beyond the 1970s or so. The same is true for other analytical series of the stock exchange, and even for price indices and dividend yields beyond the headline figures.
This paper seeks to address some of these gaps, focusing on share prices, company valuations and trading activity. It draws on a new unit record dataset constructed from historical stock exchange gazettes. This allows construction of new long-run analytical series on equity markets, such as on total returns and valuations. These new series begin in 1917 or 1937 (depending on the variable), and extend currently available series in some cases by over 50 years. I also draw on some existing sources to complement my analysis.
This paper proceeds as follows. First, I provide historical background on the relative size and importance of the equity market over the past century: although it is now a very large and important market, this has not always been the case. I then discuss the most important contribution of the new dataset: better estimates of historical returns on Australian stocks. These returns come from two things: capital gains (that is, changes in share prices), and dividends. I use the company-level dataset to discuss factors that have historically driven capital gains and dividends, and how these have varied across different types of stocks. The new data allow for better calculation of the dividend yield, which is revealed to be around 200 basis points lower than previous estimates. This implies a lower premium of equities relative to safe assets (the ‘equity risk premium’) as well.
After discussing returns, I detail several other important facts about the Australian equity market over time. The company-level data allow for a much richer picture of the industry composition of the market, and I show how the relative importance of resources companies and banks has varied, in part due to changes in the economic structure of the Australian economy. Finally, I discuss valuations of Australian equities with reference to ‘underlying’ factors such as profits and the book value of equity.
The series calculated here – and others – are presented in spreadsheet form in the attached data appendix.
## 1.1 Stock Exchange Gazettes
The primary, novel data source for this paper is the hand-collected unit record dataset constructed from share lists in Sydney Stock Exchange Official Gazettes (the Gazettes).[1] This is effectively comprised of two related datasets:
1. All companies listed on the Sydney Stock Exchange: shares outstanding and share prices from 1916–79, on an annual basis from the December edition of the Gazette each year.
2. The top 100 companies by market capitalisation (calculated from the annual data): shares outstanding, share prices and dividends from 1917, and profits and net tangible assets from 1937, on a quarterly basis until 1979.
I will refer to these data as the ‘RBA dataset’ throughout this article, reflecting their construction, but it should be noted that they are not ‘official’ Reserve Bank of Australia statistical series, and reflect the best efforts of the author only.
Also included is information about the industry of each company. Information about the nature of a given company's business was usually published in the Gazettes, although with varying degrees of precision. Around 60 per cent of listed companies' industries over the period the dataset covers were described as ‘miscellaneous’, and the Gazettes were not always consistent in applying naming conventions over time. Where possible, I have tried to indicate the industries using more modern conventions and consistent definitions. This has been supplemented with other sources, see Section 1.2 for further detail.
## 1.2 Other Sources
The most widely-used source of historical Australian stock market data are the series calculated in Lamberton (1958b), at the request of the Sydney Stock Exchange. Lamberton calculated a series of market capitalisation-weighted share price indices and a single dividend yield series. The share price indices are probably superior to those inferred from the RBA dataset, as Lamberton had access to better information about share issuance and was able to properly adjust for this.[2] But the dividend yield calculated from the RBA dataset is probably better, as discussed in this paper. The Sydney Stock Exchange continued to publish the indices using Lamberton's methodology for several decades following the original publication, which I use to extend the series and link up with current data.
The main source of modern data I use are equity market series calculated by Refinitiv Datastream. These overlap for a few years with the RBA dataset, so can be used to help externally validate it. They also allow extension of the figures until 2019, enabling us to put historical data in modern context, and vice versa. These include series for the entire market beginning in 1973, and for the ASX 100 beginning in 1987. I primarily use the longer series for comparison of ratios; since the top 100 companies make up the vast bulk of the total market capitalisation, series for the market are quite comparable to series for the top 100. However, when considering variables in levels (for example, in calculating the aggregate profits for the index), I use the ASX 100 series, in some instances spliced back with growth rates for the aggregate market to extend the series. For company-level data, I use Bloomberg data for the S&P/ASX 200. Finally, I use some series calculated in Foster (1996), which are freely available on the Reserve Bank of Australia website.
Qualitative information for some large companies was supplemented by Merrett and Ville (2016), while for others I have relied on sources found in the National Library of Australia, such as annual reports, to make as-accurate-as-possible assessments of industry groupings. Because the market capitalisation of the exchange is quite concentrated in large, well-known companies, we can be relatively sure that sectoral aggregates are correct, but industry descriptions of smaller companies may not be accurate, particularly if companies changed industries over time.
Further details about data harmonisation and the collection process can be found in Appendix A, as well as issues of coverage and reliability.
Other series are sourced as noted on the figures.
Table 1 presents a comparison of existing data series and the new series calculated in this paper.
Table 1: Equity Market Time Series Start Dates
Longest available from other sources(a) New series(b) Notes
Price index 1875
Lamberton (1958a, 1958b), extended with Sydney Stock Exchange Official Gazettes and modern sources
1917 Lamberton series is correctly adjusted for changes in the capital structure, although the RBA dataset allows the calculation of consistent sectoral indices
Dividend yield 1880
Lamberton (1958a, 1958b), extended with Sydney Stock Exchange Official Gazettes and modern sources
1917 Issues with Lamberton dividend yields discussed in Section 2.2
Dividend payout ratio 1973
Refinitiv Datastream
1937
Price-to-earnings ratio 1973
Refinitiv Datastream
1937
Aggregate market capitalisation 1949
Foster (1996)
1917 RBA dataset also allows estimation of sectoral shares using top 100 companies
Price-to-net tangible assets ratio 2000 1937 Price-to-book ratios (i.e. including intangibles) are available for MSCI indices to around 1980
Notes: (a) All efforts have been made to determine available data; it is possible other series have been calculated but not widely circulated or otherwise missed during this research (b) The new series all finish in 1979 and are of quarterly frequency, but can in most cases be extended with existing data to create a full time series to the present day
## 2.1 The Market as a Whole
Over the 19th century, share trading in Australia developed from an over-the-counter market to one where trading took place at centralised exchanges around the country.[3] By the beginning of the RBA dataset in 1917, there were exchanges in each of the state capitals. The largest two were probably those in Sydney and Melbourne, and many of the largest companies shares were traded on both exchanges.
Around this time, companies on the Sydney Stock Exchange had an aggregate market capitalisation which fluctuated around 20 to 40 per cent of GDP, substantially smaller relative to the economy than its value today (Figure 1).[4] It expanded rapidly in the resources boom of the late 1960s, but a large part of this was due to increases in the market value of existing companies rather than new listings. These valuations often substantially outpaced actual earnings, and the expansion proved to be temporary.
The market again expanded rapidly from around the 1980s, continuing until about 2000, supported by the privatisations of the Commonwealth Bank and Telstra, financial institution demutualisation, and an increased supply of capital to the share market due to compulsory superannuation (Gizycki and Lowe 2000). Other share markets around the world also expanded similarly around the same time.[5] The Australian market had increased to around 100 per cent of GDP by around 2000, and has grown broadly in line with GDP since.
## 2.2 Equity Market Returns
As noted earlier, returns on investing in equity comprise two parts: capital gains and dividends. A reliable long-run share price index is already calculated by Lamberton, so this section focuses primarily on trends in dividend payments as the novel contribution of the paper. Nonetheless, it is worth noting some basic facts about developments in share prices over time, and how these have differed across different sectors of the market.
### 2.2.1 Share prices
Share prices of the top 100 companies have increased by a geometric average of around 6 per cent per year over the past 100 years, or by around 2 per cent after accounting for inflation.[6] Over the long run the different industrial sectors have generally performed quite similarly, although there have been periods of over and underperformance (Figure 2). For instance, bank stocks underperformed for several decades following the Great Depression, while resources stocks outperformed in the run-up to the Poseidon bubble and then did quite poorly afterward (see Simon (2003) for further discussion of this period).
### 2.2.2 Dividends
#### 2.2.2.1 Corporate profits
Dividends payments to shareholders are facilitated by corporate profits, and so to understand trends in dividends, it is important to understand trends in profits. Listed company profits have grown by an average of around 10 per cent per year since 1937 (Figure 3), generally tracking GDP growth for most of the period covered by the RBA dataset, although earnings have been more volatile. There are a few exceptions to the tight relationship. In the 1940s, earnings decreased substantially even as GDP increased, probably reflecting the effects of wartime mobilisation on the Australian economy. In the 1990s earnings substantially outstripped GDP. This occurred alongside the expansion of the stock exchange, which grew a lot faster than the economy as a whole (Figure 1). More recently, as the market has stabilised in relative size, earnings growth has been broadly in line with – or even a touch slower than – nominal GDP.
#### 2.2.2.2 Dividend payout ratios
On average around 65 per cent of listed company earnings were paid back to investors in the form of dividends from 1917 until the present (this ratio is commonly referred to as the dividend payout ratio), although this has varied over time (Figure 4). Fluctuations in this number have been remarkably correlated with the equivalent figure for the United States, at least prior to the introduction of franking credits in the 1980s (where shareholders can claim back tax already paid by the corporation). Since changes in the payout ratio should, in principle, reflect changes in companies' expected return on investment, this correlation may reflect the broadly similar economic fortunes of the two countries over this period. The introduction of franking credits in the 1980s is widely believed to have boosted dividend payout ratios (Bergmann 2016); this is particularly clear from Figure 4.
#### 2.2.2.3 Dividend yields
From the perspective of an investor, perhaps the more important figure is the dividend yield: the ratio of annual dividends to share price, meant to reflect the yield an investor would have earned for holding shares.[7] There is a pre-existing Australian dividend yield time series, which is widely used, calculated by Lamberton, continued by the Sydney Stock Exchange, and re-published in other sources. These data have widely acknowledged problems (Brailsford, Handley and Maheswaran 2008). Until at least 1980 they represent a simple average of company dividend yields for those available, rather than the modern practice of being weighted by market capitalisation (in part to better reflect returns on a realistic investment portfolio). Since larger companies tend to have lower dividend yields, the equally weighted Lamberton series is biased upward, and therefore gives an overestimate of the return on equities. It also excludes companies paying zero dividends.[8] Some careful attempts have been made to adjust for this problem by scaling down the Lamberton yield by a fixed amount (Brailsford et al 2008), but the RBA dataset allows us to calculate the yield directly. This shows that the dividend yield on a market capitalisation-weighted portfolio of stocks is about 200 basis points lower than Lamberton's estimates, although the correlation between the two series is high (Figure 5). The series calculated from the RBA dataset also closely matches the Refinitiv Datastream series where they overlap. Similar numbers are also calculated (for a relatively short period) in Foster (1996). This allows us confidence that the series calculated here is accurate.
While lower in the RBA dataset than in the Lamberton series, dividend yields were nonetheless still quite high through the early part of the 20th century, fluctuating around 6–7 per cent (as of 2019, the S&P/ASX 200 – which has one of the highest yields among global equity price indices – has a dividend yield of around 4½ per cent). Yields trended down through the 20th century as share price growth outpaced dividends, only briefly recovering back to 1920s levels as resources companies' share prices declined sharply in the late 1970s.
### 2.2.3 Total returns and the equity risk premium
All else equal the lower dividend yield in the RBA dataset compared to other sources implies a lower total return to equity – and therefore a lower equity risk premium (ERP) (Figure 6).[9] If we add the dividend yields onto capital gains calculated in Lamberton's share price series, this results in an average realised return on equity of around 4 per cent in excess of that on safe assets (here 10-year government bonds).[10] This is roughly a percentage point lower than estimates from Brailsford et al (2008), which themselves are approximately adjusted for the Lamberton dividend yield issue and therefore on the lower end of Australian ERP estimates. The realised equity return relative to safe assets declined substantially in recent decades (and, relative to long-term bonds, briefly turned negative), as declines in interest rates granted bondholders large capital gains. Nonetheless, forward-looking measures of the ERP suggest the market currently expects an excess return of Australian equity of somewhere between 4–6 per cent (Bianchi et al 2015), which is broadly in line with the longer-run historical experience presented here. The new ERP estimates also bring the Australian ERP somewhat lower than the ERP in the United States for a large part of the 20th century; simply using the Lamberton data would result in a higher premium for Australia than for the United States. Interestingly the RBA dataset suggests a historical total return on equity very similar to that observed in the United States; the difference in the ERP (in an accounting sense) is due to the higher bond yields in Australia over the past century. The Lamberton data, in contrast, implies that returns on equities in Australia were much higher than that in the United States, partly offset (when considering the ERP) by higher bond yields in Australia.
#### 2.2.3.1 Total returns by sector
Total returns (i.e. the combination of capital gains and dividends) have been similar across sectors over time, with only a few exceptions (Figure 7). Financial stocks underperformed in the early-to-mid part of the 20th century, as the sector shrank due to the Great Depression and tighter financial regulation. On the other hand, their returns were more stable than the rest of the market through the 1970s, when other sectors performed poorly. Resources stocks outperformed for a time through the 2000s, supported by high commodities prices, but have since reversed much of that (relative) gain.
While returns have been similar across sectors, volatility in those returns has not. Resources stocks, in particular, have experienced materially higher volatility than other sectors of the economy (Table 2; Figure 8). This is not just attributable to the individual booms and busts, like the Poseidon bubble, but appears to have been a structural feature of the stocks for at least the past 100 years.[11] It does not appear to be the case that investors (or least a hypothetical investor buying in 1917 and holding for more than a hundred years) were compensated for this extra volatility.
Table 2: Total Returns 1917–2019
Annualised
Geometric mean Arithmetic mean Standard deviation
All shares(a) 10.0 11.5 18.6
Resources 10.0 12.7 25.4
Financials 10.2 11.8 19.5
Other 10.2 11.6 18.1
10-year government bonds(b) 6.3 6.5 7.7
Consumer price inflation 3.9 4.0 4.8
Note: (a) RBA dataset to 1979, Datastream index from 1980–2019
(b) Or closest available
Sources: ABS; ASX; Author's calculations; Hunter (1958); Lamberton (1958a, 1958b); League of Nations yearbooks; Refinitiv Datastream
### 2.2.4 Other facts on returns
#### 2.2.4.1 Volatility and correlations
Volatility in Australian equity prices – in line with global asset markets – is currently considered to be very low relative to history (Reserve Bank of Australia 2018). But a longer perspective shows that volatility has probably been above-average since about the 1970s, and the current level (at least the relatively smoothed version calculated here) remains above historical troughs, particularly those observed in the first half of the 20th century (Figure 9). Volatility in the 1970s is of course largely attributable to the Poseidon bubble (Kearns and Pagan 1993). Share market volatility has also been closely related to share price correlations: when market volatility is low, shares of different stocks mostly move independently, but when volatility is high, stocks have tended to move together. Some had suggested that the increase in passive investment could result in an increase in correlation between individual stocks over time (Sushko and Turner 2018), but there appears to be little evidence for this in Australia.
#### 2.2.4.2 Average share prices
Between 1917 and 1979 the average nominal price of one share in the top 100 decreased slightly, even as consumer prices increased cumulatively by over 1,000 per cent over the same period (Figure 10). This reflected new share issuance by companies, particularly through stock splits, which kept per-share prices down even as their market capitalisation (and the broader share price index, which is adjusted for issuance) increased. Weld et al (2009) show a similar result for the United States, which they attribute to norms in the market for certain prices or per-share multiples that companies actively try to achieve by splitting their stock. In Australia, there is some suggestion in the early days of publicly traded companies that some firms may have deliberately priced individual shares expensively to dissuade speculators (Salsbury and Sweeney 1988, p 31), or other types of investors perceived to be undesirable. If that practice waned over time, we might have expected prices to trend down in real terms. However, more recent data show a substantial increase in the average price of a share since around 1990, suggesting that if norms or market practices were holding down share prices, it appears to be a historical phenomenon only.
## 2.3 Composition
### 2.3.1 By sector
More than half of the modern stock exchange (by market capitalisation) is comprised of financials (particularly banks) and resources companies (particularly miners).[12] Strikingly, this was also the case 100 years ago, and in fact the relative proportions are very similar (Figure 11). Not only is the aggregate composition by sector the same as it was 100 years ago, but in many cases the exact same companies (albeit following some merger and acquisition activity) still dominate the exchange. Notwithstanding this, there have been some substantial movements in the relative size of the different sectors over this time.
#### 2.3.1.1 Resources
The resources sector has been a large part of the stock market since at least the early 20th century, reflecting its historical importance in the Australian economy. In 1917, it accounted for 24 per cent of the capitalisation of the top 100 stocks on the Sydney Stock Exchange, compared to around 20 per cent today. Steel (1939) claims that prior to World War I, trade in gold mining stocks accounted for four-fifths of activity on the Sydney Stock Exchange, although this is difficult to verify and they were worth quite a lot less than four-fifths of the total market capitalisation. Nonetheless, resources companies continued to grow relative to the rest of the Exchange from around the 1940s, and at their peak in 1969 accounted for around 65 per cent of the top 100 stocks by market capitalisation. While resources stocks picked up substantially relative to the rest of the market during the most recent mining boom in the 2000s, this growth was in fact smaller and more gradual than the sharp pick-up seen in the late 1960s and 1970s. In fact, in the 1960s–70s episode the rapid growth in resources companies on the Exchange saw its market capitalisation more than triple. Like the most recent episode, that boom occurred alongside a substantial increase in mining investment in the real economy (Battellino 2010), although it didn't lead to a similar increase in mining employment. In fact, the share of resources companies on the stock exchange has consistently outweighed their share of total employment, which has never been higher than 10 per cent (Connolly and Lewis 2010). Further resources sector price increases in the 1970s were supported by a substantial amount of speculative activity (the Poseidon bubble) and investor enthusiasm about the prospects of certain mines that in some cases turned out to be unfounded.
#### 2.3.1.2 Financials
Over the 19th century, bank stocks played an important role in the early development of share trading in Australia (Adamson 1984; Salsbury and Sweeney 1988). By 1917, financials still made up more than 40 per cent of the top 100 companies by market capitalisation. However, their relative importance declined sharply during the Great Depression and World War II, and doesn't appear to have recovered – in relative terms – until around the 1980s. Most of the companies in the index survived through the 1930s and 1940s, even as they shrank relative to the rest of the market.[13] The subsequent increase in regulation of the sector – which included limits on profits, dividends and balance sheets (Maddock 2015) – may have been responsible for the decline in its relative size. The sector increased sharply in size from the 1980s as deregulation and increasing financialisation increased the size of banks relative to the rest of the economy (as well as the floating of the Commonwealth Bank), but the financial sector is still smaller on the exchange (in relative terms) than its peaks in the early 20th century.
##### Banks
The modern listed banking sector is fairly concentrated, with the four major banks accounting for the majority of the market capitalisation of the sector. This has not always been the case (Figure 12). MacKay (1931, pp 2–3) notes that as of 1893 – the cusp of the banking crisis that year – there were 26 separate banks in Australia, although not all were particularly profitable or well capitalised. Around half of these were acquired by rivals during or after the panic of 1893. By 1917 there were thirteen banks trading in Australia, of which eight appeared in the top 100 companies on the Sydney Stock Exchange. But as the economy grew through the 1920s, new banks – often specialised in lending to specific types of customers – were founded to respond to the needs of the expanding economy. By the late 1920s the number of banks in the top 100 stocks had increased substantially. However, the stricter regulation after the Great Depression and World War II may have provided some impetus for consolidation. By the 1960s there were only six banks listed on the Sydney Stock Exchange. The expansion of the banking sector in the 1980s and 1990s was unlike previous expansions of the sector, in that it didn't appear to have resulted in new entrants to the sector; instead, the expansion was due largely to growth in the incumbents.
##### Non-bank financials
Over time, the listed financial sector has itself become more diversified (Figure 13). At the start of the 20th century, the sector was almost all banks, with insurance companies most of the (small) remainder. Insurance companies grew relative to the banks but remained fairly small until around the 1950s, when they started to expand more rapidly (helped perhaps by stricter banking regulation).
In the 1940s new types of listed financial corporations started to emerge, and made up an increasingly large part of the sector. The largest among these were initially ‘hire purchase’ companies, which made small short- and medium-term loans to consumers and businesses to purchase durable goods. These companies were controversial at first and met resistance from the stockbroking institutions (Adamson 1984), but nonetheless expanded rapidly. The profits of Australian Guarantee Corporation (the largest hire purchase company on the Sydney Stock Exchange) increased at an annual rate of 30 per cent between 1955 and 1975, and its market capitalisation expanded by a similar amount. By 1978 it was the 7th largest company on the Sydney Stock Exchange, with a market capitalisation just less than the Bank of New South Wales (one of the predecessors of Westpac), and larger than any of the other listed banks. As their business was taken over by banks and the sellers of the durable goods themselves, these companies declined in relative size; Australian Guarantee Corporation was taken over by Westpac in 1988. However, the listed non-bank sector continued to grow as the broader financial sector expanded and diversified through the 1980s and 1990s, particularly due to the growth in the size of both investment companies and diversified financial companies offering a broader range of financial products.
#### 2.3.1.3 Other
The ‘other’ sector (everything but resources and financials) reached its peak share of the index around 1960, and has declined since (Figure 11). This aligns fairly closely with the relative peak and decline of Australia's manufacturing sector (ABS 2005), and indeed, this appears to explain a large part of it (Figure 14). Tooth and Co. (a brewery) and British Tobacco traded the spots of second and third largest companies on the exchange (the largest being Broken Hill Proprietary) for around 20 years, ending in the 1950s. Until the 1960s large manufacturing conglomerates like Australian Consolidated Industries (glassware and plastics), ICI (chemicals) and Australasian Paper and Pulp were among the largest listed companies as well. But these companies subsequently declined in relative terms, and most have since delisted.
From 1917 until 1980 consumer stocks made up an average of around 15 per cent of the market. This share was subject to some volatility, but there was little overall trend over the decades. The sector was represented by a high number of listed department stores in the early part of the century, but newspaper companies featured prominently also. Listed agricultural and forestry companies, while never particularly large, have declined in relative terms since around the 1930s.
Transportation companies have also been prominent on the stock exchange since its inception, but over time railway and steamship companies have mostly been replaced by those focusing on roads and airports. Shipping, in particular, was still a very large industry on the stock exchange at the start of the 20th century, perhaps reflecting that a large number of the early joint stock companies were shipping ventures. Companies like the Union Steam Ship Company of New Zealand (the ‘Southern Octopus’) and Sydney Ferries were among the largest companies on the exchange at various times, and at its peak the Southern Octopus was the largest private sector employer in New Zealand (McLean 1993). Shipping – particularly of people – accounts for little of the exchange today, but other transport companies like Transurban, Qantas and Sydney Airport are nonetheless large.
### 2.3.2 Concentration
Like the modern ASX, the Sydney Stock Exchange was dominated by large, old companies. The largest 10 listed companies have accounted for around half the market capitalisation of the top 100 stocks on average from 1917 until 2018 (Figure 15). Concentration appears to have peaked during periods of high commodity prices such as the 1960s and 1970s, reflecting in part the sharp expansion of large resources companies.[14] The resources and financial sectors were, and continue to be, notably more concentrated than the rest of the market.
The identity of these top 10 companies has been persistent: of the top 10 companies in 1917, 6 were still in the top 10 at the end of 2017, and 2 more remained in the top 200 (Table 3; Figure 16). In contrast, only one of the top 10 US companies in 1917 is still in the top 10 today (Kauflin 2017). In fact, in comparison to other major equity markets, Australia's listed corporations are old: weighted by market capitalisation, the average listed company in Australia today is 105 years old, compared with 77 years in Japan, 82 in the United States and 95 in the United Kingdom.
Table 3: Largest 10 Listed Companies by Market Capitalisation in 1917
Company name Market Capitalisation Rank Notes
1917 2019(a) 1917
Sydney Stock Exchange
2019
ASX(a)
Bank of New South Wales Westpac 1 3 Merged with Commercial Bank
of Australia in 1982 to form
Westpac
British Tobacco British American Tobacco 2 na Delisted from ASX in 2001 following acquisition; British American Tobacco currently listed in the United Kingdom
Bank of Australasia ANZ 3 5 Merged with Union of Australia Bank in 1951 to become ANZ
Union of Australia Bank ANZ 4 5 See above
Colonial Sugar Refining Co. CSR 5 139 Sold its sugar refining
operations in 2010, now
produces building products
Commercial Bank of Sydney NAB 6 6 Merged with National Bank of
Australasia to become NAB in
1982
Broken Hill
Proprietary
BHP Group 7 2
Union Steam Ship Company of New Zealand na 8 na Acquired by P&O and later closed
Howard Smith Wesfarmers 9 8 Acquired by Wesfarmers in
2001
Mount Lyell
Mining Co.
Iluka Resources 10 89 Several rounds of acquisition and mergers in the interim
Note: (a) As at June 2019; if the company has been acquired or merged, this is the name/rank of the acquirer or new entity; see ‘Notes’
Sources: ASX; Author's calculations; Bloomberg; delisted.com.au; National Library of Australia
There has still been some churn in the market, at least of the smaller companies. Between 1917 and 1979, around 7 new companies entered the top 100 for the first time each year on average (Figure 17). In fact, permanent additions/deletions were much more common than temporary churn at the bottom of the index, particularly if we abstract from the temporary deletions during World War II, when liquidity dried up.
## 2.4 Valuations
Market participants and observers calculate equity price valuations for a range of reasons. For participants, knowing when a company's share price is high or low relative to some metric (for example, compared with its realised profits) might be taken as a sign to buy or sell it. For regulators and policymakers, high valuations are often taken as signs of exuberance in the market. Of course, they may reflect other things, such as the relative return on safe assets. This section outlines some common valuation metrics that can be calculated using the RBA dataset since the early part of the 20th century, and discusses trends. Different metrics tell different stories: price-to-earnings ratios are in line with their history, but price-to-net-tangible assets ratios are quite high.
### 2.4.1 Price-to-earnings ratios
Trailing price-to-earnings (PE) ratios are the ratio of the current share price to the company's earnings per share over the previous twelve months.[16] PE ratios were a bit more volatile in the past than we see today. However, the current ratio for the top 100 stocks is within 10 basis points of its average since 1937 (Figure 18). This is in contrast to the experience of some other countries, where PE ratios are high (see, for example, Graph 1.6 in Reserve Bank of Australia (2017)), although for the United States at least this may reflect the relative growth of the listed tech sector, which has tended to have an above-average PE ratio.
There are three historical peaks in PE ratios: in the late 1940s following the end of World War II, in the late 1960s and early 70s during the mining boom and Poseidon bubble, and then – to a lesser extent – around the turn of the century, coinciding with the so-called dot-com bubble overseas. Valuations increased very quickly in the run-up to the 1987 ‘Black Monday’ share price crash, but even at their peak were not substantially above long-run averages. The post-war peak in PE ratios was driven by the non-resources sectors of the market, while the peak in valuations in the early 1970s was almost entirely due to the resources sector (Figure 19). The trough in valuations in the 1970s and 1980s follows the OPEC oil crises, high inflation and several property company failures, and PE ratios remained low (outside the resources sector) until the late 1980s.
PE ratios for each sector are also similar in 2018 to their long-run averages. Of note, the recent mining boom saw trailing PE ratios in the resources sector peak higher (and fall more sharply) than they did during the Poseidon bubble, which was characterised by a substantial investor enthusiasm that in hindsight turned out to be misplaced. However, the recent episode involved a substantial ramp-up in investment as mining companies put in place capital to enable future production; during this period profits were low but it was clear they would grow rapidly in the future (and forward-looking PE ratios do not show quite the same sharp peak).
The RBA dataset also sheds some light on just how stretched valuations became during the Poseidon bubble. Simon (2003) notes that the success of Poseidon shares drove a range of legally dubious share issuance by small players. But it is worth noting that the bout of investor enthusiasm wasn't just limited to Poseidon and small-capitalisation stocks; it also appears to have dragged up valuations at large established companies as well (Figure 20), although some commodity prices did increase at this time as well. Even Broken Hill Proprietary, which was already the largest company on the exchange, saw its share price increase by around 5 times, far in excess of its eventual realised earnings growth. On the other hand, after the bubble had subsided in 1974 its share price was back to where it had been 10 years previously, even as earnings had more than tripled in the interim. Valuations at (relatively) smaller companies like Conzinc Riotinto were even more extreme.[17]
### 2.4.2 Price-to-book ratios
The price-to-book ratio is an alternative valuation metric, reflecting the premium the market is willing to pay for a company's assets over their accounting cost. Historically, it was common to exclude intangible assets when reporting balance sheets; this is also the case in company accounting information published in the Sydney Stock Exchange Limited Gazettes. Therefore the ratios calculated here are more accurately referred to as price-to-net tangible assets.
In contrast with the price-to-earnings measure, the price-to-net tangible asset ratio shows a substantial increase since 1980, which occurs in between the end of the RBA dataset and the start of the earliest available current time series (Figure 21). This isn't entirely implausible, since the price-to-book ratio increased by a similar amount in that period. But this is in contrast with the price-to-earnings ratio, which suggested no substantial change in valuations over this period.
## 3. Conclusion
The Australian equity market has grown over the past century to be one of Australia's most important financial markets. Use of a hand-compiled unit record dataset has allowed us to derive and present several important historical facts about the market. Perhaps most important are the lower historical returns on equity, which have implications for estimates of the equity risk premium in Australia. But the data presented on dividend payouts, industry composition and share valuation also help provide a richer history of the market than was previously available, and it is hoped that all these facts are of use to researchers and practitioners.
## A.1 Data Coverage
Although the quarterly data cover the top 100 in principle, in practice not every variable exists for every date for every company. In particular, there was a drop-off in trading activity during World War II, which meant there were fewer companies with available share prices and therefore market capitalisation data. In addition, the ratios tend to have worse coverage than the individual variables, because companies need to have coverage for both variables to be included (e.g. for a price-to-earnings ratio, every company in the sample needs to have a market capitalisation and a profit number, to make sure the numerator and the denominator are measuring the same set of companies (Figures A1 and A2).
The list members were re-determined each year, but back histories for newly added companies weren't entered. This matters for calculating growth rates for use in the price index, which is impossible in the March quarter for newly added companies since we don't have their December quarter share prices. Therefore, the number of companies in the March quarter values of the equity index is lower than the number in the other quarters (Figure A3).
## A.2 Data Issues
The dividends data required substantial harmonisation to create a consistent time series, and some errors may have been introduced as part of this process. Initially, it was common to report them as per cent of the paid-up capital of the company. Later on, yields were reported, but not for mining companies, where the value of dividends was reported instead. Prior to decimal currency, yields appear to have been reported in per cent, but displayed in pounds (e.g. 4.5% would be written as £4 10s, since there were 20 shillings to a pound). Later still, dividends were reported in dollar terms per share (the modern practice). However, later in the RBA dataset interim dividends became more popular, complicating the calculations. Each of these can be converted into the modern concept of a dividend yield (annual dividend per share divided by share price), but errors may have been introduced, particularly where the source data were ambiguously labelled or misinterpreted.
The RBA dataset only cover shares listed on the Sydney Stock Exchange. Companies were able to dual list, and it appears most large companies did list in Sydney. Data for the Melbourne Stock Exchange were compared for two arbitrary years and it was found that including them would only increase total coverage by about 5 per cent.
Missing values are not always distinguishable from zeroes in the source data. Probably the only variable of interest likely to be exactly zero would be a dividend. But it appears that the number of missing dividend values is relatively small in any case.
## A.3 Share Price Index
The share price indices calculated are probably the least reliable of all the series due to the lack of information required to calculate an accurate divisor, a number used to deflate the index due to adjustments in the capital structure of included companies. To calculate this requires information about the terms of equity issuance, which is lacking from the RBA dataset: we can only infer issuance from a change in the number of shares outstanding.
The approximation used is to assume that all equity issuance greater than 100 per cent of shares outstanding is a stock split, and not dilutive of existing shareholders. Everything else is assumed 100 per cent dilutive and therefore the index is revised down. As a result of this, the Lamberton share indices should be preferred to the ones calculated from the RBA dataset, where they are available. Lamberton did not calculate an aggregate index prior to 1936; in line with common practice, in this paper I have spliced it back with his commercial and industrial index. So the index calculated from the RBA dataset is more comprehensive prior to 1936, which a user may wish to weigh against the weaknesses noted here.
The growth rate of the index is calculated as
$Δinde x t = ∑ i=1 n p i,t q i,t ∑ i=1 n p i,t−1 q i,t−1 ω i,t$
where pi,t is the share price of company i at time t; q is the quantity of shares outstanding, and ${\omega }_{i,t}$ is the divisor, and n is the number of companies in the sample at that time. In other words, the formula is the growth rate in the market capitalisation of the index, adjusted for equity issuance that dilutes shareholders. Only companies with the necessary values in both periods are included in the calculation.
The divisor, ${\omega }_{i,t}$ , is calculated as the adjusted net equity issuance for a given company:
$ω i,t = q i,t * q i,t−1$
where ${q}_{i,t}^{*}$ equals qi,t except where $\frac{{q}_{i,t}}{{q}_{i,t-1}}>100$ , in which case, ${q}_{i,t}^{*}={q}_{i,t-1}$ . The effect of this to reduce the growth in market capitalisation of a company by its net share issuance, except when that share issuance looks like a stock split (i.e. when the number of shares outstanding more than doubles in one quarter). In this case, we assume investors are not diluted.
The divisor is not used in the other series presented in this paper, since they are primarily ratios and it would therefore cancel out. As such, those series are likely more reliable (other than the caveats already presented in this section).
## A.4 External Validity
Notwithstanding the issues noted above, and the fact that they are calculated from different lists of companies, the implied share price index from the RBA dataset and the index calculated by Lamberton align quite closely, particularly from the mid 1930s on (Figure A4), which is when Lamberton's coverage became more comprehensive.
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## Acknowledgements
I would like to thank Leon Berkelmans, Peter Tulip, Marion Kohler, John Simon, John Handley and seminar participants at the Reserve Bank of Australia and at the Australian Conference of Economists for their helpful comments and suggestions. I would also like to thank all those involved in the data collection process, including Susan Black, Jenny Hancock, Mitch Kosev, Anna Nitschke, Jon Kijurina, Mina Roberts, Dale Rodriguez, Anngalee Toth, Lisa Zhou, Hero Chheath, Robin Shen, Praveen Samarasinha and Xavier Foster-Pullman. I would also like to thank the staff of the AS Holmes Library, particularly Rosie Wisbey and Stephen Cupper, for their invaluable assistance. Any errors that remain are my own responsibility, and the views expressed in this paper are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Reserve Bank of Australia.
## Footnotes
Prior to 1987, individual stock exchanges existed in many different cities in Australia. In 1987 these merged to form the Australian Stock Exchange (now the Australian Securities Exchange, or the ASX). [1]
Further details on this can be found in Appendix A. [2]
See Adamson (1984) and Salsbury and Sweeney (1988) for discussion of this period and the transition to exchanges in Melbourne and Sydney. [3]
Since the data only cover the Sydney Stock Exchange they probably understate the value of the market a bit, as many companies, particularly smaller ones, would have listed only on other cities' exchanges. However, for those companies that were listed in Sydney, the Exchange provided data on their total shares outstanding, not just those listed in Sydney, meaning their total size can be correctly calculated. Perhaps due in part to this, estimates by Foster (1996) for the capitalisation of the entire exchange for the period from 1964 onward concur quite closely with the aggregates calculated from the Sydney Stock Exchange alone. [4]
The World Bank data do not extend much before the 1980s (available at <https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/CM.MKT.LCAP.GD.ZS?view=chart>), but data collected in Taylor (2018) suggest that the market capitalisation of the US stock market followed a similar trajectory over the 20th century. [5]
As noted in Section 1, for discussion of aggregate share prices I prefer the Lamberton (1958a, 1958b) calculated series and extensions of them where possible, since it probably adjusts better for share issuance than would an index calculated just from the RBA dataset which has limited information on issuance. The coverage of companies in the Lamberton index is quite similar to that in the dataset I use here. The exception is for comparison across sectors: here I use the RBA dataset to ensure that the changes in the sub-sectors add to the changes in the total index. [6]
The series discussed here are trailing yields; that is, calculated from the sum of dividends paid over the past twelve months. One weakness of this measure is when dividends are paid annually (as they were for much of the 20th century), the dividend data can become quite dated (in this case since the data are quarterly, up to nine months old), while the share price data should reflect the latest news. An important example of how this matters in Australia is in the resources sector: large, persistent increases in commodity prices can lead to quite predictable increases in dividends which will be capitalised into share prices, but not immediately into trailing dividends; this results in sharp, temporary declines in dividend yields. For example, this probably explains the fall in yields in the 1960s and then subsequent sharp recovery. One way to ‘look through’ this sort of phenomenon is to use forward yields, which are based on surveys of market analysts' expectations for future dividend payments, which should in principle be updated for new information at a similar pace to share prices. These surveys are not available historically, however. [7]
This is difficult to adjust for in the RBA dataset, as missing values are not always distinguishable from zeroes. However, even if every company missing dividend data was assumed to pay a zero dividend, the average yield over the 1917–79 sample would only be 20 basis points lower, suggesting that the effect of this was not large. This probably reflects the fact that it was rare for large companies to not pay dividends for any material period of time. The data shown here and subsequently do not include companies paying zero dividends for these reasons. [8]
I use the phrase equity risk premium here in common convention, although noting that it is controversial whether it can be totally explained by the extra risk associated with holding equities (Mehra and Prescott 1985). [9]
There are different ways to calculate the ERP which will yield somewhat different estimates of the level of the premium, but these will not affect the difference between using the RBA dataset and the Lamberton data. See Bianchi, Drew and Walk (2015) for an overview of the methodologies. [10]
In fact this volatility in resources companies' stock appears to have been present during the late 1800s as well: Lamberton (1958a) calculated a mining index from 1875 to 1910 which is exceptionally volatile relative to the other parts of the exchange for that period, and Salsbury and Sweeney (1988) note large booms and busts through the earlier parts of the 1800s. [11]
Here the RBA dataset shows some material differences with the Refinitiv Datastream series where they overlap through the 1970s, particularly in the relative size of the resources sector. This may reflect that the Sydney Stock Exchange had fewer resources companies than other exchanges in the country, since smaller resources companies might have been more likely to list closer to their operations, for example, in Melbourne or Brisbane. [12]
As detailed in Fisher and Kent (1999), few Australian banks failed during the Great Depression. [13]
There is a higher peak in World War II, but this largely reflects a lack of data as trading dried up for smaller stocks. [14]
This figure makes use of company founding dates from S&P Capital IQ; these data are Copyright © 2019, S&P Global Market Intelligence (and its affiliates, as applicable). [15]
For the index, this is the total market capitalisation of the index divided by the sum of company earnings. [16]
Meaningful PE ratios can't be calculated for Poseidon itself since it mostly made losses, and in any case was not in the top 100 companies by market capitalisation (and therefore not in the RBA dataset) for the initial part of the period in question. [17] | 2020-08-09T08:40:50 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 7, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.28411567211151123, "perplexity": 2983.2233296251916}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439738523.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20200809073133-20200809103133-00503.warc.gz"} |
https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10002232-search-new-particles-final-states-large-jet-multiplicities-missing-transverse-energy-pp-collisions | Search for New $T′$ Particles in Final States with Large Jet Multiplicities and Missing Transverse Energy in $pp¯$ Collisions at $s=1.96 TeV$
Authors:
; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; more »
Publication Date:
NSF-PAR ID:
10002232
Journal Name:
Physical Review Letters
Volume:
107
Issue:
19
ISSN:
0031-9007
Publisher:
American Physical Society | 2022-11-29T17:33:24 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 29, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8603088855743408, "perplexity": 10508.305603726349}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710710.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20221129164449-20221129194449-00124.warc.gz"} |
https://finalfantasy.fandom.com/wiki/Ink_(ability) | ## FANDOM
36,795 Pages
Relm: I couldn't miss the chance to practice my drawing!
Rob the target of sight by belching black ink.
Final Fantasy Tactics description
Ink (スミ, Sumi?), also known as Ink Jet, is a recurring enemy ability in the series that naturally inflicts Blind on a party member, and is usually one of the signature attacks of aquatic enemies such as the Kraken and Ultros. It usually inflicts minor non-elemental damage as well.
## Appearances Edit
### Final Fantasy Edit
Ink is the special attack of Kraken and is also used by Orthros in the GBA/PSP/iOS remakes. It inflicts Blind to the entire party.
### Final Fantasy VI Edit
Ink is the special attack of Ultros, and can also be used by Nautiloid and the Guardian when in Ultros mode. It inflicts minor non-elemental damage and Blind on one party member.
### Final Fantasy VII Edit
Ink is an item the party can use to inflict Darkness on one enemy. It can be stolen from Bad Rap. This is the only way for the player to inflict the Darkness status on the enemy, although this serves little purpose: Darkness halves the physical accuracy of weapon-based attacks, but due to a bug, the status only affects the commands Attack, Morph, Deathblow, Mug, Slash-All, Flash, 2x Cut, and 4x Cut.
Because enemies do not use the above commands they are unaffected by it, making inflicting opponents with the status pointless. The only real purpose of the item is to naturally observe the Isogin Smog ability used by Acrophies, who will only use the ability when the entire player party has the Darkness status.
### Final Fantasy IX Edit
Ink is an enemy ability used by Kraken and Gigan Octopus. It inflicts non-elemental damage and Blind to one party member.
### Final Fantasy XI Edit
Ink Jet is an enemy ability that fires black ink in a fan-shaped area of effect with an additional Blind effect. It can be used by the Sea Monk family.
### Final Fantasy XIV Edit
This article or section is a stub about an ability in Final Fantasy XIV. You can help the Final Fantasy Wiki by expanding it.
### Final Fantasy Tactics Edit
Ink is an enemy ability used by Mindflayer and Squidraken, and can be used by Piscodaemon when an ally with the Monster Skill ability is next to it. It inflicts Blind status on one party member.
Its success rate is as follows:
$Success rate = (MA + 50)%$
### The Final Fantasy Legend Edit
Ink is an ability that has 10 uses and inflicts Blind on a group of enemies. This ability is used by Octopus, Clam, Ammonite, Squid, and Kraken.
### Final Fantasy Legend II Edit
Ink is a status inflicting ability that has 15 uses, it also increases a Robot's HP by 9. It inflicts Blnd to one group of enemies. This ability can be used by Ammonite, Kraken, Octopus, and Squid.
### Final Fantasy Legend III Edit
Ink can inflict Dark to one enemy. It is used by Octopus, Squid, Ammonite, Amoeba, and Kraken.
### Dissidia Final Fantasy Opera Omnia Edit
This article or section is a stub about an ability in Dissidia Final Fantasy Opera Omnia. You can help the Final Fantasy Wiki by expanding it.
### Pictlogica Final Fantasy Edit
This article or section is a stub about an ability in Pictlogica Final Fantasy. You can help the Final Fantasy Wiki by expanding it.
### Final Fantasy Record Keeper Edit
This article or section is a stub about an ability in Final Fantasy Record Keeper. You can help the Final Fantasy Wiki by expanding it.
### Final Fantasy Brave Exvius Edit
This article or section is a stub about an ability in Final Fantasy Brave Exvius. You can help the Final Fantasy Wiki by expanding it.
### Chocobo's Dungeon 2 Edit
This article or section is a stub about an ability in Chocobo's Dungeon 2. You can help the Final Fantasy Wiki by expanding it.
## Gallery Edit
This gallery is incomplete and requires Final Fantasy VII, Final Fantasy XI and The Final Fantasy Legend added. You can help the Final Fantasy Wiki by uploading images.
## Etymology Edit
Cephalopod ink is a dark pigment released into water by most species of cephalopod, usually as an escape mechanism. All cephalopods, with the exception of the Nautilidae and the Cirrina (deep-sea octopuses), are able to release ink.
Community content is available under CC-BY-SA unless otherwise noted. | 2019-10-17T01:17:54 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.3729138970375061, "perplexity": 10227.819702520552}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986672431.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20191016235542-20191017023042-00366.warc.gz"} |
https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10309168-differentiating-hund-from-mott-physics-three-band-hubbard-hund-model-temperature-dependence-spectral-transport-thermodynamic-properties | skip to main content
This content will become publicly available on September 1, 2022
Differentiating Hund from Mott physics in a three-band Hubbard-Hund model: Temperature dependence of spectral, transport, and thermodynamic properties
Authors:
; ; ; ;
Award ID(s):
Publication Date:
NSF-PAR ID:
10309168
Journal Name:
Physical Review B
Volume:
104
Issue:
11
ISSN:
2469-9950
Sponsoring Org:
National Science Foundation
##### More Like this
1. Abstract
The physics of weak itinerant ferromagnets is challenging due to their small magnetic moments and the ambiguous role of local interactions governing their electronic properties, many of which violate Fermi-liquid theory. While magnetic fluctuations play an important role in the materials’ unusual electronic states, the nature of these fluctuations and the paradigms through which they arise remain debated. Here we use inelastic neutron scattering to study magnetic fluctuations in the canonical weak itinerant ferromagnet MnSi. Data reveal that short-wavelength magnons continue to propagate until a mode crossing predicted for strongly interacting quasiparticles is reached, and the local susceptibility peaksmore » | 2022-06-30T09:56:48 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 1, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.301620751619339, "perplexity": 6690.108160208661}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": false}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656103671290.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20220630092604-20220630122604-00466.warc.gz"} |
http://dlmf.nist.gov/29.10 | # §29.10 Lamé Functions with Imaginary Periods
The substitutions
29.10.1 $h=\nu(\nu+1)-h^{\prime},$ Symbols: $h$: real parameter and $\nu$: real parameter Permalink: http://dlmf.nist.gov/29.10.E1 Encodings: TeX, pMML, png
29.10.2 $z^{\prime}=i(z-\!\mathop{K\/}\nolimits\!-i\!\mathop{{K^{\prime}}\/}\nolimits\!),$
transform (29.2.1) into
29.10.3 $\frac{{d}^{2}w}{{dz^{\prime}}^{2}}+(h^{\prime}-\nu(\nu+1){k^{\prime}}^{2}{% \mathop{\mathrm{sn}\/}\nolimits^{2}}\left(z^{\prime},k^{\prime}\right))w=0.$
In consequence, the functions
29.10.4 $\mathop{\mathit{Ec}^{2m}_{\nu}\/}\nolimits\!\left(i(z-\!\mathop{K\/}\nolimits% \!-i\!\mathop{{K^{\prime}}\/}\nolimits\!),{k^{\prime}}^{2}\right),$ $\mathop{\mathit{Ec}^{2m+1}_{\nu}\/}\nolimits\!\left(i(z-\!\mathop{K\/}% \nolimits\!-i\!\mathop{{K^{\prime}}\/}\nolimits\!),{k^{\prime}}^{2}\right),$ $\mathop{\mathit{Es}^{2m+1}_{\nu}\/}\nolimits\!\left(i(z-\!\mathop{K\/}% \nolimits\!-i\!\mathop{{K^{\prime}}\/}\nolimits\!),{k^{\prime}}^{2}\right),$ $\mathop{\mathit{Es}^{2m+2}_{\nu}\/}\nolimits\!\left(i(z-\!\mathop{K\/}% \nolimits\!-i\!\mathop{{K^{\prime}}\/}\nolimits\!),{k^{\prime}}^{2}\right),$
are solutions of (29.2.1). The first and the fourth functions have period $2i\!\mathop{{K^{\prime}}\/}\nolimits\!$; the second and the third have period $4i\!\mathop{{K^{\prime}}\/}\nolimits\!$.
For these results and further information see Erdélyi et al. (1955, §15.5.2). | 2015-11-26T00:21:53 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 32, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9733361005783081, "perplexity": 5380.970528081757}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398446250.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205406-00299-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://www.scstatehouse.gov/sess121_2015-2016/bills/4045.htm | South Carolina General Assembly
121st Session, 2015-2016
Download This Bill in Microsoft Word format
Indicates Matter Stricken
Indicates New Matter
H. 4045
STATUS INFORMATION
House Resolution
Sponsors: Reps. Rutherford and Finlay
Document Path: l:\council\bills\rm\1234ahb15.docx
Introduced in the House on April 23, 2015
Adopted by the House on April 23, 2015
Summary: Former Mayor Bob Coble
HISTORY OF LEGISLATIVE ACTIONS
Date Body Action Description with journal page number
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4/23/2015 House Introduced and adopted (House Journal-page 127)
View the latest legislative information at the website
VERSIONS OF THIS BILL
(Text matches printed bills. Document has been reformatted to meet World Wide Web specifications.)
### A HOUSE RESOLUTION
TO WISH FORMER COLUMBIA MAYOR BOB COBLE A SPEEDY RECOVERY FROM HIS RECENT HEALTH CHALLENGES.
Whereas, on April 15, 2015, former Columbia Mayor Robert D. "Bob" Coble suffered a health setback at the South Carolina State House that necessitated emergency surgery. Bob Coble's many friends were distressed to hear this news, but they were equally heartened to learn he is now making encouraging progress toward recovery; and
Whereas, to most of his public policy, economic development, and healthcare clients, Bob Coble is still "Mayor Bob" from his twenty years as mayor of the City of Columbia (1990-2010). Presently an attorney with Nexsen Pruet and chair of the law firm's South Carolina Public Policy and Governmental Affairs Group, Bob Coble is a well-beloved figure in his city; and
Whereas, grateful to the State House nurse and "Doctor of the Day," the paramedics, and the medical personnel at Providence Hospital who worked to alleviate Mayor Bob's medical crisis, the House of Representatives wishes to commend these fine healthcare professionals on their swift and diligent treatment; and
Whereas, in addition, the members of the House of Representatives wish to convey to Bob Coble and his family that they, as well as the people of the Midlands and his friends across the Palmetto State, are praying for his complete restoration to good health. Now, therefore,
Be it resolved by the House of Representatives:
That the members of the South Carolina House of Representatives, by this resolution, wish former Mayor Bob Coble a speedy recovery from his recent health challenges.
Be it further resolved that a copy of this resolution be provided to Bob Coble.
----XX----
This web page was last updated on April 30, 2015 at 3:41 PM | 2023-02-06T21:46:49 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.19667865335941315, "perplexity": 13411.883148644854}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500365.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20230206212647-20230207002647-00126.warc.gz"} |
https://www.usgs.gov/media/images/chance-exceedence-y-hazards-101 | # % CHANCE of EXCEEDENCE (Y)- Hazards 101
### Detailed Description
% CHANCE of EXCEEDENCE (Y) The percent (%) chance that a certain amount of mapped shaking distribution will occur over the time period being considered. Typically the values of 2%, 5% and 10% are used. Keep in mind that a 5% chance of exceedence means there is a 95% chance that the shaking will NOT exceed the value.
Public Domain. | 2023-03-29T16:56:30 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.894982099533081, "perplexity": 1534.3558757764251}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296949009.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20230329151629-20230329181629-00687.warc.gz"} |
https://control.com/textbook/closed-loop-control/different-pid-equations/ | # Different PID Equations
## Chapter 32 - Closed-loop Control Systems
For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID controllers: the parallel, ideal, and series. Some controllers offer the choice of more than one equation, while others implement just one. It should be noted that more variations of PID equation exist than these three, but that these are the three major variations.
### Parallel PID equation
The equation used to describe PID control so far in this chapter is the simplest form, sometimes called the parallel equation, because each action (P, I, and D) occurs in separate terms of the equation, with the combined effect being a simple sum:
$m = K_p e + {1 \over \tau_i} \int e \> dt + \tau_d {de \over dt} + b \hbox{\hskip 50pt Parallel PID equation}$
In the parallel equation, each action parameter ($$K_p$$, $$\tau_i$$, $$\tau_d$$) is independent of the others. At first, this may seem to be an advantage, for it means each adjustment made to the controller should only affect one aspect of its action. However, there are times when it is better to have the gain parameter affect all three control actions (P, I, and D)915.
We may show the independence of the three actions mathematically, by breaking the equation up into three different parts, each one describing its contribution to the output ($$\Delta m$$):
$\Delta m = K_p \Delta e \hskip 30pt \hbox{Proportional action}$
$\Delta m = {1 \over \tau_i} \int e \> dt \hskip 30pt \hbox{Integral action}$
$\Delta m = \tau_d {de \over dt} \hskip 30pt \hbox{Derivative action}$
As you can see, the three portions of this PID equation are completely separate, with each tuning parameter ($$K_p$$, $$\tau_i$$, and $$\tau_d$$) acting independently within its own term of the equation.
### Ideal PID equation
An alternate version of the PID equation designed such that the gain ($$K_p$$) affects all three actions is called the Ideal or ISA equation:
$m = K_p \left( e + {1 \over \tau_i} \int e \> dt + \tau_d {de \over dt} \right) + b \hbox{\hskip 50pt Ideal or ISA PID equation}$
Here, the gain constant ($$K_p$$) is distributed to all terms within the parentheses, equally affecting all three control actions. Increasing $$K_p$$ in this style of PID controller makes the P, the I, and the D actions equally more aggressive.
We may show this mathematically, by breaking the “ideal” equation up into three different parts, each one describing its contribution to the output ($$\Delta m$$):
$\Delta m = K_p \Delta e \hskip 30pt \hbox{Proportional action}$
$\Delta m = {K_p \over \tau_i} \int e \> dt \hskip 30pt \hbox{Integral action}$
$\Delta m = K_p \tau_d {de \over dt} \hskip 30pt \hbox{Derivative action}$
As you can see, all three portions of this PID equation are influenced by the gain ($$K_p$$) owing to algebraic distribution, but the integral and derivative tuning parameters ($$\tau_i$$ and $$\tau_d$$) act independently within their own terms of the equation.
### Series PID equation
A third version, with origins in the peculiarities of pneumatic controller mechanisms and analog electronic circuits, is called the Series or Interacting equation:
$m = K_p \left[ \left({\tau_d \over \tau_i} + 1 \right) e + {1 \over \tau_i} \int e \> dt + \tau_d {de \over dt} \right] + b \hbox{\hskip 25pt Series or Interacting PID equation}$
Here, the gain constant ($$K_p$$) affects all three actions (P, I, and D) just as with the “ideal” equation. The difference, though, is the fact that both the integral and derivative constants have an effect on proportional action as well! That is to say, adjusting either $$\tau_i$$ or $$\tau_d$$ does not merely adjust those actions, but also influences the aggressiveness of proportional action916.
We may show this mathematically, by breaking the “series” equation up into three different parts, each one describing its contribution to the output ($$\Delta m$$):
$\Delta m = K_p \left({\tau_d \over \tau_i} + 1\right) \Delta e \hskip 30pt \hbox{Proportional action}$
$\Delta m = {K_p \over \tau_i} \int e \> dt \hskip 30pt \hbox{Integral action}$
$\Delta m = K_p \tau_d {de \over dt} \hskip 30pt \hbox{Derivative action}$
As you can see, all three portions of this PID equation are influenced by the gain ($$K_p$$) owing to algebraic distribution. However, the proportional term is also affected by the values of the integral and derivative tuning parameters ($$\tau_i$$ and $$\tau_d$$). Therefore, adjusting $$\tau_i$$ affects both the I and P actions, adjusting $$\tau_d$$ affects both the D and P actions, and adjusting $$K_p$$ affects all three actions.
This “interacting” equation is an artifact of certain pneumatic and electronic controller designs. Back when these were the dominant technologies, and PID controllers were modularly designed such that integral and derivative actions were separate hardware modules included in a controller at additional cost beyond proportional-only action, the easiest way to implement the integral and derivative actions was in a way that just happened to have an interactive effect on controller gain. In other words, this odd equation form was a sort of compromise made for the purpose of simplifying the physical design of the controller.
Interestingly enough, many digital PID controllers are programmed to implement the “interacting” PID equation even though it is no longer an artifact of controller hardware. The rationale for this programming is to have the digital controller behave identically to the legacy analog electronic or pneumatic controller it is replacing. This way, the proven tuning parameters of the old controller may be plugged into the new digital controller, yielding the same results. In essence, this is a form of “backward compatibility” between digital PID control and analog (electronic or pneumatic) PID control.
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Published under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License | 2020-10-29T23:11:18 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.678805947303772, "perplexity": 925.9762282877482}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107905965.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20201029214439-20201030004439-00002.warc.gz"} |
http://libreria.sourceforge.net/freeculture.html | Downloads | Project News | Project Page | Screen Shots | Demo Library | Docs | Background | Philosophy | Contact
freeculture.tar.bz2
This is the collection of scripts and images and CSS themes that generate an HTML version of Lawrence Lessig's Free Culture. This version of Free Culture is themeable (and, indeed, already has been themed, if such a thing can be said) and very PDA friendly.
Usage:
1. Unpack the archive:
• In Linux/Unix/MacOS:
• Type:
sh> tar -zxvf freeculture.tar.bz2
• In Windows:
• Use WinZip
2. Invoke the script:
• In Linux/Unix/MacOS:
• Type: sh> cd freeculture sh> perl make-freeculture.pl
• In Windows:
• Use the terminal:
• Type:
1. C:\> cd wherever\you\put\it\
2. wherever\> cd freeculture
3. freeculture\> perl make-freeculture.pl
### OR
• Use the Run Dialog:
• perl C:/wherever/freeculture/make-freeculture.pl
Note: Windows users will need to install Perl if they have not already done it. Perl is installed by default on real OSes.
libreria-sums.txt
Archive Contents:
• Perl Scripts:
• make-freeculture.pl:
• This is the main script. It separates the chapters and sections of the book and formats the book in nice HTML.
• strip-freeculture.pl:
• This runs before the rest of the book processing and strips the text file of certain regularly occurring anomolies.
• notes-parser.pl:
• This parses and formats the file notes.txt into HTML.
• This script adds hyperlinks to words or phrases in the notes.html file.
• Text Files:
• freeculture-contents.txt:
• The file from which freeculture-contents.html was created. The latter was created by hand and does not need to be edited again.
• freeculture-notes.txt:
• The file that notes-parser.pl uses to generate notes.html. If you want to edit the notes at all, this is the file to edit.
• This file contains words or phrases to be linked in notes.html and URLs corresponding to those items. Any words or phrases in this file will be italicized in the notes file.
• This is a list of people's names and not to be italicized titles.
• freeculture-new.txt:
• The text file from which this version of the book was originally created. This version is unedited (mostly) and is not used by the script. If you want to modify the text, freeculture-new-edit.txt is the file to use.
• freeculture-new-edit.txt:
• This is the version of the text of Free Culture that has been edited for better parsing. Certain things which are difficult to parse have been removed, and simplified tags for images and HTML for tables have been added.
• freeculture-stripped.txt:
• This is the version produced by strip-freeculture.pl. If you are going to edit the text, freeculture-new-edit.txt is the one to use as this file will be overwritten when make-freeculture.pl is executed.
• HTML Files:
• freeculture-contents.html:
• This file was created by hand from freeculture-contents.txt. Edit at will.
• This is the header file which will be copied to all web pages generated by make-freeculture.pl. Edit this for global header changes.
• footer.html:
• This is the footer file which will be copied to all web pages generated by make-freeculture.pl. Edit this for global footer changes.
• notes.html:
• This file is generated by notes-parser.pl from freeculture-notes.txt. If you want to change the notes (except for changing the links), change the text file.
• This file is generated by notes-linker.pl. If you want to change the notes, edit freeculture-notes.txt. If you want to change the links, edit links.txt (for italicized titles) or links-names.txt (for non-italicized titles and names).
• Text Files in images-freeculture:
• These files all correspond to the images with the same names. They are automagically included if, and only if, they exist as a caption below the small image of the same name in the text. Edit or add these files to create captions for images in the text.
• themes/*.css:
• These are a bunch of random themes I made to test the script. They can obviously be changed. Make sure to add them to the header and footer files, though.
libreria-sums.txt
This site was generated with a derivative of the LIBREria script. It was last updated on 2007:07:18. This website and all works within it (except for the scripts themselves) are licensed under aCreative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 License. | 2017-07-20T18:31:26 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.4620664119720459, "perplexity": 3718.769959003518}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549423320.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20170720181829-20170720201829-00006.warc.gz"} |
http://pdglive.lbl.gov/DataBlock.action?node=S008M&home=sumtabM | # ${{\boldsymbol \pi}^{\pm}}$ MASS INSPIRE search
The most accurate charged pion mass measurements are based upon x-ray wavelength measurements for transitions in ${{\mathit \pi}^{-}}$-mesonic atoms. The observed line is the blend of three components, corresponding to different K-shell occupancies. JECKELMANN 1994 revisits the occupancy question, with the conclusion that two sets of occupancy ratios, resulting in two different pion masses (Solutions A and B), are equally probable. We choose the higher Solution$~$B since only this solution is consistent with a positive mass-squared for the muon neutrino, given the precise muon momentum measurements now available (DAUM 1991 , ASSAMAGAN 1994 , and ASSAMAGAN 1996 ) for the decay of pions at rest. Earlier mass determinations with pi-mesonic atoms may have used incorrect K-shell screening corrections.
Measurements with an error of $>0.005$ MeV have been omitted from this Listing.
VALUE (MeV) DOCUMENT ID TECN CHG COMMENT
$\bf{ 139.57061 \pm0.00024}$ OUR FIT Error includes scale factor of 1.6.
$\bf{ 139.57061 \pm0.00023}$ OUR AVERAGE Error includes scale factor of 1.5.
$139.57077$ $\pm0.00018$ 1
2016
CNTR X-ray transitions in pionic N2
$139.57071$ $\pm0.00053$ 2
1998
CNTR - pionic -atoms gas target
$139.56995$ $\pm0.00035$ 3
1994
CNTR - ${{\mathit \pi}^{-}}$ atom, Soln.$~$B
• • • We do not use the following data for averages, fits, limits, etc. • • •
$139.57022$ $\pm0.00014$ 4
1996
SPEC + ${{\mathit \pi}^{+}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \mu}^{+}}{{\mathit \nu}_{{\mu}}}$
$139.56782$ $\pm0.00037$ 5
1994
CNTR - ${{\mathit \pi}^{-}}$ atom, Soln.$~$A
$139.56996$ $\pm0.00067$ 6
1991
SPEC + ${{\mathit \pi}^{+}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \mu}^{+}}{{\mathit \nu}}$
$139.56752$ $\pm0.00037$ 7
1986 B
CNTR - Mesonic atoms
$139.5704$ $\pm0.0011$ 6
1984
SPEC + See DAUM 1991
$139.5664$ $\pm0.0009$ 8
1980
CNTR - Mesonic atoms
$139.5686$ $\pm0.0020$
1976
CNTR - Mesonic atoms
$139.5660$ $\pm0.0024$ 8, 9
1976
CNTR - Mesonic atoms
1 TRASSINELLI 2016 use the muonic oxygen line for online energy calibration of the pionic line.
2 LENZ 1998 result does not suffer K-electron configuration uncertainties as does JECKELMANN 1994 .
3 JECKELMANN 1994 Solution B (dominant 2-electron K-shell occupancy), chosen for consistency with positive ${{\mathit m}^{2}}_{{{\mathit \nu}_{{\mu}}}}$.
4 ASSAMAGAN 1996 measures the ${{\mathit \mu}^{+}}$ momentum ${{\mathit p}_{{\mu}}}$ in ${{\mathit \pi}^{+}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \mu}^{+}}{{\mathit \nu}_{{\mu}}}$ decay at rest to be $29.79200$ $\pm0.00011$ MeV/$\mathit c$. Combined with the ${{\mathit \mu}^{+}}$ mass and the assumption ${\mathit m}_{{{\mathit \nu}_{{\mu}}}}$ = 0, this gives the ${{\mathit \pi}^{+}}$ mass above; if ${\mathit m}_{{{\mathit \nu}_{{\mu}}}}>~$0, ${\mathit m}_{{{\mathit \pi}^{+}}}$ given above is a lower limit. Combined instead with ${\mathit m}_{{{\mathit \mu}}}$ and (assuming $\mathit CPT$) the ${{\mathit \pi}^{-}}$ mass of JECKELMANN 1994 , $\mathit p_{{{\mathit \mu}}}$ gives an upper limit on ${\mathit m}_{{{\mathit \nu}_{{\mu}}}}$ (see the ${{\mathit \nu}_{{\mu}}}$).
5 JECKELMANN 1994 Solution A (small 2-electron K-shell occupancy) in combination with either the DAUM 1991 or ASSAMAGAN 1994 pion decay muon momentum measurement yields a significantly negative ${{\mathit m}^{2}}_{{{\mathit \nu}_{{\mu}}}}$. It is accordingly not used in our fits.
6 The DAUM 1991 value includes the ABELA 1984 result. The value is based on a measurement of the ${{\mathit \mu}^{+}}$ momentum for ${{\mathit \pi}^{+}}$ decay at rest, ${{\mathit p}_{{\mu}}}$ = $29.79179$ $\pm0.00053$ MeV, uses ${\mathit m}_{{{\mathit \mu}}}$ = $105.658389$ $\pm0.000034$ MeV, and assumes that ${\mathit m}_{{{\mathit \nu}_{{\mu}}}}$ = 0. The last assumption means that in fact the value is a lower limit.
7 JECKELMANN 1986B gives ${\mathit m}_{{{\mathit \pi}}}/{\mathit m}_{{{\mathit e}}}$ = 273.12677(71). We use ${\mathit m}_{{{\mathit e}}}$ = 0.51099906(15) MeV from COHEN 1987 . The authors note that two solutions for the probability distribution of K-shell occupancy fit equally well, and use other data to choose the lower of the two possible ${{\mathit \pi}^{\pm}}$ masses.
8 These values are scaled with a new wavelength-energy conversion factor $\mathit V\lambda$ = $1.23984244(37){\times }10^{-6}$ eV m from COHEN 1987 . The LU 1980 screening correction relies upon a theoretical calculation of inner-shell refilling rates.
9 This MARUSHENKO 1976 value used at the authors' request to use the accepted set of calibration ${{\mathit \gamma}}$ energies. Error increased from 0.0017 MeV to include QED calculation error of 0.0017 MeV (12 ppm).
${{\mathit \pi}^{\pm}}$ mass (MeV)
References:
TRASSINELLI 2016
PL B759 583 Measurement of the Charged Pion Mass using X-ray Spectroscopy of Exotic Atoms
LENZ 1998
PL B416 50 A New Determination of the Mass of the Charged Pion
ASSAMAGAN 1996
PR D53 6065 Upper Limit of the ${{\mathit \nu}_{{\mu}}}$ Mass and Charged Pion Mass from Momentum Analysis of a Surface Muon Beam
JECKELMANN 1994
PL B335 326 The Mass of the Negative Pion
DAUM 1991
PL B265 425 New Precision Measurement of the Muon Momentum in Pion Decay at Rest
JECKELMANN 1986B
NP A457 709 New Precision Determination of the ${{\mathit \pi}^{-}}$ Mass from Pionic X Rays
ABELA 1984
PL 146B 431 Precision Measurement of the Muon Momentum in Pion Decay at Rest
LU 1980
PRL 45 1066 New High Accuracy Measurement of the Pionic Mass
CARTER 1976
PRL 37 1380 A New Determination of the ${{\mathit \pi}^{-}}$ Mass from Pionic Atom Transition Energies
MARUSHENKO 1976
JETPL 23 72 New Measurement of ${{\mathit \pi}^{-}}$ Mass | 2020-02-27T06:26:39 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8288854360580444, "perplexity": 4492.020712543483}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875146647.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20200227033058-20200227063058-00393.warc.gz"} |
https://hackingmaterials.lbl.gov/amset/inputs/ | # Calculation Inputs¶
## Structural relaxation¶
In order to obtain accurate results, the crystal structure should first be relaxed using "tight" calculation settings including high force and energy convergence criteria. Note, that this can often be expensive for very large structures.
VASP settings for tight convergence
ADDGRID = True
EDIFF = 1E-8
EDIFFG = -5E-4
PREC = Accurate
NSW = 100
ISIF = 3
NELMIN = 5
## Dense uniform band structure and wave function coefficients¶
AMSET should be run on a vasprun.xml file from a "dense" uniform band structure calculation. Typically a k-point mesh density at least twice that needed to converge the total energy will be necessary to converge transport properties. Note this refers to the initial DFT mesh before Fourier interpolation. In order to obtain accurate band gaps often a hybrid DFT functional such as HSE06 is required.
Wave function coefficients are required to calculate wave function overlaps. This requires the WAVECAR file to be written by VASP (achieved by setting LWAVE = True). Wave function coefficients can then be extracted using the amset wave command. Coefficients are stored in the wavefunction.h5 file.
VASP settings for uniform calculations
ADDGRID = True
EDIFF = 1E-8
PREC = Accurate
NSW = 1
LWAVE = True
## Elastic constants¶
Elastic constants can be calculated using finite differences in VASP. It is very important to first relax the structure using tight convergence settings, as described in the structural relaxation section. Details on the finite difference approach in VASP can be found on the IBRION documentation page.
VASP settings for elastic constants
ADDGRID = True
EDIFF = 1E-8
PREC = Accurate
NSW = 1
IBRION = 6
ISIF = 3
## Deformation potentials¶
The absolute deformation potential describes the change in energy of the bands with change in volume and is calculated as $\mathbf{D}_{n\mathbf{k}} = \delta \varepsilon_{n\mathbf{k}} / \delta S_{\alpha\beta}$ where $\mathbf{S}$ is the uniform stress tensor. The deformation potential should be averaged over contraction (–0.5 %) and expansion (+0.5 %) of the lattice and calculated separately for each component of the strain tensor. To account for shifts in the average electrostatic potential between deformed cells, the eigenvalues are aligned to the average energy level of the core states.
AMSET includes a tool to assist with the calculation of the deformation potentials. The initial input is a "tight" optimised structure as described in the structural relaxation section. Deformed structures are generated using the amset deform create command, which will generate a list of POSCARs each corresponding to a component of the strain tensor. Note that symmetry is automatically used to reduce the number of calculations needed. A single point calculation (no relaxation, i.e., NSW = 0) should be performed for each deformed POSCAR as well as the undeformed structure.
VASP settings for deformation calculations
ADDGRID = True
EDIFF = 1E-8
PREC = Accurate
NSW = 1
ICORELEVEL = 1 # needed to write the core levels to OUTCAR
The deformation potentials can be calculated using the amset deform read command. This requires the paths to the undeformed and deformation calculations as inputs. The undeformed folder should be specified first, followed by the deformation folders. For example,
amset deform read undeformed def-1 def-2 def-3
This will write the deformations potentials to a deformation.h5 file in the current directory. You can specify to use this file when calculating scattering rates by setting the deformation_potential option to "deformation.h5". See the settings page for more details.
## Dielectric constants, piezoelectric constants and polar-phonon frequency¶
Static and high-frequency dielectric constants, piezoelectric constants, and the "effective polar phonon frequency" can be obtained using density functional perturbation theory (DFPT). It is very important to first relax the structure using tight convergence settings, as described in the structural relaxation section. Details on DFPT in VASP can be found on the IBRION and LEPSILON documentation pages.
VASP settings for dielectric constants and phonon frequency
ADDGRID = True
EDIFF = 1E-8
PREC = Accurate
NSW = 1
IBRION = 8
LEPSILON = True
Note, DFPT cannot be used with hybrid exchange-correlation functionals. In these cases the LCALCEPS flag should be used in combination with IBRION = 6.
The dielectric constants and polar phonon frequency can be extracted from the VASP outputs using the command:
amset phonon-frequency
The command should be run in a folder containing the vasprun.xml file output from the DFPT calculation.
The effective phonon frequency is determined from the phonon frequencies $\omega_{\mathbf{q}\nu}$ (where $\nu$ is a phonon branch and $\mathbf{q}$ is a phonon wave vector) and eigenvectors $\mathbf{e}_{\kappa\nu}(\mathbf{q})$ (where $\kappa$ is an atom in the unit cell). In order to capture scattering from the full phonon band structure in a single phonon frequency, each phonon mode is weighted by the dipole moment it produces according to
$w_{\nu} = \sum_\kappa \left [ \frac{1}{M_\kappa \omega_{\mathbf{q}\nu}} \right]^{1/2} \times \left[ \mathbf{q} \cdot \mathbf{Z}_\kappa^* \cdot \mathbf{e}_{\kappa\nu}(\mathbf{q}) \right ]$
where $\mathbf{Z}_\kappa^*$ is the Born effective charge. This naturally suppresses the contributions from transverse-optical and acoustic modes in the same manner as the more general formalism for computing Frölich based electron-phonon coupling.
The weight is calculated only for $\Gamma$-point phonon frequencies and averaged over the full unit sphere to capture both the polar divergence at $\mathbf{q} \rightarrow 0$ and any anisotropy in the dipole moments. The effective phonon frequency is calculated as the weighted sum over all $\Gamma$-point phonon modes according to
$\omega_\mathrm{po} = \frac{\omega_{\Gamma\nu} w_{\nu}}{\sum_{\nu} w_\nu}.$ | 2022-09-25T13:24:30 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 13, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7838425636291504, "perplexity": 1880.3033528527324}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030334579.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20220925132046-20220925162046-00097.warc.gz"} |
http://dlmf.nist.gov/35.10 | # §35.10 Methods of Computation
For small values of $||\mathbf{T}||$ the zonal polynomial expansion given by (35.8.1) can be summed numerically. For large $||\mathbf{T}||$ the asymptotic approximations referred to in §35.7(iv) are available.
Other methods include numerical quadrature applied to double and multiple integral representations. See Yan (1992) for the $\mathop{{{}_{1}F_{1}}\/}\nolimits$ and $\mathop{{{}_{2}F_{1}}\/}\nolimits$ functions of matrix argument in the case $m=2$, and Bingham et al. (1992) for Monte Carlo simulation on $\mathbf{O}(m)$ applied to a generalization of the integral (35.5.8).
Koev and Edelman (2006) utilizes combinatorial identities for the zonal polynomials to develop computational algorithms for approximating the series expansion (35.8.1). These algorithms are extremely efficient, converge rapidly even for large values of $m$, and have complexity linear in $m$. | 2016-07-28T10:31:26 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 8, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9575071930885315, "perplexity": 560.2068296122359}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257828010.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071028-00263-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://docs.nersc.gov/filesystems/project/ | # Project filesystem¶
The project file system is a global file system available on all NERSC computational systems. It allows sharing of data between users, systems, and the "outside world".
## Usage¶
Every MPP repository has an associated project directory and unix group. Project directories are created in /project/projectdirs. All members of the project have access through their membership in the unix group.
Occasionally there are cases where the above model is too limiting. For example:
• large projects with multiple MPP repositories
• long-term projects which outlive specific MPP repositories
In these cases, a project directory administrator may request the creation of a "designer" project directory with a specific name. This will result in the creation of a new Unix group with that name, consisting solely of the project directory administrator, followed by the creation of the project directory itself. The project directory administrator must then use NIM to add users to the newly-created Unix group.
Info
If you are a PI or a PI Proxy, you can request a designer project directory in NIM.
1. Search for the MPP repository name you wish this designer project directory to be attached to.
2. Scroll to the bottom of the "Project Information" tab and you will see a link that says "Request a custom project directory".
## Quotas¶
space quota inode quota purge time backups
1 TB 1 M none snapshots
## Performance¶
The system has a peak aggregate bandwidth of 130 GB/sec bandwidth for streaming I/O.
## Snapshots¶
Project directories use a snapshot capability to provide users a seven-day history of their project directories. Every directory and sub-directory in a project directory contains a ".snapshots" entry.
• .snapshots is invisible to ls, ls -a, find and similar commands
• Contents are visible through ls -F .snapshots
• Can be browsed normally after cd .snapshots
• Files cannot be created, deleted or edited in snapshots
• Files can only be copied out of a snapshot
Project directories will remain in existence as long as the owning project is active. Projects typically "end" at the end of a NERSC Allocation Year. This happens when the PI chooses not to renew the project, or DOE chooses not to provide an allocation for a renewal request. In either case, the following steps will occur following the termination of the project:
1. -365 days - The start of the new Allocation Year and no Project renewal
The data in the project directory will remain available on the project file system until the start of the next Allocation Year. Archival process begins.
2. +0 days - The start of the following Allocation Year
Users notified that the affected project directory will be archived, and then removed from the file system in 90 days.
3. +30 days
The project directory will become read-only.
4. +60 days
The full pathname to the project directory will be modified. Automated scripts will likely fail.
5. +90 days
User access to the directory will be terminated. The directory will then be archived in HPSS, under ownership of the PI, and subsequently removed from the file system. | 2019-03-26T11:54:49 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.42636606097221375, "perplexity": 4776.553325834076}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912205163.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20190326115319-20190326141319-00084.warc.gz"} |
https://control.com/textbook/signal-characterization/analytical-measurements/ | # Analytical Measurements of Chemical Compositions
## Chapter 26 - Signal Characterization in Control Systems
A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those measurements are related to the concentration of ions (electrically charged molecules). Such measurements include:
• pH of an aqueous solution
• Oxygen concentration in air
• Ammonia concentration in air
The basic principle works like this: two different chemical samples are placed in close proximity to each other, separated only by an ion-selective membrane able to pass the ion of interest. As the ion activity attempts to reach equilibrium through the membrane, an electrical voltage is produced across that membrane. If we measure the voltage produced, we can infer the relative activity of the ions on either side of the membrane.
Not surprisingly, the function relating ion activity to the voltage generated is nonlinear. The standard equation describing the relationship between ionic activity on both sides of the membrane and the voltage produced is called the Nernst equation:
$V = {{R T} \over {nF}} \ln \left({a_1 \over a_2}\right)$
Where,
$$V$$ = Electrical voltage produced across membrane due to ion exchange (volts)
$$R$$ = Universal gas constant (8.315 J/mol$$\cdot$$K)
$$T$$ = Absolute temperature (Kelvin)
$$n$$ = Number of electrons transferred per ion exchanged (unitless)
$$F$$ = Faraday constant (96485 coulombs per mole)
$$a_1$$ = Activity of ion in measured sample
$$a_2$$ = Activity of ion in reference sample (on other side of membrane)
A practical application for this technology is in the measurement of oxygen concentration in the flue gas of a large industrial burner, such as what might be used to heat up water to generate steam. The measurement of oxygen concentration in the exhaust of a combustion heater (or boiler) is very important both for maximizing fuel efficiency and for minimizing pollution (specifically, the production of NO$$_{x}$$ molecules). Ideally, a burner’s exhaust gas will contain no oxygen, having consumed it all in the process of combustion with a perfect stoichiometric mix of fuel and air. In practice, the exhaust gas of an efficiently-controlled burner will be somewhere near 2%, as opposed to the normal 21% of ambient air.
One way to measure the oxygen content of hot exhaust is to use a high-temperature zirconium oxide detector. This detector is made of a “sandwich” of platinum electrodes on either side of a solid zirconium oxide electrolyte. One side of this electrochemical cell is exposed to the exhaust gas (process), while the other side is exposed to heated air which serves as a reference:
The electrical voltage generated by this “sandwich” of zirconium and platinum is sent to an electronic amplifier circuit, and then to a microcomputer which applies an inverse function to the measured voltage in order to arrive at an inferred measurement for oxygen concentration. This type of chemical analysis is called potentiometric, since it measures (“metric”) based on an electrical voltage (“potential”).
The Nernst equation is an interesting one to unravel, to solve for ion activity in the sample ($$a_1$$) given voltage ($$V$$):
$V = {{R T} \over {nF}} \ln \left({a_1 \over a_2}\right)$
$\hbox\textit{Multiplying both sides by } nF \hbox{:}$
$nFV = {R T} \ln \left({a_1 \over a_2}\right)$
$\hbox\textit{Dividing both sides by } RT \hbox{:}$
${nFV \over RT} = \ln \left({a_1 \over a_2}\right)$
$\hbox\textit{Applying the rule that the difference of logs is equal to the log of the quotient:}$
${nFV \over RT} = \ln a_1 - \ln a_2$
$\hbox\textit{Adding } \ln a_2 \hbox{ to both sides:}$
${nFV \over RT} + \ln a_2 = \ln a_1$
$\hbox\textit{Making both sides of the equation a power of } e \hbox{:}$
$e^{{nFV \over RT} + \ln a_2} = e^{\ln a_1}$
$\hbox\textit{Canceling the natural log and exponential functions on the right-hand side:}$
$e^{{nFV \over RT} + \ln a_2} = a_1$
In most cases, the ionic activity of $$a_2$$ will be relatively constant, and so $$\ln a_2$$ will be relatively constant as well. With this in mind, we may simplify the equation further, using $$k$$ as our constant value:
$\hbox\textit{Substituting } k \hbox{ for } \ln a_2 \hbox{:}$
$e^{{nFV \over RT} + k} = a_1$
$\hbox\textit{Applying the rule that the sum of exponents is the product of powers:}$
$e^k e^{nFV \over RT} = a_1$
$\hbox{If } k \hbox{ is constant, then } e^k \hbox{ will be constant as well (calling the new constant } C \hbox{):}$
$C e^{nFV \over RT} = a_1$
Analytical instruments based on potentiometry must evaluate this inverse function to “undo” the Nernst equation to arrive at an inferred measurement of ion activity in the sample given the small voltage produced by the sensing membrane. These instruments typically have temperature sensors as well built in to the sensing membrane assembly, since it is apparent that temperature ($$T$$) also plays a role in the generation of this voltage. Once again, this mathematical function is typically evaluated in a microprocessor.
• Share
Published under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License | 2019-12-11T03:22:13 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.5883054733276367, "perplexity": 1221.0169448300746}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540529745.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20191211021635-20191211045635-00236.warc.gz"} |
https://indico.fnal.gov/event/19348/contributions/186673/ | Indico search will be reestablished in the next version upgrade of the software: https://getindico.io/roadmap/
# Neutrino 2020
June 22, 2020 to July 2, 2020
US/Central timezone
## Neutrino masses and mixing angles in a model with six Higgs triplets and $A_4$ symmetry
Not scheduled
10m
Poster
### Speaker
Ms ITISHREE SETHI (IIT HYDERABAD, INDIA)
### Description
We have considered a model, where masses and a mixing pattern for neutrinos are governed by six Higgs triplets and $A_4$ symmetry. In this model we have applied a certain diagonalization procedure through which we have shown that neutrino masses can have both normal or inverted hierarchy. We have also shown that current neutrino oscillation data can be explained in this model. The arXiv number is 2003.09809v1.
### Mini-abstract
How neutrino masses and mixing can be governed by six Higgs triplets and $A_4$ symmetry
### Primary authors
Ms ITISHREE SETHI (IIT HYDERABAD, INDIA) Raghavendra Srikanth Hundi (Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad)
### Presentation Materials
neutrino-2020.mp4 neutrino2020.pdf | 2021-12-05T10:03:35 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.3707011044025421, "perplexity": 4910.155222940496}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363157.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20211205100135-20211205130135-00311.warc.gz"} |
https://alldimensions.fandom.com/wiki/User_blog:MinersHavenM43/Illegal_TREE_sequence | ## FANDOM
2,705 Pages
I think a lot of you bois know that TREE(3) is a very, very big number. But what about TREE(2.5)? Or TREE(π)? What about TREE(-3)? What about TREE(i) or TREE(3 + 9i)? I know you can't plant -2 + -4.9i seeds, but using the fast-growing hierarchy (TREE'S FGH is bigger than
$f_{\vartheta(\Omega^\omega\omega)}(n)$ ). What would happen with the number in the cases I listed?
Community content is available under CC-BY-SA unless otherwise noted. | 2019-11-13T13:27:11 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7083413004875183, "perplexity": 2645.0515502578746}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496667260.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20191113113242-20191113141242-00282.warc.gz"} |
https://indico.fnal.gov/event/53004/timetable/?view=standard_numbered_inline_minutes | NuFact 2022: The 23rd International Workshop on Neutrinos from Accelerators
US/Mountain
Ballroom Lobby (Cliff Lodge)
Ballroom Lobby
Cliff Lodge
Description
NuFact 2022 is the twentythird in the series of yearly international workshops which started in 1999. The main goal of the workshop is to review the progress of current and future facilities able to improve on measurements of the properties of neutral and charged lepton flavor violation, as well as searches for new phenomena beyond the capabilities of presently planned experiments.
The main goal of the workshop is to review the progress of current and future facilities able to improve on measurements of the properties of neutral and charged lepton flavor violation, as well as searches for new phenomena beyond the capabilities of presently planned experiments. The workshop is both interdisciplinary and interregional in that experimenters, theorists, and accelerator physicists from all over the world share expertise with the common goal of reviewing the results of currently operating experiments and designing the next generation of experiments. To allow for worldwide participation we plan to broadcast plenary sessions and make selected parallel sessions available. Plenary sessions will be mostly held in the mornings in Utah, which translates into convenient times for international participants from the Americans and Europe/Africa regions. NuFact will include some dedicated hybrid events with opportunities for remote participants to give presentations and to discuss with the in-person participants.
Before and during the conference we will also have several mini-workshops and panel discussions. We will have the following events: (1) Multi-messenger Tomography of Earth Workshop (MMTE 2022)[July 30-31, 2022], (2) ESSnuSB+ Workshop, (3) Early career scientist career development workshop, and a panel discussion on the Snowmass exercise.
We are planning a fully in-person event. Plenary and selected parallel sessions will be streamed for world-wide participation. NuFact will include some dedicated virtual events with opportunities for remote participants to give presentations.
The NuFact 2022 workshop program consists of plenary sessions, parallel sessions with seven Working Groups covering the following topics:
1. Neutrino Oscillation Physics (Working Group 1),
2. Neutrino Scattering Physics (Working Group 2),
3. Accelerator Physics (Working Group 3),
4. Muon Physics (Working Group 4), and
5. Neutrinos Beyond PMNS (Working Group 5)
6. Detectors (Working Group 6)
7. Inclusion, Diversity, Equity, Education & Outreach (Working Group 7)
• Saturday, July 30
• Workshop: Multi-messenger Tomography of Earth (MMTE 2022) Wasatch A/B
Wasatch A/B
• 1
Welcome
Welcome to the MMTE workshop and event logistics
Speaker: Carsten Rott (University of Utah)
• 2
Workshop Goals
Speaker: Sanjib Kumar Agarwalla (Institute of Physics, Bhubaneswar)
• 3
Atmospheric Neutrinos for Non-Specialists
The aim of this talk is to set the stage for the neutrino tomography workshop and to provide basic information about the properties of atmospheric neutrinos. I will present a pedagogical overview on atmospheric neutrinos, their history, and briefly review their current use in the study of neutrino oscillation.
Speaker: Edward Kearns (Boston University)
• 4
The Internal Structure of the Earth
For a century the earth's interior (core (liquid)-mantle-crust) has been recognized and since we have identified a solid inner core and now many new structures that are “anchored” on the core-mantle-boundary (CMB). Moreover, we have successfully imaged subducting oceanic plates penetrating the upper mantle and many entering the lower mantle (>660 km). Over the last two decades, geoneutrino flux measurements are quantifying earth's radiogenic power, giving us the first global determination of bulk composition. More recently the detection of atmospheric and cosmological neutrinos that have traversed the earth are offering a new opportunity to measure other attributes of the earth's interior, mainly its density structure and hydrogen content. The age, origin, nature, and dynamic evolution of these structures will be discussed.
Speaker: Bill McDonough
• 11:00 AM
Coffee
• 5
Imaging the Earth's Interior using Seismic Waves
Earthquakes, ocean waves, and human activity produce seismic waves that travel through the Earth, carrying with them information about variations in elastic properties and density. Since pioneering efforts in the late 1970s, global seismic tomography has revealed structures in our planet's deep interior at increasingly greater detail. Here, I present recent progress in determining Earth's elastic and density structure, and discuss key structures at various scales. Finally, I review challenges and limitations facing seismologists in their efforts to obtain more precise images of the interior.
Speaker: Vedran Lekic (University of Maryland, College Park)
• 6
Present status and future prospects of geoneutrinos towards Earth tomography
Speaker: Andrea Serafini (University of Ferrara & INFN)
• 1:00 PM
Lunch
• 7
The first neutrino absorption Earth tomography
Speaker: Andrea Donini
• 8
Measuring density of Earth’s core using high-energy neutrinos observed by IceCube
The world largest neutrino observatory IceCube, located at the South Pole, is collecting high-energy neutrino events for over 10 years, and has observed a diffuse cosmic neutrino flux since 2013. While the main aim is searching for extra-terrestrial neutrinos, the collected data contains a large sample of atmospheric neutrino interactions as background events. Using our understanding of the atmospheric neutrino flux and detector systematics of IceCube, these events can be utilised to probe for the density structure of the Earth’s interior. In this talk we discuss the analysis method and expected performance using the IceCube muon neutrino sample collected from 2010 to 2020.
Speaker: Kotoyo Hoshina (University of Wisconsin Madison)
• 3:40 PM
Coffee
• 9
Chemical composition and hydrogen content inside Earth
Hydrogen is a strongly siderophile (iron-loving) element under typical conditions of Earth’s core formation (40–50 GPa, ~3500 K); its metal/silicate partition coefficient D(H) (metal/silicate) = ~50 by weight (Tagawa et al., 2021 Nat. Commun.). Considering the amount of H2O in the mantle and oceans, such high D(H) (metal/silicate) suggests 0.3–0.6 wt% H in the core, which accounts for 30–60 % of the outer core density deficit and velocity excess compared to pure iron. The 0.3–0.6 wt% H in the outer core is compatible with seismological observations of its density and velocity; indeed, ab initio calculations showed these observations are explained with 1.0 wt% H as a single light element (Umemoto and Hirose, 2020 EPSL). The solid-Fe/liquid-alloy partition coefficient of hydrogen D(H) (solid-Fe/liquid) was recently determined to be 0.7 by weight in the Fe-Si-H system at 50 GPa (Hikosaka et al., 2022 SciRep). If it can be applied to inner core conditions (>330 GPa), the solid core may include 0.2–0.4 wt% H. It agrees with recent theoretical calculations of a possible range of the inner core composition that explains the observed density, compressional and shear velocities (Wang et al., 2021 EPSL). Note that the presence of carbon and/or hydrogen is important to explain the low shear/compressional velocity ratio characteristic of the inner core (He et al., 2022 Nature). In addition, Fe-FeH has recently been found to be an eutectic system (Tagawa et al., 2022 JGR), and the melting (liquidus) temperature of Fe-H alloys is low, in particular when 0.3–0.6 wt% H is included. It suggests low core temperatures, consistent with the fact that the base of the mantle is not globally molten. The 0.3–0.6 wt% H in the core is thus favored, but the present estimate depends largely on the mantle water abundance and the Earth’s accretion process. Neutrino observations will be very helpful if they provide additional constraints on hydrogen concentration in the deep interior.
Speaker: Kei Hirose (The University of Tokyo)
• 10
A coupled core-mantle evolution
I would give a brief review on the topic concerning the core-mantle co-evolution in terms of thermal and chemical evolution of Earth’s core constrained from the mantle dynamics of Earth. In this talk, several controversial aspects in current understandings of thermal and chemical evolution of the Earth’s core will be introduced: 1. The age of inner core (greatly uncertain in between ~1 Ga to 3 Ga) and potential energy source for geodynamo operating over 4 billion years, 2. Emergence of stably stratified region at the uppermost outer core and its origin (thermal or chemical) and 3. possibility on the radiogenic heat source in Earth’s core.
Speaker: Takashi Nakagawa
• 11
Oscillation tomography of the Earth with solar neutrinos and future experiments
We study in details the Earth matter effects on the boron neutrinos
from the Sun using recently developed 3D models of the Earth.
The models have a number of new features of the density profiles,
in particular, a substantial deviation from spherical symmetry.
In this connection, we further elaborate on relevant aspects
of oscillations ($\epsilon^2$ corrections, adiabaticity violation, entanglement, {\it etc.})
and the attenuation effect.
The night excesses of the $\nu e-$ and $\nu N-$ events and
the Day-Night asymmetries, $A_{ND}$, are presented in terms of the
matter potential and the generalized energy resolution functions.
The energy dependences of the cross-section and the flux improve the resolution,
and consequently, sensitivity to remote structures of the profiles.
The nadir angle ($\eta$) dependences of $A_{ND}$ are computed for future detectors DUNE,
THEIA, Hyper-Kamiokande, and MICA
at the South pole.
Perspectives of the oscillation tomography of the Earth
with the boron neutrinos are discussed. Next-generation detectors
will establish the integrated day-night asymmetry with high confidence level.
They can give some indications of the $\eta-$
dependence of the effect, but will discriminate among different models
at most at the $(1 - 2)\sigma$ level.
For high-level discrimination, the MICA-scale experiments are needed. MICA can
detect the ice-soil borders and perform unique tomography of Antarctica.
Speaker: Pouya Bakhti (JBNU)
• 5:35 PM
Discussion
• Sunday, July 31
• Workshop: Multi-messenger Tomography of Earth (MMTE 2022) Wasatch A/B
Wasatch A/B
• 12
Landscape of Neutrino Physics
In the last decade IceCube has opened a new window on the Universe using neutrinos as astronomical messengers. The instrument detects more than 100,000 neutrinos per year in the GeV to 10,000 TeV energy range. IceCube and similar detectors now under construction or at the concept stage, will perform neutrino physics with high statistics samples of atmospheric neutrinos and with the beam of high-energy neutrinos of cosmic origin that can be separated from atmospheric neutrinos at TeV energies and above. We will discuss the surprising observation that extragalactic cosmic ray accelerators dominate nearby Galactic sources with an energy flux that is comparable to that of high-energy photons. We will discuss the emergence of their sources after a decade of IceCube observations and in multimessenger campaigns. Importantly for this meeting, cosmic neutrinos provide us with a PeV-energy beam for neutrino physics.
• 13
Earth's matter effect in neutrino oscillation
Speaker: Sanjib Kumar Agarwalla (Institute of Physics, Bhubaneswar)
• 10:30 AM
Coffee
• 14
Current Understanding of the Earth's Core
The Earth's core may be divided into two main regions: a solid inner core; and a liquid outer core. At the base of the outer core is a seismologically anomalous layer, likely denser than the liquid above. There may also be a low-density layer at the top of the outer core. The solid inner core is divided into two regions: a seismically anisotropic inner zone, and an isotropic layer on top. Although mainly composed of Fe, the core also contains ~5% Ni and one or more light elements. Light element candidates include C,S,Si,O and H. Of these, O is almost certainly present; S or Si are plausible; and C and H are considered less likely. The core may also contain small amounts of noble gases. Radioactive K in the core could affect its cooling history, but current estimates suggest a core K concentration of ~30ppm - too small to have a significant effect.
Speaker: Francis Nimmo (UCSC)
• 15
Neutrino Tomography of the Earth: the Potential of ORCA Detector
Using PREM as a reference model for the
Earth density distribution we present results on
the sensitivity of ORCA detector to deviations of the Earth
i) outer core (OC) density, ii) inner core (IC) density,
iii) total core density, and iv) mantle density,
from their respective PREM densities.
The results are obtained in EPJ C82 (2022) 461
by studying the effects of the Earth matter
on the oscillations of atmospheric $\nu_{\mu}$, $\nu_e$, $\bar{\nu}_\mu$
and $\bar{\nu}_e$. We show that the ORCA sensitivity
to the OC, IC, core and mantle densities
depends strongly on the type of systematic uncertainties
used in the analysis, on the value of the atmospheric neutrino mixing
angle $\theta_{23}$, on whether the Earth mass constraint is implemented
or not, and on the way it is implemented,
and on the type - with normal ordering (NO) or
inverted ordering (IO) - of the light neutrino mass spectrum.
We show, in particular, that in the most favorable'' NO case of implemented Earth mass constraint,minimal'' systematic errors and $\sin^2\theta_{23}=0.58$,
ORCA can determine, e.g., the OC (mantle)
density at $3\sigma$ C.L. after 10 years of operation
with an uncertainty of (-18\%)/+15\% (of (-6\%)/+8\%). In the most disfavourable'' NO case ofconservative'' systematic errors
and, e.g., $sin^2\theta_{23} = 0.50$ and 0.58 the uncertainties read, respectively:
(-37)\%/+30\% and (-30\%)/+24\% ((-13\%)/+16\% and (-11\%/+14\%)).
We find also that the sensitivity
of ORCA to the OC, core and mantle densities
is significantly worse for IO neutrino mass spectrum.
Speaker: Serguey Petcov (SISSA/INFN, Trieste, Italy)
• 16
Current Understanding of Inner Core Structure and Open Questions
Seismic imaging of the structure of Earth’s inner core remains a challenging topic. The inner core occupies < 1% of Earth’s volume and the few seismic waves that do sample it can be significantly influenced by heterogeneities in the overlying crust and mantle. Furthermore, the seismic sources and receivers used in imaging the inner core are located at or near (< 700 km depth) Earth’s surface and are irregularly distributed—most seismometers are deployed on land and most earthquakes occur near tectonic plate boundaries. Here I review the current standard model of inner core structure and describe some of the outstanding questions such as topography on the inner core boundary, hemisphericity, the innermost inner core, and shear velocity in the inner core.
Speaker: Keith Koper (University of Utah)
• 17
Measuring the Earth's outer core composition using neutrino oscillations
Speaker: Joao Coelho (Tufts University)
• 12:40 PM
Lunch + Workshop Photo
• 18
An overview of the core-mantle boundary region from seismological studies
The core-mantle boundary (CMB) region is both a compositional and thermal boundary layer with the largest density contrast anywhere in the planet. As a result, the structures found within the lowermost mantle are as complex as those found on the Earth’s surface. In this presentation we review the major features that have been identified from seismological studies. We review features at (1) the largest (> 1000 km) scales as revealed through seismic tomography of body wave and normal modes (2) intermediate scales (~10’s to 1000 km) as revealed through waveform modeling, and (3) at the smallest scales (~10s of km) as revealed through stochastic studies. At the largest scales two Large Low Velocity Provinces (LLVPs) beneath Africa and the Pacific Ocean dominate the tomographic images. These two features are surrounded by high seismic wave velocity regions that are consistent with remains of the past ~200 million years of subduction. At the largest scales, D” discontinuity structure is consistently observed in the high velocity regions, but has also been observed within the LLVP’s at an apparently shallower depth. We discuss the nature of the LLVP’s, their possible origins, and the ongoing debate surrounding what they physically represent. At the intermediate scales, multiple features have been observed, including core rigidity zones (CRZs), ultra-high velocity zones (UHVZs), and ultra-low velocity zones (ULVZs). Of these features, the ULVZs have received the most attention and appear to occupy a significant portion of the CMB landscape, with as much as 20% of the CMB region containing ULVZs inferred. Here we review current ideas about what these features are, where they are located, and their importance for whole Earth dynamic processes. At the smallest scales, the CMB area contains regions that generate the largest amplitude scattered arrivals. We discuss the locations where this scattered energy originates and the potential origins of the scatterers.
Speaker: Dr Michael Thorne (University of Utah)
• 19
Unstable structure and dynamics in Earth’s deepest mantle
In Earth’s deepest mantle, there are two huge structures with anomalously lower seismic velocities, and perhaps different compositions, than their surroundings. One such structure is found beneath Africa and the other is beneath the Pacific Ocean. They are often called “Large Low Velocity Provinces”. These structures are footprints of Earth’s long-term evolution. By examining their morphology and physical-chemical properties, we can greatly improve our understanding of how the planet evolved in the past 4.5 billion years. Through an exhaustive analysis of previous seismic images of Earth’s mantle, we discovered that the African anomaly is about 1,000 km taller than the Pacific anomaly. By performing mantle convection simulations with high-performance computers, we find that the most significant control on the maximum height that a compositionally distinct structure can reach is its density. These results further suggests that the Africa anomaly is unstable because it is not dense enough, in which case it may have been rising up in recent geological time.
Speaker: Dr Mingming Li
• 20
Neutrino oscillation tomography of the Earth and core composition with large water cherenkov detector
The neutrino oscillation probability depends on the electron density of the media and next generation neutrino detector will have the capability to resolve the earth's electron density distribution with some accuracy.
If we combine the earth's matter density distribution and electron density distribution, then we can obtain the average chemical compositional distribution as Z/A ratio. Also if we assume some chemical composition model of the Earth, then we can obtain the matter density distribution of the Earth complimentaly. We will discuss about the possibility to measure the compositional distribution of the Earth using next generation large water cherenkov detector.
Speaker: Akimichi Taketa (Earthquake Research Institute, University of Tokyo)
• 3:15 PM
Coffee
• 21
Validating the Earth's Core using Atmospheric Neutrinos with ICAL at INO
The Iron Calorimeter (ICAL) detector at the proposed India-based Neutrino Observatory (INO) aims to detect atmospheric neutrinos and antineutrinos separately in the multi-GeV range of energies and over a wide range of baselines. By utilizing its charge identification capability, ICAL can efficiently distinguish $\mu^-$ and $\mu^+$ events. Atmospheric neutrinos passing long distances through Earth can be detected at ICAL with good resolution in energy and direction, which enables ICAL to see the density-dependent matter oscillations experienced by upward-going neutrinos in the multi-GeV range of energies. In this work, we explore the possibility of utilizing neutrino oscillations in the presence of matter to extract information about the internal structure of Earth complementary to seismic studies. Using good directional resolution, ICAL would be able to observe 331 $\mu^-$ and 146 $\mu^+$ core-passing events with 500 kt$\cdot$yr exposure. With this exposure, we show for the first time that the presence of Earth's core can be independently confirmed at ICAL with a median $\Delta \chi^2$ of 7.45 (4.83) assuming normal (inverted) mass ordering by ruling out the simple two-layered mantle-crust profile in theory while generating the prospective data with the PREM profile. We observe that in the absence of charge identification capability of ICAL, this sensitivity deteriorates significantly to 3.76 (1.59) for normal (inverted) mass ordering.
Speaker: Mr Anil Kumar (Insitute of Physics, Bhubaneswar. Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai)
• 22
Superionic H-bearing iron alloys in the Earth's inner core
Earth's core plays a fundamental role in the evolution and habitability of our planet. Understanding its composition is key to interpreting the history of Earth's accretion. The density model suggests that the Earth's core is predominantly composed of iron (or iron-nickel alloy) with several percent of light elements, such as Si, S, C, O, and H, but their abundances in the Earth's core remain highly debated.
Seismic observations may provide important constraints on the chemical compositions of Earth's core. It was revealed that Earth's inner core transmits shear waves at anomalously low velocity. Although considerable efforts have been devoted to understanding this phenomenon in the past two decades, there is no one solution model that can match all seismic observations and geochemical constraints. In this talk, I will introduce our recent findings on H-bearing alloys under inner-core conditions. The superionic state of the inner core can explain the observed density and velocities simultaneously. Our findings reveal that hydrogen is a fundamental light element in the Earth's core.
Speaker: Wenzhong Wang (University College London)
• 23
Observing the Earth’s Core with Neutrino Oscillations
Neutrinos change flavor as they travel, and this probability depends on the density of electrons in the material they are traveling through. So, we can use neutrinos produced in the atmosphere by cosmic rays to tell us about the density of electrons in the Earth. In this talk, I will present our simulations of this phenomenon that we did in determining the sensitivity of the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) to the size of the Earth’s core.
Speaker: Mrs Rebekah Pestes (Virginia Tech)
• 24
Neutrino Earth tomography in DUNE
This talk will show how the Earth's density profile can be measured in the DUNE experiment using atmospheric neutrinos. After crossing the Earth, neutrinos give us access to a rich oscillation phenomenology that strongly depends on the matter potential sourced by the Earth. By performing a detailed simulation of the event reconstruction capabilities of liquid argon time projection chambers, where we have included the particle identification and the nuclear effects, we find that DUNE can measure the Earth's total mass at 8.4% precision with an exposure of 400~kton~year. In this result, we also include the different uncertainties that affect the atmospheric neutrino flux. Considering an effective Earth model with 3 layers, we have explored the sensitivity to each layer by combining DUNE with external measurements of the total mass and the moment of inertial of the Earth. Our analysis indicates that the core, lower mantle, and upper mantle densities can be determined with 8.8%, 13%, and 22% precision for the same exposure.
Speaker: Ivan Martinez Soler (Harvard University)
• 5:25 PM
Discussion
• Workshop: ESSnuSB+ workshop Magpie A
Magpie A
Convener: Tamer Tolba (Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg)
• 25
Introduction to the Workshop
Speaker: Tamer Tolba (Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg)
• 26
Outcome of the ESSvSB design study 2018-2022
Speaker: Tord Ekelöf
• 27
Programme for the new design study ESSvSB+ 2023-2026
Speaker: Marcos Dracos (IPHC-IN2P3/CNRS)
• 28
Target station and pion extraction system
Speaker: Tamer Tolba (Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg)
• 3:15 PM
Coffee Break
• 29
A Low Energy nuSTORM facility at ESS
Speaker: Maja Olvegard
• 30
The Low Energy ENUBET-like Monitored Neutrino Beam
Speaker: Francesco Terranova (Univ. of Milano-Bicocca and INFN)
• 31
Detectors and physics performance of ESSvSB+
Speaker: George Fanourakis
• Monday, August 1
• 7:40 AM
Breakfast/Coffee Ballroom Lobby
Ballroom Lobby
Cliff Lodge
• Plenary: WG Introductions Ballroom 2&3
Ballroom 2&3
Convener: Pearl Sandick (University of Utah)
• 32
Intro to NuFact 2022
Speakers: Carsten Rott (University of Utah), Pearl Sandick (University of Utah), Yue Zhao (University of Utah)
• 33
WG1 Introduction
Speaker: Adam Aurisano (University of Cincinnati)
• 34
WG2 Introduction
Speaker: Tatsuya Kikawa
• 35
WG3 Introduction
Speaker: Katsuya Yonehara (Fermilab)
• 36
WG4 Introduction
Speaker: Yuri Oksuzian (Argonne)
• 37
WG5 Introduction
Speaker: Richard Ruiz (Institute of Nuclear Physics (IFJ) PAN)
• 38
WG6 Introduction
Speaker: Yasuhiro NISHIMURA (Keio University)
• 10:40 AM
Coffee Break Ballroom Lobby
Ballroom Lobby
Cliff Lodge
Coffee Break
• Plenary: Overviews & Neutrino Oscillations Ballroom 2&3
Ballroom 2&3
Convener: Carsten Rott (University of Utah)
• 39
Welcome by the Dean of the College of Science
Speaker: Peter Trapa
• 40
WG7 Introduction
• 41
Snowmass Status
Speaker: Tao Han (University of Pittsburgh)
• 12:20 PM
Lunch Break + Group Photo Cliff Conf Center Tent
Cliff Conf Center Tent
• Plenary: Neutrino Oscillations Ballroom Lobby
Ballroom Lobby
Cliff Lodge
Convener: Yue Zhao (University of Utah)
• 42
Status of IceCube
Speaker: Kayla Leonard (University of Wisconsin - Madison)
• 43
Status of T2K
Speaker: Laura Kormos (Lancaster University)
• 44
Status of NOvA
Speaker: Jeremy Wolcott (Tufts University)
• 3:20 PM
Coffee Break Ballroom Lobby
Ballroom Lobby
Cliff Lodge
• Plenary: Neutrino Oscillations & Beyond PMNS Ballroom Lobby
Ballroom Lobby
Cliff Lodge
Convener: Janusz Gluza (U. Silesia)
• 45
Status of DUNE
Speaker: Sowjanya Gollapinni (Los Alamos National Lab)
• 46
Status of Hyper-Kamiokande
Speaker: Michael Smy (UCI)
• 47
Status of JUNO
Speaker: Livia Ludhova
• 5:10 PM
Break Ballroom Lobby
Ballroom Lobby
Cliff Lodge
• Workshop: Snowmass Panel Discussion Ballroom Lobby
Ballroom Lobby
Cliff Lodge
• Reception & Poster Session Primrose
Primrose
• 48
A Measurement of Neutrino Induced Charged Current Neutral Pion Production in the MicroBooNE Experiment
MicroBooNE is a $85$ tonne active mass liquid argon time projection chamber on the Booster Neutrino Beam at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory. Studying neutral pion production in the MicroBooNE detector provides an opportunity to better understand neutrino-argon interactions, and is crucial for future accelerator-based neutrino oscillation experiments. This analysis presents the progress towards the first measurement of the differential cross section for $\pi^0$ production in neutrino-argon interactions. Using a dataset corresponding to about $7\times 10^{20}$ protons on target, we present an analysis which aims to measure
the single differential cross sections as a function of the pion and muon kinematic variables such as the momentum and the scattering angle.
Speaker: Meghna Bhattacharya
• 49
Construction of a new scintillation tracker in T2K experiment
In the T2K experiment, new detectors are going to be installed to the near detector.
Super-FGD is one of them and a tracker which consists of 2 millions plastic scintillator cubes.
60 thousands wave length shifting fibers will be inserted to the cubes to lead scintillation light and it will be detected by SiPMs.
I will report the procedure to construct and install this detector.
The first step of construction is to insert fibers to the cubes.
This work should be done quickly because we have the 60 thousands fibers.
Our concern about it is that inserted fibers can be damaged by distortion of array of cubes and we have to check the quality of fibers during inserting the fibers.
I will also talk about a dedicated system for the fiber quality check.
Speaker: Masaki Kawaue (Kyoto University)
• 50
Detectors of the Telescope Array Experiment
The Telescope Array (TA) experiment, located near Delta, Utah, USA, is the largest ultra-high energy cosmic ray (UHECR) observatory in the northern hemisphere. When a UHECR primary particle arrives at the Earth, it collides with the atmosphere and produces a cascade of secondary particles known as an extensive air shower (EAS). The Telescope Array is designed to observe the EAS using a hybrid of techniques: fluorescence detectors (FDs) and surface detectors (SDs). The FDs measure the nitrogen fluorescence light emitted when the secondary particles excite the gas of the atmosphere as they pass through it. They utilize telescopes consisting of large area mirrors and photo-multiplier tube cameras. Meanwhile, the SDs use two-layer plastic scintillators to sample the density of charged particles in the showers when it reaches the Earth’s surface. Using data from both the FDs and SDs, we explore the nature and origin of UHECRs by investigating the energy spectrum, mass composition, and arrival direction distribution. In this presentation, we describe the design and technical features as well as some of the measurements of the Telescope Array detectors.
Speaker: Jihyun Kim (The University of Utah)
• 51
Fabrication of a Cosmic Ray Veto System for the Mu2e Experiment
The Mu2e experiment at Fermilab will search for the charged-lepton flavor-violating process of a neutrino-less muon-to-electron decay in the presence of a nucleus. The experiment expects a single-event sensitivity of 2.9*10−17, which is four orders of magnitude below the current strongest limits on this process. This requires all backgrounds to sum to fewer than one event over the lifetime of the experiment. One major background is due to cosmic-ray muons producing electrons that fake a signal inside of the Mu2e apparatus. The Mu2e Cosmic Ray Veto (CRV) has been designed to veto these cosmic-ray backgrounds with an efficiency of 99.99 percent, while causing a low dead time and operating in a high-intensity environment. The design and fabrication status of the CRV are discussed.
Speaker: Craig Group (Virginia)
• 52
First light detection with an optical Time Projection Chamber
An optical Time Projection Chamber (TPC) is proposed for future neutrino experiments. Its excellent particle detection momentum threshold, together with cost-effective scale-up prospects, make the TPC a strong candidate for reducing systematic errors due to neutrino-nucleus interactions.
In order to produce a high number of photons, the TPC is equipped with a thick gaseous electron multiplier (ThGEM). Per each electron produced in the ThGEM holes, thousands of photons are created. Next, the electrons created in the ThGEM are extracted and drifted further towards a mesh. Here, by applying a high enough electric field to excite the Argon atoms, but low enough in order not to ionise them, electroluminescence (EL) photons are produced. The photons, normally in the UV range, are shifted to visible using a PEN wavelength shifter.
The firsts tests of the chamber were carried with a photo-multiplier tube. Several methods, including drift velocity, and trigger rate studies confirm that the TPC works as expected.
For a second phase of tests, voltage was placed on the EL mesh too, and a light yield increase was observed, as expected due to the electroluminescence effect. Surprisingly, a yield increase was observed even for small electric fields. This can not be explained through EL but it is rather an effect of the electrons being forced out of the ThGEM holes; the more towards the exterior the photons are produced, the less they get absorbed by the walls of the ThGEM.
For a third, and final study of the TPC, a 256 SiPM array has been set up.
Simulations show that by using two simple bi-convex lenses, hundreds of photons can be detected per cosmic-ray crossing the detector. Moreover, magnitudes of up to 12 can be obtained. In other words, if a particle leaves a track of 12cm in the real detector, the projected image on the SiPM array is only 1cm.
Currently, the SiPM array is in its first analysis phase, being very close to its first full track reconstruction. Thank you!
Speaker: Mr Robert Amarinei (University of Geneva)
• 53
Measurement of the Λ Baryon Production Cross Section in Neutrino Interactions with MicroBooNE
The MicroBooNE detector is a liquid argon time projection chamber (LArTPC) with an 85 ton active mass that receives flux from the Booster Neutrino and the Neutrinos from the Main Injector (NuMI) beams, providing excellent spatial resolution of the reconstructed final state particles. Since 2015 MicroBooNE has accumulated many neutrino and anti-neutrino scattering events with argon nuclei enabling searches for rare interaction channels.
The Cabibbo suppressed production of hyperons in anti-neutrino-nucleus interactions provides sensitivity to a range of effects, including second class currents, SU(3) symmetry violations and reinteractions between the hyperon and the nuclear remnant. This channel exclusively involves anti-neutrinos, offering an unambiguous constraint on wrong sign contamination. The effects of nucleon structure and final state interactions are distinct from those affecting the quasielastic channel and modify the Λ and Σ production cross sections in different ways, providing new information that could help to break their degeneracy. Few measurements of this channel have been made, primarily in older experiments such as Gargamelle [1,2].
We present the measurement of the cross section for direct (Cabibbo suppressed) Λ production in muon anti-neutrino interactions with argon nuclei in the MicroBooNE detector, using neutrinos from the off-axis NuMI beam. The event selection and treatment of systematic uncertainties will also be described.
[1] O. Erriquez et al., Nucl. Phys. B140, 123 (1978)
[2] O. Erriquez et al., Phys. Lett. B 70, 383 (1977)
Speaker: Christopher Thorpe (Lancaster University)
• 54
A High Rate Readout System for a High-Efficiency Cosmic Ray Veto for the Mu2e Experiment
The Mu2e Cosmic Ray Veto must veto cosmic-ray muons over a large area with an efficiency of 99.99% in the presence of high background rates. It consists of over 5000 scintillator extrusions with embedded wavelength-shifting fibers coupled to 2×2 mm2 silicon photomultipliers. A custom readout system consists of: (1) small circuit board, the Counter Mother Board, which provides a temperature sensor, flasher LEDs, and passive SiPM pulse shaping; (2) a Front End Board which digitizes, zero-suppresses, and stores signals from up to 64 Counter Mother Boards, provides bias to the SiPMs, pulses to the LEDs, and a measurement of the SiPM currents; and (3) a Readout Controller which collects data from the Front End Boards via Cat6 cables, which also deliver 48V power to the Front End Boards using power over ethernet. The Readout Controller serves as the interface between the Front End Boards and the DAQ. This poster provides an overview of this high rate readout system for the Mu2e Cosmic Ray Veto.
Speaker: Simon Corrodi
• 55
Front-end electronics for the Mu2e tracker
The Mu2e experiment uses a cylindrical straw tube tracker operated in vacuum to provide a high precision momentum measurement of 105 MeV/c electrons that are the signal of charged lepton flavor violating (CLFV) muon to electron conversion. The tracker is instrumented with custom front-end electronics based on PolarFire FPGAs that sit at the outer radius of the tracker. Each straw is read out at both ends, and precise firmware TDCs allow for time-division based reconstruction of the hit position along the wire. The data is read out over optical fibers by the TDAQ system. The design, testing, and performance of the tracker electronics will be presented.
Speaker: Richard Bonventre (Lawrence Berkeley National Lab)
• 56
Gain calibration using dark hits in off-time region of regular data at JSNS2 experiment
The JSNS2 experiment aims to search for the existence of sterile neutrino oscillations with deltam2 near 1eV2 at J-PARC MLF. A 1MW beam of 3 GeV protons incident on a spallation neutron target produces an intense neutrino beam from muon decay at rest. The experiment will search for muon antineutrino to electron antineutrino oscillations which can be detected by the inverse beta decay interaction followed by gammas from neutron capture on Gd. PMT in the detector is an essential device to find a signal in JSNS2 experiment. Currently, there are 120 PMTs in JSNS2 detector. But, since the performance of PMTs is not uniform, it is necessary to get the consistency of each PMTs. For that, we have calculated the PMT gains to have a calibration using a laser. However, the method can not monitor the gain in real-time. Thus, instead of that, the gain was monitored by using regular data in real-time. But, it is not sensitive to monitor due to multiple PE of the regular data. So, we developed an algorithm for the gain calibration method using dark hits in an off-time region of regular data.
Speaker: RyeongGyoon Park (Chonnam national university)
• 57
LDMX: The Light Dark Matter eXperiment
The constituents of dark matter are still unknown, and the viable possibilities span a very large mass range. The scenario where dark matter originates from thermal contact with familiar matter in the early Universe requires the DM mass to lie within about an MeV to 100 TeV. Considerable experimental attention has been given to exploring Weakly Interacting Massive Particles in the upper end of this range (few GeV – ~TeV), while the region ~MeV to ~GeV is largely unexplored. If there is an interaction between light DM and ordinary matter, as there must be in the case of a thermal origin, then there necessarily is a production mechanism in accelerator-based experiments. The Light Dark Matter eXperiment (LDMX) is a planned electron-beam fixed-target missing-momentum experiment that has unique sensitivity to light DM in the sub-GeV range. Relevant to NuFact, LDMX is capable of measuring inclusive and semi-exclusive lepton scattering that can be used to inform interaction modeling for neutrinos in a way that is complementary to other neutrino and electron scattering experiments. Relevant to the muon working group is a proposal for a muon beam version of LDMX that would probe the electron-phobic scenario. This contribution will give an overview of the theoretical motivation, the main experimental challenges and how they are addressed, the status of the LDMX experiment, as well as projected sensitivities in comparison to other experiments.
Speaker: Matthew Solt (University of Virginia)
• 58
Measurement of double-differential cross sections for mesonless charged-current neutrino scattering on argon with MicroBooNE
The MicroBooNE liquid argon time projection chamber (LArTPC) experiment is pursuing a broad range of neutrino physics measurements, including some of the first high-statistics results for neutrino-argon scattering cross sections. At the neutrino energies relevant for MicroBooNE and its companion experiments in the Fermilab Short-Baseline Neutrino program, the dominant event topology involves mesonless final states containing one or more protons. A complete description of these events requires modeling the contributions of quasielastic and two-particle two-hole neutrino interactions as well as more inelastic reaction modes in which final-state mesons are reabsorbed by the residual nucleus. Refinements to the current understanding of these processes, informed by new neutrino cross-section data, will enable a precise and reliable interpretation of future measurements of neutrino oscillations and searches for exotic physics processes involving neutrinos. This poster presents the first double-differential cross-section results from MicroBooNE for mesonless charged-current scattering of muon neutrinos on argon.
Speaker: Julia Book (Harvard University)
• Tuesday, August 2
• 8:00 AM
Breakfast/Coffee Ballroom Lobby
Ballroom Lobby
Cliff Lodge
• Plenary: Neutrino Scattering Ballroom 2&3
Ballroom 2&3
Convener: Adi Ashkenazi (Massachusetts Institute of Technology)
• 59
NuFact 2022 conference logistics
Proceedings, Conference Tours, ...
Speakers: Carsten Rott (University of Utah), Pearl Sandick (University of Utah), Yue Zhao (University of Utah)
• 60
Latest results from COHERENT
Speakers: Samuel Hedges (Duke University), Samuel Hedges (LLNL)
• 61
Latest from Models and Generators
Speakers: Noemi Rocco, Noemi Rocco (Argonne National Laboratory - Fermilab)
• 62
Potential Constraints to Neutrino - Nuclei interaction based on electron scattering data
Speaker: Vishvas Pandey (University of Florida)
• 11:05 AM
Coffee Break Ballroom Lobby
Ballroom Lobby
Cliff Lodge
• Plenary Ballroom 2&3
Ballroom 2&3
Convener: Richard Ruiz (Institute of Nuclear Physics (IFJ) PAN)
• 63
Status of ESSnuSB
Speaker: Marcos Dracos (IPHC-IN2P3/CNRS)
• 64
Latest results from JSNS2 and status of JSNS2-II
Speaker: Jungsic Park (High Energy Accelerator Research Organization)
• 12:30 PM
Lunch Cliff Conf Center Tent
Cliff Conf Center Tent
• Outreach: Research Undergrad (REU) Students - Lunch with a Scientist Cliff Conf Center Tent
Cliff Conf Center Tent
• Joint Session: Joint WG1-WG2: Constraining xsec systematics/Xsec tuning Ballroom 2
Ballroom 2
Convener: Jeremy Wolcott (Tufts University)
• 65
T2K improved neutrino-nucleus interaction model tuned to global data
In order to achieve the ambitious goal of characterising neutrino flavour oscillations with percent-level precision, it is critical for current and future long-baseline neutrino oscillation experiments to substantially reduce existing systematic uncertainties. The most challenging of such systematic uncertainties is related with the modelling few-GeV neutrino-nucleus interactions.
To improve our understanding, the T2K collaboration is engaged in a continuous effort to implement up-to-date theoretical models in T2K’s Monte Carlo event generator (NEUT) and to define a suitable parametrisation of the model’s uncertainties as an input for neutrino oscillation analyses. The new uncertainty model, developed for the latest T2K oscillation measurement, will be presented, as well as a comparison of the model to available global lepton- and hadron-scattering data. Among other improvements, the latest model includes: a parametrisation offering substantial freedom to the input Spectral Function for charged-current quasi-elastic (CCQE) interactions; a momentum transfer dependent correction to the nuclear removal energy for CCQE interactions based on inclusive electron scattering data; and an updated treatment of nuclear medium effects in resonant pion production interactions.
Speaker: Stephen Dolan (CERN)
• 66
Cross-section tuning from a NOvA perspective
Knowledge of neutrino interaction cross-sections are critical for accurately carrying out neutrino oscillation measurements. However, current models do not fully agree with data, requiring every experimental collaboration to choose the best available models, adjust them as appropriate, and assign sufficient systematic uncertainties before any oscillation analysis can take place. This talk highlights how the NOvA collaboration has dealt with this issue.
Speaker: Kirk Bays (IIT)
• 67
Structure Functions and Tau Neutrino Cross-Section at DUNE Far Detector
The high statistics and excellent resolution capabilities of DUNE's $^{40}$Ar detector will allow us to make precise studies about phenomena that have, until now, seemed too complex to measure, like tau neutrinos $(\nu_{\tau})$ detection and therefore, provide a completion of the 3-flavor neutrino paradigm. Quasi-elastic scattering (QE), $\Delta$ resonance production (RES), and deep inelastic scattering (DIS) processes are known to give dominant contributions in the medium and high neutrino energy to the total cross-section of $\nu_{\tau}$(N) and $\bar{\nu}_{\tau}$(N) cross-sections. These cross-sections have large systematic uncertainties compared to the ones for $\nu_{\mu}$ and $\nu_{e}$. Studies point out that the reason for these difference is due to the model dependence of the $\nu_{\tau}$(N) cross-sections in treating the nuclear medium effects described by the nucleon structure functions, $F_{1N,...,3N}(x, Q^{2})$ for $\nu_{\mu}$ and $\nu_{e}$. These nucleon structure functions are used to calculate DIS cross-section by including kinematical corrections, but due to the addition of the $\tau$-lepton mass another two additional nucleon structure functions become non-negligible, $F_{4N}(x, Q^{2})$ and $F_{5N}(x, Q^{2})$. There is a special interest in the DIS processes originated by charged leptons and (anti)neutrinos on nucleons and nuclear targets as they play an instrumental role in the quark-parton structure of the free nucleons and nucleons when they are bound in a nucleus. This talk will show the semi-theoretical and experimental approach to the estimation of the $\nu_{\tau}$(N) and $\bar{\nu}_{\tau}$(N) cross-sections in DUNE for the DIS region. We aim to look over changes in Q$^{2}$, and the contributions of the additional nucleon structure functions $F_{4N}(x, Q^{2})$ and $F_{5N}(x, Q^{2})$.
Speaker: Barbara Yaeggy (University of Cincinnati)
• 68
Current Need for Simulation Tuning Based on New Experimental Results in nu-A Scattering
Simulation plays a critical role in neutrino experiments. But for a variety of reasons no simulation is perfect, and experiments must confront discrepancies between simulated predictions and their own measurements and observations. This inevitably leads to the need to tune the simulation in order to obtain robust and reasonable systematic uncertainties in analyses. In this talk I give an overview of the challenges that both simulation developers and experiments face, and the mechanisms employed by various collaborations to deal with this challenge using new experimental results in neutrino-nucleus scattering as examples.
Speaker: Jonathan Paley (Fermilab)
• WG3: Accelerator Physics: Parallel Wasatch A
Wasatch A
• 69
ESS linac overall status and normal-conducting linac commissioning
The European Spallation Source (ESS), currently under construction in Lund, Sweden, will be the brightest spallation neutron source in the world, when its driving superconducting proton linac achieves the design power of 5 MW at 2 GeV. Such a high power linac requires production, efficient acceleration, and almost no-loss transport of a high current beam (62.5 mA), thus making its design and beam commissioning challenging. Beam commissioning for the normal-conducting part of the linac is ongoing in stages. In 2022, the beam was accelerated up to the first tank of the five-tank drift-tube linac. This presentation provides a brief summary of the ESS linac project and presents highlights from ongoing beam commissioning.
Speaker: Dr Ryoichi Miyamoto (ESS)
• 70
An Upgrade Path for the Fermilab Accelerator Complex
The PIP-II and DUNE/LBNF projects will constitute a 1.2 MW long-baseline neutrino facility at Fermilab. The DUNE/LBNF Phase II calls for a 2.4 MW proton power upgrade, and this talk will outline one compelling path towards achieving that benchmark and also provides a robust experimental program at other energies. The proposed facility include a CW-capable 2GeV linac, a 2 GeV 0.5-2 MW pulsed proton ring, a 0.75-1 MW 8 GeV pulsed program, and a path to a 4 MW upgrade of DUNE/LBNF. Opportunities for neutrino and muon programs will be highlighted.
Speaker: Jeffrey Eldred (Fermilab)
• 71
First result of the high repetition operation in J-PARC MR
The main ring synchrotron (MR) of Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex (J-PARC) has provided world-leading-intensity protons for the long-baseline neutrino oscillation experiment (T2K). We launched the upgrade plan to increase the beam power for realizing higher precision physics experiments. The beam power for T2K was 515 kW before the upgrade, and we aim at 1.3 MW by 2028. One of the most important upgrades is shortening the repetition period from 2.48 s to 1.32 s by reconstructing the magnet power supplies. We replaced all the power supplies in the long shutdown in JFY2021 and restarted the beam operation in 2022. In this presentation, we will describe the first results of the beam studies with faster cycling. We will also state the further strategy to achieve the new beam power target.
Speaker: Takaaki Yasui (KEK)
• WG4: Muon Physics: CLFV part-I Magpie A
Magpie A
Convener: Yuri Oksuzian
• 72
Status of the MEG II Experiment and Performance Results From the First Year's Data Taking
We report on the MEG II experiment, a search for the charged lepton flavor violating (CLFV) decay $\mu^{+} \rightarrow e^{+} \gamma$. The experiment is designed to improve upon the previous most sensitive search, done by the MEG experiment, by an order of magnitude: a sensitivity of $4.2 \cdot 10^{−13} \rightarrow 6 \cdot 10^{−14}$ at the 90% confidence level. The positron and photon kinematic properties are measured in a magnetic spectrometer and a liquid xenon calorimeter respectively. MEG II implements a variety of upgrades to achieve better sensitivity including a new lightweight stereo drift chamber for improved $e^{+}$ kinematic resolution, a new array of 512 scintillator timing counter tiles for improved $e^{+}$ timing, a new set of 4092 silicon photo multipliers on the calorimeter's inner face for improved $\gamma$ kinematic resolution, and a higher $\mu^+$ beam rate. The experiment completed it's first year of data collection in 2021. We will discuss preliminary $e^{+}$ and $\gamma$ data-driven kinematic resolution measurements and compare them to MEG results and the MEG II design expectation. Estimates of the first year and projected final single event sensitivity will also be given.
Speaker: Dylan Palo (University of California, Irvine)
• 73
Searching for Charged Lepton Flavour Violation with the Mu3e Experiment
Being an accidental symmetry in the Standard Model (SM), the conservation of lepton flavour is violated in many extensions of the SM. There is a global effort to search for lepton flavour violation (LFV) at high intensity muon sources to which the upcoming Mu3e experiment at the Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI) will contribute.
The Mu3e Collaboration aims to perform a background-free search for the LFV decay $\mu^+ \rightarrow e^+e^−e^+$ with an unprecedented sensitivity in the order of $10^{-15}$ in the first phase of operation, and $10^{-16}$ in the final phase - an improvement over the preceding SINDRUM experiment by four orders of magnitude. The innovative experimental concept is based on a tracking detector built from novel ultra-thin silicon pixel sensors and scintillating fibres and tiles. The momentum resolution is further improved by a dedicated track reconstruction for low-momentum electrons. The full detector information is read out continuously. The data rate is reduced by realtime online event reconstruction and filtering on a GPU-based filter farm. The experiment is operated with a continuous muon beam in the order of $10^{8}\mu^+/s$ in phase I at an existing beamline at PSI, and in excess of $10^{9}\mu^+/s$ in phase II at the future High Intensity Muon Beam facility.
The experimental concept including recent developments in the construction of the phase I experiment as well as physics opportunities will be presented.
Speaker: Ann-Kathrin Perrevoort (KIT - Institute of Experimental Particle Physics)
• 74
Mu2e: The Search for Muon to Electron Conversion at Fermilab
The Mu2e experiment, currently under construction at Fermilab, will search for the neutrinoless conversion of a muon into an electron in the field of an aluminum nucleus. A clear signature of this charged lepton flavor violating two-body process is given by the monoenergetic conversion electron of 104.97 MeV produced in the final state. The experimental apparatus consists of an intense pulsed proton beam interacting on a tungsten target; a set of superconducting magnets that selects negative muons; a segmented aluminum target that stops the muons; and a set of detectors used to both identify conversion electrons and reject beam and cosmic backgrounds. The experiment will need 3-5 years of data-taking to achieve a factor of $10^4$ improvement on the current best limit on the conversion rate. After an introduction to the physics of Mu2e, we will report on the status of the different components of the experimental apparatus. We conclude with our current estimate of the experiment’s sensitivity and discovery potential.
Speaker: Craig Group (Virginia)
• WG5: Beyond PMNS: Hybrid Parallel 1 Magpie B
Magpie B
Conveners: Doojin Kim (Texas A&M University), Joshua Berger (Colorado State University)
• 75
Heavy neutrino production at the FCC-ee: Dirac or Majorana?
Three mysteries stand after the discovery of the Higgs boson: (i) the origin of the masses of the neutrinos; (ii) the origin of the baryon asymmetry in the universe; and (iii) the nature of dark matter. The FCC-ee provides an exciting opportunity to resolve these mysteries with the discovery of heavy neutral leptons (HNLs), in particular using the large sample (5.10^12) Z bosons produced in early running at the Z resonance using the production process e+e- --> Z --> vN. The expected very small mixing between light and heavy neutrinos leads to very small mixing angles, resulting in very long lifetimes for the HNL and in spectacular signal topology. Although the final state in this reaction appears to be charge-insensitive, it is nevertheless possible to distinguish the Dirac vs Majorana nature of the neutrinos, by a variety of methods that will be discussed. A Majorana nature could have considerable implication for the generation of the Baryon Asymmetry of the Universe.
Speaker: Alain Blondel (DPNC Université de Genève)
• 76
PMNS and the number of additional neutrino flavors
In accordance with the WG subject, we are concerned with the fundamental question of the number of neutrino species existing in nature. We report on a theoretical description of the mixing space based on singular values, contractions, and dilation procedures. With a bird’s eye perspective, it provides an independent way of doing neutrino mixing analysis allowing for quantitative searches of extra neutrino states, establishing alternative limits on the “active-sterile” mixing, defining disjoint physical regions of the mixings among scenarios with a different number of sterile neutrinos. We give the pros and cons of the method. Concerning applications to phenomenological studies, going beyond PMNS, we try to understand the emergence of complete models with masses and mixings of heavy neutrino states and potential implications for collider and cosmological studies.
Speaker: Janusz Gluza (U. Silesia)
• 77
Search for an Anomalous Excess of Electron Neutrino Interactions in MicroBooNE and New Constraints on eV-Scale Sterile Neutrinos
The MicroBooNE collaboration recently released a series of measurements aimed at investigating the nature of the excess of low energy electromagnetic interactions observed by the MiniBooNE collaboration. In the talk, we will present the results on the search for an anomalous excess of electron neutrino events. This search was performed leveraging three independent analyses which target different charged current electron neutrino final-state topologies. The talk will include details on event selection, background estimation, systematic analysis and cross-checks. We additionally will highlight new results that use these well understood charged-current electron neutrino and muon neutrino event selections to perform a search of an eV scale sterile neutrino in the full 3+1 oscillation framework. Constraints will be presented for regions of sterile neutrino parameter space relevant to the Gallium $\nu_e$ disappearance anomaly and LSND/MiniBooNE $\nu_e$ appearance anomalies.
Speaker: Xiangpan Ji (BNL)
• WG6: Detectors: Parallel Ballroom 3
Ballroom 3
• 78
Multi PMTs at the Water Cherenkov Test Experiment/IWCD at Hyper-K
A new photosensor module that consists of 19 3-inch photomultiplier tubes has been developed for the Hyper-Kamiokande experiment, a next generation neutrino experiment. This talk will present the current status of the new photosensor module development and how the module will be used in the water Cherenkov test experiment and the intermediate water Chereknov detector that will be one of the near detectors to be used in the Hyper-Kamiokade long-baseline program.
Speaker: Ryosuke Akutsu
• 79
Options for PMT electronics at the Hyper-K far detector
Hyper-Kamiokande (HK) consists of a large Water Cherenkov detector, far detector (FD), and neutrino beam line, J-PARC. The FD is under construction now, and will be equipped with 20,000 PMTs whose diameter is 20 inch. It is improved and has twice better performance than that of Super-Kamiokande detector. For the 20 inch PMTs, we have been developing several types of readout electronics. They are required to utilize the improved performance as much as possible. This talk presents detailed schemes of each option and the status of R&D.
Speaker: Shota Izumiyama (Tokyo Institute of Technology)
• 80
Time generation and clock distribution for Hyper-Kamiokande
The construction of the next-generation far detector Hyper-Kamiokande (HK) has started. It will have ten times larger fiducial volume and increased detection performances. The data taking is planned for 2027. Time stability is crucial, as detecting physics events relies on reconstructing Cherenkov rings based on the coincidence between the photomultipliers. The above requires a timebase jitter smaller than 100 ps. In addition, since this detector will be used to detect neutrinos produced by the J-PARC accelerator in Tokai, each event needs to be timed with a precision of less than 100 ns with respect to UTC in order to be associated with a proton spill from J-PARC.
The HK collaboration is in an R&D phase and several groups are working in parallel, exploring various solutions for the electronics system. This talk will present the studies related to a novel design for the time synchronization system. We will discuss the clock generation, including the connection scheme between the GNSS receiver (Septentrio) and the atomic clock (free-running Rubidium), the precise calibration of atomic clock and algorithms to correct errors on satellites orbits, the redundancy of the system ; and a two-stage distribution system that sends the clock encoded in the data stream, using a custom protocol.
Speaker: Lucile Mellet (LPNHE, Paris, FRANCE)
• 81
IceCube & SWGO Photodetectors
We look at the PMTs, bases, and digitizers for the IceCube Observatory: the original installed IceCube Gen1 modules, the under-construction IceCube Upgrade modules, and the proposed IceCube Gen2 modules. Will also look at the proposed solutions for the Southern Wide-field Gamma-ray Observatory (SWGO). Of particular interest is the customization of tubes at the factory, and a powerful micro-controller-centered active base design.
Speaker: Michael DuVernois (University of Wisconsin-Madison)
• 4:30 PM
Coffee Break Ballroom Lobby
Ballroom Lobby
Cliff Lodge
• Joint Session: WG1 + WG5 Ballroom 2
Ballroom 2
Convener: Adam Aurisano (University of Cincinnati)
• 82
Status of the Short-Baseline Near Detector at Fermilab
The Short-Baseline Near Detector (SBND) will be one of three Liquid Argon Time Projection Chamber (LArTPC) neutrino detectors positioned along the axis of the Booster Neutrino Beam (BNB) at Fermilab, as part of the Short-Baseline Neutrino (SBN) Program. The detector is currently in the construction phase and is anticipated to begin operation in 2023. SBND is characterized by superb imaging capabilities and will record over a million neutrino interactions per year. Thanks to its unique combination of measurement resolution and statistics, SBND will carry out a rich program of neutrino interaction measurements and novel searches for physics beyond the Standard Model (BSM). It will enable the potential of the overall SBN sterile neutrino program by performing a precise characterization of the unoscillated event rate, and constraining BNB flux and neutrino-argon cross-section systematic uncertainties. In this talk, the physics reach, current status, and future prospects of SBND are discussed.
Speaker: Miquel Nebot-Guinot
• 83
Short-Baseline neutrino oscillation searches with the ICARUS detector
The ICARUS collaboration employed the 760-ton T600 detector in a successful three-year physics run at the underground LNGS laboratories studying neutrino oscillations with the CNGS neutrino beam from CERN, and searching for atmospheric neutrino interactions. ICARUS performed a sensitive search for LSND-like anomalous νe appearance in the CNGS beam, which contributed to the constraints on the allowed parameters to a narrow region around 1 eV$^2$, where all the experimental results can be coherently accommodated at 90% C.L. After a significant overhaul at CERN, the T600 detector has been installed at Fermilab. In 2020 cryogenic commissioning began with detector cool down, liquid Argon filling and recirculation. ICARUS has started operations and is presently in its commissioning phase, collecting the first neutrino events from the Booster Neutrino Beam and the NuMI off-axis. The main goal of the first year of ICARUS data taking will then be the definitive verification of the recent claim by NEUTRINO-4 short baseline reactor experiment both in the $\nu_\mu$ channel with the BNB and in the $\nu_e$ with NuMI. After the first year of operations, ICARUS will commence its search for evidence of a sterile neutrino jointly with the SBND near detector, within the Short Baseline Neutrino (SBN) program. The ICARUS exposure to the NuMI beam will also give the possibility for other physics studies such as light dark matter searches and neutrino-Argon cross section measurements. The proposed contribution will address ICARUS achievements, its status and plans for the new run at Fermilab and the ongoing developments of the analysis tools needed to fulfill its physics program.
Speakers: Alessandro Menegolli, Biswaranjan Behera (Colorado State University)
• 84
Beyond the Standard Model Searches with the Short Baseline Near Detector (SBND)
SBND is a 112-ton liquid argon time projection chamber located on the Booster Neutrino Beam at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, and is the near detector of the Short-Baseline Neutrino program. The primary goals of SBND are to provide flux constraints for sterile neutrino searches, conduct world-leading neutrino cross section measurements on argon, and perform beyond the Standard Model (BSM) physics searches with its high-precision particle identification capabilities. In this talk, I will discuss SBND’s prospects and tools for detecting a variety of BSM phenomena produced in a neutrino beam, such as sub-GeV dark matter, dark neutrinos, millicharged particles, and others.
Speaker: Supraja Balasubramanian
• 85
New sensitivties for eV-scale Sterile Neutrino Searches with IceCube
Various short-baseline neutrino oscillation experiments have yielded unexpected results, which hint at the existence of light sterile neutrinos. IceCube has performed a unique search for sterile neutrinos by exploiting matter-enhanced resonant oscillations, which can be probed using atmospheric and astrophysical neutrinos in the TeV energy regime. The analysis uses the world’s largest sample of Earth-crossing muon neutrino events from eight years of IceCube data with a purity above 99.9%. We present new sensitivities in this analysis using both new event selection and energy reconstruction based on machine learning techniques.
Speaker: Alfonso Andres Garcia Soto (Harvard University)
• 86
Beyond Standard Model Neutrino Oscillation Results from NOvA
NOvA is a long-baseline neutrino experiment optimised for studying neutrino oscillations in the NuMI beam. The experiment consists of two functionally identical liquid scintillator detectors at baselines of 1km and 810km, with the latter placed 14.6 mrad from the beam’s central axis.
This talk summarises beyond-standard-model neutrino oscillation results from NOvA, including the recent search for 3+1 sterile neutrino oscillations in neutrino beam using $11.0 \times 10^{20}$ protons on target (POT) in the near detector and $13.6 \times 10^{20}$ POT in the far detector. This analysis utilises charged current $\nu_{\mu}$ and neutral current selections in a two-detector fit procedure utilising a Gaussian multivariate treatment of systematic uncertainties and a Poisson likelihood treatment of statistical uncertainties to place 90% CL limits on the $\Delta m_{41}^{2}$, $\theta_{24}$ and $\theta_{34}$ mixing parameters.
A search for non-standard interactions that augment the standard 3-flavour oscillation paradigm is also presented, utilising charged current $\nu_{\mu}$ and $\nu_{e}$ selections in neutrino and antineutrino beam modes to produce 90% CL allowed regions for the $\epsilon_{e \tau}$ and $\delta_{e \tau}$ parameters.
Speaker: Dr V Hewes (University of Cincinnati)
• WG2: Neutrino Scattering Physics: Parallel / Poster Wasatch B
Wasatch B
• 87
The ENUBET monitored neutrino beam for high precision cross section measurements
The main source of systematic uncertainty on neutrino cross section measurements at the GeV scale originates from the poor knowledge of the initial flux. The goal of cutting down this uncertainty to 1% can be achieved through the monitoring of charged leptons produced in association with neutrinos, by properly instrumenting the decay region of a conventional narrow-band neutrino beam. Large angle muons and positrons from kaons are measured by a sampling calorimeter on the decay tunnel walls, while muon stations after the hadron dump can be used to monitor the neutrino component from pion decays. This instrumentation can provide a full control on both the muon and electron neutrino fluxes at all energies. Furthermore, the narrow momentum width (<10%) of the beam provides a 0(10%) measurement of the neutrino energy on an event by event basis, thanks to its correlation with the radial position of the interaction at the neutrino detector. The ENUBET project has been funded by the ERC in 2016 to prove the feasibility of such a monitored neutrino beam and, since 2019, ENUBET is a CERN neutrino platform experiment (NP06/ENUBET). In this talk we will present the final results of the ERC project, together with the complete assessment of the feasibility of its concept. The breakthrough the project achieved is the design of a horn-less beamline that allows for a 1% measurement of $\nu_e$ and $\nu_\mu$ cross sections in about 3 years of data taking at CERN-SPS using ProtoDUNE as far detector. Thanks to the replacement of the horn with a static focusing system (2 s proton extraction) we reduce the pile up by two orders of magnitude, and we can monitor leptons from pion and kaon decays with a signal/background >2. We will hence discuss the implementation of a monitored neutrino beam at CERN and FNAL, its performance and perspectives for a new generation of cross section experiments to study neutrino-nucleus interactions and improve the physics reach of DUNE and Hyper-Kamiokande.
Speaker: Claudia Caterina Delogu (Padova University)
• 88
Electro-nuclear scattering measurements for neutrinos with LDMX
The Light Dark Matter eXperiment (LDMX) is a proposed small-scale accelerator experiment designed to search for dark matter using missing energy and momentum techniques from multi-GeV electro-nuclear interactions. In order to detect and veto against energy losses from standard electro-nuclear scattering processes, the detector design features charged particle tracking and hermetic calorimetry for both electromagnetic and hadronic activity in a region within 40 degrees of the incident electron beam. These same characteristics make the experiment capable of measuring inclusive and semi-exclusive lepton scattering that can be used to inform interaction modeling for neutrinos – particularly for the upcoming Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) – in a way that is complementary to other neutrino and electron scattering experiments. We present the capability of LDMX to conduct a rich physics program in electro-nuclear scattering measurements of high relevance to current and future neutrino experiments.
Speaker: Wesley Ketchum (Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory)
• 89
Electron-Nucleus Scattering Constraints For Neutrino Interactions And Oscillations
The ability of current and next generation accelerator-based neutrino-oscillation measurements to
reach their desired sensitivity requires a detailed understanding of neutrino-nucleus interactions.
These include precise knowledge of the relevant cross sections and of our ability to reconstruct
the incident neutrino energy from the measured final state particles. Incomplete understanding of
these interactions can skew the reconstructed neutrino spectrum and therefore bias the extraction
of fundamental oscillation parameters. In this talk, I will present new wide phase-space electron-
nucleus scattering data, collected using the decommissioned CLAS6 spectrometer at the Thomas
Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (JLab), where we studied how well we can reconstruct the
incident lepton energy from the measured final state particles. Disagreements with the commonly
used GENIE event generator are observed, indicating a potential bias for future oscillation analyses
and pointing the way for improving these event generators.
• 90
EMPHATIC: Table-top Hadron Scattering Measurements for Improved Neutrino Flux Predictions
State-of-the-art predictions of accelerator-based neutrino fluxes have uncertainties ranging from 5-15%, dominated by hadron production uncertainties. The EMPHATIC Collaboration has proposed a unique, compact spectrometer to measure hadron-scattering and hadron-production cross sections that are needed to reduce neutrino flux uncertainties for current and future neutrino experiments to the few-percent level. In this talk I present an overview of the motivation, design and run plan of the experiment, and progress in data collection and analysis.
Speaker: Jonathan Paley (Fermilab)
• WG4: Muon Physics: CLFV part-II Magpie A
Magpie A
Convener: Matthew Solt (University of Virginia)
• 91
Yields and Energy Spectra of Heavy Charged Particles After Nuclear Muon Capture with the AlCap Experiment
The AlCap experiment recently published its first results on the yields and energy spectra of heavy particles emitted after the nuclear muon capture process. These detailed measurements quantify an important hit background to the Mu2e and COMET experiments, which will search for charged lepton flavor violation. These results greatly expand the literature in this area with first measurements on Ti and of tritons, as well as improve the precision in the energy range relevant to the upcoming muon-to-electron conversion experiments. In this talk, I will describe the experiment and present the results.
Speaker: Andrew Edmonds (Boston University)
• 92
DeeMe --muon-electron conversion search experiment--
The one of an experiment to search for the charged lepton flavor violating process, muon-electron conversion in a nuclear field , DeeMe, is being prepared at the J-PARC MLF H-line in Japan. This experiment utilizes a pulsed proton beam from the Rapid Cycle Synchrotron (RCS). A graphite target is bombarded with a pulsed proton beam and negative pion production and pion-in-flight-decay to negative muon, then creation of muonic atoms are caused in the same pion production target. And a converted electron is expected to emit about after 1~2 micro second delayed timing due to muon atom binding. Also two body reaction of the new process $\mu$ + (A,Z) → e + (A,Z) results in 105 MeV monoenergetic electron. Therefore, 1~2 micro second delayed 105MeV monoenergetic electron is a searched signal. Electrons around 100 MeV are transported by the H-Line and analyzed by the dipole magnet (0.4T) and four MWPCs (two upstream of the dipole magnet and two downstream of the dipole magnet).
However, the burst pulse reaching to $10^8$ charged particles/pulse attributable to the RCS pulse makes large dead time for the MWPC. So, HV switching scheme is introduced where at the burst time the voltages between anode wires and potential wires set the same so as to lower the gas gain to be O(1) while at the delayed timing the voltages between them set ~1500V so as to increase the gas gain to be O($10^4$) rapidly. The signal is recorded by the flash ADC and the single electron signal was obtained successfully. The target single event sensitivity is $10^{-13}$. At the present moment, all the magnet components of the H-line have been connected with the vacuum pipe, and the commissioning is going on in a good shape. In this talk, the experimental basis, the commissioning status of the H-Line and the DeeMe experiment are presented.
Speaker: Kazuhiro Yamamoto (Osaka Metropolitan University)
• 93
Searching for Muon to Electron with the COMET Experiment
Muon to electron conversion, an example of charged lepton flavour violation (CLFV), provides a clear experimental probe into new physics beyond the Standard Model. The COMET experiment at J-PARC will use the highest intensity muon beam to search for muon to electron conversion using a staged approach, with sensitivity levels in reach of many new physics models. With a single event sensitivity of $3\times10^{-15}$ in Phase-I and $3\times10^{-15}$ in Phase-II, COMET will provide about x100 and x10000 improvement on current muon to electron conversion bounds respectively. In addition, an initial stage called Phase-$\alpha$ is being prepared to measure extinction protons and provide more precise muon and pion production rates for these upcoming physics runs. Construction of Phase-I is in progress with physics runs expected to start in 2024. This talk will provide an overview of the physics motivations for COMET and the current status of Phase-$\alpha$, Phase-I and Phase-II development.
Speaker: Sam Dekkers (Monash University)
• WG6: Detectors: Parallel / Poster Ballroom 3
Ballroom 3
• 94
Mass test setup for DUNE SiPMs characterization
The Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) is an upcoming neutrino physics experiment that will answer some of the most compelling questions in particle physics and cosmology. The DUNE Far Detector (FD) exploits silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) to detect scintillation photons produced by the interaction of charged particles in the liquid Argon time projection chamber (LArTPC).
The SiPMs are photosensors consisting of a matrix of single-photon avalanche diodes (SPAD) operating in the Geiger-Mueller region. Their high sensitivity and dynamic range, as well as the possibility to fill large surfaces with high-granularity sensors, makes them an ideal choice for the DUNE FD photodetection system.
An international consortium of research groups is currently engaged in systematic quality assurance tests of all the sensors that will be installed in the FD to control their specifications. A custom set-up, CACTUS (Cryogenic Apparatus for Continuous Tests Upon SiPMs), has been developed at Ferrara and Bologna Universities-INFN sites to perform automatically the tests for a large number of sensors in parallel. This system can characterize up to 120 SiPM simultaneously both testing their mechanical and thermal resistance, and measuring the complete current-voltage curve for each sensor at room and cryogenic temperatures. These data allow to extrapolate the quenching resistor (R_q) and the breakdown voltage (V_bd), the key operating parameters of the SiPMs.
Furthermore, the CACTUS test facility allows to perform dark noise characterization through a custom-made fixed threshold
amplifier-discriminator system.
Speaker: Marco Guarise (INFN Ferrara)
• 95
Gain calibration using dark hits in off-time region of regular data at JSNS2 experiment (at WG6)
The JSNS2 experiment aims to search for the existence of sterile neutrino oscillations with deltam2 near 1eV2 at J-PARC MLF. A 1MW beam of 3 GeV protons incident on a spallation neutron target produces an intense neutrino beam from muon decay at rest. The experiment will search for muon antineutrino to electron antineutrino oscillations which can be detected by the inverse beta decay interaction followed by gammas from neutron capture on Gd. PMT in the detector is an essential device to find a signal in JSNS2 experiment. Currently, there are 120 PMTs in JSNS2 detector. But, since the performance of PMTs is not uniform, it is necessary to get the consistency of each PMTs. For that, we have calculated the PMT gains to have a calibration using a laser. However, the method can not monitor the gain in real-time. Thus, instead of that, the gain was monitored by using regular data in real-time. But, it is not sensitive to monitor due to multiple PE of the regular data. So, we developed an algorithm for the gain calibration method using dark hits in an off-time region of regular data.
Speaker: RyeongGyoon Park (Chonnam national university)
• 96
A High Rate Readout System for a High-Efficiency Cosmic Ray Veto for the Mu2e Experiment (at WG6)
The Mu2e Cosmic Ray Veto must veto cosmic-ray muons over a large area with an efficiency of 99.99% in the presence of high background rates. It consists of over 5000 scintillator extrusions with embedded wavelength-shifting fibers coupled to 2×2 mm2 silicon photomultipliers. A custom readout system consists of: (1) small circuit board, the Counter Mother Board, which provides a temperature sensor, flasher LEDs, and passive SiPM pulse shaping; (2) a Front End Board which digitizes, zero-suppresses, and stores signals from up to 64 Counter Mother Boards, provides bias to the SiPMs, pulses to the LEDs, and a measurement of the SiPM currents; and (3) a Readout Controller which collects data from the Front End Boards via Cat6 cables, which also deliver 48V power to the Front End Boards using power over ethernet. The Readout Controller serves as the interface between the Front End Boards and the DAQ. This poster provides an overview of this high rate readout system for the Mu2e Cosmic Ray Veto.
Speaker: Simon Corrodi
• 97
First light detection with an optical Time Projection Chamber (at WG6)
An optical Time Projection Chamber (TPC) is proposed for future neutrino experiments. Its excellent particle detection momentum threshold, together with cost-effective scale-up prospects, make the TPC a strong candidate for reducing systematic errors due to neutrino-nucleus interactions.
In order to produce a high number of photons, the TPC is equipped with a thick gaseous electron multiplier (ThGEM). Per each electron produced in the ThGEM holes, thousands of photons are created. Next, the electrons created in the ThGEM are extracted and drifted further towards a mesh. Here, by applying a high enough electric field to excite the Argon atoms, but low enough in order not to ionise them, electroluminescence (EL) photons are produced. The photons, normally in the UV range, are shifted to visible using a PEN wavelength shifter.
The firsts tests of the chamber were carried with a photo-multiplier tube. Several methods, including drift velocity, and trigger rate studies confirm that the TPC works as expected.
For a second phase of tests, voltage was placed on the EL mesh too, and a light yield increase was observed, as expected due to the electroluminescence effect. Surprisingly, a yield increase was observed even for small electric fields. This can not be explained through EL but it is rather an effect of the electrons being forced out of the ThGEM holes; the more towards the exterior the photons are produced, the less they get absorbed by the walls of the ThGEM.
For a third, and final study of the TPC, a 256 SiPM array has been set up.
Simulations show that by using two simple bi-convex lenses, hundreds of photons can be detected per cosmic-ray crossing the detector. Moreover, magnitudes of up to 12 can be obtained. In other words, if a particle leaves a track of 12cm in the real detector, the projected image on the SiPM array is only 1cm.
Currently, the SiPM array is in its first analysis phase, being very close to its first full track reconstruction. Thank you!
Speaker: Mr Robert Amarinei (University of Geneva)
• 98
Construction of a new scintillation tracker in T2K experiment (at WG6)
In the T2K experiment, new detectors are going to be installed to the near detector.
Super-FGD is one of them and a tracker which consists of 2 millions plastic scintillator cubes.
60 thousands wave length shifting fibers will be inserted to the cubes to lead scintillation light and it will be detected by SiPMs.
I will report the procedure to construct and install this detector.
The first step of construction is to insert fibers to the cubes.
This work should be done quickly because we have the 60 thousands fibers.
Our concern about it is that inserted fibers can be damaged by distortion of array of cubes and we have to check the quality of fibers during inserting the fibers.
I will also talk about a dedicated system for the fiber quality check.
Speaker: Masaki Kawaue (Kyoto University)
• 99
Detectors of the Telescope Array Experiment (at WG6)
The Telescope Array (TA) experiment, located near Delta, Utah, USA, is the largest ultra-high energy cosmic ray (UHECR) observatory in the northern hemisphere. When a UHECR primary particle arrives at the Earth, it collides with the atmosphere and produces a cascade of secondary particles known as an extensive air shower (EAS). The Telescope Array is designed to observe the EAS using a hybrid of techniques: fluorescence detectors (FDs) and surface detectors (SDs). The FDs measure the nitrogen fluorescence light emitted when the secondary particles excite the gas of the atmosphere as they pass through it. They utilize telescopes consisting of large area mirrors and photo-multiplier tube cameras. Meanwhile, the SDs use two-layer plastic scintillators to sample the density of charged particles in the showers when it reaches the Earth’s surface. Using data from both the FDs and SDs, we explore the nature and origin of UHECRs by investigating the energy spectrum, mass composition, and arrival direction distribution. In this presentation, we describe the design and technical features as well as some of the measurements of the Telescope Array detectors.
Speaker: Jihyun Kim (The University of Utah)
• Wednesday, August 3
• 7:00 AM
Breakfast / Coffee Ballroom Lobby
Ballroom Lobby
Cliff Lodge
• Plenary: Neutrino Beams Ballroom 2&3
Ballroom 2&3
Convener: Tamer Tolba (Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg)
• 100
NuMI AIP and LBNF Neutrino Beam Progress
Speaker: Meredith Lee (Fermilab)
• 101
Speakers: Megan Friend (KEK), Takeshi Nakadaira (KEK)
• 102
ESS project status
Speaker: Kevin Jones (ESS)
• 9:30 AM
Coffee Break Ballroom Lobby
Ballroom Lobby
Cliff Lodge
• Plenary: Muon Physics Ballroom 2&3
Ballroom 2&3
Convener: Yuri Oksuzian (Argonne)
• 103
Muon Physics Review - Present Experiments
Speaker: Angela Papa (Paul Scherrer Institut)
• 104
Muon Physics Review - Future Experiments
Speaker: Kevin Lynch (York College/CUNY)
• 105
Overview of cLFV in the muon sector
Speaker: Jonathan Kriewald (IN2P3)
• 106
Muon Collider
Speaker: Daniel Schulte (CERN)
• 11:50 AM
Break and receive Lunch box Ballroom Lobby
Ballroom Lobby
Cliff Lodge
• Excursion Ballroom Lobby
Ballroom Lobby
Cliff Lodge
• Thursday, August 4
• 7:30 AM
Breakfast / Coffee Ballroom Lobby
Ballroom Lobby
Cliff Lodge
• Plenary Ballroom 2&3
Ballroom 2&3
• 107
overview of light sterile neutrino searches
Speakers: Georgia Karagiorgi (Columbia University), Georgia Karagiorgi (Columbia University)
• 108
Searches for Exotic Particles
Speaker: Zahra Tabrizi (Northwestern University)
• 109
Short baseline experiments
Speaker: Mark Ross-Lonergan (IPPP Durham University)
• 110
Multi-messenger Tomography of Earth (MMTE 2022) Summary
Speaker: Sanjib Kumar Agarwalla (Institute of Physics, Bhubaneswar)
• 111
Summary of the ESSnuSB+ Workshop
Speaker: George Fanourakis
• 10:50 AM
Coffee Break Ballroom Lobby
Ballroom Lobby
Cliff Lodge
• Joint Session: Joint WG1-WG2-WG6: Near Detector constraints Ballroom 2&3
Ballroom 2&3
Convener: Wesley Ketchum (Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory)
• 112
The Path to Precision: Role of the DUNE Near Detectors
The Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) is a next-generation long baseline neutrino oscillation experiment. DUNE will make precise measurements of neutrino oscillations, which will enable a definitive determination of the neutrino mass ordering, and a high potential to discover charge-parity violation in neutrinos. DUNE will use the most intense accelerator neutrino beam and employ liquid argon TPC technology to achieve excellent resolution. Similar to all long-baseline experiments, DUNE will include a suite of near detectors (ND) located onsite at Fermilab to constrain systematic uncertainties to the few percent levels, necessary to achieve its ambitious physics goals. In this talk, I will describe the technology, design, and purpose of the DUNE ND and its impact on neutrino oscillation measurements.
Speaker: Zoya Vallari (Caltech)
• 113
SBND-PRISM: Sampling Multiple Off-Axis Neutrino Fluxes with the Same Detector
The Short Baseline Near Detector (SBND), a 112-ton liquid argon time projection chamber, is the near detector of the Short Baseline Neutrino program at Fermilab. SBND has the characteristic of being remarkably close (110 m) to the neutrino source and not perfectly aligned with the neutrino beamline, in such a way that the detector is traversed by neutrinos coming from different angles with respect to the beam axis. This is known as the PRISM feature of SBND, which allows sampling of multiple neutrino fluxes using the same SBND detector. SBND-PRISM, which will start taking data in 2023, can be utilized to improve neutrino-oscillation sensitivities and study distinctive neutrino-nucleus interactions and exotic physics signals.
Speaker: Marco Del Tutto (Fermilab)
• 114
Latest results on T2K Near Detector constraints for neutrino oscillation measurements
T2K is a long baseline neutrino experiment which exploits a neutrino and antineutrino beam at JPARC to perform precision measurements of atmospheric parameters $\Delta m^{2}_{32}$, $\sin^2(\theta_{23})$ and to provide 3$\sigma$ exclusion for some intervals of the CP-violating phase $\delta_{CP}$.
The latest results of the measurement of oscillation parameters will be presented, the main systematic uncertainties limiting the precision will be described, as well as the role of the near detector to constrain such systematic uncertainties. In particular, the latest analysis exploits a new nuclear model to describe neutrino-nucleus interactions, a new flux tuning based on an improved NA61/SHINE hadro-production measurement and new samples with proton and photon tagging at the near detector. All these novelties, designed to extract more robust constrains on the mentioned systematics uncertainties, will be described, together with the results of such improved analysis at the near detector. The future strategy to improve further the precision will be presented: the T2K beam will be upgraded with increased power and an upgrade of the ND280 near detector, located 2.5 degrees off-axis, is being assembled to exploit the increased statistics.
Speaker: Callum Wilkinson (Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory)
• 115
Neutrino oscillation physics has now entered the precision era. In parallel with needing larger detectors to collect more data, future experiments further require a significant reduction of systematic uncertainties with respect to what is currently available. In the neutrino oscillation measurements from the T2K experiment, the systematic uncertainties related to neutrino interaction cross sections are currently dominant. To reduce this uncertainty, a significantly improved understanding of neutrino-nucleus interactions is required. In particular, it is crucial to better characterise the nuclear effects which can alter the final state topology and kinematics of neutrino interactions in such a way which can bias neutrino energy reconstruction and therefore bias measurements of neutrino oscillations.
The upgraded ND280 detector will consist of a totally active Super-Fine-Grained-Detector (Super-FGD) composed of 2 million 1 cm$^3$ scintillator cubes with three 2D readouts, two High Angle TPC (HA-TPC) instrumented with resistive MicroMegas modules, and six TOF planes. It will directly confront our knowledge of neutrino interactions thanks to its full polar angle acceptance and a much lower proton tracking threshold. Furthermore, neutron tagging capabilities, in addition to precision timing information, will allow the upgraded detector to estimate neutron kinematics from neutrino interactions. Such improvements permit access to a much larger kinematic phase space which correspondingly allows techniques such as the analysis of transverse kinematic imbalances, to offer remarkable constraints of the pertinent nuclear physics for T2K analyses.
New reconstruction algorithms are being developed to fully benefit from the improved capabilities of the Super-FGD and of the HA-TPC and will be described in this talk together with the expected performances of the ND280 upgrade.
Speaker: Aoi Eguchi (The University of Tokyo)
• 116
Total neutron cross section measurement on CH with a novel 3D-projection scintillator detector
Long-baseline neutrino oscillation experiments rely on detailed models of neutrino interactions on nuclei. These models constitute an important source of systematic uncertainty, partially because detectors to date have been blind to final state neutrons. Three-dimensional projection scintillator trackers comprise components of the near detector of the next generation long-baseline neutrino experiments. Due to the good timing resolution and fine granularity, this technology is capable of measuring neutrons in neutrino interactions on an event-by-event basis and will provide valuable data for refining neutrino interaction models and ways to reconstruct neutrino energy. Two prototypes have been exposed to the neutron beamline at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) in both 2019 and 2020 with neutron energies between 0 and 800 MeV. In order to demonstrate the capability of neutron detection, the total neutron-scintillator cross section is measured with one of the prototypes and compared to external measurements. The total neutron cross section in scintillator between 98 and 688 MeV was measured and will be presented in this talk.
Speaker: Ciro Riccio (Stony Brook University (US))
• WG3: Accelerator Physics: Parallel Wasatch A
Wasatch A
• 117
Characterisation of Cooling in the Muon Ionisation Cooling Experiment
A high-energy muon collider could be the most powerful and cost-effective collider approach in the multi-TeV regime, and a neutrino source based on decay of an intense muon beam would be ideal for measurement of neutrino oscillation parameters. Muon beams may be created through the decay of pions produced in the interaction of a proton beam with a target. The muons are subsequently accelerated and injected into a storage ring where they decay producing a beam of neutrinos, or collide with counter-rotating antimuons. Cooling of the muon beam would enable more muons to be accelerated resulting in a more intense neutrino source and higher collider luminosity. Ionization cooling is the novel technique by which it is proposed to cool the beam. The Muon Ionization Cooling Experiment collaboration has constructed a section of an ionization cooling cell and used it to provide the first demonstration of ionization cooling. Here the observation of ionization cooling is described. The results of the further analysis of the data is presented, including studies in different magnet configurations and with more detailed understanding of the detector systematic uncertainty.
Speaker: Chris Rogers (Rutherford Lab)
• 118
Forward Neutrinos from Charm at the LHC and Prompt Neutrinos at IceCube
The Forward Physics Facility (FPF) at the LHC will detect neutrinos
produced in proton collisions. In addition to neutrinos from pion
and kaon decays, there will be significant contribution,
particularly for $\nu_e$ and $\nu_\tau$ flavors, from decay
of charmed mesons. We present our predictions for the neutrino
flux from charm decays as evaluated in different QCD approaches:
the next-to-leading order collinear factorization (NLO), and
the $k_T$-factorization approach. We use QCD parameters, such
as the scales, the choice of parton distribution functions,
and the fragmentation function, which were determined from
fitting the LHCb data for D-meson production. We also calculate
the neutrino energy distribution, for neutrinos of all flavors,
that are produced from charmed meson decays. We show that
FPF will be able to provide valuable information about the QCD,
by measuring neutrino flux. We also present our results for the
prompt neutrinos, which are decay products of charmed mesons
produced in interactions of cosmic rays with the atmosphere,
of relevance to IceCube.
Speaker: Prof. Ina Sarcevic (University of Arizona)
• 119
Machine learning applications to maintain the NuMI neutrino beam quality at Fermilab
The NuMI target facility at Fermilab produces an intense muon neutrino beam for NOvA (NuMI Off-axis $\nu_e$ Appearance) long baseline neutrino experiment. Three arrays of muon monitors located in the downstream of the hadron absorber in the NuMI beamline provide the measurements of the primary beam and horn current quality. We have studied the response of muon monitors with the proton beam profile changes and focusing horn current variations. The responses of muon monitors are used to develop Machine Learning (ML) algorithms. We present the progress of the ML applications and the future plans. This effort is important for many future applications such as beam quality assurance, anomaly detections, neutrino beam systematics studies and neutrino beam quality assurance. Our results demonstrate the advantages of developing useful ML applications that can be leveraged for future beamlines such as LBNF.
Speaker: Don Athula Wickremasinghe (Fermilab)
• WG4: Muon Physics: g-2: part I Magpie A
Magpie A
Convener: Simon Corrodi (Argonne)
• 120
Preparing for MUonE experiment --- what can we learn from lattice and dispersive data?
The hadronic vacuum polarization (HVP) is one of the main contributors to the total uncertainty in the theoretical prediction of the muon $g - 2$. The HVP term is historically obtained from a data-driven calculation based on a dispersive approach from time-like processes. To improve the theoretical prediction of HVP, in parallel to the lattice communities' effort to obtain HVP by space-like simulations, an alternative space-like data-driven approach is proposed, known as the MUonE experiment. In this talk, we first review the advantage of exploiting the space-like over the time-like processes. We present an overview of lattice calculations of the HVP term and discuss how the choice of fit functions affects the systematic error in lattice calculations and potentially the MUonE experiment. In particular, we explore Pad\'e-based fits and investigate their effects when employed on the space-like data with the precision expected from the MUonE experiment.
Speaker: Javad Komijani (University of Glasgow)
• 121
The MUonE experiment proposal, status and plans
The MUonE experiment aims at an independent and competitive determination of the leading hadronic contribution to the muon anomalous magnetic moment $a_\mu = (g_\mu -2)/2$, based on an alternative method, complementary to the existing ones. It relies on the measurement of the shape of the $\mu e$ elastic scattering cross section, with unprecedented precision, which can be obtained at CERN by exploiting the available 160 GeV muon beam in fixed target collisions.
MUonE could have a crucial role to clarify the comparison of the $a_\mu$ measurement with the Standard Model, given the recent Fermilab result, and the tension between the accepted theory prediction and a new Lattice QCD calculation.
A Test Run with a reduced detector is planned to validate the proposal. The status of the experiment and the future plans will be presented.
Speaker: Lorenzo Capriotti:
• 122
The Muon g-2 Experiment: Current status and outlook
First results from the Fermilab Muon $g-2$ experiment were announced in 2021. The muon’s anomalous magnetic moment $a_{\mu}$ was measured to an unprecedented $460 \text{ ppb}$ precision, and the result is in agreement with the previous Brookhaven National Lab measurement. The $4.2 \sigma$ tension between the combined experimental result and the Standard Model theoretical prediction suggests new beyond-Standard-Model physics. Analysis of Run 2 and 3 data is in progress, which is expected to reduce the experimental uncertainty by $2 \times$. Meanwhile Run 5 data collection was recently completed, reaching very close to the total goal of $20 \times$ Brookhaven statistics. In this talk I will present the Fermilab $g-2$ measurement approach and the Run 1 result, and then focus on the experiment's current status and outlook. Experiment upgrades since Run 1 have improved stability of the detector and storage ring systems, and refined characteristics of the stored muon beam. These together with specialized measurement campaigns, analysis improvements, and simulation efforts aim to reduce dominant systematic uncertainties toward the ultimate precision goal of $140 \text{ ppb}$.
Speaker: Brynn MacCoy (University of Washington)
• WG5: Beyond PMNS: Hybrid Parallel 2 Magpie B
Magpie B
Convener: Zahra Tabrizi (Northwestern University)
• 123
Charged-meson-induced new physics in beam-focused neutrino experiments
We point out that the production of new bosons by charged meson decays can greatly enhance the sensitivity of beam-focused accelerator-based experiments to new physics signals. This enhancement arises since the charged mesons are focused and their three-body decays do not suffer from helicity suppression in the same way as their usual two-body decays. As a realistic application, we attempt to explain the MiniBooNE low energy excess utilizing this overlooked mechanism, uniquely realizing dark-sector interpretations as plausible solutions to the excess. For illustration purposes, we consider two well-motivated classes of dark-sector models, models of vector-portal dark matter and models of long-lived (pseudo)scalar. We argue that the model parameter values to accommodate the excess are consistent with existing limits and that they can be tested at current and future accelerator-based neutrino experiments.
Speaker: Doojin Kim (Texas A&M University)
• 124
Modular symmetries and the flavor problem
The “flavor problem” represents one of the greatest challenges of particle model building since SM does not provide neither “a priori” explanation of the number of fermion generations nor on their mass and mixing patters, which appear to be very different in the lepton and quark sector. Discrete non-abelian symmetries have gathered a lot of attention as candidates for the solutions of the latter problems. In this talk, I will revise the latest results achieved by Modular Symmetries in the description of fermion masses and mixings, showing that this recently proposed framework is particularly suitable for a unified description of leptons and quarks.
Speaker: Davide Meloni
• 125
Probing Light Mediators in the Radiative Emission of Neutrino Pair
We propose a new possibility of using the coherently enhanced neutrino pair emission to probe light-mediator interactions between electron and neutrinos. With typical momentum transfer at the atomic $\mathcal O(1$\,eV) scale, this process is extremely sensitive for the mediator mass range $\mathcal O(10^{-3} \sim 10^4$)\,eV. The sensitivity on the product of couplings with electron ($g^e$ or $y^e$) and neutrinos ($g^\nu$ or $y^\nu$) can touch down to $|y^e y^\nu| < 10^{-9} \sim 10^{-19}$ for a scalar mediator and $|g^e g^\nu| < 10^{-15} \sim 10^{-26}$ for a vector one, with orders of improvement from the existing constraints.
Speaker: Pedro Simoni Pasquini (Unicamp)
• WG7: IDEEO: Parallel Wasatch B
Wasatch B
Convener: Francesca Dordei (INFN, Cagliari (IT))
• 126
Widening the talent pool for physics worldwide
Speaker: Kate Shaw (University of Sussex)
• 127
LGBTQ+ Inclusivity in Physics and Beyond
For over a decade, the LGBTQ+ CERN group has pushed to make CERN a better place for LGBTQ+ people. We interact with CERN management on issues of importance to our community, work to create a welcoming environment for LGBTQ+ people at CERN, make connections with other LGBTQ+ organizations in Geneva, and reach out to the broader CERN community. In this talk, I will discuss what we have accomplished and learned so far and how you can be a good ally to everybody in the LGBTQ+ community.
Speaker: Anders Knospe (Lehigh University)
• 128
Mentoring program initiative by Women in Technology at CERN (WIT)
The Women in Technology community at CERN (WIT), currently comprising over 500 members, was born in early 2016 with the main aim to create a supportive network for exchanging experiences and career advice among women working at CERN.
This is done through diverse activities, such as:
• interviews featuring senior women scientists,
• social events such as movie screenings and laboratory visits,
• outreach lectures and events,
• social media campaigns,
• yearly mentoring program.
The WIT mentoring program facilitates one-to-one mentoring relationships that connect mentees with more senior colleagues at CERN (and CERN alumni), with the goal to foster professional learning and personal development and facilitate meaningful connections.
The program, which is running its fifth edition this year, is open to everyone at CERN regardless of gender, background or experience and has grown from 11 to 32 mentor-mentee pairs since its start.
This contribution describes how the WIT mentoring program is structured, what were the key pillars when starting the initiative and the ways of scaling it in the last years. It also highlights how this program benefits mentees and mentors alike as well as its potential to support the Organization.
Speaker: Simona Kriva (CERN)
• 129
Centering Identity & Equity in Physics & STEM Education
Diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) are hot topics across all STEM fields. As we collectively work to address DEI concerns in our departments, institutions, and professions, what are tools and strategies we can use to intentionally center equity in our teaching, research, and work? This session will set a foundation of how identity-based inequities manifest in physics & STEM education, on which a dialogue exploring strategies to actively center identity and equity can be built.
Speaker: Justin Andrew Gutzwa (University of Utah)
• 12:50 PM
Lunch Cliff Conf Center Tent
Cliff Conf Center Tent
• Joint Session: Joint WG1-WG6: ML for reconstruction/selection Ballroom 2&3
Ballroom 2&3
Convener: Mark Scott (Imperial College London)
• 130
Machine Learning Techniques to Enhance Event Reconstruction in Water Cherenkov Detectors
Hyper-Kamiokande (Hyper-K) is the next generation water-Cherenkov neutrino experiment, building on the success of its predecessor Super-Kamiokande. To match the increased precision and reduced statistical errors of the new detectors, improvements to event reconstruction and event selection are required to suppress backgrounds and minimise systematic errors. Machine learning has the potential to provide these enhancements, enabling the precision measurements that Hyper-K is aiming to perform. This talk provides an overview of the areas where machine learning is being explored for Hyper-K's water Cherenkov detectors. Results using various network architectures are presented, along with comparisons to traditional methods and discussion of the challenges and future plans for applying machine learning techniques.
Speaker: Nick Prouse (TRIUMF)
• 131
Measurement of Atmospheric Muon Neutrino Disappearance using CNN Reconstructions with IceCube
The IceCube Neutrino Observatory is a Cherenkov detector deployed over a cubic kilometer deep within the South Pole ice. The DeepCore subdetector is built in the lower center of the array and more densely configured, improving the reconstruction performance of neutrinos at the GeV-scale, where atmospheric neutrino oscillations can be studied. Convolutional neural networks (CNN) are used to reconstruct neutrino interactions in and near the DeepCore detector, which achieve comparable direction and energy resolution to current Likelihood-based methods but with 3 orders of magnitude faster execution speeds. In this talk, I will present an ongoing study of atmospheric muon neutrino disappearance, which is established on the new reconstructions using CNNs, and compare it to the recent IceCube results.
Speaker: Shiqi Yu (IIT/ANL)
• 132
Machine Learning Methods for Solar Neutrino Classification
Super-Kamiokande has observed boron-8 solar neutrino recoil electrons at kinetic energies as low as 3.49 MeV to study neutrino flavor conversion within the sun. At SK-observable energies, these conversions are dominated by the Mikheyev–Smirnov–Wolfenstein effect. An upturn in the electron survival probability in which vacuum neutrino oscillations become dominant is predicted to occur at lower energies, but radioactive background increases exponentially with decreasing energy. New machine learning approaches provide substantial background reduction in the 2.49 MeV - 3.49 MeV energy region such that statistical extraction of solar neutrino interactions becomes feasible. An overview of machine learning methods in use for water Cherenkov detectors including convolutional neural networks trained on event display images and boosted decision trees trained on reconstructed variables will be presented followed by solar angle distributions of events selected for this analysis.
Speaker: Alejandro Yankelevich (University of California, Irvine)
• 133
Panoptic Segmentation for Particle Identification in ProtoDUNE-SP
The ProtoDUNE-SP Liquid Argon Time Projection Chamber is the prototype for the first far detector module of the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE). Convolutional Neural Networks have been developed and employed in the analysis of scientific data from ProtoDUNE, which exploits the high-resolution images and the fine details that the detector can capture. Despite these advantages, the classification of the different types of particles and interactions is still a challenge. With this motivation. In this talk, I will present the details and the application of a multi-task reconstruction algorithm using Sparse Convolutional Neural Networks for the task of panoptic segmentation, which simultaneously generates a voxel-by-voxel particle ID and clusters voxels into objects.
Speaker: Carlos Sarasty (University of Cincinnati)
• WG2: Neutrino Scattering Physics: Parallel Wasatch B
Wasatch B
• 134
Suppression of quasielastic electron scattering cross sections at small q and extraction of the Coulomb Sum Rule
We report on a phenomenological analysis of all available electron scattering data on carbon (about 8000 differential cross section measurements) and oxygen at all values of q. The QE cross section is modeled within the framework of the superscaling model (including Pauli blocking). In addition to the expected enhancement of the transverse QE response function we find that at low values of q there is "Extra Suppression" of the QE longitudinal response function beyond the expected suppression from Pauli blocking. We extract q dependent parameterizations that can be used to determine the "Extra Suppression" factor for any nucleon momentum distribution for use in electron and neutrino Monte Carlo generators. We obtain the best measurement of the Coulomb Sum Rule (CSR) as function of q. For carbon, the CSR and low q suppression are in good agreement with the Lavato 2000 "First Principle" Green's Function MC. The extracted CSR and low q suppression values for Carbon are in good agreement with the “first principle Green’s function MC” calculation of Lavato et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 117, 082501 (2016). The extracted CSR values for Oxygen are in agreement with the Coupled Custer calculation of J. E. Sobczyk et al. .Phys. ReV. C 102, 064312 (2020). The contribution of nuclear excitations to the Coulomb Sum Rule is significant (up to 29%). Consequently we also provide parameterizations of the form factors for the nuclear excitations in carbon$and oxygen} Speaker: Arie Bodek (University of Rochester) • 135 Investigation of the MicroBooNE inclusive neutrino cross sections on Argon MicroBooNE data of charged current inclusive neutrino cross sections on argon as a function of different kinematical variables have recently appeared. We compare these data to our theoretical calculations after a brief review of our RPA model and of its successful predictions for the MiniBooNE and T2K cross sections on carbon. Overall we find an agreement with MicroBooNE data in spite of a tendency of underestimation in some specific regions. We also quantitatively compare our model to the ones employed in the MicroBooNE analyses. A new aspect is the availability of the data in terms of the energy transfer to the nucleus, which allows a better separation of the different reaction mechanisms. We focus especially on the results in terms of this transferred energy, for which our model is particularly efficient. We finally discuss the semi-inclusive CC0$\pi$1p and CC0$\pi$Np MicroBooNE results and the compatibility of our multinucleon emission channel with these data. Speaker: Marco Martini (Ghent University) • 136 Benchmarking intra-nuclear cascade models for neutrino scattering with relativistic optical potentials The description of final-state interactions (FSI) in the large phase space probed in neutrino experiments poses a great challenge. In neutrino experiments, which operate under semi-inclusive conditions, cascade models are commonly used for this task, while under exclusive conditions FSI can be treated with relativistic optical potentials (ROP). We formulate conditions under which the ROP approach and cascade model can be directly compared. We feed the NEUT cascade with events from a relativistic distorted-wave impulse approximation calculation that uses the real part of an optical potential. Cuts on the missing energy of the resulting events are applied to define a set of events that can be directly compared to RDWIA calculations with the full optical potential. The NEUT cascade and ROP agree for proton kinetic energies Tp>150 MeV for carbon, oxygen and calcium nuclei when a realistic nuclear density is used to introduce events in the cascade. For Tp<100 MeV the ROP and NEUT cross sections differ in shape and differences in magnitude are larger than 50 \%. Single transverse variables allow to distinguish different approaches to FSI, but due to a large non-QE contribution the comparison to T2K data does not give an unambiguous view of FSI. We discuss electron scattering and argue that with a cut in missing energy FSI can be studied with minimal confounding factors in e.g. e4ν. The agreement of the ROP and NEUT for T2K conditions lends confidence to these models as a tool in oscillation analyses for sufficiently large nucleon kinetic energies. These results urge for caution when a cascade model is applied for small nucleon energies. The assessment of model assumptions relevant to this region are strongly encouraged. This paper provides novel constraints on cascade models from proton-nucleus scattering that can be easily applied to other neutrino event generators. Speaker: Alexis Nikolakopoulos (FNAL) • 137 Final state interactions in semi-inclusive neutrino-nucleus scattering: Application to T2K and MINERvA experiments Nuclear effects in neutrino-nucleus scattering are one of the main sources of uncertainty in the analysis of neutrino oscillation experiments. Due to the extended neutrino energy distribution (flux), very different reaction mechanisms contribute to the cross section at the same time. Measurements of muon momentum in CC0$\pi$events are very important for experiments like T2K, where most of the information about the oscillation signal comes from detection of the final-state muons only. However, those inclusive measurements make difficult to distinguish the contributions of nuclear effects. For instance, they do not allow to separate between different nuclear models and are not sufficient to put constraints on the amount of two-body current contributions. This is the reason why there is a growing interest in measurements of more exclusive processes, for instance the detection in coincidence of a muon and an ejected proton in the final state. Interpretation of such reactions, usually called semi-inclusive reactions, is challenging as it requires realistic models of the initial nuclear state and an appropriate description of proton final-state interactions (FSI). In this talk we're going to present the theoretical predictions of semi-inclusive$\nu_\mu$-$^{12}$C obtained within an unfactorized approach based on the relativistic distorted wave impulse approximation (RDWIA) and compare them with T2K and MINERvA measurements and predictions of the inclusive SuSAv2-MEC model implemented in the neutrino event generator GENIE. Speaker: Mr Juan Manuel Franco-Patiño (University of Seville) • WG3: Accelerator Physics: Parallel Wasatch A Wasatch A • 138 Proton Beam Monitor Upgrades for the J-PARC Neutrino Extraction Beamline As the J-PARC Main Ring accelerator undergoes upgrades to 1.3 MW, upgrades to proton beam monitors in the neutrino extraction beamline are also underway. These upgrades will allow for stable running of the beamline for the current T2K and future Hyper-K long-baseline neutrino oscillation experiments. Important upgrades include those towards improving monitor radiation hardness and minimizing induced beam losses, as well as those towards quick handling and remote exchange of spent monitors. Speaker: Megan Friend (KEK) • 139 NuMI Beam Monitoring Simulation and Data Analysis With the Main Injector Neutrino Oscillation Search (MINOS) experiment decommissioned, muon and hadron monitors became an important diagnostic tool for the NuMI Off-axis$\nu_e$Appearance (NOvA) experiment at Fermilab to monitor the Neutrinos at the Main Injector (NuMI) beam. The goal of this study is to maintain the quality of the monitor signals and to establish correlations with the neutrino beam profile. And with the muon monitor simulation, we carry out a systematic study of the response of the muon monitors to the changes in the parameters of the proton beam and lattice parameters. By combining individual pixel information from muon monitors and pattern recognition algorithms, we use simulation resluts and measurement data to build a machine learning-based predictions of the muon monitor response and neutrino flux. Speaker: Yiding Yu • 140 New muon monitor for J-PARC neutrino experiment The T2K experiment is a neutrino oscillation experiment running at J-PARC. In order to increase the statistics of neutrino data and improve the sensitivity to CP violation, upgrade of the neutrino beam is currently ongoing. The repetition cycle will be shortened from 2.48s to 1.16s and the number of protons in each pulse will be increased. With these upgrades, the beam intensity will be increased from 510 kW to 1.3MW. In the T2K experiment, the beam direction and profile are monitored by detecting muons produced simultaneously with neutrinos. Si PIN photodiodes and ionization chambers have been used as muon monitors, but these monitors need to be updated after the beam upgrade due to radiation damage or non-linearity at high intensity. Therefore, we are studying Electron Multiplier Tube (EMT) as a new detector candidate. It was shown by the previous study that EMTs have superior radiation tolerance than Si detectors. However, it was also shown that the gain drops for initial radiation and then further decreases after certain amount of radiation, corresponds to more than 100 days of 1.3 MW beam exposure. In order to improve the radiation tolerance of EMT, further studies are ongoing to address initial instability and to extend the life of the EMT. For these purposes, beam tests were conducted at ELPH in Tohoku University. In this beam test, the variation of the gain was confirmed with further radiation and the cause of the variation was investigated by changing the conditions of radiation for each component. Another study indicates the cause of the initial instability is due to the temperature dependence. We report the results of these studies. Speaker: Takashi Honjo (Osaka City Univ.) • WG4: Muon Physics: Colliders Magpie A Magpie A Convener: Yuri Oksuzian (Argonne) • 141 Recent results from the NA62 experiment at CERN The NA62 experiment at CERN collected world's largest dataset of charged kaon decays in 2016-2018, leading to the first observation of the ultra-rare K+ --> pi+ nu nu decay based on 20 candidates. Dedicated trigger lines were employed for collection of di-lepton final states, which allowed establishing stringent upper limits on the rates lepton flavor and lepton number violating kaon decays. The dataset is also exploited to search for production of light feebly interacting particles (such as heavy neutral leptons) in kaon decays. Recent NA62 results based on the 2016-2018 dataset, and the prospects of the NA62 experiment, are presented. Speaker: Evgueni Goudzovski (University of Birmingham) • 142 Lepton flavor universality and lepton flavor violation tests at ATLAS The growing evidence of lepton-flavour-universality violation in B-meson decays is one of the most interesting hints for physics beyond the Standard Model that may be reachable at the Large Hadron Collider. In addition, the observation of lepton flavor violation (LVF) would be a smoking gun for the presence of physics beyond the Standard Model Consequently, a broad program of measurements and direct searches that test lepton-flavor universality and lepton-flavour violation in proton-proton collisions is underway at the ATLAS experiment. This talk will present the latest results using the full Run 2 dataset at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV, as well as discuss future prospects. Speaker: Noam Tal Hod (Weizmann Institute of Science) • 143 Recent results from Belle II The Belle II experiment at the SuperKEKB energy-asymmetric e+e− collider is a substantial upgrade of the B factory facility at the Japanese KEK laboratory. The design luminosity of the machine is 6×1035 cm−2s−1 and the Belle II experiment aims to ultimately record 50 ab−1 of data, a factor of 50 more than its predecessor. With this data set, Belle II will be able to measure the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa (CKM) matrix, the matrix elements and their phases, with unprecedented precision and explore flavor physics with B and charmed mesons, and τ leptons. Belle II has also a unique capability to search for low mass dark matter and low mass mediators. In this presentation, we will review the latest results from Belle II, with emphasis on those related to lepton flavour violation. Speaker: Karol Adamczyk • 144 Status and future prospects of lepton universality tests at LHCb Tests of lepton flavour universality are particularly sensitive to the presence of physics beyond the Standard Model. Recent results and future prospects with semileptonic and rare heavy flavour decays at the LHCb experiment are presented. Speaker: Francesca Dordei • WG5: Beyond PMNS: Hybrid Parallel 3 Magpie B Magpie B Convener: Yue Zhao (University of Utah) • 145 Phenomenology of Dark Sectors at the Short Baseline Neutrino Experiments I discuss predictions for signals of some dark sector models at the Fermilab Short Baseline Neutrino (SBN) experiments. I consider prospects for both inelastic dark matter models and Higgs portal mediator models. I demonstrate that new parameter space for both models can be probed in the near future. I discuss new simulation and analysis strategies, the latter including machine learning techniques, that will be required to realize such searches. Speaker: Joshua Berger (Colorado State University) • 146 Core-passing atmospheric neutrinos: a unique probe to discriminate between Lorentz violation and non-standard interactions Lorentz violation and non-standard interactions are two of the most popular scenarios beyond the Standard Model of particle physics, both of which can affect neutrino oscillations significantly. However, these effects can mimic each other, and it would be difficult to distinguish between them in any fixed-baseline neutrino experiment. We show that atmospheric neutrinos, having access to a wide range of baselines, can break this degeneracy. Observations of core-passing atmospheric neutrinos and antineutrinos would be a potent tool to discriminate between these two new-physics scenarios. Speaker: Prof. Sanjib Kumar Agarwalla (Institute of Physics, Bhubaneswar) • 147 Improved constraints on Heavy Neutral Leptons and Heavy QCD Axions from the ArgoNeuT Experiment ArgoNeuT was a 0.24 ton Liquid Argon Time Projection Chamber detector at Fermilab running from 2009 to 2010. It was located along the NuMI neutrino beam and collected six months of data in anti-neutrino beam mode. ArgoNeuT’s data-set has been used to perform numerous first neutrino cross-section measurements on argon. It can also be used to probe physics beyond the standard model resulting from high-energy proton fixed-target collisions in the NuMI beam. Searches for two such models have been performed using the ArgoNeuT experiment: Heavy Neutral Leptons produced via decays of tau leptons, and Heavy QCD Axions produced via mixing with standard model mesons. The resulting particles can then propagate along the NuMI beamline and then decay producing a di-muon signature observable in ArgoNeuT. This talk will present the results of these searches, along with the new constraints that can be applied on the Heavy Neutral Lepton and Heavy QCD Axion parameter spaces. Speaker: Patrick Green • 3:50 PM Coffee Break Ballroom Lobby Ballroom Lobby Cliff Lodge • WG1: Neutrino Oscillations: Parallel Ballroom 2 Ballroom 2 Convener: Michael Wallbank (University of Cincinnati) • 148 Exploring new physics effects of scalar NSI at Long Baseline Experiments The discovery of the phenomena of neutrino oscillations have opened a new window to probe physics beyond Standard Model (SM). In this precision era of neutrino physics, experiments around the world are trying to measure the oscillations parameters with ever increasing accuracy. This makes the ongoing and proposed neutrino experiments sensitive to the subdominant effects of neutrinos like Non Standard Interactions (NSIs).The NSIs [1,2] often comes in various extensions of SM and can significantly impact the sensitivities of different neutrino experiments. In this work we have explored a new type of NSI which is mediated by a scalar termed as scalar NSI [3,4]. The effect of this kind of coupling appears as a medium dependent perturbation to the neutrino mass term, which makes it interesting to probe. Also the effect of scalar NSI scales linearly with matter density and hence it makes LBL experiments one of the suitable candidate to study its effects. In this study, we have explored the effects of scalar NSI on the sensitivities of various Long Baseline experiments viz. DUNE [5], T2HK [6] and T2HKK [7]. We found that, the presence of scalar NSI poses various degeneracy is measurement of the δ CP phase apart from having significant impact on the oscillation probabilities. We have also performed a sensitivity analysis of these experiments towards finding these scalar NSI elements. Finally we have checked the effect of scalar NSI on the CPV sensitivity at these experiments. Speaker: Mr Abinash Medhi (Tezpur University, Assam, India) • 149 Oscillation and decay of neutrinos in matter: an analytic treatment We present compact analytic expressions for neutrino propagation probabilities in matter, with invisible neutrino decay effects included. These will be directly relevant for long-baseline and reactor experiments. The inclusion of decay leads to a non-Hermitian effective Hamiltonian, with the Hermitian component corresponding to oscillation, and the anti-Hermitian component representing the invisible decay effects. Due to a possible mismatch between the effective mass eigenstates and the decay eigenstates of neutrinos, these two components need not commute. Even for the special case where the decay and mass eigenstates in vacuum are the same, in the presence of matter, the two components will invariably become non-commuting. We overcome this by employing the techniques of inverse Baker-Campbell-Hausdorff (BCH) expansion, and the Cayley-Hamilton theorem applied in the 3-flavor framework. We also point out the conditions under which the One Mass Scale Dominance (OMSD) would be a good approximation. The analytic results obtained provide physical understanding into possible effects of neutrino decay as it propagates through Earth matter. We show that certain non-intuitive feature like decay increasing the value of$P_{\mu\mu}$at its first and second dip may be explained using our analytic approximations. Speaker: Mr Dibya S. Chattopadhyay (Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai) • 150 KM3NeT/ORCA calibration procedures and capabilities The cubic-kilometre neutrino telescope (KM3NeT) is a deep-sea infrastructure composed of two neutrino telescopes, consisting of large-scale 3D-arrays of photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) currently under construction on the Mediterranean seabed. The two telescopes are: ARCA, near Sicily in Italy, designed for neutrino astronomy and ORCA, near Toulon in France, designed for neutrino oscillations. The ORCA telescope, having a neutrino energy threshold in the GeV range, has the measurement of the neutrino mass ordering and atmospheric neutrino oscillation parameters as its main research goal. We intend to discuss the accurate calibration procedures performed necessary to achieve these purposes. Speaker: Antonio De Benedittis (INFN - Napoli) • 151 Status of the KDAR neutrino search with JSNS2 experiment Kaon Decay-At-Rest (KDAR) provides a neutrino signal with well-known neutrino energy, which is an important probe for measuring the neutrino cross-section in an energy range that is otherwise difficult to access experimentally. The J-PARC Sterile Neutrino Search at the J-PARC Spallation Neutron Source (JSNS2) experiment is in a unique place for measuring monoenergetic neutrinos at 236 MeV from charged Kaon decay-at-rest (KDAR). JSNS2 is located at the J-PARC's Material and Life Science Facility (MLF) where the world’s most intense source of KDAR was created by a 3 GeV proton beam incident on a liquid mercury target. In this presentation, We will present the first result of the search for the KDAR neutrinos conducted with the JSNS2 experiment with the data during the JSNS2's first long-term physics run in 2021, consisting of more than 115 days of data and 1.45x10^22 POT. Speaker: Hyoungku Jeon (SungKyunKwan University) • WG2: Neutrino Scattering Physics: Parallel Wasatch B Wasatch B • 152 Nuclear PDFs with Neutrino DIS data - a compatibility analysis from nCTEQ We present a global analysis of neutrino DIS cross-sections in the framework of nuclear parton distribution functions (PDFs). In our previous analysis (circa 2011), we concluded that some neutrino DIS data, particularly from the NuTeV experiment, were incompatible with the remaining nuclear scattering data. We have now performed a follow-up analysis that improves the previous study in many respects. For example, we have included all available neutrino DIS cross-section data from CDHSW, CCFR, NuTeV, and Chorus experiments alongside the di-muon semi-inclusive data. We have also improved the treatment of correlated systematic errors, and above all, we have included numerous important updates to the nuclear parton distribution functions accumulated across the past 10 years. In this contribution, we discuss the new updated global analysis of nuclear PDFs, including the neutrino data, and examine the tensions between different data sets encountered in the course of the global analysis. Understanding the tensions between the neutrino and charged-lepton DIS data is essential not only for a better flavor separation in global analyses of nuclear and proton PDFs, but also for neutrino physics and the searches for physics beyond the Standard Model. Speaker: Richard Ruiz (Institute of Nuclear Physics (IFJ) PAN) • 153 Cross section measurements with MINERvA and prospects of cross section measurements with ICARUS Accurate neutrino cross-section measurements are required for precise measurements of neutrino oscillation physics such as CP-violation and the ordering of the neutrino masses. In this talk, I will give an overview of neutrino cross section measurements with NuMI neutrino beam, specifically neutrino cross sections from MINERvA experiment and prospects of neutrino-Argon cross-section measurements at ICARUS. MINERvA is located on axis and ICARUS, located on-axis in the SBN neutrino beam, is 103 mrad off-axis from the NuMI beam. The interactions at both experiments provide the basis for important neutrino cross-section measurements and tests of models in an energy range that overlaps both the SBN oscillation search and most of the DUNE spectrum. Speaker: Minerba Betancourt (Fermilab) • 154 Recent developments in the GENIE neutrino event generator The GENIE neutrino event generator seeks to be a universal tool for simulating neutrino-nucleus scattering across the wide energy range of interest for current and future experiments. The international GENIE Collaboration maintains and continues to develop its software suite to meet the interaction modeling needs of a broad user community. Recent improvements to GENIE include implementation of new theoretical calculations across several processes of interest, model parameter tuning to neutrino cross-section data, and extensions to the technical infrastructure needed for the successful execution of experimental analyses. This talk presents selected highlights from these ongoing developments in GENIE. Speaker: Steven Gardiner (Fermilab) • WG3: Accelerator Physics Wasatch A Wasatch A • 155 ESSnuSB from source to target and plans for the future The European Spallation Source (ESS) will be the most powerful neutron source in the world. This facility offers a unique opportunity for studying fundamental physics, in particular the matter-antimatter asymmetry in the Universe thanks to the development of a very intense neutrino superbeam. The ESS neutrino Super-Beam project proposes an accelerator complex, complimentary to the existing facility, and an additional target station to produce such a neutrino beam. We will give an overview of the ESSnuSB project with details on the accelerator complex, from source to target. We will also present the proposed next steps for the ESSnuSB project. Speaker: Natalia Milas (European Spallation Source) • 156 Advanced Materials Studies for High Intensity Proton Production Targets and Windows A high-power target system is a key beam element to complete future High Energy Physics (HEP) experiments but in the recent past, major accelerator facilities have been limited in beam power not by their accelerators, but by the beam intercepting device survivability. The target must then endure high power pulsed beam, leading to high cycle thermal stresses/pressures and thermal shocks. The increased beam power will also create significant challenges such as corrosion and radiation damage that can cause harmful effects on the material and degrade their mechanical and thermal properties during irradiation. This can eventually lead to the failure of the material and drastically reduce the lifetime of targets and beam intercepting devices. The Long-Baseline Neutrino Facility (LBNF), under design at FNAL, plans to use Graphite for the production target, Titanium alloy as the target beam window and Be as the primary beam window. However, relatively little is known about the behavior of such materials when impacted by high energy proton beam and very limited engineering data is available to support the design and material choice for bam intercepting devices In order to operate reliable beam-intercepting devices in the framework of energy and intensity increase projects of the future, it is essential to develop a strong R&D for robust target and beam window. The international RaDIATE collaboration, established in 2012, connects expertise in nuclear material and accelerate targets to generate useful materials data for application within the accelerator and fission/fusion communities. After presenting the high power targetry challenges facing next generation multi-MW accelerators, I will give an overview of the most recent recent activities within the frame work of the RaDIATE collaboration in support of High Power Targetry development. Speaker: Frederique Pellemoine (Fermilab) • 157 MELODY at CSNS-II MELODY at the China Neutron Spallation Source (CSNS) is the first muon beam that will be built in China for muon science. It will take part at the second phase of CSNS (II) and utilize 20 kW out of 500 kW of the proton beam at CSNS. Since 2021, the various components of the muon beam are under design. In this talk, a brief introduction of the overall design of MELODY at the high energy proton area (HEPEA) will be given, focusing on the primary proton target station and the muon beamlines. Speakers: Nikolaos Vassilopoulos (IHEP, Beijing), Dr Yu Bao (IHEP, CSNS), Mr Cong Chen (IHEP, CSNS) • WG4: Muon Physics: Future experiments Magpie A Magpie A Convener: Yuki Fujii (Monash University) • 158 Physics potentials and accelerator challenges of Phase Rotated Intense Source of Muons (PRISM) Muon to electron conversion in a muonic atom is an excellent laboratory to search for charged lepton flavor violation (CLFV). Its discovery would be a clear signal of physics beyond the Standard Model (BSM). In order to further improve the experiments by an additional factor of 100 in sensitivity beyond the current generation ones and study potential signals, the use of a Fixed-Field Alternating gradient (FFA) ring has been proposed to create a Phase Rotated Intense Source of Muons (PRISM). PRISM will allow significant purification of the muon beam and suppression of a typically large momentum spread by the use of RF phase rotation in the ring, both reducing the backgrounds and increasing the number of stopped muons relative to other methods. PRISM requires a proton driver capable of producing short, intense proton bunches. New facilities, in particular PIP-II at Fermilab equipped with a dedicated accumulator ring, or upgrades of other accelerator facilities, such as J-PARC and ESS, offer promising opportunities for providing the required intensity and time structure of the proton beam. A new proposed complex at Fermilab, the Advanced Muon Facility, would use the PRISM concept to provide the world's most intense positive and negative muon beams by exploiting the full potential of PIP-II and the Booster upgrade. Progress in R&D studies on PRISM are discussed. Speaker: Jaroslaw Pasternak (Imperial College/RAL-STFC) • 159 Mu2e-II : next generation muon conversion experiment We propose an evolution of the Mu2e experiment, called Mu2e-II, that would leverage advances in detector technology and utilize the increased proton intensity provided by the Fermilab PIP-II upgrade to improve the sensitivity for neutrinoless muon-to-electron conversion by one order of magnitude beyond the Mu2e experiment, providing the deepest probe of charged lepton flavor violation in the foreseeable future. Mu2e-II will use as much of the Mu2e infrastructure as possible, providing, where required, improvements to the Mu2e apparatus to accommodate the increased beam intensity and cope with the accompanying increase in backgrounds. Speaker: Yuri Oksuzian (Argonne) • 160 LDMX: The Light Dark Matter eXperiment The constituents of dark matter are still unknown, and the viable possibilities span a very large mass range. The scenario where dark matter originates from thermal contact with familiar matter in the early Universe requires the DM mass to lie within about an MeV to 100 TeV. Considerable experimental attention has been given to exploring Weakly Interacting Massive Particles in the upper end of this range (few GeV – ~TeV), while the region ~MeV to ~GeV is largely unexplored. If there is an interaction between light DM and ordinary matter, as there must be in the case of a thermal origin, then there necessarily is a production mechanism in accelerator-based experiments. The Light Dark Matter eXperiment (LDMX) is a planned electron-beam fixed-target missing-momentum experiment that has unique sensitivity to light DM in the sub-GeV range. Relevant to the NuFact muon working group is a proposal for a muon LDMX that would use a muon beam to probe the electron-phobic scenario. This contribution will give an overview of the theoretical motivation, the main experimental challenges and how they are addressed, the status of the LDMX experiment, as well as projected sensitivities in comparison to other experiments. Speaker: Matthew Solt (University of Virginia) • WG5: Beyond PMNS: Virtual Parallel 1 Magpie B Magpie B Convener: Koun Choi (IBS) • 161 Coherent neutrino scattering and the quenching factor measurement The recent evidence for coherent elastic neutrino-nucleus scattering (CE\nuνNS) in the NCC-1701 germanium detector using antineutrinos from the Dresden-II nuclear reactor is in good agreement with standard model expectations. However, we show that a 2σ improvement in the fit to the data can be achieved if the quenching factor is described by a modified Lindhard model with a negative value of$q$, which is also consistent with the direct quenching factor measurements. We also place constraints on the parameter space of a light vector or scalar mediator that couples to neutrinos and quarks, and on a neutrino magnetic moment. We demonstrate that the constraints are quite sensitive to the quenching factor at low recoil energies by comparing constraints for the standard Lindhard model with those by marginalizing over the two parameters of the modified Lindhard model. Speaker: Jiajun Liao (Sun Yat-sen University) • 162 Neutrino oscillations in Earth: a unique tool to probe dark matter inside the Core The information about the Earth's interior structure comes from seismic studies and gravitational measurements. The Preliminary Reference Earth Model (PREM) of the density of the Earth is obtained by measuring the travel time of seismic waves. Here, the density distribution inside the Earth is estimated from the model-dependent empirical relations having assumptions based on temperature, pressure, composition, and elastic properties of the Earth, which give rise to uncertainties in the PREM profile. Neutrinos may be used in a way complementary to seismic studies and gravitational measurements, thus starting an era of “multimessenger tomography” of Earth. Since neutrinos can peek into the deepest layers of Earth with their weak interactions, they can be used to sense the amount of baryonic matter present inside the core. If the baryonic matter observed by neutrinos is found to be less than the expected mass from gravitational measurement, we can attribute the difference to the presence of dark matter inside the core. Atmospheric neutrinos offer the possibility of probing dark matter inside the core of the Earth in a unique way through Earth matter effects in neutrino oscillations. We demonstrate that while the dark matter profile will be hard to identify, the baryonic matter profile inside the core can be probed in a manner complementary to the seismic measurements. Speakers: Mr ANUJ KUMAR UPADHYAY (Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh & Institute of Physics, Bhubaneswar, India), ANUJ KUMAR UPADHYAY (Aligarh Muslim University) • 163 Favourable Conditions for Majorana Phase Appearance in Neutrino Oscillation Probabilities The nature of neutrinos, whether they are Dirac or Majorana particles, has been an open question for long time. In the case of two flavour mixing, the transition matrix is real in the case of Dirac neutrinos but it contains a phase$\phi$in the case of Majorana neutrinos. This phase does not appear in neutrino oscillation probabilities for vacuum oscillations as well as for matter modified oscillations. However, it was shown by Benatti et al. 2001, that for some special forms of quantum decoherence effects in neutrino evolution, this$\phi$-phase appears in oscillation probabilities. In this work, we ask the question: For what other forms of neutrino evolution equation does the Majorana phase appear in the oscillation probabilities? We show that, in the case of neutrino decay, the Majorana phase appears in the oscillation probabilities if the decay eigenstates are not the same as the mass eigenstates. The forms of appearance of Majorana phase in our work and that in [Benatti et al. 2001] can be distinguished from each other by their$CPT$properties. Speaker: Dr Khushboo Dixit (IIT Bombay) • 164 A New Approach to Probe Non-Standard Interactions in Atmospheric Neutrino Experiments We propose a new approach to explore the neutral-current non-standard neutrino interactions (NSI) in atmospheric neutrino experiments using oscillation dips and valleys in reconstructed muon observables, at a detector like ICAL that can identify the muon charge. We focus on the flavor-changing NSI parameter$\varepsilon_{\mu\tau}$, which has the maximum impact on the muon survival probability in these experiments. We show that non-zero$\varepsilon_{\mu\tau}$shifts the oscillation dip locations in$L/E$distributions of the up/down event ratios of reconstructed$\mu^-$and$\mu^+$in opposite directions. We introduce a new variable$\Delta d$representing the difference of dip locations in$\mu^-$and$\mu^+$, which is sensitive to the magnitude as well as the sign of$\varepsilon_{\mu\tau}$, and is independent of the value of$\Delta m^2_{32}$. We further note that the oscillation valley in the ($E$,$\cos \theta$) plane of the reconstructed muon observables bends in the presence of NSI, its curvature having opposite signs for$\mu^-$and$\mu^+$. We demonstrate the identification of NSI with this curvature, which is feasible for detectors like ICAL having excellent muon energy and direction resolutions. We illustrate how the measurement of contrast in the curvatures of valleys in$\mu^-$and$\mu^+$can be used to estimate$\varepsilon_{\mu\tau}$. Using these proposed oscillation dip and valley measurements, the achievable precision on$|\varepsilon_{\mu\tau}|$at 90% C.L. is about 2% with 500 kt$\cdot$yr exposure. The effects of statistical fluctuations, systematic errors, and uncertainties in oscillation parameters have been incorporated using multiple sets of simulated data. Our method would provide a direct and robust measurement of$\varepsilon_{\mu\tau}$in the multi-GeV energy range. Speaker: Mr Anil Kumar (Institute of Physics, Bhubaneswar, SINP, Kolkata, HBNI, Mumbai, India) • 165 Clockwork Fermions contribution to neutrino mass generation and Charged Lepton Flavor Violation l_i > l_j + \gamma The clockwork mechanism generates small neutrino masses which includes Dirac mass terms as well as Majorana mass terms for the new fermions with exponentially suppressed interactions in theories which contain no small parameters at the fundamental level. We work on a general description of the clockwork mechanism valid for fermions. This mechanism can be implemented with a discrete set of new fields or, in its continuum version, through an extra spatial dimension. We derive analytic formulas for the masses of the new particles and for their Yukawa couplings to the lepton doublets, in the scenario where the clockwork parameters are universal. When the Majorana masses all vanish, the zero mode of the clockwork sector forms a Dirac pair with the active neutrino, with a mass which is in agreement with oscillations experiments for a sufficiently large number of clockwork gears. On the other hand, when the Majorana masses do not vanish, neutrino masses are generated via the seesaw mechanism. In this case, and due to the fact that the effective Yukawa couplings of the higher modes can be sizable, neutrino masses can only be suppressed by postulating a large Majorana mass for all the gears. Finally, we discuss the constraints on the mass scale of the clockwork fermions from the non-observation of the rare leptonic decay µ → eγ. Speaker: Gayatri Ghosh (Assistant professor, physics Department , Pandit Deendayal Upadhayay Mahavidyalaya college, india) • WG6: Detectors: Parallel Ballroom 3 Ballroom 3 • 166 The DUNE vertical drift TPC The DUNE experiment is a future long-baseline neutrino oscillation experiment aiming at measuring the neutrino CP violation and establishing the neutrino mass hierarchy, as well as at a rich physics programme from supernovae over low-energy physics to beyond standard model searches. The baseline technology for the first far detector is a proven single-phase horizontal drift liquid Argon TPC based on standard wire-chamber technology. For the second far detector, a new technology, the so-called "vertical drift" TPC is currently being developed: It aims at combining the strengths of the two technologies tested in the ProtoDUNE cryostats at the CERN neutrino platform into a single design, a vertical-drift single-phase liquid Argon TPC using a novel perforated-PCB anode design. This design maintains excellent tracking and calorimetry performance while significantly simplifying the complexity of the TPC construction. This talk will introduce the concept of the vertical drift TPC, present first results from small-scale prototypes and a first full-scale anode module, as well as outlining the plans for future prototypes and the next steps towards the full second DUNE far detector. Speaker: Oliver Lantwin (LAPP) • 167 Photon Detection System (PDS) for DUNE low energy physics study and the demonstration of a few nanosecond timing resolution using ProtoDUNE-SP PDS Photon detection systems (PDS) are an integral part of liquid-argon neutrino detectors. Besides providing the timing information for an event, which is necessary for reconstructing the drift coordinate of ionizing particle tracks, photon detectors can be effectively used for other purposes including triggering events, background rejection, and calorimetric energy estimation. PDS in particular for the DUNE Far Detector Module 2 is designed to achieve a more extended optical coverage (—> ~4π) with new generation large size PD modules based on the ARAPUCA technology. This will provide enhanced opportunities for the study of low energy neutrino physics using PDS. The ARAPUCA technology was extensively tested within the ProtoDUNE-SP detector operated at the CERN neutrino platform. Here I present a study of the timing resolution of ARAPUCA detectors using light emitted from a sample of energetic cosmic ray muons traveling parallel to the PDS. An intrinsic timing resolution of the order of 3 ns is observed for the ARAPUCA detectors. An excellent timing resolution capability of PDS can be exploited for further enhancing physics study in the DUNE far detectors. Speaker: Ajib Paudel (Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory) • 168 SBND Trigger System: General status and the configuration of the Analog Master Trigger Card We present a brief description of the Short-Baseline Near Detector (SBND) hardware trigger system. The SBND experiment is a liquid argon neutrino detector that sits on the central axis of the Booster Neutrino Beam (BNB), located at Fermilab. The detector is currently being assembled and is expected to start operating in 2023. Neutrinos delivered by the BNB will interact with liquid argon inside the SBND, producing charge and scintillation light that will be collected, respectively, by the charge collection wires and the photon detection system. SBND will record over a million neutrino interaction events per year while simultaneously being exposed to a large flux of cosmic ray interactions. Thus it is imperative to determine which events in the detector are of interest for analysis. This is the work of the SBND trigger system which receives several prompt inputs, discriminates these inputs and qualifies them to form a so-called “trigger decision”. In this work, we will focus on the general overview of the trigger system for SBND and, specifically, we describe the configuration of the Analog Master Trigger Card used in the photon detection trigger. Speaker: Gabriela Vitti Stenico (State University of Campinas (UNICAMP)) • 169 ARIADNE+: Large Scale Demonstration of Fast Optical Readout for Dual Phase LArTPCs at the CERN Neutrino Platform Optical readout of large scale dual-phase liquid Argon TPCs is an attractive and cost effective alternative to charge readout. Following the successful demonstration of 3D optical readout with the ARIADNE 1-ton detector, the ARIADNE+ experiment was recently deployed using the protoDUNE “cold box” at the CERN neutrino platform imaging a much larger active region of 2m x 2m. ARIADNE+ uses 4 Timepix3 cameras imaging the S2 light produced by 16 novel, patent pending, glass THGEMs. ARIADNE+ takes advantage of the raw Timepix3 data coming natively 3D and zero suppressed with a 1.6 ns timing resolution. Three of the four THGEM quadrants were visible readout with the fourth featuring a VUV light image intensifier, thus removing the need for wavelength shifting altogether. Cosmic muon events were recorded successfully at stable conditions providing the first demonstration for its use in kton scale experiments such as DUNE. In my talk I will be discussing in detail the innovative ideas that make ARIADNE+ unique and the benefits that come with these technologies. These include, but is not limited too, TPX3Cams, the PEN wavelength shifting, a chemically etched stainless steel extraction grid, Invar support structure and a new way to manufacture glass THGEMs. I will also be presenting a gallery of cosmic muon events along with a breakdown of our mechanisms for analysis allowing us to arrive at an energy calibration and resolution. Speaker: Adam Lowe (University of Liverpool) • 7:00 PM Conference Dinner Golden Cliff Golden Cliff • 170 Star Party (cancelled due to bad weather) Parking Lot Parking Lot • Friday, August 5 • 7:40 AM Breakfast / Coffee Ballroom Lobby Ballroom Lobby Cliff Lodge • Plenary: Instrumentation & Poster Summary Ballroom 2&3 Ballroom 2&3 Convener: Michael DuVernois (University of Wisconsin-Madison) • 171 Neutrino event reconstruction and Machine Learning Speaker: Kazuhiro Terao (SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory) • 172 Scintillator detectors Speaker: Minfang Yeh (Brookhaven National Laboratory) • 173 Challenges in the construction of large neutrino detectors: the JUNO case Speaker: Michele Montuschi (INFN - Sez di Ferrara) • 174 Non-accelerator neutrinos - neutrinos from natural sources Speaker: Stephanie Wissel (Pennsylvania State University) • 175 Selected Posters 10x3min presentations by selected posters • 10:50 AM Coffee Break Ballroom Lobby Ballroom Lobby Cliff Lodge • Joint Session: WG3+WG4 Magpie B Magpie B Convener: Angela Papa (Paul Scherrer Institut) • 176 Muon acceleration for the muon g-2/EDM experiment at J-PARC The muon anomalous magnetic moment (g-2) measurement by the Fermilab National Accelerator Laboratory (FNAL-E989) is consistent with a previous experiment by the Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL-E821), with a deviation from the SM prediction of 4.2 standard deviations. This discrepancy could lead to the discovery of unknown particles, and a completely different approach from previous experiments is needed for further verification. The J-PARC experiment aims to measure muon g-2 and the electric dipole moment (EDM) with high precision using a new method with a low-emittance muon beam generated by RF linear acceleration. This paper describes the development of the world's first linear accelerator dedicated to muons. Speaker: Yuga Nakazawa (Ibaraki University) • 177 A Demonstrator For Muon Ionisation Cooling The muon collider is an excellent prospect as a multi-TeV lepton collider, with the possibility for high luminosity and reach to 10 TeV or more. In order to realise such luminosity, high beam brightness is required. Ionisation cooling, which was demonstrated recently by the Muon Ionization Cooling Experiment (MICE), is the technique proposed to realise sufficient brightness. MICE demonstrated transverse emittance reduction of incident beams having relatively high emittance and without beam reacceleration. The international Muon Collider Collaboration proposes a Demonstrator for Muon Cooling that will demonstrate six-dimensional emittance reduction over a number of cooling cells, operating at beam emittance close to the ultimate goal for the muon collider. Together with a full R&D programme this will pave the way for construction of a muon collider. In this paper, initial considerations and possible implementations for the demonstrator are discussed. Speaker: Chris Rogers (Rutherford Lab) • 178 Fermilab's Muon Campus: Status, Experiments, and Future The Fermilab Muon Campus, repurposed Tevatron-era Antiproton Source facilities, is currently the home to the g-2 and Mu2e muon experiments. Collecting data since 2017, the g-2 experiment is currently running and will switch to a mu-minus mode before the Muon Campus transitions to Mu2e operation. Currently in the commissioning process, the Mu2e experiment is expected to begin calibration and data collection in fiscal year 2024. A majority of the Muon Campus is shared between the two experiments, however the modes of operation for each are significantly different. An 8 GeV primary proton beam strikes a target to produce a 3.1 GeV/c secondary muon beam for g-2, while the Mu2e experiment uses the Delivery Ring, formerly the Antiproton Accumulator Ring, for a pulsed, resonantly extracted, 8 kW, 8 GeV proton beam incident on a target in the experiment's target hall to produce a muon beam for the experiment. The current state of the Muon Campus, the current and future plans of the g-2 and Mu2e experiments, including the transition between operating modes, and the challenges associated with Mu2e operation will be presented. Speaker: Steven Boi • 179 Pion-production target for Mu2e-II: simulation design and prototype Mu2e-II will probe new physics mass scales up to 105 TeV by utilizing an 800-MeV 100-kW proton beam with an upgraded Mu2e beamline and detector, to obtain a sensitivity of ~10-17 in measurements of mu to electron conversion. This sensitivity is enabled by the PIP-II SRF Linac, which can accelerate a 2-mA proton beam to a kinetic energy of 800 MeV (1.6 MW of beam power); Mu2e-II will use a fraction of that potential. The higher beam intensity will require a substantially more advanced target design. In this talk, we will discuss our recent advances in design R&D for a Mu2e-II target station, based on energy deposition and radiation damage simulations (using MARS15, G4beamline, and FLUKA), as well as thermal and mechanical ANSYS analyses to estimate the survivability of the system. We considered rotated targets, fixed granular targets and a novel conveyor target with tungsten or carbon spherical elements that are circulated through the beam path. The motion of the spheres can be ensured either mechanically or both mechanically and by a He-gas flow. The simulations identified the conveyor target as the preferred approach, and that approach has been developed into a prototype. We describe this first prototype for the Mu2e-II target and report on its mechanical tests performed at Fermilab that indicate the feasibility of the design, discuss its weaknesses as well as suggested the directions of its further improvement. Speaker: David Neuffer (Fermilab) • WG1: Neutrino Oscillations: Parallel Ballroom 2 Ballroom 2 Convener: Megan Friend (KEK) • 180 Neutrino oscillation measurement with KM3NeT/ORCA KM3NeT/ORCA is an underwater neutrino telescope which is currently being deployed in the Mediterranean Sea. Its geometry has been optimized for the study of neutrino oscillations using atmospheric neutrinos. In particular this will allow to measure the neutrino mass ordering as well as$\theta_{23}$and$\Delta m^2_{31}$. The performance of ORCA with a 6 string configuration and one year of exposure already allowed to exclude the non-oscillation hypothesis with more than$5\,\sigma$. In this contribution an update of these results will be presented and the sensitivity of a full ORCA detector will be discussed. Speaker: Johannes Schumann (Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg) • 181 Neutrino Mass Ordering with IceCube DeepCore The neutrino mass ordering (NMO) is one of the last unmeasured fundamental parameters in the neutrino sector of the Standard Model of Particle Physics. NMO studies aim to answer the question of whether the neutrino mass ordering is normal (m3>m2>m1) or inverted (m2>m1>m3). IceCube is an ice-Cherenkov neutrino detector deployed greater than 1.5 kilometers below the surface of the South Pole. Using the DeepCore subarray, the densely-instrumented region of IceCube, we conduct a study of the NMO using neutrino oscillations from atmospheric neutrinos. Matter effects distort the oscillation probabilities for neutrinos (normal ordering) and anti-neutrinos (inverted ordering) traversing the Earth's core with energies below about 15 GeV. Differences in the atmospheric flux and cross-section yield a higher rate of neutrinos than anti-neutrinos in DeepCore, resulting in differences between the normal and inverted orderings in the combined neutrino/anti-neutrino signal. In this talk, we show a study of the NMO sensitivity using nine years of IceCube DeepCore data where a new event selection, reconstruction method, particle identification, and systematic uncertainty modeling are used. The aim is to both provide a higher-energy complementary NMO study to those being conducted by long-baseline neutrino experiments as well as to serve as a preamble for an NMO study using the upcoming IceCube Upgrade, which should significantly improve IceCube's NMO sensitivity. Speaker: Maria Prado Rodriguez (University of Wisconsin-Madison) • 182 New results from the atmospheric neutrino oscillations at Super-Kamiokande Super-Kamiokande (SK) is the world's largest underground water Cherenkov detector which has been studying the atmospheric neutrino oscillations since 1996. Atmospheric neutrinos are famous for covering a wide energy range, have both neutrinos and antineutrinos, with electron and muon flavours, which oscillate to tau neutrinos and are sensitive for matter effects in the earth. In this talk we would like to present updated results on atmospheric neutrino oscillations using five SK periods (data collected from SK-I to SK-V, years 1996-2020). The data analysis has beed improved by expanding the fiducial volume (FV) of the SK, by adding neutrino interactions taking place 1m from the detector walls. This allowed us to increase the data statistics up to 20 %, and thanks to improvement to the reconstruction algorithms we were able to keep systematics uncertainties still satisfactory. Speaker: Magdalena Posiadala-Zezula (University of Warsaw) • 183 The NOvA Test Beam Program NOvA is a long-baseline neutrino oscillation experiment designed to study and measure a wide range of topics for neutrino physics, such as the neutrino mixing parameters, the neutrino mass hierarchy, and CP violation in the lepton sector. A key component of the success of the experiment is a robust understanding of the systematic uncertainties associated with detector response and calibration. To address this, NOvA has constructed a test beam experiment at the Fermilab Test Beam Facility, which has collected data from 2019 through July 2022. The NOvA Test Beam experiment uses a scaled-down 30-ton detector to analyze tagged particles from a new tertiary beamline, which can select and identify electrons, muons, pions, kaons and protons with energies from 0.3 to 2 GeV. Using these data, the program will provide NOvA with a better understanding of the largest systematic uncertainties impacting NOvA's analyses, which include the detector response, calibration, and hadronic and electromagnetic energy resolution. In this talk, I will present the status and future plans for the NOvA Test Beam program, along with preliminary results. Speaker: Michael Wallbank (University of Cincinnati) • WG2: Neutrino Scattering Physics: Parallel Wasatch B Wasatch B • 184 Recent MicroBooNE cross-section results: neutrino-induced baryon production The MicroBooNE detector is a liquid argon time projection chamber (LArTPC) which recently finished recording neutrinos from both the Booster Neutrino Beam and the Neutrinos at the Main Injector beam at Fermilab. One of the primary physics goals of MicroBooNE is to make detailed measurements of neutrino-argon scattering cross sections, which are critical for the success of future neutrino oscillation experiments. At neutrino energies relevant for the Short-Baseline Neutrino program, the most plentiful event topology involves mesonless final states containing one or more protons. A low reconstruction threshold enabled by LArTPC technology has allowed MicroBooNE to pursue a number of analyses studying neutrino-induced proton production. In this talk, we present several recent cross-section measurements of this reaction mode for both muon and electron neutrinos. The results include MicroBooNE’s first measurements of differential cross sections involving transverse kinematic imbalance and two-proton final states. A first look at lambda baryon production in neutrino-argon scattering is also presented. Speaker: Afroditi Papadopoulou (MIT) • 185 Recent MicroBooNE cross-section results: inclusive channels and pion production One of the main physics goals of the MicroBooNE experiment at Fermilab is to perform high-statistics measurements of neutrino-argon interaction cross sections. These measurements will be essential for future neutrino oscillation experiments, including the Short-Baseline Neutrino program and the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE), to achieve an unprecedented level of precision. Inclusive cross-section data provide an important overall benchmark for the interaction modeling needed for these future efforts, and exclusive measurements of neutrino-induced pion production provide insight into the dominant reaction mode at the neutrino energies relevant for DUNE. In this talk, we present some of the latest neutrino-argon cross-section measurements in MicroBooNE, including new results for charged-current inclusive neutrino cross sections and pion-containing final states. Speaker: Elena Gramellini (Fermilab) • 186 Pion-argon inclusive cross-section measurement on ProtoDUNE-SP Hadron cross-section measurement is crucial to understand the final-state interactions which accounts for a large source of systematic uncertainty in neutrino oscillation experiments. ProtoDUNE-SP with its charged particle beam data can provide such experimental constraints. This work shows the pion-argon inclusive cross-section measurement using ProtoDUNE-SP Run 1 1 GeV/c beam data. We further develop the slicing method proposed by the LArIAT collaboration and apply it to large scale LArTPC like ProtoDUNE-SP. The cross-sections of pion kinetic energy ranging from 350 MeV to 950 MeV are measured. Speaker: Yinrui Liu • 187 The NEUT Neutrino Interaction Simulation NEUT is a neutrino-nucleus interaction simulation. It can be used to simulate interactions for neutrinos with between 100 MeV and a few TeV of energy. NEUT is also capable of simulating hadron interactions within a nucleus and is used to model nucleon decay and hadron--nucleus interactions for particle propagation in detector simulations. This talk describes the range of interaction channels modelled within NEUT, providing details on how each is implemented and on the tools available for propagating associated uncertainties. A range of comparisons of NEUT predictions to lepton and hadron scattering data are also shown. Speaker: Stephen Dolan (LLR / CEA Saclay) • WG5: Beyond PMNS: Virtual Parallel 2 Wasatch A Wasatch A Convener: Richard Ruiz (Institute of Nuclear Physics (IFJ) PAN) • 188 Snowmass 2022: Connection between neutrino mass models and muon experiments We explore the connection between neutrino mass models and muon experiments, esp. those looking for charged lepton flavor violation. Speaker: Julian Heeck (University of Virginia) • 189 Probing BSM models at future high-precision long baseline experiments Neutrino oscillations are a very well established phenomenon and in the last two decades we have been able to determine almost all the oscillation parameters with few percents precision. However, there is still room for the possibility of the presence of new physics effects. In this context, long-baseline (LBL) accelerator experiments provide a great environment to probe BSM (Beyond Standard Model) models. These experiments can look at different oscillation channels at both short (near detectors) and long (far detectors) distances, working with well controlled focused neutrino beams. Two of the most promising future LBL experiments are DUNE in the USA and T2HK in Japan, which may be part of a bigger experiment (T2HKK) with a second detector in Korea. We studied the performances of these experiments in constraining different models. For instance, we took into account the possible Non-Unitarity of the neutrino mixing matrix, searching for the best constraints on new physics parameters that DUNE and T2HKK could be able to set. Moreover, we considered how much the presence of non-standard phases may influence the$\delta_{CP}$determination. We also explored the capabilities of DUNE in searching for hints of the existence of Non-Standard-Interactions (NSI) in different benchmark scenarios. Regarding this, we studied the effects of vector and scalar NSI on neutrino oscillations, showing how DUNE will be able to differentiate the models. Speaker: Alessio Giarnetti (Roma Tre University &amp; INFN) • 190 Evolution of Lepton Number for Neutrinos We study the evolution of the lepton number for a$SU(2)$doublet consisting of a massive neutrino and a charged lepton. By choosing a specific initial lepton family for a neutrino we can compute the evolution of all lepton family numbers. Our framework results in additional oscillation phases that are important for nonrelativisitc neutrinos. We study the phenomenology of relativistic and nonrelativistic neutrino physics under this framework. The nonrelativistic region is of particular interest due to the Cosmic Neutrino Background (C$\nu$B) predicted from big bang models. Furthermore, we include important damping effects on the oscillations for the nonrelativistic region by considering a lepton number density. This is based on the works of arXiv:2101.07751 [hep-ph] and arXiv:2106.02783 [hep-ph]. Speaker: Nicholas Benoit (Hiroshima University) • WG6: Detectors: Parallel Ballroom 3 Ballroom 3 • 191 3D segmented scintillator neutrino detector SuperFGD for T2K experiment The T2K neutrino experiment in Japan obtained a first indication of CP violation in neutrino oscillations. To obtain better sensitivity, T2K will accumulate more statistics with a higher intensity beam and an upgraded of-axis near detector (ND280). It will allow us to reduce systematic uncertainties in oscillation measurements. The upgraded detector will have the full polar angle coverage for muons produced in neutrino charged current interactions, a low threshold for proton detection and will be able to measure neutrons using time-of-flight due to a good timing performance. Thanks to these new capabilities, the upgrade of ND280 will measure the energy spectra of muon neutrinos and antineutrinos with an unprecedented level of accuracy, and the near-to-far detector extrapolation of systematics constrains will be much less model dependent and therefore more reliable. A novel 3D highly granular scintillator detector called SuperFGD of a mass of about 2 tons was adopted as an upgraded ND280 fully-active neutrino target and a 4\pi detector of charged particles from neutrino interactions. It will consist of about two millions of small optically-isolated plastic scintillator cubes with a 1 cm side. Each cube is read out in the three orthogonal directions with wave-length shifting fibers coupled to compact photosensors, micro pixel photon counters (MPPCs). Several SuperFGD prototypes tested in beams with charged particles and neutrons demonstrated good performance. It is planned that SuperFGD installed into the ND280 magnet will be ready to accept the beam in the beginning of 2023. In this talk, the main detector parameters, performance of SuperFGD prototypes in beam tests, current status and plans will be reported. Speaker: Christopher Mauger (University of Pennsylvania) • 192 Characterisation of the ERAM detectors for the High Angle TPC of the T2K ND upgrade The High-Angle Time Projection Chambers (HA-TPCs) are a new set of detectors that will equip the off-axis near detector (ND280) of the T2K long-baseline neutrino oscillation experiment. These detectors will be installed below and above a new Super Fine-Grained Scintillator detector (FGD) in 2023 as part of the upgrade of ND280. The HATPCs operate at atmospheric pressure with the “T2K gas” mixture contained in a Field Cage with a central cathode splitting the active volume (2.0×1.8×0.8 m3) into two halves (1m long in drift direction). The thin wall (3cm) Field Cages are built by exploiting composite material techniques with lightweight and low-Z materials. The readout is done with Resistive Micromegas readout modules (ERAM) that utilizes a resistive foil covering the reading pads, acting as a 2D RC network and allowing a better determination of the deposited charges position. A prototype of the Field Cage instrumented with one ERAM detector has been recently exposed at the DESY electron beam and spatial resolution better than 0.6 mm and dE/dx resolution In order to ensure that the HA-TPCs satisfy the required performances for the ND280 Upgrade (space point resolution better than 600 μm and dE/dx resolution smaller than 10%), the ERAM detectors have been characterized with X-rays sources and by exposing them to the DESY electron beam. In addition, we have developed a detailed a simulation of the charge spreading phenomenon and of the electronic response, along with new reconstruction methods that exploit both charge and time information from the main and neighboring pads. In this talk we will present the physics associated with such novel technology, the status of simulation and reconstruction efforts, and the performances observed with the DESY Test beam. Speakers: Matteo Feltre (University of Padua), Claudio Giganti (LPNHE Paris) • 193 Demonstration of a novel, ton-scale, pixel-readout LArTPC for the DUNE Near Detector To cope with the high event pile-up, the liquid argon time projection chamber of the near detector complex of the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment relies on an innovative modular design featuring an advanced high-coverage photon detection system, a true 3D pixelated charge readout, and a low-profile resistive-shell field cage. The capabilities of this detector, including the performance of the charge and light readout systems, the signal matching between the two, the detector purity, and the response uniformity, have been demonstrated with two ton-scale prototypes operated at the University of Bern that acquired large samples of cosmic ray data. The data have been compared to a microphysical detector simulation, performed with highly-parallelized GPU algorithms. The main results from the analysis of these data sets, as well as the overall status of the ND-LAr detector development, will be presented in this talk. Speaker: Dr Jeremy Wolcott (Tufts University) • 194 The search for$0\nu \beta \beta$with the NEXT time projection chamber The Neutrino Experiment with a Xenon TPC (NEXT) is an international collaboration searching for the ultra-rare neutrinoless double beta decay process with the xenon-136 isotope. The experimental programme in NEXT consists of a series of high-pressure gaseous xenon time projection chambers with the most recent experiment (NEXT-White) running from 2016 - 2021 consisting of 5 kg of xenon and subsequently, NEXT-100, under commissioning in 2022 and scaling up to 100 kg of xenon. Crucial to the success of the NEXT programme is achieving excellent energy resolution FWHM and reducing backgrounds to negligible levels at the decay energy. This talk will cover the key aspects of the NEXT detectors which enable such goals, the status of the NEXT-100 project, and the extensive R&D efforts being carried out to tag the daughter barium ions from the decay to enable a near background-free neutrinoless double beta decay search. Speaker: Krishan Mistry (The University of Texas at Arlington) • WG7: IDEEO: Parallel White Pine White Pine Convener: Nagisa Hiroshima (University of Toyama) • 195 Stimulate IDEEO in Neutrino Education through the IceCube Masterclass The unique properties of neutrinos and the international efforts in the field of neutrino physics and neutrino astronomy have drawn significant public attention in recent years. How to successfully transform public interest into a driving force to promote Inclusion, Diversity, Equity, Education and Outreach (IDEEO) in fundamental science research relies on many tactical considerations. This report summarizes our outreach experience with engaging high school students in local communities in South Dakota and Wyoming through the IceCube Masterclass. Thoughts on promoting IDEEO in neutrino education jointly in EPSCoR jurisdictions will also be discussed. Speaker: Xinhua Bai (South Dakota School of Mines and Technology) • 196 Investigating the Development of STEM-Positive Identities of Refugee Teens in a Physics Out-of-School Time Experience (INSPIRE) Authors: T.Nyawelo, S.Braden, J.N.Matthews & J.Gerton Refugee youth resettled in the United States experience two main barriers to long-term participation in STEM fields: (a) access to STEM skills and knowledge which is impacted by translocation and interrupted schooling, and (b) access to crafting positive learner identities in STEM as multilingual, multicultural, and multiracial youth. This presentation shares a model for engaging refugee teens in Cosmic Ray research through an NSF-funded project titled: Investigating the Development of STEM-Positive Identities of Refugee Teens in a Physics Out-of-School Time Experience (INSPIRE). The INSPIRE program is designed to address such barriers by offering students participation in three inter-related activities: (1) constructing scintillator cosmic ray detectors then learning how to collect and analyze data using those detectors; (2) creating digital stories (short video documentaries) to document their experience in the cosmic ray research; and (3) family and community science events where students share what they are learning with their families, and eventually, science teachers, researchers, and broader members of the scientific community. Speaker: Tino Nyawelo (University of Utah) • 197 INVOLVING THE NEW GENERATIONS IN FERMILAB ENDEAVOURS Since 1984 the Italian groups of the Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) and Italian Universities, collaborating with Fermilab have been running a two-month summer training program for Italian university students. While in the first year the program involved only four physics students of the University of Pisa, in the following years it was extended to engineering students. This extension was successful and the engineering students have been well accepted by the Technical, Accelerator and Scientific Computing Division groups. This program has proven to be the most effective way to engage new students in Fermilab endeavours. Many students have extended their collaboration with Fermilab with their Master Thesis and PhD. Since 2004 the program has been supported in part by DOE in the frame of an exchange agreement with INFN. The program has involved more than 500 Italian students from more than 20 Italian Universities. A handful of students of European and non-European Universities were also accepted in the years. Each intern is supervised by a Fermilab Mentor. Training programs spanned from Tevatron, CMS, Muon (g-2), Mu2e and SBN (MicroBooNE, ICARUS, SBND) and DUNE design and experimental data analysis, development of particle detectors, design of electronic and accelerator components, development of infrastructures and software for tera-data handling, research on superconductive elements and on accelerating cavities, theory of particle accelerators. In 2015 the University of Pisa included the program within its own educational programs. The students are required to write summary reports on their achievements. After positive evaluation by a University Examining Board, interns are acknowledged 6 ECTS credits for their Diploma Supplement. After two years of suspension, we are resuming the Program. The students' are showing great interest. Information on students' recruiting methods, training programs and final students evaluation process awill be given. Speaker: Simone Donati (Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare) • 198 3D visualization of astronomy data using virtual reality Visualization is an essential part of research, both to explore one’s data and to communicate one’s findings with others. Many data products in astronomy come in the form of multi-dimensional cubes, and since our brains are tuned for recognition in the 3D world, we ought to display and manipulate these in 3D space. This is possible with virtual reality (VR) devices. Drawing from our experience developing immersive and interactive 3D experiences from actual science data at the Astrophysical Big Bang Laboratory (ABBL), I will give an overview of the opportunities and challenges that are awaiting astrophysicists in the burgeoning VR space. I will cover both software and hardware matters, as well as practical aspects for a successful delivery to the public. Speaker: Gilles Ferrand • 199 Discussion Speakers: Ellen Bechtol (UW Madison), Francesca Dordei (INFN, Cagliari (IT)), Nagisa Hiroshima (University of Toyama) • 12:50 PM Lunch Cliff Conf Center Tent Cliff Conf Center Tent • WG1: Neutrino Oscillations: Parallel Ballroom 2 Ballroom 2 Convener: Kirk Bays (IIT) • 200 Neutrino mass scale from cosmological constraints In this talk, we shall present the latest and tightest cosmological constraints on the neutrino mass scale and the prospects from future surveys. Special attention will be devoted to the interplay between cosmological and laboratory neutrino mass searches, along with the role of neutrinos in solving the present cosmological tensions. Speaker: Olga Mena (IFIC (CSIC-UV)) • 201 Three-flavor Oscillations Results for the NOvA Experiment NOvA is a long-baseline beam neutrino experiment. It uses the 700 kW NuMI beam at Fermilab to send muon neutrinos (or muon antineutrinos) to two functionally identical detectors, located 14.6 mrad off the beam axis. The Near Detector is located at Fermilab, and the 14 kton Far Detector is located 810 km away in Ash River, Minnesota. Both the detectors are tracking calorimeters filled with liquid scintillator which can detect and identify muon and electron neutrino interactions with high efficiency. In order to constrain neutrino oscillations parameters, neutrino mass hierarchy, and the CP-violating phase δCP, NOvA measures the electron neutrino and antineutrino appearance rates, as well as the muon neutrino and antineutrino disappearance rates. This talk will present NOvA's latest results combining both neutrino data (13.6×10^20 POT) and antineutrino data (12.5×10^20 POT). Speaker: Richa Sharma (Panjab University) • 202 Long-Baseline Neutrino Oscillation Physics Sensitivities of the Hyper-Kamiokande Experiment The Hyper-Kamiokande experiment has a rich long-baseline neutrino program, as well as a variety of other physics goals. The long-baseline program will utilize a world-class neutrino beam produced at the high-intensity J-PARC accelerator constrained by a suite of near detectors. The Hyper-Kamiokande detector is a ~185 kton fiducial volume water Cherenkov detector, located 295 km from the beam neutrino source. Hyper-Kamiokande long-baseline measurements will be sensitive to the leptonic CP violating phase, delta_CP, as well as the atmospheric oscillation parameters, sin^2theta_23 and Delta m^2_32. Combining the long-baseline and atmospheric neutrino measurements at the Hyper-Kamiokande detector will also allow for enhanced sensitivities, and in particular will help to resolve the neutrino mass ordering. Speaker: Megan Friend (KEK) • 203 DUNE long-baseline oscillation physics sensitivity Abstract: The Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) is a next generation, long-baseline neutrino oscillation experiment which will utilize high-intensity$\nu_{\mu}$and$\bar{\nu}_{\mu}$with peak neutrino energies of ~2.5 GeV produced at Fermilab, over a 1285 km baseline, to carry out a detailed study of neutrino mixing. The neutrino beam has an initial design intensity of 1.2 MW, but has a planned upgrade to 2.4 MW. The unoscillated neutrino flux will be sampled with a near detector complex at Fermilab, and oscillated at the DUNE far detector at the Sanford Underground Research Facility, which will ultimately consist of four modules each containing a total liquid argon mass of 17 kt. Here, the long-baseline neutrino oscillation sensitivity of DUNE is determined, using a full simulation, reconstruction, and event selection of the far detector and a full simulation and parameterized analysis of the near detector. Detailed uncertainties due to the flux prediction, neutrino interaction model, and detector effects are included. DUNE is able to resolve the neutrino mass ordering to a 5$\sigma$precision, for all values of the CP-phase, after a 66 kiloton-megawatt-year exposure (kt-MW-yr). It has the potential to observe charge-parity violation in the neutrino sector to a precision of 3$\sigma$(5$\sigma$) after an exposure of 197 (646) kt-MW-yrs, for 50% of all values of the CP-violating phase. DUNE's sensitivity to other oscillation parameters of interest have been explored. Speaker: Callum Wilkinson (Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory) • 204 NA61/SHINE proton-carbon hadron production measurements for neutrino oscillation experiments Hadron production measurements are crucial for helping long-baseline neutrino oscillation experiments constrain their beam flux uncertainties and improve oscillation measurements. The proton-carbon reaction is of particular importance, as it serves as the primary neutrino-creating reaction for the T2K and NOvA experiments. The NA61/SHINE experiment has made hadron production measurements for 31 GeV/c, 60 GeV/c, and 120 GeV/c protons on carbon targets. This talk will present recent analysis results of 120 GeV/c protons on a carbon target, which is the reaction foreseen to create the neutrino beam for DUNE. More thin and replica target measurements are planned at NA61/SHINE after CERN's Long Shutdown 2. Speaker: Brant Rumberger (University of Colorado Boulder) • WG2: Neutrino Scattering Physics: Parallel Wasatch B Wasatch B • 205 Detection of high-energy neutrinos at LHC with SND@LHC SND@LHC is a compact and stand-alone experiment to perform measurements with neutrinos produced at the LHC in a hitherto unexplored pseudo-rapidity region of 7.2 < 𝜂 < 8.4, complementary to all the other experiments at the LHC. The experiment is to be located 480 m downstream of IP1 in the unused TI18 tunnel. The detector is composed of a hybrid system based on an 800 kg target mass of tungsten plates, interleaved with emulsion and electronic trackers, followed downstream by a calorimeter and a muon system. The configuration allows efficiently distinguishing between all three neutrino flavours, opening a unique opportunity to probe physics of heavy flavour production at the LHC in the region that is not accessible to ATLAS, CMS and LHCb. This region is of particular interest also for future circular colliders and for predictions of very high-energy atmospheric neutrinos. The detector concept is also well suited to searching for Feebly Interacting Particles via signatures of scattering in the detector target. The first phase aims at operating the detector throughout LHC Run 3 to collect a total of 150 fb−1. A new era of collider neutrino physics is just starting. Speaker: Masahiro Komatsu (CERN) • 206 Overview of physics results with coherent elastic neutrino-nucleus scattering data The detection of Coherent Elastic Neutrino-Nucleus Scattering (CEvNS) performed in 2017 and 2021 with cesium iodide and in 2020 with liquid argon by the COHERENT collaboration has paved the way for precision phenomenological measurements of many diverse physical phenomena. CEνNS is a neutral current process induced by the exchange of a Z boson that permits to put interesting constraints on nuclear physics, neutrino electromagnetic properties but it also represents a sensitive probe for non-standard interactions (NSI) that are not included in the SM, induced by yet to be discovered neutral vector and scalar bosons. Recently, CEνNS has also been observed for the first time using antineutrinos from reactors at the Dresden-II site with a germanium detector called NCC-1701, allowing to obtain more stringent and complementary constraints. In this talk, I will present an overview of the physics reach of CEνNS, presenting, in particular, the state of the art of the constraints on neutrino charge radii, milli-charges, and magnetic moments as well as new limits on NSI and different new physics models involving light vector Z' mediators. Complementarity of CEνNS constraints with nuclear physics with the recent PREX and CREX neutron-skin determinations will also be discussed, highlighting the interplay with the weak-mixing angle determination. I will compare all the results obtained with the limits derived from other oscillation and scattering experiments and provide prospects for the future, given the large amount of CEνNS experiments that are currently being proposed or under construction. Speaker: Matteo Cadeddu (INFN) • 207 NA65(DsTau) experiment at CERN The DsTau experiment at CERN-SPS has been proposed to measure an inclusive differential cross-section of a Ds production with a consecutive decay to tau lepton in p-A interactions. A precise measurement of the tau neutrino cross section would enable a search for new physics effects such as testing the Lepton Universality (LU) of Standard Model in neutrino interactions. The detector is based on nuclear emulsion providing a sub-micron spatial resolution for the detection of short length and small “kink” decays. Therefore, it is very suitable to search for peculiar decay topologies (“double kink”) of Ds→τ→X. In 2021, the first physics run of the experiment was performed successfully. The collected data corresponds to 30% of the aimed total statistics. In this presentation, the status of data taking and analysis will be presented. Speaker: Elena Firu • 208 The Accelerator Neutrino Neutron Interaction Experiment The Accelerator Neutrino Neutron Interaction Experiment (ANNIE) is a 26-ton Gadolinium-loaded water Cherenkov detector located at the Booster Neutrino Beamline at Fermilab. One of the primary physics goals is to measure the number of final-state neutrons from neutrino-nucleus interactions in water. This measurement will improve our understanding of these complex interactions and help reduce the associated systematic uncertainties, thus benefiting the next generation of long-baseline neutrino experiments. ANNIE will achieve its physics goals by using recently developed photodetectors, the Large Area Picosecond Photodetectors (LAPPDs), with better than 100 picosecond time resolution. This talk will present the status of the experiment, the deployment of LAPPDs, the event reconstruction techniques, and the analysis result of the most recent neutrino beam data. ANNIE's Future R&D opportunities demonstrating the use of Water-based Liquid Scintillators as a new neutrino detection medium will also be discussed. Speaker: Jingbo Wang • 209 CEvNS at CSNS in China The detection and cross section measurement of Coherent Elastic Neutrino-Nucleus Scattering (CEvNS) is vital for particle physics, astrophysics and nuclear physics. In 2017，the COHERNET collaboration reported the first observation of CEvNS signal. A new CEvNS detection experiment is under our schedule. Four pure CsI crystals, weight 3kg and coupled with two Photon Multiplier Tubes (PMTs) each, will be cooled down to 77K and placed at China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS) to detect the CEvNS signals produced by neutrinos from stopped pion decays happening within the Tungsten target of CSNS. Owing to the extremely high light yield of pure CsI at 77K (33.5PE/keVee), even though only having a neutrino flux 30% weaker than COHERENT, the detectable signal event rate is still expected to be 540 each year. Low radioactivity materials and devices will be used to construct the detector and strong shielding will be applied to reduce the radioactive background. Dual-PMT readout will be able to reject PMT-related background like Cherenkov light and PMT dark noise. With all the strategies above, we are hoping to reach a signal to background ratio exceeding 4. We have been using two EJ301 liquid scintillator detectors to investigate the beam related and unrelated background at the location. Our main detector is scheduled to be placed there as soon as CSNS finish their upgrade this summer. Speaker: qian liu (university of chinese academy of sciences) • WG3: Accelerator Physics: Parallel Wasatch A Wasatch A • 210 IsoDAR@Yemilab – A definitive search for exotic neutrinos and other BSM physics The IsoDAR neutrino source comprises a novel compact cyclotron capable of delivering 10 mA of 60 MeV protons in cw mode and a high-power neutrino production target. It has obtained preliminary approval to run at the new underground facility Yemilab in South Korea. IsoDAR will produce a very pure, isotropic$\bar{\nu}_e$source, with peak neutrino energy around 6 MeV and endpoint around 15 MeV. Paired with a kton-scale detector like the planned Liquid Scintillator Counter (LSC) at Yemilab, IsoDAR can measure$\bar{\nu}_e$disappearance through the inverse beta decay (IBD) channel. We expect about 1.67·106 IBD events, and ~7000$\bar{\nu}_e$–$e^-$elastic scatter events in the LSC in five years of running letting us distinguish many different models for sterile neutrinos and improving significantly on existing limits for non-standard interactions (NSI). Finally, IsoDAR@Yemilab is sensitive to new particles produced in the target (such as a light X boson, that decays to$\bar{\nu}_e \nu_e$). Beyond the physics applications, we describe the accelerator developments for IsoDAR that enable us to produce about a mole of neutrinos in five years of running. These include direct injection through a radiofrequency quadrupole, exploiting complex beam dynamics, and application of machine learning in accelerator design and optimization. Speaker: Daniel Winklehner (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) • 211 PIP-II Accumulator Ring - PAR The FNAL accelerator complex is poised to reach MW neutrino beams on target for the exploration of the dark sector physics and rare physics program spaces. Future operations of the complex will include the CW capable PIPII linac at beam intensities that have not been seen before [1, 2]. The ambitious beam program relies on multi-turn H− injection into the FNAL Booster and then extracted into delivery rings or the Booster Neutrino Beam (BNB) 8 GeV HEP program. These programs will utilize about 1.5% of the PIPII capabilities. Additionally, there are many accelerator engineering challenges that are already known and many that will be discovered. This proposal calls for an intermediate step that will both facilitate the operation of Booster in the PIP-II era, gain operational experience associated with high power injection rings and jump start FNAL beam based dark sector physics program. The PIP-II Accumulator Ring (PAR) is being designed to deliver several hundred kW beam power for a dark sector (DS) program with flexible bunch structures. This step includes the design, construction and installation of a 0.8 GeV accumulator ring (upgradeable to 1+ GeV) to be located in the PIP-II Booster Transfer Line (BTL). The PIP-II accumulator ring (PAR) may be primarily designed around permanent magnets or use standard iron core magnet technology with an aperture selected to accommodate the desired high intensity protons at 0.8 GeV. PAR will leverage the power of PIPII and create and exciting DS program by the end of the decade. Speaker: William Pellico (FNAL) • 212 The design of the ENUBET beamline The ENUBET project aims at reducing to 1% the flux related systematics on a narrow band neutrino beam through the monitoring of the associated charged leptons in an instrumented decay tunnel. A key element of the project is the design of a meson transfer line with conventional magnets that maximizes the yield of K$^+$and$\pi^+$, while minimizing the total length to reduce meson decays in the not instrumented region. In order to limit particle rates on the tunnel instrumentation, a high level of beam collimation is needed, thus allowing undecayed mesons to reach the end of the tunnel. At the same time a fine tuning of the shielding and the collimators is required to minimize any beam induced background in the decay region. The magnetic lattice is optimized with TRANSPORT: the focusing of mesons from the target is performed with a static (quadrupole-based) system that, coupled with a slow proton extraction scheme, allows for a significant pile-up reduction at the tunnel instrumentation while retaining a particle yield large enough for a high precision neutrino cross section measurement on a 3 year time scale. Charge and momentum selection in a 8.5 GeV$\pm$10% momenum bite is performed by a double dipole system. Shielding elements are optimized with a full simulation of the facility in Geant4. In particular a powerful genetic algorithm is used to scan automatically the parameter space of the collimators in order to find a configuration that minimizes the halo background in the decay tunnel while preserving a large meson yield. This contribution will report the results of the optimization studies and the final design of the ENUBET beamline, together with doses estimation through a FLUKA simulation. The design of an alternative secondary beamline with a broad momentum range (4, 6, 8.5 GeV/c), that could enhance the physics reach of the facility, is discussed in addition. Speaker: Elisabetta Giulia Parozzi (CERN) • WG4: Muon Physics: g-2 part-II Magpie A Magpie A Convener: Gavin Hesketh (UCL) • 213 The search for the muon EDM at the Fermilab$g-2$experiment and beyond The observation of a non-zero permanent electric dipole moment (EDM) of an elementary particle would break both parity and time-reversal symmetries, implying the violation of charge-parity (CP) symmetry under CPT invariance. The Standard Model (SM) predicts subatomic particle EDMs which are so small as to be out of reach of current experiments, such that any observation of a non-zero EDM would indicate a source of CP violation arising from new physics beyond the SM (BSM). Presently, a measurement of muon EDM at the Fermilab$g-2$experiment is well underway, aiming to exceed the current upper limit – set by the Brookhaven$g-2$experiment – by two orders of magnitude at$\sim10^{-21}e\cdot$cm; providing a unique opportunity to investigate BSM sources of CP violation in the second generation of leptons. This talk will provide an overview of the muon EDM search at Fermilab, as well as future search experiments. Speaker: Samuel Grant (University College London) • 214 Status of the Muon g-2/EDM experiment at J-PARC The muon g-2/EDM experiment at J-PARC (E34) aims to measure muon g-2 and EDM with a low-emittance muon beam realized by the acceleration of thermal muons. Together with other novel techniques, the experiment measures muon g-2 in a different approach from FNAL. The technical design of the experiment has been completed, and the budget is being requested to start the data taking in 2027. In the first phase, the measurement of g-2 with a precision of 0.45 ppm is expected in two years of data acquisition. The statistically limited accuracy of 0.1 ppm is the final goal. In this talk, developments and the current status of the experiment will be presented. Speaker: Ce Zhang (Peking University) • 215 muEDM: The search for a muon electric dipole moment using the frozen-spin technique at PSI Permanent electric dipole moments (EDMs) are excellent probes of physics beyond the Standard Model. Recently, the muon EDM has been of particular interest due to the tensions in the magnetic anomaly of the muon and the electron and hints of lepton-flavor universality violation in B-meson decays. At PSI, we proposed a dedicated muon EDM search experiment using the frozen-spin technique. In this technique, a radial electric field is applied in a solenoid storage ring with a vertical magnetic field to cancel the muon anomalous precession. The signal of the EDM can be inferred from the up-down asymmetry of the decay positron count versus time. The experiment is planned to take place in two phases. The sensitivity goal of phase I is$3 \times 10^{-21}$e cm and for phase II, it is 6$\times 10^{-23}$e cm. In this talk, I will present the principle and current status of the experiment. Speaker: Prof. Kim Siang Khaw (Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University) • WG5: Beyond PMNS: Hybrid Parallel 4 Magpie B Magpie B Convener: Karol Adamczyk • 216 Towards neutrinoless double beta decay in NEXT NEXT (Neutrino Experiment with a Xenon TPC) is an international collaboration with the objective of searching for neutrinoless double beta decay in xenon. After an initial R&D phase in which the TPC technology was developed, it was able to successfully run a small (5 kg of xenon) detector, NEXT-White (2016-2021). The detector was hosted at Laboratorio Subterráneo de Canfranc, an underground facility in the Spanish Pyrenees in the border between Spain and France. During this period it demonstrated the essential features of a neutrinoless double beta experiment, to be discussed in this talk: excellent energy resolution, active background discrimination through the combination of both energy and tracking capabilities, and a reliable measurement of the double beta two neutrino mode half-life of Xe-136. The current phase consists of the construction (ongoing) and operation of a larger (100 kg of xenon) detector, NEXT-100. The data taking is expected to start during the last quarter of 2022. Being a low background experiment, detector materials must be carefully selected and measured. In addition, a reliable simulation of the detector and physics processes is needed in order to evaluate the background contribution to the signal region. This talk also discusses the simulation of the background model for NEXT-100 and its projected physics reach. Speaker: Gonzalo Díaz (University of Santiago de Compostela) • 217 Tests of neutrino mass models at ATLAS Multiple theories beyond the Standard Model predict the existence of heavy neutrinos, such as the Type I or Type III seesaw mechanisms which can explain the light neutrino masses, or left-right symmetric models which restore parity symmetry in weak interactions at higher energy scale and predict right-handed counterparts to the weak gauge bosons. Searches for such heavy Majorana or Dirac neutrinos with the ATLAS detector, which can also lead to boosted or also displaced signatures, will be presented using proton-proton data from the LHC at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV. Speaker: Ben Wynne • 218 Tests of neutrino mass models at CMS The latest results and prospects of searches for heavy neutrinos at the CMS experiment will be presented. Speakers: Collaboration CMS, Sitian Qian, Sitian Qian (Peking University) • WG6: Detectors: Parallel Ballroom 3 Ballroom 3 • 219 Measuring solar neutrinos over gigayear timescales with paleo detectors Measuring the solar neutrino flux over gigayear timescales could provide a new window to inform the solar standard model as well as studies of the Earth’s long-term climate. We demonstrate the feasibility of measuring the time evolution of the B8 solar neutrino flux over gigayear timescales using paleo detectors, naturally occurring minerals which record neutrino-induced recoil tracks over geological times. We explore suitable minerals and identify track lengths of 15–30 nm to be a practical window to detect the B8 solar neutrino flux. A collection of ultraradiopure minerals of different ages, each some 0.1 kg by mass, can be used to probe the rise of the B8 solar neutrino flux over the recent gigayear of the Sun’s evolution. We also show that the time-integrated tracks are sensitive to models of the Sun. Speakers: Natalia Tapia (Virginia Tech), Prof. Shunsaku Horiuchi (Virginia Tech) • 220 The Camera System for the IceCube Upgrade As part of a currently ongoing upgrade to the IceCube Neutrino Observatory, seven new strings will be deployed in the central region of the detector to enhance the capability to detect neutrinos in the GeV range. A main science objective of the IceCube Upgrade is to improve the calibration of the IceCube detector as a means of reducing systematic uncertainties related to the optical properties of the ice. A novel camera and illumination system, consisting of more than 1900 cameras installed in 700 newly developed optical modules of the IceCube Upgrade, has been developed. A combination of transmission and reflection photographic measurements will be used to measure the optical properties of bulk ice between strings and refrozen ice in the drill hole, to determine module positions, and to survey the local ice environments surrounding the sensor module. In this contribution, we present the production, acceptance testing, and the plan for post-deployment calibration measurements with this camera system. Speaker: Woosik Kang (Sungkyunkwan University) • 221 Energy Reconstruction and Calibration of the MicroBooNE LArTPC The Liquid Argon Time Projection Chamber (LArTPC) is increasingly becoming the chosen technology for current and future precision neutrino oscillation experiments due to its superior capability in particle tracking and energy calorimetry. In LArTPCs, calorimetric information is critical for particle identification, which is the foundation for the neutrino cross-section and oscillation measurements as well as searches for beyond standard model physics. One of the primary challenges in employing LArTPC technology is characterizing its performance and quantifying the associated systematic uncertainties. MicroBooNE, the longest operating LArTPC to date, has performed numerous such measurements, including studies of detector physics and electromagnetic shower reconstruction. Here we present results on the operation and performance of the detector during its data taking, highlighting accomplishments toward calorimetric reconstruction, calibration, and detector physics. Speaker: Dr Wanwei Wu (Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory) • 222 Calibration strategy for the JUNO experiment Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO) is a 20 kton liquid scintillator based neutrino experiment, being built in the Guangdong province in Southern China. Its construction is expected to be completed in 2023. The experimental hall is located underground, below a 700 meter rock over-burden, to reduce backgrounds from cosmic rays. JUNO will act as a multipurpose observatory for neutrinos produced by artificial and natural sources. Its primary goal consists in the determination of the neutrino mass ordering (NMO), which can be inferred by measuring the oscillation pattern of electron anti-neutrinos emitted by two nuclear power plants, located at 53 km from the experimental site. Moreover, it will be able to the determine$\sin^2\theta_{12}$,$\Delta m^2_{12}$,$\Delta m^2_{13}$with unprecedented precision, to perform precision solar neutrino spectroscopy, to measure atmospheric neutrino and geo-neutrinos fluxes, to detect supernova neutrinos, etc. The detector calibration is a crucial and challenging tile for the success of the JUNO rich physics programme. The calibration strategy is based on the periodical deployment of radioactive sources within the liquid scintillator. The hardware design consists of several independent and low-background subsystems able to deploy the sources in multiple positions, to optimize the energy resolution and to provide a detailed assessment of the detector energy response. By exploiting this comprehensive calibration program, along with a dual calorimetry technique based on two independent photosensor system, the JUNO central detector will be able to achieve a better than 1% energy linearity and a 3% effective energy resolution, which are crucial requirements for the NMO determination. This talk is dedicated to the explanation of JUNO calibration strategy and requirements, along with the system hardware design and to the simulation results. Speaker: Dr Davide Basilico (University of Milan / INFN) • 223 Calibrating for Precision Physics in LArTPCs at ICARUS The Short-Baseline Neutrino (SBN) Program at Fermilab consists of multiple Liquid Argon Time Projection Chamber (LArTPC) detectors in a single neutrino beam. SBN will have a broad physics program that includes GeV-scale neutrino cross section measurements and Beyond Standard Model physics searches including a search for short-baseline neutrino oscillations. Especially for the oscillation program at SBN (and, looking ahead, at DUNE) it is imperative to have accurate and precise energy measurements that can be related to the true neutrino energy. In addition to GeV-scale accelerator neutrino physics, MeV-scale physics is also possible at SBN and DUNE such as in searches for millicharged particles, solar and supernova neutrino detection, and a proposed modification of DUNE to enable a search for neutrinoless double beta decay. These measurements will require further leveraging of the calorimetric information from ionization charge beyond the traditional needs of GeV-scale physics. In this talk, I will review the limits on calorimetric energy precision in a LArTPC. I will also discuss a path for calibrations to improve the accuracy of track-like energy measurements in a LArTPC to the sub-percent level. Two innovations are important here. First, diffusion plays a role in determining the energy scale in LArTPC calibration in a way unappreciated by previous experiments. Second, calibrating from digitized charge to energy directly instead of through a determination of the electronics gain can eliminate the otherwise irreducible systematic uncertainty from existing recombination measurements. We are implementing these techniques now at ICARUS, the far detector in SBN, which has already begun data collection. Looking forward, improved measurements of LAr properties are needed to unlock the best possible energy reconstruction at SBN and DUNE. Speaker: Gray Putnam • 3:50 PM Coffee Break Ballroom Lobby Ballroom Lobby Cliff Lodge • Joint Session: WG4+6 : Detectors for experiments with muon beams Ballroom 3 Ballroom 3 Convener: Kevin Lynch (Fermilab) • 224 Design, construction, and vertical slice performance tests of the Mu2e straw tracker The Mu2e experiment will search for charge-lepton flavor violating (CLFV) muon to electron conversion. The signal for this process is a monoenergetic electron, and so a precise momentum measurement of the outgoing electron is required in order to reach the target 90% C.L. sensitivity of 8x10^-17. This is achieved in Mu2e using a low-mass cylindrical straw tracker operated in vacuum, consisting of 21,000 thin-wall mylar straws held at tension. The Mu2e tracker is now in production and will be completed by 2024. We will discuss the design and construction status, and show results from the first 576 straw 'plane' that has been under test since the beginning of 2021. Speaker: Richard Bonventre (Lawrence Berkeley National Lab) • 225 The High-Efficiency Cosmic Ray Veto Detector for the Mu2e Experiment at Fermilab The Mu2e experiment will search for the charged-lepton flavor violating neutrino-less conversion of a negative muon into an electron in the presence of a nucleus. The experiment's goal is to improve the previous upper limit by four orders of magnitude. Any observation of this process is a clear sign of new physics. The single 105-MeV electron that results from this process can be mimicked by electrons produced by cosmic-ray muons traversing the detector. An active veto detector surrounding the apparatus detects incoming cosmic-ray muons. To reduce the backgrounds to the required level, it must have an efficiency of about 99.99% and excellent coverage. The cosmic ray veto consists of four layers of scintillator counters, each with two embedded wavelength-shifting fibers, whose light is detected by silicon photomultipliers. The design and expected performance of the cosmic ray veto detector will be described. The potential use of very similar technologies in other experiments will be highlighted. Speaker: Simon Corrodi • 226 Online machine learning based event selection for COMET Phase-I The COMET experiment aims to search for a muon to electron conversion with a single event sensitivity of$3\times10^{-15}$in its Phase-I in order to explore new physics beyond the Standard Model. In the experiment, a high multiplicity environment is expected around the detector. Many accidental hits may cause a high fake trigger rate that cannot meet the DAQ capability, less than 13 kHz. To overcome this issue, we are developing the machine learning algorithms implemented onto Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) to efficiently select signal like events within an order of a microsecond. We have developed the hardware electronics to meet the timing requirement and confirmed that the simple machine learning algorithms could be populated inside the commercially available FPGAs. In this presentation, we will report the current status of the development and future prospects. Speaker: Yuki Fujii (Monash University) • WG1: Neutrino Oscillations: Parallel - Virtual session Ballroom 2 Ballroom 2 Convener: Callum Wilkinson (Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory) • 227 Oscillation Physics Potential of JUNO The Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory is a 20 kton multi-purpose liquid scintillator detector located at a 700-m underground laboratory in South China (Jiangmen city, Guangdong province). The exceptional energy resolution and the massive volume of the JUNO detector offer great opportunities for addressing many essential topics in neutrino and astroparticle physics. JUNO's primary goals are to determine the neutrino mass ordering and precisely measure the related neutrino oscillation parameters. With reactor neutrino data, JUNO can determine the neutrino mass ordering with great significance and measure the neutrino oscillation parameters$\sin^2\theta_{12}$,$\Delta m^2_{21}$, and$\Delta m^2_{31}/\Delta m^2_{32}$to the sub-percent precision level. In addition, the atmospheric and solar neutrino measurements at JUNO can also provide important information for oscillation physics. This talk will focus on the oscillation physics potential of JUNO, including the sensitivity analysis and results based on the recent understanding of the detector. Speaker: Jinnan Zhang • 228 Ability of DUNE to establish Deviation from Maximal$\theta_{23}$The present global analyses of the available oscillation data still allow$\sin^{2}\theta_{23}=0.5$at 3$\sigma$confidence level while, the current best-fit of$\theta_{23}$strongly suggests$\sin^{2}\theta_{23} \neq 0.5$.Thus, it is imperative to question at what significance maximal 2-3 mixing can be ruled out. We study in great detail the performance of DUNE to establish the deviation from maximality in the 2-3 sector. We also discuss the impact of$\sin^{2}\theta_{23} - \Delta m^{2}_{31}$degeneracy in establishing non-maximal$\theta_{23}$and show how this degeneracy can be broken by exploiting the spectral shape information in$\nu$and$\bar{\nu}$disappearance events. We find that a 3$\sigma$(5$\sigma$) determination of non-maximal$\theta_{23}$is possible in DUNE with an exposure of 336 kt$\cdot$MW$\cdot$years if the true value of$\sin^2\theta_{23} \leq 0.465~(0.450)$or$\sin^2\theta_{23} \geq 0.554~(0.572)$for any value of true$\delta_{\mathrm{CP}}$and true NMO. We also study the individual contributions from appearance and disappearance channels, the impact of systematic uncertainties and marginalization over oscillation parameters, the importance of spectral analysis, and the data from both$\nu$and$\bar\nu$runs, while analyzing DUNE's sensitivity to discover non-maximal$\theta_{23}$. Speaker: Masoom Singh (Utkal University and Institute of Physics, Bhubaneswar) • 229 Tau Neutrino Studies at ICAL Detector in INO We present our results of tau neutrino events analysis at the Iron Calorimeter (ICAL) detector in India-based Neutrino Observatory (INO). We calculate the tau neutrino interaction with the detector via charged current(CC) interaction over background neutral current (NC) events of neutrinos of all flavors. We find that the presence of tau neutrinos with 10 years exposure at ICAL can be detected with nearly 4 sigma confidence. We show that the tau neutrino events are sensitive to the neutrino oscillation parameters$\theta_{23}$and$\Delta m^2$. By performing combined analysis of tau neutrino events and muon neutrino events, we show the significant improvement in oscillation parameter$\theta_{23}$and its octant measurement and moderate improvement in$\Delta m^2$measurement. Speaker: Mr Thiru Senthil R (The Institute of Mathematical Sciences, Taramani, Chennai 600113 India and Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400094 India) • 230 Tension between the T2K and NOvA appearance data and hints to new physics The tension between the T2K and NOvA long-baseline experiments arises mostly due to the mismatch in the$\nu_\mu \to \nu_e$and${\bar\nu}_\mu \to {\bar\nu}_e$appearance data. Assuming vacuum oscillation as the reference point, with maximal$\theta_{23}$and$\delta_{CP} = 0$, we compute the$\nu_e$/${\bar\nu}_e$appearance events for each of the experiments. T2K observes a large excess in the$\nu_e$appearance event sample compared to the expected$\nu_e$events at the reference point, whereas NOvA observes a moderate excess. The large excess in T2K dictates that$\delta_{CP}$be anchored at$−90^\circ$and that$\theta_{23} > \pi/4$with a preference for normal hierarchy (NH). The moderate excess at NOvA leads to two degenerate solutions: (a) NH,$0 < \delta_{CP} < 180^\circ$, and$\theta_{23} > \pi/4$; (b) inverted hierarchy (IH) with$−180^\circ < \delta_{CP} < 0$, and$\theta_{23} > \pi/4$. This is the main cause of tension between the two experiments. We show that beyond the standard model (BSM) physics scenarios such as non-unitary neutrino mixing, Lorentz invariance violation, and non-standard neutrino interactions, may resolve the tension. Speaker: Ushak Rahaman (University of Johannesburg) • 231 T2K oscillation analysis results: latest analysis improvements at the far detector T2K is a long baseline neutrino experiment which exploits a neutrino and antineutrino beam produced at the Japan Particle Accelerator Research Centre (JPARC) to provide world-leading measurements of the parameters governing neutrino oscillation. Neutrino oscillations are measured by tuning the neutrino rates and spectra at a near detector complex, located at JPARC, and extrapolate them to the water-Cherenkov far detector, Super-Kamiokande, located 295 Km away, where oscillations are observed as modifications of such rates and spectra. The latest T2K results include multiple analysis improvements, in particular a new sample is added at the far detector, requiring the presence of a pion in muon-neutrino interactions. It is the first time that a pion sample is included in the study of neutrino disappearance at T2K and, for the first time, a sample with more than one Cherenkov ring is exploited in the T2K oscillation analysis, opening the road for further samples with charged- and neutral-pion tagging. The inclusion of such sample enables proper control of the oscillated spectrum on a larger neutrino-energy range and on subleading neutrino-interaction processes. Finally, T2K is engaged with the Super-Kamiokande collaboration to combine T2K neutrino beam data and Super-Kamiokande atmospheric data to perform a joint fit to the oscillation parameters. Such combination allows the degeneracies between the measurement of the CP-violating phase$\delta_{CP}$and the measurement of the ordering of the neutrino mass eigenstates to be lifted. Precise evaluation of the enhanced sensitivity of this joint fit will be presented. Speaker: Kenji Yasutome (Kyoto University) • WG2: Neutrino Scattering Physics: Parallel Wasatch B Wasatch B • 232 nuSTORM; Neutrinos from Stored Muons The nuSTORM facility will provide$\nu_e$and$\nu_\mu$beams from the decay of low energy muons confined within a storage ring. The neutrino and anti-neutrino energy distributions will be precisely known. The precision goals of the oscillation program require a realistic modeling of neutrino-nucleus scattering dynamics. nuSTORM can contribute to this effort by providing the ultimate experimental program of scattering measurements. The cross section for the scattering on complex nuclei is sensitive to energy and momentum transfers. Data with both muons and electrons in the final state are therefore very valuable. Sensitivity to physics beyond the Standard Model (BSM) is provided by nuSTORM’s unique features. This allows sensitive searches for short-baseline flavour transitions, light sterile neutrinos, nonstandard interactions, and non-unitarity. In synergy with the scattering program, new physics searches would also profit from measurements of exclusive final states, allowing for BSM neutrino interactions to be probed in neutrino-electron scattering and by searching for exotic final states. The status of the development of nuSTORM will be reviewed in the context of the renewed effort to develop high-brightness stored muon beams and as a route to very-high energy lepton-anti lepton collisions in the muon collider. Speaker: Mark Scott (Imperial College London) • 233 Status of the NINJA experiment Uncertainty of the neutrino-nucleus interaction models is one of the major sources of systematic uncertainty for neutrino oscillation experiments. The NINJA experiment aims to measure the neutrino-nucleus interactions precisely using a nuclear emulsion detector called Emulsion Cloud Chamber (ECC). The sub-micron spatial resolution and a high sampling rate of the ECC allow us to detect short tracks of low-momentum charged particles such as protons (The momentum threshold for protons is down to 200 MeV/$c$). So far, we have measured the kinematics of charged particles emitted from neutrino interactions on water or iron in J-PARC using the T2K high-intensity neutrino beam. Multiplicity, angle, and momentum distribution of the charged particles from the neutrino interactions have been compared to the prediction by the Monte Carlo simulation. From November 2019 to February 2020, the NINJA experiment conducted its first physics run in J-PARC. The 75 kg water-target ECC was exposed to the neutrino beam corresponding to$4.8 \times 10^{20}$protons on target. In this presentation. we report the latest result of the pilot runs and the current status of neutrino interaction analysis of the physics run. In addition, expected outcomes from and prospects of the NINJA experiment will be discussed in this talk. Speaker: Takahiro Odagawa (Kyoto University) • 234 T2K latest results on neutrino-nucleus cross sections A detailed understanding of neutrino-nucleus interactions is essential for the precise measurement of neutrino oscillations at long baseline experiments, such as T2K. The T2K near detector complex, designed to constrain the T2K flux and cross section models, also provides a complementary program of neutrino interaction cross-section measurements. Through the use of multiple target materials (carbon, water, lead, iron), and the ability to sample different neutrino spectra (with detectors located on- and off-axis with respect to the beam direction), T2K is able to investigate atomic number and energy dependence of interaction cross sections in a single experiment. In particular, T2K has recently performed the first joint on/off-axis measurement of the Charged Current channel without pion in the final state. Also, dedicated efforts are devoted to investigate rare or poorly studied interaction channels. Indeed, an improved analysis of the coherent pion production cross section has been recently accomplished, including an antineutrino sample for the first time. Those results, together with an overview of the T2K measurement strategy, adopted to reduce the model dependence, will be presented in this talk. Speaker: Andrew Cudd (University of Colorado Boulder) • 235 Muon antineutrino charged-current neutral pion production differential cross-section measurement in the NOvA near detector NOvA is a long-baseline neutrino oscillation experiment primarily designed to measure the muon (anti)neutrino disappearance and electron (anti)neutrino appearance in the off-axis Fermilab NuMI beam. It uses two functionally identical liquid scintillator detectors separated by 810 km and a narrow band beam centered around 2 GeV. Energetic neutral pions produced in$\Delta\$ resonance, deep-inelastic interactions or final state interactions are a significant background to the electron (anti)neutrino appearance measurement as the photons coming from neutral pion decay may be misidentified as electrons(positrons). The high statistics antineutrino mode data in the near detector can be used to perform a measurement of the differential cross section for the muon antineutrino charged-current neutral pion production. The analysis uses a convolutional neural network trained on individually simulated particles to identify neutral pions in the final state. A data-driven template fit approach is used to constrain backgrounds. The assessment of systematic uncertainties is also presented.
Speaker: Fan Gao (University of Pittsburgh)
• WG3: Accelerator Physics: Parallel Wasatch A
Wasatch A
• 236
Progress of studies on the Neutrinos from Stored Muons, nuSTORM, facility
The Neutrinos from Stored Muons, nuSTORM, facility has been designed to deliver a definitive neutrino-nucleus scattering programme using neutrino beams from the decay of muons confined within a
storage ring. The facility is unique, it will be capable of storing muon beams of both charges with momentum of between 1 GeV/c and 6 GeV/c and a momentum spread of ±16%. The neutrino beams generated will span neutrino energies from approximately 300 MeV to 5.5 GeV allowing neutrino-scattering measurements to be made over the kinematic range of interest to the DUNE and Hyper-K. At nuSTORM, the flavour composition of the beam and the neutrino-energy spectrum are both precisely
known. The storage-ring instrumentation will allow the neutrino flux to be determined to a precision of 1% or better. nuSTORM will: serve the future long- and short-baseline neutrino-oscillation programmes by providing definitive measurements of scattering cross-sections with percent-level precision.
It will extend the search for light sterile neutrinos beyond the sensitivities that will
be provided by the FNAL Short Baseline Neutrino (SBN) programme and
create an essential test facility for the development of muon accelerators to serve as the basis of a multi-TeV lepton-antilepton collider and a Neutrino Factory. Recent progress of R&D studies on nuSTORM are presented.
Speaker: Jaroslaw Pasternak (Imperial College/RAL-STFC)
• 237
Muon Acceleration for Future Neutrino and Higgs Factory
Current machine concepts developed by Muon Accelerator Program (MAP) for a neutrino factory can be extended to reach the 63~GeV needed for s-channel production of the Higgs boson and beyond, by the addition of one or two RLAs, Envisioned staged approach, assumes a single-pass linac with a combination of 325 and 650 MHz superconducting RF, followed by a Recirculating Linear Accelerator(RLA) configured with 2.9~GeV/pass, 650 MHz superconducting linac based on quadrupole focusing, completed with four droplet' arcs, where the beam reaches 15 GeV in 4.5 recirculation passes. The chain can be further extended by a subsequent RLA based on Tesla cavities.
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Speaker: Dr Alex Bogacz (Jefferson Lab)
• 238
A Muon Collider at Fermilab
The Fermilab site can accommodate a Muon Collider at up to 10 TeV center of mass energy. Parameters for Fermilab-based muon colliders are presented. Recent related research on rapid-cycling acceleration, muon cooling, proton sources and targetry is discussed. Compatibility with neutrino sources and neutrino factories is also discussed as well as directions for future research.
Speaker: David Neuffer (Fermilab)
• WG5: Beyond PMNS: Hybrid Parallel 5 Magpie B
Magpie B
Convener: Doojin Kim (Texas A&M University)
• 239
MicroBooNE's Search for Anomalous Single-Photon Production in Neutrino Scattering
We report the results from MicroBooNE's search for a single-photon excess in the Booster Neutrino Beam at Fermilab, a potential interpretation to the long-standing MiniBooNE low-energy excess anomaly. We highlight recent results targeting neutrino-induced neutral current resonant ∆(1232) baryon production followed by ∆ radiative decay. Data corresponding to MicroBooNE’s first three years of operations (6.80×10^20 protons on target) were used to search for single-photon events with the backgrounds constrained via an in-situ high-purity measurement of NC π0 events. This provided the world’s most sensitive search for NC ∆→Nγ below 1 GeV and disfavors the hypothesis that anomalously large ∆ radiative decay is the origin of the MiniBooNE low-energy excess. Additional cross-checks to this analysis utilizing a separate reconstruction framework are presented, along with plans and progress towards both a model-independent inclusive photon search, and new model-dependent search targeting NC coherent-like single-photon production.
Speaker: Kathryn Sutton (Caltech)
• 240
Cosmogenic Background Suppression at the ICARUS
The ICARUS detector will search for LSND-like neutrino oscillations exposed at shallow depth to the FNAL BNB beam as the far detector in the Short-Baseline Neutrino (SBN) program. Cosmic backgrounds rejection is particularly important for the ICARUS detector due to its larger size and distance from neutrino production compared to the near detector SBND. In ICARUS the neutrino signal over cosmic background ratio is 40 times more unfavorable compared to SBND, in addition a greater than 3 times larger out-of-spill comics rate. On this poster, I will illustrate techniques for reducing cosmogenic backgrounds in the ICARUS detector.
Speaker: Biswaranjan Behera (Colorado State University)
• 241
Searches for dark matter in the Galactic Halo and extragalactic sources with IceCube
The abundance of dark matter in the Universe could be explained by heavy dark matter. Dark matter is expected to be accumulated near the center of massive astrophysical objects, and the decay of it could produce highly energetic neutrinos detectable at Earth with large neutrino telescopes. The IceCube Neutrino Observatory is a cubic kilometer-scale neutrino telescope located under 1.5 km of ice near the Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station. With the discovery of high-energy astrophysical neutrinos, IceCube has demonstrated the ability to observe neutrinos of extraterrestrial origin. The sources of these astrophysical neutrinos remain largely unknown, making searches for exotic origins very timely. We present an analysis that searches for dark matter decay in extragalactic sources, using nine years of IceCube data. The sources considered are galaxy clusters, dwarf galaxies, and the Andromeda galaxy. We focus on heavy decaying dark matter with masses from 10 TeV to 100 PeV and consider several benchmark decay channels into pairs of Standard Model particles. We use well-established neutrino event selection criteria for neutrino candidate events from the northern sky. In this contribution, we present the latest analysis status and sensitivities calculated using the individual sources and by stacking the sources within the same source class.
Speaker: Minjin Jeong (Sungkyunkwan University)
• 242
Search for secluded dark matter with 6 years of IceCube data
The IceCube neutrino observatory--installed in the Antarctic ice--is the largest neutrino telescope to date. It consists of 5,160 photomultiplier-tubes spread among 86 vertical strings making a total detector volume of more than a cubic kilometer. IceCube detects neutrinos via Cherenkov light emitted by charged relativistic particles produced when a neutrino interacts in or near the detector. The detector is particularly sensitive to high-energy neutrinos of due to its size and photosensor spacing. In this analysis we search for dark matter that annihilates into a metastable mediator that subsequently decays into Standard Model particles. These models yield an enhanced high-energy neutrino flux from dark matter annihilation inside the Sun compared to models without a mediator. Signals produceddirectly inside the solar plasma are subject to strong attenuation. Mediators produced by secluded dark matter can however escape the Sun and avoid any such attenuation. We present the results of an analysis of six years of IceCube data looking for dark matter in the Sun for dark matter masses ranging from 200 GeV to 75 TeV.
Speaker: Christoph Toennis (SKKU)
• SPC Meeting Maybird
Maybird
Convener: Carsten Rott (University of Utah)
• Workshop: Negotiation and Communication Skills for Early Career Researchers Ballroom 2
Ballroom 2
Convener: Pearl Sandick (University of Utah)
• 243
Negotiation and Communication Skills for Early Career Researchers
The workshop will focus on negotiation and communication skills useful to physics researchers as they navigate their careers, including how to:
• Negotiate a position in academia, industry, or at a national lab
• Interact positively on teams and with a mentor or advisor
• Think tactically
• Enhance personal presence
• Develop alliances
• Achieve professional goals
Speaker: Pearl Sandick (University of Utah)
• Saturday, August 6
• 7:40 AM
Breakfast / Coffee Ballroom Lobby
Ballroom Lobby
Cliff Lodge
• Plenary: WG Summary Ballroom 2&3
Ballroom 2&3
• 244
Summary WG1 - Neutrino Oscillations
Speaker: Mark Scott (Imperial College London)
• 245
Summary WG2 - Neutrino Scattering
Speaker: Adi Ashkenazi (Massachusetts Institute of Technology)
• 246
Summary WG5 - Physics Beyond PMNS
Speaker: Richard Ruiz (Institute of Nuclear Physics (IFJ) PAN)
• 247
Summary WG3 - Accelerators
Speakers: Katsuya Yonehara (Fermilab), Tsunayuki Matsubara (KEK)
• 10:40 AM
Coffee Break Ballroom Lobby
Ballroom Lobby
Cliff Lodge
• Plenary: WG Summary Ballroom 2&3
Ballroom 2&3
Convener: Pearl Sandick (University of Utah)
• 248
Summary WG4 - Muon Physics
Speaker: Yuri Oksuzian (Argonne)
• 249
Summary WG6 - Detectors
Speaker: Yasuhiro NISHIMURA (Keio University)
• 250
Summary WG7 - Inclusion, Diversity, Equity, Education, & Outreach
Speaker: Nagisa Hiroshima (University of Toyama)
• 251
Closing
Speakers: Carsten Rott (University of Utah), Pearl Sandick (University of Utah) | 2023-03-28T15:49:24 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.5774571299552917, "perplexity": 4156.636408656}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296948867.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20230328135732-20230328165732-00087.warc.gz"} |
http://mathonline.wikidot.com/invertible-and-singular-elements-in-an-algebra | Invertible and Singular Elements in an Algebra
Table of Contents
# Invertible and Singular Elements in an Algebra
Definition: Let $X$ be an algebra. A point $e \in X$ is said to be a Unit Element or a (Multiplicative) Identity Element of $X$ if $e \neq 0$ and if for every $x \in X$ we have that $ex = x = xe$, and $X$ is said to be an Algebra with Unit.
Proposition 1: Let $X$ be an algebra. If $e$ and $e'$ are both units then $e = e'$.
• Proof: Suppose that $e, e' \in X$ are both units. Then:
(1)
\begin{align} \quad e = ee' = e' \end{align}
• Where the first equality comes from the fact that $e'$ is a unit, and the second equality comes from the fact that $e$ is a unit. $\blacksquare$
Since units in an algebra are unit, it is conventional to use the symbol $1$ to denote the unit in an algebra with unit.
Definition: Let $X$ be an algebra with unit $1$ and let $x \in X$. A point $a \in X$ is said to be a Left (Multiplicative) Inverse of $x$ if $ax = 1$. A point $b \in X$ is said to be a Right (Multiplicative) Inverse of $x$ if $xb = 1$. A point $c \in X$ is said to be a (Multiplicative) Inverse of $x$ if it is both a left and right inverse of $x$.
Observe that if the operation of multiplication on the algebra $X$ is commutative then the existence of a left multiplicative inverse implies the existence of a right multiplicative inverse. In general, multiplication on $X$ is not assumed to be commutative.
Definition: Let $X$ be an algebra with unit. A point $x \in X$ is said to be Invertible if $x$ has an inverse in $X$, and $\mathrm{Inv}(X)$ is the set of all invertible elements in $X$. A point $x \in X$ is said to be Singular if it has no inverse in $X$, and $\mathrm{Sing}(X)$ is the set of all singular elements in $X$.
Proposition 2: Let $X$ be an algebra with unit and let $x \in X$. If $x$ is invertible and $a, b$ are both inverses of $x$ then $a = b$.
Whenever $x$ is invertible (i.e., a left and right inverse to $x$ exists) then that inverse element is unique. In general, if $x$ is not invertible then $x$ may have many left inverses or many right inverses.
• Proof: Suppose that $a$ and $b$ are both inverses of $x$. Then:
(2)
\begin{align} \quad a = a1 = a(xb) = (ax)b = 1b = b \end{align}
• Therefore $a = b$. $\blacksquare$
Unless otherwise stated, the content of this page is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 License | 2018-07-16T08:44:01 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 2, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.942529559135437, "perplexity": 67.67599655341557}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": false, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": false}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676589237.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20180716080356-20180716100356-00026.warc.gz"} |
https://pos.sissa.it/363/181/ | Volume 363 - 37th International Symposium on Lattice Field Theory (LATTICE2019) - Main session
Quark masses and decay constants in $N_f=2+1+1$ isoQCD with Wilson clover twisted mass fermions
G. Bergner, P. Dimopoulos, J. Finkenrath, E. Fiorenza, R. Frezzotti, M. Garofalo*, B. Kostrzewa, F. Sanfilippo, S. Simula, U. Wenger and for the Extended Twisted Mass Collaboration
Full text: pdf
Pre-published on: February 14, 2020
Published on: August 27, 2020
Abstract
We present a preliminary study of the pion, kaon and D-meson masses and decay constants in isosymmetric QCD, as well as a preliminary result for the light-quark renormalized mass. The analysis is based on the gauge ensembles produced by ETMC with $N_f=2+1+1$ flavours of Wilson-clover twisted mass quarks, spanning a range of lattice spacings from $\sim0.10$ to $0.07$ fm and include configurations at the physical pion point on lattices with linear size up to $L~\sim~5.6$~fm
DOI: https://doi.org/10.22323/1.363.0181
How to cite
Metadata are provided both in "article" format (very similar to INSPIRE) as this helps creating very compact bibliographies which can be beneficial to authors and readers, and in "proceeding" format which is more detailed and complete.
Open Access
Copyright owned by the author(s) under the term of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. | 2023-01-31T16:25:13 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.5237295627593994, "perplexity": 3863.5335181814503}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499888.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20230131154832-20230131184832-00427.warc.gz"} |
https://mooseframework.inl.gov/source/materials/ComputeVariableEigenstrain.html | # Compute Variable Eigenstrain
Computes an Eigenstrain and its derivatives that is a function of multiple variables, where the prefactor is defined in a derivative material
## Description
ComputeVariableEigenstrain calculates the eigenstrain as a function of a specified variable as well as the contributions of the eigenstrain to the first and second order derivatives of the elastic strain. This class is most often only used in phase field simulations where first and second derivatives are required and the limitation on elastic only strains is not overly restrictive.
The Rank-2 tensor eigenstrain is calculated as a function of a Rank-2 tensor base and a scalar material property. (1) where is the computed eigenstrain, is a scalar material property, and is the tensor selected by the user as the base of the eigenstrain. The material property is used to introduce dependence of the eigenstrain on the user-specified variable.
The contributions of the eigenstrain to the first and second elastic strain derivatives are calculated with use of the MOOSE DerivativeMaterialInterface applied to the prefactor variables. (2) where and are the first and second derivatives of the elastic strain contributions due to the eigenstrain.
warning:Use with Elastic Strain Only
This class assumes the presence of only elastic strain in the computation of the first and second derivatives.
## Example Input File
[./eigenstrain]
type = ComputeVariableEigenstrain
eigen_base = '1'
args = c
prefactor = prefactor
eigenstrain_name = eigenstrain
[../]
(modules/combined/test/tests/multiphase_mechanics/simpleeigenstrain.i)
where the argument for the args parameter in the eigenstrain matches the name of the coupled variable, here shown as an auxvariable
[./c]
order = FIRST
family = LAGRANGE
[./InitialCondition]
type = SmoothCircleIC
x1 = 125.0
y1 = 125.0
invalue = 1.0
outvalue = 0.1
int_width = 50.0
[../]
[../]
(modules/combined/test/tests/multiphase_mechanics/simpleeigenstrain.i)
and the argument for the prefactor parameter in the eigenstrain material matches the function name (f_name parameter) in the DerivativeParsedMaterial
[./prefactor]
type = DerivativeParsedMaterial
args = c
f_name = prefactor
constant_names = 'epsilon0 c0'
constant_expressions = '0.05 0'
function = '(c - c0) * epsilon0'
[../]
(modules/combined/test/tests/multiphase_mechanics/simpleeigenstrain.i)
Finally, the eigenstrain_name parameter value must also be set for the strain calculator, and an example parameter setting is shown below:
[./strain]
type = ComputeSmallStrain
eigenstrain_names = eigenstrain
[../]
(modules/combined/test/tests/multiphase_mechanics/simpleeigenstrain.i)
## Input Parameters
• eigen_baseVector of values defining the constant base tensor for the Eigenstrain
C++ Type:std::vector
Options:
Description:Vector of values defining the constant base tensor for the Eigenstrain
• argsvariable dependencies for the prefactor
C++ Type:std::vector
Options:
Description:variable dependencies for the prefactor
• eigenstrain_nameMaterial property name for the eigenstrain tensor computed by this model. IMPORTANT: The name of this property must also be provided to the strain calculator.
C++ Type:std::string
Options:
Description:Material property name for the eigenstrain tensor computed by this model. IMPORTANT: The name of this property must also be provided to the strain calculator.
### Required Parameters
• computeTrueWhen false, MOOSE will not call compute methods on this material. The user must call computeProperties() after retrieving the Material via MaterialPropertyInterface::getMaterial(). Non-computed Materials are not sorted for dependencies.
Default:True
C++ Type:bool
Options:
Description:When false, MOOSE will not call compute methods on this material. The user must call computeProperties() after retrieving the Material via MaterialPropertyInterface::getMaterial(). Non-computed Materials are not sorted for dependencies.
• base_nameOptional parameter that allows the user to define multiple mechanics material systems on the same block, i.e. for multiple phases
C++ Type:std::string
Options:
Description:Optional parameter that allows the user to define multiple mechanics material systems on the same block, i.e. for multiple phases
• boundaryThe list of boundary IDs from the mesh where this boundary condition applies
C++ Type:std::vector
Options:
Description:The list of boundary IDs from the mesh where this boundary condition applies
• blockThe list of block ids (SubdomainID) that this object will be applied
C++ Type:std::vector
Options:
Description:The list of block ids (SubdomainID) that this object will be applied
• prefactor1Name of material defining the variable dependence
Default:1
C++ Type:MaterialPropertyName
Options:
Description:Name of material defining the variable dependence
### Optional Parameters
• output_propertiesList of material properties, from this material, to output (outputs must also be defined to an output type)
C++ Type:std::vector
Options:
Description:List of material properties, from this material, to output (outputs must also be defined to an output type)
• outputsnone Vector of output names were you would like to restrict the output of variables(s) associated with this object
Default:none
C++ Type:std::vector
Options:
Description:Vector of output names were you would like to restrict the output of variables(s) associated with this object
### Outputs Parameters
• enableTrueSet the enabled status of the MooseObject.
Default:True
C++ Type:bool
Options:
Description:Set the enabled status of the MooseObject.
• use_displaced_meshFalseWhether or not this object should use the displaced mesh for computation. Note that in the case this is true but no displacements are provided in the Mesh block the undisplaced mesh will still be used.
Default:False
C++ Type:bool
Options:
Description:Whether or not this object should use the displaced mesh for computation. Note that in the case this is true but no displacements are provided in the Mesh block the undisplaced mesh will still be used.
• control_tagsAdds user-defined labels for accessing object parameters via control logic.
C++ Type:std::vector
Options:
Description:Adds user-defined labels for accessing object parameters via control logic.
• seed0The seed for the master random number generator
Default:0
C++ Type:unsigned int
Options:
Description:The seed for the master random number generator
• implicitTrueDetermines whether this object is calculated using an implicit or explicit form
Default:True
C++ Type:bool
Options:
Description:Determines whether this object is calculated using an implicit or explicit form
• constant_onNONEWhen ELEMENT, MOOSE will only call computeQpProperties() for the 0th quadrature point, and then copy that value to the other qps.When SUBDOMAIN, MOOSE will only call computeSubdomainProperties() for the 0th quadrature point, and then copy that value to the other qps. Evaluations on element qps will be skipped
Default:NONE
C++ Type:MooseEnum
Options:NONE ELEMENT SUBDOMAIN
Description:When ELEMENT, MOOSE will only call computeQpProperties() for the 0th quadrature point, and then copy that value to the other qps.When SUBDOMAIN, MOOSE will only call computeSubdomainProperties() for the 0th quadrature point, and then copy that value to the other qps. Evaluations on element qps will be skipped | 2018-12-13T19:41:51 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.45321619510650635, "perplexity": 3197.940849317402}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376825098.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20181213193633-20181213215133-00603.warc.gz"} |
http://www.scstatehouse.gov/sess118_2009-2010/sj09/20090506.htm | South Carolina General Assembly
118th Session, 2009-2010
Journal of the Senate
Wednesday, May 6, 2009
(Statewide Session)
Indicates Matter Stricken
Indicates New Matter
The Senate assembled at 11:00 A.M., the hour to which it stood adjourned, and was called to order by the PRESIDENT.
A quorum being present, the proceedings were opened with a devotion by the Chaplain as follows:
"Commit your way to the Lord; trust in him and he will do this: He will make your righteousness shine like the dawn, the justice of your cause like the noonday sun." (Psalm 37:5-6)
Please, bow with me as we pray together:
Holy God, we seek to be Your servants in everything we say and do-always. Fill the hearts and minds of these Senators that they might truly trust in You. May their decisions and actions always reflect Your desires and Your intent, bringing glory to You and benefit to the people of South Carolina. In Your loving name we pray, O Lord. Amen.
The PRESIDENT called for Petitions, Memorials, Presentments of Grand Juries and such like papers.
Call of the Senate
At 11:29 A.M., Senator McCONNELL moved that a Call of the Senate be made. The following Senators answered the Call:
Alexander Anderson Bright
Bryant Campbell Campsen
Cleary Cromer Davis
Elliott Fair Ford
Grooms Hayes Hutto
Jackson Knotts Land
Leatherman Leventis Lourie
Malloy Martin, L. Martin, S.
Massey Matthews McConnell
McGill Mulvaney Nicholson
O'Dell Peeler Rankin
Reese Rose Scott
Setzler Shoopman Thomas
Verdin Williams
A quorum being present, the Senate resumed.
Senator KNOTTS asked unanimous consent to make a motion that he and Senator ALEXANDER be granted leave to attend a subcommittee meeting, be counted in any quorum calls and be granted leave to vote from the balcony.
There was no objection.
The following was received and referred to the appropriate committee for consideration:
Document No. 4068
Agency: Board of Funeral Service
SUBJECT: Funeral Service Practice Act
Received by Lieutenant Governor May 5, 2009
Referred to Judiciary Committee
Legislative Review Expiration April 11, 2010
Doctor of the Day
Senator LOURIE introduced Dr. Thomas E. Gibbons of Columbia, S.C., Doctor of the Day.
Leave of Absence
At 5:20 P.M., Senator KNOTTS requested a leave of absence until 8:30 P.M. this evening.
Leave of Absence
On motion of Senator MALLOY, at 5:45 P.M., Senator PINCKNEY was granted a leave of absence for this week.
Leave of Absence
At 6:00 P.M., Senator VERDIN requested a leave of absence beginning at 1:00 P.M. on Thursday and lasting until Tuesday, May 12, 2009, at Noon.
S. 144 (Word version) Sen. Ford
S. 282 (Word version) Sen. Ford
S. 372 (Word version) Sen. Ford
S. 416 (Word version) Sen. Ford
S. 455 (Word version) Sen. Ford
S. 554 (Word version) Sen. Ford
S. 636 (Word version) Sen. Ford
S. 673 (Word version) Sen. Ford
At 11:27 A.M., on motion of Senator McCONNELL, with unanimous consent, the Senate agreed to go into Executive Session immediately following a Call of the Uncontested Local and Statewide Calendar.
INTRODUCTION OF BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS
The following were introduced:
S. 787 (Word version) -- Senator Scott: A SENATE RESOLUTION TO RECOGNIZE AND HONOR THE LIFE AND FAITHFULNESS OF FRANCES ALEXANDER DORSEY ON MOTHER'S DAY AND TO COMMEND HER FOR YEARS OF SERVICE TO HER FAMILY, HER CHURCH, AND HER COMMUNITY.
l:\council\bills\gm\24353cm09.docx
S. 788 (Word version) -- Senators Nicholson and O'Dell: A SENATE RESOLUTION TO RECOGNIZE AND COMMEND THE CAMBRIDGE ACADEMY GOLF TEAM FOR CAPTURING THE 2009 SOUTH CAROLINA INDEPENDENT SCHOOL ASSOCIATION CLASS A STATE CHAMPIONSHIP TITLE, AND TO HONOR THESE EXCEPTIONAL PLAYERS, COACHES, AND STAFF.
l:\council\bills\rm\1254ac09.docx
S. 789 (Word version) -- Senators Rose, S. Martin, Davis, Bright, Shoopman, Williams, Bryant, Peeler, Thomas and Campsen: A BILL TO AMEND ARTICLE 1, CHAPTER 103, TITLE 59 OF THE 1976 CODE, RELATING TO THE COMMISSION ON HIGHER EDUCATION, BY ADDING SECTION 59-103-115 TO PROVIDE THAT EACH PUBLIC INSTITUTION OF HIGHER LEARNING MUST MAINTAIN A DETAILED TRANSACTION REGISTER OF ALL FUNDS EXPENDED EACH MONTH AND POST THAT REGISTER ONLINE, AND TO PROVIDE THAT EACH PUBLIC INSTITUTION OF HIGHER LEARNING MUST POST ONLINE ALL OF ITS CREDIT CARD STATEMENTS AND THE CREDIT CARD STATEMENTS FOR CREDIT CARDS ISSUED TO PUBLIC OFFICIALS AND EMPLOYEES FOR PUBLIC USE.
l:\s-res\mtr\019univ.kmm.mtr.docx
Senator ROSE spoke on the Bill.
Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Education.
S. 790 (Word version) -- Senator L. Martin: A BILL TO AMEND CHAPTER 3, TITLE 16 OF THE 1976 CODE, BY ADDING ARTICLE 19 TO ESTABLISH A PROCEDURE FOR THE ISSUANCE OF TEMPORARY AND PERMANENT CIVIL NO-CONTACT ORDERS UNDER CERTAIN CIRCUMSTANCES, TO PROVIDE FOR THE DURATION OF CIVIL NO-CONTACT ORDERS, TO PROVIDE NECESSARY DEFINITIONS, TO PROVIDE A PENALTY FOR THE VIOLATION OF CIVIL NO-CONTACT ORDERS, TO PROVIDE FOR THE ENFORCEMENT OF FOREIGN PROTECTION ORDERS, AND TO PROVIDE FOR THE REQUIREMENTS FOR VALID FOREIGN PROTECTION ORDERS.
l:\s-rules\drafting\lam\008civi.ec.lam.docx
Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Judiciary.
S. 791 (Word version) -- Senator L. Martin: A BILL TO REQUIRE THE SOUTH CAROLINA BUILDING CODES COUNCIL TO ADOPT CERTAIN SEISMIC AND WIND MAPS FOR THE STATE UNTIL THE YEAR 2012 WHEN THE INTERNATIONAL RESIDENTIAL CODE (IRC) IS ADOPTED IN THIS STATE; AND TO AMEND SECTION 6-9-40, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE BUILDING CODE ADOPTION PROCEDURE, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THE COMMUNITY MAY OPT OUT OF THESE BUILDING CODE MODIFICATIONS IN CERTAIN CIRCUMSTANCES.
l:\council\bills\dka\3735dw09.docx
Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Labor, Commerce and Industry.
S. 792 (Word version) -- Senators Scott, Alexander, Anderson, Bright, Bryant, Campbell, Campsen, Cleary, Coleman, Courson, Cromer, Davis, Elliott, Fair, Ford, Grooms, Hayes, Hutto, Jackson, Knotts, Land, Leatherman, Leventis, Lourie, Malloy, L. Martin, S. Martin, Massey, Matthews, McConnell, McGill, Mulvaney, Nicholson, O'Dell, Peeler, Pinckney, Rankin, Reese, Rose, Ryberg, Setzler, Sheheen, Shoopman, Thomas, Verdin and Williams: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO DECLARE THE MONTH OF OCTOBER 2009 AS GANG AWARENESS MONTH IN SOUTH CAROLINA IN ORDER TO RAISE PUBLIC AWARENESS OF THE INCREASING PROBLEM OF CRIMINAL GANG ACTIVITY IN OUR STATE.
l:\council\bills\rm\1252htc09.docx
Senator SCOTT spoke on the Resolution.
On motion of Senator SCOTT, with unanimous consent, the Concurrent Resolution was introduced and ordered placed on the Calendar without reference.
S. 793 (Word version) -- Senators Pinckney and Davis: A BILL RELATING TO THE BEAUFORT-JASPER WATER AND SEWER AUTHORITY, TO REMOVE CERTAIN RESTRICTIONS ON THE AREAS IN WHICH IT PROVIDES SERVICES, TO FURTHER PRESCRIBE ITS FUNCTIONS AND POWERS REGARDING WATER AND WASTE WATER SERVICES, TO PRESCRIBE THE CONDITIONS AND TERMS UPON WHICH MUNICIPAL CORPORATIONS AND OTHER PUBLIC BODIES OR AGENCIES OPERATING WATER DISTRIBUTION AND WASTE WATER SYSTEMS IN BEAUFORT, JASPER, HAMPTON, AND COLLETON COUNTIES MAY ACQUIRE SERVICES FROM THE AUTHORITY, AND TO CHANGE THE NAME OF THE AUTHORITY TO THE BEAUFORT-JASPER WATER AND SEWER AUTHORITY.
l:\s-resmin\drafting\cp\004bjsw.tcm.cp.docx
Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Judiciary.
S. 794 (Word version) -- Senators Bright, Bryant, Mulvaney, Davis, Shoopman, S. Martin and McConnell: A BILL TO AMEND CHAPTER 31, TITLE 23 OF THE 1976 CODE, RELATING TO FIREARMS, BY ADDING ARTICLE 9, THE "SOUTH CAROLINA FIREARMS FREEDOM ACT", TO PROVIDE THAT A FIREARM, FIREARM ACCESSORY, OR AMMUNITION MANUFACTURED AND RETAINED IN SOUTH CAROLINA IS EXEMPT FROM FEDERAL REGULATION UNDER THE COMMERCE CLAUSE OF THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES.
l:\s-res\lb\026fire.kmm.lb.docx
Senator BRIGHT spoke on the Bill.
Objection
Senator BRIGHT asked unanimous consent to make a motion that S. 794 be placed on the Calendar without reference.
Senator McCONNELL objected.
Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Judiciary.
S. 795 (Word version) -- Senator Fair: A JOINT RESOLUTION TO PROVIDE THAT THE SCHOOL DAYS MISSED ON APRIL 30, 2009, AND MAY 1, 2009, BY THE STUDENTS OF MAULDIN HIGH SCHOOL WHEN THE SCHOOL WAS CLOSED DUE TO POTENTIAL FLU-LIKE ILLNESS ARE EXEMPT FROM THE MAKE-UP REQUIREMENT THAT FULL SCHOOL DAYS MISSED DUE TO SNOW, EXTREME WEATHER, OR OTHER DISRUPTIONS BE MADE UP.
l:\council\bills\nbd\11482bh09.docx
Objection
Senator FAIR asked unanimous consent to make a motion that the Resolution be placed on the Calendar without reference.
Senator PEELER objected.
Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Education.
S. 796 (Word version) -- Senator Coleman: A BILL TO DIRECT THE FAIRFIELD COUNTY TREASURER TO TRANSFER A SPECIFIED AMOUNT OF FUNDS TO CHESTER COUNTY SCHOOL DISTRICT IN ORDER TO DEFRAY THE COSTS TO EDUCATE CERTAIN STUDENTS WHO RESIDE IN FAIRFIELD COUNTY BUT ATTEND CHESTER COUNTY SCHOOLS, AND TO REQUIRE THAT THE AMOUNT OF FUNDS DELIVERED TO CHESTER COUNTY SCHOOL DISTRICT BE REEXAMINED EVERY THREE YEARS AND AN AGREEMENT BE ENTERED INTO BETWEEN THE SCHOOL DISTRICT OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY AND CHESTER COUNTY SCHOOL DISTRICT FOR THE PAYMENT OF THOSE FUNDS.
l:\council\bills\nbd\11465bh09.docx
Read the first time and referred to the Committee on Education.
REPORTS OF STANDING COMMITTEES
Senator MALLOY from the Committee on Judiciary submitted a favorable with amendment report on:
S. 144 (Word version) -- Senators Campsen and Ford: A BILL TO RATIFY AN AMENDMENT TO SECTION 33, ARTICLE III OF THE CONSTITUTION OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1895, RELATING TO THE PROVISION PROVIDING THAT NO UNMARRIED WOMAN UNDER THE AGE OF FOURTEEN YEARS OLD MAY LEGALLY CONSENT TO SEXUAL INTERCOURSE, SO AS TO DELETE THAT PROVISION.
Ordered for consideration tomorrow.
Senator CLEARY from the Committee on Judiciary submitted a favorable with amendment report on:
S. 249 (Word version) -- Senator Rose: A BILL TO AMEND CHAPTER 29, TITLE 6 OF THE 1976 CODE, BY ADDING SECTION 6-29-1153 TO PROVIDE THAT A GOVERNING BODY AND A LOCAL PLANNING COMMISSION SERVICING AN AREA IN A HIGH GROWTH COUNTY MUST PROVIDE THE LOCAL SCHOOL DISTRICT LAND DEVELOPMENT APPLICATIONS THAT INCLUDE RESIDENTIAL HOUSING WHICH MEET CERTAIN CRITERIA; AND TO REQUIRE THE SUPERINTENDENT AND BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF THE SCHOOL DISTRICT TO DETERMINE WHETHER A PARTICULAR PROJECT WILL RESULT IN A SUBSTANTIAL IMPACT ON THE DISTRICT'S ABILITY TO PROVIDE SERVICES TO THE ADDITIONAL STUDENT POPULATION AND TO PREPARE A REPORT TO THE GOVERNING BODY AND THE LOCAL PLANNING COMMISSION DETAILING THE IMPACT AND NEED FOR ADDITIONAL RESOURCES.
Ordered for consideration tomorrow.
Senator HUTTO from the Committee on Judiciary submitted a favorable with amendment report on:
S. 282 (Word version) -- Senators McConnell and Ford: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 22-5-110, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATED TO MAGISTRATES' POWERS AND DUTIES REGARDING THE ISSUANCE OF ARREST WARRANTS AND COURTESY SUMMONS, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT NO ARREST WARRANT SHALL BE ISSUED FOR THE ARREST OF A PERSON UNLESS SOUGHT BY A MEMBER OF A LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCY ACTING IN THEIR OFFICIAL CAPACITY; AND TO PROVIDE THAT IF AN ARREST WARRANT IS SOUGHT BY SOMEONE OTHER THAN A LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICER, THE COURT MUST ISSUE A COURTESY SUMMONS, EXCEPT WHEN A BUSINESS IS SEEKING AN ARREST WARRANT FOR ANY OFFENSE AGAINST THE BUSINESS OR A PERSON IS SEEKING AN ARREST WARRANT FOR A FRAUDULENT CHECK, IF THE FRAUDULENT CHECK IS PRESENTED TO THE MAGISTRATE AT THE TIME THE WARRANT IS SOUGHT.
Ordered for consideration tomorrow.
Senator MALLOY from the Committee on Judiciary submitted a favorable report on:
S. 372 (Word version) -- Senators Hayes and Ford: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 62-2-207, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE DETERMINATION OF AN ELECTIVE SHARE OF A SPOUSE, SO AS TO CLARIFY THAT AN INTEREST AS A BENEFICIARY IN A TESTAMENTARY TRUST OR IN PROPERTY PASSING TO AN INTER VIVOS TRUST THROUGH THE DECEDENT'S WILL IS A BENEFICIAL INTEREST CHARGEABLE TO THE ELECTIVE SHARE; AND TO AMEND SECTION 62-7-401, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO CREATION OF A TRUST, SO AS TO PROVIDE FOR THE INCLUSION OF A SURVIVING SPOUSE'S BENEFICIAL INTERESTS IN TRUST PROPERTY IN CALCULATING THE ELECTIVE SHARE.
Ordered for consideration tomorrow.
Senator MALLOY from the Committee on Judiciary submitted a favorable with amendment report on:
S. 382 (Word version) -- Senator Hayes: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING SECTION 62-2-805 SO AS TO PROVIDE FOR A PRESUMPTION THAT A DECEDENT AND THE DECEDENT'S SPOUSE HELD TANGIBLE PERSONAL PROPERTY IN A JOINT TENANCY WITH RIGHT OF SURVIVORSHIP, FOR EXCEPTIONS TO THE PRESUMPTION, AND FOR THE STANDARD OF PROOF TO OVERCOME THE PRESUMPTION.
Ordered for consideration tomorrow.
Senator LEATHERMAN from the Committee on Finance submitted a favorable with amendment report on:
S. 405 (Word version) -- Senator Cleary: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 12-37-220 OF THE 1976 CODE, RELATING TO PROPERTY TAX EXEMPTIONS, TO CLARIFY THAT A WATERCRAFT AND ITS MOTOR MAY NOT RECEIVE A FORTY-TWO AND 75/100 PERCENT EXEMPTION IF THE BOAT OR WATERCRAFT IS CLASSIFIED AS A PRIMARY OR SECONDARY RESIDENCE FOR PROPERTY TAX PURPOSES; TO AMEND SECTION 12-37-224, RELATING TO BOATS AS A PRIMARY OR SECONDARY RESIDENCE, TO PROVIDE THAT A BOAT OR WATERCRAFT THAT CONTAINS A COOKING AREA WITH AN ONBOARD POWER SOURCE, A TOILET WITH EXTERIOR EVACUATION, AND A SLEEPING QUARTER, SHALL BE CONSIDERED A PRIMARY OR SECONDARY RESIDENCE FOR PURPOSES OF AD VALOREM PROPERTY TAXATION IN THIS STATE; AND TO AMEND SECTION 12-37-714, RELATING TO BOATS WITH A SITUS IN THIS STATE, TO PROVIDE THAT UPON AN ORDINANCE PASSED BY THE LOCAL GOVERNING BODY, A COUNTY MAY SUBJECT A BOAT, INCLUDING ITS MOTOR IF THE MOTOR IS SEPARATELY TAXED, TO PROPERTY TAX IF IT IS WITHIN THIS STATE FOR NINETY DAYS IN THE AGGREGATE, REGARDLESS OF THE NUMBER OF CONSECUTIVE DAYS.
Ordered for consideration tomorrow.
Senator CROMER from the Committee on Fish, Game and Forestry submitted a favorable report on:
S. 446 (Word version) -- Senator Land: A BILL TO PROVIDE THAT FROM JUNE 1, 2009, TO SEPTEMBER 30, 2009, A NONRESIDENT MAY OBTAIN A LIFETIME COMBINATION LICENSE FROM THE DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES UNDER CERTAIN CIRCUMSTANCES.
Ordered for consideration tomorrow.
Senator CROMER from the Committee on Fish, Game and Forestry submitted a favorable with amendment report on:
S. 495 (Word version) -- Senators Massey, Hutto and S. Martin: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 50-11-2100 OF THE 1976 CODE, RELATING TO FIELD TRIALS, TO PROVIDE THAT A PARTICIPANT IN FIELD TRIALS PERMITTED BY THE DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES IS NOT REQUIRED TO OBTAIN A HUNTING LICENSE IF THE PARTICIPANT IS NOT CARRYING A FIREARM AND NO GAME IS TAKEN, AND TO PROVIDE THAT NO FIELD TRIALS MAY BE HELD OUTSIDE OF THE REGULAR SEASON EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY THE DEPARTMENT.
Ordered for consideration tomorrow.
Senator CAMPBELL from the Committee on Judiciary submitted a favorable with amendment report on:
S. 553 (Word version) -- Senator Hutto: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING ARTICLE 13 TO CHAPTER 13, TITLE 63 SO AS TO PROVIDE FOR THE LICENSURE AND REGULATION OF SUMMER CAMPS BY THE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL; TO DEFINE SUMMER CAMPS AS RESIDENT CAMPS AND DAY CAMPS; TO PROHIBIT PERSONS WHO ARE LISTED AS A PERPETRATOR IN THE CENTRAL REGISTRY OF CHILD ABUSE AND NEGLECT, WHO ARE REQUIRED TO REGISTER UNDER THE SEX OFFENDER REGISTRY, OR WHO HAVE BEEN CONVICTED OF CERTAIN CRIMES TO BE LICENSED TO OPERATE A SUMMER CAMP OR TO BE EMPLOYED BY A SUMMER CAMP AND TO PROVIDE THAT IS A CRIMINAL OFFENSE FOR A PERSON WHO HAS BEEN CONVICTED OF SUCH A CRIME TO APPLY FOR SUCH A LICENSE OR EMPLOYMENT; TO REQUIRE STATE AND FEDERAL FINGERPRINT REVIEWS AS A PREREQUISITE TO LICENSURE AND EMPLOYMENT; TO PROVIDE FOR THE ISSUANCE OF PROVISIONAL LICENSES WHEN THE APPLICANT MEETS CERTAIN PRELIMINARY REQUIREMENTS; TO REQUIRE THE DEPARTMENT TO CONDUCT AN INVESTIGATION OF A SUMMER CAMP APPLICANT FOR LICENSURE; TO REQUIRE A SUMMER CAMP TO HAVE A PERSON ON SITE WHO IS CERTIFIED IN FIRST AID AND IN CHILD-INFANT CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION; TO REQUIRE A SUMMER CAMP TO NOTIFY THE DEPARTMENT WHEN A CHILD DIES AT THE SUMMER CAMP; TO REQUIRE THE DEPARTMENT TO ESTABLISH PROCEDURES FOR RECEIVING COMPLAINTS; TO AUTHORIZE THE DEPARTMENT TO CONDUCT INVESTIGATIONS AND INSPECTIONS OF SUMMER DAY CAMPS; TO PROVIDE PROCEDURES FOR ISSUING CORRECTION NOTICES FOR DEFICIENCIES, FOR OBTAINING INJUNCTIONS, AND FOR APPEALS OF DEPARTMENT DECISIONS; TO PROHIBIT A PERSON SEEKING EMPLOYMENT IN THE DEPARTMENT'S SUMMER CAMP LICENSING PROGRAM FROM HAVING BEEN CONVICTED OF CERTAIN CRIMES AND TO PROVIDE THAT IT IS A CRIMINAL OFFENSE FOR A PERSON WHO HAS BEEN CONVICTED OF SUCH AN OFFENSE TO SEEK EMPLOYMENT; AND TO AMEND SECTION 63-13-20, RELATING TO DEFINITIONS IN THE LICENSURE AND REGULATION OF CHILDCARE FACILITIES, SO AS TO REVISE THE EXEMPTIONS FROM CHILDCARE LICENSURE FOR SCHOOL CAMPS AND SUMMER RESIDENT CAMPS.
Ordered for consideration tomorrow.
Senator CAMPBELL from the Committee on Judiciary submitted a favorable with amendment report on:
S. 554 (Word version) -- Senators Hutto and Ford: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 63-11-1950, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE PURPOSE AND DUTIES OF THE STATE CHILD FATALITY COMMITTEE, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THE COMMITTEE MAY REQUEST THE DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL SERVICES TO OPEN A CASE ON THE FAMILY WHERE THE FATALITY OCCURRED IF THE COMMITTEE SUSPECTS CRIMINAL DOMESTIC VIOLENCE, DRUG ABUSE, ABUSE, OR NEGLECT IN THE HOME AND CHILDREN CONTINUE TO LIVE IN THE HOME.
Ordered for consideration tomorrow.
Senator MALLOY from the Committee on Judiciary submitted a favorable with amendment report on:
S. 575 (Word version) -- Senators Sheheen and Malloy: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 62-5-433, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO SETTLEMENT OF CLAIMS OF MINORS OR INCAPACITATED PERSONS, SO AS TO INCREASE THE JURISDICTIONAL AMOUNT FOR CONCURRENT JURISDICTION OF THE PROBATE COURT AND CIRCUIT COURT FROM TWENTY-FIVE THOUSAND DOLLARS TO ONE HUNDRED THOUSAND DOLLARS.
Ordered for consideration tomorrow.
Senator LEATHERMAN from the Committee on Finance submitted a favorable report on:
S. 668 (Word version) -- Senators Courson, Knotts, Cromer, Setzler, Jackson, Scott, Lourie and Rose: A BILL TO AMEND SECTIONS 53-5-10 AND 53-5-15, RELATING TO LEGAL HOLIDAYS FOR STATE EMPLOYEES, TO ESTABLISH CHRISTMAS EVE AS A LEGAL HOLIDAY.
Ordered for consideration tomorrow.
Senator CROMER from the Committee on Fish, Game and Forestry submitted a favorable report on:
S. 671 (Word version) -- Senator Knotts: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING SECTION 50-13-400 SO AS TO ESTABLISH CREEL AND SIZE LIMITS FOR CRAPPIE TAKEN IN LAKE MURRAY.
Ordered for consideration tomorrow.
Senator HUTTO from the Committee on Judiciary submitted a favorable with amendment report on:
H. 3022 (Word version) -- Reps. Kirsh, Wylie, G.M. Smith, Weeks and Mitchell: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 17-1-40, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE DESTRUCTION OF CRIMINAL RECORDS WHEN A CHARGE IS DISMISSED OR THE PERSON IS FOUND INNOCENT OF THE CHARGE, SO AS TO SPECIFICALLY INCLUDE THAT A CIRCUIT SOLICITOR'S OFFICE OR CLERK OF COURT MAY NOT CHARGE A FEE FOR THE DESTRUCTION OR EXPUNGEMENT OF RECORDS OR FOR THE APPLICATION PROCESS REGARDING THE DESTRUCTION OR EXPUNGEMENT OF RECORDS UNDER CERTAIN CIRCUMSTANCES.
Ordered for consideration tomorrow.
Senator LEATHERMAN from the Committee on Finance submitted a favorable with amendment report on:
H. 3272 (Word version) -- Reps. Cooper, Merrill, Erickson, Herbkersman, Chalk, Duncan, Long, Sottile, Daning, Lowe, Bowen, Harrison, Horne, A.D. Young, Limehouse, R.L. Brown, Clemmons, Edge and Wylie: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 12-37-3140, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO DETERMINING THE FAIR MARKET VALUE OF REAL PROPERTY FOR PURPOSES OF THE SOUTH CAROLINA REAL PROPERTY VALUATION REFORM ACT, SO AS TO POSTPONE THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE TRANSFER VALUE OF A PARCEL OF REAL PROPERTY UNIMPROVED SINCE THE LAST COUNTYWIDE REASSESSMENT PROGRAM UNTIL THE TIME OF IMPLEMENTATION OF THE NEXT COUNTYWIDE REASSESSMENT PROGRAM AND TO REQUIRE THE FIFTEEN PERCENT LIMIT ON INCREASES IN VALUE TO BE CALCULATED SEPARATELY ON LAND AND IMPROVEMENTS; TO AMEND SECTION 12-37-3150, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO THE TIME AN ASSESSABLE TRANSFER OF INTEREST OCCURS, SO AS TO REVISE THE PENALTY FOR FAILURE TO PROVIDE NOTICE OR FAILURE TO PROVIDE ACCURATE NOTICE TO THE ASSESSING AUTHORITY OF BUSINESS ENTITY TRANSFERS; TO AMEND SECTION 12-43-220, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO THE CLASSIFICATION AND VALUATION OF PROPERTY FOR PURPOSES OF THE PROPERTY TAX, SO AS TO PROVIDE RESIDENTIAL REAL PROPERTY HELD IN TRUST DOES NOT QUALIFY AS A LEGAL RESIDENCE UNLESS A NAMED INDIVIDUAL BENEFICIARY UNDER THE TRUST OCCUPIES THE RESIDENCE AS THAT NAMED BENEFICIARY'S LEGAL RESIDENCE AND THAT INDIVIDUAL BENEFICIARY'S NAME APPEARS ON THE DEED TO THE RESIDENCE AND REQUIRE SOCIAL SECURITY NUMBERS OF APPLICANTS FOR THE LEGAL RESIDENCE ASSESSMENT RATIO; AND TO AMEND SECTION 40-60-35, RELATING TO CONTINUING EDUCATION REQUIREMENTS FOR ASSESSORS, SO AS TO REVISE THE REQUIREMENT.
Ordered for consideration tomorrow.
Senator LEATHERMAN from the Committee on Finance submitted a favorable report on:
H. 3274 (Word version) -- Reps. Gilliard, Alexander, Brantley, Clyburn, Cobb-Hunter, Forrester, Govan, Gunn, Hosey, Howard, Hutto, Jefferson, Kirsh, Mack, Miller, Sottile, Stavrinakis, Whipper and R.L. Brown: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO MEMORIALIZE THE UNITED STATES CONGRESS TO APPROPRIATE THE FUNDS NECESSARY TO ALLOW THE STATE OF SOUTH CAROLINA AND THE CITY OF CHARLESTON TO COMPLETE THE SPRING STREET/FISHBURNE STREET/UNITED STATES HIGHWAY 17 DRAINAGE BASIN IMPROVEMENTS PROJECT LOCATED IN THE CITY OF CHARLESTON, SOUTH CAROLINA.
Ordered for consideration tomorrow.
Senator L. MARTIN from the Committee on Judiciary submitted a favorable report on:
H. 3305 (Word version) -- Reps. Bedingfield, Merrill, Bingham, Duncan, Loftis, G.R. Smith, Cato, Owens, Crawford, A.D. Young, Nanney, Bannister, Daning, Harrison, Horne, Kirsh, Lowe, Lucas, E.H. Pitts, Stringer, Thompson, Toole, Wylie, T.R. Young, Long, Rice, Parker, Allison, Littlejohn, Cole, Hiott, Edge, Whitmire, Hearn, Hardwick, D.C. Smith, Pinson, J.R. Smith, Simrill, Brantley, Willis, Hamilton, Erickson, Sottile, Scott, Harrell, Delleney, Gullick, Frye, Clemmons, G.M. Smith, Battle, Sandifer, Millwood, Haley, Ballentine, M.A. Pitts, Cooper, White, Gambrell, Bowen, Umphlett, Forrester, Barfield, Chalk, Herbkersman, Viers, Spires, Huggins, Limehouse, Stewart, Kelly, Brady and Moss: A JOINT RESOLUTION PROPOSING AN AMENDMENT TO SECTION 1, ARTICLE II OF THE CONSTITUTION OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1895, RELATING TO ELECTIONS BY SECRET BALLOT AND PROTECTION OF THE RIGHT OF SUFFRAGE, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THE GUARANTEE OF THE RIGHT TO VOTE BY SECRET BALLOT APPLIES IN REQUIRED DESIGNATIONS OR AUTHORIZATIONS FOR EMPLOYEE REPRESENTATION.
Ordered for consideration tomorrow.
Senator GROOMS from the Committee on Transportation submitted a favorable report on:
H. 3347 (Word version) -- Reps. Clemmons, McLeod and Harrell: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 56-1-143, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE DEPARTMENT OF MOTOR VEHICLES GIVING APPLICANTS FOR CERTAIN SERVICES THE OPTION TO MAKE A VOLUNTARY CONTRIBUTION TO DONATE LIFE OF SOUTH CAROLINA, SO AS TO INCREASE THE AMOUNT THAT MAY BE DONATED.
Ordered for consideration tomorrow.
Senator CAMPBELL from the Committee on Judiciary submitted a favorable with amendment report on:
H. 3413 (Word version) -- Rep. Harrison: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 61-4-1910, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO DEFINITIONS REGARDING BEER KEG REGISTRATION REQUIREMENTS, SO AS TO REVISE THE DEFINITION OF "KEG".
Ordered for consideration tomorrow.
Senator CROMER from the Committee on Fish, Game and Forestry submitted a favorable report on:
H. 3572 (Word version) -- Rep. Umphlett: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY REPEALING SECTION 50-5-1707 RELATING TO SHARK CATCH LIMITS.
Ordered for consideration tomorrow.
Senator CROMER from the Committee on Fish, Game and Forestry submitted a favorable report on:
H. 3651 (Word version) -- Reps. Duncan, Umphlett, Anthony, Knight, Forrester and Hayes: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING SECTION 48-23-205 SO AS TO LIMIT THE AUTHORITY OF COUNTIES AND MUNICIPALITIES TO RESTRICT OR REGULATE CERTAIN FORESTRY ACTIVITIES, AND TO PROVIDE THE TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF CERTAIN PERMITTED REGULATIONS.
Ordered for consideration tomorrow.
Senator KNOTTS from the Committee on Judiciary submitted a favorable with amendment report on:
H. 3677 (Word version) -- Rep. Cobb-Hunter: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ENACTING THE "VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN FEDERAL COMPLIANCE ACT" TO CONFORM STATE LAW TO FEDERAL REQUIREMENTS BY AMENDING SECTION 16-3-740 RELATING TO TESTING CERTAIN CRIMINALS FOR HEPATITIS B AND THE HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS AT THE REQUEST OF A VICTIM, SO AS TO REVISE THE DEFINITION OF "OFFENDER" TO INCLUDE ADULTS AND JUVENILES, TO CLARIFY PROCEDURES FOR DISCLOSING TEST RESULTS, TO PROVIDE THAT THE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL SHALL ADVISE THE VICTIM OF AVAILABLE TREATMENT OPTIONS, AND UPON REQUEST OF THE VICTIM PROVIDE TESTING AND POST-TESTING COUNSELING; BY ADDING SECTION 16-3-750 SO AS TO PROHIBIT LAW ENFORCEMENT AND PROSECUTING OFFICERS FROM ASKING OR REQUIRING A VICTIM OF AN ALLEGED CRIMINAL SEXUAL CONDUCT OFFENSE TO SUBMIT TO A POLYGRAPH EXAMINATION AND TO PROVIDE THAT REFUSAL OF A VICTIM TO SUBMIT TO SUCH AN EXAMINATION DOES NOT PREVENT THE INVESTIGATION, CHARGING, OR PROSECUTION OF THE OFFENSE; TO AMEND SECTION 16-3-1350 RELATING TO MEDICOLEGAL EXAMINATIONS FOR VICTIMS OF CRIMINAL SEXUAL CONDUCT OR CHILD SEX ABUSE, SO AS TO DELETE THE PROVISION REQUIRING SUCH A VICTIM TO FILE AN INCIDENT REPORT WITH A LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCY IN ORDER TO RECEIVE A MEDICOLEGAL EXAMINATION WITHOUT CHARGE; TO AMEND SECTION 16-3-177, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO THE FORM AND CONTENT OF A RESTRAINING ORDER, SO AS TO PROVIDE CIRCUMSTANCES UNDER WHICH A PERSON SUBJECT TO A RESTRAINING ORDER MAY NOT SHIP, TRANSPORT, OR POSSESS A FIREARM; BY ADDING SECTION 16-25-30 SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT A PERSON CONVICTED OF CRIMINAL DOMESTIC VIOLENCE OR CRIMINAL DOMESTIC VIOLENCE OF A HIGH AND AGGRAVATED NATURE MUST BE NOTIFIED IN WRITING THAT IT IS UNLAWFUL FOR SUCH A DEFENDANT TO SHIP, TRANSPORT, OR POSSESS A FIREARM; AND TO AMEND SECTION 20-4-60, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO THE FORM AND CONTENT OF AN ORDER OF PROTECTION FROM DOMESTIC VIOLENCE, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT IT IS UNLAWFUL FOR A PERSON SUBJECT TO AN ORDER OF PROTECTION TO SHIP, TRANSPORT, OR POSSESS A FIREARM.
Ordered for consideration tomorrow.
Senator LEATHERMAN from the Committee on Finance submitted a favorable report on:
H. 3730 (Word version) -- Rep. Cooper: A JOINT RESOLUTION TO PROVIDE THAT ALL FUNDS RECEIVED UNDER THE AMERICAN RECOVERY AND REINVESTMENT ACT OF 2009 (RECOVERY ACT) FOR THE CLEAN WATER STATE REVOLVING FUND AND DRINKING WATER STATE REVOLVING FUND MAY BE RECEIVED AND EXPENDED PURSUANT TO PROVISIONS OF THE RECOVERY ACT FOR SO LONG AS MONIES ARE AVAILABLE UNDER THE RECOVERY ACT.
Ordered for consideration tomorrow.
Senator GROOMS from the Committee on Transportation submitted a favorable report on:
H. 3766 (Word version) -- Reps. Scott, Umphlett, Daning, Jefferson, Merrill and Stewart: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO REQUEST THAT THE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION NAME THE PORTION OF MYERS ROAD IN BERKELEY COUNTY FROM ITS INTERSECTION WITH UNITED STATES HIGHWAY 176 TO ITS INTERSECTION WITH UNITED STATES HIGHWAY 17 "FIREFIGHTER BRANDON THOMPSON HIGHWAY" AND ERECT APPROPRIATE MARKERS OR SIGNS ALONG THIS PORTION OF HIGHWAY THAT CONTAIN THE WORDS "FIREFIGHTER BRANDON THOMPSON HIGHWAY".
Ordered for consideration tomorrow.
Senator CROMER from the Committee on Fish, Game and Forestry submitted a favorable report on:
H. 3942 (Word version) -- Agriculture, Natural Resources and Environmental Affairs Committee: A JOINT RESOLUTION TO APPROVE REGULATIONS OF THE RIVERBANKS PARKS COMMISSION, RELATING TO RIVERBANKS PARKS COMMISSION, DESIGNATED AS REGULATION DOCUMENT NUMBER 4022, PURSUANT TO THE PROVISIONS OF ARTICLE 1, CHAPTER 23, TITLE 1 OF THE 1976 CODE.
Ordered for consideration tomorrow.
THE SENATE PROCEEDED TO A CALL OF THE UNCONTESTED LOCAL AND STATEWIDE CALENDAR.
The following Bills, having been read the second time, were ordered placed on the Third Reading Calendar:
S. 168 (Word version) -- Senators Cleary, Campsen, Rose, Bryant, Elliott and Hutto: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 38-79-30, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO MEDICAL MALPRACTICE INSURANCE SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT A LICENSED HEALTH CARE PROVIDER WHO RENDERS MEDICAL SERVICES VOLUNTARILY AND WITHOUT COMPENSATION, AND SEEKS NO REIMBURSEMENT FROM CHARITABLE AND GOVERNMENTAL SOURCES, AND PROVIDES NOTICE TO THE PATIENT OR PATIENT'S PROVIDER IN A NON-EMERGENCY, IS NOT LIABLE FOR ANY CIVIL DAMAGES FOR ANY ACT OR OMISSION UNLESS THE ACT OR OMISSION WAS THE RESULT OF THE HEALTH CARE PROVIDER'S GROSS NEGLIGENCE OR WILLFUL MISCONDUCT.
S. 773 (Word version) -- Senator Leventis: A BILL TO AMEND ACT 387 OF 2008, AS AMENDED, RELATING TO THE CONSOLIDATED SUMTER SCHOOL DISTRICT, SO AS TO REVISE THE INITIAL TERMS OF THE SEVEN MEMBERS OF THE GOVERNING BOARD OF THE DISTRICT ELECTED IN 2010.
H. 3957 (Word version) -- Rep. Herbkersman: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING SECTION 48-1-55 SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT ON ANY NAVIGABLE RIVER IN THIS STATE WHERE AN OYSTER FACTORY IS LOCATED, THE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL MAY UTILIZE QUALIFIED PERSONNEL OF THE COUNTY OR MUNICIPALITY IN WHOSE JURISDICTION THE FACTORY OPERATES TO ASSIST WITH THE MONITORING OF WATER QUALITY AND OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS THE DEPARTMENT IS REQUIRED TO ENFORCE.
EXECUTIVE SESSION
On motion of Senator McCONNELL, with unanimous consent, at 11:34 A.M., the Senate agreed to go into Executive Session.
On motion of Senator McCONNELL, the seal of secrecy was removed and the Senate reconvened.
RECESS
At 12:43 P.M., on motion of Senator McCONNELL, the Senate receded from business until 2:30 P.M.
AFTERNOON SESSION
The Senate reassembled at 2:43 P.M. and was called to order by the PRESIDENT.
Point of Quorum
At 2:45 P.M., Senator SETZLER made the point that a quorum was not present. It was ascertained that a quorum was not present.
Call of the Senate
Senator SETZLER moved that a Call of the Senate be made. The following Senators answered the Call:
Alexander Bright Bryant
Campbell Campsen Cleary
Coleman Courson Cromer
Davis Elliott Fair
Ford Hayes Hutto
Jackson Knotts Land
Leatherman Leventis Lourie
Malloy Martin, L. Martin, S.
Massey Matthews McConnell
McGill Mulvaney Nicholson
Peeler Rankin Reese
Rose Scott Setzler
Shoopman Thomas Verdin
Williams
A quorum being present, the Senate resumed.
Recorded Presence
Senator GROOMS recorded his presence subsequent to the Call of the Senate.
THE SENATE PROCEEDED TO A CONSIDERATION OF H. 4000, THE SINE DIE ADJOURNMENT RESOLUTION.
CARRIED OVER
H. 4000 (Word version) -- Rep. Harrell: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO PROVIDE THAT PURSUANT TO ARTICLE III, SECTION 9 OF THE CONSTITUTION OF THIS STATE AND SECTION 2-1-180 OF THE 1976 CODE, WHEN THE RESPECTIVE HOUSES OF THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY ADJOURN ON THURSDAY, MAY 21, 2009, NOT LATER THAN 5:00 P.M., EACH HOUSE SHALL STAND ADJOURNED TO MEET AT A TIME MUTUALLY AGREED UPON BY THE PRESIDENT PRO TEMPORE OF THE SENATE AND THE SPEAKER OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES NOT EARLIER THAN NOON ON TUESDAY, JUNE 16, 2009, FOR A PERIOD NOT TO EXCEED THREE STATEWIDE LEGISLATIVE DAYS FOR THE CONSIDERATION OF CERTAIN MATTERS, TO PROVIDE THAT WHEN EACH HOUSE ADJOURNS AFTER THIS THREE-DAY PERIOD NOT LATER THAN 5:00 P.M. ON THE THIRD LEGISLATIVE DAY, EACH HOUSE SHALL STAND ADJOURNED TO MEET AT A TIME MUTUALLY AGREED UPON BY THE PRESIDENT PRO TEMPORE OF THE SENATE AND THE SPEAKER OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES UPON CERTAIN OCCURRENCES AND FOR THE CONSIDERATION OF SPECIFIED MATTERS, AND TO PROVIDE THAT UNLESS ADJOURNED EARLIER, THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY SHALL STAND ADJOURNED SINE DIE NO LATER THAN 5:00 P.M. ON MONDAY, JANUARY 11, 2010.
The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Concurrent Resolution, the question being the adoption of the Resolution.
On motion of Senator L. MARTIN, the Resolution was carried over.
THE CALL OF THE UNCONTESTED CALENDAR HAVING BEEN COMPLETED, THE SENATE PROCEEDED TO THE MOTION PERIOD.
On motion of Senator L. MARTIN, the Senate agreed to dispense with the Motion Period.
HAVING DISPENSED WITH THE MOTION PERIOD, THE SENATE PROCEEDED TO A CONSIDERATION OF BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS RETURNED FROM THE HOUSE.
CARRIED OVER
On motion of Senator L. MARTIN, the Bill was carried over.
S. 491 (Word version) -- Senator Hayes: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING ARTICLE 18 TO CHAPTER 23, TITLE 57 SO AS TO DESIGNATE CERTAIN HIGHWAYS IN WESTERN YORK COUNTY AS THE WESTERN YORK COUNTY SCENIC BYWAY, AND TO MAKE IT SUBJECT TO THE REGULATIONS OF THE SOUTH CAROLINA DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION AND THE SOUTH CAROLINA SCENIC HIGHWAYS COMMITTEE.
On motion of Senator HAYES, the Bill was carried over.
Message from the House
Columbia, S.C., May 6, 2009
Mr. President and Senators:
The House respectfully informs your Honorable Body that it has returned the following Bill to the Senate with amendments:
S. 704 (Word version) -- Senators McGill and Cleary: A BILL TO AMEND SECTION 7-7-270, AS AMENDED, CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, RELATING TO THE DESIGNATION OF VOTING PRECINCTS IN GEORGETOWN COUNTY, SO AS TO REDESIGNATE A MAP NUMBER ON WHICH LINES OF THESE PRECINCTS ARE DELINEATED AND MAINTAINED BY THE OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND STATISTICS OF THE STATE BUDGET AND CONTROL BOARD AND TO CORRECT ARCHAIC REFERENCES.
Respectfully submitted,
Speaker of the House
The Bill was ordered placed on the Calendar for consideration tomorrow.
COMMITTEE AMENDMENT AMENDED
DEBATE INTERRUPTED
H. 3301 (Word version) -- Reps. Harrell, Cato, Sandifer, Sellers, Neilson, Erickson, Bannister, Bedingfield, Merrill, Mitchell, Anthony, Bingham, Huggins, Vick, Cooper, Chalk, J.R. Smith, Willis, Gilliard, Allison, Anderson, Bales, Battle, Bowers, Brady, G.A. Brown, H.B. Brown, Cole, Daning, Duncan, Edge, Forrester, Gambrell, Gullick, Hamilton, Hayes, Herbkersman, Hiott, Jefferson, Horne, Kirsh, Limehouse, Littlejohn, Long, Lowe, Lucas, Miller, Millwood, Nanney, Ott, Owens, Parker, Pinson, E.H. Pitts, M.A. Pitts, Scott, Simrill, Skelton, D.C. Smith, G.R. Smith, Sottile, Spires, Stewart, Stringer, Thompson, Toole, Umphlett, White, Whitmire and Wylie: A BILL TO AMEND THE CODE OF LAWS OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1976, BY ADDING SECTION 34-39-175 SO AS TO REQUIRE THE CONSUMER FINANCE DIVISION OF THE BOARD OF FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS TO IMPLEMENT A REAL-TIME INTERNET ACCESSIBLE DATABASE FOR DEFERRED PRESENTMENT PROVIDERS TO VERIFY IF DEFERRED PRESENTMENT TRANSACTIONS ARE OUTSTANDING FOR A PARTICULAR PERSON; BY ADDING SECTION 34-39-270 SO AS TO PROHIBIT A DEFERRED PRESENTMENT PROVIDER FROM ENTERING INTO A DEFERRED PRESENTMENT TRANSACTION WITH A PERSON WHO HAS AN OUTSTANDING DEFERRED PRESENTMENT TRANSACTION OR WHO HAS ENTERED INTO AN EXTENDED PAYMENT PLAN AGREEMENT AND TO REQUIRE A DEFERRED PRESENTMENT PROVIDER TO VERIFY WHETHER AN INDIVIDUAL IS ELIGIBLE TO ENTER INTO A DEFERRED PRESENTMENT TRANSACTION; BY ADDING SECTION 34-39-280 SO AS TO REQUIRE THOSE APPLYING FOR LICENSES TO ENGAGE IN THE BUSINESS OF DEFERRED PRESENTMENT TO PROVIDE CERTAIN INFORMATION REGARDING EXTENDED PAYMENT PLANS; TO AMEND SECTION 34-39-130, RELATING TO LICENSURE REQUIREMENTS FOR DEFERRED PRESENTMENT PROVIDERS, SO AS TO PROHIBIT A PERSON FROM ENGAGING IN THE BUSINESS OF DEFERRED PRESENTMENT SERVICES WITH A RESIDENT OF SOUTH CAROLINA EXCEPT IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE PROVISIONS OF CHAPTER 39, TITLE 34; TO AMEND SECTION 34-39-180, RELATING TO DEFERRED PRESENTMENT RESTRICTIONS AND REQUIREMENTS, SO AS TO PROVIDE THAT THE TOTAL AMOUNT ADVANCED TO A CUSTOMER FOR DEFERRED PRESENTMENT OR DEPOSIT, EXCLUSIVE OF PERMISSIBLE FEES, MAY NOT EXCEED SIX HUNDRED DOLLARS.
The Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Bill, the question being the adoption of the amendment proposed by the Committee on Banking and Insurance.
Amendment No. P-1
Senators MALLOY, LOURIE and SHEHEEN proposed the following Amendment No. P-1 (3301R002.RF), which was carried over:
Amend the Committee Amendment, as and if amended, by striking all after the enacting words and inserting:
/ SECTION 1. Chapter 39, Title 34 of the 1976 Code is amended by adding:
"Section 34-39-175. (A) The Consumer Finance Division of the Board of Financial Institutions shall implement a common database with real-time access through an internet connection for deferred presentment providers, as provided in this subsection. The board may enter into a contract with a single source private vendor to develop and operate the database. The database must be accessible to the board and the deferred presentment providers to verify if deferred presentment transactions are outstanding for a particular person. A deferred presentment provider shall submit that data before entering into a deferred presentment transaction and once a deferred presentment transaction has been paid in full, in a format the board requires by rule including the drawer's name, social security number, or employment authorization alien number, address, driver's license number, amount of the transaction, date of transaction, the date that the transaction is closed, and additional information required by the board. The board may impose a fee not to exceed one dollar for each transaction for data required to be submitted by a licensee. A licensee may rely on the information contained in the database as accurate and is not subject to any administrative penalty or civil liability as a result of relying on inaccurate information contained in the database. The board may adopt rules to administer and enforce the provisions of this section and to ensure that the database is used by licensees in accordance with this section.
(B) The information provided in the database is limited for the use in determining if a customer is eligible or ineligible to enter into a new deferred presentment transaction and to describe the reason for the determination of eligibility or ineligibility."
SECTION 2. Chapter 39, Title 34 of the 1976 Code is amended by adding:
"Section 34-39-205. On premises advertising by a licensee may not contain false, misleading, or deceptive statements or representations. The board shall promulgate regulations necessary to administer and enforce this section."
SECTION 3. Chapter 39, Title 34 of the 1976 Code is amended by adding:
"Section 34-39-270. (A) A licensee may not enter into a deferred presentment transaction with a person:
(1) who has an outstanding deferred presentment transaction with any licensee;
(2) who has entered into an extended payment plan agreement as provided in Section 34-39-280 which has not been paid in full or terminated; or
(3) sooner than the seventh day after the date upon which the person last closed out a deferred presentment transaction with any licensee.
(B) Before entering into a deferred presentment transaction with a person, a licensee shall verify whether the person is eligible to enter into the transaction by inquiring of the person, checking the licensee's records, and accessing the deferred presentment transaction database established pursuant to subsection (C).
(C) The board shall contract with a single third party database provider that is SAS 70 certified to establish and operate a deferred presentment transaction database for the purpose of verifying whether a person is eligible to enter into a deferred presentment transaction. The board should give full consideration to Section 11-35-5210 when selecting the third-party database provider to establish and operate the deferred presentment transaction database required by this chapter. The board shall supervise the establishment and operation of the database and shall ensure that the database provider establishes and operates the database pursuant to the provisions of this section. The board shall have full access to the database and all records related to the database for purposes of supervising the establishment and operation of the database. If the database provider violates a provision of this section, the board shall terminate the contract. The database must have real-time access through an internet connection and be accessible at all times to the board and licensees. The database provider shall establish and maintain a process for responding to transaction verification requests when technical difficulties prevent the licensee from accessing the database through the internet including, but not limited to, verification by telephone. The database must be set up so as to notify the board if a licensee or a person enters into a transaction in violation of the provisions of this section.
(D) To conduct an inquiry as to whether a person is eligible to enter into a deferred presentment transaction, a licensee shall submit to the database provider such information as the board may require. The response to an inquiry to the database provider by a licensee must state only that a person is eligible or ineligible to enter into a transaction and describe the reason for that determination. The person seeking to enter into the transaction may make a direct inquiry to the database provider to request a more detailed explanation of the basis for the database provider's determination that the person is ineligible to enter into the transaction.
(E) A licensee shall notify the database provider immediately when the licensee enters into a deferred presentment transaction with a person. The licensee shall submit to the database provider such information as the board requires. When the transaction is closed, the licensee shall designate the transaction as closed and immediately notify the database provider. When the database provider receives notification that the transaction is closed, the database provider immediately shall designate the transaction as closed in the database.
(F) A licensee shall notify a person seeking to enter into a deferred presentment transaction that the licensee shall access the database to verify whether the person is eligible to enter into a transaction. The licensee also shall notify the person that information related to a new transaction must be entered into the database.
(G) The database provider may charge a database verification fee to a licensee for an inquiry as to whether a person is eligible to enter into a deferred presentment transaction, if that transaction is consummated by the licensee. The fee must be established by the board and may not exceed the actual cost of verifying a person's eligibility but not to exceed one dollar. A licensee may charge a person seeking to enter into a deferred presentment transaction one-half of the actual cost of the verification fee.
(H) Except as otherwise provided in this section, all personally identifiable information regarding a person contained within or obtained by way of the database is strictly confidential and is exempt from disclosure under the Freedom of Information Act. The database provider and licensees shall use the information collected pursuant to this section only as prescribed in this section and for no other purpose.
(I) A licensee may rely on the information contained in the database as accurate and is not subject to any administrative penalty or civil liability as a result of relying on inaccurate information contained in the database.
Section 34-39-280. (A)(1) Subject to the terms and conditions contained in this section, a customer may pay an outstanding deferred presentment transaction by means of an extended payment plan.
(2) A licensee shall enter into a written plan agreement with the customer if the customer, on or before the deferred presentment transaction's due date, requests a plan and signs an amendment to the written agreement that memorializes the plan's terms and shall enter into the database established in Section 34-29-175 the information that the customer has an extended payment plan.
(3) The plan's terms must allow the customer, at no additional cost, to repay the deferred presentment transaction in substantially equal installments over not less than sixty days. Each plan installment must coincide with a date on which the customer receives regular income. The customer may prepay a plan in full at any time without penalty. If the customer fails to pay a plan installment when due, the plan is terminated and the licensee immediately may accelerate and collect the unpaid transaction balance. The licensee, with each payment under the plan by a customer, may provide for the return of the customer's prior held check and require a new check for the remaining balance under the plan.
(4) A licensee must notify the customer of his plan rights by displaying the following statement, in at least twelve-point bold type, on the first page of the written agreement:
'You should use a deferred presentment transaction only for a short-term credit need. If you have a long-term credit need, you should consider a less costly way to borrow money or seek the advice of a nonprofit credit counselor. You may repay this contract through an extended payment plan. If you choose this right, then, on or before the date this contract is due, you must ask for an extended payment plan. You will be asked to sign a new agreement for this extended payment plan. The extended payment plan must let you repay this contract in substantially equal installments over the next sixty days. There will be no additional cost. Each extended payment plan installment must match with a date on which you receive regular income. You may prepay an extended payment plan in full at any time without penalty. If you fail to pay an extended payment plan installment when due, the extended payment plan will end and we may collect immediately the unpaid contract balance.'
(B)(1) A borrower has the right to rescind the deferred presentment transaction not later than the close of business on the next business day immediately following the transaction date. To rescind a transaction, a borrower must:
(a) inform the lender that the borrower wants to rescind the transaction; and
(b) return the principal amount loaned to the customer.
(2) A licensee must notify the customer of his right of rescission by displaying the following statement, in at least twelve-point bold type, on a separate form signed and dated by the licensee and the customer and attached to the written agreement:
'You should use a deferred presentment transaction only for a short-term credit need. If you have a long-term credit need, you should consider a less costly way to borrow money or seek the advice of a nonprofit credit counselor. You may cancel this contract without penalty and without owing any interest or fees to the lender. To cancel this contract without penalty and without owing any interest or fees to the lender you must (1) return the money loaned to you (2) before ______ o'clock on _________________ (date).'
Section 34-39-290. Based upon data provided by the database vendor, the Board of Financial Institutions annually shall report to the General Assembly the following information for loans made in South Carolina in the previous reporting year, specifically the number of:
(1) loans made in South Carolina by loan amount and the dollar amount of fees collected by loan amount;
(2) individual borrowers by loan amount and the number of borrowers by the number of times each borrower took out a loan;
(3) borrowers who chose to pay off their loans through an extended payment plan by loan amount;
(4) loans that were not paid off in the previous year by loan amount; and
(5) loans on which the lender submitted the check for collection by loan amount and the number of loans on which the lender took action for collection."
SECTION 4. Section 34-39-130 of the 1976 Code is amended by adding at the end:
"(C) A person may not engage in the business of deferred presentment services with a customer residing in this State, whether or not that person has a location in South Carolina, except in accordance with the provisions of this chapter and without having first obtained a license pursuant to this chapter.
(D)(1) A licensee pursuant to this chapter may not offer, arrange, act as an agent for, or assist a deferred deposit originator in any way in the making of a deferred deposit transaction unless the deferred deposit originator complies with all applicable federal and state laws and regulations including this chapter.
(2) This prohibition does not apply to the arranger, agent, or assistant to a state or federally chartered bank, thrift, savings association, or credit union if, upon review of the entire circumstances, the state or federally chartered bank, thrift, savings association, or credit union:
(a) initially advanced the loan proceeds to the customer;
(b) maintained a preponderant economic interest in the loan after its initiation; and
(c) developed the deferred deposit transaction product or products on its own without involvement of the licensee.
(3) If a licensee offers, arranges, acts as an agent for, or assists a state or federally chartered bank, thrift, savings association, or credit union in the making of a deferred deposit transaction and the licensee demonstrates that the standards in item (2)(a), (b), and (c) are met, the licensee must comply with all other provisions of this chapter to the extent that they are not preempted by other federal or state law."
SECTION 5. Section 34-39-150(C) and (D) of the 1976 Code is amended to read:
"(C) The application must be accompanied by payment of an application fee of two hundred fifty five hundred dollars for the first location and five hundred dollars for each additional location and an investigation fee of five hundred dollars for each licensee. These fees are not refundable or abatable. If the license is granted, however, payment of the application fee satisfies the fee requirement for the first license year or its remainder.
(D) A license expires annually and may be renewed upon payment of a license fee of two hundred fifty five hundred dollars. The annual license renewal fee for an applicant with more than one location is two hundred fifty five hundred dollars for the first location and two hundred fifty five hundred dollars for each additional location.
(E) The first ten thousand dollars collected from license fees pursuant to this section must be credited to the Department of Consumer Affairs to implement a consumer financial literacy program.
(F) Of the remaining license fees, after the first ten thousand dollars is credited pursuant to subsection (E), one half must be credited to the Board of Financial Institutions for enforcement of this chapter and one-half must be credited to the Attorney General to prosecute actions brought for violations of this chapter."
SECTION 6. Section 34-39-170 of the 1976 Code, as added by Act 433 of 1998, is amended by adding an appropriately numbered new item to read:
"( ) A licensee and a customer may not enter into an electronic funds transfer agreement to make automatic debited loan payments for any portion of a deferred presentment agreement."
SECTION 7. Section 34-39-180 of the 1976 Code, as added by Act 433 of 1998, is amended to read:
"Section 34-39-180. (A) A licensee may defer the presentment or deposit of a check for up to thirty-one days pursuant to the provisions of this section. The total amount advanced by a licensee to any customer for deferred presentment or deposit may not exceed the lesser of twenty-five percent of the customer's gross income during the term of the loan or five hundred dollars, exclusive of the fees allowed in Section 34-39-180(D). A licensee may not advance to a customer an amount for deferred presentment or deposit which causes this limit to be exceeded by that customer.
(B) The face amount of a check taken for deferred presentment or deposit may not exceed three hundred dollars, exclusive of the fees allowed in Section 34-39-180(E).
(C)(B) Each check must be documented by a written agreement signed by both the customer and the licensee. The written agreement must contain the name or trade name of the licensee, the transaction date, the amount of the check, and a statement of the total amount of fees charged, expressed both as a dollar amount and as an effective annual percentage rate (APR). The written agreement must authorize expressly the licensee to defer presentment or deposit of the check until a specific date, not later than thirty-one days from the date the check is accepted by the licensee. The written agreement also must contain plain language developed by the board which sufficiently informs the customer regarding the nature of deferred presentment services, the deferred presentment service process, the customer's rights pursuant to this chapter, information to file complaints with the South Carolina Department of Consumer Affairs and other information the board may require.
(D)(C) The board shall require each licensee to issue a standardized consumer notification and disclosure form in compliance with state and federal truth-in-lending laws before entering into a deferred presentment agreement with a customer.
(E)(D) A licensee shall may not charge, directly or indirectly, a fee or other consideration in excess of fifteen percent of the face amount of the check advanced for accepting a check for deferred presentment or deposit. The fee or other consideration authorized by this subsection may be imposed only once for each written agreement. Records must be kept by each licensee with sufficient detail to ensure that the fee or other consideration authorized by this subsection may be is imposed only once for each written agreement.
(F)(E) A check accepted for deferred presentment or deposit pursuant to this chapter may must not be repaid from the proceeds of another check accepted for deferred presentment or deposit by the same licensee or an affiliate of the licensee. A licensee shall may not renew or otherwise extend presentment of a check or withhold the check from deposit, for old or new consideration, for a period beyond the time set forth in the written agreement with the customer. A licensee shall not enter into a deferred presentment agreement with a customer who has entered into an extended payment plan agreement with any licensee as provided in Section 34-39-280.
(G)(F) If a check is returned to the licensee from a payer financial institution due to insufficient funds, closed account, or stop payment order, the licensee may pursue all legally available civil means to collect the check including, but not limited to, the imposition of a returned check charge as provided in Section 34-11-70(a), except that the service charge imposed by the licensee shall may not exceed the lesser of ten dollars or the fee imposed by the financial institution on the licensee for the returned check. An individual who issues a personal check to a licensee under a deferred presentment agreement is not subject to criminal penalty.
(G) The board shall develop a form that must be used by all licensees to calculate the maximum amount of funds it may lend a customer based on the customer's income during the term of the loan as required by subsection (A). The form and copies of the documentation verifying the customer's income shall be maintained by the licensee and a copy of both attached to the written agreement signed by the customer."
SECTION 8. Section 34-39-200 of the 1976 Code, as added by Act 433 of 1998, is amended to read:
"Section 34-39-200. A person required to be licensed pursuant to this chapter may not:
(1) charge fees in excess of those authorized by this chapter;
(2) engage in the business of:
(i) making loans of money or extension of credit;
(ii) discounting notes, bills of exchange, items, or other evidences of debt; or
(iii) accepting deposits or bailments of money or items, except as expressly provided by Section 34-39-180;
(3) use or cause to be published or disseminated advertising communication which contains false, misleading, or deceptive statements or representations;
(4) conduct business at premises or locations other than locations licensed by the board;
(5) engage in unfair, deceptive, or fraudulent practices, including unconscionable conduct in violation of Section 37-5-108;
(6) alter or delete the date on a check accepted by the licensee;
(7) accept an undated check or a check dated on a date other than the date on which the licensee accepts the check;
(8) require a customer to provide security for the transaction or require the customer to provide a guaranty from another person;
(9) engage in the retail sale of goods or services, other than deferred presentment services and Level I check-cashing services as defined in Section 34-41-10, at the location licensed pursuant to this chapter, provided, however except, that a sale of money orders, or postage stamps, and the payment of utility bills with no additional a fee to the customer that does not exceed one percent of the bill being paid, vending machines for food or beverage, facsimile services, Western Union wire transfer or money transmitter services, or rental of postal boxes at rates not higher than allowed by the United States Postal Service is are not the sale sales of goods or services prohibited by this subsection;
(10) be licensed pursuant to Section 12-21-2720(a)(3) to operate a video poker machine; or
(11) permit others to engage in an activity prohibited by this section at a location licensed pursuant to this chapter.; or
(12) broker or arrange a deferred presentment transaction on behalf of a third-party lender, unless the transaction complies with the provisions of this chapter and is not preempted by federal law."
SECTION 9. If any section, subsection, paragraph, subparagraph, sentence, clause, phrase, or word of this act is for any reason held to be unconstitutional or invalid, such holding shall not affect the constitutionality or validity of the remaining portions of this act, the General Assembly hereby declaring that it would have passed this act, and each and every section, subsection, paragraph, subparagraph, sentence, clause, phrase, and word thereof, irrespective of the fact that any one or more other sections, subsections, paragraphs, subparagraphs, sentences, clauses, phrases, or words hereof may be declared to be unconstitutional, invalid, or otherwise ineffective.
SECTION 10. This act takes effect January 1, 2010. /
Amend title to conform.
Senator MALLOY explained the amendment.
PRESIDENT Pro Tempore PRESIDES
At 4:13 P.M., Senator McCONNELL assumed the Chair.
Senator MALLOY explained the amendment.
Expression of Personal Interest
Senator FORD rose for an Expression of Personal Interest.
Senator MALLOY explained the amendment.
On motion of Senator MALLOY, with unanimous consent, Amendment No. P-1 was carried over.
Amendment No. P-2
Senators FORD, HAYES, MALLOY, LOURIE and SHEHEEN proposed the following Amendment No. P-2 (3301R044.RF), which was tabled:
Amend the Committee Amendment, as and if amended, by striking all after the enacting words and inserting:
/ SECTION 1. Chapter 39 of Title 34 is amended by adding:
"Section 34-39-175. (A) The Consumer Finance Division of the Board of Financial Institutions shall implement a common database with real-time access through an internet connection for deferred presentment providers, as provided in this subsection. The board may enter into a contract with a single source private vendor to develop and operate the database. The database must be accessible to the board and the deferred presentment providers to verify if deferred presentment transactions are outstanding for a particular person. A deferred presentment provider shall submit that data before entering into a deferred presentment transaction and once a deferred presentment transaction has been paid in full, in a format the board requires by rule including the drawer's name, social security number, or employment authorization alien number, address, driver's license number, amount of the transaction, date of transaction, the date that the transaction is closed, and additional information required by the board. The board may impose a fee not to exceed one dollar for each transaction for data required to be submitted by a licensee. A licensee may rely on the information contained in the database as accurate and is not subject to any administrative penalty or civil liability as a result of relying on inaccurate information contained in the database. The board may adopt rules to administer and enforce the provisions of this section and to ensure that the database is used by licensees in accordance with this section.
(B) The information provided in the database is limited for the use in determining if a customer is eligible or ineligible to enter into a new deferred presentment transaction and to describe the reason for the determination of eligibility or ineligibility."
SECTION 2. Chapter 39, Title 34 of the 1976 Code is amended by adding:
"Section 34-39-205. On premises advertising by a licensee may not contain false, misleading, or deceptive statements or representations. The board shall promulgate regulations necessary to administer and enforce this section."
SECTION 3. Chapter 39, Title 34 of the 1976 Code is amended by adding:
"Section 34-39-270. (A) A licensee may not enter into a deferred presentment transaction with a person:
(1) who has an outstanding deferred presentment transaction with any licensee;
(2) who has entered into an extended payment plan agreement as provided in Section 34-39-280 which has not been paid in full or terminated; or
(3) sooner than the seventh day after the date upon which the person last closed out a deferred presentment transaction with any licensee.
(B) Before entering into a deferred presentment transaction with a person, a licensee shall verify whether the person is eligible to enter into the transaction by inquiring of the person, checking the licensee's records, and accessing the deferred presentment transaction database established pursuant to subsection (C).
(C) The board shall contract with a single third party database provider to establish and operate a deferred presentment transaction database for the purpose of verifying whether a person is eligible to enter into a deferred presentment transaction. The board shall supervise the establishment and operation of the database and shall ensure that the database provider establishes and operates the database pursuant to the provisions of this section. The board shall have full access to the database and all records related to the database for purposes of supervising the establishment and operation of the database. If the database provider violates a provision of this section, the board shall terminate the contract. The database must have real-time access through an internet connection and be accessible at all times to the board and licensees. The database provider shall establish and maintain a process for responding to transaction verification requests when technical difficulties prevent the licensee from accessing the database through the internet including, but not limited to, verification by telephone. The database must be set up so as to notify the board if a licensee or a person enters into a transaction in violation of the provisions of this section.
(D) To conduct an inquiry as to whether a person is eligible to enter into a deferred presentment transaction, a licensee shall submit to the database provider such information as the board may require. The response to an inquiry to the database provider by a licensee must state only that a person is eligible or ineligible to enter into a transaction and describe the reason for that determination. The person seeking to enter into the transaction may make a direct inquiry to the database provider to request a more detailed explanation of the basis for the database provider's determination that the person is ineligible to enter into the transaction.
(E) A licensee shall notify the database provider immediately when the licensee enters into a deferred presentment transaction with a person. The licensee shall submit to the database provider such information as the board requires. When the transaction is closed, the licensee shall designate the transaction as closed and immediately notify the database provider. When the database provider receives notification that the transaction is closed, the database provider immediately shall designate the transaction as closed in the database.
(F) A licensee shall notify a person seeking to enter into a deferred presentment transaction that the licensee shall access the database to verify whether the person is eligible to enter into a transaction. The licensee also shall notify the person that information related to a new transaction must be entered into the database.
(G) The database provider may charge a database verification fee to a licensee for an inquiry as to whether a person is eligible to enter into a deferred presentment transaction, if that transaction is consummated by the licensee. The fee must be established by the board and may not exceed the actual cost of verifying a person's eligibility but not to exceed one dollar. A licensee may charge a person seeking to enter into a deferred presentment transaction one-half of the actual cost of the verification fee.
(H) Except as otherwise provided in this section, all personally identifiable information regarding a person contained within or obtained by way of the database is strictly confidential and is exempt from disclosure under the Freedom of Information Act. The database provider and licensees shall use the information collected pursuant to this section only as prescribed in this section and for no other purpose.
(I) A licensee may rely on the information contained in the database as accurate and is not subject to any administrative penalty or civil liability as a result of relying on inaccurate information contained in the database.
Section 34-39-280. (A) Subject to the terms and conditions contained in this section, a customer may pay an outstanding deferred presentment transaction by means of an extended payment plan.
(B) A licensee shall enter into a written plan agreement with the customer if the customer, on or before the deferred presentment transaction's due date, requests a plan and signs an amendment to the written agreement that memorializes the plan's terms and shall enter into the database established in Section 34-29-175 the information that the customer has an extended payment plan.
(C) The plan's terms must allow the customer, at no additional cost, to repay the deferred presentment transaction in substantially equal installments over not less than sixty days. Each plan installment must coincide with a date on which the customer receives regular income. The customer may prepay a plan in full at any time without penalty. If the customer fails to pay a plan installment when due, the plan is terminated and the licensee immediately may accelerate and collect the unpaid transaction balance. The licensee, with each payment under the plan by a customer, may provide for the return of the customer's prior held check and require a new check for the remaining balance under the plan.
(D) A licensee must notify the customer of his plan rights by displaying the following statement, in at least 12-point bold type, on the first page of the written agreement:
'You should use a deferred presentment transaction only for a short-term credit need. If you have a long-term credit need, you should consider a less costly way to borrow money or seek the advice of a nonprofit credit counselor. You may repay this contract through an extended payment plan. If you choose this right, then, on or before the date this contract is due, you must ask for an extended payment plan. You will be asked to sign a new agreement for this extended payment plan. The extended payment plan must let you repay this contract in substantially equal installments over the next sixty days. There will be no additional cost. Each extended payment plan installment must match with a date on which you receive regular income. You may prepay an extended payment plan in full at any time without penalty. If you fail to pay an extended payment plan installment when due, the extended payment plan will end and we may collect immediately the unpaid contract balance.'
Section 34-39-290. Based upon data provided by the database vendor, the Board of Financial Institutions annually shall report to the General Assembly the following information for loans made in South Carolina in the previous reporting year, specifically the number of:
(1) loans made in South Carolina by loan amount and the dollar amount of fees collected by loan amount;
(2) individual borrowers by loan amount and the number of borrowers by the number of times each borrower took out a loan;
(3) borrowers who chose to pay off their loans through an extended payment plan by loan amount;
(4) loans that were not paid off in the previous year by loan amount; and
(5) loans on which the lender submitted the check for collection by loan amount and the number of loans on which the lender took action for collection."
SECTION 4. Section 34-39-130 of the 1976 Code, as added by Act 433 of 1998, is amended by adding at the end:
"(C) A person may not engage in the business of deferred presentment services with a customer residing in this State, whether or not that person has a location in South Carolina, except in accordance with the provisions of this chapter and without having first obtained a license pursuant to this chapter.
(D)(1) A licensee pursuant to this chapter may not offer, arrange, act as an agent for, or assist a deferred deposit originator in any way in the making of a deferred deposit transaction unless the deferred deposit originator complies with all applicable federal and state laws and regulations including this chapter.
(2) This prohibition does not apply to the arranger, agent, or assistant to a state or federally chartered bank, thrift, savings association, or credit union if, upon review of the entire circumstances, the state or federally chartered bank, thrift, savings association, or credit union:
(a) initially advanced the loan proceeds to the customer;
(b) maintained a preponderant economic interest in the loan after its initiation; and
(c) developed the deferred deposit transaction product or products on its own without involvement of the licensee.
(3) If a licensee offers, arranges, acts as an agent for, or assists a state or federally chartered bank, thrift, savings association, or credit union in the making of a deferred deposit transaction and the licensee demonstrates that the standards in item (2)(a), (b), and (c) are met, the licensee must comply with all other provisions of this chapter to the extent that they are not preempted by other federal or state law."
SECTION 5. Section 34-39-150(C) and (D) of the 1976 Code, as added by Act 433 of 1998, is amended to read:
"(C) The application must be accompanied by payment of an application fee of two hundred fifty five hundred dollars and an investigation fee of five hundred dollars. These fees are not refundable or abatable. If the license is granted, however, payment of the application fee satisfies the fee requirement for the first license year or its remainder.
(D) A license expires annually and may be renewed upon payment of a license fee of two hundred fifty five hundred dollars. The annual license renewal fee for an applicant with more than one location is two hundred fifty five hundred dollars for the first location and fifty one hundred dollars for each additional location. The Board of Financial Institutions shall disburse one-half of the license fees collected to the South Carolina Attorney General's Office to establish and maintain a division to enforce the provisions of this chapter."
SECTION 6. Section 34-39-170 of the 1976 Code, as added by Act 433 of 1998, is amended by adding an appropriately numbered new item to read:
"( ) A licensee and a customer may not enter into an electronic funds transfer agreement to make automatic debited loan payments for any portion of a deferred presentment agreement."
SECTION 7. Section 34-39-180 of the 1976 Code, as added by Act 433 of 1998, is amended to read:
"Section 34-39-180. (A) A licensee may defer the presentment or deposit of a check for up to thirty-one days pursuant to the provisions of this section. The total amount advanced by a licensee to any customer for deferred presentment or deposit may not exceed the lesser of twenty-five percent of the customer's gross income during the term of the loan or five hundred dollars, exclusive of the fees allowed in Section 34-39-180(E). A licensee may not advance to a customer an amount for deferred presentment or deposit which causes this limit to be exceeded by that customer.
(B) Each check must be documented by a written agreement signed by both the customer and the licensee. The written agreement must contain the name or trade name of the licensee, the transaction date, the amount of the check, and a statement of the total amount of fees charged, expressed both as a dollar amount and as an effective annual percentage rate (APR). The written agreement must authorize expressly the licensee to defer presentment or deposit of the check until a specific date, not later than thirty-one days from the date the check is accepted by the licensee. The written agreement also must contain plain language developed by the board which sufficiently informs the customer regarding the nature of deferred presentment services, the deferred presentment service process, the customer's rights pursuant to this chapter, information to file complaints with the South Carolina Department of Consumer Affairs and other information the board may require.
(C) The board shall require each licensee to issue a standardized consumer notification and disclosure form in compliance with state and federal truth-in-lending laws before entering into a deferred presentment agreement with a customer.
(D) A licensee shall may not charge, directly or indirectly, a fee or other consideration in excess of fifteen percent of the face amount of the check advanced for accepting a check for deferred presentment or deposit. The fee or other consideration authorized by this subsection may be imposed only once for each written agreement. Records must be kept by each licensee with sufficient detail to ensure that the fee or other consideration authorized by this subsection may be is imposed only once for each written agreement.
(E) A check accepted for deferred presentment or deposit pursuant to this chapter may must not be repaid from the proceeds of another check accepted for deferred presentment or deposit by the same licensee or an affiliate of the licensee. A licensee shall may not renew or otherwise extend presentment of a check or withhold the check from deposit, for old or new consideration, for a period beyond the time set forth in the written agreement with the customer. A licensee shall not enter into a deferred presentment agreement with a customer who has entered into an extended payment plan agreement with any licensee as provided in Section 34-39-280.
(F) If a check is returned to the licensee from a payer financial institution due to insufficient funds, closed account, or stop payment order, the licensee may pursue all legally available civil means to collect the check including, but not limited to, the imposition of a returned check charge as provided in Section 34-11-70(a), except that the service charge imposed by the licensee shall may not exceed the lesser of ten dollars or the fee imposed by the financial institution on the licensee for the returned check. An individual who issues a personal check to a licensee under a deferred presentment agreement is not subject to criminal penalty.
(G) If a check is returned to the licensee from a payer financial institution due to insufficient funds, closed account, or stop payment order, the licensee may pursue all legally available civil means to collect the check including, but not limited to, the imposition of a returned check charge as provided in Section 34-11-70(a), except that the service charge imposed by the licensee shall not exceed the lesser of ten dollars or the fee imposed by the financial institution on the licensee for the returned check. An individual who issues a personal check to a licensee under a deferred presentment agreement is not subject to criminal penalty.
(H) The board shall develop a form that must be used by all licensees to calculate the maximum amount of funds it may lend a customer based on the customer's income during the term of the loan as required by subsection (A). The form and copies of the documentation verifying the customer's income shall be maintained by the licensee and a copy of both attached to the written agreement signed by the customer."
SECTION 8. Section 34-39-200 of the 1976 Code, as added by Act 433 of 1998, is amended to read:
"Section 34-39-200. A person required to be licensed pursuant to this chapter may not:
(1) charge fees in excess of those authorized by this chapter;
(2) engage in the business of:
(i) making loans of money or extension of credit;
(ii) discounting notes, bills of exchange, items, or other evidences of debt; or
(iii) accepting deposits or bailments of money or items, except as expressly provided by Section 34-39-180;
(3) use or cause to be published or disseminated advertising communication which contains false, misleading, or deceptive statements or representations;
(4) conduct business at premises or locations other than locations licensed by the board;
(5) engage in unfair, deceptive, or fraudulent practices, including unconscionable conduct in violation of Section 37-5-108;
(6) alter or delete the date on a check accepted by the licensee;
(7) accept an undated check or a check dated on a date other than the date on which the licensee accepts the check;
(8) require a customer to provide security for the transaction or require the customer to provide a guaranty from another person;
(9) engage in the retail sale of goods or services, other than deferred presentment services and Level I check-cashing services as defined in Section 34-41-10, at the location licensed pursuant to this chapter, provided, however except, that a sale of money orders, or postage stamps, and the payment of utility bills with no additional a fee to the customer that does not exceed one percent of the bill being paid, vending machines for food or beverage, facsimile services, Western Union wire transfer or money transmitter services, or rental of postal boxes at rates not higher than allowed by the United States Postal Service is are not the sale sales of goods or services prohibited by this subsection;
(10) be licensed pursuant to Section 12-21-2720(a)(3) to operate a video poker machine; or
(11) permit others to engage in an activity prohibited by this section at a location licensed pursuant to this chapter. ; or
(12) broker or arrange a deferred presentment transaction on behalf of a third-party lender, unless the transaction complies with the provisions of this chapter and is not preempted by federal law."
SECTION 9. Section 34-39-210 of the 1976 Code is amended to read:
"Section 34-39-210. (A) The board may suspend or revoke impose penalties on a licensee license issued pursuant to this chapter if, after notice and opportunity for hearing, the board issues written findings that the licensee has:
(1) violated this chapter or applicable state or federal law;
(2) made a false statement on the application for a license under the chapter;
(3) refused to permit investigation by the board as authorized by this chapter;
(4) failed to comply with an order of the board;
(5) demonstrated incompetency or untrustworthiness to engage in the business of deferred presentment services; or
(6) been convicted of a felony or misdemeanor involving fraud, misrepresentation, or deceit.
(B) For violations found pursuant to subsection (A), the board may impose the following penalties:
(1) a fine of $1,500.00 for the first violation; (2) a fine of$3,000.00 for the second violation;
(3) suspension of the license for one year for the third violation;
(4) permanent revocation of license for the fourth violation.
(B)(C) The board may not suspend or revoke a license issued pursuant to this chapter unless the licensee has been given notice and opportunity for hearing in accordance with the Administrative Procedures Act.
SECTION 10. If any section, subsection, paragraph, subparagraph, sentence, clause, phrase, or word of this act is for any reason held to be unconstitutional or invalid, such holding shall not affect the constitutionality or validity of the remaining portions of this act, the General Assembly hereby declaring that it would have passed this act, and each and every section, subsection, paragraph, subparagraph, sentence, clause, phrase, and word thereof, irrespective of the fact that any one or more other sections, subsections, paragraphs, subparagraphs, sentences, clauses, phrases, or words hereof may be declared to be unconstitutional, invalid, or otherwise ineffective.
SECTION 11. This act takes effect January 1, 2010. /
Renumber sections to conform.
Amend title to conform.
Senator HAYES explained the amendment.
Senator THOMAS spoke on the amendment.
Senator LOURIE explained the amendment.
ACTING PRESIDENT PRESIDES
At 5:09 P.M., Senator L. MARTIN assumed the Chair.
Senator LOURIE resumed explaining the amendment.
PRESIDENT PRESIDES
At 5:28 P.M., the PRESIDENT assumed the Chair.
Senator LOURIE explained the amendment.
Senator THOMAS moved to lay the amendment on the table.
The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows:
Ayes 27; Nays 14
AYES
Alexander Bright Bryant
Campbell Campsen Cleary
Cromer Davis Fair
Grooms Hutto Jackson
Land Martin, L. Martin, S.
McConnell Mulvaney Nicholson
O'Dell Peeler Reese
Rose Setzler Shoopman
Thomas Verdin Williams
Total--27
NAYS
Anderson Coleman Courson
Elliott Ford Hayes
Leventis Lourie Malloy
Massey Matthews McGill
Rankin Scott
Total--14
The amendment was laid on the table.
Amendment No. P-3
Senator BRYANT proposed the following Amendment No. P-3 (3301R052.KLB), which was tabled:
Amend the Committee Report, as and if amended, by striking SECTION 1 in its entirety.
Amend the Committee Report further, as and if amended, by striking SECTION 2 in its entirety and inserting:
/ SECTION 2. Chapter 39, Title 34 of the 1976 Code is amended by adding:
"Section 34-39-270. (A) A licensee may not enter into a deferred presentment transaction with a person:
(1) who has an outstanding deferred presentment transaction;
(2) who has repaid a previous deferred presentment transaction with any licensee on the same business day or the previous business day; or
(3) who has entered into an extended payment plan agreement with any licensee as provided in Section 34-39-280 which has not been paid in full or terminated." /
Amend the Committee Report further, as and if amended, page [3301-5], by striking lines 29-34 and inserting:
/ (F) If a customer enters into an extended repayment plan, the customer and a licensee are prohibited from entering into a subsequent deferred presentment transaction until repayment in full of the original deferred presentment transaction. /
Amend the bill, as and if amended, by striking SECTION 6 in its entirety.
Renumber sections to conform.
Amend title to conform.
Senator BRYANT explained the amendment.
Senator LAND argued contra to the adoption of the amendment.
On motion of Senator L. MARTIN, Senators McCONNELL, LEATHERMAN and GROOMS were granted leave to vote from the balcony.
Senator LAND moved to lay the amendment on the table.
The "ayes" and "nays" were demanded and taken, resulting as follows:
Ayes 27; Nays 13
AYES
Alexander Anderson Campbell
Coleman Courson Cromer
Hayes Hutto Jackson
Land Leatherman Leventis
Lourie Martin, L. Martin, S.
Matthews McConnell McGill
Nicholson O'Dell Peeler
Rankin Reese Scott
Setzler Thomas Williams
Total--27
NAYS
Bright Bryant Campsen
Cleary Davis Fair
Grooms Malloy Massey
Mulvaney Rose Shoopman
Verdin
Total--13
The amendment was laid on the table.
Amendment No. P-5
Senator MASSEY proposed the following Amendment No. P-5 (3301R050.ASM), which was adopted:
Amend the Committee Amendment, as and if amended, page [3301-3], by striking lines 35-43 and inserting:
/ (E) A licensee immediately shall notify the database provider when the licensee enters into a deferred presentment transaction with a person. The licensee shall submit to the database provider such information as the board requires. When the transaction is paid in full, the licensee shall designate the transaction as closed and immediately notify the database provider. When the database provider receives notification that the transaction is paid in full, the database provider immediately shall designate the transaction as paid in full in the database. For purposes of this subsection, an item is 'paid in full' when the payor bank makes final payment on the customer's check pursuant to Section 36-4-215. /
Renumber sections to conform.
Amend title to conform.
Senator MASSEY explained the amendment.
On motion of Senator L. MARTIN, debate was interrupted by adjournment.
H. 3991 (Word version) -- Reps. Stavrinakis, Agnew, Alexander, Allen, Allison, Anderson, Anthony, Bales, Ballentine, Bannister, Barfield, Battle, Bedingfield, Bingham, Bowen, Bowers, Brady, Branham, Brantley, G.A. Brown, H.B. Brown, R.L. Brown, Cato, Chalk, Clemmons, Clyburn, Cobb-Hunter, Cole, Cooper, Crawford, Daning, Delleney, Dillard, Duncan, Edge, Erickson, Forrester, Frye, Funderburk, Gambrell, Gilliard, Govan, Gullick, Gunn, Haley, Hamilton, Hardwick, Harrell, Harrison, Hart, Harvin, Hayes, Hearn, Herbkersman, Hiott, Hodges, Horne, Hosey, Howard, Huggins, Hutto, Jefferson, Jennings, Kelly, Kennedy, King, Kirsh, Knight, Limehouse, Littlejohn, Loftis, Long, Lowe, Lucas, Mack, McEachern, McLeod, Merrill, Miller, Millwood, Mitchell, Moss, Nanney, J.H. Neal, J.M. Neal, Neilson, Ott, Owens, Parker, Parks, Pinson, E.H. Pitts, M.A. Pitts, Rice, Rutherford, Sandifer, Scott, Sellers, Simrill, Skelton, D.C. Smith, G.M. Smith, G.R. Smith, J.E. Smith, J.R. Smith, Sottile, Spires, Stewart, Stringer, Thompson, Toole, Umphlett, Vick, Viers, Weeks, Whipper, White, Whitmire, Williams, Willis, Wylie, A.D. Young and T.R. Young: A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION TO DECLARE THE WEEK OF MAY 4-8, 2009, AS TEACHER APPRECIATION WEEK IN SOUTH CAROLINA AND TO EXPRESS THE SINCERE GRATITUDE OF THE CITIZENS OF SOUTH CAROLINA TO THE TEACHERS OF THIS GREAT STATE.
Senator COURSON asked unanimous consent to make a motion to recall the Concurrent Resolution from the Committee on Education.
There was no objection and the Concurrent Resolution was recalled from the Committee on Education.
On motion of Senator COURSON, with unanimous consent, the Senate proceeded to a consideration of the Concurrent Resolution, the question being the adoption of the Resolution.
The Concurrent Resolution was adopted, ordered sent to the House. | 2014-04-23T10:48:03 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.2238154262304306, "perplexity": 7807.979326939718}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223202457.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032002-00151-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://www.usgs.gov/centers/ca-water/science/mercury-studies-sulphur-bank-mercury-mine-and-clear-lake-california?qt-science_center_objects=4 | # Mercury studies at Sulphur Bank Mercury Mine and Clear Lake, California
## Science Center Objects
The abandoned Sulphur Bank Mercury Mine on the shores of Clear Lake in Northern California has been designated as a "Superfund Site" by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). This means that the EPA has determined that the area is contaminated by hazardous waste and requires cleanup because it poses a risk to human health and/or the environment. One of the chief contaminants at the site is mercury (Hg). Methylmercury (MeHg) is a highly toxic form of mercury that becomes magnified as it works its way up the food chain. To help the EPA address the problem, the USGS has been asked to study the presence and spread of methylmercury at the Clear Lake site.
Sulfur Bank Mine on the eastern shore of Clear Lake, is one of the most notable mercury mines in the state of California.
### Background
The Sulphur Bank Mercury Mine is an inactive mercury mine located on a 200-acre property on the southeast shores of Clear Lake. The mine site includes a flooded open pit mine and approximately 3,000,000 cubic yards of contaminated mine waste. Contaminants from the Sulphur Bank Mercury Mine have been detected in lake sediments in nearby areas. Previous work at Clear Lake has shown that primary production (algae growth) driven by an excessive richness of nutrients is a key driver to methylation of mercury and its introduction into the food web. Getting a better understanding of mercury cycling in Clear Lake will depend on understanding nutrient cycling and its effects on the depletion of dissolved oxygen in the water column and surface sediment, which increases mercury methylation.
In addition, a research effort on nutrient cycling in Clear Lake by the University of California, Davis (UCD) began in 2018 in association with the Blue Ribbon Committee for the Rehabilitation of Clear Lake, affording the USGS the opportunity to integrate their work with the ongoing UCD study.
### Objectives
The overarching goal of the planned research is to improve understanding of the relationships between contaminants derived from Sulphur Bank Mercury Mine with concentrations of mercury in sediment, water, and fish tissue in Clear Lake. A related goal is to determine the proportion of methylmercury in the food web of Clear Lake that is derived from the Sulphur Bank Mercury Mine using geochemical and isotopic methods. A third goal is to further examine and develop the relationships between various dissolved and particulate mercury fractions and optical properties in the water column, such that these relationships can be leveraged to develop monitoring platforms that will generate data that can inform future efforts. A fourth goal is to develop a model for mercury cycling in Clear Lake that is a useful management tool for the EPA and other stakeholders for testing the potential benefits of reducing levels of MeHg bioaccumulation in the Clear Lake food web.
Location map showing Sulphur Bank Mercury Mine, Clear Lake
### Science Plan
The planned work is divided into eight tasks:
1. Technical assistance (USGS scientists with expertise in several areas to assist the EPA)
2. Prepare Quality Assurance Project Plan and Field Sampling Plans
3. Water sampling and analysis
4. Solids sampling and analysis
5. Biological sampling and analysis
6. Mercury isotope analysis
7. Evaluating water column mercury methylation rates
8. Modeling of mercury cycling in Clear Lake
### Budget, Timeline, and Deliverables
A five-year project is planned with a budget of about $2M. Funding will be provided by EPA on a year-to-year basis. The initial Interagency Agreement has$319,500 for work mostly in Fiscal Year 2020, with data releases planned in Fiscal Year 2021. Interpretive reports are planned for Fiscal Year 2024.
Related Data Release
Geochemical Data for Mercury and Other Constituents in Redox-Manipulated Sediment Cores from Clear Lake, Lake County, California | 2021-10-24T22:37:28 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.2365919053554535, "perplexity": 5332.443585461596}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323587606.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20211024204628-20211024234628-00167.warc.gz"} |
https://conferences.fnal.gov/lp2003/fortheauthors/instructions_papers.html | The proceedings submission deadline is October 15th 2003
Instructions for Preparation of Proceedings Papers
Authors are asked to use Latex2e to prepare their proceedings contributions. The World Scientific style files for the 2003 Lepton Photon Symposium can be found at the following URL:
http://conferences.fnal.gov/lp2003/proceedings/style_files.html.
The download files in this area have modifications that are specific to the 2003 Lepton Photon Symposium.
The maximum number of pages for each contribution (not including the Q&A section) is given by the length of the talk. This maximum is 1 page for every 2.5 minutes and are summarized in the table below:
Length of talk (minutes) 5 15 30 40 45 60 Maximum number of pages 2 6 12 16 18 24
Detailed instructions are contained in the preliminary guide and style file instructions, located at the style files web page.
Contributions to the proceedings should be submitted using the LP2003 Document Database. Alternatively contributions can be sent to the proceedings editors at lp2003_editors@fnal.gov. Note that besides a PostScript version of their paper, the authors are requested to submit the complete set of sources to the editors. This will ensure the best possible format for all versions of the proceedings publications, (paper, DVD-ROM, web viewable and downloadable full version of the proceedings.)
Discussion (Question and Answer) Section
The Discussion section to appear at the end of your writeup does not count towards your maximum page limit. We would like you to include only the questions that were asked at your talk. For questions that may have been raised at the Breakout sessions, we ask that you address them in your writeup. There is no problem if, in the Discussion section, you want to "rewrite history" by providing better or more complete answers where appropriate.
Copyright Transfer for 2003 Lepton Photon Proceedings
The copyright transfer form should be filled out, signed and mailed to the following address:
Harry W.K. Cheung,
M.S. 122
Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory,
P.O. Box 500,
Batavia IL 60510-0500,
U.S.A.
It may also be sent as a FAX to: US-630-840-3867, addressed to Harry Cheung at phone number (US)-630-840-8628.
We assume that you have used Latex before. If not please let the LP2003 editors know (lp2003_editors@fnal.gov) so something can be worked out to get your contribution.
If you need help with the Latex style file, please ask a local Latex expert at your institution since the O/S and Latex/TeX installation is usually site specific. However you should have no problem with most Latex distributions. We have tested the World Scientific Latex style file/macro on Fermi Linux 7.3.1 (RedHat 7.3) and 9.0.1 (RedHat 9), and on Mac OS 10.2 using the TexShop (v1.28) distribution.
If you can remake the figure in another format we would suggest doing so and choose EPS (encapsulated Postscript) as this is easiest to include in Latex.
Otherwise on unix (including Linux) it is easy to convert gif and jpg images to eps files using ImageMagick's "convert" command. For jpg files though this often leads to unacceptably large files. You can convert jpg images to eps files retaining compression using the jpeg2eps Postscript script. Since it runs a Postscript script this tool should work on any unix system. We have tested it on Fermilinux 7.3.1 and Mac OS X 10.2.
If you can only run on Windows, Adobe Illustrator can write EPS files which will work to produce in Latex. (However note that often the EPS files it creates can cause problems when the Latex PS file is converted to PDF.) If you have problems and need help creating EPS files from images please contact the LP2003 editors at lp2003_editors@fnal.gov.
In unix, you can convert jpg images to eps files retaining compression using the jpeg2eps Postscript script. Since it runs a Postscript script this tool should work on any unix system. We have tested it on Fermilinux 7.3.1 and Mac OS X 10.2.
We would like all papers to have the same style and the same looking typeface in the proceedings. This does not seem to be possible using the World Scientific Microsoft Word template/style file. We also want to be able to produced the proceedings as a single PS file.
If you have not used Latex before and do not want to try it (the example file should make it relatively easy), please let the LP2003 editors know as soon as possible.
We do have a Word Template and instructions available. However the editors would have to retypeset your contribution in Latex. If you choose to submit your contribution in Word, we ask that you contact the LP2003 editors to let them know and to submit your contribution early so we have time to retypeset your contribution in Latex. We might also need your help in producing compatible figure files.
Although you can submit your LP2003 proceedings paper via email to the LP2003 editors we have set up a LP2003 Document Database, to try to make the submission process and the reviewing and updating of your draft easier. Submission of your paper to the database is done using the web.
Also we have asked you to submit your full source, this includes the tex file and all the figure files that are needed for your paper. We think that this document database will make this process much easier.
You will need a username and password to access the LP2003 Document Database. The username is lp2003, and you should have received the password from the LP2003 editors. If not, please contact them.
In the main web page of the LP2003 Document Database, you will see a number of options. Only a couple of them are relevant to LP2003 paper contributions:
• Create or change documents or metadata, use this option to to submit your paper (for the first time.)
• Use the top option, create a new document from a specified number of files on your computer. Enter the number of files to be submitted. The number of files is usually 2 plus the number of figure files you have. Your two main files are the PS file of your paper and the tex file. Plus we need your figures also. (Note that you can make a tar or zip file of all your figure files together so you only have to submit this one additional tar or zip file.) (Don't worry about making a mistake, you can usually change/correct or update the information after you have submitted your paper.)
In the document addition page, fill in the title, abstract and author. You do not need to fill in keywords. For the each file you submit browse to the file you want and select it. Then fill in the description for the file. Mark only the PS file as the main file. Repeat for each file you submit.
The correct document type to choose is "Papers", and click on your name in the requester and author boxes. You can leave the security as "lp2003" and click "Papers" under the Topics box. Now you are ready to hit the "submit document" button. You should then end up with the home page of your paper. (From this page, you can change/update information in case you made an error, or submit updates to your paper. See next item for instructions.)
• List documents: by author, use this option if you need to view or update your paper that was already submitted to the database. If you sent your paper to the LP2003 editors via email, they may have already submitted it to the database for you.
• In the list of authors, click your name and you should have a list of documents in the database where you are listed as an author. (There should be just one paper in the database from you - though there may be several versions if it has been updated. You will see the latest version.) Click on the document number or title of the paper you want to view or update.
In the main page of your paper, you can view any file you submitted by clicking on the file description in the "Files in Document:" or the ones in the "Other Files:" section. (The former are the ones you marked "Main" when you submitted your paper.)
In the main page of your paper you can also update your paper, add files to your document, or update the metadata for your document (like the title, author and document type that your paper is listed under.)
• Update Document, use this option to submit a new version of your paper. Note: with this option you need to submit all files that are in the document. So as well as the PS and Latex files, you need to also submit the figure files again even if you have not changed them in the new version. If you have less files to submit in your new version just omit the extras and submit the files you want kept. If you have more files in your new version use the "add file to document" option after you have updated your file.
• Update DB Info, use this option to change the metadata for your paper. This is data that your paper is listed with in this database, like the document type, the title, authors or each file description.
• Add File to Document, use this option if you need to add files to your document. E.g. you missed a figure file when you first submitted your paper, or you have updated your paper with a new version and need to add more files. Note: although we discourage its use, you can use this option to replace a single file, by "adding" the new file, and selecting the "replace" duplicate file box.
In the main page of your paper, below the update buttons, you will see links to older versions of your paper if you have any. You can use this to retrieve old versions of your paper, or particular files that you might have forgotten to submit in your new version.
We discourage this use but you can do this. Go to the main page of your paper, and use the Add File to Document option. To replace a single file, add the new file, and select the "replace" file option.
In the main page of your paper, below the update buttons, you will see links to older versions of your paper if you have any. You can use this to retrieve old versions of your paper, or particular files that you might have forgotten to submit in your new version.
You should try using a pair of square brackets ([ ]) after \caption and before the begin curly bracket ({), e.g.
\begin{figure}[t]
\begin{center}
\psfig{figure=FIGS/polcl.eps,width=3.truein,height=2.4truein}
\caption[]{The temperature-polarization cross correlation power
spectrum{\cite{kogutetal03}}. The solid line is the prediction from the
temperature data for adiabatic initial conditions. The excess power
at $\ell<10$ is due to early star formation.
\label{polcl} \vspace*{12pt}}
\end{center}
\end{figure}
Or for example:
\begin{figure}[h]
\vspace{0.3cm}
\hspace{-1cm}
\includegraphics[width=.43\textwidth]{flnnloaa.eps}
\vspace{-1.6cm}
\caption[]{Comparison of the predictions for $F_L(x,Q^2)$ at LO,
NLO and NNLO using MRST partons and also a
$\ln(1/x)$-resummed prediction\cite{RTsum}.}
\vspace{-0.7cm}
\label{hera3}
\end{figure}
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http://hitchhikersgui.de/Pettis_integral | # Pettis integral
In mathematics, the Pettis integral or Gelfand–Pettis integral, named after I. M. Gelfand and B. J. Pettis, extends the definition of the Lebesgue integral to vector-valued functions on a measure space, by exploiting duality. The integral was introduced by Gelfand for the case when the measure space is an interval with Lebesgue measure. The integral is also called the weak integral in contrast to the Bochner integral, which is the strong integral.
## Definition
Let ${\displaystyle f:X\to V,}$ where ${\displaystyle (X,\Sigma ,\mu )}$ is a measure space and ${\displaystyle V}$ is a topological vector space. Suppose that ${\displaystyle V}$ admits a dual space ${\displaystyle V^{*}}$ that separates points. e.g., ${\displaystyle V}$ a Banach space or (more generally) a locally convex, Hausdorff vector space. We write evaluation of a functional as duality pairing: ${\displaystyle \langle \varphi ,x\rangle =\varphi [x]}$.
Choose any measurable set ${\displaystyle E\in \Sigma .}$ We say that ${\displaystyle f}$ is Pettis integrable (over ${\displaystyle E}$) if there exists a vector ${\displaystyle e\in V}$ so that:
${\displaystyle \forall \varphi \in V^{*}:\qquad \langle \varphi ,e\rangle =\int _{E}\langle \varphi ,f(x)\rangle \,d\mu (x).}$
In this case, we call ${\displaystyle e}$ the Pettis integral of ${\displaystyle f}$ (over ${\displaystyle E}$). Common notations for the Pettis integral ${\displaystyle e}$ include
${\displaystyle \int _{E}f\mu ,\qquad \int _{E}f(t)\,d\mu (t),\quad {\text{and}}\quad \mu [f1_{E}].}$
Note that if ${\displaystyle V=\mathbb {R} ^{n}}$ is finite-dimensional then ${\displaystyle f}$ is Pettis integrable over ${\displaystyle E}$ if and only if each of ${\displaystyle f}$'s coordinates is integrable over ${\displaystyle E}$.
A function is Pettis integrable (over ${\displaystyle X}$) if the scalar-valued function ${\displaystyle \varphi \circ f}$ is integrable for every functional ${\displaystyle \varphi \in X^{*}}$[citation needed].
## Law of large numbers for Pettis-integrable random variables
Let ${\displaystyle (\Omega ,{\mathcal {F}},\mathbb {P} )}$ be a probability space, and let ${\displaystyle V}$ be a topological vector space with a dual space that separates points. Let ${\displaystyle v_{n}:\Omega \to V}$ be a sequence of Pettis-integrable random variables, and write ${\displaystyle \mathbb {E} [v_{n}]}$ for the Pettis integral of ${\displaystyle v_{n}}$ (over ${\displaystyle X}$). Note that ${\displaystyle \mathbb {E} [v_{n}]}$ is a (non-random) vector in ${\displaystyle V}$, and is not a scalar value.
Let
${\displaystyle {\bar {v}}_{N}:={\frac {1}{N}}\sum _{n=1}^{N}v_{n}}$
denote the sample average. By linearity, ${\displaystyle {\bar {v}}_{N}}$ is Pettis integrable, and
${\displaystyle \mathbb {E} [{\bar {v}}_{N}]={\frac {1}{N}}\sum _{n=1}^{N}\mathbb {E} [v_{n}]\in V.}$
Suppose that the partial sums
${\displaystyle {\frac {1}{N}}\sum _{n=1}^{N}\mathbb {E} [{\bar {v}}_{n}]}$
converge absolutely in the topology of ${\displaystyle V}$, in the sense that all rearrangements of the sum converge to a single vector ${\displaystyle \lambda \in V}$. The weak law of large numbers implies that ${\displaystyle \langle \varphi ,\mathbb {E} [{\bar {v}}_{N}]-\lambda \rangle \to 0}$ for every functional ${\displaystyle \varphi \in V^{*}}$. Consequently, ${\displaystyle \mathbb {E} [{\bar {v}}_{N}]\to \lambda }$ in the weak topology on ${\displaystyle X}$.
Without further assumptions, it is possible that ${\displaystyle \mathbb {E} [{\bar {v}}_{N}]}$ does not converge to ${\displaystyle \lambda }$.[citation needed] To get strong convergence, more assumptions are necessary.[citation needed]
## References
• J. K. Brooks, Representations of weak and strong integrals in Banach spaces, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 63, 1969, 266–270. Fulltext MR0274697
• I.M. Gel'fand, Sur un lemme de la théorie des espaces linéaires, Commun. Inst. Sci. Math. et Mecan., Univ. Kharkoff et Soc. Math. Kharkoff, IV. Ser. 13, 1936, 35–40 Zbl 0014.16202
• M. Talagrand, Pettis Integral and Measure Theory, Memoirs of the AMS no. 307 (1984) MR0756174
• Sobolev, V. I. (2001) [1994], "Pettis integral", in Hazewinkel, Michiel, Encyclopedia of Mathematics, Springer Science+Business Media B.V. / Kluwer Academic Publishers, ISBN 978-1-55608-010-4
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https://www.zbmath.org/authors/?q=rv%3A4908 | ## Jungnickel, Dieter
Compute Distance To:
Author ID: jungnickel.dieter Published as: Jungnickel, Dieter; Jungnickel, D. Homepage: https://www.math.uni-augsburg.de/prof/opt/mitarbeiter/Ehemalige/jungnickel/index... External Links: MGP · ORCID · Wikidata · dblp · GND · IdRef
Documents Indexed: 216 Publications since 1976, including 21 Books 13 Contributions as Editor · 1 Further Contribution Reviewing Activity: 324 Reviews Co-Authors: 65 Co-Authors with 142 Joint Publications 1,837 Co-Co-Authors
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### Co-Authors
88 single-authored 21 Tonchev, Vladimir D. 18 Pott, Alexander 17 Vanstone, Scott Alexander 11 Arasu, Krishnasamy Thiru 11 Ghinelli, Dina 10 Fremuth-Paeger, Christian 9 Beth, Thomas 7 Blokhuis, Aart 7 Lenz, Hanfried 6 Storme, Leo 5 de Resmini, Marialuisa Joyce 5 Hirschfeld, James William Peter 5 Thas, Joseph Adolphe 5 Vedder, Klaus 4 Drake, David A. 4 Hachenberger, Dirk 4 Leclerc, Matthias 4 Schmidt, Bernhard 3 Clark, David 3 Colbourn, Charles J. 2 Beutelspacher, Albrecht 2 Davis, James Avery 2 Helleseth, Tor 2 Ma, Siu Lun 2 Magliveras, Spyros S. 2 Menezes, Alfred J. 2 Metsch, Klaus 2 Niederreiter, Harald 2 Rosa, Alexander 2 van Lint, Jacobus Hendricus 2 Wassermann, Alfred 1 Abdul-Elah, M. S. 1 Ahmadi, Omran 1 Aigner, Martin 1 Al-Dhahir, M. W. 1 Bailey, Rosemary A. 1 Ball, L. Simeon 1 Bernstein, Daniel Julius 1 Blache, Régis 1 Blake, Ian F. 1 Boros, Endre 1 Brouwer, Andries Evert 1 Buratti, Marco 1 Carlet, Claude 1 Castro, Francis Noel 1 Chand Gupta, Kishan 1 Charpin, Pascale 1 Cioabă, Sebastian M. 1 Cohen, Stephen D. 1 Coulter, Robert S. 1 de Smit, Bart 1 de Winter, Stefaan 1 Deuber, Walter A. 1 Dillon, John F. 1 Ding, Jintai 1 Dinitz, Jeffrey H. 1 Doche, Christophe 1 Dumas, Jean-Guillaume 1 Ebert, Gary Lee 1 Effinger, Gove W. 1 Enge, Andreas 1 Evans, Ronald J. 1 Fan, Haining 1 Fitzgerald, Robert W. 1 Fried, Michael David 1 Fu, Lei 1 Gao, Shuhong 1 Garaev, Moubariz Z. 1 Garcia, Arnaldo 1 Geiselmann, Willi 1 Giesbrecht, Mark W. 1 Gong, Guang 1 Goss, David Mark 1 Govaerts, Patrick 1 Gow, Roderick 1 Grams, Gerhard 1 Güntzer, Michael M. 1 Haemers, Willem H. 1 Hale, Mark P. jun. 1 Hasan, M. Anwar 1 Hefele, Andreas 1 Hinkelmann, Franziska 1 Hou, Xiang-Dong 1 Huffman, W. Cary 1 Jackson, David M. 1 Jacobs, Konrad 1 Jacobson, Michael John jun. 1 Jedwab, Jonathan 1 Kaltofen, Erich L. 1 Kharaghani, Hadi 1 Kholosha, Alexander 1 Knecht, Thomas 1 Krčadinac, Vedran 1 Kumar, P. Vijay 1 Kyuregyan, Melsik K. 1 Lange, Tanja 1 Laubenbacher, Reinhard C. 1 Lecerf, Grégoire 1 Lenstra, Hendrik W. jun. 1 Liao, Qunying ...and 42 more Co-Authors
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### Serials
25 Designs, Codes and Cryptography 16 Journal of Combinatorial Theory. Series A 13 Archiv der Mathematik 12 Discrete Mathematics 9 Journal of Geometry 8 Networks 6 Journal of Algebra 5 Ars Combinatoria 5 Algorithms and Computation in Mathematics 4 Geometriae Dedicata 4 Journal of Combinatorics, Information & System Sciences 4 Combinatorica 4 Finite Fields and their Applications 3 Discrete Applied Mathematics 3 Journal of Statistical Planning and Inference 3 Mathematische Zeitschrift 3 Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society 3 Graphs and Combinatorics 3 Bulletin of the Institute of Combinatorics and its Applications 3 Journal of Combinatorial Designs 3 Springer-Lehrbuch 2 Abhandlungen aus dem Mathematischen Seminar der Universität Hamburg 2 Canadian Journal of Mathematics 2 Pacific Journal of Mathematics 2 European Journal of Combinatorics 2 Rendiconti di Matematica e delle sue Applicazioni. Serie VII 2 Operations Research Letters 2 JCMCC. The Journal of Combinatorial Mathematics and Combinatorial Computing 2 Aequationes Mathematicae 2 Linear Algebra and its Applications 2 Advances in Geometry 2 Encyclopedia of Mathematics and Its Applications 2 Lecture Notes in Mathematics 1 American Mathematical Monthly 1 IEEE Transactions on Information Theory 1 Jahresbericht der Deutschen Mathematiker-Vereinigung (DMV) 1 Mathematische Semesterberichte 1 Mathematics Magazine 1 Journal of Combinatorial Theory. Series B 1 Journal für die Reine und Angewandte Mathematik 1 The Journal of the University of Kuwait. (Science) 1 Le Matematiche 1 Rendiconti del Circolo Matemàtico di Palermo. Serie II 1 Sankhyā. Series A. Methods and Techniques 1 Transactions of the American Mathematical Society 1 Utilitas Mathematica 1 SIAM Journal on Discrete Mathematics 1 Applicable Algebra in Engineering, Communication and Computing 1 Journal of Algebraic Combinatorics 1 Bayreuther Mathematische Schriften 1 Bulletin of the Belgian Mathematical Society - Simon Stevin 1 Rendiconti della Accademia Nazionale delle Scienze detta dei XL. Memorie di Matematica e Applicazioni. Serie V 1 Mathematik und ihre Anwendungen in Physik und Technik 1 NATO ASI Series. Series C. Mathematical and Physical Sciences 1 Topics in Discrete Mathematics 1 Developments in Mathematics 1 Arab Gulf Journal of Scientific Research, A 1 Discrete Mathematics and its Applications
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### Fields
188 Combinatorics (05-XX) 92 Geometry (51-XX) 39 Information and communication theory, circuits (94-XX) 17 Operations research, mathematical programming (90-XX) 15 General and overarching topics; collections (00-XX) 14 Group theory and generalizations (20-XX) 11 Number theory (11-XX) 8 Computer science (68-XX) 6 Statistics (62-XX) 5 Field theory and polynomials (12-XX) 5 Linear and multilinear algebra; matrix theory (15-XX) 4 History and biography (01-XX) 2 Order, lattices, ordered algebraic structures (06-XX) 2 Convex and discrete geometry (52-XX) 1 Algebraic geometry (14-XX) 1 Real functions (26-XX)
### Citations contained in zbMATH Open
174 Publications have been cited 1,562 times in 978 Documents Cited by Year
Handbook of finite fields. Zbl 1319.11001
2013
Design theory. Vol. I. 2nd ed. Zbl 0945.05004
Beth, Thomas; Jungnickel, Dieter; Lenz, Hanfried
1999
Design theory. Vol. II. 2nd ed. Zbl 0945.05005
Beth, Thomas; Jungnickel, Dieter; Lenz, Hanfried
1999
On automorphism groups of divisible designs. Zbl 0465.05011
Jungnickel, Dieter
1982
Finite fields: structure and arithmetics. Zbl 0779.11058
Jungnickel, Dieter
1993
Design theory. Zbl 0602.05001
Beth, Thomas; Jungnickel, Dieter; Lenz, Hanfried
1986
Difference sets. Zbl 0768.05013
Jungnickel, Dieter
1992
Strongly regular semi-Cayley graphs. Zbl 0801.05070
de Resmini, Marialuisa J.; Jungnickel, Dieter
1992
Design theory. Zbl 0569.05002
Beth, Thomas; Jungnickel, Dieter; Lenz, Hanfried
1985
On difference matrices, resolvable transversal designs and generalized Hadamard matrices. Zbl 0387.05003
Jungnickel, Dieter
1979
The number of designs with classical parameters grows exponentially. Zbl 0546.05008
Jungnickel, Dieter
1984
Divisible difference sets with multiplier -1. Zbl 0706.05012
Arasu, K. T.; Jungnickel, Dieter; Pott, Alexander
1990
On the geometry of planar difference sets. Zbl 0543.05010
Jungnickel, Dieter; Vedder, Klaus
1984
Polarities, quasi-symmetric designs, and Hamada’s conjecture. Zbl 1247.05032
Jungnickel, Dieter; Tonchev, Vladimir D.
2009
Perfect and almost perfect sequences. Zbl 0941.05013
Jungnickel, Dieter; Pott, Alexander
1999
Exponential number of quasi-symmetric SDP designs and codes meeting the Grey-Rankin bound. Zbl 0766.05009
Jungnickel, D.; Tonchev, Vladimir D.
1991
The solution of the Waterloo problem. Zbl 0833.05008
Arasu, K. T.; Dillon, John F.; Jungnickel, Dieter; Pott, Alexander
1995
Difference sets: An update. Zbl 0883.05023
Jungnickel, Dieter; Schmidt, Bernhard
1997
On symmetric and quasi-symmetric designs with the symmetric difference property and their codes. Zbl 0753.05017
Jungnickel, Dieter; Tonchev, Vladimir D.
1992
Graphs, networks and algorithms. 3rd ed. Zbl 1126.68058
Jungnickel, Dieter
2008
On difference matrices and regular latin squares. Zbl 0404.05012
Jungnickel, Dieter
1980
Approximate minimization algorithms for the 0/1 knapsack and subset-sum problem. Zbl 0946.90051
Güntzer, Michael M.; Jungnickel, Dieter
2000
Difference sets: An introduction. Zbl 0946.05011
Jungnickel, Dieter; Pott, Alexander
1999
The number of designs with geometric parameters grows exponentially. Zbl 1215.05018
Jungnickel, Dieter; Tonchev, Vladimir D.
2010
On primitive polynomials over finite fields. Zbl 0694.12013
Jungnickel, Dieter; Vanstone, Scott A.
1989
On the number of self-dual bases of $$\mathrm{GF}(q^m)$$ over $$\mathrm{GF}(q)$$. Zbl 0698.12015
Jungnickel, Dieter; Menezes, Alfred J.; Vanstone, Scott A.
1990
Proof of the prime power conjecture for projective planes of order $$n$$ with abelian collineation groups of order $$n^2$$. Zbl 1004.51012
Blokhuis, Aart; Jungnickel, Dieter; Schmidt, Bernhard
2002
Graphs, networks and algorithms. 4th ed. Zbl 1255.68001
Jungnickel, Dieter
2013
Translation nets and fixed-point-free group automorphisms. Zbl 0716.05007
Bailey, R. A.; Jungnickel, D.
1990
Composition theorems for difference families and regular planes. Zbl 0389.05017
Jungnickel, Dieter
1978
On a theorem of Ganley. Zbl 0659.05028
Jungnickel, Dieter
1987
Maximal partial spreads and translation nets of small deficiency. Zbl 0548.05015
Jungnickel, Dieter
1984
Design theory: An update. Zbl 0703.05005
Jungnickel, Dieter
1989
Perfect codes and balanced generalized weighing matrices. Zbl 1033.94014
Jungnickel, Dieter; Tonchev, Vladimir D.
1999
Klingenberg structures and partial designs. II: Regularity and uniformity. Zbl 0377.05009
Drake, David A.; Jungnickel, Dieter
1978
Hyperfactorizations of graphs and 5-designs. Zbl 0639.05039
Jungnickel, Dieter; Vanstone, Scott A.
1987
Strongly regular Cayley graphs with $$\lambda-\mu=-1$$. Zbl 0806.05066
Arasu, K. T.; Jungnickel, D.; Ma, S. L.; Pott, A.
1994
Affine geometry designs, polarities, and Hamada’s conjecture. Zbl 1292.05055
Clark, David; Jungnickel, Dieter; Tonchev, Vladimir D.
2011
Existence results for translation nets. II. Zbl 0671.05016
Jungnickel, Dieter
1989
On extensions of nets. Zbl 0465.05020
Jungnickel, D.; Sane, S. S.
1982
Affine difference sets of even order. Zbl 0695.05011
Arasu, K. T.; Jungnickel, Dieter
1989
Finite projective planes with a large abelian group. Zbl 1039.51005
Ghinelli, Dina; Jungnickel, Dieter
2003
On resolvable designs $$S_ 3(3;4,v)$$. Zbl 0648.05007
Jungnickel, Dieter; Vanstone, Scott A.
1986
On automorphism groups of divisible designs: II: Group invariant generalized conference matrices. Zbl 0659.05030
Jungnickel, Dieter
1990
Two results on difference sets. Zbl 0695.05010
Jungnickel, D.; Pott, A.
1988
Bruck nets with a transitive direction. Zbl 0723.51002
Hachenberger, Dirk; Jungnickel, Dieter
1990
Transversal designs associated with Frobenius groups. Zbl 0475.05016
Jungnickel, Dieter
1981
On $$\lambda$$-ovals and difference sets. Zbl 0746.51016
Jungnickel, Dieter
1990
Regular Hjelmslev planes. II. Zbl 0398.05019
Jungnickel, Dieter
1978
Difference sets: A second update. Zbl 0908.05020
Jungnickel, D.; Schmidt, B.
1998
A note on affine difference sets. Zbl 0569.05010
Jungnickel, Dieter
1986
Maximal difference matrices of order $$\leq 10$$. Zbl 0582.05014
Jungnickel, Dieter; Grams, Gerhard
1986
A note on maximal partial spreads with deficiency $$q+1$$, $$q$$ even. Zbl 1025.51003
Jungnickel, Dieter; Storme, Leo
2003
On Bonisoli’s theorem and the block codes of Steiner triple systems. Zbl 1383.05027
Jungnickel, Dieter; Tonchev, Vladimir D.
2018
A note on orthogonal circulant matrices over finite fields. Zbl 0815.15010
Jungnickel, Dieter; Beth, Thomas; Geiselmann, Willi
1994
Maximal partial spreads and transversal-free translation nets. Zbl 0846.51005
Jungnickel, Dieter
1993
On the chromatic index of a finite projective space. Zbl 0695.51002
Beutelspacher, Albrecht; Jungnickel, Dieter; Vanstone, Scott A.
1989
Some non-existence results on divisible difference sets. Zbl 0765.05018
Arasu, K. T.; Davis, James; Jungnickel, Dieter; Pott, Alexander
1991
Trace-orthogonal normal bases. Zbl 0792.11050
Jungnickel, Dieter
1993
On finite projective planes in Lenz-Barlotti class at least I.3. Zbl 1061.51003
Ghinelli, D.; Jungnickel, D.
2003
Difference sets: Abelian. Zbl 0851.05024
Jungnickel, Dieter; Pott, Alexander
1996
Recent results on designs with classical parameters. Zbl 1242.51003
Jungnickel, Dieter
2011
The strong chromatic number of partial triple systems. Zbl 0642.05022
Colbourn, Charles J.; Jungnickel, Dieter; Rosa, Alexander
1988
Some geometric aspects of finite abelian groups. Zbl 1102.51006
Ghinelli, Dina; Jungnickel, Dieter
2006
Graphical codes revisited. Zbl 0869.94039
Jungnickel, Dieter; Vanstone, Scott A.
1997
A new family of relative difference sets. Zbl 0695.05012
Jungnickel, Dieter
1989
Klingenberg structures and partial designs I: Congruence relations and solutions. Zbl 0426.05017
Drake, David A.; Jungnickel, Dieter
1977
Existence results for translation nets. Zbl 0457.05011
Jungnickel, Dieter
1981
Balanced network flows. I: A unifying framework for design and analysis of matching algorithms. Zbl 0999.90005
Fremuth-Paeger, Christian; Jungnickel, Dieter
1999
Arcs and ovals from abelian groups. Zbl 1060.51005
de Resmini, Marialuisa J.; Ghinelli, Dina; Jungnickel, Dieter
2002
Balanced network flows. IV: Duality and structure theory. Zbl 1038.90007
Fremuth-Paeger, Christian; Jungnickel, Dieter
2001
Decompositions of difference sets. Zbl 0938.05014
Jungnickel, Dieter; Tonchev, Vladimir
1999
$$8_3$$ in $$\mathrm{PG}(2,q)$$. Zbl 0595.51003
Abdul-Elah, M. S.; Al-Dhahir, M. W.; Jungnickel, Dieter
1987
Counting Steiner triple systems with classical parameters and prescribed rank. Zbl 1401.05049
Jungnickel, Dieter; Tonchev, Vladimir D.
2019
Einige einfache fahnenhomogene 3-Blockpläne. Zbl 0531.05010
Beth, Thomas; Jungnickel, Dieter
1983
On the existence of small quasimultiples of affine and projective planes of arbitrary order. Zbl 0729.05009
Jungnickel, Dieter
1990
Partial spreads over $${\mathbb{Z}}_ q$$. Zbl 0668.51004
Jungnickel, Dieter
1989
Difference sets with multiplier -1. Zbl 0478.05017
Jungnickel, Dieter
1982
Symmetric translation nets. Zbl 0485.05020
Jungnickel, Dieter
1982
Matrix constructions of divisible designs. Zbl 0759.05009
Arasu, K. T.; Haemers, Willem H.; Jungnickel, Dieter; Pott, Alexander
1991
Symmetric divisible designs with $$k-\lambda{}_ 1=1$$. Zbl 0762.05017
Arasu, K. T.; Jungnickel, Dieter; Pott, Alexander
1991
The spectrum of $$\alpha$$-resolvable block designs with block size 3. Zbl 0753.05008
Jungnickel, D.; Mullin, R. C.; Vanstone, S. A.
1991
Regular Hjelmslev planes. Zbl 0407.05020
Jungnickel, Dieter
1979
Packing and covering groups with subgroups. Zbl 0992.20017
Jungnickel, D.; Storme, L.
2001
Finite Hjelmslev planes and Klingenberg epimorphisms. Zbl 0605.51007
Drake, David A.; Jungnickel, Dieter
1985
On affine difference sets. Zbl 0882.05028
Jungnickel, Dieter
1992
Quasimultiples of projective and affine planes. Zbl 0586.51006
Jungnickel, Dieter
1986
New invariants for incidence structures. Zbl 1269.51003
Jungnickel, Dieter; Tonchev, Vladimir D.
2013
Characterizing geometric designs. II. Zbl 1227.05077
Jungnickel, Dieter
2011
The classification of Steiner triple systems on 27 points with 3-rank 24. Zbl 1407.05036
Jungnickel, Dieter; Magliveras, Spyros S.; Tonchev, Vladimir D.; Wassermann, Alfred
2019
Relative difference sets with $$n=2$$. Zbl 0842.05009
Arasu, K. T.; Jungnickel, Dieter; Ma, Siu Lun; Pott, Alexander
1995
On the order of a product in a finite abelian group. Zbl 0861.20025
Jungnickel, Dieter
1996
A Hamada type characterization of the classical geometric designs. Zbl 1245.05008
Jungnickel, Dieter; Tonchev, Vladimir D.
2012
Divisible semiplanes, arcs, and relative difference sets. Zbl 0637.05011
Jungnickel, Dieter
1987
Graphen, Netzwerke und Algorithmen. (Graphs, networks and algorithms). Zbl 0644.05001
Jungnickel, Dieter
1987
Mathieu groups, Witt designs, and Golay codes. Zbl 0546.05014
Beth, Th.; Jungnickel, D.
1981
Remarks on polarity designs. Zbl 1296.51011
Ghinelli, Dina; Jungnickel, Dieter; Metsch, Klaus
2014
A note on intersection numbers of difference sets. Zbl 0706.05011
Arasu, K. T.; Davis, James; Jungnickel, Dieter; Pott, Alexander
1990
Latin squares, their geometries and their groups. A survey. Zbl 0718.05013
Jungnickel, Dieter
1990
On subdesigns of symmetric designs. Zbl 0496.05008
Jungnickel, Dieter
1982
Topics in Galois fields. Zbl 1467.11120
Hachenberger, Dirk; Jungnickel, Dieter
2020
Counting Steiner triple systems with classical parameters and prescribed rank. Zbl 1401.05049
Jungnickel, Dieter; Tonchev, Vladimir D.
2019
The classification of Steiner triple systems on 27 points with 3-rank 24. Zbl 1407.05036
Jungnickel, Dieter; Magliveras, Spyros S.; Tonchev, Vladimir D.; Wassermann, Alfred
2019
On Bonisoli’s theorem and the block codes of Steiner triple systems. Zbl 1383.05027
Jungnickel, Dieter; Tonchev, Vladimir D.
2018
The classification of antipodal two-weight linear codes. Zbl 1402.94087
Jungnickel, Dieter; Tonchev, Vladimir D.
2018
On classifying Steiner triple systems by their 3-rank. Zbl 07036062
Jungnickel, Dieter; Magliveras, Spyros S.; Tonchev, Vladimir D.; Wassermann, Alfred
2017
On a theorem of Rigby. Zbl 1360.51003
Jungnickel, Dieter
2016
Maximal arcs and quasi-symmetric designs. Zbl 1323.05026
Jungnickel, Dieter; Tonchev, Vladimir D.
2015
Blocking sets of the classical unital. Zbl 1327.05033
Blokhuis, A.; Brouwer, A. E.; Jungnickel, D.; Krčadinac, V.; Rottey, S.; Storme, L.; Szőnyi, T.; Vandendriessche, P.
2015
Remarks on polarity designs. Zbl 1296.51011
Ghinelli, Dina; Jungnickel, Dieter; Metsch, Klaus
2014
Handbook of finite fields. Zbl 1319.11001
2013
Graphs, networks and algorithms. 4th ed. Zbl 1255.68001
Jungnickel, Dieter
2013
New invariants for incidence structures. Zbl 1269.51003
Jungnickel, Dieter; Tonchev, Vladimir D.
2013
Incidence structures, codes, and Galois geometries. Zbl 1301.51010
Jungnickel, Dieter
2013
A Hamada type characterization of the classical geometric designs. Zbl 1245.05008
Jungnickel, Dieter; Tonchev, Vladimir D.
2012
The geometric dimension of some small configurations. Zbl 1266.51002
De Winter, Stefaan; Jungnickel, Dieter
2012
Affine geometry designs, polarities, and Hamada’s conjecture. Zbl 1292.05055
Clark, David; Jungnickel, Dieter; Tonchev, Vladimir D.
2011
Recent results on designs with classical parameters. Zbl 1242.51003
Jungnickel, Dieter
2011
Characterizing geometric designs. II. Zbl 1227.05077
Jungnickel, Dieter
2011
Correction to: “Exponential bounds on the number of designs with affine parameters”. Zbl 1226.05073
Clark, David; Jungnickel, Dieter; Tonchev, Vladimir D.
2011
The number of designs with geometric parameters grows exponentially. Zbl 1215.05018
Jungnickel, Dieter; Tonchev, Vladimir D.
2010
Characterizing geometric designs. Zbl 1204.05028
Jungnickel, Dieter
2010
Exponential bounds on the number of designs with affine parameters. Zbl 1205.05033
Clark, David; Jungnickel, Dieter; Tonchev, Vladimir D.
2010
Polarities, quasi-symmetric designs, and Hamada’s conjecture. Zbl 1247.05032
Jungnickel, Dieter; Tonchev, Vladimir D.
2009
Graphs, networks and algorithms. 3rd ed. Zbl 1126.68058
Jungnickel, Dieter
2008
The isomorphism problem for abelian projective planes. Zbl 1154.51001
Jungnickel, Dieter
2008
Preface to the special issue: Finite geometries. Second IRSEE Conference, Kloster Irsee (Germany), 10–16, September, 2006. Selected papers. Zbl 1178.51003
Blokhuis, A.; Hirschfeld, J. W. P.; Jungnickel, D.; Thas, J. A.
2008
Optimization methods. An introduction. 2nd ed. (Optimierungsmethoden. Eine Einführung.) Zbl 1178.90001
Jungnickel, Dieter
2008
A non-existence result for finite projective planes in Lenz-Barlotti class I.4. Zbl 1135.51300
Ghinelli, Dina; Jungnickel, Dieter
2007
Some geometric aspects of finite abelian groups. Zbl 1102.51006
Ghinelli, Dina; Jungnickel, Dieter
2006
Graphs, networks and algorithms. Based on the translation of the 3rd German edition by Tilla Schade in collaboration with the author. 2nd completely revised ed. Zbl 1061.05001
Jungnickel, Dieter
2005
Balanced generalized weighing matrices and their applications. Zbl 1150.05005
Jungnickel, Dieter; Kharaghani, H.
2004
Introduction to combinatorics. 2., völlig neu bearbeitete und erweiterte Aufl. (Einführung in die Kombinatorik.) Zbl 1035.05001
Jacobs, Konrad; Jungnickel, Dieter
2004
Finite projective planes with a large abelian group. Zbl 1039.51005
Ghinelli, Dina; Jungnickel, Dieter
2003
A note on maximal partial spreads with deficiency $$q+1$$, $$q$$ even. Zbl 1025.51003
Jungnickel, Dieter; Storme, Leo
2003
On finite projective planes in Lenz-Barlotti class at least I.3. Zbl 1061.51003
Ghinelli, D.; Jungnickel, D.
2003
Maximal partial spreads in PG(3,4) and maximal sets of mutually orthogonal Latin squares of order 16. Zbl 1017.51011
Jungnickel, Dieter; Storme, Leo
2003
Two infinite families of failed symmetric designs. Zbl 1045.05016
de Resmini, Marialuisa J.; Jungnickel, Dieter
2003
Balanced network flows. VIII: A revised theory of phase-ordered algorithms and the $$O(\sqrt{nm}\log (n^{2}/m)/\log n)$$ bound for the nonbipartite cardinality matching problem. Zbl 1106.90013
Fremuth-Paeger, Christian; Jungnickel, Dieter
2003
Proof of the prime power conjecture for projective planes of order $$n$$ with abelian collineation groups of order $$n^2$$. Zbl 1004.51012
Blokhuis, Aart; Jungnickel, Dieter; Schmidt, Bernhard
2002
Arcs and ovals from abelian groups. Zbl 1060.51005
de Resmini, Marialuisa J.; Ghinelli, Dina; Jungnickel, Dieter
2002
Perfect codes and balanced generalized weighing matrices. II. Zbl 1004.94032
Jungnickel, Dieter; Tonchev, Vladimir D.
2002
Another case of the prime power conjecture for finite projective planes. Zbl 1010.05015
Jungnickel, Dieter; de Resmini, Marialuisa J.
2002
Balanced network flows. IV: Duality and structure theory. Zbl 1038.90007
Fremuth-Paeger, Christian; Jungnickel, Dieter
2001
Packing and covering groups with subgroups. Zbl 0992.20017
Jungnickel, D.; Storme, L.
2001
Balanced network flows. V: Cycle-canceling algorithms. Zbl 1038.90008
Fremuth-Paeger, Christian; Jungnickel, Dieter
2001
The geometry of frequency squares. Zbl 0987.05027
Jungnickel, Dieter; Mavron, V. C.; McDonough, T. P.
2001
Balanced network flows. VI: Polyhedral descriptions. Zbl 1040.90002
Fremuth-Paeger, Christian; Jungnickel, Dieter
2001
Approximate minimization algorithms for the 0/1 knapsack and subset-sum problem. Zbl 0946.90051
Güntzer, Michael M.; Jungnickel, Dieter
2000
Design theory. Vol. I. 2nd ed. Zbl 0945.05004
Beth, Thomas; Jungnickel, Dieter; Lenz, Hanfried
1999
Design theory. Vol. II. 2nd ed. Zbl 0945.05005
Beth, Thomas; Jungnickel, Dieter; Lenz, Hanfried
1999
Perfect and almost perfect sequences. Zbl 0941.05013
Jungnickel, Dieter; Pott, Alexander
1999
Difference sets: An introduction. Zbl 0946.05011
Jungnickel, Dieter; Pott, Alexander
1999
Perfect codes and balanced generalized weighing matrices. Zbl 1033.94014
Jungnickel, Dieter; Tonchev, Vladimir D.
1999
Balanced network flows. I: A unifying framework for design and analysis of matching algorithms. Zbl 0999.90005
Fremuth-Paeger, Christian; Jungnickel, Dieter
1999
Decompositions of difference sets. Zbl 0938.05014
Jungnickel, Dieter; Tonchev, Vladimir
1999
Balanced network flows. II: Simple augmentation algorithms. Zbl 0999.90006
Fremuth-Paeger, Christian; Jungnickel, Dieter
1999
Balanced network flows. III: Strongly polynomial augmentation algorithms. Zbl 0999.90007
Fremuth-Paeger, Christian; Jungnickel, Dieter
1999
$$q$$-ary graphical codes. Zbl 0957.94037
Jungnickel, Dieter; Vanstone, Scott A.
1999
On small congruence covers. Zbl 0947.51006
Jungnickel, Dieter
1999
Ternary graphical codes. Zbl 0988.94031
Jungnickel, Dieter; Vanstone, Scott A.
1999
Special issue: Designs and codes - a memorial tribute to Ed Assmus. Zbl 0953.00024
1999
Difference sets: A second update. Zbl 0908.05020
Jungnickel, D.; Schmidt, B.
1998
Difference sets: An update. Zbl 0883.05023
Jungnickel, Dieter; Schmidt, Bernhard
1997
Graphical codes revisited. Zbl 0869.94039
Jungnickel, Dieter; Vanstone, Scott A.
1997
An application of difference sets to a problem concerning graphical codes. Zbl 0881.05027
Jungnickel, Dieter; Vanstone, Scott A.
1997
Difference sets: Abelian. Zbl 0851.05024
Jungnickel, Dieter; Pott, Alexander
1996
On the order of a product in a finite abelian group. Zbl 0861.20025
Jungnickel, Dieter
1996
Graphical codes—a tutorial. Zbl 0864.05001
Jungnickel, Dieter; Vanstone, Scott A.
1996
Maximal sets of mutually orthogonal Latin squares. Zbl 0873.05024
Jungnickel, Dieter
1996
A life’s work in geometry: An homage to Hanfried Lenz. Zbl 0867.01032
Jungnickel, Dieter; Pickert, Günter
1996
Codes based on complete graphs. Zbl 0943.94012
Jungnickel, Dieter; De Resmini, Marialuisa J.; Vanstone, Scott A.
1996
The solution of the Waterloo problem. Zbl 0833.05008
Arasu, K. T.; Dillon, John F.; Jungnickel, Dieter; Pott, Alexander
1995
Relative difference sets with $$n=2$$. Zbl 0842.05009
Arasu, K. T.; Jungnickel, Dieter; Ma, Siu Lun; Pott, Alexander
1995
An application of coding theory to a problem in graphical enumeration. Zbl 0855.05069
Jungnickel, Dieter; Vanstone, Scott A.
1995
Strongly regular Cayley graphs with $$\lambda-\mu=-1$$. Zbl 0806.05066
Arasu, K. T.; Jungnickel, D.; Ma, S. L.; Pott, A.
1994
A note on orthogonal circulant matrices over finite fields. Zbl 0815.15010
Jungnickel, Dieter; Beth, Thomas; Geiselmann, Willi
1994
Finite fields: structure and arithmetics. Zbl 0779.11058
Jungnickel, Dieter
1993
Maximal partial spreads and transversal-free translation nets. Zbl 0846.51005
Jungnickel, Dieter
1993
Trace-orthogonal normal bases. Zbl 0792.11050
Jungnickel, Dieter
1993
Difference sets. Zbl 0768.05013
Jungnickel, Dieter
1992
Strongly regular semi-Cayley graphs. Zbl 0801.05070
de Resmini, Marialuisa J.; Jungnickel, Dieter
1992
On symmetric and quasi-symmetric designs with the symmetric difference property and their codes. Zbl 0753.05017
Jungnickel, Dieter; Tonchev, Vladimir D.
1992
On affine difference sets. Zbl 0882.05028
Jungnickel, Dieter
1992
Translation nets: A survey. Zbl 0797.05022
Hachenberger, Dirk; Jungnickel, Dieter
1992
On Lander’s multiplier theorem for difference lists. Zbl 1230.05060
Jungnickel, Dieter
1992
Pair-splitting sets in AG$$(m,q)$$. Zbl 0798.05011
Beutelspacher, A.; Jungnickel, D.; van Oorschot, P. C.; Vanstone, S. A.
1992
On the uniqueness of the cyclic group of order $$n$$. Zbl 0779.20011
Jungnickel, Dieter
1992
Exponential number of quasi-symmetric SDP designs and codes meeting the Grey-Rankin bound. Zbl 0766.05009
Jungnickel, D.; Tonchev, Vladimir D.
1991
Some non-existence results on divisible difference sets. Zbl 0765.05018
Arasu, K. T.; Davis, James; Jungnickel, Dieter; Pott, Alexander
1991
Matrix constructions of divisible designs. Zbl 0759.05009
Arasu, K. T.; Haemers, Willem H.; Jungnickel, Dieter; Pott, Alexander
1991
Symmetric divisible designs with $$k-\lambda{}_ 1=1$$. Zbl 0762.05017
Arasu, K. T.; Jungnickel, Dieter; Pott, Alexander
1991
The spectrum of $$\alpha$$-resolvable block designs with block size 3. Zbl 0753.05008
Jungnickel, D.; Mullin, R. C.; Vanstone, S. A.
1991
An anti-polarity in $$PG(2,q)$$. Zbl 0827.51007
Jungnickel, Dieter
1991
The Mann test for divisible difference sets. Zbl 0765.05020
Arasu, K. T.; Jungnickel, Dieter; Pott, Alexander
1991
The existence of non-trivial hyperfactorizations of $$K_{2n}$$. Zbl 0760.05070
Boros, Endre; Jungnickel, Dieter; Vanstone, Scott A.
1991
Triple systems in $$\text{PG}(2,q)$$. Zbl 0764.05012
Jungnickel, Dieter; Vanstone, Scott
1991
Divisible difference sets with multiplier -1. Zbl 0706.05012
Arasu, K. T.; Jungnickel, Dieter; Pott, Alexander
1990
On the number of self-dual bases of $$\mathrm{GF}(q^m)$$ over $$\mathrm{GF}(q)$$. Zbl 0698.12015
Jungnickel, Dieter; Menezes, Alfred J.; Vanstone, Scott A.
1990
Translation nets and fixed-point-free group automorphisms. Zbl 0716.05007
Bailey, R. A.; Jungnickel, D.
1990
...and 74 more Documents
all top 5
### Cited by 980 Authors
92 Jungnickel, Dieter 46 Tonchev, Vladimir D. 33 Pott, Alexander 32 Arasu, Krishnasamy Thiru 19 Schmidt, Bernhard 17 Ma, Siu Lun 16 Zhou, Yue 15 Leung, Ka Hin 14 Davis, James Avery 14 Ding, Cunsheng 13 Crnković, Dean 13 Hiramine, Yutaka 13 Momihara, Koji 12 Ge, Gennian 12 Yin, Jianxing 11 Buratti, Marco 11 Feng, Tao 11 Xiang, Qing 9 Chen, Yuqing 9 Marušič, Dragan 9 Sane, Sharad S. 8 Arezoomand, Majid 8 Haemers, Willem H. 8 Meidl, Wilfried 8 Vanstone, Scott Alexander 7 Colbourn, Charles J. 7 Drake, David A. 7 Hachenberger, Dirk 7 Kharaghani, Hadi 7 Mavron, Vassili C. 7 Winterhof, Arne 6 Abel, R. Julian R. 6 Chang, Yanxun 6 Dillon, John F. 6 Fremuth-Paeger, Christian 6 Horadam, Kathy J. 6 Ionin, Yury J. 6 Kovács, István 6 Li, Shuxing 6 Munemasa, Akihiro 6 Rukavina, Sanja 6 Shrikhande, Mohan S. 6 Stinson, Douglas Robert 6 Zhou, Jinxin 5 Bailey, Rosemary A. 5 de Launey, Warwick 5 Feng, Keqin 5 Lam, Clement Wing Hong 5 Miklavič, Štefko 5 Mullen, Gary L. 5 Ó Catháin, Padraig 5 Panario, Daniel 5 Rodrigues, Bernardo Gabriel 5 Sissokho, Papa Amar 5 Stroppel, Markus Johannes 5 Suetake, Chihiro 5 Tang, Chunming 5 Tran Van Trung 5 Wang, Zeying 4 Alavi, Seyed Hassan 4 Cao, Xiwang 4 Carlet, Claude 4 Cohen, Stephen D. 4 Coulter, Robert S. 4 Daneshkhah, Ashraf 4 de Winter, Stefaan 4 Evans, Anthony B. 4 Feng, Yanquan 4 Gao, Shuhong 4 Gao, Xing 4 Han, Wenbao 4 Han, Xin 4 Harada, Masaaki 4 Hou, Xiang-Dong 4 Jedwab, Jonathan 4 Jimbo, Masakazu 4 Johnson, Norman Lloyd 4 Kantor, William M. 4 Krčadinac, Vedran 4 Kutnar, Klavdija 4 Makino, Kazuhisa 4 Maksimović, Marija 4 Malnič, Aleksander 4 McDonough, Thomas P. 4 McGuire, Gary 4 Metsch, Klaus 4 Muzychuk, Mikhail E. 4 Năstase, Esmeralda L. 4 Olmez, Oktay 4 Özbudak, Ferruh 4 Pasotti, Anita 4 Polhill, John B. 4 Qiu, Weisheng 4 Sehgal, Surinder K. 4 Smith, Ken W. 4 Song, Hong-Yeop 4 Spera, Antonino Giorgio 4 Storme, Leo 4 Tang, Yu 4 von zur Gathen, Joachim ...and 880 more Authors
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### Cited in 157 Serials
176 Designs, Codes and Cryptography 110 Discrete Mathematics 92 Journal of Combinatorial Theory. Series A 43 Journal of Statistical Planning and Inference 38 Finite Fields and their Applications 26 Journal of Algebraic Combinatorics 25 Journal of Geometry 23 European Journal of Combinatorics 21 Archiv der Mathematik 21 Journal of Combinatorial Designs 20 Graphs and Combinatorics 20 Cryptography and Communications 16 Linear Algebra and its Applications 16 The Electronic Journal of Combinatorics 14 Discrete Applied Mathematics 12 Journal of Algebra 9 Theoretical Computer Science 8 Communications in Algebra 8 Applicable Algebra in Engineering, Communication and Computing 7 Problems of Information Transmission 7 Mathematics of Computation 7 Combinatorica 7 Aequationes Mathematicae 7 Acta Mathematica Sinica. English Series 7 Advances in Mathematics of Communications 6 Mathematische Zeitschrift 6 Networks 6 Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society 6 European Journal of Operational Research 5 Transactions of the American Mathematical Society 5 Discrete Mathematics, Algorithms and Applications 4 Geometriae Dedicata 4 Journal of Combinatorial Theory. Series B 4 Journal of Number Theory 4 Results in Mathematics 4 Journal of Complexity 4 Journal of Statistical Theory and Practice 4 Transactions on Combinatorics 3 Beiträge zur Algebra und Geometrie 3 The Annals of Statistics 3 Acta Mathematicae Applicatae Sinica. English Series 3 Journal of Symbolic Computation 3 Annals of Operations Research 3 Journal of Mathematical Sciences (New York) 3 Mathematical Communications 3 Advances in Geometry 3 Contributions to Discrete Mathematics 3 International Journal of Combinatorics 2 Abhandlungen aus dem Mathematischen Seminar der Universität Hamburg 2 Journal of Pure and Applied Algebra 2 Matematički Vesnik 2 Rendiconti del Seminario Matematico della Università di Padova 2 Acta Applicandae Mathematicae 2 Bulletin of the Iranian Mathematical Society 2 SIAM Journal on Discrete Mathematics 2 Neural Networks 2 The Australasian Journal of Combinatorics 2 Applied Mathematics. Series B (English Edition) 2 Annals of Combinatorics 2 Journal of Discrete Mathematical Sciences & Cryptography 2 Journal of Systems Science and Complexity 2 Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computing 2 Algebra and Discrete Mathematics 2 Journal of Algebra and its Applications 2 Mathematics in Computer Science 2 Ars Mathematica Contemporanea 2 Symmetry 2 International Journal of Group Theory 2 Algebraic Structures and their Applications 2 Korean Journal of Mathematics 1 Bulletin of the Australian Mathematical Society 1 Computers & Mathematics with Applications 1 Communications in Mathematical Physics 1 Indian Journal of Pure & Applied Mathematics 1 Information Processing Letters 1 Journal of Mathematical Biology 1 Journal of Mathematical Physics 1 Metrika 1 Rocky Mountain Journal of Mathematics 1 Reviews in Mathematical Physics 1 Algebra Universalis 1 Czechoslovak Mathematical Journal 1 Information Sciences 1 Journal of Applied Probability 1 Journal of Graph Theory 1 Journal of Multivariate Analysis 1 The Journal of Symbolic Logic 1 Manuscripta Mathematica 1 Mathematische Annalen 1 Mathematical Systems Theory 1 Proceedings of the Edinburgh Mathematical Society. Series II 1 Rendiconti del Circolo Matemàtico di Palermo. Serie II 1 Rendiconti del Seminario Matemàtico e Fisico di Milano 1 Theory and Decision 1 Systems & Control Letters 1 Operations Research Letters 1 Chinese Annals of Mathematics. Series B 1 Optimization 1 Algorithmica 1 Computers & Operations Research ...and 57 more Serials
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### Cited in 38 Fields
746 Combinatorics (05-XX) 198 Geometry (51-XX) 197 Information and communication theory, circuits (94-XX) 128 Number theory (11-XX) 106 Group theory and generalizations (20-XX) 47 Computer science (68-XX) 43 Operations research, mathematical programming (90-XX) 35 Statistics (62-XX) 34 Field theory and polynomials (12-XX) 19 Linear and multilinear algebra; matrix theory (15-XX) 9 Order, lattices, ordered algebraic structures (06-XX) 8 Algebraic geometry (14-XX) 8 Convex and discrete geometry (52-XX) 8 Numerical analysis (65-XX) 7 Associative rings and algebras (16-XX) 7 Quantum theory (81-XX) 6 Commutative algebra (13-XX) 5 Probability theory and stochastic processes (60-XX) 4 Game theory, economics, finance, and other social and behavioral sciences (91-XX) 3 General and overarching topics; collections (00-XX) 3 History and biography (01-XX) 3 Mathematical logic and foundations (03-XX) 3 General algebraic systems (08-XX) 3 Harmonic analysis on Euclidean spaces (42-XX) 3 Statistical mechanics, structure of matter (82-XX) 3 Biology and other natural sciences (92-XX) 3 Systems theory; control (93-XX) 2 Abstract harmonic analysis (43-XX) 2 Calculus of variations and optimal control; optimization (49-XX) 1 Nonassociative rings and algebras (17-XX) 1 Topological groups, Lie groups (22-XX) 1 Partial differential equations (35-XX) 1 Differential geometry (53-XX) 1 Manifolds and cell complexes (57-XX) 1 Global analysis, analysis on manifolds (58-XX) 1 Mechanics of particles and systems (70-XX) 1 Mechanics of deformable solids (74-XX) 1 Fluid mechanics (76-XX)
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https://mooseframework.inl.gov/docs/doxygen/modules/classDiscreteNucleationTimeStep.html | DiscreteNucleationTimeStep Class Reference
Returns a user defined timestep limit for the simulation step right after the introduction of a new nucleus and between nucleation events to control the probability of two or more nuclei appearing in one timestep. More...
#include <DiscreteNucleationTimeStep.h>
Inheritance diagram for DiscreteNucleationTimeStep:
[legend]
## Public Member Functions
DiscreteNucleationTimeStep (const InputParameters ¶meters)
virtual void initialize () override
virtual void execute () override
virtual void finalize () override
virtual PostprocessorValue getValue () override
## Protected Attributes
const DiscreteNucleationInserterBase_inserter
UserObject that manages nucleus insertion and deletion. More...
const Real _dt_nucleation
User specified nucleation time step. More...
nucleus count changes performed by the inserter More...
const Real & _rate
total nucleation rate integrated over teh entire domain More...
Real _max_lambda
Maximum total event expectation value that is low enough so that the probability for more than one * nucleation event to occurr in a single timestep is below a user specified value. More...
## Detailed Description
Returns a user defined timestep limit for the simulation step right after the introduction of a new nucleus and between nucleation events to control the probability of two or more nuclei appearing in one timestep.
Definition at line 26 of file DiscreteNucleationTimeStep.h.
## ◆ DiscreteNucleationTimeStep()
DiscreteNucleationTimeStep::DiscreteNucleationTimeStep ( const InputParameters & parameters )
Definition at line 37 of file DiscreteNucleationTimeStep.C.
38 : GeneralPostprocessor(parameters),
39 _inserter(getUserObject<DiscreteNucleationInserterBase>("inserter")),
40 _dt_nucleation(getParam<Real>("dt_max")),
43 {
44 //
45 // We do a bisection search because math is hard
46 // (i.e. probability function is not analytically invertible)
47 //
48
49 // this is the target value
50 const Real p2n = getParam<Real>("p2nucleus");
51
52 // initial guess
53 _max_lambda = 0.1;
54 Real upper_bound = _max_lambda;
55 Real lower_bound = 0.0;
56
57 // At this point we do not know a proper upper bound for a search interval
58 // so we grow our initial guess until we find it (we only allow for a finite
59 // number of iterations)
60 for (unsigned int i = 0; i < 100; ++i)
61 {
62 const Real p_upper = 1.0 - (1.0 + upper_bound) * std::exp(-upper_bound);
63
64 // we have found a lambda value that results in a p > p2n, this is the upper end of the interval
65 if (p_upper > p2n)
66 break;
67
68 // upper_bound is actually below our target lambda, set it as the new lower
69 // bound and double the upper_bound value
70 lower_bound = upper_bound;
71 upper_bound *= 2.0;
72 }
73
74 // now that we have an upper and a lower interval bounds we can do a proper bisection
75 for (unsigned int i = 0; i < 100; ++i)
76 {
77 // pick the middle of the current interval
78 _max_lambda = (upper_bound - lower_bound) / 2.0 + lower_bound;
79
80 // calculate new probability for 2 or more nuclei to appear
81 const Real p = 1.0 - (1.0 + _max_lambda) * std::exp(-_max_lambda);
82
83 // quit if we zeroed in on the target
84 if (MooseUtils::absoluteFuzzyEqual(p, p2n))
85 break;
86
87 // otherwise adjust interval bounds
88 else if (p > p2n)
89 upper_bound = _max_lambda;
90 else
91 lower_bound = _max_lambda;
92 }
93 }
Real _max_lambda
Maximum total event expectation value that is low enough so that the probability for more than one * ...
const Real _dt_nucleation
User specified nucleation time step.
nucleus count changes performed by the inserter
const Real & _rate
total nucleation rate integrated over teh entire domain
virtual const Real & getRate() const =0
const DiscreteNucleationInserterBase & _inserter
UserObject that manages nucleus insertion and deletion.
virtual const NucleusChanges & getInsertionsAndDeletions() const
## ◆ execute()
virtual void DiscreteNucleationTimeStep::execute ( )
inlineoverridevirtual
Definition at line 32 of file DiscreteNucleationTimeStep.h.
32 {}
## ◆ finalize()
virtual void DiscreteNucleationTimeStep::finalize ( )
inlineoverridevirtual
Definition at line 33 of file DiscreteNucleationTimeStep.h.
33 {}
## ◆ getValue()
PostprocessorValue DiscreteNucleationTimeStep::getValue ( )
overridevirtual
Definition at line 96 of file DiscreteNucleationTimeStep.C.
97 {
98 // check if a nucleus insertion has occurred...
100 // and cut back time step for nucleus formation
101 return _dt_nucleation;
102
103 // otherwise check the total nucleation rate in the domain...
104 if (_rate == 0.0)
105 // ...and return no limit on the time step if the rate is zero...
106 return std::numeric_limits<Real>::max();
107 else
108 // ...or return the maximum time step that satisfies the bound on the 2+ nuclei probability
109 return _max_lambda / _rate;
110 }
Real _max_lambda
Maximum total event expectation value that is low enough so that the probability for more than one * ...
const Real _dt_nucleation
User specified nucleation time step.
nucleus count changes performed by the inserter
const Real & _rate
total nucleation rate integrated over teh entire domain
## ◆ initialize()
virtual void DiscreteNucleationTimeStep::initialize ( )
inlineoverridevirtual
Definition at line 31 of file DiscreteNucleationTimeStep.h.
31 {}
## Member Data Documentation
protected
nucleus count changes performed by the inserter
Definition at line 44 of file DiscreteNucleationTimeStep.h.
Referenced by getValue().
## ◆ _dt_nucleation
const Real DiscreteNucleationTimeStep::_dt_nucleation
protected
User specified nucleation time step.
Definition at line 41 of file DiscreteNucleationTimeStep.h.
Referenced by getValue().
## ◆ _inserter
const DiscreteNucleationInserterBase& DiscreteNucleationTimeStep::_inserter
protected
UserObject that manages nucleus insertion and deletion.
Definition at line 38 of file DiscreteNucleationTimeStep.h.
## ◆ _max_lambda
Real DiscreteNucleationTimeStep::_max_lambda
protected
Maximum total event expectation value that is low enough so that the probability for more than one * nucleation event to occurr in a single timestep is below a user specified value.
Definition at line 54 of file DiscreteNucleationTimeStep.h.
Referenced by DiscreteNucleationTimeStep(), and getValue().
## ◆ _rate
const Real& DiscreteNucleationTimeStep::_rate
protected
total nucleation rate integrated over teh entire domain
Definition at line 47 of file DiscreteNucleationTimeStep.h.
Referenced by getValue().
The documentation for this class was generated from the following files: | 2019-02-23T08:53:06 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.3188434839248657, "perplexity": 7314.641933134969}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550249495888.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20190223082039-20190223104039-00527.warc.gz"} |
https://nroer.gov.in/55ab34ff81fccb4f1d806025/file/58dd3c66472d4a03227bf9cc | ### Integration By Parts 01:
Some of the methods of integration are done by parts. When working with the method of integration by parts, the differential of a function will be given first, and the function from which it came must be determined. Watch this video to understand the concept. | 2020-04-05T13:09:13 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8025241494178772, "perplexity": 193.06693493902233}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371604800.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20200405115129-20200405145629-00303.warc.gz"} |
https://dlmf.nist.gov/20.2 | §20.2 Definitions and Periodic Properties
§20.2(i) Fourier Series
20.2.1 $\displaystyle\theta_{1}\left(z\middle|\tau\right)$ $\displaystyle=\theta_{1}\left(z,q\right)=2\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}(-1)^{n}q^{(n+% \frac{1}{2})^{2}}\sin\left((2n+1)z\right),$ 20.2.2 $\displaystyle\theta_{2}\left(z\middle|\tau\right)$ $\displaystyle=\theta_{2}\left(z,q\right)=2\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}q^{(n+\frac{1}{2}% )^{2}}\cos\left((2n+1)z\right),$ 20.2.3 $\displaystyle\theta_{3}\left(z\middle|\tau\right)$ $\displaystyle=\theta_{3}\left(z,q\right)=1+2\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}q^{n^{2}}\cos% \left(2nz\right),$ 20.2.4 $\displaystyle\theta_{4}\left(z\middle|\tau\right)$ $\displaystyle=\theta_{4}\left(z,q\right)=1+2\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}(-1)^{n}q^{n^{2% }}\cos\left(2nz\right).$
Corresponding expansions for $\theta_{j}'\left(z\middle|\tau\right)$, $j=1,2,3,4$, can be found by differentiating (20.2.1)–(20.2.4) with respect to $z$.
§20.2(ii) Periodicity and Quasi-Periodicity
For fixed $\tau$, each $\theta_{j}\left(z\middle|\tau\right)$ is an entire function of $z$ with period $2\pi$; $\theta_{1}\left(z\middle|\tau\right)$ is odd in $z$ and the others are even. For fixed $z$, each of $\ifrac{\theta_{1}\left(z\middle|\tau\right)}{\sin z}$, $\ifrac{\theta_{2}\left(z\middle|\tau\right)}{\cos z}$, $\theta_{3}\left(z\middle|\tau\right)$, and $\theta_{4}\left(z\middle|\tau\right)$ is an analytic function of $\tau$ for $\Im\tau>0$, with a natural boundary $\Im\tau=0$, and correspondingly, an analytic function of $q$ for $\left|q\right|<1$ with a natural boundary $\left|q\right|=1$.
The four points $(0,\pi,\pi+\tau\pi,\tau\pi)$ are the vertices of the fundamental parallelogram in the $z$-plane; see Figure 20.2.1. The points
20.2.5 $z_{m,n}=(m+n\tau)\pi,$ $m,n\in\mathbb{Z}$, ⓘ Symbols: $\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $\in$: element of, $\mathbb{Z}$: set of all integers, $m$: integer, $n$: integer, $z$: complex and $\tau$: lattice parameter A&S Ref: 16.33.1 (in different notation) Referenced by: §20.6 Permalink: http://dlmf.nist.gov/20.2.E5 Encodings: TeX, pMML, png See also: Annotations for §20.2(ii), §20.2 and Ch.20
are the lattice points. The theta functions are quasi-periodic on the lattice:
20.2.6 $\displaystyle\theta_{1}\left(z+(m+n\tau)\pi\middle|\tau\right)$ $\displaystyle=(-1)^{m+n}q^{-n^{2}}e^{-2inz}\theta_{1}\left(z\middle|\tau\right),$ 20.2.7 $\displaystyle\theta_{2}\left(z+(m+n\tau)\pi\middle|\tau\right)$ $\displaystyle=(-1)^{m}q^{-n^{2}}e^{-2inz}\theta_{2}\left(z\middle|\tau\right),$ 20.2.8 $\displaystyle\theta_{3}\left(z+(m+n\tau)\pi\middle|\tau\right)$ $\displaystyle=q^{-n^{2}}e^{-2inz}\theta_{3}\left(z\middle|\tau\right),$ 20.2.9 $\displaystyle\theta_{4}\left(z+(m+n\tau)\pi\middle|\tau\right)$ $\displaystyle=(-1)^{n}q^{-n^{2}}e^{-2inz}\theta_{4}\left(z\middle|\tau\right).$
§20.2(iii) Translation of the Argument by Half-Periods
With
20.2.10 $M\equiv M(z|\tau)=e^{iz+(i\pi\tau/4)},$ ⓘ Defines: $M$ (locally) Symbols: $\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $\equiv$: equals by definition, $\mathrm{e}$: base of natural logarithm, $\mathrm{i}$: imaginary unit, $z$: complex and $\tau$: lattice parameter A&S Ref: 16.33.1 (in different notation) Permalink: http://dlmf.nist.gov/20.2.E10 Encodings: TeX, pMML, png See also: Annotations for §20.2(iii), §20.2 and Ch.20
20.2.11 $\displaystyle\theta_{1}\left(z\middle|\tau\right)$ $\displaystyle=-\theta_{2}\left(z+\tfrac{1}{2}\pi\middle|\tau\right)=-iM\theta_% {4}\left(z+\tfrac{1}{2}\pi\tau\middle|\tau\right)=-iM\theta_{3}\left(z+\tfrac{% 1}{2}\pi+\tfrac{1}{2}\pi\tau\middle|\tau\right),$ ⓘ Symbols: $\theta_{\NVar{j}}\left(\NVar{z}\middle|\NVar{\tau}\right)$: theta function, $\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $\mathrm{i}$: imaginary unit, $z$: complex, $\tau$: lattice parameter and $M$ A&S Ref: 16.33.2 (in different notation) Referenced by: §20.7(iv) Permalink: http://dlmf.nist.gov/20.2.E11 Encodings: TeX, pMML, png See also: Annotations for §20.2(iii), §20.2 and Ch.20 20.2.12 $\displaystyle\theta_{2}\left(z\middle|\tau\right)$ $\displaystyle=\theta_{1}\left(z+\tfrac{1}{2}\pi\middle|\tau\right)=M\theta_{3}% \left(z+\tfrac{1}{2}\pi\tau\middle|\tau\right)=M\theta_{4}\left(z+\tfrac{1}{2}% \pi+\tfrac{1}{2}\pi\tau\middle|\tau\right),$ ⓘ Symbols: $\theta_{\NVar{j}}\left(\NVar{z}\middle|\NVar{\tau}\right)$: theta function, $\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $z$: complex, $\tau$: lattice parameter and $M$ A&S Ref: 16.33.3 (in different notation) Permalink: http://dlmf.nist.gov/20.2.E12 Encodings: TeX, pMML, png See also: Annotations for §20.2(iii), §20.2 and Ch.20 20.2.13 $\displaystyle\theta_{3}\left(z\middle|\tau\right)$ $\displaystyle=\theta_{4}\left(z+\tfrac{1}{2}\pi\middle|\tau\right)=M\theta_{2}% \left(z+\tfrac{1}{2}\pi\tau\middle|\tau\right)=M\theta_{1}\left(z+\tfrac{1}{2}% \pi+\tfrac{1}{2}\pi\tau\middle|\tau\right),$ ⓘ Symbols: $\theta_{\NVar{j}}\left(\NVar{z}\middle|\NVar{\tau}\right)$: theta function, $\pi$: the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, $z$: complex, $\tau$: lattice parameter and $M$ A&S Ref: 16.33.4 (in different notation) Permalink: http://dlmf.nist.gov/20.2.E13 Encodings: TeX, pMML, png See also: Annotations for §20.2(iii), §20.2 and Ch.20 20.2.14 $\displaystyle\theta_{4}\left(z\middle|\tau\right)$ $\displaystyle=\theta_{3}\left(z+\tfrac{1}{2}\pi\middle|\tau\right)=-iM\theta_{% 1}\left(z+\tfrac{1}{2}\pi\tau\middle|\tau\right)=iM\theta_{2}\left(z+\tfrac{1}% {2}\pi+\tfrac{1}{2}\pi\tau\middle|\tau\right).$
§20.2(iv) $z$-Zeros
For $m,n\in\mathbb{Z}$, the $z$-zeros of $\theta_{j}\left(z\middle|\tau\right)$, $j=1,2,3,4$, are $(m+n\tau)\pi$, $(m+\tfrac{1}{2}+n\tau)\pi$, $(m+\tfrac{1}{2}+(n+\tfrac{1}{2})\tau)\pi$, $(m+(n+\tfrac{1}{2})\tau)\pi$ respectively. | 2021-07-29T03:28:23 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 174, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9758743643760681, "perplexity": 3446.680824299019}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046153814.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20210729011903-20210729041903-00392.warc.gz"} |
https://pos.sissa.it/414/716/ | Volume 414 - 41st International Conference on High Energy physics (ICHEP2022) - Quark and Lepton Flavour Physics
Branching fractions and CP asymmetries in $B$ decays through $b\to c$ process at Belle
K. Smith
Full text: pdf
Pre-published on: December 07, 2022
Published on:
Abstract
We report results of the branching fractions for a number of charm B decays including $\bar{B}^{0} \to D^{*+}\pi^{-}$, $\bar{B}^{0} \to D^{*+}K^{-}$, $\bar{B}^{0} \to D^{+}\pi^{-}$ and $\bar{B}^{0} \to D^{+}K^{-}$ all measured using $772\times 10^6$ B-meson pairs recorded by the Belle experiment at the KEKB asymmetric-energy $e^+e^-$ collider.
The measurements provide a precise test of QCD factorisation.
We also report preliminary results for the branching fraction $\mathcal{B}(B^{+} \to D^{*+}_s(\eta,K^0_S)/D^{+}(\eta,K^0_S))$ and the time-dependent CP asymmetry in $B^0 \to \eta_c K^0_S$.
The latter measurement provides information on $\sin2\phi_1$.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.22323/1.414.0716
How to cite
Metadata are provided both in "article" format (very similar to INSPIRE) as this helps creating very compact bibliographies which can be beneficial to authors and readers, and in "proceeding" format which is more detailed and complete.
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Copyright owned by the author(s) under the term of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. | 2023-01-28T16:50:37 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.6736404895782471, "perplexity": 3059.5113818234895}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499646.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20230128153513-20230128183513-00290.warc.gz"} |
http://dergipark.gov.tr/konuralpjournalmath/issue/28490/343305 | | | | |
## SOME PROPERTIES ASSOCIATED WITH THE BESSEL MATRIX FUNCTIONS
#### AYMAN SHEHATA [1]
##### 100 160
The main aim of this work is the development of some interesting properties which are associated with the Bessel matrix functions and its relationship with the hypergeometric matrix functions.
Hypergeometric matrix function, Bessel matrix functions, Integral representations
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Konular Mühendislik Articles Yazar: AYMAN SHEHATAÜlke: Saudi Arabia
Bibtex @araştırma makalesi { konuralpjournalmath343305, journal = {Konuralp Journal of Mathematics}, issn = {}, eissn = {2147-625X}, address = {Mehmet Zeki SARIKAYA}, year = {2017}, volume = {5}, pages = {24 - 35}, doi = {}, title = {SOME PROPERTIES ASSOCIATED WITH THE BESSEL MATRIX FUNCTIONS}, key = {cite}, author = {SHEHATA, AYMAN} } APA SHEHATA, A . (2017). SOME PROPERTIES ASSOCIATED WITH THE BESSEL MATRIX FUNCTIONS. Konuralp Journal of Mathematics, 5 (2), 24-35. Retrieved from http://dergipark.gov.tr/konuralpjournalmath/issue/28490/343305 MLA SHEHATA, A . "SOME PROPERTIES ASSOCIATED WITH THE BESSEL MATRIX FUNCTIONS". Konuralp Journal of Mathematics 5 (2017): 24-35 Chicago SHEHATA, A . "SOME PROPERTIES ASSOCIATED WITH THE BESSEL MATRIX FUNCTIONS". Konuralp Journal of Mathematics 5 (2017): 24-35 RIS TY - JOUR T1 - SOME PROPERTIES ASSOCIATED WITH THE BESSEL MATRIX FUNCTIONS AU - AYMAN SHEHATA Y1 - 2017 PY - 2017 N1 - DO - T2 - Konuralp Journal of Mathematics JF - Journal JO - JOR SP - 24 EP - 35 VL - 5 IS - 2 SN - -2147-625X M3 - UR - Y2 - 2017 ER - EndNote %0 Konuralp Journal of Mathematics SOME PROPERTIES ASSOCIATED WITH THE BESSEL MATRIX FUNCTIONS %A AYMAN SHEHATA %T SOME PROPERTIES ASSOCIATED WITH THE BESSEL MATRIX FUNCTIONS %D 2017 %J Konuralp Journal of Mathematics %P -2147-625X %V 5 %N 2 %R %U ISNAD SHEHATA, AYMAN . "SOME PROPERTIES ASSOCIATED WITH THE BESSEL MATRIX FUNCTIONS". Konuralp Journal of Mathematics 5 / 2 (Ekim 2017): 24-35. | 2018-12-11T09:51:34 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.3973903954029083, "perplexity": 7072.7885098301}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376823614.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20181211083052-20181211104552-00483.warc.gz"} |
https://www.pnnl.gov/news-media/pnnl-developing-next-generation-cyber-tools-power-grid | September 25, 2017
Web Feature
PNNL Developing Next-Generation Cyber Tools for the Power Grid
Laboratory to lead six of twenty new projects funded by DOE at more than $20 million PNNL was recently selected by the Energy Department to lead six projects in support of early-stage cybersecurity research and development that will enhance critical U.S. energy infrastructure. The projects are as follows: • Keyless Infrastructure Security Solution. This project will create and test a keyless infrastructure solution based on Blockchain—a mechanism that facilitates secure online transactions—for transactive energy exchanges. This project will be led by PNNL’s Michael Mylrea. Partners include Guardtime, Washington State University, Tennessee Valley Authority, Siemens, and the Department of Defense’s Homeland Defense and Security Information Analysis Center. • Mitigation of External-Exposure of Energy Delivery System Equipment. This project will develop a tool for utilities and others to first identify energy delivery system equipment that might have been inadvertently exposed to the public internet and then mitigate the risk associated with the exposure. Mylrea will also lead this project. Partners include Shodan LLC, the National Rural Electric Cooperative Association, Tenable Network Security, and Chelan PUD. • Safe and Secure Autonomous Scanning Solution for Energy Delivery Systems. This project will develop a technology that allows continuous vulnerability scanning in grid control systems without impacting the system. This project will be led by PNNL’s Thomas Edgar. Partners include Tenable Network Security, Chelan PUD, the University of Illinois, and the National Rural Electric Cooperative Association. • Software Defined Networking for Energy Delivery Systems. This project will develop a “blueprint” and reference architecture for deploying software defined networking technology to better secure operational networks in the energy sector. This project will be led by PNNL’s Mark Hadley. Partners include Dispersive Technologies, California Independent System Operator, Juniper, Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories, Southern California Edison, United States Pacific Command, United States Northern Command, United States Cyber Command, Sandia National Laboratories, and National Renewable Energy Laboratory. • Universal Utility Data Exchange. This project will develop a secure and flexible information sharing solution to replace all communications among electric utility control centers. This includes replacing the Inter-Control Center Communications Protocol—which facilitates exchanges over wide area networks among utility control centers, utilities, power pools, regional control centers, and non-utility generators. This project will be led by PNNL’s Scott Mix. Partners include Open Access Technology International, Inc.; MITRE Corporation; and Western Area Power Administration. • Vulnerability, Exploit, and Risk Identification Toolset and Source. This project will build partnership among suppliers and end users of energy delivery infrastructure components and systems in order to improve security of products before they go to market. This project will be led by PNNL’s Jess Smith. Partners include Siemens, Minnesota Valley Electric Co-op, South River Electric Membership Co-op, and Soteria. The Department announced these awards as part of 20 projects led by the national laboratories to receive more than$20 million over three years. The six areas on which the 20 projects will focus include:
1. Partnerships to reduce risk through vulnerability mitigation
2. Identification of energy delivery system equipment inadvertently exposed to the public internet to reduce cybersecurity risk on the operational technology infrastructure
3. Energy delivery systems that adapt to survive cyber incidents
4. Energy delivery systems with verifiable trustworthiness
5. Cyber secure communications for operating resilient grid architectures
6. Tools and technologies that enhance cybersecurity in the energy sector.
In addition to leading six projects, PNNL is partnering on projects led by Idaho National Laboratory and Sandia National Laboratories. The projects are funded by the DOE Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability’s Cybersecurity for Energy Delivery Program.
These project awards were announced in conjunction the Department’s Resilient Distribution System awards under the DOE Grid Modernization Initiative. PNNL was awarded five of those seven project, which will be coordinated through the Grid Modernization Laboratory Consortium.
Key Capabilities
Published: September 25, 2017 | 2019-10-14T09:05:23 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.2099941521883011, "perplexity": 8667.029603211913}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986649841.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20191014074313-20191014101313-00335.warc.gz"} |
http://dlmf.nist.gov/9.7 | # §9.7 Asymptotic Expansions
## §9.7(i) Notation
Here $\delta$ denotes an arbitrary small positive constant and
9.7.1 $\zeta=\tfrac{2}{3}z^{\ifrac{3}{2}}.$ Defines: $\zeta(z)$: change of variable (locally) Symbols: $z$: complex variable Permalink: http://dlmf.nist.gov/9.7.E1 Encodings: TeX, pMML, png
Also $u_{0}=v_{0}=1$ and for $k=1,2,\ldots,$
9.7.2 $\displaystyle u_{k}$ $\displaystyle=\frac{(2k+1)(2k+3)(2k+5)\cdots(6k-1)}{(216)^{k}(k)!},$ $\displaystyle v_{k}$ $\displaystyle=\frac{6k+1}{1-6k}u_{k}.$
Lastly,
9.7.3 $\chi(n)=\pi^{\ifrac{1}{2}}\mathop{\Gamma\/}\nolimits\!\left(\tfrac{1}{2}n+1% \right)/\mathop{\Gamma\/}\nolimits\!\left(\tfrac{1}{2}n+\tfrac{1}{2}\right).$ Defines: $\chi(n)$: function (locally) Symbols: $\mathop{\Gamma\/}\nolimits\!\left(z\right)$: gamma function Permalink: http://dlmf.nist.gov/9.7.E3 Encodings: TeX, pMML, png
Numerical values of this function are given in Table 9.7.1 for $n=1(1)20$ to 2D. For large $n$,
9.7.4 $\chi(n)\sim(\tfrac{1}{2}\pi n)^{\ifrac{1}{2}}.$ Symbols: $\sim$: asymptotic equality and $\chi(n)$: function Permalink: http://dlmf.nist.gov/9.7.E4 Encodings: TeX, pMML, png
## §9.7(ii) Poincaré-Type Expansions
As $z\to\infty$ the following asymptotic expansions are valid uniformly in the stated sectors.
9.7.5 $\displaystyle\mathop{\mathrm{Ai}\/}\nolimits\!\left(z\right)$ $\displaystyle\sim\frac{e^{-\zeta}}{2\sqrt{\pi}z^{1/4}}\sum_{k=0}^{\infty}(-1)^% {k}\frac{u_{k}}{\zeta^{k}},$ $|\mathop{\mathrm{ph}\/}\nolimits z|\leq\pi-\delta$, 9.7.6 $\displaystyle\mathop{\mathrm{Ai}\/}\nolimits'\!\left(z\right)$ $\displaystyle\sim-\frac{z^{1/4}e^{-\zeta}}{2\sqrt{\pi}}\sum_{k=0}^{\infty}(-1)% ^{k}\frac{v_{k}}{\zeta^{k}},$ $|\mathop{\mathrm{ph}\/}\nolimits z|\leq\pi-\delta$,
9.7.7 $\displaystyle\mathop{\mathrm{Bi}\/}\nolimits\!\left(z\right)$ $\displaystyle\sim\frac{e^{\zeta}}{\sqrt{\pi}z^{1/4}}\sum_{k=0}^{\infty}\frac{u% _{k}}{\zeta^{k}},$ $|\mathop{\mathrm{ph}\/}\nolimits z|\leq\tfrac{1}{3}\pi-\delta$, 9.7.8 $\displaystyle\mathop{\mathrm{Bi}\/}\nolimits'\!\left(z\right)$ $\displaystyle\sim\frac{z^{1/4}e^{\zeta}}{\sqrt{\pi}}\sum_{k=0}^{\infty}\frac{v% _{k}}{\zeta^{k}},$ $|\mathop{\mathrm{ph}\/}\nolimits z|\leq\tfrac{1}{3}\pi-\delta$.
9.7.9 $\displaystyle\mathop{\mathrm{Ai}\/}\nolimits\!\left(-z\right)$ $\displaystyle\sim\frac{1}{\sqrt{\pi}z^{1/4}}\left(\mathop{\cos\/}\nolimits\!% \left(\zeta-\tfrac{1}{4}\pi\right)\sum_{k=0}^{\infty}(-1)^{k}\frac{u_{2k}}{% \zeta^{2k}}+\mathop{\sin\/}\nolimits\!\left(\zeta-\tfrac{1}{4}\pi\right)\sum_{% k=0}^{\infty}(-1)^{k}\frac{u_{2k+1}}{\zeta^{2k+1}}\right),$ $|\mathop{\mathrm{ph}\/}\nolimits z|\leq\tfrac{2}{3}\pi-\delta$, 9.7.10 $\displaystyle\mathop{\mathrm{Ai}\/}\nolimits'\!\left(-z\right)$ $\displaystyle\sim\frac{z^{1/4}}{\sqrt{\pi}}\left(\mathop{\sin\/}\nolimits\!% \left(\zeta-\tfrac{1}{4}\pi\right)\sum_{k=0}^{\infty}(-1)^{k}\frac{v_{2k}}{% \zeta^{2k}}-\mathop{\cos\/}\nolimits\!\left(\zeta-\tfrac{1}{4}\pi\right)\sum_{% k=0}^{\infty}(-1)^{k}\frac{v_{2k+1}}{\zeta^{2k+1}}\right),$ $|\mathop{\mathrm{ph}\/}\nolimits z|\leq\tfrac{2}{3}\pi-\delta$,
9.7.11 $\displaystyle\mathop{\mathrm{Bi}\/}\nolimits\!\left(-z\right)$ $\displaystyle\sim\frac{1}{\sqrt{\pi}z^{1/4}}\left(-\mathop{\sin\/}\nolimits\!% \left(\zeta-\tfrac{1}{4}\pi\right)\sum_{k=0}^{\infty}(-1)^{k}\frac{u_{2k}}{% \zeta^{2k}}+\mathop{\cos\/}\nolimits\!\left(\zeta-\tfrac{1}{4}\pi\right)\sum_{% k=0}^{\infty}(-1)^{k}\frac{u_{2k+1}}{\zeta^{2k+1}}\right),$ $|\mathop{\mathrm{ph}\/}\nolimits z|\leq\tfrac{2}{3}\pi-\delta$, 9.7.12 $\displaystyle\mathop{\mathrm{Bi}\/}\nolimits'\!\left(-z\right)$ $\displaystyle\sim\frac{z^{1/4}}{\sqrt{\pi}}\left(\mathop{\cos\/}\nolimits\!% \left(\zeta-\tfrac{1}{4}\pi\right)\sum_{k=0}^{\infty}(-1)^{k}\frac{v_{2k}}{% \zeta^{2k}}+\mathop{\sin\/}\nolimits\!\left(\zeta-\tfrac{1}{4}\pi\right)\sum_{% k=0}^{\infty}(-1)^{k}\frac{v_{2k+1}}{\zeta^{2k+1}}\right),$ $|\mathop{\mathrm{ph}\/}\nolimits z|\leq\tfrac{2}{3}\pi-\delta$.
9.7.13 $\mathop{\mathrm{Bi}\/}\nolimits\!\left(ze^{\pm\pi i/3}\right)\mathrel{\sim}% \sqrt{\frac{2}{\pi}}\frac{e^{\pm\pi i/6}}{z^{1/4}}\*\left(\mathop{\cos\/}% \nolimits\!\left(\zeta-\tfrac{1}{4}\pi\mp\tfrac{1}{2}i\mathop{\ln\/}\nolimits 2% \right)\sum_{k=0}^{\infty}(-1)^{k}\frac{u_{2k}}{\zeta^{2k}}+\mathop{\sin\/}% \nolimits\!\left(\zeta-\tfrac{1}{4}\pi\mp\tfrac{1}{2}i\mathop{\ln\/}\nolimits 2% \right)\sum_{k=0}^{\infty}(-1)^{k}\frac{u_{2k+1}}{\zeta^{2k+1}}\right),$ $|\mathop{\mathrm{ph}\/}\nolimits z|\leq\tfrac{2}{3}\pi-\delta$,
9.7.14 $\mathop{\mathrm{Bi}\/}\nolimits'\!\left(ze^{\pm\pi i/3}\right)\mathrel{\sim}% \sqrt{\frac{2}{\pi}}e^{\mp\pi i/6}z^{1/4}\*\left(-\mathop{\sin\/}\nolimits\!% \left(\zeta-\tfrac{1}{4}\pi\mp\tfrac{1}{2}i\mathop{\ln\/}\nolimits 2\right)% \sum_{k=0}^{\infty}(-1)^{k}\frac{v_{2k}}{\zeta^{2k}}+\mathop{\cos\/}\nolimits% \!\left(\zeta-\tfrac{1}{4}\pi\mp\tfrac{1}{2}i\mathop{\ln\/}\nolimits 2\right)% \sum_{k=0}^{\infty}(-1)^{k}\frac{v_{2k+1}}{\zeta^{2k+1}}\right),$ $|\mathop{\mathrm{ph}\/}\nolimits z|\leq\tfrac{2}{3}\pi-\delta$.
## §9.7(iii) Error Bounds for Real Variables
In (9.7.5) and (9.7.6) the $n$th error term, that is, the error on truncating the expansion at $n$ terms, is bounded in magnitude by the first neglected term and has the same sign, provided that the following term is of opposite sign, that is, if $n\geq 0$ for (9.7.5) and $n\geq 1$ for (9.7.6).
In (9.7.7) and (9.7.8) the $n$th error term is bounded in magnitude by the first neglected term multiplied by $2\chi(n)\mathop{\exp\/}\nolimits\left(\sigma\pi/(72\zeta)\right)$ where $\sigma=5$ for (9.7.7) and $\sigma=7$ for (9.7.8), provided that $n\geq 1$ in both cases.
In (9.7.9)–(9.7.12) the $n$th error term in each infinite series is bounded in magnitude by the first neglected term and has the same sign, provided that the following term in the series is of opposite sign.
As special cases, when $0
9.7.15 $\displaystyle\mathop{\mathrm{Ai}\/}\nolimits\!\left(x\right)$ $\displaystyle\leq\frac{e^{-\xi}}{2\sqrt{\pi}x^{1/4}}$, $\displaystyle|\mathop{\mathrm{Ai}\/}\nolimits'\!\left(x\right)|$ $\displaystyle\leq\frac{x^{1/4}e^{-\xi}}{2\sqrt{\pi}}\left(1+\frac{7}{72\xi}\right)$,
9.7.16 $\displaystyle\mathop{\mathrm{Bi}\/}\nolimits\!\left(x\right)$ $\displaystyle\leq\frac{e^{\xi}}{\sqrt{\pi}x^{1/4}}\left(1+\frac{5\pi}{72\xi}% \mathop{\exp\/}\nolimits\left(\frac{5\pi}{72\xi}\right)\right),$ $\displaystyle\mathop{\mathrm{Bi}\/}\nolimits'\!\left(x\right)$ $\displaystyle\leq\frac{x^{1/4}e^{\xi}}{\sqrt{\pi}}\left(1+\frac{7\pi}{72\xi}% \mathop{\exp\/}\nolimits\left(\frac{7\pi}{72\xi}\right)\right),$
where $\xi=\tfrac{2}{3}x^{3/2}$.
## §9.7(iv) Error Bounds for Complex Variables
When $n\geq 1$ the $n$th error term in (9.7.5) and (9.7.6) is bounded in magnitude by the first neglected term multiplied by
9.7.17 $2\mathop{\exp\/}\nolimits\!\left(\frac{\sigma}{36|\zeta|}\right)$, $2\chi(n)\mathop{\exp\/}\nolimits\!\left(\frac{\sigma\pi}{72|\zeta|}\right)$or $\frac{4\chi(n)}{|\mathop{\cos\/}\nolimits\!\left(\mathop{\mathrm{ph}\/}% \nolimits\zeta\right)|^{n}}\mathop{\exp\/}\nolimits\!\left(\frac{\sigma\pi}{36% |\Re\zeta|}\right)$,
according as $|\mathop{\mathrm{ph}\/}\nolimits z|\leq\tfrac{1}{3}\pi$, $\tfrac{1}{3}\pi\leq|\mathop{\mathrm{ph}\/}\nolimits z|\leq\tfrac{2}{3}\pi$, or $\tfrac{2}{3}\pi\leq|\mathop{\mathrm{ph}\/}\nolimits z|\leq\pi$. Here $\sigma=5$ for (9.7.5) and $\sigma=7$ for (9.7.6).
Corresponding bounds for the errors in (9.7.7) to (9.7.14) may be obtained by use of these results and those of §9.2(v) and their differentiated forms.
For other error bounds see Boyd (1993).
## §9.7(v) Exponentially-Improved Expansions
In (9.7.5) and (9.7.6) let
9.7.18 $\displaystyle\mathop{\mathrm{Ai}\/}\nolimits\!\left(z\right)$ $\displaystyle=\frac{e^{-\zeta}}{2\sqrt{\pi}z^{1/4}}\left(\sum_{k=0}^{n-1}(-1)^% {k}\frac{u_{k}}{\zeta^{k}}+R_{n}(z)\right),$ 9.7.19 $\displaystyle\mathop{\mathrm{Ai}\/}\nolimits'\!\left(z\right)$ $\displaystyle=-\frac{z^{1/4}e^{-\zeta}}{2\sqrt{\pi}}\left(\sum_{k=0}^{n-1}(-1)% ^{k}\frac{v_{k}}{\zeta^{k}}+S_{n}(z)\right),$
with $n=\left\lfloor 2|\zeta|\right\rfloor$. Then
9.7.20 $\displaystyle R_{n}(z)$ $\displaystyle=(-1)^{n}\sum_{k=0}^{m-1}(-1)^{k}u_{k}\frac{\mathop{G_{n-k}\/}% \nolimits\!\left(2\zeta\right)}{\zeta^{k}}+R_{m,n}(z),$ Defines: $R_{n}$: remainder function (locally) Symbols: $\mathop{G_{p}\/}\nolimits\!\left(z\right)$: rescaled terminant function, $k$: nonnegative integer, $z$: complex variable, $\zeta(z)$: change of variable, $m$: index, $n$: index and $u_{s}$: expansion coefficient Permalink: http://dlmf.nist.gov/9.7.E20 Encodings: TeX, pMML, png 9.7.21 $\displaystyle S_{n}(z)$ $\displaystyle=(-1)^{n-1}\sum_{k=0}^{m-1}(-1)^{k}v_{k}\frac{\mathop{G_{n-k}\/}% \nolimits\!\left(2\zeta\right)}{\zeta^{k}}+S_{m,n}(z),$ Defines: $S_{n}$: remainder function (locally) Symbols: $\mathop{G_{p}\/}\nolimits\!\left(z\right)$: rescaled terminant function, $k$: nonnegative integer, $z$: complex variable, $\zeta(z)$: change of variable, $m$: index, $n$: index and $v_{s}$: expansion coefficient Permalink: http://dlmf.nist.gov/9.7.E21 Encodings: TeX, pMML, png
where
9.7.22 $\mathop{G_{p}\/}\nolimits\!\left(z\right)=\frac{e^{z}}{2\pi}\mathop{\Gamma\/}% \nolimits\!\left(p\right)\mathop{\Gamma\/}\nolimits\!\left(1-p,z\right).$ Defines: $\mathop{G_{p}\/}\nolimits\!\left(z\right)$: rescaled terminant function Symbols: $\mathop{\Gamma\/}\nolimits\!\left(z\right)$: gamma function, $e$: base of exponential function, $\mathop{\Gamma\/}\nolimits\!\left(a,z\right)$: incomplete gamma function and $z$: complex variable Permalink: http://dlmf.nist.gov/9.7.E22 Encodings: TeX, pMML, png
(For the notation see §8.2(i).) And as $z\rightarrow\infty$ with $m$ fixed
9.7.23 $R_{m,n}(z),S_{m,n}(z)=\mathop{O\/}\nolimits\!\left(e^{-2|\zeta|}\zeta^{-m}% \right),$ $|\mathop{\mathrm{ph}\/}\nolimits z|\leq\tfrac{2}{3}\pi$.
For re-expansions of the remainder terms in (9.7.7)–(9.7.14) combine the results of this section with those of §9.2(v) and their differentiated forms, as in §9.7(iv).
For higher re-expansions of the remainder terms see Olde Daalhuis (1995, 1996), and Olde Daalhuis and Olver (1995a). | 2015-09-04T10:24:45 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 269, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9525092244148254, "perplexity": 2916.6516599499255}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440645340161.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827031540-00145-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://www.abs.gov.au/methodologies/work-related-training-and-adult-learning-australia-methodology/2020-21 | Latest release
# Work-Related Training and Adult Learning, Australia methodology
Reference period
2020-21 financial year
Released
11/03/2022
Next release Unknown
## Overview
This publication presents the results from the Survey of Work-Related Training and Adult Learning (WRTAL), a topic on the Multipurpose Household Survey (MPHS) conducted throughout Australia from July 2020 to June 2021.
The MPHS, undertaken each financial year by the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS), is a supplement to the monthly Labour Force Survey (LFS) and is designed to collect statistics for a number of small, self-contained topics.
The WRTAL survey collected information about the level of participation of Australia's population in formal study and non-formal learning, with a particular focus on work-related training and personal interest learning. Information available from the survey includes participation rates in non-formal learning, the reasons for participation, the time spent, personal costs incurred and also data on the barriers that prevent some people from undertaking formal study and/or non-formal learning. Information on labour force characteristics, education, income and other demographics was also collected.
The WRTAL survey was previously conducted as a supplement to the monthly LFS in April 2013 and as a topic on the MPHS for the financial year 16/17. Further details are outlined below in the Comparing the data section.
## Data collection
### Scope
The scope of the WRTAL survey is restricted to persons aged 15-74 years who are usual residents of private dwellings excluding:
• members of the Australian permanent defence forces;
• certain diplomatic personnel of overseas governments, customarily excluded from the Census of Population and Housing and estimated resident counts;
• overseas residents in Australia (intending to stay less than 12 months);
• members of non-Australian defence forces (and their dependants);
• persons living in non-private dwellings such as hotels, university residences, boarding schools, hospitals, nursing homes, homes for people with disabilities, and prisons;
• persons resident in the Indigenous Community Strata.
The scope for the MPHS included households residing in urban, rural, remote and very remote parts of Australia, except the persons resident in the Indigenous Community Strata.
### Coverage
In the LFS, coverage rules are applied which aim to ensure that each person in coverage is associated with only one dwelling, and has only one chance of selection in the survey. See Labour Force, Australia for more details.
Data from the WRTAL survey is available by State, Greater Capital City Statistical Area, Section of State, Remoteness area and Statistical Area Level 4, subject to confidentiality constraints. Geography has been classified according to the Australian Statistical Geography Standard (ASGS), July 2016. For a list of these publications see the ABS Geography Publications page.
### Sample size
Information was collected from 24,981 fully responding persons. This includes 486 proxy interviews for people aged 15 to 17 years, where permission was not given by a parent or guardian for a personal interview.
### Collection method
The survey is one of a number of small, self-contained topics on the MPHS. Each month, one eighth of the dwellings in the Labour Force Survey (LFS) sample were rotated out of the survey. These dwellings were selected for the MPHS. In these dwellings, after the LFS had been fully completed for each person in scope and coverage, a usual resident aged 15 years or over was selected at random (based on an algorithm) and asked the additional MPHS questions in a personal interview.
In the MPHS, if the randomly selected person was aged 15 to 17 years, permission was sought from a parent or guardian before conducting the interview. If permission was not given, the parent or guardian was asked the questions on behalf of the 15 to 17 year old (proxy interview).
Data were collected using Computer Assisted Interviewing, whereby responses were recorded directly onto an electronic questionnaire in a notebook device, with interviews conducted either face-to-face or over the telephone. The majority of interviews were conducted over the telephone.
## Processing the data
### Weighting
As only a sample of people were surveyed, their results needed to be converted into estimates for the whole population. This was done through a process called weighting.
Each person was given a number (known as a weight) to reflect how many people they represented in the whole population.
A person's initial weight was based on their probability of being selected in the sample. For example, if the probability of a person being selected in the survey was 1 in 300, then the person would have an initial weight of 300 (that is, they represent 300 people).
### Benchmarks
After calculating the initial person weights, an adjustment was incorporated into the weighting for persons to account for all persons in the population.
The person weights were separately calibrated to independent estimates of the in scope population, referred to as ‘benchmarks’. The benchmarks used additional information about the population to ensure that:
• people in the sample represented people who were similar to them
• the survey estimates reflected the distribution of the whole population, not the sample.
The survey was benchmarked to the estimated resident population (ERP) aged 15-74 years living in private dwellings in each state and territory at December 2020. People living in Indigenous communities were excluded. These benchmarks are based on the 2016 Census of Population and Housing.
### Estimation
Survey estimates of counts of persons are obtained by summing the weights of persons with the characteristic of interest.
## Accuracy
### Show all
#### Reliability of estimates
Two types of error are possible in estimates based on a sample survey:
• non-sampling error
• sampling error
#### Non-sampling error
Non-sampling error is caused by factors other than those related to sample selection. It is any factor that results in the data values not accurately reflecting the true value of the population.
It can occur at any stage throughout the survey process. Examples include:
• selected people that do not respond (e.g. refusals, non-contact)
• questions being misunderstood
• responses being incorrectly recorded
• errors in coding or processing the survey data
#### Sampling error
Sampling error is the expected difference that can occur between the published estimates and the value that would have been produced if the whole population had been surveyed. Sampling error is the result of random variation and can be estimated using measures of variance in the data.
#### Standard error
One measure of sampling error is the standard error (SE). There are about two chances in three that an estimate will differ by less than one SE from the figure that would have been obtained if the whole population had been included. There are about 19 chances in 20 that an estimate will differ by less than two SEs.
#### Measures of error in this release
This release reports the relative standard error (RSE) for estimates of counts ('000) and the margin of error (MOE) for estimates of proportions (%).
#### Relative standard error
The relative standard error (RSE) is a useful measure of sampling error. It is the SE expressed as a percentage of the estimate:
$$R S E \%=\left(\frac{S E}{e s t i m a t e}\right) \times 100$$
Only estimates with RSEs less than 25% are considered reliable for most purposes. Estimates with larger RSEs, between 25% and less than 50% have been included in the publication, but are flagged to indicate they are subject to high SEs. These should be used with caution. Estimates with RSEs of 50% or more have also been flagged and are considered unreliable for most purposes. RSEs for these estimates are not published.
#### Margin of error
Another measure of sampling error is the Margin of Error (MOE). This describes the distance from the population value that the sample estimate is likely to be within and is particularly useful to understand the accuracy of proportion estimates.
The MOE is specified at a given level of confidence. Confidence levels typically used are 90%, 95% and 99%. For example, at the 95% confidence level, the MOE indicates that there are about 19 chances in 20 that the estimate will differ by less than the specified MOE from the population value (the figure obtained if the whole population had been enumerated). The 95% MOE is calculated as 1.96 multiplied by the SE:
$$M O E=S E \times 1.96$$
The RSE can also be used to directly calculate a 95% MOE by:
$$M O E=\Large\frac{R S E \% \times e s t i m a t e \times 1.96}{100}$$
The MOEs in this release are calculated at the 95% confidence level. This can easily be converted to a 90% confidence level by multiplying the MOE by:
$$\Large\frac{1.615}{1.96}$$
or to a 99% confidence level by multiplying the MOE by:
$$\Large\frac{2.576}{1.96}$$
Depending on how the estimate is to be used, a MOE of greater than 10% may be considered too large to inform decisions. For example, a proportion of 15% with a MOE of plus or minus 11% would mean the estimate could be anything from 4% to 26%. It is important to consider this range when using the estimates to make assertions about the population.
Estimates of proportions with an MOE more than 10% are annotated to indicate they are subject to high sample variability and particular consideration should be given to the MOE when using these estimates. Depending on how the estimate is to be used, an MOE greater than 10% may be considered too large to inform decisions. In addition, estimates with a corresponding standard 95% confidence interval that includes 0% or 100% are annotated to indicate they are usually considered unreliable for most purposes.
#### Confidence Intervals
A confidence interval expresses the sampling error as a range in which the population value is expected to lie at a given level of confidence. A confidence interval is calculated by taking the estimate plus or minus the MOE of that estimate. In other terms, the 95% confidence interval is the estimate +/- the MOE.
$$95 \% \text { Confidence Interval }=(\text {estimate}-M O E, \text { estimate }+M O E)$$
#### Calculating measures of error
Proportions or percentages formed from the ratio of two count estimates are also subject to sampling errors. The size of the error depends on the accuracy of both the numerator and the denominator. A formula to approximate the RSE of a proportion is given below. This formula is only valid when the numerator (x) is a subset of the denominator (y):
$$\operatorname{RSE}\left(\frac{x}{y}\right) \approx \sqrt{[R S E(x)]^{2}-[R S E(y)]^{2}}$$
When calculating measures of error, it may be useful to convert RSE or MOE to SE. This allows the use of standard formulas involving the SE. The SE can be obtained from RSE or MOE using the following formulas:
$$S E(y)=\frac{R S E(y) \times y}{100}$$
$$S E=\Large\frac{M O E}{1.96}$$
#### Comparison of estimates
The difference between two survey estimates (counts or percentages) can also be calculated from published estimates. Such an estimate is also subject to sampling error. The sampling error of the difference between two estimates depends on their SEs and the relationship (correlation) between them. An approximate SE of the difference between two estimates (x - y) may be calculated by the following formula:
$$S E(x-y) \approx \sqrt{[S E(x)]^{2}+[S E(y)]^{2}}$$
While this formula will only be exact for differences between separate and uncorrelated characteristics or sub populations, it provides a good approximation for the differences likely to be of interest in this publication.
#### Significance testing
When comparing estimates between surveys or between populations within a survey, it is useful to determine whether apparent differences are 'real' differences or simply the product of differences between the survey samples.
One way to examine this is to determine whether the difference between the estimates is statistically significant. This is done by calculating the standard error of the difference between two estimates (x and y) and using that to calculate the test statistic using the formula below:
$$\left(\frac{|x-y|}{S E(x-y)}\right)$$
where
$$S E(y)=\frac{R S E(y) \times y}{100}$$
If the value of the statistic is greater than 1.96, we can say there is good evidence of a statistically significant difference at 95% confidence levels between the two populations with respect to that characteristic. Otherwise, it cannot be stated with confidence that there is a real difference between the populations.
## Comparing the data
### COVID-19
Statistics in this release may have been impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. During the enumeration of WRTAL 2020-21, several initiatives were in place around Australia to help reduce the spread of COVID-19. These included:
• Australian Government closure of the international border from 20 March 2020;
• border control measures between states and territories;
• periodic state-wide and regional lock downs, with non-essential businesses and services closed;
• limits on gatherings and various social distancing rules - resulting in a shift from on-site work to 'working from home' and from 'face-to-face' learning to online learning.
### Comparability of Time Series
The WRTAL survey was first conducted in April 2013 as a supplement to the monthly LFS. Both survey vehicles use similar collection methodologies, i.e. both were primarily personal telephone interviews, conducted after the LFS, with one randomly selected person from the household. The questions were the same for both surveys.
The key difference between the 2013 and following iterations (2016-17 and 2020-21) relates to the length of enumeration time during which the data was collected. The 2013 WRTAL collected data during a one month period while the MPHS enumeration occurred over 12 months. This means that for the 2013 WRTAL, the reference period '...in the last 12 months' relates to learning undertaken in the same 12 month period (May 2012 to April 2013). However, for the 2016-17 and 2020-21 MPHS, '...in the last 12 months' depends on which month the respondent was interviewed. For example, if a person was interviewed in July 2020, '...in the last 12 months' would refer to the period August 2019 to July 2020. If a person was interviewed in June 2021, '...in the last 12 months' would refer to the period July 2020 to June 2021.
While there were only minimal changes to wording from 2013 onwards, the LFS survey questionnaire underwent a number of changes in July 2014. For further information see Information Paper: Questionnaire Used in the Labour Force Survey, July 2014.
In the WRTAL 2020-21, an additional module collecting barriers to formal study was introduced.
### Comparability to monthly LFS statistics
Since the survey is conducted as a supplement to the LFS, data items collected in the LFS are also available in this publication. However, there are some important differences between the two surveys. The scope of the Work-Related and Adult Learning Training survey and the LFS differ (refer to the Scope section above). Due to the differences between the samples, data from this survey and the LFS are weighted separately. Differences may therefore be found in the estimates for those data items collected in the LFS and published as part of the WRTAL survey.
### Comparability with other ABS education surveys
Estimates from the WRTAL survey may differ from the estimates for the same or similar data items produced from other ABS collections for several reasons. For example, all sample surveys are subject to different sampling errors so users should take account of the relative standard errors (RSEs) and margins of error (MOEs) on estimates where comparisons are made. Differences may also exist in scope and/or coverage, reference periods reflecting seasonal variations, non-seasonal events that may have impacted on one period but not another, or because of underlying trends in the phenomena being measured.
The survey of Education and Work, Australia (SEW) has some similarities with the WRTAL survey. Conducted annually, SEW provides a range of indicators about educational participation and attainment, and data on people's transition between education and work. Comparison of SEW and WRTAL data should be undertaken with caution due to different collection methodologies, scope and sample size. SEW is based on a household interview with any responsible adult who responds on behalf of all persons aged 15-74 years in the household. Whereas WRTAL is conducted as a personal interview with one randomly selected person aged 15-74 years in the household.
## Data release
A number of datacubes (spreadsheets) containing all tables produced for this publication are available from the Data Downloads section of the main release. The datacubes present tables of estimates and proportions, and their associated measures of error. As tables names have changed and new tables have been added since the last release, a 'Concordance' spreadsheet is included along with the Data Item List. A copy of the questionnaire is available under the Survey material section.
### TableBuilder
For users who wish to undertake more detailed analysis of the data, the survey microdata will be released through the TableBuilder product (see TableBuilder: Work-Related Training and Adult Learning, Australia for more detail). Microdata can be used by approved users to produce customised tables and analysis from the survey data. Microdata products are designed to ensure the integrity of the data whilst maintaining the confidentiality of the respondents to the survey.
### Custom tables
Customised statistical tables to meet individual requirements can be produced on request. These are subject to confidentiality and sampling variability constraints which may limit what can be provided. Enquiries on the information available and the cost of these services should be made to the ABS website Contact us page.
### Confidentiality
The Census and Statistics Act 1905 authorises the ABS to collect statistical information, and requires that information is not published in a way that could identify a particular person or organisation. The ABS must make sure that information about individual respondents cannot be derived from published data.
To minimise the risk of identifying individuals in aggregate statistics, a technique is used to randomly adjust cell values. This technique is called perturbation. Perturbation involves a small random adjustment of the statistics and is considered the most satisfactory technique for avoiding the release of identifiable statistics while maximising the range of information that can be released. These adjustments have a negligible impact on the underlying pattern of the statistics. After perturbation, a given published cell value will be consistent across all tables. However, adding up cell values to derive a total will not necessarily give the same result as published totals. The introduction of perturbation in publications ensures that these statistics are consistent with statistics released via services such as TableBuilder.
## Glossary
### Show all
#### Australian Qualifications Framework (AQF)
The AQF is the national policy for regulated qualifications in Australian education and training. It incorporates the qualifications from each education and training sector into a single comprehensive national qualifications framework. The AQF was first introduced in 1995 to underpin the national system of qualifications in Australia encompassing higher education, vocational education and training and schools.
#### Australian Standard Classification of Education (ASCED)
Education data are coded to the Australian Standard Classification of Education, 2001. The ASCED is a national standard classification which can be applied to all sectors of the Australian education system, including schools, vocational education and training, and higher education. It includes 'Level of education' and 'Field of education'.
#### Classroom instruction
Method for delivering work-related training which generally involves a teacher, lecturer or presenter; includes but not limited to seminars, lecturers, hands-on work or practical exercises, group exercises and laboratory work. Instruction may be delivered by either an existing staff member, a consultant hired by the organisation or an external training provider.
#### Completed a qualification
A person having 'completed' a qualification means they have successfully passed all of the requirements for the qualification and excludes people who have stopped studying without gaining the qualification.
#### Contact activities
Contact activities include direct contact with a teacher, lecturer or presenter.
#### Country of birth
Country of birth has been classified according to the Standard Australian Classification of Countries (SACC). 'Born in Australia' refers to all persons born in Australia or any of its external territories'. 'Born overseas' refers to all persons not 'born in Australia', including those born at sea and persons whose country of birth is unknown.
#### Current main job
The job which a person was employed in during the survey reference week. In cases where the person was employed in more than one job, the current main job refers to the job in which the person usually works the most hours. However, a person may have undertaken their most recent work-related training in a previous job. Therefore several tables presented in this release relating to work-related training are presented only for people who have undertaken training as part of their current main job.
#### Employed
People who, during the reference week:
• worked for one hour or more for pay, profit, commission or payment in kind in a job or business, or on a farm (comprising employees, employers and own account workers); or
• worked for one hour or more without pay in a family business or on a farm (i.e. contributing family workers); or
• were employees who had a job but were not at work and were:
• away from work for less than four weeks up to the end of the reference week; or
• away from work for more than four weeks up to the end of the reference week and received pay for some or all of the four week period to the end of the reference week; or
• away from work as a standard work or shift arrangement; or
• on strike or locked out; or
• on workers' compensation and expected to return to their job; or
• were employers or own account workers who had a job, business or farm, but were not at work.
#### Employed full-time
Employed people who usually worked 35 hours or more a week (in all jobs) and those who, although usually working less than 35 hours a week, worked 35 hours or more during the reference week.
#### Employed part-time
Employed people who usually worked less than 35 hours a week (in all jobs) and either did so during the reference week, or were not at work in the reference week.
#### Employee
An employee works for a public or private employer and receives remuneration in wages, salary, on a commission basis (with or without a retainer), tips, piece-rates, or payment in kind.
#### Engagement
The term engagement is used when assessing a persons level of participation in employment and formal education. People can be 'Fully engaged', 'Partially engaged', or 'Not engaged'.
Employment status
Education status
Full-time study
Part-time studyNot studying
Full-time employmentFully engagedFully engagedFully engaged
Part-time employmentFully engagedFully engagedPartially engaged
Unemployed looking for full-time workFully engagedPartially engagedNot engaged
Unemployed looking for part-time workFully engagedPartially engagedNot engaged
Not in the labour forceFully engagedPartially engagedNot engaged
#### External training provider
For the purpose of this survey an external training provider is defined as a person or organisation who delivers work-related training and is not classified as either an existing staff member or a consultant hired by the organisation to deliver the training.
#### Field of education
Refers to the subject matter of an educational activity. Fields of education are related to each other through the similarity of subject matter, through the broad purpose for which the education is undertaken, and through the theoretical content which underpins the subject matter. There are 12 broad fields, 71 narrow fields and 356 detailed fields of education. Where a qualification covered multiple fields (e.g. a double degree) the 'Main Field of Education ' is the field considered the most important for the survey respondent.
#### Field of highest educational attainment
The subject matter of the educational activity for the highest achievement a person has attained in any area of formal study. Where a qualification covered multiple fields (e.g. a double degree) the 'main field of highest educational attainment' is the field considered the most important for the survey respondent.
#### Formal study
Formal study leads to a qualification recognised by the Australian Qualifications Framework (AQF) such as a Degree, Diploma or Certificate and also includes study at school. Formal study is provided in the systems of schools, colleges, universities and other institutions or organisations and is usually associated with a providing body responsible for determining the teaching method and/or curriculum, admission requirements. In this survey, if the respondent was still attending school their level of study was recorded as their current year of schooling. Formal study was referred to as 'Formal learning' in WRTAL 2016-17 but the definition has not changed.
#### Greater capital city
Refers to Greater Capital City Statistical Areas (GCCSA) as defined by the Australian Statistical Geography Standard (ASGS). The GCCSAs represent the socio-economic extent of each of the eight State and Territory capital cities. The whole of the Australian Capital Territory is included in the GCCSA. See Australian Statistical Geography Standard (ASGS): Volume 1 - Main Structure and Greater Capital City Statistical Areas, July 2016.
#### Income
Income consists of all current receipts, that are received by the household or by individual members of the household, and which are available for, or intended to support, current consumption.
• wages and salaries and other receipts from employment (whether from an employer or own incorporated enterprise), including income provided as part of salary sacrificed and/or salary package arrangements
• profit/loss from own unincorporated business (including partnerships)
• net investment income (interest, rent, dividends, royalties)
• government pensions and allowances
• private transfers (e.g. superannuation, workers' compensation, income from annuities, child support, and financial support received from family members not living in the same household)
Gross income is the sum of the income from all these sources before income tax, the Medicare levy and the Medicare levy surcharge are deducted.
#### Informal learning
Refers to learning that occurs away from a structured, formal classroom environment. It comes in many forms, including viewing videos, self-study, reading articles, participating in forums and chat rooms, performance support, coaching sessions and games. Informal learning is a style of learning in which the learner sets their own goals and objectives. This type of learning is not in scope of this survey.
#### International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED)
The ISCED was developed by the United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) to facilitate comparisons of education statistics and indicators within and between countries. In 2011, the second major revision of this classification was officially adopted by the UNESCO General Conference and takes into account significant changes in education systems worldwide since the previous ISCED revision in 1997. Education data were categorised from ASCED 2001 to ISCED 2011 using a concordance method. For more information, see 'Concordance between Australian Standard Classification of Education (ASCED) and International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED)', Australian Department of Education.
#### Level of Education
A function of the quality and quantity of learning involved in an educational activity. There are nine broad levels, 15 narrow levels and 64 detailed levels of education.
#### Level of highest educational attainment
Level of highest educational attainment identifies the highest achievement a person has attained in any area of formal study. It is not a measurement of the relative importance of different fields of study, but a ranking of qualifications and other educational attainments regardless of the particular area of study or the type of institution in which the study was undertaken. The derivation process determines which of the 'school' or 'non-school' attainments will be regarded as the highest. Usually the higher ranking attainment is self-evident, but in some cases some secondary education is regarded, for the purposes of obtaining a single measure, as higher than some certificate level attainments.
The following decision table shows which responses to 'highest year of school completed' and 'level of highest non-school qualification' are regarded as the highest. For example, a person's level of highest educational attainment if they completed Year 12 and a Certificate III would be 'Certificate III'. However, if the same person answered 'certificate' to the highest non-school qualification question, their level of highest educational attainment would be output as 'Level not determined'. In addition, for persons who never attended school and do not have a non-school qualification the output is 'No educational attainment'.
Decision table - Level of Highest Educational Attainment
Highest year of school completed
Level of highest non-school qualification
Cert IVCert IIICert III & IV n.f.d.Cert IICert ICert I & II n.f.d.Cert n.f.d.Inadequately described L.n.dNot Stated
Year 12Cert IVCert IIICert III & IV n.f.d.Year 12Year 12Year 12L.n.d.L.n.d.N.S.
Year 11Cert IVCert IIICert III & IV n.f.d.Year 11Year 11Year 11L.n.d.L.n.d.N.S.
Senior Sec. Education n.f.dCert IVCert IIICert III & IV n.f.d.Senior Sec. n.f.d.Senior Sec. n.f.d.Senior Sec. n.f.d.L.n.d.L.n.d.N.S.
Year 10Cert IVCert IIICert III & IV n.f.d.Year 10Year 10Year 10L.n.d.L.n.d.N.S.
Year 9 and belowCert IVCert IIICert III & IV n.f.d.Cert IICert ICert I & II n.f.d.Cert n.f.d.L.n.d.N.S.
Sec. Education n.f.dCert IVCert IIICert III & IV n.f.d.L.n.d.L.n.d.L.n.d.L.n.d.L.n.d.N.S.
Junior Sec. Education n.f.dCert IVCert IIICert III & IV n.f.d.L.n.d.L.n.d.L.n.d.L.n.d.L.n.d.N.S.
Not statedCert IVCert IIICert III & IV n.f.d.N.S.N.S.N.S.N.S.N.S.N.S.
Never attended schoolCert IVCert IIICert III & IV n.f.d.Cert IICert ICert I & II n.f.d.Cert n.f.d.L.n.d.N.S.
Cert = Certificate
L.n.d = Level not determined
n.f.d = not further defined
N.S. = Not Stated
Sec. = Secondary
For ease of interpretability, the layout of this table has been modified from Education Variables, June 2014, however the ranking of different levels of attainment has not changed.
#### Level of highest non-school qualification
A person's level of highest non-school qualification is the highest qualification a person has attained in any area of formal study other than school study. It is categorised according to the Australian Standard Classification of Education (ASCED), 2001 Level of education classification.
#### Non-contact activities
Activities that do not involve contact with a teacher or instructor, for example undertaking research or completing assignments.
#### Non-formal learning
Non-formal learning activities are structured training or courses that do not form part of an award or qualification (e.g. Degree or Certificate) recognised by the Australian Qualification Framework (AQF).
#### Non-school qualification
Non-school qualifications are awarded for educational attainments other than those of pre-primary, primary or secondary education. They include qualifications at the Postgraduate Degree level, Master Degree level, Graduate Diploma and Graduate Certificate level, Bachelor Degree level, Advanced Diploma and Diploma level, and Certificates I, II, III and IV levels. School level qualifications obtained through institutions other than primary and secondary schools (such as TAFE) are not included. Non-school qualifications may be attained concurrently with school study.
#### Not in labour force
People who were not in the categories ‘employed’ or ‘unemployed’ during the reference week.
#### Occupation
An occupation is a collection of jobs that are sufficiently similar in their title and tasks, skill level and skill specialisation. Occupation data is classified according to the Australian and New Zealand Standard Classification of Occupations (ANZSCO), 2013, Version 1.2.
#### Online instruction
Method for delivering work-related training; includes but not limited to self paced learning and training undertaken via the internet and lectures delivered by a teacher/instructor over the internet.
Refers to people who work in their own incorporated or unincorporated business with or without employees. Own business also includes contractors and subcontractors, and people contributing to a family business.
#### Part-time study
Refers to study load that is not considered full-time by the institution.
#### Personal costs
Includes any cost related to the course which were paid for by the participant and not reimbursed by a third party, for example course fees or costs for study materials.
#### Personal interest learning
Structured non-formal learning courses that do not lead to a qualification, undertaken for reasons not related to work.
#### Qualification
Formal certification, issued by a relevant approved body, in recognition that a person has achieved an appropriate level of learning outcomes or competencies relevant to identified individual, professional, industry or community needs. Statements of attainment awarded for partial completion of a course of study at a particular level are excluded.
#### Reference week
The week preceding the week in which the interview was conducted.
#### Remoteness
The Australian Statistical Geography Standard (ASGS) was used to define remoteness. The Remoteness Structure is described in detail in the publication Australian Statistical Geography Standard (ASGS): Volume 5 - Remoteness Structure, July 2016
#### School study
School study is participation in primary or secondary level education, regardless of the institution or location where the study is or was undertaken. It therefore includes such study undertaken in a Technical and Further Education (TAFE) or other institution. For the purpose of this release school study is classified as participation in formal study.
A measure of the size of business in terms of the number of employees within that business. The business size is measured as the number of employees at the physical location where the employer works as well as the size of the business Australia-wide. In this survey, the size of business is as reported by the respondent.
#### Skill level
A function of the range and complexity of the set of tasks involved in an occupation. The greater the range and complexity of the set of tasks, the greater the skill level of the occupation. For more information, see the Occupation Standard, 2018.
#### Socio-Economic Indexes for Areas (SEIFA)
Socio-Economic Indexes for Areas (SEIFA) is an ABS product that ranks areas in Australia according to relative socio-economic advantage and disadvantage. The indexes are based on information from the five-yearly Census of Population and Housing. The SEIFA indexes used in this publication were created from Census 2016 data. Each index is a summary of a different subset of Census variables and focuses on a different aspect of socio-economic advantage and disadvantage. Each index ranks geographic areas across Australia in terms of their relative socio-economic advantage and disadvantage. It is therefore likely that the same area will have different ranking on each index.
The four indexes in SEIFA 2016 are:
• Index of Education and Occupation (IEO)
• Index of Economic Resources (IER)
• Index of Relative Socio-economic Disadvantage (IRSD)
For more information, refer to Census of Population and Housing: Socio-Economic Indexes for Areas (SEIFA), Australia, 2016
#### Underemployed
Employed people aged 15 years and over who want, and are available for, more hours of work than they currently have. They comprise:
• people employed part-time who want to work more hours and are available to start work with more hours, either in the reference week or in the four weeks subsequent to the survey; or
• people employed full-time who worked part-time hours in the reference week for economic reasons (such as being stood down or insufficient work being available). It is assumed that these people wanted to work full-time in the reference week and would have been available to do so.
#### Year 12 or equivalent
'Year 12 or equivalent' includes overseas qualifications comparable to the Australian Year 12 level of schooling as well as other terms used to describe the final year of schooling in Australia, for example, 'Year 13', '6th Form', 'high school certificate' and 'matriculation'.
#### Working hours
Refers to the time when a person would usually be working.
#### Work-related training
Non-formal learning undertaken to obtain, maintain or improve employment related skills and/or to improve employment opportunities. Work-related training courses have a structured format but do not lead to a qualification.
## Abbreviations
ABS Australian Bureau of Statistics ANZSCO Australian and New Zealand Standard Classification of Occupations ANZSIC Australian and New Zealand Standard Industrial Classification AQF Australian Qualifications Framework ASCED Australian Standard Classification of Education ASGS Australian Statistical Geography Standard ERP Estimated Resident Population GCCSA Greater Capital City Statistical Areas IEO Index of Education and Occupation IER Index of Economic Resources IRSAD Index of Relative Socio-Economic Advantage and Disadvantage IRSD Index of Relative Socio-Economic Disadvantage ISCED International Standard Classification of Education ISCO International Standard Classification of Occupations ISIC International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities LFS Labour Force Survey MOE Margin of Error MPHS Multipurpose Household Survey MPS Monthly Population Survey n.f.d. not further defined NSQ non-school qualification RSE Relative Standard Error SA1 Statistical Area Level 1 SA4 Statistical Area Level 4 SACC Standard Australian Classification of Countries SE Standard Error SEIFA Socio-Economic Indexes for Areas SEW Survey of Education and Work TAFE Technical and Further Education UNESCO United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organisation WRTAL Work-Related Training and Adult Learning | 2022-05-23T18:04:36 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.3169834315776825, "perplexity": 3177.3763601196833}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662560022.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20220523163515-20220523193515-00140.warc.gz"} |
http://pdglive.lbl.gov/DataBlock.action?node=B080M&home=BXXX025 | # ${{\boldsymbol \Sigma}{(1560)}}$ MASS (PRODUCTION EXPERIMENTS) INSPIRE search
VALUE (MeV) EVTS DOCUMENT ID TECN CHG COMMENT
$\bf{ \approx1560}$ OUR ESTIMATE
$1553$ $\pm7$ 121
1978 B
HBC +- ${{\mathit K}^{-}}$ ${{\mathit p}}$ $\rightarrow$ ( ${{\mathit Y}}{{\mathit \pi}}$) ${{\mathit K}}{{\overline{\mathit K}}}$
$1572$ $\pm4$ 40
1978
SPEC +- ${{\mathit p}}$ ${{\mathit p}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \Lambda}}{{\mathit \pi}^{+}}{{\mathit \pi}^{-}}$ X
References:
DIONISI 1978B
PL 78B 154 An $\mathit I = 1$ Enhancement at a Mass of 1550 MeV in the (${{\mathit \Lambda}}{{\mathit \pi}}$) and (${{\mathit \Sigma}}{{\mathit \pi}}$) Systems
LOCKMAN 1978
Saclay DPHPE 78-01 Study of the Reaction ${{\mathit p}}$ ${{\mathit p}}$ $\rightarrow$ ${{\mathit \Lambda}}{{\mathit \pi}^{+}}{{\mathit \pi}^{-}}{{\mathit X}}$ at $\mathit E_{{\mathrm {cm}}}$ $\sqrt {s }$ = 53 and 62 ${\mathrm {GeV/}}\mathit c$ | 2019-12-14T05:27:41 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.711127519607544, "perplexity": 8607.493610347079}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540584491.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20191214042241-20191214070241-00468.warc.gz"} |
https://www.usgs.gov/center-news/volcano-watch-earthquake-reflects-instability-k-laueas-south-flank | # Volcano Watch — Earthquake reflects instability of Kīlauea's south flank
Release Date:
The earthquake that woke many Big Island residents at 5:47 a.m. on Monday, June 30, was the biggest on the island since February 1, 1994, and the largest on Kīlauea's south flank since 1989. Its magnitude (M) was about 5.3 (the exact value is still being refined), big enough to cause extensive non-structural damage in the South Hilo and Puna districts.
The earthquake that woke many Big Island residents at 5:47 a.m. on Monday, June 30, was the biggest on the island since February 1, 1994, and the largest on Kīlauea's south flank since 1989. Its magnitude (M) was about 5.3 (the exact value is still being refined), big enough to cause extensive non-structural damage in the South Hilo and Puna districts. The quake's location, about 10 km (6 miles) west of Kaimu, is near that of the M 7.2 earthquake of 1975, the M 6.5 and 6.0 quakes of 1954, and the M 6.1 shock of 1989. Its depth, about 10 km (6 miles), is typical of other large earthquakes beneath the south flank of Kīlauea but is shallower than for many quakes on the Big Island. The relatively shallow depth helps account for the notable damage in Hilo.
Taking place only 13 minutes before the transfer of Hong Kong to China, the earthquake could be taken as a Big Island contribution to the festivities. Be that as it may, what caused the earthquake? Earthquakes occur when the earth's crust is stressed to the breaking point. The stress can be relieved, and stability momentarily achieved, only by breaking rocks in the crust. Earthquakes are the signals of breaking rocks.
Several factors contribute to the buildup of stress and the overall instability of the south flank of Kīlauea. Gravity acts on the volcano, forcing it to move away from the rest of the island. The weight of the island on the old sea floor causes internal movements and readjustments. Intrusion of magma into the rift zones pushes the flank outward. Hydrothermal alteration of rocks within and south of the rift zones weakens the edifice and makes it prone to failure. Slow southward creep of hot, dense intrusive rock bulldozes the south flank outward.
All of these factors, and perhaps others, combine to make the south flank of Kīlauea one of the world's least stable and most mobile areas. Since early in this century, geodetic surveys show that parts of the coastline have moved seaward more than 10 m (30 ft). Contemporary measurements indicate rates for the past several years of as much as 10 cm (4 inches) per year. Currently the south flank is also going up, although far more slowly than it is moving outward.
In an ideal situation, with no resistance to movement and no friction, all of this motion could occur without earthquakes. Such a situation is found only in textbooks, however. In the real world, there is much resistance, and hence much seismicity, as rocks have to break in order to move. Kīlauea's south flank is very active seismically because it is moving a lot.
Monday's earthquake reflects breakage of part of the flank to accommodate the inexorable movement caused by the factors listed above. Geodetic surveys currently underway should provide tangible evidence of this movement. In the past, larger earthquakes have accompanied huge ground movements. The largest in this century was on November 29, 1975, when the coastline moved out as much as 6 m (20 ft) and down as much as 3.5 m (11 ft). It was this movement that disturbed the neighboring sea floor and caused the tsunami that killed two campers at Halape.
Last Monday's shake is a reminder of what is yet to come. Consider now if your glassware is safely stored, if that framed picture hanging over your pillow really needs to be there, and if your water heater and propane tanks are securely strapped to a solid surface. When the next M 7.2 (or larger) earthquake comes, shaking will be much stronger and the damage (including structural damage to buildings) far more serious than during the tickler of June 30.
### Volcano Activity Update
Kīlauea's east rift zone eruptive activity continued during the past week with lava production from three vents. The spatter cone within Puu Oo Crater produced flows which resurfaced and raised the crater floor. Intermittent fountains from the west flank vent have sent flows to the west and south for short distances. Other small channeled lava flows originate from a perched lava pond on the south side of Puu Oo and extend for less than 1.5 km to the south.
A magnitude 3.5 aftershock of the M 5.3 earthquake was felt by Hilo and Puna residents at 6:03 a.m. on Monday morning. | 2019-11-21T08:08:05 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.19503290951251984, "perplexity": 2961.185662236616}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496670743.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20191121074016-20191121102016-00479.warc.gz"} |
https://www.usgs.gov/center-news/volcano-watch-lava-flow-continues-quake-tremors-light | # Volcano Watch — Lava flow continues; quake tremors light
Release Date:
The eruption at the episode 51 vents on the west flank of Puu Oo continued without interruption this week. A lava pond has formed just west of the lower vent. This pond fills and overflows during periods of high-volume eruption, but most of the time flows are fed through tubes in the sides of the pond. The main flow from the pond has been toward the west.
Lava flow continues; quake tremors light
(Public domain.)
The eruption at the episode 51 vents on the west flank of Puu Oo continued without interruption this week. A lava pond has formed just west of the lower vent. This pond fills and overflows during periods of high-volume eruption, but most of the time flows are fed through tubes in the sides of the pond. The main flow from the pond has been toward the west.
A second vent, slightly farther up the side of the Puu Oo cone, has erupted intermittently during the week. When active, this vent sends a smaller surface flow toward the south. The Puu Oo cone still contains an active lava lake, about 130 feet in diameter and about 175 feet below the spillway on the east side of the cone. There are two areas within the lava lake, where active bubbling and degassing produce fountains less than 10 feet high.
Throughout the week, the amplitude of the tremor near the vent has been only low to moderate, despite fairly high eruption volumes. The lower tremor probably reflects the passivity of the vents. During the past week, the summit has deflated slightly, indicating that more magma is erupting than is being introduced to the magma reservoir from below.
At quarter to midnight on Thursday, a magnitude 3.3 earthquake about seven miles deep occurred slightly east of Waimea. Most of Kohala Volcano formed by 380,000 years ago, and the youngest lavas are about 60,000 years old, so the earthquake Thursday night was not directly or indirectly related to magma movement.
The northeast shoreline of Kohala was surrounded by an active reef until about 120,000 years ago, when it was submerged by rising sea level. Since the reef drowned, it has subsided to a depth of nearly 1,250 feet below sea level. This subsidence results from bending of the crust beneath Hawaii because of the great weight of the island. A major landslide named the Pololu landslide occurred on Kohala some time shortly after 120,000 years ago. The entire northeast half of the volcano slipped seaward between Waipio and Akoako`a Point. The indentation in the coastline defines its boundaries, and the large valleys along windward Kohala have been carved into rock disrupted by this landslide.
The landslide extends inland to the summit of Kohala and formed a series of pull-apart basins oriented northwest-southwest that were mapped many years ago as an elongate caldera. Offshore, the landslide destroyed the 120,000-year-old reef, and, after being ramped to the east by the submarine extension of the East Rift Zone of Haleakalā Volcano, rocky debris and large blocks were deposited in the Hawaiian Deep. Today, Kohala shows little evidence of its tumultuous past except for occasional small earthquakes. | 2021-04-23T11:58:53 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.3007547855377197, "perplexity": 4864.273622507678}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618039617701.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20210423101141-20210423131141-00431.warc.gz"} |
https://weeds.brisbane.qld.gov.au/weeds/signal-grass | # signal grass
Urochloa decumbens
Grass
Alternate
Simple
Green
Yellow
Green
A long-lived grass (up to 1.5 m tall) with stems usually lying close to the ground near their base and then turning upwards. Its seed-heads have several branches and these are all arranged along one side of the stem. The seed-head branches have a loose covering of long hairs and are somewhat flattened. Its oval-shaped flower spikelets are usually somewhat hairy. The tip of the stem usually extends slightly beyond the last branch of the seed-head.
Common names
Also known as: signal Grass, brachiaria, basilisk signal grass, signal grass , Surinamgrass, Surinam grass,
Family
Poaceae
Deciduous
No
Flowering time
Late Spring-early Summer
Native/Exotic
Exotic
Origin
Native to tropical eastern Africa (i.e. Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Burundi, Rwanda and Zaire).
Notifiable
No
Council declaration
Class R – Reduce populations
Known distribution
Widely naturalised in northern and eastern Australia. It is most common in the coastal districts of Queensland and northern New South Wales, but is also naturalised in the northern parts of Western Australia and in some inland parts of Queensland.
Habitat
A weed of gardens, parks, roadsides, disturbed sites, waste areas, creek-banks (i.e. riparian areas), open woodlands and plantation crops (e.g. sugar cane) in sub-tropical and tropical regions.
Habit
A long-lived (i.e. perennial) grass with stems lying close to the ground at the base and then growing upright towards the tips (i.e. decumbent or ascending). The flowering stems grow 0.5-1.5 m tall but are usually less than 1 m in height. Plants may form a loose tuft and can also spread outwards via creeping stems (i.e. stolons).
Impact and control methods
or
Signal grass (Urochloa decumbens) is regarded as an environmental weed in south-eastern Queensland, and was recently listed among the top 200 most invasive plants in this region. It vigorously colonises disturbed environments and forms dense stands in the understorey of open woodlands, along waterways and on floodplains. This species has also been observed to colonise disturbed corridors that are created for powerlines and road networks in rainforests in the Wet Tropics World Heritage Area in northern Queensland. Where signal grass (Urochloa decumbens) occurred in these corridors, it was generally observed to dominate the site.
Stem and leaves
These stems often produce roots at the lower joints (i.e. at the basal nodes) and the flowering stems (i.e. culms) lie turn upward near their ends (i.e. they are decumbent or ascending). The leaves consist of a sheath, that partially encloses the stem, and a spreading leaf blade. The leaf sheaths and stem joints (i.e. nodes) can be either hairless (i.e. glabrous) or hairy (i.e. pubescent). Where the leaf sheath meets the leaf blade there is a tiny line of hairs (i.e. a ciliated ligule). The leaf blades are narrow (i.e. broadly linear) to lance-shaped (i.e. lanceolate) with contracted bases and they taper to a point at the tip (i.e. they have acute apices). These leaf blades (5-25 cm long and 7-20 mm wide) can be hairless (i.e. glabrous) or have a few long, soft, hairs with wart-like bases (i.e. tuberculose hairs). The leaf margins are entire and the leaves are usually pale green or yellowish green when growing in a sunny position.
Flowers and fruits
The seed-heads (i.e. inflorescences) consist of 2-7 branchlets (i.e. racemes) that are arranged at the top of a stem (i.e. culm) reaching up to 1.5 m high. Each of the seed-head branches (i.e. racemes) is 1-6 cm long and bears numerous small flower spikelets in two rows. The seed-head branches themselves are somewhat flattened and usually have a loose covering of long hairs, and so do the flower spikelets. The main flower stalk usually extends slightly beyond the last seed-head branch (i.e. raceme). The flower spikelets (4-5 mm long) are oval (i.e. elliptic) in shape and consist of two greenish bracts (i.e. glumes) and two tiny flowers (i.e. florets). One of these florets only has male flower parts and does not produce a seed (i.e. it is sterile), while the other floret has both male and female flower parts (i.e. it is fertile). Each floret has two pale green or whitish bracts (i.e. a palea and a lemma) and three yellow stamens, and the fertile floret also has an ovary topped with a feathery two-branched stigma. The seeds (i.e. grains or caryopses) are shaped like a tear-drop and remain hidden inside the flower spikelet. The flower spikelets turn brown or straw-coloured as they mature and are intact leaving only the bare branches behind on the seed-head (which often become somewhat curled).
Reproduction and dispersal
This species reproduces by seed and also vegetatively via its creeping stems (i.e. stolons). The seeds may be dispersed by water and animals, and in contaminated agricultural produce (e.g. pasture seeds).
Similar species | 2021-06-23T06:24:00 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8108454346656799, "perplexity": 12669.803877549619}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623488534413.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20210623042426-20210623072426-00458.warc.gz"} |
https://malegislature.gov/Laws/GeneralLaws/PartI/TitleXXI/Chapter149A/Section11 | General Laws
Section 11 Definition of terms from other laws
Section 11. For purposes of sections 1 to 10, inclusive of this chapter, the following terms as they may appear in other statutory provisions referred to in this chapter shall have the following meanings:
“Awarding authority”, “contracting authority”, “contracting body”, or “public body”, a public agency.
“General contractor”, “contractor”, or “contractor principal”, a construction management at risk firm.
“Subcontractor”, a subcontractor and trade contractor except that the term “subcontractor” in subsection (3) of section 39F of chapter 30 shall mean a trade contractor pursuant to subsection (a) and a subcontractor pursuant to subsection (j) of section 8. | 2015-07-05T13:48:28 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8743745684623718, "perplexity": 7303.948517150231}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375097475.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031817-00091-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
http://dlmf.nist.gov/19.22 | ## §19.22(i) Complete Integrals
### ¶ Bartky’s Transformation
If , then (19.22.7) reduces to (19.22.3), but if or , then both sides of (19.22.4) are 0 by (19.20.9). If or , then and are complex conjugates.
## §19.22(ii) Gauss’s Arithmetic-Geometric Mean (AGM)
The AGM, , of two positive numbers and is defined in §19.8(i). Again, we assume that (except in (19.22.10)), and define . Then
and
where
19.22.11
has the same sign as for .
where and
19.22.13
(If , then and (19.22.13) reduces to (19.22.11).) As , and converge quadratically to and 0, respectively, and converges to 0 faster than quadratically. If the last variable of is negative, then the Cauchy principal value is
and (19.22.13) still applies, provided that
19.22.15
## §19.22(iii) Incomplete Integrals
Let , , and have positive real parts, assume , and retain (19.22.5) and (19.22.6). Define
19.22.16
so that
19.22.17
Then
If are real and positive, then (19.22.18)–(19.22.21) are ascending Landen transformations when (implying ), and descending Gauss transformations when (implying ). Ascent and descent correspond respectively to increase and decrease of in Legendre’s notation. Descending Gauss transformations include, as special cases, transformations of complete integrals into complete integrals; ascending Landen transformations do not.
If or , then (19.22.20) reduces to by (19.20.13), and if or then (19.22.19) reduces to by (19.20.20) and (19.22.22). If or , then and are complex conjugates. However, if and are complex conjugates and and are real, then the right-hand sides of all transformations in §§19.22(i) and 19.22(iii)—except (19.22.3) and (19.22.22)—are free of complex numbers and .
The transformations inverse to the ones just described are the descending Landen transformations and the ascending Gauss transformations. The equations inverse to (19.22.5) and (19.22.16) are given by
19.22.23
and the corresponding equations with , , and replaced by , , and , respectively. These relations need to be used with caution because is negative when . | 2013-05-24T06:17:11 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9837579131126404, "perplexity": 3678.3262093253134}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368704234586/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516113714-00007-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://pos.sissa.it/430/400/ | Volume 430 - The 39th International Symposium on Lattice Field Theory (LATTICE2022) - Vacuum Structure, Confinement, and Chiral Symmetry
Topological susceptibility, scale setting and universality from $Sp(N_c)$ gauge theories
D. Vadacchino*, E. Bennett, C.J.D. Lin, D.K. Hong, J.W. Lee, B. Lucini and M. Piai
Full text: Not available
Abstract
In this contribution, we report on our study of the properties of the Wilson flow and on the calculation of the topological susceptibility of $Sp(N_c)$ gauge theories for $N_c= 2$, $4$, $6$, $8$. The Wilson flow is shown to scale according to the quadratic Casimir operator of the gauge group, as was already observed for $SU(N_c)$, and the commonly used scales $t_0$ and $w_0$ are obtained for a large interval of the inverse coupling for each probed value of $N_c$. The continuum limit of the topological susceptibility is computed and it is conjectured that it scales with the dimension of the group. Our estimates of the topological susceptibility and the measurements performed in the $SU(N_c)$ Yang-Mills theories by several independent collaborations allow us to test this conjecture and to obtain the universal large-$N_c$ limit of the rescaled topological susceptibility.
How to cite
Metadata are provided both in "article" format (very similar to INSPIRE) as this helps creating very compact bibliographies which can be beneficial to authors and readers, and in "proceeding" format which is more detailed and complete.
Open Access
Copyright owned by the author(s) under the term of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. | 2022-11-26T18:53:10 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 2, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.5689337253570557, "perplexity": 548.5037935197203}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446708046.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20221126180719-20221126210719-00688.warc.gz"} |
https://www.pnnl.gov/explainer-articles/maritime-decarbonization | # Maritime Decarbonization
## What is Maritime Decarbonization?
As global temperatures continue to rise due to increased concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHGs), various sectors and industries are pulling together to rethink business-as-usual. One crucial strategy among them you may have heard about: decarbonization.
Decarbonization is the process of reducing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions to achieve a lower output of GHGs into the atmosphere. It involves the adoption of sustainable low-carbon power and fuel sources. Numerous sectors are grappling with how to decarbonize quickly and the maritime industry is no exception. With such a foundational role in global trade and supply chains, maritime decarbonization is critical to decarbonizing the global economy as a whole.
Annually, large transport and cargo ships transport $4 trillion worth of goods across our seas—everything from food and clothing to building supplies, medicine, and more. Mammoth container ships can stretch the length of five city blocks and carry more than 20,000 containers each. Collectively, they transport approximately 80% of global trade by volume. Along the way, these ships emit more than one billion tons of GHG emissions into the atmosphere, or nearly 3% of emissions worldwide. Under business-as-usual scenarios, emissions are expected to rise through the next several decades. In 2018, the International Maritime Organization (IMO), an international agency responsible for regulating shipping, set an ambitious goal—to cut GHG emissions by at least 50% by the year 2050, relative to a 2008 baseline. Hitting this target will require a shift away from the petroleum-based fuels like diesel and heavy fuel oil that are the industry standard today. New fuels and energy efficiency measures must be adopted. Swift action and coordination among multiple stakeholders across the maritime industry, government, and research and academic institutions is required to successfully navigate this one-in-a-century energy transition. ## A Brief History of Maritime Decarbonization The challenge ahead for the shipping industry may seem formidable now, but history is riddled with examples of how the maritime industry has navigated major transitional periods of the past. Cargo ships harvested wind energy to power their sails until about the 19th century, when they began to be replaced by faster steamships. The next major transition wasn’t until the latter half of the second century when motor ships using internal combustion engines became the predominant commercial vessels of choice. Ironically, it was around this same time that scientists began sounding the alarm about the increasing evidence of the warming effect of GHGs in the atmosphere. Heavy fuel oil has been the dominant fuel in the industry since the 1960s due to its low cost, energy density, and widespread availability. This thick, tar-like substance is a residual fuel that is left over from refinement of other lighter distillate fuels and often contains heavy metals and other compounds that lead to harmful air pollution when used for combustion. Heavy fuel oil’s dominance in the maritime industry may be starting to wan, however. Industry regulators and ship operators are beginning to recognize the only viable future is one in which low-carbon fuels are the dominant choice. Alternative fuels are just one of several pathways for maritime decarbonization—other possible pathways include electrification and energy efficiency. Each will have a role to play in the maritime energy transition. ## Charting a Course Towards Maritime Decarbonization Decarbonizing the maritime industry is necessary for our planet and human health, and would even benefit our global economy. Some of the most obvious advantages of a greener maritime future include the following. • Cleaner air: Cargo ships that use heavy oil fuel emit sulfur dioxide as a byproduct, a toxic pollutant linked to acid rain, respiratory illness, and premature morbidity and mortality rates. That’s in addition to the carbon dioxide and methane they exhale, gases which trap heat in the atmosphere and accelerate the impacts of climate change. Transitioning to cleaner fuels could significantly reduce air pollution caused from maritime transportation overall. • Cleaner water: To meet international regulations around allowable sulfur content, some ship owners have opted to install exhaust gas cleaning systems, or scrubbers, that remove excess sulfur oxides (SOx) from the exhaust gas before releasing it into the atmosphere. These exhaust gas cleaning systems often use seawater to remove sulfur which is discharged back into the ocean, leading to pollution in marine environments. Nitrogen oxide (NOx) is another known pollutant emitted by ships that’s responsible for toxic algal blooms in coastal waters and inland lakes. Scrubber discharge water and NOx pollution could both be reduced or eliminated entirely with the use of cleaner alternative fuels. • Economic development: Many developing countries boast large renewable energy resources representing an estimated$1 trillion future fuel market that is still largely untapped. This represents an immense opportunity to bolster these countries’ industrial infrastructure and modernize their energy systems while significantly lowering the environmental impacts of our transportation systems worldwide.
Left unchecked, the IMO estimates that maritime emissions will grow to between 90% and 130% of 2008 levels by 2050. Changing now could help mitigate some of the more disastrous effects of continuing to rely on heavy oil fuel while providing a boost to the global economy.
Our Maritime Decarbonization Options
While energy efficiency is certainly important when designing vessels of the future, fully decarbonizing will depend on developing new fuel pathways, as well. A few potential solutions represent the most feasible and promising path forward.
• Electrification: There are various ways to electrify vessel operations. Diesel-electric engines, electric generators, and large motors have all been used for decades. Plug-in hybrids that use a combination of batteries, engines, and electric motors are gaining popularity for use in cars, as well as ships. Finally, all-electric ships rely entirely on batteries and motors to power the vessel over the course of its journey, stopping to recharge at ports when needed.
Potential: Electrified vessels save fuel, and electricity is much cheaper than oil, leading analysts to predict that sales of fully electric and hybrid ships will increase in the next several decades.
Limitations: Right now, electrification is a viable option for shorter voyages only, but batteries are still not efficient enough or light enough for ships that must sail long distances. Additionally, ports still need suitable charging infrastructure put in place.
• Hydrogen-based fuels: Hydrogen can be produced through water electrolysis, ideally using renewable energy, or through steam methane reforming of natural gas (the most common method used today). Hydrogen can be further processed along with nitrogen to synthesize ammonia into another potential fuel.
Potential: Often cited as one of the most promising solutions for shipping companies looking to meet the IMO target, these fuels are clean, scalable, and potentially cost-effective.
Limitations: The primary limitations to incorporating these fuels are cost, availability, and safety concerns. Fuel cell systems for ships are under development and will take some time to reach a level of maturity necessary to replace main engines. Fuel producers also need to see legitimate demand before investing in widescale production. Additionally, the price of electrolysis can be quite expensive and so can installing enough fuel cells to power a ship. Last, safety concerns will need to be addressed regarding handling combustible hydrogen on docks or aboard vessels.
• Biofuels: Derived from biogenic feedstock such as plants, agricultural waste, municipal solid waste, or algae, biofuels include a variety of fuels and fuel blends including hydrogenated vegetable oil, straight vegetable oil, biomethanol, biodiesel, and more. They do emit CO2 when burned in an internal combustion engine, but some also extract CO2 from the atmosphere during their production. They are biodegradable and sulfur free, and many are labeled as net-zero.
Potential: Some marine-grade biofuels can be used as drop-in replacements for more traditional fuels used in conventional internal combustion engines. Various grades and blends of biofuels could be combined and used in engines already certified for operation with biodiesel or biodiesel blends. This would save on the costs of retrofitting and could be a huge step toward a cleaner maritime future.
Limitations: There is still a glaring need to scale production and develop biofuel supply chains to be viable for widescale adoption. Additionally, biofuels are more expensive than fossil fuels and likely to remain so until widespread adoption, environmental regulation, and/or consumer demand drive costs down.
• Liquified natural gas (LNG): Natural gas occurs naturally or can be produced through a variety of production pathways. It is predominantly composed of methane, a potent GHG. When natural gas is cooled to cryogenic temperatures, it changes from a gas to a liquid, making it more practical to store and transport in large volumes.
Potential: LNG is both abundant and relatively affordable. Additionally, it is significantly less toxic than diesel and can be used in hybrid vessels.
Limitations: Unfortunately, despite its potential, its primary component is methane, which is approximately 30 times more potent at trapping heat in the atmosphere than carbon dioxide. Thus, while it can offer temporary solutions during the energy transition, it is considered by most to not be viable in the long-term solution.
Long-term change won’t happen overnight, but with continued investment and the help of early adopters, it’s possible that within a decade or two the maritime industry could be powered primarily through a mix of hydrogen-based fuels, biofuels, and batteries charged with renewable energy.
Barriers to Maritime Decarbonization
Despite widespread agreement on the need to decarbonize, three main barriers still stand in the way of keeping pace with the desired IMO timeline.
• Regulatory uncertainty: Emissions reduction regulations and incentives are currently inconsistent across states, regions, or countries. Without clear and consistent regulations in place, the private sector faces uncertainty and little incentive to make sweeping and costly changes to their operations.
• Availability and affordability of zero-carbon fuel and vessels: Zero-carbon fuels and technologies currently aren’t available at the size, scale, or price the shipping industry needs for widescale adoption. Manufacturers need a certain level of demand from major shippers to make large-scale manufacture economically viable. But ship owners can’t commit to alternative fuels until there is sufficient production to meet demand.
• Slow to innovate: The maritime value chain is long and includes stakeholders such as ship owners and operators, port owners, terminal operators, ship chandlers, fuel providers, regulators, and more. This fragmentation slows the rate of adoption for new fuels and technologies.
These challenges are not insurmountable. As confidence in the feasibility of different technologies being used in real-world operations grows, it will help lay the groundwork for deployment at scale.
## The Next Wave in Maritime Innovation
To meet the IMO’s goals, commercially viable, zero-emissions vessels must start entering the global fleet by the 2030s and be radically scaled throughout the 2030s and 2040s. Already, we’re beginning to see some hints of what the future of shipping may have in store. Norway has already electrified portions of its ferry fleet and even demonstrated electrification of its cargo vessels, for instance. Across the globe, ports are moving toward a zero-emission operational water front. In the Pacific Northwest, Washington State has plans to electrify its ferry fleet and the NW Seaport Alliance has established goals to become carbon neutral by 2030.
### Getting Shipping Giants on Board
In March 2021, Maersk, the world’s biggest shipping company, pledged to launch the first carbon-neutral vessel by 2023 and have stated it will launch its first zero-carbon emissions vessel by 2030. Already, they have invested an impressive \$1.4 billion in ships run on carbon-neutral methanol and have ordered approximately 10 ships capable of running on e-methanol.
Another international shipping company, Compagnie Maritime Belge, made headlines in 2017 when it launched the Hydroville, the first sea vessel to burn hydrogen in a diesel engine. Since then, they have continued to position themselves as early adopters by introducing several other hydrogen-powered boats and even building their own maritime refueling station for hydrogen cars, buses, and ships, including an electrolyzer that can produce its own hydrogen, in the Antwerp port.
### Harnessing Wind and Waves
Teams of researchers are also exploring how the air and water we’re trying to protect could potentially become a solution. In Costa Rica, a team is building the world’s largest clean cargo ship, called Ceiba. Ceiba will be powered by a combination of masts that capture the energy of the wind, solar panels that capture the energy of the sun, underwater turbines, and a uniquely designed electric engine and batteries. When traveling, Ceiba will rely on sails and underwater turbines designed to capture excess energy. The electricity, along with power generated by the solar panels, will be stored in a battery that can be used to drive the ship. The regenerative engine is entirely electric and doesn’t use diesel as a backup.
In the Philippines, a hybrid trimaran is using a wave energy converter that turns kinetic energy into electricity that cuts down on diesel fuel. In an article on the ship published by the BBC, Rob Cavagnaro, a mechanical engineer at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory in Sequim, WA, was asked to comment on the project as a subject matter expert. While the trimaran is still a prototype at this point, it could pave the way for subsequent versions that use wave energy to help ships' engines generate more power or even fuel vessels entirely.
## All Hands-On Deck: A Collaborative Effort
Of course, the maritime industry is more than just ships and fuel. More broadly, it represents the vast international networks of ports, distributors, shippers, regulators, researchers, technology developers, and local communities that make the global economy turn. A transition of this magnitude requires a massive, coordinated effort from all involved.
As an essential conduit in our innovation ecosystem, national laboratories are uniquely positioned to help make the connections that drive technological development and deployment, environmental justice initiatives, and place-based innovation forward.
### Partnerships
• Created by the Department of Energy's (DOE’s) Water Power Technologies Office, the Powering the Blue Economy Initiative is designed to accelerate growth in the blue economy by leveraging the power and promise of the oceans to meet the power requirements of maritime markets. In the blue economy, marine transportation is a fundamental sector that other sectors rely on.
• Washington Maritime BLUE is a unique public/private alliance that brings together various maritime stakeholders—industry, government, Tribes, research universities, and nongovernmental organizations—to advance the common goal of creating a future where economic development, thriving coastal communities, and healthy ecosystems are interdependent. Drawing on the expertise of related but separate industries and the rich economic and natural ecosystems of Washington State, they are exploring novel methods of deriving hydrogen from renewable resources and working with local ports to support updated infrastructure to accommodate a shift toward electrification and cleaner operations. Their goal is to make Washington State home to the most sustainable maritime industry in the world by 2050.
• Separately, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) is working with regional and state partners such as the Port of Seattle, Port of Tacoma, Port of Port Angeles, Seattle City Light, and others to determine how to integrate cutting-edge sustainable energy technologies into existing operations and whether ports will need updated infrastructure to support new electrical loads. These collaborations will be especially relevant as Washington State ferries, the second largest fleet in the world and the single largest state government user of diesel fuel, works toward a fully hybridized fleet by 2040.
### Research Highlights
Ports are beginning to diversify their energy sources and become electricity producers rather than just consumers of a single energy source, and there are several PNNL projects that could help speed this transition.
• Offshore wind turbines could support maritime electrification in addition to allowing ports to produce their own hydrogen through water electrolysis, potentially using seawater.
• Wave energy also holds promise to help separate oxygen and hydrogen through technologies such as wave energy converters so hydrogen can be used as an energy source. Researchers at PNNL’s Marine and Coastal Research Laboratory are exploring these areas and more to learn how to harness renewable fuel from the ocean.
• Funding from DOE’s Office of Electricity is allowing PNNL researchers to advance the development and deployment of microgrids, relatively small electrical networks that include power generation and storage assets that provide continued access to power even when the electrical grid is down. They can bolster port energy resilience and security, assuring that the port’s critical infrastructure can operate during emergencies. It also helps with managing increased electrical loads due to vessel charging or cold ironing vessels, which is the process of connecting shoreside electrical power to a ship when its engines are turned off.
• DOE’s Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technologies Office manages PNNL’s fuel cell research, which is currently investigating new ways to produce and store hydrogen while lowering capital costs. In addition, PNNL continues to be a national leader in fuel cell and electrolyzer technologies.
• A world leader in catalysis sciences, PNNL is leveraging its multidisciplinary expertise to advance biofuel research in addition to forming partnerships with other national labs and industry to boost production capabilities.
• PNNL’s research on lighter materials, waste heat recovery systems, and the prevention of biofouling (an undesirable accumulation of biofilms that can impede fuel efficiency) could all speed up the design, development, and deployment of more energy-efficient ships.
For researchers looking to collaborate, both Tethys and Tethys Engineering are virtual collaboration spaces that include access to databases and knowledge hubs related to marine energy. | 2022-09-26T00:21:04 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.24300187826156616, "perplexity": 4755.460785654705}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030334620.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20220925225000-20220926015000-00254.warc.gz"} |
https://phys.libretexts.org/Courses/Joliet_Junior_College/Physics_201_-_Fall_2019v2/Book%3A_Custom_Physics_textbook_for_JJC/10%3A_Static_Equilibrium%2C_Elasticity%2C_and_Torque/10.01%3A_Prelude_to_Static_Equilibrium_and_Elasticity | $$\require{cancel}$$
# 10.1: Prelude to Static Equilibrium and Elasticity
In earlier chapters, you learned about forces and Newton’s laws for translational motion. You then studied torques and the rotational motion of a body about a fixed axis of rotation. You also learned that static equilibrium means no motion at all and that dynamic equilibrium means motion without acceleration.
In this chapter, we combine the conditions for static translational equilibrium and static rotational equilibrium to describe situations typical for any kind of construction. What type of cable will support a suspension bridge? What type of foundation will support an office building? Will this prosthetic arm function correctly? These are examples of questions that contemporary engineers must be able to answer.
The elastic properties of materials are especially important in engineering applications, including bioengineering. For example, materials that can stretch or compress and then return to their original form or position make good shock absorbers. In this chapter, you will learn about some applications that combine equilibrium with elasticity to construct real structures that last.
## Contributors
• Samuel J. Ling (Truman State University), Jeff Sanny (Loyola Marymount University), and Bill Moebs with many contributing authors. This work is licensed by OpenStax University Physics under a Creative Commons Attribution License (by 4.0). | 2019-12-14T21:45:17 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.44056326150894165, "perplexity": 1456.3720450082951}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 5, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575541294513.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20191214202754-20191214230754-00194.warc.gz"} |
https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10352580-pictoris-hill-sphere-transit-campaign-photometric-limits-dust-rings | The β Pictoris b Hill sphere transit campaign: I. Photometric limits to dust and rings
Aims. Photometric monitoring of β Pic in 1981 showed anomalous fluctuations of up to 4% over several days, consistent with foreground material transiting the stellar disk. The subsequent discovery of the gas giant planet β Pic b and the predicted transit of its Hill sphere to within a 0.1 au projected separation of the planet provided an opportunity to search for the transit of a circumplanetary disk (CPD) in this 21 ± 4 Myr-old planetary system. We aim to detect, or put an upper limit on, the density and nature of the material in the circumplanetary environment of the planet via the continuous photometric monitoring of the Hill sphere transit that occurred in 2017 and 2018. Methods. Continuous broadband photometric monitoring of β Pic requires ground-based observatories at multiple longitudes to provide redundancy and to provide triggers for rapid spectroscopic follow-up. These include the dedicated β Pic monitoring bRing observatories in Sutherland and Siding Springs, the ASTEP400 telescope at Concordia, and the space observatories BRITE and the Hubble Space Telescope (HST). We search the combined light curves for evidence of short-period transient events caused by rings as well as for longer-term photometric variability due to diffuse circumplanetary material. Results. We more »
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Astronomy & Astrophysics
Volume:
648
Page Range or eLocation-ID:
A15
ISSN:
0004-6361
51 Eri b is one of the only young planets consistent with a wide range of possible initial entropy states, including the cold-start scenario associated with some models of planet formation by core accretion. The most direct way to constrain the initial entropy of a planet is by measuring its luminosity and mass at a sufficiently young age that the initial conditions still matter. We present the tightest upper limit on 51 Eri b’s mass yet (M < 11 MJup at 2σ) using a cross-calibration of Hipparcos and Gaia EDR3 astrometry and the orbit-fitting code orvara. We also reassess its luminosity using a direct, photometric approach, finding $\log (\rm{L_{\rm bol}}/\rm{\mathrm{L}_{\odot }}) = -5.5\pm 0.2$ dex. Combining this luminosity with the 24 ± 3 Myr age of the β Pic moving group, of which 51 Eri is a member, we derive mass distributions from a grid of evolutionary models that spans a wide range of initial entropies. We find that 51 Eri b is inconsistent with the coldest-start scenarios, requiring an initial entropy of >8 kB baryon−1 at 97 per cent confidence. This result represents the first observational constraint on the initial entropy of a potentially cold-start planet, and it continues the trend of dynamical masses for directly imaged planets pointing to warm- or hot-start formation scenarios. | 2023-01-27T11:15:37 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.651263415813446, "perplexity": 3178.3292074269557}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764494976.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20230127101040-20230127131040-00357.warc.gz"} |
https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10206897-debiasing-distributed-second-order-optimization-surrogate-sketching-scaled-regularization | Debiasing Distributed Second Order Optimization with Surrogate Sketching and Scaled Regularization
In distributed second order optimization, a standard strategy is to average many local estimates, each of which is based on a small sketch or batch of the data. However, the local estimates on each machine are typically biased, relative to the full solution on all of the data, and this can limit the effectiveness of averaging. Here, we introduce a new technique for debiasing the local estimates, which leads to both theoretical and empirical improvements in the convergence rate of distributed second order methods. Our technique has two novel components: (1) modifying standard sketching techniques to obtain what we call a surrogate sketch; and (2) carefully scaling the global regularization parameter for local computations. Our surrogate sketches are based on determinantal point processes, a family of distributions for which the bias of an estimate of the inverse Hessian can be computed exactly. Based on this computation, we show that when the objective being minimized is l2-regularized with parameter ! and individual machines are each given a sketch of size m, then to eliminate the bias, local estimates should be computed using a shrunk regularization parameter given by (See PDF), where d(See PDF) is the (See PDF)-effective dimension of the Hessian (or, for quadratic problems, the data matrix).
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10206897
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Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems | 2023-02-03T07:56:06 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8245329260826111, "perplexity": 807.2565935637532}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500044.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20230203055519-20230203085519-00869.warc.gz"} |
https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10293823-radiative-double-electron-capture-fully-stripped-one-electron-ions-gas-thin-foil-targets | This content will become publicly available on September 1, 2022
Radiative double-electron capture by fully stripped and one-electron ions in gas and thin-foil targets
Radiative double-electron capture (RDEC), in which two-electron capture is accompanied by simultaneousemission of a single photon, was investigated for fully stripped and one-electron projectiles colliding withgaseous and thin-foil targets. RDEC can be considered the inverse of double photoionization by a single photon.For the gaseous targets, measurements were done for 2.11 MeV/uF9+and F8+ions interacting with N2and Ne,while for the thin-foil target the measurements were done for 2.11 MeV/uF9+and F8+and 2.19 MeV/uO8+andO7+ions striking thin C targets. Reports on this work were already published separately in shorter accounts by LaMantiaet al.[Phys. Rev. Lett.124, 133401 (2020)for the gas targets andPhys.Rev.A102, 060801(R) (2020)forthe thin-foil targets]. The gas targets were studied under single-collision conditions, while the foil targets sufferedunavoidable multiple collisions. The measurements were carried out by detecting x-ray emission from the targetat 90◦to the beam direction in coincidence with outgoing ions undergoing double, single, and, in the caseof the foil targets, no charge change inside the target. Striking differences between the gaseous and foil targetswere found from these measurements, with RDEC for the gaseous targets occurring only in coincidence with q-2outgoing projectiles as expected, while RDEC for the foil targets was seen in each of the outgoing q-2, q-1, and nocharge-change states. The no charge-change more »
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10293823
Journal Name:
Physical review
Volume:
104
ISSN:
1550-2368
2. Abstract The quest for making a triplet positronium (Ps) Bose–Einstein condensate confined in a micron-sized cavity in a material such as porous silica faces at least three interrelated problems: (1) About $$10^7$$ 10 7 spin polarized Ps atoms must be injected into a small cavity within a porous solid material without vaporizing it. (2) It is known that Ps atoms confined in 30–100 nm diameter cavities in porous silica do not remain in the gas phase, but become stuck to the cavity walls at room temperature (Cooper et al., Phys. Rev. B 97:205302, 2018). (3) Cooling a gas of Ps atomsmore » | 2022-08-11T18:56:13 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.5730001926422119, "perplexity": 6741.016562115241}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571483.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811164257-20220811194257-00214.warc.gz"} |
http://xxx.lanl.gov/abs/astro-ph/9508154 | astro-ph
(what is this?)
# Title: Minkowski Functionals in Cosmology
Abstract: Minkowski functionals provide a novel tool to characterize the large-scale galaxy distribution in the Universe. Here we give a brief tutorial on the basic features of these morphological measures and indicate their practical application for simulation data and galaxy redshift catalogues as examples.
Comments: 9 pages, uuencoded gzipped ps-file, 300 kByte Proc. International School of Physics Enrico Fermi'', Course CXXXII: Dark Matter in the Universe, Varenna 1995, eds.: S. Bonometto, J. Primack, A. Provenzale, IOP, to appear; Corrected typing error in the last formula. Now it reads: \frac{M_{\mu-\nu}(D)}{M_0(D)} ^^^^ on the right side of the equation under the sum Subjects: Astrophysics (astro-ph) Journal reference: IOP Press Amsterdam (1996) 281-291 Cite as: arXiv:astro-ph/9508154 (or arXiv:astro-ph/9508154v2 for this version)
## Submission history
From: Thomas Buchert [view email]
[v1] Thu, 31 Aug 1995 17:02:16 GMT (0kb,I)
[v2] Thu, 5 Oct 1995 11:49:50 GMT (208kb) | 2014-04-24T00:22:09 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.32982173562049866, "perplexity": 12172.711853447032}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223203841.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032003-00117-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://pages.nist.gov/feasst/plugin/system/doc/VisitModelIntra.html | # VisitModelIntra¶
class VisitModelIntra : public feasst::VisitModel
Intra-particle interactions are computed here. this does not include bonded interaction energies, but “inter”-like models such as lennard jones but between sites in the same particle (e.g., long chains).
Public Functions
VisitModelIntra(const argtype &args = argtype())
args:
• cutoff: ignore the interaction between a pair of sites when the difference between their indices, |i-j| <= cutoff (integer, default: -1). | 2021-03-05T07:40:55 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.29958203434944153, "perplexity": 9893.556246830069}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178370239.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20210305060756-20210305090756-00344.warc.gz"} |
https://www.ctcms.nist.gov/potentials/atomman/atomman.defect.Dislocation.html | # Dislocation
class atomman.defect.Dislocation(ucell: System, C: ElasticConstants, burgers: Union[int, float, complex, str, bytes, generic, Sequence[Union[int, float, complex, str, bytes, generic]], Sequence[Sequence[Any]], _SupportsArray], ξ_uvw: Union[int, float, complex, str, bytes, generic, Sequence[Union[int, float, complex, str, bytes, generic]], Sequence[Sequence[Any]], _SupportsArray], slip_hkl: Union[int, float, complex, str, bytes, generic, Sequence[Union[int, float, complex, str, bytes, generic]], Sequence[Sequence[Any]], _SupportsArray], m: Optional[Union[int, float, complex, str, bytes, generic, Sequence[Union[int, float, complex, str, bytes, generic]], Sequence[Sequence[Any]], _SupportsArray]] = [0, 1, 0], n: Optional[Union[int, float, complex, str, bytes, generic, Sequence[Union[int, float, complex, str, bytes, generic]], Sequence[Sequence[Any]], _SupportsArray]] = [0, 0, 1], shift: Optional[Union[int, float, complex, str, bytes, generic, Sequence[Union[int, float, complex, str, bytes, generic]], Sequence[Sequence[Any]], _SupportsArray]] = None, shiftindex: = None, shiftscale: = None, tol: float = 1e-08)
Bases: object
array_boundary(box: Box, width: float)
Constructs a shape associated with the boundary regions used by the periodicarray() generation method. The returned shape will encompass all atoms except those within width distance of the non-periodic surface.
Parameters:
• box (atomman.Box) – The box associated with the full (base) system.
• width (float) – The width of the boundary region
Returns:
The Shape object excluding the boundary region
Return type:
atomman.region.PlaneSet
property base_system: System
The “perfect crystal” reference system associated with the dislocation system
Type:
atomman.System
box_boundary(box: Box, width: float)
Constructs a shape associated with the box-style boundary region. Used by the monopole() generation method. The returned shape will encompass all atoms except those within width distance of the two non-periodic surfaces.
Parameters:
• box (atomman.Box) – The box associated with the full (base) system.
• width (float) – The width of the boundary region
Returns:
The Shape object excluding the boundary region
Return type:
atomman.region.PlaneSet
property cutindex: int
0=a, 1=b, 2=c
Type:
int
Type:
The index of the box vector that is not within the slip plane
cylinder_boundary(box: Box, width: float)
Constructs a shape associated with the cylinder-style boundary region. Used by the monopole() generation method. The returned shape will encompass a cylinder of atoms centered around the dislocation line leaving a boundary region that will be at least width wide everywhere.
Parameters:
• box (atomman.Box) – The box associated with the full (base) system.
• width (float) – The minimum width of the boundary region.
Returns:
The Shape object excluding the boundary region
Return type:
atomman.region.Cylinder
property disl_system: System
The generated dislocation system
Type:
atomman.System
The elastic dislocation solution
Type:
classmethod fromref(ucell: System, C: ElasticConstants, model: Union[str, IOBase, DataModelDict], tol: float = 1e-08)
Initializes a Dislocation object based on pre-defined dislocation parameters from a reference record.
Parameters:
• ucell (atomman.System) – The unit cell to use as the seed for generating the dislocation monopole system.
• C (atomman.ElasticConstants) – The elastic constants associated with the bulk crystal structure for ucell.
• model (str, file-like object or DataModelDict) – The reference record containing dislocation parameters to use.
• tol (float) – A cutoff tolerance used with obtaining the dislocation solution. Only needs to be changed if there are issues with obtaining a solution.
property lineindex: int
0=a, 1=b, 2=c
Type:
int
Type:
The index of the box vector that coincides with the dislocation line
monopole(sizemults: = None, amin: float = 0.0, bmin: float = 0.0, cmin: float = 0.0, shift: Optional[Union[int, float, complex, str, bytes, generic, Sequence[Union[int, float, complex, str, bytes, generic]], Sequence[Sequence[Any]], _SupportsArray]] = None, shiftindex: = None, shiftscale: bool = False, boundaryshape: str = 'cylinder', boundarywidth: float = 0.0, boundaryscale: bool = False, return_base_system: bool = False)
Constructs a dislocation monopole atomic configuration containing a single perfectly straight dislocation. The resulting system will be periodic along the box vector direction that corresponds to the dislocation’s line direction, and non-periodic in the other two box vector directions. Boundary atoms near the two free surfaces will be identified by changing their atype values making it easy to identify them later for assigning different boundary conditions.
Parameters:
• sizemults (tuple, optional) – The size multipliers to use when generating the system. Values are limited to being positive integers. The multipliers for the two non-periodic directions must be even. If not given, the default multipliers will be 2 for the non-periodic directions and 1 for the periodic direction.
• amin (float, optional) – A minimum thickness to use for the a box vector direction of the final system. Default value is 0.0. For the non-periodic directions, the resulting vector multiplier will be even. If both amin and sizemults is given, then the larger multiplier for the two will be used.
• bmin (float, optional) – A minimum thickness to use for the b box vector direction of the final system. Default value is 0.0. For the non-periodic directions, the resulting vector multiplier will be even. If both bmin and sizemults is given, then the larger multiplier for the two will be used.
• cmin (float, optional) – A minimum thickness to use for the c box vector direction of the final system. Default value is 0.0. For the non-periodic directions, the resulting vector multiplier will be even. If both cmin and sizemults is given, then the larger multiplier for the two will be used.
• shift (array-like object, optional) – A rigid body shift to apply to the rotated cell prior to inserting the dislocation. Should be selected such that the ideal slip plane does not correspond to any atomic planes. Is taken as absolute if shiftscale is False, or relative to the rotated cell’s box vectors if shiftscale is True. Cannot be given with shiftindex. If neither shift nor shiftindex is given will use the shift set during class initialization.
• shiftindex (float, optional) – The index of the identified optimum shifts based on the rotated cell to use. Different values allow for the selection of different atomic planes neighboring the slip plane. Note that shiftindex values only apply shifts normal to the slip plane; best shifts for non-planar dislocations (like bcc screw) may also need a shift in the slip plane. Cannot be given with shiftindex. If neither shift nor shiftindex is given then shiftindex = 0 is used then will use the shift set during class initialization.
• shiftscale (bool, optional) – If False (default), a given shift value will be taken as absolute Cartesian. If True, a given shift will be taken relative to the rotated cell’s box vectors.
• boundaryshape (str, optional) – Indicates the shape of the boundary region to use. Options are ‘cylinder’ (default) and ‘box’. For ‘cylinder’, the non-boundary region is defined by a cylinder with axis along the dislocation line and a radius that ensures the boundary is at least boundarywidth thick. For ‘box’, the boundary region will be exactly boundarywidth thick all around.
• boundarywidth (float, optional) – The width of the boundary region to apply. Default value is 0.0, i.e. no boundary region. All atoms in the boundary region will have their atype values changed.
• boundaryscale (bool, optional) – If False (Default), the boundarywidth will be taken as absolute. If True, the boundarywidth will be taken relative to the magnitude of the unit cell’s a box vector.
• return_base_system (bool, optional) – If True then the dislocation-free base system corresponding to the dislocation system will also be returned. The base system is used as a reference state for most of the dislocation analysis tools.
Returns:
• base_system (atomman.System) – The base “perfect crystal” reference system associated with the dislocation system. Only returned if return_base_system is True.
• disl_system (atomman.System) – The generated dislocation monopole system.
periodicarray(sizemults: = None, amin: float = 0.0, bmin: float = 0.0, cmin: float = 0.0, shift: Optional[Union[int, float, complex, str, bytes, generic, Sequence[Union[int, float, complex, str, bytes, generic]], Sequence[Sequence[Any]], _SupportsArray]] = None, shiftindex: = None, shiftscale: bool = False, boundarywidth: float = 0.0, boundaryscale: bool = False, linear: bool = False, cutoff: = None, return_base_system: bool = False)
Constructs a dislocation monopole atomic configuration containing a single perfectly straight dislocation. The resulting system will be periodic along the box vector direction that corresponds to the dislocation’s line direction, and non-periodic in the other two box vector directions. Boundary atoms near the two free surfaces will be identified by changing their atype values making it easy to identify them later for assigning different boundary conditions.
Parameters:
• sizemults (tuple, optional) – The size multipliers to use when generating the system. Values are limited to being positive integers. The multipliers for the two non-periodic directions must be even. If not given, the default multipliers will be 2 for the non-periodic directions and 1 for the periodic direction.
• amin (float, optional) – A minimum thickness to use for the a box vector direction of the final system. Default value is 0.0. For the non-periodic directions, the resulting vector multiplier will be even. If both amin and sizemults is given, then the larger multiplier for the two will be used.
• bmin (float, optional) – A minimum thickness to use for the b box vector direction of the final system. Default value is 0.0. For the non-periodic directions, the resulting vector multiplier will be even. If both bmin and sizemults is given, then the larger multiplier for the two will be used.
• cmin (float, optional) – A minimum thickness to use for the c box vector direction of the final system. Default value is 0.0. For the non-periodic directions, the resulting vector multiplier will be even. If both cmin and sizemults is given, then the larger multiplier for the two will be used.
• shift (float, optional) – A rigid body shift to apply to the rotated cell prior to inserting the dislocation. Should be selected such that the ideal slip plane does not correspond to any atomic planes. Is taken as absolute if shiftscale is False, or relative to the rotated cell’s box vectors if shiftscale is True. Cannot be given with shiftindex. If neither shift nor shiftindex is given then shiftindex = 0 is used.
• shiftindex (float, optional) – The index of the identified optimum shifts based on the rotated cell to use. Different values allow for the selection of different atomic planes neighboring the slip plane. Note that shiftindex values only apply shifts normal to the slip plane; best shifts for non-planar dislocations (like bcc screw) may also need a shift in the slip plane. Cannot be given with shiftindex. If neither shift nor shiftindex is given then shiftindex = 0 is used.
• shiftscale (bool, optional) – If False (default), a given shift value will be taken as absolute Cartesian. If True, a given shift will be taken relative to the rotated cell’s box vectors.
• boundarywidth (float, optional) – The width of the boundary region to apply. Default value is 0.0, i.e. no boundary region. All atoms in the boundary region will have their atype values changed and will be displaced by linear displacements.
• boundaryscale (bool, optional) – If False (Default), the boundarywidth will be taken as absolute. If True, the boundarywidth will be taken relative to the magnitude of the unit cell’s a box vector.
• linear (bool, optional) – If True, then only linear displacements will be used and not the dislocation solution. Using only linear displacements is useful for screw dislocations and dislocations with large stacking fault distances. If False (default) then the dislocation solution will be used for the middle displacements and linear displacements only in the boundary region.
• cutoff (float, optional) – Cutoff distance to use for identifying duplicate atoms to remove. For dislocations with an edge component, applying the displacements creates an extra half-plane of atoms that will have (nearly) identical positions with other atoms after altering the boundary conditions. Default value is 0.5 Angstrom.
• return_base_system (bool, optional) – If True then the dislocation-free base system corresponding to the dislocation system will also be returned. The base system is used as a reference state for most of the dislocation analysis tools.
Returns:
• base_system (atomman.System) – The base “perfect crystal” reference system associated with the dislocation system. If the Burgers vector has an edge component then the atoms deleted when generating disl_system will also be deleted from base_system. Only returned if return_base_system is True.
• disl_system (atomman.System) – The generated periodic array of dislocations system.
property rcell: System
The cell associated with rotating ucell to coincide with the dislocation solution
Type:
atomman.System
property shift: ndarray
The particular shift value that will be or was used to construct the dislocation system
Type:
numpy.NDArray
property shifts: list
All identified shifts that will place the slip plane halfway between atomic planes
Type:
list
property transform: ndarray
The 3x3 Cartesian transformation matrix associated with rotating from ucell to rcell
Type:
numpy.NDArray
property ucell: System
The crystal unit cell used as the basis for constructing the dislocation system
Type:
atomman.System
property uvws: ndarray
The 3x3 array of uvw Miller vectors used to rotate ucell to rcell
Type:
numpy.NDArray | 2022-11-28T08:33:56 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.35878515243530273, "perplexity": 5797.796811053308}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710488.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20221128070816-20221128100816-00468.warc.gz"} |
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