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usmle-11951

A 4-year-old male is brought by his mother to the emergency room with dyspnea and fever. His mother reports a two-day history of progressive shortness of breath, malaise, and a fever with a maximum temperature of 101.6°F (38.7°C). The child has visited the emergency room three times over the past two years for pneumonia and otitis media. His family history is notable for sarcoidosis in his mother, diabetes in his father, and an early childhood death in his maternal uncle. His temperature is 101.2°F (38.4°C), blood pressure is 110/90 mmHg, pulse is 110/min, and respirations are 24/min. Physical examination reveals scant lymphoid tissue. A serological analysis reveals decreased levels of IgA, IgG, and IgM. This patient most likely has a defect in a protein that is active in which of the following cellular stages?

usmle-11952

A 29-year-old woman comes to the clinic for complaints of fatigue and palpitations for the past 3 days. She reports that even standing up and walking around takes “a lot of energy.” She was forced to call in sick today to her work as a kindergarten teacher. She denies any previous episodes but does endorse symmetric joint pain of her hands, wrists, knees, and ankles that was worse in the morning over the past week that self-resolved. She also reports a runny nose and congestion. Past medical history is unremarkable. Physical examination demonstrates splenomegaly, pallor, and generalized weakness; there is no lymphadenopathy. What is the most likely explanation for this patient’s symptoms?

usmle-11953

A 65-year-old male who is being treated for depression visits your emergency room complaining of being unable to urinate. In addition, the patient complains of tachycardia and dry mouth. He has no history of benign prostatic hyperplasia and reports of only being on one psychiatric medication. What type of psychiatric medication would cause such a side effect profile?

usmle-11954

An oncology researcher is interested in examining whether there is an association between eating meat and colon cancer. She enrolls 50 adults who are lifelong vegetarians and 50 demographically matched adults who eat some form of meat daily. All of the patients’ medical information is followed for 25 years and the number of patients who go on to develop colon cancer is tracked. The table provided in Figure A displays the results of her research. Which of the following statements are consistent with the findings of this research?

usmle-11955

A 17-year-old male with a history of bipolar disorder presents to clinic with a rash (Image A) that he noticed one week after starting a medication to stabilize his mood. The medication blocks voltage-gated sodium channels and can be used to treat partial simple, partial complex, and generalized tonic-clonic seizures. Regarding the patient's rash, what is the next step in management?

usmle-11956

A 10-year-old boy who recently immigrated to the United States from Africa with his family is brought to the emergency department by his mother for a progressively worsening ulcerative lesion on his jaw. His mother reports that her son’s right jaw has rapidly enlarged over the past few months. He says that it is very tender though he doesn’t recall any trauma to the site. In addition, the mother says her son hasn’t been himself the past few months with intermittent fever, weakness, and fatigue. Physical exam reveals a large, ulcerating right jaw mass that is draining serous fluid and painless cervical and axillary lymphadenopathy. Laboratory results are notable for an elevated serum lactate dehydrogenase. A biopsy of the right jaw mass is shown in the photograph. Which of the following chromosomal translocations is most likely to be found in this patient’s lesion?

usmle-11957

A 33-year-old woman presents to her local clinic in rural eastern India complaining of neck pain and fever. She reports a 4 day history of severe neck pain, neck stiffness, mild diarrhea, and fever. She has not taken her temperature. She works as a laborer and frequently carries heavy weights on her back. She is prescribed a medication and told to come back if her symptoms do not improve. Her symptoms resolve after a couple days. Six months later, she gives birth to a newborn male at 34 weeks gestation. His temperature is 97.8°F (36.6°C), blood pressure is 90/55 mmHg, pulse is 110/min, and respirations are 24/min. On examination, the baby is irritable with a weak cry. Ashen gray cyanosis is noted diffusely. What the is the mechanism of action of the drug responsible for this child’s presentation?

usmle-11958

A 23-year-old woman presents to the emergency department because of nausea. She has been experiencing severe intermittent nausea and diarrhea for the last year and refuses to leave the emergency department until she is told what is causing her symptoms. She hates hospitals but has reluctantly undergone numerous workups and imaging studies in order to discern what is wrong. All of the studies have been normal. She says that these symptoms have been causing her severe distress and is impairing her ability to perform her job. She says that she feels as if the nausea is worse when she is trying to work but says that she will continue to work as an insurance agent despite the physical discomfort. She has started restricting her diet to only graham crackers because she thinks that helps her symptoms. She has also started avoiding eating lunch because of the nausea. Which of the following disorders is most consistent with this patient's presentation?

usmle-11959

A 21-year-old man presents to the emergency department with acute back pain. The pain began a few hours prior to presentation and is located on the left lower back. The pain is described to be “shock-like,” 9/10 in pain severity, and radiates to the left groin. His temperature is 98.6°F (37°C), blood pressure is 120/75 mmHg, pulse is 101/min, and respirations are 18/min. The patient appears uncomfortable and is mildly diaphoretic. There is costovertebral angle tenderness and genitourinary exam is unremarkable. A non-contrast computerized tomography (CT) scan of the abdomen and pelvis demonstrates an opaque lesion affecting the left ureter with mild hydronephrosis. Straining of the urine with urine crystal analysis is demonstrated. Which of the following amino acids is most likely poorly reabsorbed by this patient’s kidney?

usmle-11960

A 32-year-old woman presents to a fertility specialist for an evaluation of infertility. She and her husband have been having unprotected sex 3-5 times per week for the past 15 months. The patient is a vegan and takes multiple vitamin supplements. She has a history of severe acne treated with topical antibiotics. She also has a history of well-controlled asthma and uses an albuterol inhaler as needed. Her last menstrual period was 3 weeks ago and was normal. Her periods are normally 30 days apart and last 3-4 days. She has never taken contraceptives. Her husband accompanies her at the visit and has not undergone an infertility workup. Her temperature is 98.6°F (37°C), blood pressure is 115/65 mmHg, pulse is 84/min, and respirations are 18/min. On exam, she is a healthy-appearing female in no acute distress. A complete blood count and basic metabolic panel are normal. Follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone levels are within normal ranges. A hysterosalpingogram is performed and results are shown in Figure A. Which of the following is the most likely cause of infertility?

usmle-11961

A 37-year-old previously healthy woman presents to the emergency room with right leg pain and difficulty breathing. She recently returned from a trip to Alaska and noticed her leg started to swell when she got home. Her medications include a multivitamin and oral contraceptives. She is diagnosed with a deep venous thrombosis complicated by a pulmonary embolism and started on anticoagulation. She remains stable and is discharged on the third hospital day with long-term anticoagulation. During the 2 month follow-up visit, the patient’s lab results are as follows: Hemoglobin: 14 g/dL Hematocrit: 44% Leukocyte count: 5,000/mm^3 with normal differential Platelet count: 300,000/mm^3 Prothrombin time: 23 seconds Partial thromboplastin time (activated): 20 seconds Bleeding time: 4 minutes Which of the following factors is initially activated in the target pathway for her long-term treatment?

usmle-11962

A 50-year-old man presents to the emergency department due to altered mental status. His symptoms began approximately two weeks prior to presentation where he complained of increasing fatigue, malaise, loss of appetite, and subjective fever. Vital signs are significant for a temperature of 102.0°F (38.9°C). On physical examination, there is a holosystolic murmur in the tricuspid area, linear non-blanching reddish lesions under the nails, and needle tracks on both antecubital fossa. A transthoracic echocardiogram shows a vegetation on the tricuspid valve. Blood cultures return positive for Staphylococcus aureus. A lumbar puncture is prompted due to altered mental status in the setting of fever; however, there is no bacteria found on cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) culture. Which of the following cell structures prevents the penetration of the bacteria into the CSF from his blood?

usmle-11963

A 68-year-old male presents to his primary care provider complaining of being tired. He reports gradually worsening fatigue over the past six months as well as intermittent night sweats. His medical history is notable for hyperlipidemia and diabetes mellitus. Physical exam is remarkable for painless cervical lymphadenopathy. Laboratory analysis is notable for a leukocyte count of 50,000/mm^3. A peripheral blood smear is obtained and shown in Figure A. He is started on a medication known to selectively target B cells. Which of the following cell surface markers is the most likely target of this medication?

usmle-11964

A 32-year-old woman presents to her primary care doctor complaining of increased fatigue and cold intolerance after her recent delivery. The patient delivered a healthy 39-week-old boy 3 weeks ago via spontaneous vaginal delivery. Delivery was complicated by postpartum hemorrhage requiring admission to the intensive care unit with blood transfusions. Pregnancy was otherwise uneventful, and the baby is healthy. The mother has had some difficulty with lactation, but is able to supplement her breast milk with formula feeds. On exam, her temperature is 97.7°F (36.5°C), blood pressure is 112/78 mmHg, pulse is 62/min, and respirations are 12/min. The patient does not have any neck masses or lymphadenopathy; however, her skin appears dry and rough. Which of the following serum lab abnormalities may be expected?

usmle-11965

A 35-year-old man is brought to the trauma bay by ambulance after sustaining a gunshot wound to the right arm. The patient is in excruciating pain and states that he can’t move or feel his hand. The patient states that he has no other medical conditions. On exam, the patient’s temperature is 98.4°F (36.9°C), blood pressure is 140/86 mmHg, pulse is 112/min, and respirations are 14/min. The patient is alert and his Glasgow coma scale is 15. On exam, he has a single wound on his right forearm without continued bleeding. The patient has preserved motor and sensation in his right elbow; however, he is unable to extend his wrist or extend his fingers further. He is able to clench his hand, but this is limited by pain. On sensory exam, the patient has no sensation to the first dorsal web space but has preserved sensation on most of the volar surface. Which of the following is the most likely injured?

usmle-11966

A 45-year-old obese man presents to his primary care provider for an annual physical. The patient states that he has noticed increased sleepiness during the day at work over the past 6 months in addition to difficulty concentrating and worsening memory. He denies recent weight loss, and is not sure if he snores because he sleeps by himself. His past medical history is significant for hypertension and type II diabetes. Vital signs are T 98.6 F, HR 75 bpm, BP 140/90 mm Hg, RR 18/min. Physical exam reveals a 350 pound man. Jugular venous distension is difficult to evaluate due to excess tissue in the neck. There is no peripheral edema. Lung exam is normal. Routine CBC shows WBC count of 5000 cells/ml, platelet count of 350,000/mcL, hemoglobin of 18 gm/dL, and hematocrit of 54%. What is the most likely cause of his abnormal lab results?

usmle-11967

A 9-year-old boy is brought to the emergency department by his parents with a 2-day history of weakness and joint pain. He was adopted 3 weeks ago from an international adoption agency and this is his first week in the United States. He says that he has been healthy and that he had an episode of sore throat shortly before his adoption. Physical exam reveals an ill-appearing boy with a fever, widespread flat red rash, and multiple subcutaneous nodules. The type of hypersensitivity seen in this patient's disease is also characteristic of which of the following diseases?

usmle-11968

A 59-year-old woman comes to the clinic complaining of an intermittent, gnawing epigastric pain for the past 2 months. The pain is exacerbated with food and has been getting progressively worse. The patient denies any weight changes, nausea, vomiting, cough, or dyspepsia. Medical history is significant for chronic back pain for which she takes ibuprofen. Her father passed at the age of 55 due to pancreatic cancer. Labs were unremarkable except for a mild decrease in hemoglobin. To what medication is most appropriate to be switched from the current medication at this time?

usmle-11969

A 14-year-old boy is brought to the emergency department by his mother after falling from the jungle gym and developing severe left knee pain and swelling. On presentation, he is found to be in pain with a hot, swollen, erythematous left knee. His past medical history is significant for abnormal coagulation lab tests before an appendectomy, but his mother cannot recall the exact details. Coagulation tests are conducted with the following results: Bleeding time: 3 minutes Prothrombin time: 11 seconds Partial thromboplastin time: 53 seconds Bradykinin formation: decreased Which of the following factors is most likely defective in this patient?

usmle-11970

A 55-year-old male presents to the emergency department after he was seen having a seizure. On presentation he is comatose and very jaundiced despite having no previous medical history and dies shortly thereafter. Over the next several hours 5 more patients present to the ER with severe diarrhea, abdominal pain, and bleeding abnormalities. They all recently returned from a several day camping trip where they slept in the woods and cooked with ingredients they were able to find in the wild. The original patient was also part of this camping trip. Postmortem analysis reveals massive hepatic necrosis. Which of the following activities was most likely inhibited by the cause of this patient's presentation?

usmle-11971

A 67-year-old woman presents to her primary care physician because she has been feeling increasingly fatigued over the last month. She has noticed that she gets winded halfway through her favorite walk in the park even though she was able to complete the entire walk without difficulty for years. She recently moved to an old house and started a new Mediterranean diet. Her past medical history is significant for hypertension and osteoarthritis for which she underwent a right hip replacement 2 years ago. Physical exam reveals conjunctival pallor as well as splenomegaly. Labs are obtained and the results are shown below: Hemoglobin: 9.7 g/dL (normal: 12-15.5 g/dL) Mean corpuscular volume: 91 µm^3 (normal: 80-100 µm^3) Direct Coombs test: positive Indirect Coombs test: positive Peripheral blood smear reveals spherical red blood cells. Red blood cells are also found to spontaneously aggregate at room temperature. The disorder that is most likely responsible for this patient's symptoms should be treated in which of the following ways?

usmle-11972

A 17-year-old girl is brought to the emergency department by her father with fever, chills, and a body rash. Her father reports that 3 days ago, his daughter underwent surgery for a deviated nasal septum. Since then, she has been "sleepy" and in moderate pain. When the patient’s father came home from work today, he found the patient on the couch, shivering and complaining of muscle aches. He also noticed a rash all over her body. The patient says she feels “hot and cold” and also complains of lightheadedness. The patient has no other past medical history. She has been taking oxycodone for the post-surgical pain. She denies any recent travel. The father reports the patient’s brother had a minor “cold” last week. The patient’s mother has major depressive disorder. The patient denies tobacco or illicit drug use. She says she has tried beer before at parties. Her temperature is 103.2°F (39.6°C), blood pressure is 84/53, pulse is 115/min, respirations are 12/min, and oxygen saturation is 99% on room air. The patient is awake and oriented but slow to respond. There is no focal weakness or nuchal rigidity. Physical examination reveals nasal packing in both nostrils, tachycardia, and a diffuse, pink, macular rash that is also present on the palms and soles. Initial labs show a neutrophil-dominant elevation in leukocytes, a creatinine of 2.1 mg/dL, an aspartate aminotransferase of 82 U/L, and an alanine aminotransferase of 89 U/L. Which of the following is the most likely cause of the patient’s symptoms?

usmle-11973

A 36-year-old man presents to his primary care physician with increasing fatigue. He says that the fatigue started after he returned from vacation in South America 4 weeks ago and thinks that it may be related to an infection he got while abroad. He does not know the name of the infection but says that he went to a local clinic for treatment and was given an antibiotic. Since then, he has noticed that he is no longer able to perform his job as a contractor who renovates old homes because he feels short of breath after just a few minutes of work. Furthermore, he says that he has been experiencing prolonged nosebleeds that never occurred prior to this episode. He denies any neurologic symptoms. His past medical history is significant for alcoholic hepatitis secondary to alcohol abuse 3 years prior. Physical exam reveals conjunctival pallor as well as petechiae. Which of the following findings is associated with the most likely cause of this patient's symptoms?

usmle-11974

A 76-year-old male presents to his primary care physician because he is concerned about changes in urination. Over the last few months, he has noticed increased urinary frequency as well as difficulty with initiating and stopping urination. He denies having pain with urination. Physical exam reveals a uniformly enlarged and non-tender prostate. Lab tests showed that the prostate specific antigen (PSA) was within normal limits. The patient did not tolerate an alpha blocker due to episodes of syncope so another medication is prescribed that affects testosterone metabolism. Which of the following disorders can also be treated with the medication most likely prescribed in this case?

usmle-11975

A 2-day-old male is seen in the newborn nursery for repeated emesis and lethargy. He was born at 39 weeks to a 24-year-old mother following an uncomplicated pregnancy and birth. He has been breastfeeding every 2 hours and has 10 wet diapers per day. His father has a history of beta-thalassemia minor. Laboratory results are as follows: Hemoglobin: 12 g/dL Platelet count: 200,000/mm^3 Mean corpuscular volume: 95 µm^3 Reticulocyte count: 0.5% Leukocyte count: 5,000/mm^3 with normal differential Serum: Na+: 134 mEq/L Cl-: 100 mEq/L K+: 3.3 mEq/L HCO3-: 24 mEq/L Urea nitrogen: 1 mg/dL Creatinine: 0.6 mg/dL Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

usmle-11976

A 55-year-old male presents with complaints of intermittent facial flushing. He also reports feeling itchy after showering. On review of systems, the patient says he has been having new onset headaches recently. On physical exam, his vital signs, including O2 saturation, are normal. He has an abnormal abdominal mass palpable in the left upper quadrant. A complete blood count reveals: WBCs 6500/microliter; Hgb 18.2 g/dL; Platelets 385,000/microliter. Which of the following is most likely responsible for his presentation?

usmle-11977

A 28-year-old female comes to the physician’s office with a complaint of episodic chest pain. She describes the pain as squeezing and tightness in her chest. This pain has been happening every few days for 3 months. She says there is no association of the pain with food or exercise. She is able to climb up to her fourth floor apartment daily without issue. Her only past medical history is migraines for which she takes appropriate medication. Here temperature is 98.6°F (37°C), blood pressure is 120/68 mmHg, pulse is 60/min, respirations are 16/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. She has no known family history. The patient is not in pain on presentation and EKG in the office is normal. 24-hour ECG monitoring shows transient ST elevations during the episodes of pain that resolve completely. The mechanism of this patient’s chest pain is most similar to the mechanism behind which of the following?

usmle-11978

A 55-year-old man with a 60 pack-year smoking history is referred by his primary care physician for a pulmonary function test (PFT). A previously obtained chest x-ray is shown below. Which of the following will most likely appear in his PFT report?

usmle-11979

A 1-day-old male is seen in the neonatal intensive care unit for respiratory distress. He was born at 37 weeks to a 24-year-old G3P11011 Rh- mother who had no prenatal care. On physical examination, temperature is 99°F (37.2°C), blood pressure is 120/85 mmHg, pulse is 120/min, respirations are 26/min, and pulse oximetry is 92% on room air. There is abdominal distention with a positive fluid wave. Laboratory results are as follows: Serum: Alkaline phosphatase: 80 U/L ALT: 33 U/L AST: 32 U/L Bilirubin (total): 10 mg/dL Bilirubin (conjugated): 0.2 mg/dL Amylase: 76 U/L Leukocyte count: 5,000/mm^3 with normal differential Hemoglobin: 8 g/dL Platelet count: 200,000/mm^3 Mean corpuscular volume: 80 µm^3 Reticulocyte count: 3% What is the most likely diagnosis?

usmle-11980

A 15-year-old girl is brought in by her parents to her pediatrician with concerns that their daughter still has not had her first menstrual cycle. The parents report that the patient has had no developmental issues in the past. She was born full term by vaginal delivery and has met all other milestones growing up. Based on chart review, the patient demonstrated breast bud development at 10 years of age. The patient is not self conscious of her appearance but is concerned that something may be wrong since she has not yet had her first period. The patient’s temperature is 97.9°F (36.6°C), blood pressure is 116/70 mmHg, pulse is 66/min, and respirations are 12/min. On exam, the patient appears her stated age and is of normal stature. She has Tanner 5 breast development but Tanner 2 pubic hair. On gynecologic exam, external genitalia appears normal, but the vagina ends in a blind pouch. Lab studies demonstrate that the patient has elevated levels of testosterone, estrogen, and luteinizing hormone. Which of the following is the most likely karyotype for this patient?

usmle-11981

A 48-year-old Caucasian male suffering from ischemic heart disease is placed on a heart transplant list. Months later, he receives a heart from a matched donor. During an endomyocardial biopsy performed 3 weeks later, there is damage consistent with acute graft rejection. What is most likely evident on the endomyocardial biopsy?

usmle-11982

A 2-year-old boy is referred by his primary care physician to a geneticist because of prolonged and recurrent infections. Specifically, he has had an abnormally large number of upper respiratory and gastrointestinal infections over the last year. He was born with a defect in the cardiac septum that was repaired right after birth and has remained asymptomatic since then. On evaluation, the patient appears to have hyperactive reflexes and his arm twitches upon blood pressure measurement. The regions of this patient's lymph nodes that is likely abnormal also contains which of the following?

usmle-11983

A 2-year-old boy presents to the emergency department with new onset seizures. After controlling the seizures with fosphenytoin loading, a history is obtained that reveals mild hypotonia and developmental delay since birth. There is also a history of a genetic biochemical disorder on the maternal side but the family does not know the name of the disease. Physical exam is unrevealing and initial lab testing shows a pH of 7.34 with a pCO2 of 31 (normal range 35-45) and a bicarbonate level of 17 mg/dl (normal range 22-28). Further bloodwork shows an accumulation of alanine and pyruvate. A deficiency in which of the following enzymes is most likely responsible for this patient's clinical syndrome?

usmle-11984

A 42-year-old man presents to his physician complaining of painful swelling in his right groin after spending the day moving heavy furniture. He denies any nausea, vomiting, or fever. Examination reveals swelling over the right inguinal ligament. The swelling bulges out further with Valsalva maneuver and with coughing. It is easily reducible on palpation. A photograph of the swelling is shown (Figure A). Which of the following best describes the complication in this individual?

usmle-11985

A 25-year-old woman with an extensive psychiatric history is suspected of having metabolic acidosis after ingesting a large amount of aspirin in a suicide attempt. Labs are drawn and the values from the ABG are found to be: PCO2: 25, and HCO3: 15, but the pH value is smeared on the print-out and illegible. The medical student is given the task of calculating the pH using the pCO2 and HCO3 concentrations. He recalls from his first-year physiology course that the pKa of relevance for the bicarbonate buffering system is approximately 6.1. Which of the following is the correct formula the student should use, using the given values from the incomplete ABG?

usmle-11986

A 56-year-old man is brought to the emergency room following complaints of severe chest pain. The pain came on while he was shoveling snow outside and is described as “crushing”, 8/10, and radiating to his jaw. He has never experienced similar pain before. He endorses diaphoresis, headache, and palpitations but denies fever, weight changes, upper respiratory symptoms, abdominal pain, or urinary changes. His past medical history is significant for hypertension that is treated with lisinopril. He admits to drinking 6-7 beers per day 4-5 days a week. A physical examination is unremarkable except for diaphoresis. A bedside electrocardiogram (ECG) is obtained and its results are shown in Figure A. What is the most likely condition that led to this patient’s ECG results?

usmle-11987

A 58-year-old female presents to her primary care physician with complaints of chest pain and palpitations. A thorough past medical history reveals a diagnosis of rheumatic fever during childhood. Echocardiography is conducted and shows enlargement of the left atrium and narrowing of the mitral valve opening. Which of the following should the physician expect , to hear on cardiac auscultation?

usmle-11988

A 38-year-old woman presents to her surgeon 1 year after a surgery for Crohn disease involving the removal of much of her small bowel. She had no major complications during the surgery and recovered as expected. Since then, she has noticed bone pain and weakness throughout her body. She has also had several fractures since the surgery. A panel of labs relevant to bone physiology was obtained and the results are shown below: Serum: Phosphate: Decreased Calcium: Decreased Alkaline phosphatase: Increased The factor that is most likely abnormal in this patient can also be synthesized from which of the following?

usmle-11989

A 29-year-old woman presents to the emergency department with a broken arm after she tripped and fell at work. She says that she has no history of broken bones but that she has been having bone pain in her back and hips for several months. In addition, she says that she has been waking up several times in the middle of the night to use the restroom and has been drinking a lot more water. Her symptoms started after she fell ill during an international mission trip with her church and was treated by a local doctor with unknown antibiotics. Since then she has been experiencing weight loss and muscle pain in addition to the symptoms listed above. Urine studies are obtained showing amino acids in her urine. The pH of her urine is also found to be < 5.5. Which of the following would most likely also be seen in this patient?

usmle-11990

A 47-year-old male presents to his primary care physician complaining of upper abdominal pain. He reports a four-month history of gnawing epigastric discomfort that improves with meals. He has lost 10 pounds over that same period. His past medical history is significant for a prolactinoma for which he underwent transphenoidal resection. He does not smoke or drink alcohol. His family history is notable for a paternal uncle and paternal grandmother with parathyroid neoplasms. His temperature is 99°F (37.2°C), blood pressure is 115/80 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, and respirations are 18/min. Upon further diagnostic workup, which of the following sets of laboratory findings is most likely?

usmle-11991

A 55-year-old male presents to his primary care physician complaining of dark urine. He first noticed that his urine was darker than usual approximately two months ago. He denies dysuria, urgency, or hesitancy. His past medical history is notable for a history of severe rheumatoid arthritis requiring multiple long-term anti-inflammatory medications. He has otherwise been healthy and takes no other medications. He has never smoked and does not drink alcohol. His temperature is 98.6°F (37°C), blood pressure is 130/85 mmHg, pulse is 80/min, and respirations are 18/min. He has no costovertebral angle tenderness. Urinalysis is positive for heme. A CT urogram is shown in Figure A. Which of the following medications has this patient likely taken in the past?

usmle-11992

A 69-year-old woman is brought to the clinic for difficulty breathing over the past 2 months. She denies any clear precipitating factor but reports that her breathing has become progressively labored and she feels like she can’t breathe. Her past medical history is significant for heart failure, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension. Her medications include lisinopril, metoprolol, and metformin. She is allergic to sulfa drugs and peanuts. A physical examination demonstrates bilateral rales at the lung bases, pitting edema of the lower extremities, and a laterally displaced point of maximal impulse (PMI). She is subsequently given a medication that will reduce her volume status by competitively binding to aldosterone receptors. What is the most likely drug prescribed to this patient?

usmle-11993

A 51-year-old female with a history of papillary thyroid carcinoma who is two weeks status-post thyroidectomy presents to her surgeon complaining of difficulty with her voice. Following the operation, she developed immediate hoarseness and difficulty speaking. The hoarseness has not improved since the operation. Her past medical history is notable for hypertension and obesity. Her temperature is 99°F (37.2°C), blood pressure is 120/80 mmHg, pulse is 90/min, and respirations are 16/min. Physical examination reveals a healing surgical scar without evidence of infection or dehiscence. Which of the following embryologic structures most likely gave rise to the structure that was damaged in this patient?

usmle-11994

A 19-year-old man presents to the emergency department after a motor vehicle accident. The patient reports left shoulder pain that worsens with deep inspiration. Medical history is significant for a recent diagnosis of infectious mononucleosis. His temperature is 99°F (37.2°C), blood pressure is 80/55 mmHg, pulse is 115/min, and respiratory rate is 22/min. On physical exam, there is abdominal guarding, abdominal tenderness in the left upper quadrant, and rebound tenderness. The patient’s mucous membranes are dry and skin turgor is reduced. Which of the following most likely represents the acute changes in renal plasma flow (RPF) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in this patient?

usmle-11995

A 63-year-old male is admitted to the hospital after an episode of syncope. He endorses vague abdominal discomfort as well as increased bilateral lower leg swelling for the past month. He has had intermittent left shoulder discomfort on exertion, which he states has been increasing in frequency. The patient’s vitals signs are as follows: Temperature is 98.7 deg F (37.1 deg C), blood pressure is 153/78 mmHg, pulse is 54/min, respirations are 14/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. The patient’s cardiac exam is notable for bradycardia without any murmurs. Chest radiograph appears as follows (Figure A). Which of the following changes on electrocardiogram would be most consistent with this patient’s presentation?

usmle-11996

A 35-year-old man with no past medical history presents to his primary care physician with complaints of fatigue. He states that his life has been hectic lately and that everything seems to be falling apart. He is scared that he will lose his job, that his wife will leave him, and that his children will not be able to afford to go to college. His worries are severe enough that they have began to interfere with his daily activities. His wife is also present and states that he has a very secure job and that they are well off financially. She says that he has always worried about something since she met him years ago. What medication would benefit this patient long term?

usmle-11997

A 52-year-old man presents to his primary care physician for a yearly checkup complaining of recent weight gain. The patient states that he has noticed that, regardless of his diet, his midsection has gotten increasingly larger and his old clothes no longer fit. The patient has a 2-year history of left hip arthritis from a car accident for which he is on prednisone, as well as a history of migraine headaches. The patient has also noticed that in the last 2 months, he has developed acne and his face has become fuller in appearance. On exam, the patient has gained 26 pounds since his previous checkup 1 year prior, and he now has a BMI 28.2 kg/m^2 (up from 24.1 kg/m^2 previously). His temperature is 98.3°F (36.8°C), blood pressure is 134/94 mmHg, pulse is 72/min, and respirations are 12/min. His physical exam is notable for red striae on his shoulders and around his waist. On his labs, the patient’s serum ACTH is found to be decreased. Which of the following changes is most likely expected?

usmle-11998

A 17-year-old female is brought to the emergency room by her father because she has been experiencing shortness of breath and chest pain. She says that the chest pain is worse when she breathes or coughs. Furthermore, on the way to the hospital she noticed that there were specks of blood on a tissue that she coughed into. She has no previous medical history and does not recall anything that could have provoked these symptoms. On presentation her temperature is 99°F (37.2°C), blood pressure is 107/65 mmHg, pulse is 102/min, respirations are 21/min, and O2 saturation is 91% on room air. Further testing shows a large filling defect in the pulmonary vessels, and the patient is started on an appropriate treatment intravenously. After drug administration, the effects of the drug are monitored using a standard blood test. Surprisingly, the test results come back within normal parameters. The most likely underlying cause of this patient's symptoms has which of the following modes of inheritance?

usmle-11999

A 42-year-old woman presents to the physician with symptoms of vague abdominal pain and bloating for several months. Test results indicate that she has ovarian cancer. Her physician attempts to reach her by phone but cannot. Next of kin numbers are in her chart. With whom can her doctor discuss this information?

usmle-12000

A 18-year-old woman presents to her primary care physician reporting that she has not experienced her first menses. She is accompanied by her mother who states that she personally experienced menstruation at age 12 and that the patient's sister started menstruating at the age of 11 years. The patient is not sexually-active and denies taking any medications. On physical examination, the patient appears thin and has fine hair covering her arms. Her height is 62 inches (157.48 cm) and her weight is 85 pounds (38.5 kg). The patient does not make eye contact and only answers in one word responses. The mother is asked to step out of the room and the interview resumes. After establishing some trust, the patient admits that she does not have an appetite. She has had difficulty sleeping and some feels guilty for worrying her mother. She also admits to occasional cocaine use. She switches between binge-eating and vomiting. She is constantly fatigued but she also goes to the gym three times daily, often without her parents’ knowledge. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis in this patient?

usmle-12001

A 71 year-old female is brought to the emergency room by her husband. The husband reports that they were taking a walk together one hour ago, when his wife experienced sudden, right arm and leg weakness. He noticed that she had slurred speech, and that she was not able to tell him where she was. The patient underwent an emergent CT scan, which was unremarkable, and was treated with tissue plasminogen activator (tPA). Which of the following EKG findings increases a patient's risk for this acute presentation?

usmle-12002

A 65-year-old G4P4 woman presents to her primary care physician complaining of a breast lump. She reports that she felt the lump while conducting a breast self-examination. Her past medical history is notable for endometrial cancer status post radical hysterectomy. She takes aspirin and fish oil. The patient drinks 3-4 alcoholic beverages per day and has a distant smoking history. Her temperature is 98.6°F (37°C), blood pressure is 130/75 mmHg, pulse is 90/min, and respirations are 18/min. A firm palpable mass in the upper outer quadrant of the right breast is noted on physical exam. Further workup reveals invasive ductal adenocarcinoma. She eventually undergoes radical resection and is started on a medication that is known to inhibit thymidylate synthetase. This patient is at increased risk for which of the following medication adverse effects?

usmle-12003

A 28-year-old woman presents to her primary care physician for evaluation of amenorrhea. Her last period occurred 4 months ago but she has not had sex in the last year and home pregnancy tests have come back negative. She first started having periods at age 13 and her periods have been unremarkable up until they stopped 4 months ago. Her past medical history is significant for radius and ulnar forearm fractures that she sustained in a car crash 3 months ago. She didn't see the car coming and has had increasing difficulty noticing objects in her peripheral vision. She also notes having recurrent headaches 5 months ago. Otherwise she has been healthy with no previous pregnancies. Physical exam reveals galactorrhea and temporal field visual defects. Which of the following mechanisms is most likely responsible for this patient's amenorrhea?

usmle-12004

A 30-year-old patient presents to clinic for pulmonary function testing. With body plethysmography, the patient's functional residual capacity is 3 L, tidal volume is 650 mL, expiratory reserve volume is 1.5 L, total lung capacity is 8 L, and dead space is 150 mL. Respiratory rate is 15 breaths per minute. What is the alveolar ventilation?

usmle-12005

A 50-year-old male presents to his dermatologist complaining of a spot on his upper back. He reports that he first noticed the spot 8 months ago after his wife pointed it out while they were swimming. The spot has been gradually enlarging since then. He denies pain, itching, or burning associated with the spot. He is otherwise healthy and takes no medication. He has been swimming regularly since he was a teenager but says that he does not regularly use sunscreen. An image of the skin lesion is shown in Figure A. Subsequent workup reveals lymph node metastases. He is started on a medication that specifically targets the protein mutation most commonly associated with this lesion. Which of the following medications was most likely used in this patient?

usmle-12006

A 65-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department by her daughter for fever and cough. She just returned from a cruise trip to the Bahamas with her family 5 days ago and reports that she has been feeling ill since then. She endorses fever, productive cough, and general malaise. Her daughter also mentions that the patient has been having some diarrhea but reports that the rest of her family has been experiencing similar symptoms. Physical examination was significant for localized crackles at the right lower lobe. Laboratory findings are as follows: Serum Na+: 130 mEq/L K+: 3.9 mEq/L Cl-: 98 mEq/L HCO3-: 27 mEq/L Mg2+: 1.8 mEq/L What findings would you expect in this patient?

usmle-12007

A 20-year-old man presents to clinic with complaints of a rash (Figure A). He is a wrestler for a local college, and several of his teammates have had a similar rash. You are considering treatment with terbinafine. What is the mechanism of action of this drug?

usmle-12008

A 36-year-old G1P0 Caucasian woman in her 12th week of pregnancy presents to her obstetrician with vaginal bleeding. She also reports 3 episodes of non-bloody, non-bilious emesis. She failed to show up for her last 2 pre-natal visits due to work. Her past medical history is notable for obesity and type I diabetes mellitus. Her family history is notable for ovarian cancer in her mother and endometrial cancer in her maternal grandmother. On examination, her uterus is at 16 weeks in size and she has mild tenderness to palpation on her right suprapubic region. A transvaginal ultrasound in this patient would most likely reveal which of the following?

usmle-12009

A 5-year-old boy is brought to the emergency department from school after he fell during gym class and hit his knee. On presentation, his knee is found to be hot, swollen, and painful. His mom says that he has a history of easy bruising but that he has otherwise been healthy. She denies observing any prolonged nosebleeds nor persistent rashes. His family history is significant for an uncle with a bleeding problem. Neither his older brother nor his older sister have been diagnosed with any bleeding problems. Which of the sets of laboratory values represented in Figure A would most likely be seen in this patient?

usmle-12010

A 37-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department for acute abdominal pain for the past 2 hours. She reports that the pain is constant, 10/10, and is diffusely spread across her stomach. She reports nausea and 1 episode of vomiting 1 hour ago, painless bloody urine, and paresthesias in her hands bilaterally. The patient claims similar episodes in the past following the use of alcohol, though with milder pain. Her past medical history is significant for pelvic inflammatory disease that was adequately treated 5 years ago. She is currently sexually active with her husband without contraceptive use. Her temperature is 98.6°F (37°C), blood pressure is 148/98 mmHg, pulse is 103/min, respirations are 18/min, and oxygen saturation is 99% on room air. A physical examination demonstrates a patient in acute distress with diffuse abdominal tenderness and decreased sensation of the hands bilaterally. What is the most likely explanation for this patient’s symptoms?

usmle-12011

A 9-year-old boy is brought to the emergency room by his mother for weakness, diaphoresis, and syncope. His mother says that he has never been diagnosed with any medical conditions but has been having “fainting spells” over the past month. Routine lab work reveals a glucose level of 25 mg/dL. The patient is promptly given glucagon and intravenous dextrose and admitted to the hospital for observation. The patient’s mother stays with him during his hospitalization. The patient is successfully watched overnight and his blood glucose levels normalize on his morning levels. The care team discusses a possible discharge during morning rounds. One hour later the nurse is called in for a repeat fainting episode. A c-peptide level is drawn and shown to be low. The patient appears ill, diaphoretic, and is barely arousable. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis in this child?

usmle-12012

A 52-year-old man is brought to the emergency department after being found by police confused and lethargic in the park. The policemen report that the patient could not recall where he was or how he got there. Medical history is significant for multiple prior hospitalizations for acute pancreatitis. He also has scheduled visits with a psychiatrist for managing his depression and substance abuse. On physical examination, the patient was found to have horizontal nystagmus and a wide-based gait with short-spaced steps. The patient is started on appropriate medication and admitted to the medicine floor. He was re-evaluated after treatment implementation and currently does not appear confused. When asked how he got to the hospital, the patient says, "I remember leaving my wallet here and thought I should pick it up." On cognitive testing the patient is noted to have impairments in judgement, sequencing tasks, and memory. Which of the following enzymes was most likely impaired in this patient?

usmle-12013

A 14-year-old girl presents to the emergency room complaining of abdominal pain. She was watching a movie 3 hours prior to presentation when she developed severe non-radiating right lower quadrant pain. The pain has worsened since it started. She also had non-bloody non-bilious emesis 1 hour ago and continues to feel nauseated. Her temperature is 101°F (38.3°C), blood pressure is 130/90 mmHg, pulse is 110/min, and respirations are 22/min. On exam, she has rebound tenderness at McBurney point and a positive Rovsing sign. She is stabilized with intravenous fluids and pain medication and is taken to the operating room to undergo a laparoscopic appendectomy. While in the operating room, the circulating nurse leads the surgical team in a time out to ensure that introductions are made, the patient’s name and date of birth are correct, antibiotics have been given, and the surgical site is marked appropriately. This process is an example of which of the following human factor engineering elements?

usmle-12014

A 54-year-old woman presents for follow-up care for her type 2 diabetes mellitus. She was diagnosed approximately 2 years ago and was treated with dietary modifications, an exercise regimen, metformin, and glipizide. She reports that her increased thirst and urinary frequency has not improved with her current treatment regimen. Her hemoglobin A1c is 8.5% at this visit. She is started on a medication that will result in weight loss but places her at increased risk of developing urinary tract infections and vulvovaginal candidiasis. Which of the following is the mechanism of action of the prescribed medication?

usmle-12015

A 42-year-old woman comes to her primary care physician because of an irritating sensation in her nose. She noticed recently that there seems to be a lump in her nose. Her past medical history is significant for pain that seems to migrate around her body and is refractory to treatment. She has intermittently been taking a medication for the pain and recently increased the dose of the drug. Which of the following processes was most likely responsible for development of this patient's complaint?

usmle-12016

A 32-year-old woman presents with three-days of vaginal burning, itching, and pain with intercourse. She is in a monogamous relationship with her husband and has an intrauterine device for contraception. Her past medical history is unremarkable, except for recently being treated with antibiotics for sinusitis. Pelvic exam is remarkable for vulvar excoriations, vaginal wall edema, and thick, white discharge in the vault. Wet mount with KOH staining reveals budding filaments with pseudohyphae and hyphae. Which of the following is the most appropriate treatment?

usmle-12017

A 54-year-old male comes to the clinic to initiate care with a new physician. He has no complaints at this time. When taking his history, the patient says his medical history is notable for diabetes and hypertension both of which are well managed on his medications. His medications are metformin and lisinopril. A review of systems is negative. While taking the social history, the patient hesitates when asked about alcohol consumption. Further gentle questioning by the physician leads the patient to admit that he drinks 5-6 beers per night and up to 10-12 drinks per day over the weekend. He says that he has been drinking like this for “years.” He becomes emotional and says that his alcohol is negatively affecting his relationship with his wife and children; however, when asked about efforts to decrease his consumption, the patient says he has not tried in the past and doesn’t think he has “the strength to stop”. Which of the following stages of change most accurately describes this patient’s behavior?

usmle-12018

A 16-year-old boy is brought in to a psychiatrist's office by his mother for increasingly concerning erratic behavior. Her son has recently entered a new relationship, and he constantly voices beliefs that his girlfriend is cheating on him. He ended his last relationship after voicing the same beliefs about his last partner. During the visit, the patient reports that these beliefs are justified, since everyone at school is “out to get him.” He says that even his teachers are against him, based on their criticism of his schoolwork. His mother adds that her son has always held grudges against people and has always taken comments very personally. The patient has no psychiatric history and is in otherwise good health. What condition is this patient genetically predisposed for?

usmle-12019

A 45-year-old mechanic presents to the emergency department complaining of acute-onset shortness of breath while repairing a plowing tractor for his neighbor. The patient denies having any history of asthma or respiratory symptoms, and does not smoke. His temperature is 99.8°F (37.7°C), pulse is 65/min, blood pressure is 126/86 mmHg, and respirations are 20/min. His oxygen saturation is 97%. On exam, he is pale and diaphoretic. His pupils are contracted. Diffuse wheezes are noted in all lung fields. What is the best treatment for his condition?

usmle-12020

A 9-year-old boy is brought to the emergency department by his mother. She says that he started having “a cold” yesterday, with cough and runny nose. This morning, he was complaining of discomfort with urination. His mother became extremely concerned when he passed bright-red urine with an apparent blood clot. The boy is otherwise healthy. Which of the following is the most likely underlying cause?

usmle-12021

A 72-year-old man presents to his primary care physician with a 1 week history of persistent dry cough and worsening shortness of breath. He says that he has also been experiencing some abdominal pain and weakness. He has never experienced these symptoms before. His past medical history is significant for persistent ventricular tachycardia, and he started a new medication to control this arrhythmia about 1 month prior to presentation. Chest radiograph reveals patchy opacification bilaterally, and computed tomography (CT) scan shows diffuse ground glass changes. The drug that is most likely responsible for this patient's symptoms has which of the following mechanisms of action?

usmle-12022

A 34-year-old female with a history of recurrent kidney stones presents to her nephrologist for a follow-up visit. She reports intermittent hematuria and has passed multiple kidney stones since her last visit six months ago. She has made multiple alterations to her diet, including increasing her water intake and reducing her consumption of animal proteins and sources of phosphoric acid and oxalic acid. She takes hydrochlorothiazide and supplemental citrate. Her past medical history is also notable for generalized anxiety disorder. Her temperature is 99.4°F (37.4°C), blood pressure is 115/80 mmHg, pulse is 75/min, and respirations are 16/min. To identify structural causes of the patient’s recurrent kidney stones, the nephrologist orders a CT of the patient’s abdomen, which is shown in Figure A. Which of the following vessels is most likely blocking the normal development of this patient’s genitourinary tract?

usmle-12023

A 3-year-old boy is brought to his pediatrician by his mother for a productive cough. His symptoms began approximately 3 days prior to presentation and have not improved. His mother also reports that he developed diarrhea recently and denies any sick contacts or recent travel. He has received all of his vaccinations. Medical history is significant for pneumonia and a lung abscess of staphylococcal origin, and osteomyelitis caused by Serratia marcescens. Physical examination demonstrates growth failure and dermatitis. Laboratory testing is remarkable for hypergammaglobulinemia and a non-hemolytic and normocytic anemia. Work-up of his productive cough reveals that it is pneumonia caused by Aspergillus fumigatus. Which of the following is most likely the immune system defect that will be found in this patient?

usmle-12024

A 72-year-old man is brought to the emergency department by his daughter because he was found to have decreased alertness that has gotten progressively worse. Three weeks ago he was diagnosed with an infection and given an antibiotic, though his daughter does not remember what drug was prescribed. His medical history is also significant for benign prostatic hyperplasia and hypertension, for which he was prescribed tamsulosin, a thiazide, and an ACE inhibitor. He has not sustained any trauma recently, and no wounds are apparent. On presentation, he is found to be confused. Labs are obtained with the following results: Serum: Na+: 135 mEq/L BUN: 52 mg/dL Creatinine: 2.1 mg/dL Urine: Osmolality: 548 mOsm/kg Na+: 13 mEq/L Creatinine: 32 mg/dL Which of the following etiologies would be most likely given this patient's presentation?

usmle-12025

A 34-year-old woman presents to her primary care physician complaining of weakness and rash for the past 2 months. She says her symptoms had a gradual onset at first, but over the past 2 weeks she has grown more concerned as she now has difficulty going up and down the stairs in her apartment. Her rash is nonpruritic and confined to her knuckles. She denies fever, chills, and changes in bowel habits, cough, or shortness of breath. Up until the onset of her symptoms she had been an avid hiker in upstate New York. Temperature is 98.0°F (36.7°C) blood pressure is 110/72 mmHg, pulse is 88/min, and respirations are 20/min. Physical examination demonstrates 4-/5 strength in the proximal lower extremities. The patient's cutaneous findings are demonstrated in figure A. Laboratory studies will most likely demonstrate the following in this patient?

usmle-12026

A 3-year-old boy is brought to the emergency department by ambulance after a motor vehicle accident. He is unconscious upon arrival and is found to have severe internal bleeding due to trauma. He is taken for emergency surgery and severely damaged tissues are removed. After surgery, the boy is taken into the PICU for recovery. Over the subsequent week, serial labs are drawn showing target cells, thrombocytosis, and leukocytosis. He is started on a prophylactic regimen that is continued upon discharge. Which of the following is consistent with the mechanism of action of the drug that was most likely prescribed in this case?

usmle-12027

A 78-year-old man presents with a 1-day history of increasing shortness of breath and difficulty lying down to sleep. His past medical history is significant for hypertension, myocardial infarction, and congestive heart failure. He denies chest pain and says that he has not noticed any other recent changes to his health. A physical exam is notable for inspiratory crackles on lung auscultation and 2+ pitting edema on the bilateral lower extremities. His physician increases the dose of one of his medications. If this medication acts upon a cotransporter that binds to both sodium and potassium, which of the sets of serum laboratory abnormalities in Figure A would most likely be seen in this patient?

usmle-12028

Fifteen years ago, a physician was exposed to Mycobacterium tuberculosis during a medical mission trip to Haiti. A current CT scan of his chest reveals respiratory apical granulomas. The formation of this granuloma helped prevent the spread of the infection to other sites. Which pair of cells contributed to the walling-off of this infection?

usmle-12029

A 53-year-old woman with spontaneous atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT) presents with sudden palpitations and dizziness. Her heart rate is regular with narrow QRS complexes and difficult to discern p-waves as seen in Figure A. Her heart rate is 200 beats per minute. Which of the following beta-blockers is the most appropriate pharmacological treatment for her acute presentation?

usmle-12030

A 2-day-old boy is evaluated in the newborn nursery after the nurse witnessed the child convulsing. The child was born at 39 weeks gestation to a healthy 32-year-old G1P0 woman. Initial examination after birth was notable for a cleft palate. The child’s temperature is 99°F (37.2°C), blood pressure is 100/60 mmHg, pulse is 115/min, and respirations are 18/min. On exam, he appears somnolent. His face demonstrates periorbital fullness, hypoplastic nares, and small dysmorphic ears. A series of labs are drawn and shown below: Hemoglobin: 13.1 g/dL Hematocrit: 40% Leukocyte count: 4,000/mm^3 with normal differential Platelet count: 200,000/mm^3 Serum: Na+: 140 mEq/L Cl-: 100 mEq/L K+: 3.8 mEq/L HCO3-: 25 mEq/L BUN: 19 mg/dL Glucose: 110 mg/dL Creatinine: 1.0 mg/dL Ca2+: 7.9 mg/dL Phosphate: 4.7 mg/dL This patient is deficient in a hormone that has which of the following functions?

usmle-12031

A 38-year-old woman presents to the emergency department for acute-onset chest pain. She reports that while eating breakfast this morning she experienced a 10/10 crushing chest pain that resolved within 5-10 minutes. She reports diaphoresis, dysphagia, and shortness of breath during the episode but denies fever, chills, weight changes, or nausea/vomiting. The patient admits to having 4-5 similar episodes within the past 4 months, each lasting around 5 minutes with no obvious precipitating factor. Her past medical history is unremarkable besides some residual cough from an upper respiratory infection last week. She experiences another episode at the emergency department. A bedside electrocardiogram (ECG) is obtained and shown in Figure A. Troponin is 0.03 ng/mL. Her pain resolves following nitroglycerin administration. What other finding would you expect to find in this patient?

usmle-12032

Candida is injected into the skin of a 38-year-old female patient. Forty-eight hours later, there is a 14 mm raised, slightly hardened area at the injection site. What type of hypersensitivity reaction has occurred and what cell type plays a role?

usmle-12033

A 65-year-old man presents to the emergency department complaining of significantly decreased exercise tolerance and shortness of breath with activity. He was seen 7 weeks ago for a ST-elevation myocardial infarction and was treated appropriately. Ever since the event, he states he has been unable to exercise or walk without being more short of breath as compared to previously. The patient's initial set of troponins are within normal limits and wave morphologies from his ECG are seen in Figure A. Which of the following best describes the cellular changes which are occurring in this patient's heart currently?

usmle-12034

A 52-year-old man presents to the emergency department with severe pain of the left first metatarsophalangeal joint. He says that the pain started 3 hours ago and describes it as sharp in character. The pain has been so severe that he has not been able to tolerate any movement of the joint. His past medical history is significant for hypertension for which he takes a thiazide diuretic. His diet consists primarily of red meat, and he drinks 5 bottles of beer per night. On physical exam, his left first metatarsophalangeal joint is swollen, erythematous, and warm to the touch. Which of the following characteristics would be seen with the most likely cause of this patient's symptoms?

usmle-12035

A 35-year-old woman comes to the emergency room with severe abdominal pain for the past 3 hours. She is in obvious distress and reports that the pain is similar to that of previous kidney stones. She has had 3 episodes in the past 6 months and is extremely frustrated with her condition. The patient endorses weight loss, recurrent diarrhea, and a painful rash on her leg shown in Figure A. She denies fever, chills, melena, hematochezia, chest pain, or nausea/vomiting. Her urine pregnancy test is negative. A non-contrast computed tomography (CT) scan of the abdomen demonstrates a 4 cm stone at the ureter. What findings would you expect in this patient?

usmle-12036

A 15-year-old boy is brought to the clinic by his father for difficulty in school. He reports that his son has been suspended several times over his high school career for instigating fights. Per the patient, he has always had trouble controlling his anger and would feel especially frustrated at school since he has difficulty “keeping up.” His past medical history is unremarkable and he is up-to-date on all his vaccinations. A physical examination demonstrates a 6-foot tall teenage boy with severe acne vulgaris throughout his face and back. He is later worked up to have a chromosomal abnormality. What is the most likely explanation for this patient’s presentation?

usmle-12037

A 68-year-old man presents to his physician for symptoms of chronic weight loss, abdominal bloating, and loose stools. He notes that he has also been bothered by a chronic cough. The patient’s laboratory work-up includes a WBC differential, which is remarkable for an eosinophil count of 9%. Stool samples are obtained, with ova and parasite examination revealing roundworm larvae in the stool and no eggs. Which of the following parasitic worms is the cause of this patient’s condition?

usmle-12038

A 52-year-old woman presents to her primary care provider with shortness of breath. She reports a 3-month history of difficulty breathing with exertion that has progressed to affect her at rest. She swims 45 minutes every day but has had trouble swimming recently due to her breathing difficulties. Her past medical history is notable for well-controlled mild intermittent asthma and generalized anxiety disorder. She has a 15 pack-year smoking history but quit 15 years ago. She does not drink alcohol. Her mother died at the age of 60 from heart failure and was a lifetime non-smoker. Her temperature is 99°F (37.2°C), blood pressure is 135/85 mmHg, pulse is 85/min, and respirations are 22/min. Her BMI is 23 kg/m^2. On exam, she has slightly increased work of breathing. Cardiac auscultation reveals a normal S1 and loud P2. An echocardiogram is performed demonstrating right ventricular hypertrophy. Her pulmonary artery pressure is 24 mmHg at rest and 40 mmHg with exercise. This patient’s condition is associated with a mutation in a gene that does which of the following?

usmle-12039

A 52-year-old woman presents to her primary care physician complaining of 3 weeks of persistent thirst despite consumption of increased quantities of water. She also admits that she has had increased frequency of urination during the same time period. A basic metabolic panel is performed which reveals mild hypernatremia and a normal glucose level. Urine electrolytes are then obtained which shows a very low urine osmolality that does not correct when a water deprivation test is performed. Blood tests reveal an undetectable level of antidiuretic hormone (ADH). Based on this information, what is the most likely cause of this patient's symptoms?

usmle-12040

A 42-year-old woman presents to her primary care physician with 2 weeks of abdominal pain. She says that the pain is squeezing in character and gets worse after she eats food. The pain is particularly bad after she eats dairy products so she has begun to avoid ice cream and cheese. Furthermore, she has noticed that she has been experiencing episodes of nausea associated with abdominal pain in the last 4 days. Physical exam reveals tenderness to palpation and rebound tenderness in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen. The molecule that is most likely responsible for the increased pain this patient experiences after eating fatty foods is most likely secreted by which of the following cells?

usmle-12041

A 37-year-old male presents with difficulty eating solids and drinking water; which has been progressively worse over the past year. He has noticed that he is regurgitating food that appears undigested and has also been having difficulty belching. He said that lifting his neck seems to help him keep his food down. He is currently on omeprazole for his acid reflux; however, his heartburn still persists. An esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) is performed that shows no evidence of mechanical obstruction or esophageal inflammation. If esophageal manometry is performed, which of the following will most likely be present in this patient?

usmle-12042

A 17-year-old girl presents to the emergency department with a painful rash on her head. She says that she started noticing a rash 2 weeks ago that has gotten worse over time. In addition, she says that she has been very thirsty over the same time period and often needs to urgently use the restroom during the day, which has been disrupting her ability to pay attention in school. Otherwise she says that she has some headaches, but attributes this to migraines that run in her family. She does not take any medications, doesn't smoke, and drinks socially with her friends. On physical exam, a disfiguring red scalp rash is observed and radiographs reveal lytic appearing skull lesions. Further examination and testing would most likely reveal which of the following findings in this patient?

usmle-12043

An 11-year-old male with light purple eyes presents with gradual loss of bilateral visual acuity. Over the past several years, vision has worsened from 20/20 to 20/100 in both eyes. He also has mild nystagmus when focusing on objects such as when he is trying to do his homework. He is diagnosed with a disease affecting melanin production in the iris. If both of his parents are unaffected, which of the following represents the most likely probabilities that another male or female child from this family would be affected by this disorder?

usmle-12044

A 72-year-old man is admitted to the hospital with productive cough and fever. A chest radiograph is obtained and shows lobar consolidation. The patient is diagnosed with pneumonia. He has a history of penicillin allergy. The attending physician orders IV levofloxacin as empiric therapy. On morning rounds the next day, the team discovers that the patient was administered ceftriaxone instead of levofloxacin. The patient has already received a full dose of ceftriaxone and had no signs of allergic reaction, and his pneumonia appears to be improving clinically. What is the most appropriate next step?

usmle-12045

A 17-year-old male, accompanied by his uncle, presents to his family physician with his arm in a sling. There is blood dripping down his shirt. He pleads with the physician to keep this injury "off the books", offering to pay in cash for his visit, as he is afraid of retaliation from his rival gang. The physician exams the wound, which appears to be a stabbing injury to his left anterior deltoid. How should the physician best handle this patient's request?

usmle-12046

A 59-year-old man comes to the clinic for an annual well-exam. He was lost to follow-up for the past 3 years due to marital issues but reports that he feels fine. The patient reports, “I feel tired but it is probably because I am getting old. I do feel a little feverish today - I think I got a cold.” His past medical history is significant for hypertension that is controlled with hydrochlorothiazide. He reports fatigue, congestion, cough, and night sweats. He denies any sick contacts, recent travel, weight changes, chest pain, or dizziness. His temperature is 101°F (38.3°C), blood pressure is 151/98 mmHg, pulse is 97/min, and respirations are 15/min. His laboratory values are shown below: Hemoglobin: 13.5 g/dL Hematocrit: 41% Leukocyte count: 25,000/mm^3 Segmented neutrophils: 73% Bands: 8% Eosinophils: 1% Basophils: 2% Lymphocytes: 15% Monocytes: 2% Platelet count: 200,000/mm^3 What diagnostic test would be helpful in distinguishing this patient’s condition from pneumonia?

usmle-12047

A 57-year-old female with history of Graves’ disease presents to your clinic for followup. Over the last several months, she has been experiencing dry, irritated eyes, bilateral eye pain, and double vision. Her eyes have the following appearance (Figure A). What is the mechanism of the patient’s proptosis?

usmle-12048

A 45-year-old man presents to the emergency room with cough, dyspnea, and fever over the past 2 days. He also has substernal chest pain that worsens with inspiration. He recently recovered from a mild upper respiratory infection. His past medical history is notable for gout, hypertension, major depressive disorder, obesity, diabetes mellitus, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. He takes allopurinol, lisinopril, buproprion, and metformin. He works as a policeman and has a 25-pack-year smoking history. His temperature is 100.8°F (38.2°C), blood pressure is 150/75 mmHg, pulse is 108/min, and respirations are 22/min. On examination, he appears to be in mild distress but is cooperative and appropriately interactive. When the patient leans forward, a friction rub can be heard at the left lower sternal border. A basic metabolic panel is within normal limits. This patient’s condition is most likely caused by which of the following types of pathogens?

usmle-12049

An 8-year-old girl is brought to the clinic by her parents for fever and easy bruising. Her parents report that the child has been bruising easily ever since an upper respiratory infection 3 months ago. For example, a bump into the table resulted in a large bruise on the side of her hip for a week. Three days ago, her mother noticed that the child felt warm and subsequently measured a temperature of 101.8°F (38.8°C) that did not respond to acetaminophen. The patient denies any chills, cough, rhinorrhea, pharyngitis, sick contacts, headache, or urinary symptoms. A physical examination demonstrates a nontender, firm, and rubbery node along her left neck and splenomegaly. Laboratory findings are shown below: Leukocyte count and differential: Leukocyte count: 19,000/mm^3 Neutrophils: 39% Bands: 12% Eosinophils: 2% Basophils: 0.5% Lymphocytes: 40% Monocytes: 6.5% Hemoglobin: 9.7 g/dL Platelet count: 100,000/mm^3 Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration: 30% Mean corpuscular volume: 76 µm^3 Reticulocyte count: 0.7% What findings would you expect in this patient?

usmle-12050

A 32-year-old male with history of ongoing alcohol abuse is admitted to the hospital for recurrent shortness of breath and dyspnea. The patient has required weekly paracentesis for recurrent accumulation of ascites. On initial exam, the patient is noted to have yellowing of his sclera and a markedly distended abdomen with shifting dullness to percussion. An esophagogastroduodenscopy performed one month prior demonstrated esophageal and gastric varices. A chest radiograph is shown in Figure A. The patient’s abdomen has the following appearance (Figure B). Which of the following appropriate interventions in this patient would most likely reduce the patient’s recurring symptoms in the short term?