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325 | Michael Levin | Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | he told me that he was writing, and unfortunately, he passed away, and I think this book never got | 56:43.200 | 56:47.840 |
325 | Michael Levin | Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | written. He was writing a book on gap junctions and consciousness. And I think it would have been | 56:47.840 | 56:52.800 |
325 | Michael Levin | Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | an incredible book, because gap junctions are magic. I'll explain why in a minute. | 56:52.800 | 56:57.040 |
325 | Michael Levin | Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | What happens is that, just imagine, the thing about both these ion channels and these gap | 56:57.920 | 57:02.720 |
325 | Michael Levin | Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | junctions is that many of them are themselves voltage sensitive. So that's a voltage sensitive | 57:02.720 | 57:08.880 |
325 | Michael Levin | Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | current conductance. That's a transistor. And as soon as you've invented one, immediately, | 57:08.880 | 57:13.600 |
325 | Michael Levin | Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | you now get access to, from this platonic space of mathematical truths, you get access to all of the | 57:13.600 | 57:20.240 |
325 | Michael Levin | Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | cool things that transistors do. So now, when you have a network of cells, not only do they talk to | 57:20.240 | 57:26.000 |
325 | Michael Levin | Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | each other, but they can send messages to each other, and the differences of voltage can propagate. | 57:26.000 | 57:30.160 |
325 | Michael Levin | Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Now, to neuroscientists, this is old hat, because you see this in the brain, right? This action | 57:30.160 | 57:34.000 |
325 | Michael Levin | Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | potentials, the electricity. They have these awesome movies where you can take a zebra, | 57:34.000 | 57:40.000 |
325 | Michael Levin | Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | like a transparent animal, like a zebrafish, and you can literally look down, and you can see all | 57:40.000 | 57:45.040 |
325 | Michael Levin | Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | the firings as the fish is making decisions about what to eat and things like this. It's amazing. | 57:45.040 | 57:49.120 |
325 | Michael Levin | Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Well, your whole body is doing that all the time, just much slower. So there are very few things | 57:49.120 | 57:54.160 |
325 | Michael Levin | Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | that neurons do that all the cells in your body don't do. They all do very similar things, just | 57:54.160 | 57:59.360 |
325 | Michael Levin | Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | on a much slower timescale. And whereas your brain is thinking about how to solve problems in | 57:59.360 | 58:04.320 |
325 | Michael Levin | Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | three dimensional space, the cells in an embryo are thinking about how to solve problems in | 58:04.320 | 58:08.880 |
325 | Michael Levin | Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | anatomical space. They're trying to have memories like, hey, how many fingers are we supposed to | 58:08.880 | 58:12.240 |
325 | Michael Levin | Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | have? Well, how many do we have now? What do we do to get from here to there? That's the kind of | 58:12.240 | 58:15.840 |
325 | Michael Levin | Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | problems they're thinking about. And the reason that gap junctions are magic is, imagine, right, | 58:15.840 | 58:20.720 |
325 | Michael Levin | Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | from the earliest time. Here are two cells. This cell, how can they communicate? Well, | 58:20.720 | 58:29.360 |
325 | Michael Levin | Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | the simple version is this cell could send a chemical signal, it floats over, and it hits | 58:29.360 | 58:34.800 |
325 | Michael Levin | Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | a receptor on this cell, right? Because it comes from outside, this cell can very easily tell that | 58:34.800 | 58:39.200 |
325 | Michael Levin | Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | that came from outside. Whatever information is coming, that's not my information. That information | 58:39.200 | 58:44.240 |
325 | Michael Levin | Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | is coming from the outside. So I can trust it, I can ignore it, I can do various things with it, | 58:44.240 | 58:48.640 |
325 | Michael Levin | Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | I can do various things with it, whatever, but I know it comes from the outside. Now imagine | 58:48.640 | 58:52.160 |
325 | Michael Levin | Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | instead that you have two cells with a gap junction between them. Something happens, | 58:52.160 | 58:55.360 |
325 | Michael Levin | Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | let's say this cell gets poked, there's a calcium spike, the calcium spike or whatever small | 58:55.360 | 58:59.760 |
325 | Michael Levin | Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | molecule signal propagates through the gap junction to this cell. There's no ownership | 58:59.760 | 59:04.400 |
325 | Michael Levin | Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | metadata on that signal. This cell does not know now that it came from outside because it looks | 59:04.400 | 59:10.000 |
325 | Michael Levin | Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | exactly like its own memories would have looked like of whatever had happened, right? So gap | 59:10.000 | 59:15.200 |
325 | Michael Levin | Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | junctions to some extent wipe ownership information on data, which means that if I can't, if you and | 59:15.200 | 59:21.440 |
325 | Michael Levin | Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | I are sharing memories and we can't quite tell who the memories belong to, that's the beginning of a | 59:21.440 | 59:26.320 |
325 | Michael Levin | Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | mind melt. That's the beginning of a scale up of cognition from here's me and here's you to no, | 59:26.320 | 59:31.840 |
325 | Michael Levin | Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | now there's just us. So they enforce a collective intelligence gap junctions. That's right. It | 59:31.840 | 59:36.640 |
325 | Michael Levin | Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | helps. It's the beginning. It's not the whole story by any means, but it's the start. | 59:36.640 | 59:39.680 |
325 | Michael Levin | Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | Where's state stored of the system? Is it in part in the gap junctions themselves? Is it in the | 59:39.680 | 59:48.240 |
325 | Michael Levin | Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | cells? There are many, many layers to this as always in biology. So there are chemical networks. | 59:48.240 | 59:55.360 |
325 | Michael Levin | Biology, Life, Aliens, Evolution, Embryogenesis & Xenobots | So for example, gene regulatory networks, right? Which, or basically any kind of chemical pathway | 59:55.360 | 1:00:00.320 |