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NYU Machine Learning for Language 69

I see some references to status as uncountable as well, but that doesn't make much sense to me.

There are some cases "status" may be accounted of countable.

If I understand you correctly, you are looking for a hypernym of inclusion and exclusion.

Inclusion is the act of including and exclusion is the act of excluding.

Firstly, you should be aware that there are two different kinds of dashes: the en dash and the em dash.

Semicolon is used to join sentences that can stand alone, but are joined to emphasize their relationship.

Pardon the brevity of this answer, but I would say "named" is preferred within the context of your example.

Named is preferred in your example, since you are formally giving a name to your method.

In standard English, I think "don't got" has the same register as "ain't".

I'd say the expression I don't got... is generally rare in spoken AmE.

The "more posh" words are usually Latin (occasionally Greek) in origin.

As Shinto pointed out, vulgar words exist in every language.

I'm American, and I've never heard the bathroom referred to as St. John's.

In situations like these, I tend to lengthen out the phrase.

The room used for defecation is almost always referred to by euphemism.

I'm English, and would probably use 'toilet' most of the time, and always in the context of a private home.

I can only think of context using insofar as or insofar that.

The form insofar is American English; the standard form in British and other English is 'in so far'.

As others have said, "ten of six", though not used in many English speaking areas, would be understood as 5:50.

"Ten of six" probably means 5:50 but I have not heard it before.

Certainly many usage guides have advised against use of this "singular they" on various "logical" grounds.

Second one (for writing purpose), if I believe the "THEY/THEIR (SINGULAR)" article.

This may be overly obvious, but in American English, saying "you're welcome" is certainly polite and standard.

I'm not sure how "Not at all" sounds in response to "thank you".

Back in the day, "cable" was used to describe communications sent abroad.

The word "cable" has its origins in the days of the telegraph.

Those expressions could have slightly different meanings especially when talking about finance.

I suspect the phrase originated in the habit of drawing the internet as a cloud shape on network diagrams.

In the United States, jails are operated by cities and counties (or equivalent).

Jail is a municipal level, prison is on a state/federal/provincial/territory level.

Yes, your sentence will be clearer if you write the actual word instead of the slash.

Most style guides recommend against using the slash in phrases like “X and/or Y”, as well as “this is hard/impossible to do”.

If you understand yourself and your enemy, you will be far more likely to win any battle.

Another meaning behind this quote aside from probabilities of winning a theoretical battle is the importance of knowing/understanding others.

There are a lot of push up variations you can do and they all stress different muscle systems.

There are several different pushup variations out there and most of them provide a unique advantage.

You definitely do NOT want to be supporting your weight with your arms on the bike for normal riding.

No, don't support your weight on your arms Your hands simply aren't really made for supporting all that weight.

Yes, you should stretch before running, but not the sit down and reach kind of stretching.

Neuromuscular Activation and Dynamic Stretching Here is an excellent video on a dynamic stretching routine for running.

I feel your pain - I absolutely pour with sweat with any vigorous exercise, even in cool conditions.

Sweat rate is sweat rate, you can't really control it.

Running downhill is the BEST way to strengthen your quad muscles.

Additionally often people will think a downhill marathon is easier, but in fact, is often harder than an uphill marathon.

I recently stumbled on a great article that talks about protein consumption for the purposes of building muscle (recovery included).

Low reps with high weights don't add mass because the duration of the exercise is kept short.

Rotate through square, lunges and calf raises doing each until you feel a little burn.

Air squats, forward and side lunges, sprawl, wall chair, and lots and lots of jump rope.

If you're doing a full body workout 6 days a week, you absolutely need the rest week.

There are both physiological and neurological reasons to build in rest.

I've noticed a remarkable difference when I run on the treadmill vs when I run on the road.

A treadmill won't prepare you for the impact of running for real.

Google search for Travel WODs has whole lots of results which you can use.

As @Sarge says, this is for a doctor to diagnose properly.

Since you're being kind of vague here, I can only give you a vague answer.

In general, warming up your muscles only requires performing the movement with lower weights.

First of all, as a general matter of fact you suppose to change your workout routine in every 3-4 weeks.

You can mix those, but in my experience, it will be very difficult at first.

Properly executed weight training will increase, not decrease, your flexibility and mobility.

I've seen guys that are still very flexable while lifting weights.

I think it is still feasible to store seeds until the next year.

I haven't tried storing tomato seeds myself, but I have tried to store pepper seeds (and they are closely related).

It is not recommended to use greywater on vegetables that you will eat directly.

Adding soap to water allows the water to dissolve oils.

Yes, you can add coffee grounds with their filters to your compost pile.

Absolutely ok; we have incorporated coffee grounds into our plant food and many of those grounds included the paper filter.

There are no post-emergents that specifically kill crabgrass without killing lawn grass.

I brought an Ace product that kla crab grass and you can use it below 90 degrees.

Pick them as soon as they are as ripe as you want them.

I live in Delaware and have already harvested my jalapeno and chili peppers.

Thistle is classified as a noxious weed in most places and must be controlled.

I've got the same problem, where there are fields of dandelions just beyond the borders of my gardens.

Support is good for eggplants as the fruit may become heavy and can even break the branches.

Some support won't hurt, especially if it is a large fruited variety.

To paraphrase a common saying, "One man's weed is another man's lawn".

First, let me say I've no experience doing battle with Bermuda grass.

Just about anything can be grown indoors without natural sunlight.

We have quite a few people here who have grown peppers and small tomatoes indoors and in pots.

Chances are picking the seeds once it's gone to seed isn't going to actually encourage new growth.

The longer you can leave the seed-heads on the plant the better (IMHO).

So you know, I do not have personal experience with this.

Since you've already accepted a nicely sourced answer, I'll contribute some unsubstatiated tradition (i.e.

In the past it has grown almost like a weed in our pots on our deck here in North Texas.

Additional to the other answers, basil famously doesn't like to be damp overnight.

There is a very full description of the various types of hormone rooting compound here.

It is meant to stimulate root growth - in particular to stimulate the creation of roots.

I found it difficult to mark just one answer as correct because all are.

I reccomend "Monkey Grass" because it is like a slow growing weed that reproduces slowly and looks nice!

Simple answer is yes, flower shoots on lettuce is a sure sign of bolting.

It appears as though it has likely started to bolt.

Dirt can mean pretty much anything, from good to poor quality soil.

Use coco peat - It's an organic soil derived from coconut husks for garden vegetables and plants which is Eco-friendly.

If you can get over the "ick factor," you have an easily-applied source of organic nitrogen fertilizer close at hand.

The NPK numbers on the fertilizer represents the percent, by weight, of Nitrogen, P2O5 and K2O, respectively.

The point of aerating your pile is to get oxygen to the microbes that break down the organic matter.

Your pile will compost without turning it, but it goes faster if you turn it.

I bought a book, which talks about this, so here's an answer to my own question.

Well I wouldn't risk it, not in a cold compost system.

Aloes, like most succulents, are very hardy and will withstand considerable neglect .

Some of the guys at my office have potted aloe plants.

This looks a lot like an invitation to a No True Scottsman argument.

I concur with @T.E.D; the question is a "no True Scotsman" bar bet.

Some villages had histories and thus names going back to Ancient Roman times.

Many towns and villages took their name from the ruling family, the owners of the village.

The USA is the world's strongest country because of its military force.

The United States is one of the five largest countries in the world by area.

Nearly all countries grew quickly in the 1950s and 1960s for pretty much the same reasons.

The USSR growth rate during the 50's was not exceptionally high.

While Queen may refer to both Queen regent (sovereign) or Queen consort, the King has always been the sovereign.

There is a very good reason not to refer to the Queen's spouse as "King" - because they aren't the King.

To no extent at all is the wars in the middle east caused by trade making the area heterogeneous.

They had a treaty beginning in 1941, after a few skirmishes along the area in question.

"What I am really looking for is an estimation of the Muslim population..." @ThanosK and @T.E.D., an overall, general population estimation f.e.

The following is taken from my dog-eared copy of the New Penguin Atlas of Medieval History.

In Hinduism and Buddhism there is message of peace and an encouragement to not be materialistic.

This relates to the "discovery" of Asian, and other non-European cultures by Americans.

I guess those are greek tickets (εισιτηριον) for excavation sites or museums.

That is indeed Greek Looks like a Ticket to a museum or field.

These are tickets to the archaeological sites of Epidaurus (which includes the still in use theatre) and Mycenae.

I guess those are greek tickets (εισιτηριον) for excavation sites or museums.

Looks like you've rediscovered Jaspers's concept of the Axial Age.

There was no influence from China to the culture of Greece.

Yes, I can tell you from personal experience that they certainly did whistle.

It is true that bombs in World War II would make a whistling sound as they fell.

By the time that Qin had totally collapsed, Xiang Yu was China's hegemon.

The Han Dynasty came after the Qin Dyansty, after the government under Shi Huang Di collapsed.

There were indeed some serious issues surrounding Kennedy's election in 1960, one of the closest elections in History.

As per your original question: The Wikipedia section does not claim that Joseph P Kennedy bought John F Kennedy's victory.

"The grass family is one of the most widely distributed and abundant groups of plants on Earth.

As noted on the Wiki page, grass seed was imported to the new world to improve pasturage for livestock.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Delhi#Early_history shows that the city was called Delhi (or Dilli) at least since the 12/13th century.

I am not exactly sure but I remember the media (in India) addressing Delhi as "HASTHINA".

Dominus, plural Domini, in ancient Rome, “master,” or “owner,” particularly of slaves.

A greek-speaking slave (δούλος, doulos) I think would call his master κύριος (translit: kurios; lord, master, sir; vocative form: κύριε).

The bulk of India then was not controlled by Porus, but by the Nanda dynasty, centered at Pataliputra.

I believe Alexander lost heart after his horse, Bucephelus, died from a wound received in the battle against Porus.

Yes, this is true and yes, in most cases indefinite articles indeed developed from numerals, as @MGN already said.

Indefinite articles developed from numerals, and the definite articles developed from demonstratives.

Preserving grammaticality and preserving meaning of the sentence are two different things.

In fact, you can remove pretty much and preserve grammaticality if you don't care about preserving meaning.

In some nowadays Indo-European languages you can still see rests of base-20 numeral systems.

Modern Englishes, and many other well-known languages, use base 10 (ie decimal) systems of numerals.

The difficulty arises not from the various linguistic properties of the language pair as many here suggest.

It depends on generally syntactic structure of two languages and -yes- some pragmatic issues.

In English, certainly the most common use of do is Do-Support.

In traditional grammar, the word doing is a participle in all your examples.

A caveat: I'm experiencing the tail end of a three day migraine.

I agree with the commentators that your question is a little confusing.

The reason for this is that Russian is a much more tonal language than English.

Although I am quite fluent in Russian, I wouldn't say English sound particularly 'cold' to me.

Palatalisation of /k/ before front vowels happens all over the place: Russian, Greek, Turkish, Persian etc.

Sinhala, one of the languages spoken in Sri Lanka has a four way deixis system.

All the same methods of analysis that are used with spoken languages apply successfully to signed languages.

One idea that's been going around at least since the 80s is that you can distinguish between Holds and Moves.

Newspeak, a "deliberately impoverished" language designed to prevent people from communicating and thinking about subversive ideas.

Every language is permeated by the cultural values in which it is immersed.

In Russian, for example, animacy is not clear-cut in the distinction animate/inanimate.

As in Russian, Polish marks animate masculine nouns by having a genitive-accusative vs. the nominative-accusative of inanimate masculines.

As you can see from this map on the Wals.info site, there are many.

This is an example I always find is helpful for first year.

Zipf’s law, as I understand it, is not really about languages, but about statistics and probability.

As with all natural laws, Zipf's law is an approximation.

A part of the question thusfar unattended is whether the concept of phoneme has always been contentious.

"Phoneme" is a theoretical construct which probably can't go away.

If you arecomming from the non-linguistics environment, the best book is to start with Is Fromkin, Introduction to language.

This is what they recommend at Oxford as introductory textbooks to students starting a Masters' in Linguistics.

From what I'm seeing it's generally accepted that most English speakers have a vocabulary size of 15000 to 20000 words.

According to a statistical estimation I know roughly 7000 words in English.

A tent may give you slightly more protection than sleeping out in the open, but not much.

No, a tent will not give you any protection from bears that want what's inside.

A few points to add here: Coyotes are not know to be aggressive towards humans.

In general they are not considered dangerous because they rarely attack humans.

Nylon dries fast, is resistant to ripping and tearing, and fairly breathable.

Nylon, among other synthetics, is an ideal material for clothing for most outdoor pursuits for several reasons.

GPS (wikipedia) is based on orbiting satellites and so is accurate worldwide.

GPS systems can, and do, work everywhere you can get satellites.

Different parts of California have different wildlife, so you should probably narrow the region.

American black bears They are somewhat common in some wilderness areas of California, mostly in the mountains.

So it's important to have a basic understanding before you even get on skis.

Skiing is a sport where taking lessons pays off very quickly.

In a gym, the toprope will be wrapped over a cylindrical bar.

Alright, there are several different issues here that we must be sure to address.

I visit AZ every summer and include some hikes in the desert when I'm there.

Apart from what has been said, your need of water also depends on what you eat.

A wonderful woman I know has the Habenera bag by REI (link).

If you can settle on purple Nunatak and Feather Friends have good sleeping bags in those colors.

An embolism in a medical context refers to any large moving mass or defect in the blood stream.

Here is an interesting article on wikipedia to give overview of pressure related injuries.

It would be unusual for a snake to attack a stationary person.

I'm no herpetologist, but in my experience, snakes are in the "you don't bug me, I won't bug you" category.

As I wrote above, it's hard to rate this wall.

Unlike others, I think the route is pretty well described.

Once you open it up to toxins, the answer is clearly no, boiling is not enough.

Boiling eliminates only a certain class of contaminants that can make you ill.

Different parts of California have different wildlife, so you should probably narrow the region.

You can get a rough estimate from using an online calorie estimation website.

If you wear a bear bell on your backpack, your fellow hikers will kill you for being annoying.

The above advice is quite good, just wanted to add on thing to consider regarding food in bear country.

Oh friend, I have been down this miserable road just like you.

Yes, it is accepted practice to wash new Semi-Static rope (or Single Rope Technique/SRT Rope as it is known by cavers).