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usmle-12051

A 30-year-old woman presents to a federal health clinic complaining of pelvic pain and blood in her urine. She recently arrived to the United States as a refugee from South Sudan. She reports that she experienced these symptoms in South Sudan but did not have the money to undergo any diagnostic testing. Her temperature is 100.6°F (38.1°C), blood pressure is 125/75 mmHg, pulse is 95/min, and respirations are 18/min. Physical examination reveals suprapubic tenderness to palpation and a normal bimanual exam. A urine pregnancy test is negative. Hematologic labs are shown below: Leukocyte count and differential: Leukocyte count: 10,000/mm^3 Neutrophils: 54% Bands: 3% Eosinophils: 12.5% Basophils: 0.5% Lymphocytes: 25% Monocytes: 5% Hemoglobin: 12.5 g/dL Hematocrit: 39% Platelet count: 250,000/mm^3 Findings from a urinalysis are shown in Figure A. This patient should be started on which of the following medications?

usmle-12052

A young Mediterranean teen brings her 4-year-old little brother to the Emergency Room because of a high temperature. Their parents are on their way to the hospital, but, in the meantime, she provides some of the history. She explains that he has been running a fever and limping for the past week. This morning, she had trouble awakening him, and she noticed some swelling and redness around his right ankle. In terms of his past medical history, she knows he has something wrong with his blood. He had to receive extra vaccinations as an infant, and he takes an antibiotic everyday. On exam in the ED, his temperature is 102.4 deg F (39.1 deg C), blood pressure is 90/60 mmHg, pulse is 123/min, and respirations are 22/min. He is lethargic, and his exam is noteworthy for erythema and edema in an area surrounding his distal shin. What is the most likely diagnosis?

usmle-12053

An 18-year-old male is seen for a routine physical prior to starting college. He will be moving from Ohio to California, away from his family for the first time. His temperature is 36.8 deg C (98.2 deg F), pulse is 74/min, and blood pressure is 122/68 mmHg. BMI is 24. On questioning, he reveals that he has a habit of binge eating during times of stress, particularly during exams. He then feels guilty about his behavior and attempts to compensate by going to the gym, sometimes for 4+ hours per day. He is disturbed by this behavior and feels out of control. He denies ever vomiting as a means of loosing weight. What is the most likely diagnosis?

usmle-12054

A 41-year-old man presents to urgent care with a 1-week history of severe diarrhea. He says that he has been having watery stools every 2-3 hours. The stools do not contain blood and do not float. On presentation, he is observed to have significant facial flushing, and laboratory tests reveal the following: Serum: Na+: 137 mEq/L K+: 2.7 mEq/L Cl-: 113 mEq/L HCO3-: 14 mEq/L A computed tomography scan reveals a small intra-abdominal mass. Staining of this mass would most likely reveal production of which of the following?

usmle-12055

A 42-year-old, G3P2012 woman comes to the clinic complaining of painful menstruation for the past 4 months. She is also using more tampons compared to prior periods. She is concerned as her close friend was just diagnosed with endometrial cancer. Prior to these symptoms, her menstrual cycle was regular (every 28 days) and without pain. She denies abnormal uterine bleeding, abnormal discharge, past sexually transmitted diseases, or spotting. A bimanual pelvic examination is unremarkable except for a mobile, diffusely enlarged, globular uterus. What is the most likely explanation for this patient’s symptoms?

usmle-12056

A 75-year-old man presents to the clinic for chronic fatigue of 3 months duration. Past medical history is significant for type 2 diabetes and hypertension, both of which are controlled with medications, as well as constipation. He denies any fever, weight loss, pain, or focal neurologic deficits. A complete blood count reveals microcytic anemia, and a stool guaiac test is positive for blood. He is subsequently evaluated with a colonoscopy. The physician notes some “small pouches” in the colon despite poor visualization due to inadequate bowel prep. What is the blood vessel that supplies the area with the above findings?

usmle-12057

A 49-year-old male complains of heartburn, epigastric pain, and diarrhea. He has a past medical history significant for heartburn that is nonresponsive to omeprazole. He denies any alcohol intake, and has not been taking any nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. An endoscopy is performed, which shows two ulcers in the proximal duodenum, and one in the distal third of the duodenum. Which of the following is most likely true about this patient’s current condition?

usmle-12058

A 45-year-old female who recently immigrated to the United States presents to the community health clinic for episodes of disrupted vision. She is concerned because she knows several people from her hometown who went blind after having these episodes. Over the past several months, she also has developed itchy bumps on her back and lower extremities. Physical exam reveals black hyperpigmented nodules with edema and palpable lymphadenopathy, but is otherwise unremarkable without any visible discharge from the eyes. Her physician explains her underlying disease was likely transmitted by black flies. Which of the following is the most appropriate pharmacotherapy for this patient?

usmle-12059

A 4-year-old boy is brought to the emergency department with 2 days of fever and painful lumps in his legs bilaterally. In addition, he says that his arms and legs are extremely itchy. Since birth he has had recurrent skin and soft tissue infections. Physical exam reveals a pruritic erythematous scaling rash along both upper and lower extremities bilaterally. Palpation of the painful lesions reveal indurated tissue without any production of pus. Which of the following protein functions is most likely disrupted in this patient?

usmle-12060

A 12-year-old boy is found on a routine auditory screening to have mild high frequency hearing impairment. On exam, he has no ear pain, no focal neurological deficits, and no cardiac murmurs. He has not had any recent illness. Laboratory studies show: Serum: Creatinine: 0.7 mg/dl Protein: 3.8 g/dl Antistreptolysin O titer: 60 Todd units (12-166 normal range) Urinalysis: Microscopic heme Protein: 4+ RBCs: 6/hpf A kidney biopsy is taken. Which of the following findings is most characteristic of this patient’s disease?

usmle-12061

A 20-year-old college student presents to her college's mental health services department because her dean has been concerned about her academic performance. She was previously a straight A student; however, she has been barely passing her exams since the death of her younger brother in an accident 5 months ago. She reveals that she feels guilty for not spending more time with him in the years leading up to his death. Furthermore, she has been experiencing abdominal pain when she thinks about him. Additional questioning reveals that she is convinced that her brother simply went missing and will return again despite her being at his funeral. Finally, she says that she saw a vision of her brother in his childhood bedroom when she went home for winter break. Which of the following symptoms indicates that this patient's grief is pathologic?

usmle-12062

A 55-year-old man presents to his primary care physician with a 2-month history of fatigue. He says that he has been feeling tired, even after mild exertion, and decided to be evaluated because it has begun interfering with his job as a construction worker. He reports that he has been feeling numbness and tingling in his feet and has been tripping more frequently. His past medical history is significant for hypertension and type 2 diabetes well-controlled on metformin. His surgical history is significant for weight-loss surgery 2 years ago. Physical exam reveals bilateral vibration sensory deficits as well as conjunctival pallor. Selected lab results are presented as follows: Hemoglobin: 9.1 g/dL Hematocrit: 27% Platelet count: 265,000/mm^3 Mean corpuscular volume: 112 µm^3 Reticulocyte count: 0.19% Which of the following findings would most likely also be seen in this patient?

usmle-12063

A 33-year-old woman presents to her primary care physician complaining of shortness of breath on exertion, which has progressed over the last year. Review of systems is positive for fatigue. She has not traveled recently but immigrated from Africa 6 years ago. Family history is notable for asthma in her father (diagnosed at age 10) and heart failure in her mother (diagnosed at age 39). Her temperature is 99°F (37°C), blood pressure is 130/80 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, and respirations are 20/min. Chest radiograph is shown below (Figure A). Which pathological process best explains the findings seen in this patient?

usmle-12064

A 53-year-old man with obesity and heart disease presents to your outpatient clinic with complaints of orthopnea, significant dyspnea on minimal exertion, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. He says that his old doctor gave him "some pills" that he takes in varying amounts every morning. Physical exam is significant for a severely displaced point of maximal impulse, bilateral rales in the lower lung fields, an S3 gallop, and hepatomegaly. You decide to perform an EKG (shown in figure A). Suddenly, his rhythm changes to ventricular tachycardia followed by ventricular fibrillation, and he syncopizes and expires despite resuscitative efforts. High levels of which medication are most likely responsible?

usmle-12065

A 39-year-old female with a long history of major depressive disorder presents to the emergency room with altered mental status. Her husband found her on the floor unconscious and rushed her to the emergency room. He reports that she has been in a severe depressive episode over the past several weeks. Vital signs are temperature 38.1 degrees Celsius, heart rate 105 beats per minute, blood pressure 110/70, respiratory rate 28, and oxygen saturation 99% on room air. Serum sodium is 139, chloride is 100, and bicarbonate is 13. Arterial blood gas reveals a pH of 7.44 with a pO2 of 100 mmHg and a pCO2 of 23 mmHg. Which of the following correctly identifies the acid base disorder in this patient?

usmle-12066

A 19-year-old male presents to the ER with generalized tonic-clonic seizures. He does not have a prior history of seizures and has not taken any drugs except for his daily asthma medication. Which of the following is associated with seizures:

usmle-12067

A 37-year-old African American female complains of a persistent cough, fever, eye-pain and arthralgias. Physical examination is notable for skin findings shown in Figure A. A chest radiograph is performed (Figure B). Which of the following would most likely be found in this patient?

usmle-12068

A 32-year-old woman presents to her primary care physician for an annual checkup. She reports that she has been feeling well and has no medical concerns. Her past medical history is significant for childhood asthma but she has not experienced any symptoms since she was a teenager. Physical exam reveals a 1-centimeter hard mobile mass in the left upper outer quadrant of her breast. A mammogram was performed and demonstrated calcifications within the mass so a biopsy was obtained. The biopsy shows acinar proliferation with intralobular fibrosis. Which of the following conditions is most likely affecting this patient?

usmle-12069

A 16-year-old male presents to his pediatrician concerned that he is not maturing like his friends. He has a history of cleft palate status-post multiple surgeries and asthma treated with budesonide and albuterol. He is a good student and is very active on his school’s gymnastics team. His mother is also concerned that her son does not understand good personal hygiene. She reports that he always forgets to put on deodorant. When asked about this, he says he does not notice any body odor on himself or others. His temperature is 99.2°F (37.3°C), blood pressure is 105/70 mmHg, pulse is 70/min, and respirations are 18/min. His height and weight are in the 20th and 25th percentiles, respectively. On physical examination, his penis and testicles show no evidence of enlargement. He has no pubic or axillary hair. Which of the following sets of hormone levels is most likely to be found in this patient?

usmle-12070

A 36-year-old man comes to the clinic for follow-up of his general anxiety disorder. He was diagnosed a year ago for excessive worry and irritability and was subsequently started on paroxetine. He demonstrated great response to therapy but is now complaining of decreased libido, which is affecting his marriage and quality of life. He wishes to switch to a different medication at this time. Following a scheduled tapering of paroxetine, the patient is started on a different medication that is a partial agonist of the 5-HT1A receptor. Which of the following is the most likely drug that was prescribed?

usmle-12071

A 12-year-old boy is brought to the emergency department by ambulance after he was struck by a car while crossing the road. He is found to have a femur fracture and multiple bruises on presentation, but he is alert and hemodynamically stable. He says that the car "came out of nowhere" and that he has had multiple similar near misses in recent months. He has no past medical history but says that he has been having headaches that he describes as dull and continuous. He has also noticed that he has been waking up at night several times to go to the restroom. Otherwise, he has been healthy with no major concerns. A basic metabolic panel shows mild hypernatremia. The most likely pathology underlying this patient's symptoms is derived from which of the following embryonic layers?

usmle-12072

A 28-year-old woman presents for evaluation by a gynecologist because she has been experiencing unusual bloody vaginal discharge over the last 4 months. Specifically, she has noticed sporadic and prolonged vaginal bleeding that does not appear to correspond to her normal menstrual cycle. She has no past medical history, does not smoke, and drinks alcohol socially. Pelvic exam reveals a mass within the vagina and a biopsy of the lesion is obtained. A histological section of this mass is shown in Figure A. Her physician informs her that this lesion was the result of excessive activation of a certain receptor. The most likely normal ligand for this receptor has which of the following properties?

usmle-12073

A 32-year-old man presents to his primary care physician because he has been experiencing intermittent episodes of squeezing chest pain and tightness. He says that the pain is 8/10 in severity, radiates to his left arm, and does not appear to be associated with activity. The episodes started 3 months ago and have been occuring about twice per month. His past medical history is significant for migraines for which he takes sumatriptan. Physical exam reveals no abnormalities and an EKG demonstrates sinus tachycardia with no obvious changes. An angiogram is performed to evaluate coronary artery blood flow. During the angiogram, a norepinephrine challenge is administered and blood flow is observed to decrease initially; however, after 2 minutes blood flow is observed to be increased compared to baseline. Which of the following substances is most likely responsible for the increased blood flow observed at this later time point?

usmle-12074

A 26-year-old woman presents to her primary care physician because she has been experiencing occasional fevers and chills for the last 3 weeks. She says that the fevers have been accompanied by abdominal pain and increased vaginal discharge. On presentation her temperature is 101.0°F (38.3°C), blood pressure is 113/75 mmHg, pulse is 105/min, and respirations are 12/min. On physical exam she is found to have tenderness over the lower abdominal quadrants, and speculum exam shows uterine inflammation as well as a retained intrauterine device. The most likely cause of this patient's symptoms should be treated with an antibiotic with which mechanism of action?

usmle-12075

A 37-year-old man presents to his primary care physician because he has been experiencing episodes where he wakes up at night gasping for breath. His past medical history is significant for morbid obesity as well as hypertension for which he takes lisinopril. He is diagnosed with sleep apnea and prescribed a continuous positive airway pressure apparatus. In addition, the physician discusses making lifestyle and behavioral changes such as dietary modifications and exercise. The patient agrees to attempt these behavioral changes. Which of the following is most likely to result in improving patient adherence to this plan?

usmle-12076

A 27-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department after passing out at work. She reports that she was standing at a meeting when she felt lightheaded; the next thing she remembers was waking up with her coworkers around her. A coworker who accompanied the patient claims that she bit her tongue during the episode but denies any shaking or jerking. The episode lasted about 15 minutes, and she denies any similar events in the past. Her past medical history includes gastroesophageal reflux disease and asthma, for which she takes cimetidine and an albuterol inhaler, respectively. She is currently taking azithromycin for a chlamydial infection diagnosed 3 days ago. Family history is unremarkable. Physical examination is unremarkable except for mild tachycardia and suprapubic tenderness. An electrocardiogram (ECG) obtained during triage is shown in Figure A. What is the most likely explanation for this patient’s symptoms?

usmle-12077

A 32-year-old man presents to his primary care physician complaining of pain accompanied by a feeling of heaviness in his scrotum. He is otherwise healthy except for a broken arm he obtained while skiing several years ago. Physical exam reveals an enlarged “bag of worms” upon palpation of the painful scrotal region. Shining a light over this area shows that the scrotum does not transilluminate. Which of the following statements is true about the most likely cause of this patient's symptoms?

usmle-12078

A 32-year-old man with a history of alcohol binge drinking and polysubstance use is found down in his hotel room with bottles of alcohol, oxycodone, alprazolam, amphetamine-dextroamphetamine, and tadalafil. When EMS arrives, he appears comatose with pinpoint pupils and oxygen saturation of 80% on room air. He is intubated at the scene and airlifted to the nearest intensive care unit. Body temperature is 95 degrees F (35 degrees C). Creatine phosphokinase is 12,000 U/L. MRI of the brain demonstrates extensive infarcts consistent with acute hypoxic ischemic injury. Which of the following is the likely culprit for his overdose?

usmle-12079

A 3-year-old girl is brought to her pediatrician because of a nosebleed that will not stop. Her parents say that she started having a nosebleed about 1 hour prior to presentation. Since then they have not been able to stop the bleeding. Her past medical history is remarkable for asthma, and she has a cousin who has been diagnosed with hemophilia. Physical exam reveals diffuse petechiae and purpura. A panel of bleeding tests are obtained with the following results: Bleeding time: 11 minutes Prothrombin time: 14 seconds Partial thromboplastin time: 32 seconds Platelet count: 195,000/mm^3 Peripheral blood smear shows normal cell morphology. Which of the following characteristics is most likely true about this patient?

usmle-12080

A 29-year-old nulliparous woman is found upon transthoracic echocardiography to have a dilated aorta and mitral valve prolapse. The patient has a history of joint pain, and physical examination reveals pectus excavatum and stretch marks on the skin. She does not take any medications and has no history of past drug use. The patient’s findings are most likely associated with which of the following underlying diagnoses?

usmle-12081

A 26-year-old woman thinks poorly of herself and is extremely sensitive to criticism. She is socially inhibited and has never had a romantic relationship, although she desires one. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

usmle-12082

A 32-year-old female with a history of depression presents to the emergency department after a suspected ingestion. She is confused, reporting blurry vision, and responding to visual hallucinations. Vital signs are as follows: Temperature: 98.9 degrees Farenheit (37.2 Celsius) Heart Rate: 105 bpm Blood Pressure: 90/65 mmHg Respiratory Rate: 21 respirations per minute O2 Saturation: 99% on room air Upon reviewing her ECG (shown in Image A), the emergency room physician orders sodium bicarbonate. What medication was the likely cause of this patient's cardiac abnormality?

usmle-12083

A 45-year-old man presents to his primary care physician complaining of increasingly frequent headaches. He also reports that his hats and wedding ring do not fit anymore. His temperature is 99°F (37.2°C), blood pressure is 145/80 mmHg, pulse is 85/min, and respirations are 16/min. Physical examination is notable for frontal bossing, a prominent jaw, and an enlarged tongue. A chest radiograph reveals mild cardiomegaly. Serum insulin-like growth factor 1 levels are significantly elevated. Which of the following conditions is this patient at greatest risk for?

usmle-12084

A 65-year-old man presents to the urgent care clinic complaining of severe pain in his left knee that started last night. He has not had any trauma to the area. He has no prior medical conditions and has not had any surgeries. He is sexually active only with his wife of 40 years. On exam, the knee appears erythematous. You obtain a radiograph of the knee (Figure A) and proceed with arthrocentesis. Analysis of the synovial fluid shows a white blood cell count of 18,000 cells per mm^3 with 90% neutrophils. Microscopic exam of the synovial fluid shows the findings in Figure B. Which of the following is the most likely underlying cause of his acute arthritis?

usmle-12085

A 27-year-old male presents to his primary care physician complaining of pain with urination and eye redness. He reports that he developed these symptoms approximately one week ago. He also has noticed left knee and right heel pain that started a few days ago. He denies any recent trauma. He had an episode of abdominal pain and diarrhea ten days ago that resolved. He has otherwise felt well. On exam, he walks with a limp and his conjunctivae are erythematous. Laboratory findings are notable for an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and elevated C-reactive protein (CRP). Which of the following is most likely associated with this patient’s condition?

usmle-12086

A 44-year-old woman presents to her primary care physician because she has been having fever, chest pain, and cough for the last several weeks. She presented to the physician because she discovered blood in her sputum after coughing. She recently returned from a year of traveling abroad, but has otherwise been healthy. Based on clinical suspicion, an acid fast stain is performed showing the causative organism, and she is started on appropriate therapy. Two weeks later, she returns with a skin rash, diarrhea, and confusion, and is given a factor to take in addition to the medications previously prescribed. Which of the following is a characteristic of the factor that was most likely provided?

usmle-12087

A three-year-old girl presents to general pediatrics clinic for a well-child visit. Her mother reports that she has been growing and developing normally but because of new behaviors she has noticed with her child, she is concerned of possible abuse by the child's stepfather. Vital signs are stable and the physical examination is within normal limits. The child has no visual signs of abuse. Which of the following, if reported by the mother would signify potential sexual abuse in the child?

usmle-12088

A 21-year-old old college student is brought to the emergency department by his roommates because he has been "acting strangely." Over the last 7 months, he has claimed to hear voices telling him that he must prepare for the end of the world. He used to be a straight A student but started failing exams recently due to his erratic behavior. Furthermore, there are periods of time where he does not sleep for several days and redecorates the entire apartment. During those times he spends huge amounts of money on online shopping. These periods usually last for about 2 weeks and happen every other month. On physical exam, he appears unkept and irritated. He seems to respond to invisible stimuli, and he jumps from topic to topic without clear focus. Which of the following is most consistent with this patient's presentation?

usmle-12089

A 22-year-old female with a history of bipolar disease presents to the emergency room following an attempted suicide. She reports that she swallowed a bottle of pain reliever pills she found in the medicine cabinet five hours ago. She currently reports malaise, nausea, and anorexia. She has vomited several times. Her history is also notable for alcohol abuse. Her temperature is 99.4°F (37.4°C), blood pressure is 140/90 mmHg, pulse is 90/min, and respirations are 20/min. Physical examination reveals a pale, diaphoretic female in distress with mild right upper quadrant tenderness to palpation. Liver function tests and coagulation studies are shown below: Serum: Alkaline phosphatase: 110 U/L Aspartate aminotransferase (AST, GOT): 612 U/L Alanine aminotransferase (ALT, GPT): 557 U/L Bilirubin, Total: 2.7 mg/dl Bilirubin, Direct: 1.5 mg/dl Prothrombin time: 21.7 seconds Partial thromboplastin time (activated): 31 seconds International normalized ratio: 2.0 Serum and urine drug levels are pending. Which of the following medications should be administered to this patient?

usmle-12090

A 42-year old Thai gentleman comes to your clinic with complaints of recent fevers, chills, anorexia, and epigastric pain. He also endorses chronic diarrhea. He recently immigrated to the United States. On physical exam, he is febrile to 101 degrees with tender hepatomegaly and mild scleral icterus. He has no sick contacts. When asked about diet, he states that in Thailand he used to regularly consume a dish called "Koi pla", which contains raw fish. Microscopic examination of his stool reveals parasitic eggs, as seen in Figure A. Given his history, which of the following is the most likely infectious agent?

usmle-12091

A homeless 45-year-old man presents to the emergency room in December complaining of malaise, body aches, chills, and fever. He reports that his symptoms started 4 days ago. His myalgias and chills have begun to resolve, but now he is starting to develop a dry cough, dyspnea, and a sore throat. He does not have a primary care provider and has not had any vaccinations in over 2 decades. He receives medical care from the emergency room whenever he is feeling ill. His temperature is 103°F (39.4°C), blood pressure is 130/70 mmHg, pulse is 115/min, and respirations are 22/min. On exam, he appears fatigued with mildly increased work of breathing. A chest radiograph is negative. A nasopharyngeal viral culture is positive for an orthomyxovirus. Upon further review of the patient’s medical record, he was diagnosed with the same condition 1 year ago in November. Which of the following mechanisms is responsible for pandemics of this patient’s disease?

usmle-12092

A 70-year-old female with chronic kidney failure secondary to diabetes asks her nephrologist to educate her about the techniques used to evaluate the degree of kidney failure progression. She learns about the concept of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and learns that it can be estimated by measuring the levels of some substances. The clearance of which of the following substances is the most accurate estimate for GFR?

usmle-12093

A 32 year-old African American man with a past medical history of sickle cell anemia presents to his primary care physician for a routine check-up. He has no complaints. His physician notes that he likely has an increased susceptibility to infections with certain organisms. Which of the following patient groups has a similar pattern of increased susceptibility?

usmle-12094

A 52-year-old female presents to her primary care physician for medical evaluation prior to an elective hip replacement surgery. She has hypertension and diabetes, both of which are well controlled on oral medications. She also admits to occasional use of recreational injection drugs so a panel of serologies are obtained. Based on the results, the patient is found to have had a previous infection with hepatitis B from which she has fully recovered. Which of the following is a characteristic of the immunoglobulin subtype that most likely binds to hepatitis B core antigen in this patient?

usmle-12095

A 20-year-old male presents to the emergency department because of several days of back pain and fatigue. He is a college student who just returned from a study abroad program in Morocco. During his final week abroad he engaged in a number of recreational activities including swimming at the beach, eating local foods such as couscous and bean salad, and riding a camel into the desert. His temperature is 99°F (37°C), blood pressure is 121/79 mmHg, pulse is 70/min, and respirations are 11/min. He says that otherwise he has been healthy except for some episodes of dark urine. Upon physical exam, his skin is found to be more yellow than usual under his eyelids. Which of the following findings would most likely be seen in this patient?

usmle-12096

A 69-year-old man with history of coronary artery disease necessitating angioplasty and stent placement presents to the ED due to fever, chills, and productive cough for one day. He is started on levofloxacin and admitted because of his comorbidity and observed tachypnea of 35 breaths per minute. He is continued on his home medications including aspirin, clopidogrel, metoprolol, and lisinopril. He cannot ambulate as frequently as he would like due to his immediate dependence on oxygen. What intervention should be provided for deep venous thrombosis prophylaxis in this patient while hospitalized?

usmle-12097

A 45-year-old male presents to the emergency room complaining of a four-day history of facial pain that is worsee just below the right eye. It is accompanied by a throbbing frontal headache, rhinorrhea, congestion, and a productive cough. His past medical history is notable for diabetes, obesity, and HIV with a CD4 count of 200 cells/mm^3 and viral load of 1,000 copies/ml. He takes HAART and metformin but admits to missing several doses. His most recent hemoglobin A1c was 11.1%. He has a 20 pack-year smoking history. His family history is notable for ovarian cancer in his mother and stroke in his father. A notable physical examination finding is shown in Figure A. He is exquisitely tender to palpation over the right maxillary sinus. A head CT and biopsy are pending. Administering which of the following is the most appropriate next best step in the management of this patient?

usmle-12098

A 29-year-old woman presents to her gynecologist because of chronic pelvic pain that she has been experiencing for the last 6 months. Specifically, she says that she has severe pain during menstruation that is localized primarily to her lower abdomen and pelvis. In addition, she has been having pain while defecating and during intercourse. She has no past surgical history and her past medical history is significant for asthma. She uses protection while having intercourse with her long time boyfriend and has never been pregnant. Physical exam reveals adnexal tenderness and the presence of an adnexal mass. Laparoscopic examination is conducted showing several cysts filled with dark brown fluid on her ovaries and powder burn marks along her peritoneal surfaces. Which of the following markers would most likely be elevated in this patient?

usmle-12099

An 8-year-old boy is brought in by his mother due to complaints of a headache with diminished vision of his temporal field. It has been previously recorded that the patient has poor growth velocity. On imaging, a cystic calcified mass is noted above the sella turcica. From which of the following is this mass most likely derived?

usmle-12100

A 55-year-old female presents to the emergency room complaining of severe abdominal pain. She reports a six-month history of worsening dull mid-epigastric pain that she had attributed to stress at work. She has lost fifteen pounds over that time. She also reports that her stools have become bulky, foul-smelling, and greasy. Over the past few days, her abdominal pain acutely worsened and seemed to radiate to her back. She also developed mild pruritus and yellowing of her skin. Her temperature is 101°F (38.3°C), blood pressure is 145/85 mmHg, pulse is 110/min, and respirations are 20/min. On examination, her skin appears yellowed and she is tender to palpation in her mid-epigastrium and right upper quadrant. She is subsequently sent for imaging. If a mass is identified, what would be the most likely location of the mass?

usmle-12101

A 21-year-old male comes to the physician’s office with complaints of fatigue. The patient is a college intramural athlete and has noticed that during hard workouts with his team, he gets severe muscle pain and weakness to the point where he has to stop and rest. Usually he is able to recover and the cramps subside after rest. After strenuous workouts he has also noticed that his urine is dark. On exam, the patient has no acute symptoms and appears to be sitting comfortably with a completely normal exam. The patient does not have any tenderness to palpation of his muscles. Which of the following enzymes is most likely defective in this patient?

usmle-12102

A 47-year-old-man presents with hemoptysis, RBC casts in the urine, and increased serum concentrations of BUN and creatinine. Kidney biopsy with immunofluorescence was performed, and the results are shown in Figure A. What glomerular changes would be expected if the sample were evaluated under light microscopy?

usmle-12103

A 43-year-old man presents to his primary care physician for his yearly check-up exam. He has no new concerns but wants to make sure that his hypertension and diabetes are properly controlled. His past medical history is otherwise unremarkable and his only medications are metformin and lisinopril. He has smoked a pack of cigarettes per day since he was 16 years of age and drinks 3 beers per night. Physical exam is remarkable for a murmur best heard in the 5th intercostal space at the left mid-clavicular line. The murmur is high-pitched and blowing in character and can be heard throughout systole. Which of the following properties is characteristic of this patient's most likely disorder?

usmle-12104

Several years after a teenage boy and his younger brother witnessed a gang related murder, they both decided to come forward and report it to authorities. The older brother describes the horrific decapitation of the gang member without displaying any emotion; but when the younger brother was asked about the crime, he had no recollection of the event. Which two ego defenses are being displayed by these brothers, respectively?

usmle-12105

A 45-year-old male presents to his primary care physician complaining of joint pain and stiffness. He reports progressively worsening pain and stiffness in his wrists and fingers bilaterally over the past six months that appears to improve in the afternoon and evening. His past medical history is notable for obesity and diabetes mellitus. He takes metformin and glyburide. His family history is notable for osteoarthritis in his father and psoriasis in his mother. His temperature is 98.6°F (37°C), blood pressure is 130/80 mmHg, pulse is 90/min, and respirations are 16/min. On examination, his bilateral metacarpophalangeal joints and proximal interphalangeal joints are warm and mildly edematous. The presence of antibodies directed against which of the following is most specific for this patient’s condition?

usmle-12106

A 45-year-old man presents to his primary care physician for a general checkup. The patient has no complaints, but is overweight by 20 lbs. The physician orders outpatient labs which come back with an elevated total bilirubin. Concerned, the PCP orders further labs which show: total bilirubin: 2.4, direct bilirubin 0.6, indirect bilirubin 1.8. Which of the following are true about this patient's condition?

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A 28-year-old woman presents with right lower quadrant abdominal pain, fatigue, and low-volume diarrhea of intermittent frequency for the past 4 months. She also reports weight loss and believes it to be due to a decreased appetite. She has noticed herself being more "forgetful" and she denies seeing any blood in her stool, changes in diet, infection, or recent travel history. Her temperature is 99.5°F (37.5°C), blood pressure is 112/72 mmHg, pulse is 89/min, and respirations are 17/min. Physical examination is unremarkable. Laboratory testing is shown below: Hemoglobin: 10.8 g/dL Hematocrit: 32% Platelet count: 380,000/mm^3 Mean corpuscular volume: 118 µm^3 Reticulocyte count: 0.27% Leukocyte count: 9,900 cells/mm^3 with normal differential Erythrocyte sedimentation rate: 65 mm/h A colonoscopy is performed and demonstrates focal ulcerations with polypoid mucosal changes adjacent to normal appearing mucosa. A biopsy is obtained and shows ulcerations and acute and chronic inflammatory changes. Involvement of which of the following sites most likely explains this patient's clinical presentation?

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A 17-year-old boy is brought in by paramedics to the emergency department. He was found down at a family picnic. The boy's parents state that he tried many new foods at the picnic. Additionally, because it is springtime, many insects were out while he was playing football. His temperature is 99.5°F (37.5°C), blood pressure is 127/68 mmHg, pulse is 120/min, respirations are 33/min, and oxygen saturation is 84% on room air. Physical exam is notable for tachycardia and very minimal breath sounds bilaterally. No jugular venous distention is noted and an abdominal exam is within normal limits. Which of the following best describes an effect of the next best step in management?

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A 73-year-old man presents to his primary care doctor with his son who reports that his father has been acting strangely. He has started staring into space throughout the day and has a limited attention span. He has been found talking to people who are not present and has gotten lost while driving twice. He has occasional urinary incontinence. His past medical history is notable for a stroke 5 years ago with residual right arm weakness, diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia. He takes aspirin, glyburide, metformin, lisinopril, hydrochlorothiazide, and atorvastatin. On examination, he is oriented to person and place but thinks the year is 1989. He is inattentive throughout the exam. He takes short steps while walking. His movements are grossly slowed. A brain biopsy in this patient would most likely reveal which of the following?

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A 26-year-old female goes to her primary care physician complaining of severe vaginal itching with a malodorous yellow-green discharge. Her past medical history is unremarkable, and she does not take any medications. She is sexually active with one male partner and uses condoms inconsistently. Urinalysis is positive for white blood cells. Wet mount results are shown in Figure A. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management for her partner?

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A 60-year-old post-menopausal female presents to her gynecologist with vaginal bleeding. Her last period was over 10 years ago. Dilation and curettage reveals endometrial carcinoma so she is scheduled to undergo a total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. During surgery, the gynecologist visualizes paired fibrous structures arising from the cervix and attaching to the lateral pelvic walls at the level of the ischial spines. Which of the following vessels is found within each of the paired visualized structure?

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A 65-year-old man presents to the diabetes clinic for a check-up. He has been successfully managing his diabetes through diet alone, and has not experienced any complications related to retinopathy, neuropathy, or nephropathy. He recently started a new exercise regimen and is eager to see whether his weight has declined since his last visit. The nurse measures his height to be 170 cm and his weight to be 165 lb (75 kg). What range does this patient’s body mass index currently fall into?

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A 42-year-old man presents to his primary care provider complaining of foamy urine for the last 2 weeks. He has also begun to notice swelling in his hands and feet, and he says that his shoes have not been fitting normally. On exam, the patient has a temperature of 98.8°F (37.1°C), blood pressure is 132/84 mmHg, pulse is 64/min, and respirations are 12/min. The patient has 2+ pitting edema bilaterally up to his shins. A 24-hour urine study is found to contain 9.0 g of protein. The patient is referred to a specialist and undergoes a renal biopsy. On light microscopy, the glomeruli demonstrate basement membrane thickening. On electron microscopy, subepithelial deposits are seen. Which of the following is a characteristic of this patient’s disease?

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A 30-year-old male sheep farmer presents to his primary care provider complaining of abdominal discomfort. He reports gradual onset of abdominal fullness, fatigue, and a 10-pound weight loss over the past few months. On examination, his abdomen is mildly distended and tender to palpation in the right upper quadrant. An ultrasound of the right upper quadrant of his abdomen reveals a large cystic structure in the liver. A peripheral smear of the patient’s blood is shown in Figure A. Which of the following molecules is contained in the granules of the cells shown?

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A 72-year-old man is being transported by emergency medical services to the emergency department for a stroke code. He was found on the ground by his daughter earlier today, and he was last known to be without neurological deficits two hours prior to presentation. His temperature is 99°F (37.2°C), blood pressure is 185/105 mmHg, pulse is 102/min, and respirations are 18/min. A non-contrast head CT is performed, which demonstrates a hypodense lesion affecting the left medial frontal and parietal lobe. Which of the following will most likely be found on physical exam?

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A 22-year-old man presents to the emergency department for chest pain. He says that the chest pain began a few hours prior to presentation and is associated with nausea, abdominal discomfort, and sweating. He has experienced similar symptoms multiple times in the past, which brings him great concern because he believes he may be having a heart attack. This concern has persisted for 2 months. This has caused him to avoid taking long train rides or driving on divided highways. Approximately 7 months ago his parents divorced. Medical history is significant for obesity. He denies any medications or illicit drug use. Physical examination is unremarkable. An electrocardiogram demonstrates sinus tachycardia with a pulse of 110/min. Which of the following is most likely the diagnosis?

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A 44-year-old caucasian male complains of carpopedal spasms, peri-oral numbness, and paresthesias of the hands and feet. His wife also mentions that he had a seizure not too long ago. His past surgical history is significant for total thyroidectomy due to papillary thyroid carcinoma. They then realized all of the symptoms occurred after the surgery. Which of the following would be present in this patient?

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A 29-year-old woman presents to her primary care physician because she has been experiencing episodes of intense fear. Specifically, she says that roughly once per week she will feel an intense fear of dying accompanied by chest pain, lightheadedness, sweating, and palpitations. In addition, she will feel as if she is choking which leads her to hyperventilate. She cannot recall any trigger for these episodes and is afraid that they will occur while she is driving or working. In order to avoid this possibility, she has been getting rides from a friend and has been avoiding interactions with her coworkers. These changes have not stopped the episodes so she came in for evaluation. This patient's disorder is most likely genetically associated with a personality disorder with which of the following features?

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A 29-year-old female presents to her primary care provider complaining of pain and stiffness in her hands and knees. She reports that the stiffness is worse in the morning and appears to get better throughout the day. She is otherwise healthy and denies any recent illness. She does not play sports. On examination, her metacarpal-phalangeal (MCP) and proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joints are swollen and erythematous. Her distal interphalangeal (DIP) joints appear normal. She exhibits pain with both passive and active range of motion in her knees bilaterally. Serological analysis reveals high titers of anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies. Which of the following processes underlies this patient’s condition?

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A 56-year-old male undergoes a pancreaticoduodenectomy for resection of a tumor of the head of the pancreas. His medical history is otherwise insignificant except for a series of minor respiratory and gastrointestinal infections since childhood that were effectively treated with antibiotics. Before today, he has not had any prior surgeries or required a blood transfusion. In the post anesthesia care unit, his hemoglobin is measured and found to be 5.2 g/dL. A transfusion of 2 units of packed red blood cells is ordered. Minutes after the transfusion is initiated, the patient reports severe itching, nausea, and shortness of breath. His vital signs show a drop in blood pressure from 138/88 to 92/47 and an increase in heart rate from 94 to 118. The patient's nurse stops the transfusion immediately. Which of the following underlying conditions most likely predisposed this patient to develop this reaction?

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A 62-year-old man presents to the clinic for right arm pain for the past 3 months. The pain is described as dull, 7/10 in severity, and concentrated along his right shoulder and the 4th and 5th digits. He denies fever, chest pain, palpitations, dyspnea, urinary symptoms, or abdominal pain, but endorses a recent 10 lb weight loss. The patient also reports a fall on his outstretched arms 2 months ago. His past medical history is significant for diabetes and hypertension. A physical examination demonstrates decreased pinprick sensation in the right 4th and 5th digits, hypothenar muscle atrophy, and eye findings shown in Figure A. What is the most likely explanation for this patient’s symptoms?

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A 6-year-old boy is brought to the emergency room by ambulance, accompanied by his kindergarten teacher. Emergency department staff attempt to call his parents, but they cannot be reached. The boy’s medical history is unknown. According to his teacher, the boy was eating in the cafeteria with friends when he suddenly complained of itching and developed a widespread rash. Physical exam is notable for diffuse hives and tongue edema. His pulse is 100/min and blood pressure is 90/60 mmHg. The boy appears frightened and tells you that he does not want any treatment until his parents arrive. Which of the following is the next best step in the management of this patient?

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A 7-year-old boy is brought to the emergency department by his parents with a 2-day history of severe fatigue. His parents say that he has no past medical history, but caught an illness that was going around his school 1 week ago. While ill, he had several days of abdominal pain and bloody diarrhea. His family history is significant for several family members who required blood transfusions, and he lives in an old house. Physical exam reveals conjunctival pallor and mild jaundice. Which of the following would most likely be seen on peripheral blood smear in this patient?

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A 62-year-old woman presents to her oncologist to discuss the chemotherapy options for her newly diagnosed breast cancer. During the meeting, they discuss a drug that inhibits the breakdown of mitotic spindles in cells. Her oncologist explains that this will be more toxic to cancer cells because those cells are dividing more rapidly. Which of the following side effects is closely associated with the use of this chemotherapeutic agent?

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A pediatrician notices that 9 of her patients this year have developed paralysis after a flu-like illness. They range in age from 7 to 11, and most of them had no abnormal activities prior to developing the paralysis. These patients concern her because she has not seen this type of paralytic illness in over 20 years of practice. Based on this experience, she decides to write up the initial presentation and clinical course of these patients and publish them in a journal. Which of the following is most likely true about this study?

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A 33-year-old Asian American man presents to his primary care provider in February with pain in his fingers. His symptoms started 2 years ago and have gradually progressed. He initially attributed his symptoms to stress at work as a social worker. He has tried using ibuprofen, acetaminophen, and naproxen, but these medications did not improve his pain. He also reports that there have been at least 3 instances in the past 2 months in which his fingers became extremely painful and turned white before turning pale blue. These instances occurred when the patient was walking outside. His past medical history is notable for gastroesophageal reflux disease and gout. He takes omeprazole and allopurinol. His temperature is 99°F (37.2°C), blood pressure is 120/78 mmHg, pulse is 90/min, and respirations are 18/min. Physical examination reveals loss of skin fold wrinkles and indurated skin on the palmar side of the digits. Finger range of motion is limited. Which of the following medications is most appropriate to address this patient's concerns?

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A 56-year-old man presents to the emergency room after being in a motor vehicle accident. He was driving on an icy road when his car swerved off the road and ran head on into a tree. He complains of severe pain in his right lower extremity. He denies loss of consciousness during the accident. His past medical history is notable for poorly controlled hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and major depressive disorder. He takes enalapril, atorvastatin, and sertraline. His temperature is 99.1°F (37.3°C), blood pressure is 155/85 mmHg, pulse is 110/min, and respirations are 20/min. On exam, he is alert and fully oriented. He is unable to move his right leg due to pain. Sensation is intact to light touch in the sural, saphenous, tibial, deep peroneal, and superficial peroneal distributions. His leg appears adducted, flexed, and internally rotated. An anteroposterior radiograph of his pelvis would most likely demonstrate which of the following findings?

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A 20-year-old healthy male presents to his primary care physician complaining of painless testicular swelling. On physical examination, his left testicle is enlarged and nontender. An ultrasound of his left testicle reveals a homogenous solid mass. He subsequently undergoes a radical inguinal orchiectomy. A histologic slide of the specimen is shown in Figure A. Which of the following serum markers was most likely elevated in this patient?

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A 34-year-old man reports to his primary care provider after developing a 5-day history of fevers, chills, and muscle aches. The patient is normally healthy, physically active, and does not take any medications other than a daily multivitamin. When the patient first developed symptoms, he assumed it was a common cold, but he has not had any upper respiratory symptoms and his fever and pain have not been improving. On further questioning, the patient reports that he had been hiking 2 weeks prior, but he did not recall getting bitten. On exam, the patient’s temperature is 100.9°F (38.3°C), blood pressure is 110/84 mmHg, pulse is 87/min, and respirations are 14/min. On a full body skin exam, a slightly erythematous welt is seen on his posterior thigh. The physical exam is otherwise unremarkable. Further lab testing is performed and a blood smear is shown in Figure A. Which of the following is the most likely vector for this patient’s disease?

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A 12-year-old male patient presents to the clinic with cough, mild sputum production and low grade fever of two week duration. A chest x-ray is performed and can be seen in Figure A. He is prescribed an antibiotic for his medical condition. What is the mechanism of action of the antibiotic?

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A 21-year-old African American female presents to her primary care physician reporting a history of excess hair growth. She has to shave her face and chest on a regular basis. She is sexually active and uses condoms for protection. Her last period was two months ago and she reports having 5-6 menstrual periods per year at irregular intervals. She has no past medical history and takes no medications. She drinks socially and does not smoke. Her family history is notable for heart disease in her father and endometrial cancer in her mother. Her temperature is 98.6°F (37°C), blood pressure is 125/85 mmHg, pulse is 95/min, and respirations are 16/min. The physician considers starting the patient on a medication that is also indicated in the treatment of histoplasmosis. This medication primary acts by inhibiting which of the following proteins?

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A 4-year-old Caucasian male patient presents with recurrent infections. During examination of his CD4 T-cells, it is noticed that his T-cells lack CD40 ligand. Which type of immunoglobulin is likely to be present in excess?

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A 46-year-old African American woman presents to her primary care doctor complaining of muscle aches and weakness. She reports a 3 month history of gradually worsening upper and lower extremity pain. She is having trouble keeping up with her children and feels tired for most of the day. A review of systems reveals mild constipation. Her past medical history is notable for hypertension, diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, and obesity. She takes lisinopril, metformin, and methotrexate. Her family history is notable for chronic lymphocytic leukemia in her mother and prostate cancer in her father. Her temperature is 99°F (37.2°C), blood pressure is 145/95 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, and respirations are 17/min. On exam, she appears well and in no acute distress. Muscle strength is 4/5 in her upper and lower extremities bilaterally. Patellar and brachioradialis reflexes are 2+ bilaterally. A serum analysis in this patient would most likely reveal which of the following?

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A 4-year-old boy is brought to the clinic by his parents for difficulty walking. He had an uncomplicated birth history and has been meeting his developmental goals. His mom reports that recently he has been using his arms and head to stand up and has been waddling more than usual. Physical examination was unremarkable except for the findings demonstrated in Figure A and a waddling, wide-based gait. What is the most likely pathophysiology of this child’s disease?

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A 28-year-old woman presents to her primary case physician because she has been experiencing severe left flank pain. She says that the pain comes in squeezing, spams like bursts and that it progresses from her left flank to her left groin. On physical exam, there is left-sided costovertebral angle tenderness. A urine sample is obtained for laboratory testing. Microscopy findings from the urine sample are shown in Figure A. Which of the following is associated with the most likely cause of this patient's symptoms?

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A 13-year-old Caucasian boy presents with his mother to the pediatrician's office for right arm pain. He reports that he has noticed slowly progressive pain and swelling over the middle of his right arm over the past two months. He denies any recent trauma to the area. He is otherwise healthy and takes no medications. His temperature is 99.8°F (37.7°C), blood pressure is 115/65 mmHg, pulse is 89/min, and respirations are 16/min. On exam, there is swelling and tenderness overlying the right humeral diaphysis. Laboratory evaluation is shown below: Serum: Hemoglobin: 15.1 g/dL Hematocrit: 42% Leukocyte count: 13,000/mm^3 with normal differential Platelet count: 210,000/mm^3 Erythrocyte sedimentation rate: 40 mm/hr (normal 0-22 mm/hr) A radiograph of the patient's right arm is shown in Figure A. Which of the following genetic mutations is associated with this patient's condition?

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A 52-year-old man is brought to the emergency department after being found down on the sidewalk. On presentation, he is found to have overdosed on opioids so he is given naloxone and quickly recovers. Physical exam also reveals lumps on his neck and face that are covered by small yellow granules. These lumps are slowly draining yellow pus-like fluid. He says that these lumps have been present for several months, but he has ignored them because he has not had any fever or pain from the lumps. He does not recall the last time he visited a primary care physician or a dentist. Oral exam reveals multiple cavities and abscesses. The most likely cause of this patient's facial lumps has which of the following characteristics?

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A 77-year-old Chilean woman presents to her primary care provider complaining of abdominal pain. She reports several years history of intermittent mild right upper abdominal pain. The pain occasionally radiates to her right shoulder and typically resolves after a few hours. It is worse after meals. The pain started many years ago but she never saw a physician for it because she was too busy taking care of her children and grandchildren. She has 1 bowel movement per day. She denies any skin changes, jaundice, or itchiness. Her past medical history is notable for endometrial cancer status post-hysterectomy and hyperlipidemia. She takes rosuvastatin and a daily multivitamin. Her temperature is 98.6°F (37°C), blood pressure is 130/75 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, and respirations are 16/min. On exam, she is a well-appearing woman who is oriented to person, place, and time. She has mild tenderness to palpation in her epigastrium. There is no hepatosplenomegaly. A computerized tomography (CT) scan of her abdomen is performed. A notable finding is shown in Figure A. This patient is at greatest risk for developing a condition with which of the following histologic appearances?

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A 16-year-old man is brought to the emergency department for left arm pain. Per the patient, he was playing at his high-school football game when a member of the opposing team tackled him from behind, which resulted in him landing on his left arm. He felt a “popping” sensation and immediate, sharp pain at his left shoulder. The patient is in mild distress and holds his arm against his abdomen. Physical examination demonstrates limited abduction secondary to pain and reduced muscle tone over the shoulder. What additional finding would you expect from this patient?

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A 58-year-old man makes an appointment with his nephrologist because he has been feeling weak and increasingly fatigued over the last month. Specifically, he has not been able to do activities of daily living independently because he feels short of breath after several minutes of activity. His past medical history is significant for rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis that led to kidney failure. He has been on hemodialysis for the last 6 months and has been compliant with attending every dialysis session. Physical exam reveals conjunctival pallor. Laboratory tests are obtained and results are shown below: Hemoglobin: 8.9 g/dL (normal: 13.5-17.5 g/dL) Platelet count: 198,000/mm^3 (normal: 150,000-400,000/mm^3) Mean corpuscular volume: 87 µm^3 (normal: 80-100 µm^3) Reticulocyte count: 0.1% (normal: 0.5-1.5%) Based on these findings, the patient is given appropriate treatment to address his symptoms. Which of the following is the most likely mechanism of action for this treatment?

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A 37-year-old G2P1 woman at 39 weeks gestation presents with contractions every 3-5 minutes for the past hour. She has had an uneventful pregnancy with routine prenatal care. Her vaccinations are up-to-date. A baby boy was born via spontaneous vaginal delivery. The boy’s APGAR scores are 8 and 9 at 1 and 5 minutes, respectively. It is noted that the boy has prominent epicanthal folds, a single palmar crease, and low set ears. He experiences an episode of green emesis during his first feeding. Abdominal radiograph is shown in Figure A. Which of the following is the likely cause of this episode of emesis?

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A 9-year-old boy is referred to an orthopedic surgeon after his primary care physician noticed that he was developing scoliosis. He has been otherwise healthy. His family history includes blindness and a cancer causing extremely high blood pressure. On physical exam there are scattered nodules in his skin as well as the findings shown in the photographs. This patient's disorder most likely exhibits which of the following modes of inheritance?

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A 65-year-old patient with a history of atrial fibrillation presents to the emergency room complaining of sudden-onset speech difficulty. Her husband notes that they were eating dinner earlier in the night, when he suddenly noticed the change. On admission, her blood pressure is 135/80 mmHg, heart rate is 85 beats per minute, temperature is 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit, and SpO2 is 99% on room air. Her MRI is shown below in Figure A. Which of the following speech deficit is the patient most likely to experience?

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A 17-year-old girl comes in to her primary care physician's office for an athletic physical. She is on her school’s varsity swim team. She states she is doing “ok” in her classes. She is worried about her upcoming swim meet. She states, “I feel like I’m the slowest one on the team. Everyone is way more fit than I am.” The patient has polycystic ovarian syndrome and irregular menses, and her last menstrual period was 5 weeks ago. She takes loratadine, uses nasal spray for her seasonal allergies, and uses ibuprofen for muscle soreness occasionally. The patient’s body mass index (BMI) is 19 kg/m^2. On physical examination, the patient has dark circles under her eyes and calluses on the dorsum of her right hand. A beta-hCG is negative. Which of the following is associated with the patient’s most likely condition?

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A 60-year-old man presents to the emergency room with sudden onset of severe pain in his left eye, complaints of blurriness and seeing halos around lights. He has a headache and is also experiencing significant nausea. He notes that his symptoms began shortly after sitting down in the movie theater. On physical examination, his eye is red and his pupil is fixed and dilated (Figure A). An ophthalmology consult is called, and the patient is given a medication to rapidly decrease the intraocular pressure in his right eye. Which of the following ophthalmologic medications functions to increase aqueous humor outflow via ciliary muscle contraction?

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A 13-year-old boy is brought to the emergency department because he was vomiting and seemed abnormally sleepy at home. On presentation, he is found to be confused and very lethargic. His parents said that he has had a fever and cough for several days prior to presentation and was given an over the counter medication. Physical exam of this patient reveals mild hepatomegaly and dry mucous membranes. Which of the following effects would the drug most likely also have on the nephron?

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A 67-year-old male presents to his primary care physician complaining of left hip pain for the past six months. He denies any trauma or recent falls. He is accompanied by his wife who reports that he has experienced progressive hearing loss over the same time period. The patient has also noticed that he is no longer able to fit into his favorite hat even though it previously fit well. A radiograph of the patient’s pelvis is shown. Which of the following laboratory abnormalities is most likely to be found in this patient?

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A 41-year-old African American man presents to his primary care physician a few months after being found to have a blood pressure of 152/95 mmHg. The patient denies any current symptoms, having any past medical history, or prior hospitalizations. He does not take any medications but takes one multivitamin daily. His blood pressures on three separate occasions have been 151/93 mmHg, 150/90 mmHg, and 155/97 mmHg. In today’s visit, his blood pressure is 149/91 mmHg despite exercise and dietary modifications. Physical examination is unremarkable. After extensive work-up he is started on appropriate monotherapy for his hypertension. Which of the following laboratory abnormalities may be found on follow-up testing?

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A 59-year-old male presents to his primary care physician complaining of fever, fatigue, and generalized weakness over the past 2 months. Physical examination reveals lymphadenopathy. Lab results are: Leukocyte count: 3,500/mm^3 Hemoglobin: 12.0 g/dL Hematocrit: 35% Platelet count: 110,000/mm^3 The patient subsequently undergoes a bone marrow aspiration and a notable finding is shown in Figure A. Which of the following chromosomal translocations is most likely responsible for this patient’s condition?

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A 24-year-old male with cystic fibrosis is brought to the emergency room by his mother after he had difficulty breathing. He previously received a lung transplant 6 months ago and was able to recover quickly from the operation. He is compliant with all of his medications and had been doing well with no major complaints until 2 weeks ago when he began to experience shortness of breath. Exam reveals a decreased FEV1/FVC ratio and biopsy reveals lymphocytic infiltration. Which of the following components is present in the airway zone characteristically affected by the most likely cause of this patient's symptoms?