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What's the winter like in Paris compared to New York?

Climate data for Paris Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average Ultraviolet index 1 2 3 4 6 7 7 6 4 3 1 1 3.8 Source: Weather Atlas ==References== ===Works cited=== * * Category:Climate by city Category:Climate of France Winter temperatures average below freezing during January and February in much of the state of New York, but several degrees above freezing along the Atlantic coastline, including New York City. thumb|right|Autumn in Paris|300x300px Paris has a typical oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification: Cfb) which is affected by the North Atlantic Current. New York City, Long Island, and the Hudson Valley see the least amount of snowfall because they see warmer temperatures from the warmer ocean temperatures and the nor- easters there are mixed with rain, between 10–25 inches. === Winter temperatures === thumb|right|Snow in the same location 10 years later on May 9, 2020 Winter temps vary just like the summer temperatures. New Paris may refer to a place in the United States: *New Paris, Indiana *New Paris, Ohio *New Paris, Pennsylvania *New Paris, Wisconsin ==See also== *Paris *New France The Adirondacks have warm to hot temperatures with some humidity during a heat wave but it is typically cooler than the rest of the state during a heat wave. ===Winter snowfall=== Snowfall in New York State also significantly varies by region. Paris is a town in Oneida County, New York, United States. Weather in New York is heavily influenced by two air masses: a warm, humid one from the southwest and a cold, dry one from the northwest. The climate of New York (state) is generally humid continental, while the extreme southeastern portion of the state (New York City and Long Island area) lies in the warmer humid subtropical climate zone. New York City, Hudson Valley, and Long Island are the warmest in New York State because of warmer ocean temperatures which keep these area between 37–42 °F (2 to 5 °C), warmer than locations upstate. Paris has an average annual precipitation of , and experiences light rainfall distributed evenly throughout the year. The New York City area and the Lower Hudson Valley in contrast feature more sultry and tropical summers with frequent bouts of high temperatures and high dew points. The city sees snow, primarily in winter. The Great Lakes region of New York sees the highest annual rain and snow amounts in the state of New York, and heavy lake-effect snow is common in both western and central New York in winter. Most of Western New York, Central New York, the mid-Hudson Valley and the Catskills have moderate temperatures but are usually humid, with temperatures ranging 80 °F–85 °F (26–29 °C). The annual average temperature across the state ranges from around over the Adirondack Mountains to near across the Hudson Valley and Long Island, to around within New York City. In 2016, much of New York experienced a severe drought, including the Finger Lakes region, where the drought was preceded by a very mild winter with minimal snow pack. ==Climate data for select cities== ==See also== *Climate change in New York (state) *List of New York hurricanes ==References== ==Notes== New York Category:Environment of New York (state) The Adirondacks are the coldest in New York and are almost always below freezing for almost 3 straight months. Snowfall averages per year but is highly variable between winter seasons. Winter-like conditions prevail from November through April in northern New York, and from December through March in southern New York. However, it is far north enough for there to be a moderate change of possible daylight hours throughout the year. ===Wind=== The wind is seldom strong in New York City but can occasionally be noticeable. Unlike the vast majority of the state, New York City features a humid subtropical climate (Koppen Cfa).

Paris is colder than New York

The winter in Paris is colder and has more snow

The winter in Paris is cooler than New York

The weather in New York is milder in winter than Paris

The winter in New York is colder and has more snow

E

What are winters like in London vs New York?

Weather in New York is heavily influenced by two air masses: a warm, humid one from the southwest and a cold, dry one from the northwest. Winter temperatures average below freezing during January and February in much of the state of New York, but several degrees above freezing along the Atlantic coastline, including New York City. The climate of New York (state) is generally humid continental, while the extreme southeastern portion of the state (New York City and Long Island area) lies in the warmer humid subtropical climate zone. New York City, Hudson Valley, and Long Island are the warmest in New York State because of warmer ocean temperatures which keep these area between 37–42 °F (2 to 5 °C), warmer than locations upstate. New York City, Long Island, and the Hudson Valley see the least amount of snowfall because they see warmer temperatures from the warmer ocean temperatures and the nor- easters there are mixed with rain, between 10–25 inches. === Winter temperatures === thumb|right|Snow in the same location 10 years later on May 9, 2020 Winter temps vary just like the summer temperatures. The Great Lakes region of New York sees the highest annual rain and snow amounts in the state of New York, and heavy lake-effect snow is common in both western and central New York in winter. Most of Western New York, Central New York, the mid-Hudson Valley and the Catskills have moderate temperatures but are usually humid, with temperatures ranging 80 °F–85 °F (26–29 °C). New York City is an urban heat island, with temperatures 5–7 degrees Fahrenheit (3–4 degrees Celsius) warmer overnight than surrounding areas. The New York City area and the Lower Hudson Valley in contrast feature more sultry and tropical summers with frequent bouts of high temperatures and high dew points. Winter-like conditions prevail from November through April in northern New York, and from December through March in southern New York. Lists of tallest buildings in New York include: *List of tallest buildings in New York City **List of tallest buildings in Brooklyn **List of tallest buildings in Queens *List of tallest buildings in Upstate New York ** List of tallest buildings in Albany, New York ** List of tallest buildings in Buffalo ** List of tallest buildings in Rochester, New York ** List of tallest buildings in Syracuse, New York *List of tallest buildings on Long Island ==See also== *List of tallest buildings in the United States New York In 2016, much of New York experienced a severe drought, including the Finger Lakes region, where the drought was preceded by a very mild winter with minimal snow pack. ==Climate data for select cities== ==See also== *Climate change in New York (state) *List of New York hurricanes ==References== ==Notes== New York Category:Environment of New York (state) In January 2023, London Mayor Sadiq Khan issued a "very high" air-pollution alert and urged citizens to avoid unnecessary car journeys as the city grappled with high levels of pollution, according to AQI website, which stated that London's air quality index stood at 58, considered moderate. == Classifications == ==Climate data tables== ===London Weather Centre === ===St James's Park - Weather Station near the centre of London=== ===Heathrow - Airport Weather Station in the suburbs of West London=== === Kew Gardens - Weather Station in South West London on the banks of the River Thames === ===Hampstead - Weather Station in North London=== The weather station enclosure is the most elevated of any in the London area, and as a result daytime temperatures are typically one degree lower than Heathrow, Kew, Northolt and Greenwich. ===Northolt - Airfield Weather Station in the North West of London=== Temperature extremes range from in August 2003, down to in January 1962. ===Greenwich - Weather Station in South East London near the river Thames=== ===Average UV index=== Ultraviolet indexAverage UV index London, United Kingdom – weather-atlas.com Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year 1 1 2 4 5 6 6 5 4 2 1 0 3.4 ==See also== *River Thames frost fairs *Climate of the United Kingdom ==Notes== ==References== ==External links== *BBC Weather - Forecast for London *Met Office - Forecast for London Climate Category:Climate of England Category:Climate by city The annual average temperature across the state ranges from around over the Adirondack Mountains to near across the Hudson Valley and Long Island, to around within New York City. However, it is far north enough for there to be a moderate change of possible daylight hours throughout the year. ===Wind=== The wind is seldom strong in New York City but can occasionally be noticeable. Unlike the vast majority of the state, New York City features a humid subtropical climate (Koppen Cfa). The Adirondacks have warm to hot temperatures with some humidity during a heat wave but it is typically cooler than the rest of the state during a heat wave. ===Winter snowfall=== Snowfall in New York State also significantly varies by region. The city sees snow, primarily in winter. On average, western New York is much cloudier than points south and east in New York, much of it generated from the Great Lakes. Most of Central New York, Mid Hudson Valley, and the Catskills have moderate temperatures that are not very cold but not mild, Between 30–35 °F (−1 to 1 °C). thumb|right|250px|Physical and political features of New York The geography of New York (state) varies widely. The significant urbanization within New York city has led to an urban heat island, which causes temperatures to be warmer overnight in all seasons.

The winter in London is colder and has more snow

The weather in New York is milder in winter than London

The winter in New York is colder and has more snow

London is colder than New York

The winter in London is cooler than New York

C

Where does the phrase "bought the farm" come from?

The term The complete farmer is a book title, and can refer to: * The Complete Practical Farmer by R.H. Budd (1835) credited for introducing the mowing of wheat in England. The Sellers Farm was a historic farmstead in Maysville, Arkansas. New York: Viking, 1960, pp. 29–30. == Farmer–Labor Party of the United States == In July 1920, the Labor Party of the United States changed its name to the Farmer–Labor Party. "The Emergence of the Farmer–Labor Party in Washington Politics, 1919-1920," Pacific Northwest Quarterly, vol. 57, no. 4 (October 1966), pp. 148–157. in JSTOR * Darg, Philip Lloyd, "The Farmer-Labor Party In Minnesota Politics: 1918-1948" (PhD dissertation, U of North Dakota 2015). online * Fine, Nathan. The Consolidated Farm and Rural Development Act (P.L. 92-419, Subtitle A, as amended, 7 U.S.C. 1922-1925), authorizes the Farm Service Agency (formerly FmHA) to make direct and guaranteed farm ownership loans to eligible family farmers. The first modern Farmer–Labor Party in the United States emerged in Minnesota in 1918. * The Complete Farmer: Or, a General Dictionary of Husbandry, English-language encyclopaedia on agriculture first published in 1768. * Stanley Shapiro, "Hand and Brain: The Farmer–Labor Party of 1920," Labor History,Vol. 26, No. 3, Summer 1985; pp. 405–422. * Carl Sandburg, "The Farmer-Labor Conference," Survey, vol. 48 (February 21, 1920), pp. 604–606. Labor and Farmer Parties in the United States, 1828 - 1928. Down on the Farm can refer to: ==Film and television== * Down on the Farm (1920 film), a 1920 silent film * Down on the Farm (1921 film), a Felix the Cat animated film * Down on the Farm (1935 film), a New Zealand film * Down on the Farm (1938 film), a film directed by Malcolm St. Clair * Down on the Farm (1939 TV series), an early British television program that aired on BBC in 1939 * Down on the Farm (1941 film), a short film * Down on the Farm (2015 TV series), a 2015 British television series that airs on CBeebies ==Music== * "How Ya Gonna Keep 'em Down on the Farm (After They've Seen Paree)?", a World War I-era song * Down on the Farm (album), an album by Little Feat * "Down on the Farm", a song by Joe Walsh on his album There Goes the Neighborhood * "Down on the Farm", a song by U.K. Subs later covered by Guns N' Roses * "Down on the Farm" (Charley Pride song), 1985 * "Down on the Farm" (James Blundell song), 1992 * "Down on the Farm" (Tim McGraw song), 1994 * "Down on the Farm", a song by Parachute Express During debate on the organization plan at the conference, C.E. Ruthenberg made a speech in which he asked the Farmer–Labor Party delegates what they wanted, stating that any concessions would be agreed to save the sacrifice of a federated Farmer–Labor Party itself. "The Farmer–Labor Party," in Paul Buhle and Alan Dawley, editors, American Workers from the Revolution to the Present. One of the functions of the FO loan program is to assist farmers, especially beginning farmers, in the purchase and enlargement of farms. * The complete farmer and rural economist, American compendium on agriculture by Thomas G. Fessenden first edition in 1834. The Farm, also known as The Farm Inc., was an American country music trio consisting of Nick Hoffman (vocals, fiddle), Damien Horne (vocals, keyboard, guitar) and Krista Marie (vocals, guitar). The Workers Party successfully "captured" the Farmer–Labor Party organization, only to lose the allegiance of the mass organizations with which they so eagerly desired to unite. == 1924 conferences == thumb|right|200px|Ballot logo of the Farmer-Labor Party, . The party dissolved in 1936 and was succeeded with the Minnesota Farmer–Labor Party. ==Labor Party of the United States== One primary contributing stream to the Farmer–Labor movement was the Labor Party movement. A Convention of the loyal members of the Farmer–Labor Party was called for that same time and place, where it aimed to cooperate with the CPPA in the formation of a labor party. In March 1923, the Farmer–Labor Party of Chicago broke away from the CPPA and decided to proceed to the immediate formation of a national Farmer–Labor political organization. There were subsequent attempts to reconstitute a national Farmer–Labor Party into the 1930s, without the participation of either the CPUSA or the Socialist Party. The regular Farmer–Labor Party continued to exist at the state level, with state and local organizations in Minnesota, Colorado, Utah, Illinois, Kentucky, Montana, New York, Pennsylvania, Oklahoma, Missouri, Washington, the Dakotas, and elsewhere.

None of the above

The origin of the phrase "bought the farm" is that someone might buy a farm after leaving the military

The origin of the phrase "bought the farm" is that when a jet crashes on a farm the farmer may sue the government

All of the above

The origin of the phrase "bought the farm" is unknown

E

What's the easiest way to catch a cold?

Rhinovirus-caused colds are most infectious during the first three days of symptoms; they are much less infectious afterwards. ===Weather=== A common misconception is that one can "catch a cold" merely through prolonged exposure to cold weather. Isolation of the viral agent involved is rarely performed,Eccles pp. 51–52 and it is generally not possible to identify the virus type through symptoms. ==Prevention== The only useful ways to reduce the spread of cold viruses are physical measures such as using correct hand washing technique and face masks; in the healthcare environment, gowns and disposable gloves are also used. The common cold or the cold is a viral infectious disease of the upper respiratory tract that primarily affects the respiratory mucosa of the nose, throat, sinuses, and larynx. The common cold, or simply the cold, is a viral infectious disease of the upper respiratory tract. These infections have existed throughout human history. ==Signs and symptoms== thumb|upright=1|Woman with symptoms of the common cold The typical symptoms of a cold include cough, runny nose, sneezing, nasal congestion, and a sore throat, sometimes accompanied by muscle ache, fatigue, headache, and loss of appetite.Eccles p. 24 A sore throat is present in about 40% of cases, a cough in about 50%, and muscle ache likewise in about 50%. Regular hand washing appears to be effective in reducing the transmission of cold viruses, especially among children. Gargling with water was found useful in one small trial. ==Management== upright|thumb|Poster from 1937 encouraging citizens to "consult your physician" for treatment of the common cold Treatments of the common cold primarily involve medications and other therapies for symptomatic relief. Cold medicines are a group of medications taken individually or in combination as a treatment for the symptoms of the common cold and similar conditions of the upper respiratory tract. There is no vaccine to protect against the common cold. The primary methods of prevention are hand washing; not touching the eyes, nose or mouth with unwashed hands; and staying away from sick people. There is a popular belief that having a hot drink can help with cold symptoms, but evidence to support this is very limited. ===Antibiotics and antivirals=== Antibiotics have no effect against viral infections, including the common cold. Alternative treatments used for the common cold include numerous home remedies and alternative medicines. Frequently more than one virus is present.Eccles p. 107 In total, more than 200 viral types are associated with colds. ===Transmission=== The common cold virus is typically transmitted via airborne droplets (aerosols), direct contact with infected nasal secretions, or fomites (contaminated objects). There is no vaccine for the common cold. Antibiotics, however, should not be used, as all colds are caused by viruses, and there is no good evidence that cough medicines are effective. Cold coffee may refer to: * An undesirable form of hot coffee after it loses heat * Iced coffee, a cold drink along the lines of iced tea * Cold brew coffee, a specific method of brewing without heat, also served cold * Cold Coffee, an album by Barrie-James O'Neill The common cold is the most frequent infectious disease in humans.Eccles p. 1 Under normal circumstances, the average adult gets two to three colds a year, while the average child may get six to eight. Infections occur more commonly during the winter. Many alternative treatments are used to treat the common cold, though data on effectiveness is generally limited. In the developed world breast feeding may not be protective against the common cold in and of itself. ==Pathophysiology== The symptoms of the common cold are believed to be primarily related to the immune response to the virus. Adults typically have two to three infections annually, and children may have six to ten colds a year (and up to twelve colds a year for school children). Although normal exposure to cold does not increase one's risk of infection, severe exposure leading to significant reduction of body temperature (hypothermia) may put one at a greater risk for the common cold; although controversial, the majority of evidence suggests that it may increase susceptibility to infection. ===Other=== Herd immunity, generated from previous exposure to cold viruses, plays an important role in limiting viral spread, as seen with younger populations that have greater rates of respiratory infections.

The easiest way to catch a cold is to get really cold

The easiest way to catch a cold is to be outside in the cold for a long time

The easiest way to catch a cold is to get really wet

The easiest way to catch a cold is to go outside with wet hair

The easiest way is to catch a cold is to have close contact with people who have a cold

E

What's a cure for insomnia that always works?

CBT-I has been found to be an effective form of treatment of insomnia. Retrieved April 30, 2014, from http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/insomnia/in-depth/insomnia- treatment/art-20046677 Usually, several methods are combined into an overall treatment concept. Acceptance and mindfulness techniques might be a good addition to conventional insomnia treatment. * Developing strategies to cope with recurring sleep problems may be helpful, since patients with insomnia are more likely to experience sleep disturbances in the future. However many primary insomnia patients also show some degree of a chronobiologic dysregulation, so a combination of CBT-I and chronobiologic interventions might be the best approach for these patients. Thus it is not surprising that treating insomnia with CBT-I can help to improve mood disorders. The first step in treating insomnia with CBT-I is to identify the underlying causes of insomnia. Some sleep specialists recommend biofeedback as well.Insomnia. (n.d.). treatment: Cognitive behavioral therapy instead of sleeping pills. If it is likely that the insomnia will resolve with the resolution of the comorbid illness, specific treatment with CBT-I might not be necessary. Research suggests that acceptance and commitment therapy might even be effective in patients not responding to CBT-I. Biofeedback has been shown to be an effective treatment for insomnia and is listed in the American Academy of Sleep Medicine treatment guidelines. Studies of both younger and older adults have compared CBT to medication and found that CBT should be considered a first-line and cost-effective intervention for chronic insomnia, not least because gains may be maintained at long-term follow-up. CBT-I has been shown to be effective in geriatric patients with insomnia as well. Medication may be useful for acute insomnia and for some of the parasomnias. It is also effective in treatment of insomnia related to or caused by mood disorders. Paradoxical Intention has been shown to be an effective treatment for sleep initiation insomnia but might not be effective for sleep maintenance or mixed insomnia. == Indication == CBT-I is indicated when the following criteria are met: # The patient complains about difficulties initiating or maintaining sleep. Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) is a technique for treating insomnia without (or alongside) medications. A study in 2008 showed that augmenting antidepressant medication with CBT-I in patients with major depressive disorder and comorbid insomnia helped to alleviate symptoms for both disorders. Insomniacs typically spend a long time in bed not sleeping, which CBT-I sees as creating a mental association between the bed and insomnia. When the underlying cause of sleep problems is not immediately obvious, behavioral treatments are usually the first suggested. Retrieved April 30, 2014, from http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/sleepless- in-america/200905/cognitive-behavioral-therapy-insomnia-part-1 After identifying the possible underlying cause and the factors contributing to insomnia, the person can begin taking steps towards getting better sleep. As well as indicating that when combined, they generate improvements with a magnitude similar to that of full CBT-I, in as little as two therapeutic sessions. == References == Category:Treatment of sleep disorders Category:Cognitive behavioral therapy Category:Insomnia CBT-I can also be applied to patients with both chronic pain and insomnia.

Sleep

A cure for insomnia that always works is CBT

There is currently no treatment for insomnia that always works

A cure for insomnia that always works is a drink

A cure for insomnia that always works is sleeping pills

C

What's the best medical cure for going bald?

This procedure can reduce the area of the scalp in which hair transplantation is needed, or even eliminate the need for hair transplantation. == History == Scalp reduction became very popular in the 1960s through the 1980s and was one of the best treatments for baldness. Scalp reduction may reduce the size of bald spots and treat baldness. Research on these follicular cells may lead to successes in treating baldness through hair multiplication (HM), also known as hair cloning. ==Notable people== *Alan J. Bauman, American hair transplant surgeon and hair restoration physician ==References== ==Further reading== * ==External links== * Category:Cosmetic surgery Category:Transplantation medicine In this condition, grafts containing hair follicles that are genetically resistant to balding are transplanted to bald scalp. Further development of a standardized practice for procedure is also recommended. ===Surgical treatments=== ====Hair transplantation==== Hair transplantation is a surgical technique that moves individual hair follicles from a part of the body called the donor site to bald or balding part of the body known as the recipient site. Small grafts of naturally-occurring units of one to four hairs, called follicular units, can be moved to balding areas of the hair restoration. In this minimally invasive procedure, grafts containing hair follicles that are genetically resistant to balding (like the back of the head) are transplanted to the bald scalp. The surgery usually takes about 2–3 hours with around 250 hair grafts and in cases of severe baldness, surgery may involve around 1,000 hair grafts. == Candidates for surgery == * hair loss due to genetics * healthy scalp * scalp elasticity * donor hairs ( healthy hairs on the side and back of scalp) * must have permanent hair loss == After care == * do not use cheap shampoo or conditioner * do not comb or brush scalp * listen to doctors instructions * keep scalp moisturized * stay out of sun because of the UV rays * do not pull skin * try not to stress because it can be harmful to the growth of your hair == Risk== * swelling * bleeding around skin flaps that were stretched * numbness and throbbing * rare case of infection * temporary hair loss * lack of blood flow and oxygen to the scalp tissue * scalp thinning * rare case of scarring * grafted area may not look as expected == Associated cost == Pricing varies on how severe your baldness is, it costs well over 2,000 dollars for a straight forward scalp reduction procedure 4,000 dollars for a mild case but scalp reduction can cost up to 20,000 dollars for a severe case of hair loss that can be treated. === Health insurance === Health insurance will not pay for any type of hair loss surgery for cosmetic reasons, but they may elect to pay if the hair loss is caused by Alopecia areata, accidents, or burns. Hair transplantation is a surgical technique that removes hair follicles from one part of the body, called the 'donor site', to a bald or balding part of the body known as the 'recipient site'. Research on these follicular stem cells may lead to successes in treating baldness through hair multiplication (HM), also known as hair cloning. Some recommend the use of lotions treatment to treat baldness before considering scalp reduction surgery. === Non-surgical hair restoration === Low level laser therapy is a form of non surgical hair restoration, this hair growth therapy uses laser light to stimulate follicles on the scalp this process not only makes hair grow but it also thickens the hair which will increase the appearance of the hair. == Hair loss == Haird loss is divided into the following: === Non scarring === * Alopecia areata * Psoriasis === Scarring hair loss === * Lupus erthythematous * Lichen planopilaris * Bacterial or fungal infection * Scleroderma === Genetic causes === * male pattern hair loss * female pattern hair loss * 20% of alopecia areata cases are thought to be transferred by genetics == References == Category:Plastic surgical procedures Category:Scalp Scalp reduction is a surgical procedure in which the hairless region of the scalp of a bald man is reduced. Bald patches are also common, as fifty to a hundred hairs can be lost each day. Many people use unproven treatments, but there is little evidence of the effectiveness of vitamins, minerals, or other dietary supplements regrowing hair or retaining hair. More advanced cases may be resistant or unresponsive to medical therapy, however, and require hair transplantation. The technique is primarily used to treat male pattern baldness. This enabled the transplanted hair to lie better on the scalp and provide better coverage to the bald areas. The management of hair loss, includes prevention and treatment of alopecia, baldness, and hair thinning, and regrowth of hair. ==Prevention== Scratching of itchy scalp may contribute to hair loss. ===Health=== ====Body weight==== Prevention of obesity helps. Bald is a surname. Compounds found in onion that stimulates hair growth: * Quercetin: **Quercetin (a flavanoid found in vegan food) supplements, has been suggested to treat baldness. The scalp is shampooed and then treated with an antibacterial agent prior to the donor scalp being harvested. The surgery is performed in a hospital, outpatient office setting. == Alternatives == * wig * oral medication * lotion that contains prescription Lotions that contain Rogaine or finasteride may lead to hair growth in some patients.

The best cure is to go bald

All of the above

The best cure for going bald is combing your hair

There is no best cure but treatments include hair transplants and finasteride

None of the above

D

How can men prevent premature baldness?

Three medications have evidence to support their use in male pattern hair loss: finasteride, dutasteride and minoxidil. Scalp reduction may reduce the size of bald spots and treat baldness. They tested the method in their Phase II trials, which showed very promising results as two-thirds of the bald male patients were able to grow new hair after the treatment. It is primarily used to treat male pattern baldness. Meanwhile, the effect of minoxidil on hair loss prevention was so clear that in the 1980s physicians were prescribing Loniten off-label to their balding patients. Some recommend the use of lotions treatment to treat baldness before considering scalp reduction surgery. === Non-surgical hair restoration === Low level laser therapy is a form of non surgical hair restoration, this hair growth therapy uses laser light to stimulate follicles on the scalp this process not only makes hair grow but it also thickens the hair which will increase the appearance of the hair. == Hair loss == Haird loss is divided into the following: === Non scarring === * Alopecia areata * Psoriasis === Scarring hair loss === * Lupus erthythematous * Lichen planopilaris * Bacterial or fungal infection * Scleroderma === Genetic causes === * male pattern hair loss * female pattern hair loss * 20% of alopecia areata cases are thought to be transferred by genetics == References == Category:Plastic surgical procedures Category:Scalp The management of hair loss, includes prevention and treatment of alopecia, baldness, and hair thinning, and regrowth of hair. ==Prevention== Scratching of itchy scalp may contribute to hair loss. ===Health=== ====Body weight==== Prevention of obesity helps. However, increased hair loss has been reported. =====Antiandrogens===== Finasteride is used to treat male pattern hair loss. Combination therapy of LLLT or microneedling with finasteride or minoxidil demonstrated substantive increases in hair count. ===Medication=== ====Add-hocs==== The topical bioavailability of synthetic medicines such as antiandrogens, as well as phytochemicals such as quercetin, has been improved with incorporation of drugs in nanoparticles, or microneedling. ====Synthetic medicine==== Treatments for the various forms of hair loss have only moderate success. Dutasteride is also used in the treatment of male pattern hair loss and appears to have better effectiveness than finasteride for the condition. Hair multiplication or hair cloning is a proposed technique to counter hair loss. It may be effective in helping promote hair growth in both men and women with androgenic alopecia. It is effective in helping promote hair growth in people with androgenic alopecia regardless of sex. Minoxidil is less effective when the area of hair loss is large. Researchers at the company were convinced that their approach was the cure for baldness, and if the technology is fully developed, they can basically eliminate hair loss due to hereditary factors. In this condition, grafts containing hair follicles that are genetically resistant to balding are transplanted to bald scalp. Research on these follicular stem cells may lead to successes in treating baldness through hair multiplication (HM), also known as hair cloning. In addition, its effectiveness has largely been demonstrated in younger men who have experienced hair loss for less than 5 years. Bicalutamide is another option for the treatment of female pattern hair loss. Puzzled by this side-effect, Chidsey consulted Guinter Kahn (who while a dermatology resident at the University of Miami had been the first to observe and report hair development on patients using the minoxidil patch) and discussed the possibility of using minoxidil for treating hair loss. This procedure can reduce the area of the scalp in which hair transplantation is needed, or even eliminate the need for hair transplantation. == History == Scalp reduction became very popular in the 1960s through the 1980s and was one of the best treatments for baldness. Other options include topical or systemic spironolactone or flutamide, although they have a high incidence of feminising side effects and are better tolerated in female androgenic hair loss.

Two approved treatments are minoxidil and finasteride but results are mixed

Men can prevent premature baldness by eating meat

All of the above

Men can prevent premature baldness by combing their hair

Men can prevent premature baldness by shaving their head

A

What does "ADIDAS" stand for?

Adidas also launched the All Day I Dream About Sneakers campaign in late 2008. Adidas Power Soccer is a football simulation video game developed and published by British developer Psygnosis and sponsored by German sportswear company Adidas. The Adidas Finale is a brand of football made by Adidas. Adidas Originals (often stylized as adidas Originals) is a brand of a line of casual and sportswear created by German multinational corporation Adidas. Each year's ball keeps the branding name of Adidas Finale, excepting suffixes to designate the year. == Usage == During its introduction the Adidas Finale was only used in the latter stages of Champions League competition; it was not uncommon to see other balls in the early rounds, usually provided by the kit manufacturer or the ball supplier for the domestic league of the home team, including other Adidas balls. The Adidas OCEAUNZ is a ball for association football produced by Adidas. Adidas Power Soccer 98 is a sports video game developed by Shen, published by Psygnosis, and sponsored by German sportswear company Adidas. Adidas Originals covers sports fashion styles with references to the decades between the 1940s and the 1990s. The clothing and the accessories are under such categories as Superstar and Adicolor, designed by Adidas itself. In 2016, Adidas Originals introduced the "Celebration of Sportswear", which features celebrities such as Jessica Jung, Jay Park, Tian Yo, Charlene, and Pakho Chau. Questra is the name given to a family of footballs originally produced by Adidas for major international events in the mid-1990s. The campaign was an Adidas Originals art project that included the creation of nine unique sneaker sculptures and a fictional story of an avant-garde Adidas designer. It is the current official football of the UEFA Champions League, Women's Champions League, and the Youth League; after Adidas took over the contract of official supplier from Nike in 2000. In the development process of the Questra, Adidas tried to create a lighter and more responsive ball. In addition in United Kingdom some Adidas stores are located inside of JD Sports stores. Adidas had plans to roll out more stores in 2008. The Questra was also the official ball of Spanish La Liga.Adidas Questra on Soccerball world (archived, 12 Feb 2004) == History == The first ball of the family was simply named the Questra and was originally designed to be the official match ball of the 1994 FIFA World Cup in the United States.Adidas ball history (1970-2002) on Adidas (archived, 2 Feb 2006) Following the convention of the addition of decorations to the established Adidas Tango style since the Azteca and the Etrusco Unico, this one featured space-themed decorations, not only due to its name, but that 1994 marked the 25th anniversary of the Apollo 11 mission in which the first Moon landing took place, which is considered to be one of the most important moments in the history of the host country. From then on the panels are the same as the Adidas Teamgeist ball. In 2018, Adidas Originals shared a new promotional film, known as Original Is Never Finished 2018 featuring A$AP Ferg, Playboi Carti, Kaytranada, Adrianne Ho, Dua Lipa, Lu Han, Miles Silvas, Florencia Galarza, Nick Young and Marcelo. == References == ==External links== * Category:Adidas Originals The Finale is softer, faster, and more accurate than any other Adidas football before and it also features a layer of highly compressed, gas-filled micro-balloons of equal size (syntactic foam), proven during Euro 2000 and probably contributing to one of the highest average goal rates in a major tournament. Saturn Power magazine reported that it would have been "placed between" Adidas Power Soccer and Adidas Power Soccer 98 in terms of features and gameplay, but that all in-game sounds had to replaced entirely as they were the copyright of Psygnosis. ==Reception== In the United Kingdom, it was among the nineteen best-selling PlayStation games of 1996, according to HMV. Released in 1996, the game launched versions for PlayStation and Windows. == Gameplay == Adidas Power Soccer used motion-captured animation for real soccer players from the German, Italian, and English leagues. ==Development== A Sega Saturn version was ported by Perfect Entertainment and was reportedly close to completion before cancellation.

all day i dream about sports

"ADIDAS" stands for "All Day I Dream About Someone"

"ADIDAS" stands for "All Day I Dream About Soccer"

"ADIDAS" stands for "All Day I Dream About Sports"

The word "ADIDAS" does not stand for anything

E

What does "WIKI" stand for?

Wiki Wiki can mean: * The Wiki Wiki Shuttle - a shuttle in the Honolulu International Airport in Hawaii * The phrase Wiki in Hawaiian * WikiWiki - as a concept in Hawaii and other places A semantic wiki is a wiki that has an underlying model of the knowledge described in its pages. Wikification may refer to: * the application of wiki markup to text * in computer science, entity linking with Wikipedia as the target knowledge base The history of wikis began in 1994, when Ward Cunningham gave the name "WikiWikiWeb" to the knowledge base, which ran on his company's website at c2.com, and the wiki software that powered it. Wiki.js is a wiki engine running on Node.js and written in JavaScript. WikiPilipinas (formerly known as Wikipiniana) is an online, free content website which bills itself as a combination "non-academic encyclopedia", web portal, directory and almanac for Philippine-based knowledge. *WikiZnanie is a Russian-language wiki encyclopedia created in 2003; it took most of its content from the Russian Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary of 1906. ===Development of wiki software, 2001-2003=== JSPWiki, created by Janne Jalkanen in 2001, is flat-file wiki software built around JavaServer Pages (JSP). Wikidata is a collaborative data repository meant to provide data that can be used by Wikipedia across all its languages. In the meantime, the first wiki, now known as "WardsWiki", evolved as features were added to the software and as the growing body of users developed a unique "wiki culture". The Wikimedia Foundation project Wikidata is meant to provide a collaborative set of data that can make such querying easier, and available across all languages. ===Wiki software, 2007-2013=== This period saw consolidation in the set of wiki software being used. Semantic wikis were first proposed in the early 2000s, and began to be implemented seriously around 2005.A semantic wiki for collaborative knowledge formation, Sebastian Schaffert, Andreas Gruber, and Rupert Westenthaler, Research Report, Knowledge-based Information Systems Group, Salzburg Research, Austria, November 23, 2005IkeWiki: A semantic wiki for collaborative knowledge management, Sebastian Schaffert, Proceedings of the 15th IEEE International Workshops on Enabling Technologies: Infrastructure for Collaborative Enterprises (WETICE'06), June 6, 2006 As of 2021, well-known semantic wiki engines are Semantic MediaWiki and Wikibase.Comparison of Semantic MediaWiki and Wikibase == Key characteristics == === Formal notation === The knowledge model found in a semantic wiki is typically available in a formal language, so that machines can process it into an entity-relationship model or relational database. Wikis were introduced to the general public by the success of Wikipedia, a free content encyclopedia that can be edited by anyone. MediaWiki was written for Wikipedia in 2002 by Lee Daniel Crocker, based on the user interface design of an earlier PHP wiki engine developed by Magnus Manske. Alternate applications for wikis began to emerge, usually imitating the look-and-feel of WikiWikiWeb/Wiki Base; such applications were originally known as "WikiWikiClones." As they developed, wikis incorporated many of the features used on other websites and blogs, including: *support for various wiki markup styles *editing of pages with a GUI editor, WYSIWYG, ad specific applications such as LaTeX *optional use of external editors *support for plugins and custom extensions *use of RSS feeds *integrated email discussion *precise access control *spam protection ==2004-2006: an explosion in interest== The period from 2004 to 2006 saw an explosion in interest in both wikis generally and Wikipedia in particular, and both started to become household terms. The site's policy and guideline page states, "WikiPilipinas is not an academic encyclopedia." Semantics may be either included in, or placed separately from, the wiki markup. The best-known of these is Semantic MediaWiki, an extension to MediaWiki. The first known usage of the term "Semantic Wiki" was a Usenet posting by Andy Dingley in January 2001. WikiPhilippines was the term decided upon for the section of the site with articles in English and WikiFilipinas for the section in Spanish. Sunir Shah created a wiki called MeatballWiki, intended strictly for wiki-based documentation and discussions. In January 2005, the wiki wikiHow was created as a component of the how-to website eHow.

"WIKI" means What I Know Is

None of the above

What I Know Is

"WIKI" does not stand for anything

"WIKI" stands for "What I Know Is"

D

What did "coma" originally stand for?

A coma scale is a system to assess the severity of coma. This is a list of people who awoke from coma like states, such as a persistent vegetative state, minimally conscious state, catatonic stupor, or locked-in syndrome after a lengthy period of time. Comatose may refer to: * Being in a state of a coma, or being unconscious * Comatose (album), a 2006 album by Skillet ** "Comatose" (Skillet song), the title song * "Comatose", a song by Ayreon from 01011001, 2008 * "Comatose", a song by Bad Wolves from Dear Monsters, 2021 * "Comatose", a song by Coheed and Cambria from the album Vaxis – Act II: A Window of the Waking Mind, 2022 * "Comatose", a song by Chimaira from Chimaira, 2005 * "Comatose", a song by Depeche Mode from Exciter, 2001 * "Comatose", a song by Front Line Assembly from (FLA)vour of the Weak, 1997 * "Comatose", a song by jxdn, 2020 * "Comatose", a song by Mikky Ekko from Time, 2015 * "Comatose", a song by Nina Sky from Nicole and Natalie, 2012 * "Comatose", a song by Northlane from Discoveries, 2011 * "Comatose", a song by P.M. Dawn from Of the Heart, of the Soul and of the Cross: The Utopian Experience, 1991 * "Comatose", a song by Pearl Jam from Pearl Jam, 2006 * "Comatose", a song by Threat Signal from Threat Signal, 2011 An induced comaalso known as a medically induced coma (MIC), barbiturate- induced coma, or drug-induced comais a temporary coma (a deep state of unconsciousness) brought on by a controlled dose of an anesthetic drug, often a barbiturate such as pentobarbital or thiopental. Jorge Comas may refer to: * Jorge Comas (footballer) (born 1960), former Argentine footballer * Jorge Comas (swimmer) (born 1954), Spanish former swimmer There are several such systems: ==Glasgow Coma Scale== The Glasgow Coma Scale is neurological scale which aims to give a reliable, objective way of recording the conscious state of a person, for initial as well as continuing assessment. Coma occurred after being shot in the forehead. If the patient survives, cognitive impairment may also follow recovery from the coma. Terry Wallis 1964–2022 ~1 year coma 19 years minimally conscious American Coma caused by truck crash. == See also == * Coma * Karolina Olsson (1861–1950), a Swedish woman who allegedly hibernated for 32 years == References == https://globalnews.ca/news/8997578/two-year-coma-woman-wakes-up-wanda-palmer/ Category:Coma Coma Category:People who awoke from permanent coma like states Some randomized trials have failed to demonstrate any survival or morbidity benefit of induced coma in diverse conditions such as neurosurgical operations, head trauma, intracranial aneurysm rupture, intracranial hemorrhage, ischemic stroke, and status epilepticus. Due to these risks, barbiturate-induced coma should be reserved for cases of refractory intracranial pressure elevation. == See also == * Insulin shock therapy * Traumatic brain injury == References == == External links == *Medically induced Coma – LiveScience Category:Neurology procedures Category:Intensive care medicine Category:Coma Induced coma usually results in significant systemic adverse effects. Unlike most patients who come out of a coma after years, after two days of talking, became unresponsive again. Drug-induced comas are used to protect the brain during major neurosurgery, as a last line of treatment in certain cases of status epilepticus that have not responded to other treatments, and in refractory intracranial hypertension following traumatic brain injury. The Comas were an indie rock band active from 1998 to 2008. The drug has since been used to awaken other coma patients, and several have been awakened around the world since, such as Riaan Bolton (see above). Lapsed into a coma after a burning building collapsed on him, starving his brain of oxygen. When barbiturates are given to brain injured patients for induced coma, they act by reducing the electrical activity of the brain, which reduces the metabolic and oxygen demand. Apart from the patients in the true story Awakenings, Shapiro was the longest a person has been in a coma like state and woken up. Induced coma is a feature of the Milwaukee protocol, a controversial method that is promoted as a means of treating rabies infection in people. Name Birth and death years Coma start Duration Coma end Nationality Details Munira AbdullaUAE woman Munira Abdulla wakes up after 27 years in a coma, 23 April 2019. Some studies have found that barbiturate-induced coma can reduce intracranial hypertension but does not necessarily prevent brain damage.

None of the above

The word "coma" did not originally stand for anything

All of the above

Cessation Of Motor Activity

The word "coma" originally stood for "Cessation Of Motor Activity"

B

What does the British slang word "naff" stand for?

Naff or NAFF may refer to: People: * William E. Naff, an American scholar of Japanese language * Lycia Naff, actress * D-Naff (born 1974), a Namibian award-winning Gospel rapper, and a former street gangster * Petty Naff, a notorious rowdy of the Know-Nothing Riot of 1856 * Kevin Naff, editor at the Washington Blade Acronym: * National Association for Freedom * Nederlandse American Football Federatie (see American football in the Netherlands) Other: * Naff (Polari), UK slang meaning 'inferior, tacky' ==See also== * Naf River Nawaf (Arabic: نواف) is an Arabic name for males. Sho' Nuff is a slang expression meaning "sure enough", as expressed in African American Vernacular English. Neff is a surname of German (also Naf, Naef, Kneff), Swiss (also Naff, Naffe, Nafe) Czech or Ashkenazi Jewish origin. Nafri is a term that has been used internally by the German police since 2013 to refer to young men of a North African origin. In British English slang, a toff is a stereotype for someone with an aristocratic background or belonging to the landed gentry, particularly someone who exudes an air of superiority. The word "toff" is thought to come from the word "tuft", which was a gold tassel worn by titled undergraduates at the University of Oxford or the University of Cambridge.Shorter Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford 1969 The Anglo-Saxon word "toforan" has a meaning of "superiority".Albert Jack. (2011.) The term received media attention in 2017 when police in Cologne, who tried to avoid a repeat of the mass sexual assaults in the city, were accused of racial profiling and degrading North Africans by referring to them as Nafris.Cologne police 'right to target North Africans' at new year, Retrieved January 3, 2017Young, uprooted and unpredictable: Germany's 'Nafri scene', The Local Retrieved January 6, 2017German police accused of racism for calling migrants Nafris, The Times, Retrieved January 3, 2017Anant Agarwala: Kölns schwerer Kampf gegen die „Nafri“-Kriminellen. , January 15, 2016, Retrieved: January 3, 2017. ==References== Category:History of Cologne Category:Offender profiling Sho' Nuff can also refer to: * Sho'nuff (character), the Shogun of Harlem, from Berry Gordy's The Last Dragon * Sho-Nuff , funk band. Hoorah Henry has a similar meaning. ==See also== * Nobby * Plebs * Toffs and Toughs ==References== Category:Slang terms for men Category:English culture Category:Stereotypes of the upper class Category:Social class in the United Kingdom It is an abbreviation of "" ("North African serial offender"). People named Nawaf include: * Nawaf Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah, Emir of Kuwait * Nawaf Salam, Lebanese diplomat, academic, and jurist * Nawaf Falah, Iraqi footballer * Nawaf Massalha, Israeli Arab politician * Nawaf Al Abed, Saudi Arabian footballer Category:Arabic masculine given names Category:Masculine given names Ian Kelly's book, Beau Brummell: The Ultimate Dandy, page 159, says it derives from the brown liquid that dripped from an upper class gentleman's nose after taking snuff. For instance, the Toff, a character from the series of adventure novels by John Creasey, is an upper class crime sleuth who uses a common caricature of a toff – a line drawing with a top hat, monocle, bow-tie and cigarette with a holder – as his calling card. Malaco Records * Sho'nuff Records, an Atlanta-based record company * Sho' Nuff (album), a 1998 box set release from The Black Crowes * "Sho Nuff" (song), a 1996 song by Tela * "Sho' Nuff", a 1973 song by Sly, Slick & Wicked * "Sho Nuff", a B-side of Fatboy Slim's 1999 single "Praise You" * "Sho-Nuff", a song by KC & The Sunshine Band from their 1978 album Who Do Ya (Love) ==See also== *Sure 'Nuff, 1970 album by Sonny Phillips *"Sure Enough" a 1996 song by Chris Cummings It may refer to: ==People== *Charles D. Neff (1922–1991), American Mormon missionary and humanitarian *Christophe Neff (born 1964), Franco - German geographer *Donald Neff (contemporary), American journalist *Dorothea Neff (1903–1986), Austrian stage and film actress *Felix Neff (1798–1829), Swiss Protestant divine and philanthropist *Francine Irving Neff (1925-2010), 35th Treasurer of the United States 1974–77 *Garrett Neff (born 1984), American fashion model *Henry H. Neff (born 1973), American author and illustrator *Jacob H. Neff (1830–1909), American politician; lieutenant governor of California 1899–1903 *Jay H. Neff (1854–1915), American newspaper publisher; mayor of Kansas City 1904–05 *Jean- Marie Neff (born 1961), French racewalker *John Neff (American football) (before 1907–1938), American college football coach *John Neff (1931-2019), American investment *Kristin Neff (contemporary), American psychologist *Leonard Neff (1925-2006), American psychiatrist *Lucas Neff (born 1985), American actor *Lyle Neff (born 1969), Canadian poet and journalist *Marcus Neff (1826–1896), American settler in Oregon; respondent in the U.S. Supreme Court case of Pennoyer v. It's a Wonderful Word: The Real Origins of Our Favourite Words, Random House, p. 151. It was widely used in blues music, sometimes as an interjection. Neff *Ondřej Neff (born 1945), Czech science fiction writer and journalist *Pat Morris Neff (1871–1952), American politician from Texas; governor of Texas 1921–25 *Prudence Neff (1887–1949), pianist and music teacher based in Chicago *Tom Neff (born 1953), American film executive, director, and producer *Vladimír Neff (1909–1983), Czech writer and translator *Wallace Neff (1895–1982), American architect *Wolfgang Neff (1875-1936), Czech film director Category:German-language surnames Category:Surnames of Czech origin Hoorah Henry has a similar meaning. ==See also== * Nobby * Plebs * Toffs and Toughs ==References== Category:Slang terms for men Category:English culture Category:Stereotypes of the upper class Category:Social class in the United Kingdom Hoorah Henry has a similar meaning. ==See also== * Nobby * Plebs * Toffs and Toughs ==References== Category:Slang terms for men Category:English culture Category:Stereotypes of the upper class Category:Social class in the United Kingdom Hoorah Henry has a similar meaning. ==See also== * Nobby * Plebs * Toffs and Toughs ==References== Category:Slang terms for men Category:English culture Category:Stereotypes of the upper class Category:Social class in the United Kingdom

All of the above

The word "naff" does not stand for anything

None of the above

not available for fucking

The word "naff" stands for "not available for fucking"

B

Who invented the Internet?

Instead of having a single "inventor", the Internet was developed by many people over many years. International connections to NSFNET, the emergence of architecture such as the Domain Name System, and the adoption of TCP/IP internationally on existing networks marked the beginnings of the Internet."So, who really did invent the Internet?" , Ian Peter, The Internet History Project, 2004. The history of the Internet has its origin in information theory and the efforts of scientists and engineers to build and interconnect computer networks. The following are some Internet pioneers who contributed to its early and ongoing development. In some senses, Internet Invention is at least in part an attempt to apply several Derridean ideas to the field of communication and technology. Robert William Taylor (February 10, 1932 – April 13, 2017), known as Bob Taylor, was an American Internet pioneer, who led teams that made major contributions to the personal computer, and other related technologies. This work was an influential roadmap in the history of the internet and the personal computer, and greatly influenced Taylor.Markoff, John, Innovator who helped create PC, Internet and mouse, New York Times, April 15, 2017, pA14 During this period, Taylor also became acquainted with Douglas Engelbart at the Stanford Research Institute in Menlo Park, California. Internet Invention is a book by Gregory Ulmer. In 2012, Kleinrock was inducted into the Internet Hall of Fame by the Internet Society. ===Bob Kahn=== thumb|150px |Bob Kahn Robert E. "Bob" Kahn (born 1938) is an American engineer and computer scientist, who in 1974, along with Vint Cerf, invented the TCP/IP protocols. Internet Invention: From Literacy to Electracy [Review]. A sense of the difficulty in documenting early developments that led to the internet can be gathered from the quote: Notable works on the subject were published by Katie Hafner and Matthew Lyon, Where Wizards Stay Up Late: The Origins Of The Internet (1996), Roy Rosenzweig, "Wizards, Bureaucrats, Warriors, and Hackers: Writing the History of the Internet" (1998), and Janet Abbate, Inventing the Internet (2000). It predates the Internet, and was a crucial tool in creating it. David D. Clark (born 1944) is an American computer scientist.David Clark's Biography, MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory During the period of tremendous growth and expansion of the Internet from 1981 to 1989, he acted as chief protocol architect in the development of the Internet, and chaired the Internet Activities Board, which later became the Internet Architecture Board. "A Review of Internet Invention: From Literacy to Electracy." Tim Berners-Lee, inventor of the web, was becoming concerned about threats to the web's future and in November 2009 at the IGF in Washington DC launched the World Wide Web Foundation (WWWF) to campaign to make the web a safe and empowering tool for the good of humanity with access to all. In general, an internet was a collection of networks linked by a common protocol. The Internet's takeover of the global communication landscape was rapid in historical terms: it only communicated 1% of the information flowing through two-way telecommunications networks in the year 1993, 51% by 2000, and more than 97% of the telecommunicated information by 2007."The World's Technological Capacity to Store, Communicate, and Compute Information", Martin Hilbert and Priscila López (2011), Science, 332(6025), pp. 60–65; free access to the article through here: martinhilbert.net/WorldInfoCapacity.html The Internet continues to grow, driven by ever greater amounts of online information, commerce, entertainment, and social networking services. These histories of the Internet have since been characterized as “teleologies” or “Whig history”; that is, they take the present to be the end point toward which history has been unfolding based on a single cause: In addition to these characteristics, historians have cited methodological problems arising in their work: ==See also== * History of email * History of hypertext * History of telecommunication * Index of Internet- related articles * Internet activism * List of Internet pioneers * MH & xmh: Email for Users & Programmers * Nerds 2.0.1 A Brief History of the Internet * On the Internet, nobody knows you're a dog * Outline of the Internet ==References== === Sources === * * * * * * * * ==External links== *Internet History Timeline – Computer History Museum *Histories of the Internet – Internet Society *Hobbes' Internet Timeline 12 *History of the Internet, a short animated film (2009) * Internet Category:Articles containing video clips Category:History of computing Category:Internet governance In fact, looking at media consumption statistics, over half of media consumption between those aged 18 and 34 were using a smartphone. ===Networking in outer space=== The first Internet link into low Earth orbit was established on January 22, 2010, when astronaut T. J. Creamer posted the first unassisted update to his Twitter account from the International Space Station, marking the extension of the Internet into space. In 2012, Berners-Lee was inducted into the Internet Hall of Fame by the Internet Society. ===Robert Cailliau=== thumb|150px |Robert Cailliau, 1995 Robert Cailliau (, born 1947), is a Belgian informatics engineer and computer scientist who, working with Tim Berners-Lee and Nicola Pellow at CERN, developed the World Wide Web. In 2012, Klensin was inducted into the Internet Hall of Fame by the Internet Society. ===Vint Cerf=== thumb|150px |Vint Cerf, September 2010 Vinton G. "Vint" Cerf (born 1943) is an American computer scientist.Cerf's curriculum vitae as of February 2001, attached to a transcript of his testimony that month before the United States House Energy Subcommittee on Telecommunications and the Internet, from ICANN's website He is recognized as one of "the fathers of the Internet",(see Interview with Vinton Cerf , from a January 2006 article in Government Computer News), Cerf is willing to call himself one of the Internet's fathers, citing Bob Kahn and Leonard Kleinrock in particular as being others with whom he should share that title. sharing this title with Bob Kahn. In 2005, he was recognized by Stanford as one of the pioneers of the Internet. ===Peter Kirstein=== Peter T. Kirstein (1933–2020) was a British computer scientist and a leader in the international development of the Internet."Peter T. Kirsten recognized with the Internet Society's Postel Award" , 16 July 2003, Press Release, Internet Society In 1973, he established one of the first two international nodes of the ARPANET."Peter Kirstein's International Activities", University College London web page In 1978 he co-authored "Issues in packet-network interconnection" with Vint Cerf, one of the early technical papers on the internet concept.

The inventor of the Internet is Al Gore

Vice President Al Gore

Al Gore claimed he invented the Internet

Al Gore invented the Internet

No one individual invented the Internet but Taylor, Cerf, and Kahn were important figures

E

Who first started Tesla Motors?

Martin Eberhard (born ) is an American inventor, engineer and entrepreneur who co-founded Tesla, Inc. (then Tesla Motors) with Marc Tarpenning in 2003. In 2003, Tarpenning and Martin Eberhard collaborated again and founded Tesla Motors (now Tesla Inc.). When Cocconi declined, Eberhard co-founded (with Marc Tarpenning), and became the first CEO of, Tesla Motors, an electric car company in Menlo Park, California in 2003. This is the corporate history of Tesla, Inc., an electric vehicle manufacturer and clean energy company founded in San Carlos, California in 2001 by American entrepreneurs Martin Eberhard and Marc Tarpenning. Marc Tarpenning (born June 1, 1964) is an American engineer and technology entrepreneur who is the co-founder of Tesla Inc. with Martin Eberhard in 2003. Eberhard drives the second of Tesla Motors Founder's Series Roadsters cars, which is the first series of the Tesla Roadster (2008). Tarpenning served as the Chief Financial Officer (CFO) and Vice President of Engineering of Tesla. == Early life == Marc Tarpenning was born in Sacramento, California, on June 1, 1964. Eberhard served as Tesla's original chairman, and its CEO until late 2007. A lawsuit settlement agreed to by Eberhard and Tesla in September 2009 allows all five (Eberhard, Tarpenning, Wright, Musk and Straubel) to call themselves co- founders. On January 7, 2008, the New York Times reported that Tesla Motors issued a statement explaining that the co-founder and former chief executive, Martin Eberhard, "has transitioned from the board of directors and executive management of the company to the advisory board." Electric Vehicle Company was an American automobile holding company founded in 1897, and an early pioneering manufacturer of battery-powered automobiles. == History == The Electric Vehicle Company was founded September 27, 1897 as a holding company of battery-powered electric vehicle manufacturers made up of several companies assembled by Isaac Rice. On November 30, 2007, Tesla released a press release titled "Martin Eberhard, Co-founder of Tesla Motors, to Transition to Advisory Board." Eberhard confirmed in an interview with CNBC in October 2019 that he is still a shareholder of Tesla, and is still rooting for their success. ===2010–2015=== In 2010, Eberhard confirmed to Autoblog Green that he was doing work with Volkswagen, but no further details were provided. ===inEVit / Seres=== In September 2016, Eberhard founded stealth-mode startup inEVit in a bid to supply major OEMs with electric drivetrains and power storage solutions. On February 1, 2017, the company changed its name from Tesla Motors to Tesla. Tesla is the world's leading electric vehicle manufacturer, and, as of the end of 2021, Tesla's cumulative global vehicle sales totaled 2.3 million units. == The beginnings – Roadster and private funding == Tesla was incorporated (as Tesla Motors) on July 1, 2003, by Martin Eberhard and Marc Tarpenning in San Carlos, California. Tesla Roadster may refer to: * Tesla Roadster (first generation), an electric sports car produced by Tesla Motors between 2008‒2012 ** Elon Musk's Tesla Roadster, a first generation Tesla Roadster that was launched into space in February 2018 * Tesla Roadster (second generation), a sports car in development by Tesla, Inc. After leaving Tesla, Tarpenning began to serve as an adviser or member of advisory board of several companies, including his alma mater (SkyDeck project, UC Berkeley) and Spero Ventures, a VC firm. == References == Category:1964 births Category:Living people Category:American chief executives in the automobile industry Category:Tesla, Inc. people Category:University of California, Berkeley alumni Category:People from Sacramento, California Category:American founders of automobile manufacturers Category:Automotive businesspeople Eberhard served as chairman and CEO until NuvoMedia’s acquisition by Gemstar in 2000. ===Tesla Motors=== Eberhard's interest in sports cars, concern about the dependence on oil imports, and global warming led him to think about EV cars as part of the solution. In June 2009, Eberhard brought a lawsuit against Elon Musk for libel, slander, and breach of contract, alleging that Musk pushed him out of the company, publicly disparaged him, and compromised Tesla's financial health.Eberhard Says 'Uncle' in Tesla Lawsuit Retrieved June 13, 2017. The company is named after Serbian-American inventor Nikola Tesla. Thomas Davenport (July 9, 1802 - July 6, 1851) was a Vermont blacksmith who constructed the first American DC electric motor in 1834. ==Biography== Davenport was born in Williamstown, Vermont. Tesla's production of cars began at the Tesla Factory in Fremont, California.

Elon Musk, Martin Eberhard and Marc Tarpenning first started Tesla Motors

Elon Musk founded Tesla

Elon Musk

Elon Musk first started Tesla Motors

Martin Eberhard and Marc Tarpenning first started Tesla Motors

E

She's an American visual artist and author of multiple books. Her first name is Hillary. Who is she?

Hillary Carlip (born October 20, 1956) is an American author and visual artist, whose work has been featured in a museum show alongside Andy Warhol and Damien Hirst. Hillary Leone (born 1962) is an American conceptual artist who works across installation, sculpture, video, photography, digital, and writing mediums. Hilary Robinson is a British academic and art theorist. {{Infobox writer | imagesize = | name = Hillary Raphael | caption = | pseudonym = Hillary Raphael, Shoshana Banana | birth_date = 1976 | birth_place = | death_date = | death_place = | occupation = Novelist | nationality = American | period = | genre = | subject = | movement = | influenced = | signature = | website = }} Hillary Raphael (born April 12, 1976) is an American novelist, fashion and children's book writer. Hilary Davidson may refer to: * Hilary Davidson (historian), Australian historian of clothing and textiles * Hilary Davidson (writer), Canadian- American travel and fiction writer Monica Aissa Martinez is an American visual artist. == Early life and education == Monica Aissa Martinez was born and raised in El Paso, Texas and has six siblings. She is also included in the show's catalogue/book (University of Washington Press). She was a visiting artist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Columbia University, Cooper Union, Brown University, School of the Art Institute of Chicago, and others. ==Early life and education== Hillary Leone was born in 1962 in Miami, FL. She is Professor of Feminism, Art, and Theory at Loughborough University's School of Social Sciences and Humanities. She also appears, without identification, as a model in the same book. Her work has focused on the intersection of art, science, and technology. * Robinson, Hilary (2000) Whose beauty? She joined Loughborough University's School of Arts, English and Drama in 2017 as Professor of Feminism, Art, and Theory. == Selected publications and exhibitions == ===Books=== * Robinson, Hilary and Buszek, Maria Elena, eds. (2019) A Companion to Feminist Art. * Robinson, Hilary (2006) Reading art, reading Irigaray: the politics of art by women. She has also been an NPR commentator, having written and recorded pieces for All Things Considered. Her digital work for Colección Patricia Phelps de Cisneros, the Smithsonian Museum, and Contemporary Jewish Museum earned recognition from the Webby Awards, South by Southwest, MuseWeb, and Applied Arts. She holds an MFA in Fiction from Hunter College in New York City. == Works == At Hunter College Raphael won the MFA Thesis Prize for her novel, I Love Lord Buddha published by now defunct Creation Books. * Robinson, Hilary (2003) Becoming women: Irigaray, Ireland and visual representation. Her research focuses on the history, theory, and practice of feminist art. == Education and career == Robinson is the daughter of bookbinder Ivor Robinson MBE (28 Oct 1924–19 Feb 2014) and Olive Robinson (née Trask)(5 Apr 1929- ), a teacher. Her work is in the permanent collection of Crystal Bridges Museum, the Tucson Museum of Art, New Mexico State University Art Museum among others. == References == Category:1962 births Category:Living people Category:20th-century American women artists Category:21st-century American women artists Category:Artists from Texas Category:New Mexico State University alumni Category:People from El Paso County, Texas Category:University of Texas at El Paso alumni Category:Wikipedia Student Program * Robinson, Hilary, ed. (2001) Feminism-art-theory : 1968–2000. At the University of Leeds, she obtained her PhD in Art Theory.

She is Hillary Clinton

None of the above

Hillary Clinton

Hillary Rodham Clinton

Hillary Carlip

E

She studied for a masters in New York and is an author of multiple books. Her name is Hillary what?

Who is Hillary Clinton?: Who is Hillary Clinton? Hillary Clinton: The Biography. Her Way: The Hopes and Ambitions of Hillary Rodham Clinton is an investigative biography about United States Senator, and former First Lady of the United States, Hillary Rodham Clinton that was written by Jeff Gerth and Don Van Natta Jr. and published on June 8, 2007, by Little, Brown and Company. ==Background== The authors said they interviewed 500 people in connection with their research. A Woman in Charge: The Life of Hillary Rodham Clinton is a biography of United States Senator and former First Lady of the United States, Hillary Clinton, that was written by Carl Bernstein and published on June 5, 2007, by Alfred A. Knopf. ==Background== Bernstein spent eight years working on the book. The book came out at the same time as another mainstream biography, Carl Bernstein's A Woman in Charge: The Life of Hillary Rodham Clinton. Hillary Rodham Clinton: A Woman Living History. Barbara Hillary (June 12, 1931 – November 23, 2019) was an American Arctic explorer, nurse, publisher, adventurer and inspirational speaker. This is a list of books and scholarly articles by and about Hillary Clinton, as well as columns by her. Hilary Robinson is a British academic and art theorist. A Woman in Charge: The Life of Hillary Rodham Clinton. First Lady: The Story of Hillary Rodham Clinton. {{Infobox writer | imagesize = | name = Hillary Raphael | caption = | pseudonym = Hillary Raphael, Shoshana Banana | birth_date = 1976 | birth_place = | death_date = | death_place = | occupation = Novelist | nationality = American | period = | genre = | subject = | movement = | influenced = | signature = | website = }} Hillary Raphael (born April 12, 1976) is an American novelist, fashion and children's book writer. Hillary Rodham Clinton: Politician. Hillary Rodham Clinton: Profile of a Leading Democrat. She is Professor of Feminism, Art, and Theory at Loughborough University's School of Social Sciences and Humanities. The First Lady: A Comprehensive View of Hillary Rodham Clinton. A Girl Named Hillary: The True Story of Hillary Clinton. Hillary Rodham Clinton: First Lady And Senator. Hillary Rodham Clinton: First Lady and Senator. Hillary Rodham Clinton: A New Kind of First Lady. Hillary Rodham Clinton.

Hillary Rodham Clinton

Hillary Clinton

Raphael

Clinton

Her name is Hillary Clinton

C

This American studied art at Yale and is the author of multiple popular mystery novels. First name is "Hillary". What's the last name?

{{Infobox writer | name = Mary Squibb | image = | imagesize = | caption = Sarah Graves | pseudonym = Sarah Graves | birth_name = Mary Talbot | birth_date = | birth_place = | death_date = | occupation = Crime novelist | nationality = American | period = | genre = Crime fiction, mystery fiction | subject = Crime, thriller, mystery | movement = | notableworks = Dead Cat Bounce | influences = | influenced = | signature = | website = }} Sarah Graves is the pen name of American mystery and crime novelist Mary Squibb. {{Infobox writer | image = | name = Monica West | caption = | pseudonym = | birth_name = | birth_date = | birth_place = | death_date = | death_place = | occupation = | nationality = American | period = | genre = Fiction | subject = | movement = | notableworks = | spouse = | partner = | children = | relatives = | influences = | influenced = | awards = | signature = | alma_mater = Duke University, New York University, University of Iowa | website = }} Monica West is an American writer. {{Infobox writer | imagesize = | name = Hillary Raphael | caption = | pseudonym = Hillary Raphael, Shoshana Banana | birth_date = 1976 | birth_place = | death_date = | death_place = | occupation = Novelist | nationality = American | period = | genre = | subject = | movement = | influenced = | signature = | website = }} Hillary Raphael (born April 12, 1976) is an American novelist, fashion and children's book writer. Hillary Baldwin Waugh (June 22, 1920 – December 8, 2008) was a pioneering American mystery novelist. Hilary Robinson is a British academic and art theorist. Dorothy Cannell is an English-American mystery writer. ==Biography== Dorothy Cannell was born in London, England. * Robinson, Hilary (2006) Reading art, reading Irigaray: the politics of art by women. Pseudonyms used by Waugh included Elissa Grandower, Harry Walker and H. Baldwin Taylor. ==Career== Hillary Baldwin Waugh was born on June 22, 1920, in New Haven, Connecticut. She also appears, without identification, as a model in the same book. * Robinson, Hilary (2000) Whose beauty? She is the author of the novel Revival Season, a Barnes & Noble Discover Pick and a finalist for the 2022 Virginia Commonwealth University Cabell First Novelist Award. == Education == West attended Duke University and New York University. She is Professor of Feminism, Art, and Theory at Loughborough University's School of Social Sciences and Humanities. New Haven: Yale University Press. 1942. p. 96. She holds an MFA in Fiction from Hunter College in New York City. == Works == At Hunter College Raphael won the MFA Thesis Prize for her novel, I Love Lord Buddha published by now defunct Creation Books. She joined Loughborough University's School of Arts, English and Drama in 2017 as Professor of Feminism, Art, and Theory. == Selected publications and exhibitions == ===Books=== * Robinson, Hilary and Buszek, Maria Elena, eds. (2019) A Companion to Feminist Art. In 1989, he was named a Grand Master by the Mystery Writers of America. She is a mother of four and a grandmother of ten. ==Bibliography== Cannell writes mysteries featuring Ellie Haskell, interior decorator, and Ben Haskell, writer and chef, and Hyacinth and Primrose Tramwell, a pair of dotty sisters and owners of the Flowers Detection Agency. * Robinson, Hilary, ed. (2001) Feminism-art-theory : 1968–2000. Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford. ===Book sections=== * Robinson, Hilary (2021) 'Not White, Not Male, and Not New York: Race, Feminism and Artists in Pittsburgh'. He was an editor of campus humor magazine The Yale Record.Yale Banner. The New York Times Home & Garden, February 22, 2007 USA Today,"Whodunit? She then received an MA by thesis in Cultural History from the Royal College of Art in London.

Hillary Rodham Clinton

Clinton

Hillary Clinton

Her name is Hillary Clinton

Waugh

E

Known for singing, this famous American (who also writes) is happily married. Her name is Hillary what?

In the note she expressed her excitement about it, announced the album's title, Love Remains and formally introduced "Hillary Scott & the Scott Family". Hillary Scott is an American former pornographic actress. Hillary Dawn Scott-Tyrrell (born April 1, 1986) is an American singer and songwriter. Sara Elizabeth Douga (born April 27, 1991), known professionally as Sara Douga, is an American country music singer-songwriter. == Early life == She began her career at a young age, writing her first song at age 8, playing local casinos at 15, and recording for the first time at 16. Love Remains is a studio album by American singer and songwriter Hillary Scott, a founding member of American country music trio Lady A, released in collaboration with her father, Lang Scott; her mother, Linda Davis; and her sister Rylee Scott (credited collectively as 'The Scott Family'). In 2016, she presented Gospel Hour for BBC Radio 2 Country. ==Personal life== Scott married Nashville-based drummer Chris Tyrrell on January 7, 2012. ===Hillary Scott & the Scott Family=== In November 2015, it was reported that Scott was working on a gospel album. Year Award Recipient Category Result 2017 Grammy Awards Love Remains Best Contemporary Christian Music Album "Thy Will" Best Contemporary Christian Music Performance/Song Billboard Music Awards Hillary Scott & the Scott Family Top Christian Artist "Thy Will" Top Christian Song Love Remains Top Christian Album 2018 CMT Artists of the Year Awards Hillary Scott Honoree ==References== ==External links== * Category:1986 births Category:Living people Category:American women country singers Category:Grammy Award winners Category:Lady A members Category:Middle Tennessee State University alumni Category:American country singer-songwriters Category:American gospel singers Category:American people of English descent Category:American people of Scottish descent Category:Singers from Nashville, Tennessee Category:EMI Records artists Category:Capitol Records artists Category:21st-century American singers Category:21st-century American women singers Category:Country musicians from Tennessee Category:Singer-songwriters from Tennessee Barbara Roy was born in Kinston, North Carolina and is a dance music singer famed for her beautiful and powerful voice as well as her exquisite enunciation. In addition, Scott has co-written songs for other country artists, including Sara Evans' "A Little Bit Stronger" and Blake Shelton's "Suffocating". She is the co-lead singer of Lady A, a country music group that was formed in 2006, and is signed to Big Machine Records. Scott's and Tyrell's twin daughters, Betsy Mack and Emory JoAnn, were born on January 29, 2018. ==Filmography== ===Television=== Year Title Role Notes 2013 The Voice Herself Advisor for Team Adam (season 4) 2020 Songland Herself Episode: "Lady Antebellum" ==Discography== *Lady Antebellum (2008) *Need You Now (2010) *Own the Night (2011) *On This Winter's Night (2012) *Golden (2013) *747 (2014) *Heart Break (2017) *Ocean (2019) *What a Song Can Do (2021) ===Collaborative albums=== Title Details Peak chart positions Sales US Billboard 200 chart peaks: * For Love Remains: US Country US Country Albums chart peaks: * For Love Remains: US Christ US Christian Albums chart peaks: * For Love Remains: AUS Australian Albums chart peaks: * For Love Remains: CAN Canadian Albums chart peaks: * For Love Remains: Family Christmas * Release date: 2003 * Label: Center Hill Records * Formats: CD, music download — — — — — Love Remains * Released: July 29, 2016 * Label: EMI Records Nashville * Formats: CD, music download 7 2 1 81 69 * US: 165,000 "—" denotes a collection that did not chart or was not released to that territory. ===Singles=== Year Single Peak positions Sales Album US Hot Country US Hot Christian * For "Love Remains": US Christian Airplay US Bubbling US Bubbling Under peaks: * For "Thy Will": 2016 "Thy Will" 27 1 1 12 *US: 248,000 Love Remains 2017 "Still" — 20 21 — ===Featured singles=== Year Single Artist Peak positions Certifications Album US AC US Country Songs US Country Airplay US CAN Country CAN 2010 "Christmas Tonight" Dave Barnes 9 — — — — — Very Merry Christmas 2020 "Be a Light" Thomas Rhett — 7 2 42 3 74 * RIAA: Platinum non-album single ===Other charted songs=== Year Song Peak positions Album US Hot Christian 2016 "Beautiful Messes" 28 Love Remains "Love Remains" 38 ===Music videos=== Year Title Director 2016 "Thy Will" Shane Drake ==Awards== Since 2008, Scott and Lady A have been awarded many top awards in the music industry. Scott says that being lead singer of Lady A, as opposed to being a solo artist, lessens the pressure on her on stage. ===Lady Antebellum=== Scott formed the country music group as Lady Antebellum in 2006, with co-lead singer Charles Kelley and backup singer Dave Haywood. She took a break from music to marry her husband and have two children. Scott decided at age 14 to become a country singer, and her sister, Rylee, is 14 years younger than her; so she has a tattoo of the number 14 in honor of those two things. ==Career== After high school Hillary Scott attended Middle Tennessee State University. This song was inspired by a miscarriage Scott experienced in 2015 while on tour. She earned her M.D. and became a doctor in preparation for entering the missionary field. == Family and personal life == Mary Elizabeth MacCallum married Thomas Beckett Scott, who was educated in the Arts, Theology, and Medicine at Queens University in Kingston, Ontario. Internationally, the album debuted at number 69 in Canada and at number 81 in Australia. ==Track listing== ==Charts== ===Weekly charts=== Chart (2016) Peak position US Billboard 200 7 ===Year end charts=== Chart (2016) Position US Christian Albums (Billboard) 9 US Country Albums (Billboard) 26 ==Release history== List of release dates, showing region, formats, label, catalog number and reference Country Date Format Label Catalog Worldwide July 29, 2016 CD EMI Nashville 002505602 Digital download November 11, 2016 Vinyl Capitol Nashville 002572401 ==References== Category:2016 albums Category:Hillary Scott (singer) albums Category:Linda Davis albums Category:Universal Music Group albums Category:Albums produced by Ricky Skaggs Category:Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Christian Music Album During her time at MTSU, Scott worked with singer-songwriter Victoria Shaw and earned some publicity, but was unable to secure a contract with a major label. She is of Scottish and Native American descent. Sara frequently collaborates with Jim Lauderdale who has recorded four of his and Sara's co-written songs. On October 26, 2018 Bob Harris introduced Sara Douga and other acts at Bush Hall in Country to Country's Country Music Week in London.

Hillary Rodham Clinton

Clinton

Hillary Clinton

Her name is Hillary Clinton

Scott

E

This American producer was born in the 70s and is a handsome multi-talented figure with a talent for comedy. His name is "Elon" what?

Elon Gold (born September 14, 1970) is an American comedian, television actor, writer and producer. ==Early life== Elon Gold was born to Lynn and Sidney Gold of Goldstar Talent on September 14, 1970. thumb|upright=0.8|Musk in 2019 Elon Musk is a South-African American entrepreneur and business magnate who has made numerous cameo appearances in films and television shows as himself. Ari Gold may refer to the following persons: * Ari Gold (filmmaker) (born 1970), American filmmaker, actor, and musician * Ari Gold (musician) (19742021), American pop singer and songwriter Ari Gold may also refer to: * Ari Gold (Entourage), a character in the HBO comedy Entourage * Ari Gold (album), eponymous album, released 2001 == See also == * Ari L. Goldman (born 1949), Professor of Journalism at Columbia University and former reporter for The New York Times * Ari Goldwag (born 1979), Jewish recording artist Ray Ellin is an American comedian, talk show host, producer, writer, and director. ==Career== Ellin performs at top comedy clubs around the United States. Himself Cameo 2019 Men in Black: International Himself Cameo; uncredited ==Television== Year Title Role Notes 2015 The Simpsons Himself Episode: "The Musk Who Fell to Earth" 2015 The Big Bang Theory Himself Episode: "The Platonic Permutation" 2016 South Park Himself Three episodes: "Members Only", "Not Funny", "The End of Serialization as We Know It" 2016-2018 Mars Himself 2017 Young Sheldon Himself Episode: "A Patch, a Modem, and a Zantac"; cameo 2019 Rick and Morty Elon Tusk Episode: "One Crew over the Crewcoo's Morty"; cameo 2021 Saturday Night Live Himself and various characters Season 46, Episode 18 ==Documentaries== Year Title Role Notes 2011 Revenge of the Electric Car Himself 2015 Racing Extinction Himself 2016 Lo and Behold Himself 2022 Return to Space Himself ==References== Category:Elon Musk Category:Male actor filmographies Category:American filmographies In 2018, Ellin became executive producer of the television show This Week at the Comedy Cellar. Jean-Claude Muaka is a French comedian and actor who was born on November 14, 1986. Jerod Mixon (born May 24, 1981) is an American actor, comedian, producer and writer. In 2016, Jean-Claude Muaka joined the cast of the Jamel Comedy Club on TV, and toured. == Career == === Shows === * 2015: One Man Costaud * 2019: Ce soir ou jamais === Movies === * 2017: Sous le même toit * 2019: Anna == Notes and references == * Christophe Lacaze-Eslous, Coupe de France : Jean-Claude Muaka enchaîne les passes et les vannes, Le Parisien * Boris Colombet, Jean- Claude Muaka en One Man Costaud, France-Antilles * Category:Living people Category:1986 births Category:21st-century French male actors Category:Black French actors Category:French male comedians Category:French male stage actors Category:French people of Democratic Republic of the Congo descent Category:French stand-up comedians Category:People from Villeneuve-Saint- Georges * His film The Latin Legends Of Comedy won the jury award at the Boston International Film Festival. ==External links== *Official Website * *Official Website ==References== Category:American stand-up comedians Category:Living people Category:21st-century American comedians Category:Year of birth missing (living people) In May 2020, Ellin started Comedy Cloud, a company that produces live, interactive, online comedy shows for companies, non-profits, and schools. ==Personal== Ellin grew up with older sisters, who had him listening to Barry Manilow songs as a small boy. He wrote an op ed about it in The Jewish Journal of Greater Los Angeles a few days later. ==References== ==External links== * Category:1970 births Category:Living people Category:20th-century American comedians Category:20th-century American Jews Category:20th-century American male actors Category:20th-century American male writers Category:20th-century American screenwriters Category:21st-century American comedians Category:21st- century American Jews Category:21st-century American male actors Category:21st-century American male writers Category:21st-century American screenwriters Category:American impressionists (entertainers) Category:American male comedians Category:American male film actors Category:American male screenwriters Category:American male television actors Category:American male television writers Category:American Orthodox Jews Category:American sketch comedians Category:American stand-up comedians Category:American television producers Category:American television writers Category:Comedians from New York City Category:Comedians from New York (state) Category:Jewish American comedians Category:Jewish American male actors Category:Jewish American male comedians Category:Jewish American screenwriters Category:Jewish American writers Category:Jewish male comedians Category:Male actors from New York City Category:People from the Bronx Category:Screenwriters from New York (state) Category:Television producers from New York City Category:Television producers from New York (state) ==Awards== * 2009: Ellin was named one of "New York's Best Emerging Artists". * 2006: Ellin received a Proclamation from the City of New York for his contributions to comedy. He has made a name for himself in classic plays, stand-up comedy, and in cinema. == Biography == Jean-Claude Muaka was born in Villeneuve-Saint- Georges, his family moved to Vaux-le-Pénil, in Seine-et-Marne, when he was 7 years old. The show has had appearances by comedians, actors, and authors including Chevy Chase, Leonard Nimoy, Jeff Garlin, Hank Azaria, Charles Grodin, Richard Belzer, Susie Essman, Artie Lange, Amy Sedaris, Richard Kind, Paul Shaffer, Oksana Baiul and Fran Drescher. Ellin produced and directed the film The Latin Legends Of Comedy, which he financed on his own six credit cards.Dylan P. Gadino, "Ray Ellin: On the Go!" His older brother Steven is involved in the music production industry. He has also made appearances in many documentary films. ==Films== Year Title Role(s) Notes 2005 Thank You for Smoking Valet Uncredited cameo; also executive producer 2010 Iron Man 2 Himself Cameo 2010 Dumbstruck Executive producer 2013 Machete Kills Himself Cameo 2016 Why Him? His 2014 comedy special, Chosen and Taken, appeared on Netflix. He also hosts the ground-breaking web- based talk show LateNet with Ray Ellin. He is also best known as the voice of Theo on Maya & Miguel. == External links == * Category:1981 births Category:Living people Category:21st-century American male actors Category:African-American male actors Category:American male child actors Category:American male film actors Category:American male television actors Category:People from Port Hueneme, California Category:21st-century African-American people Category:20th-century African-American people Gold appeared as himself in Season 3 of the Home Box Office series Crashing, first broadcast in 2019. == Filmography == ===Film=== Year Title Role Notes 1993 Basic Values: Sex, Shock & Censorship in the 90s Howard Stern / Richard Simmons (voice) television movie 1998 Restaurant Kurt 1998 Origin of the Species Paul 1999 Dirt Merchant Blood Banker 2000 Mary and Rhoda Jonah Seimeier television movie 2000 Good as Gold Michael’s Brother television movie 2003 Cheaper by the Dozen Camera Crew Member #2 2007 Chabad Telethon Host television movie 2008 Turbocharge: The Unauthorized Story of the Cars Howard Stern 2008 Soccer Mom Tony da Silva 2011 Pro-Semitism: Psychotherapy Himself Short 2011 Pro- Semitism: Law Himself Short 2012 Little Women, Big Cars Richard 2012 Little Women, Big Cars 2 Richard 2014 Premature Mr. Hughes 2014 Twinkies & Donuts Allen Short 2020 The Binge Chester Friedlander 2020 The Broken Hearts Gallery Schmuli ===Television=== Year Title Role Notes 2002 In-Laws Matt Landis 2003–2004 Saturday Night Live Various Voices 2003–2006 Chappelle's Show Various 2004 Frasier Brad one episode 2005–2006 Stacked Gavin P. Miller 2009 The Mentalist Paul Fricke one episode 2010–2011 Bones Dr. Paul Lidner 2021 Curb Your Enthusiasm Jake Blum: Head of Hulu three episodes ==Personal life== He is an observant Jew.

Musk

Elon Musk

His name is Elon Musk

Gold

None of the above

D

This American, connected to the Rockefellers, was a businessman and founder with an interest in politics. His name is "Elon" what?

John Davison Rockefeller Jr. (January 29, 1874 – May 11, 1960) was an American financier and philanthropist. John Davison Rockefeller Sr. (July 8, 1839 – May 23, 1937) was an American business magnate and philanthropist. Elon Musk, the richest person in the world and the CEO or owner of multiple companies including Tesla, SpaceX, and Twitter, has expressed many views on a wide variety of subjects, ranging from politics to science. Justin Aldrich Rockefeller (born July 12, 1979)) is an American impact investor and financial technology professional. The Rockefeller Conscience: An American Family in Public and in Private. John Davison Rockefeller III (March 21, 1906 – July 10, 1978) was an American philanthropist. Laurance Spelman Rockefeller (May 26, 1910 – July 11, 2004) was an American businessman, financier, philanthropist, and conservationist. *Rockefeller, David. Through his father, he was a grandson of Standard Oil co-founder John Davison Rockefeller Sr. and schoolteacher Laura Celestia "Cettie" Spelman. His father John Sr. and uncle William A. Rockefeller Jr. co-founded Standard Oil together. They include politicians and writers, some of whom served Rockefeller's interests, and some of whom built their careers by fighting Rockefeller and the "robber barons". "John D. Rockefeller: Oil Baron and Philanthropist." His crusade was the establishing of a conservation ethic, and he was declared America's leading conservationist by Lady Bird Johnson. ==Early life and marriage== Rockefeller was born in New York City, as the fourth child of John Davison Rockefeller Jr. and Abigail Greene "Abby" Aldrich. They are Laura Rockefeller Chasin, Marion Rockefeller Weber, Dr. Lucy R. Waletzky, and Larry Rockefeller. He is a great-great grandson of John D. Rockefeller. John D. Rockefeller: The Cleveland Years. *Rockefeller Brothers Fund website *FBI Records: The Vault - John D. Rockefeller III at fbi.gov * Asia Society - founded by Rockefeller. He joined the Alpha Delta Phi fraternity and was elected to Phi Beta Kappa. ==Business career== thumb|John D. Rockefeller Jr. in 1920 After graduation from Brown, Rockefeller joined his father's business in October 1897, setting up operations in the newly formed family office at 26 Broadway where he became a director of Standard Oil. Rockefeller was the father of six children: Abby, John III, Nelson, Laurance, Winthrop, and David. ==Early life== Rockefeller was the fifth and last child of Standard Oil co-founder John Davison Rockefeller Sr. and schoolteacher Laura Celestia "Cettie" Spelman. A Rockefeller Family Portrait: From John D. to Nelson (1959) * Moore, Jay D. Alcoholics Anonymous and the Rockefeller Connection: How John D. Rockefeller Jr. and his Associates Saved AA (2015). * Harvey, Charles E. "John D. Rockefeller, Jr., and the social sciences: An introduction". Dear Father/dear Son: Correspondence of John D. Rockefeller and John D. Rockefeller Jr. (Fordham Univ Press, 1994) * Ernst, Joseph W., John Davison Rockefeller, and Horace Marden Albright.

Musk

Elon Musk

Huntington Hooker

None of the above

His name is Elon Musk

C

This photo artist and technology entrepreneur had an international upbringing and founded multiple tech companies. He's called "Elon" what?

thumb|upright=0.8|Musk in 2019 Elon Musk is a South-African American entrepreneur and business magnate who has made numerous cameo appearances in films and television shows as himself. Elon Musk, the richest person in the world and the CEO or owner of multiple companies including Tesla, SpaceX, and Twitter, has expressed many views on a wide variety of subjects, ranging from politics to science. Elon Reeve Musk ( ; born June 28, 1971) is a business magnate and investor. * In June 2016, Business Insider named Musk one of the "Top 10 Business Visionaries Creating Value for the World" along with Mark Zuckerberg and Sal Khan. Travis Egedy (born May 1, 1985), better known by his stage name Pictureplane, is an American electronic musician, visual artist and fashion designer based in Brooklyn, New York. Business magnate and industrial designer Elon Musk is recognized for his efforts to combat global warming. He is the founder, CEO, and chief engineer of SpaceX; angel investor, CEO, and product architect of Tesla, Inc.; owner, CTO, and chairman of Twitter; founder of the Boring Company and X Corp.; co-founder of Neuralink and OpenAI; and president of the philanthropic Musk Foundation. His mother is Maye Musk (), a model and dietitian born in Saskatchewan, Canada, and raised in South Africa., discussion of his family starts around the 15th minute His father, Errol Musk, is a South African electromechanical engineer, pilot, sailor, consultant, and property developer, who partly owned a Zambian emerald mine near Lake Tanganyika. * In 2013, Musk was named the Fortune Businessperson of the year for SpaceX, SolarCity, and Tesla. He met with the companies NPO Lavochkin and Kosmotras; however, Musk was seen as a novice and the group returned to the United States empty-handed. In 2004, he started using the pseudonym Pictureplane. Business magnate Elon Musk initiated an acquisition of American social media company Twitter, Inc. on April 14, 2022, and concluded it on October 27, 2022. He is also a founder of the fashion brand Alien Body. ==Biography== Born in Santa Fe, New Mexico, Travis Egedy grew up a fan of hip hop. Chen Shih-chung commented that "Elon Musk has brought about revolutionary change through Tesla and SpaceX, even aiding Ukraine against the Russian dictatorship through Starlink," and "I'm calling on Elon to hold himself to the same democratic values regarding Taiwan." His comments have been called "elitist" and have sparked widespread criticism from both transportation and urban planning experts, who have pointed out that public transportation in dense urban areas is more economical, more energy efficient, and requires much less space than private cars. ==Personal life== From the early 2000s until late 2020, Musk resided in California, where both Tesla and SpaceX were founded. Musk stepped down as chairman of Tesla and paid a $20 million fine as part of a settlement agreement with the SEC. ==Early life== ===Childhood and family=== Elon Reeve Musk was born on June 28, 1971, in Pretoria, one of South Africa's capital cities.Vance (2017), pp. 25, 31. Both men played active roles in the company's early development prior to Musk's involvement. In 2021, Musk nominally changed his title to "Technoking" while retaining his position as CEO. With $100 million of his own money, Musk founded SpaceX in May 2002 and became the company's CEO and Chief Engineer. The Wall Street Journal reported that, after Musk insisted on branding his vehicles as "self-driving", he faced criticism from his engineers for putting customer "lives at risk", with some employees resigning in consequence. ==Other activities== ===Musk Foundation=== Musk is president of the Musk Foundation, whose stated purpose is to provide solar-power energy systems in disaster areas; support research, development, and advocacy (for interests including human space exploration, pediatrics, renewable energy and "safe artificial intelligence"); and support science and engineering educational efforts. Even though Musk founded the company, investors regarded him as inexperienced and replaced him with Intuit CEO Bill Harris by the end of the year.Vance (2017), p. "Elon Musk Is Bad at This" .

His name is Elon Musk

Musk

Ganor

None of the above

Elon Musk

C

Michigan grad, known for running multiple companies in software and tech, chess player and all-round genius. First name "Elon". Last name?

Christopher Sembroski (born August 28, 1979) is an American data engineer, Air Force veteran, and commercial astronaut, currently living in Gig Harbor, Washington, United States. Grad is the surname of the following people: *Adam Grad (1969–2015), Polish association football player *Aleksander Grad (born 1962), Polish politician *Dagmara Grad (born 1990), Polish association football player *Harold Grad (1923–1986), American mathematician *Ilya Grad (born 1987), Israeli Muay Thai boxing champion *Zoltan Grad (1904–2003), Hungarian-American editor *Gary L. Grad (1974-present) University of Mary Hall of Fame Football Player Elsberry can refer to: * Wesley R. Elsberry, marine biologist * Elsberry, Missouri *See also: Jacoby Ellsbury, Major League Baseball player Rob Mullens is the current athletic director at the University of Oregon. Sembroski also was a counselor at Space Camp in Huntsville, Alabama which promotes science, technology, engineering, and math to children and teenagers. He is a member of the Association of Space Explorers.List of members of the ASE from United States ==References== ==External links== * SpaceFacts.de: Tourist Biography: Christopher Sembroski * Inspiration4 Crew Page * Category:1979 births Category:Living people Category:Space tourists Category:United States Air Force airmen Category:Inspiration4 He stayed there until August 29, 2017. ==Education== Mullen has a Bachelor of Science in chemical engineering from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute and a Master of Business Administration from Villanova University. He has been a trustee at Villanova since 2001. ==Biogen== Mullen began his tenure at Biogen in 1992 and worked his way up the ladder. Sembroski worked as a data engineer for Lockheed-Martin. Sembroski has long had an interest in space, being an amateur astronomer and rocketeer. Mullens was named the third Chair of the College Football Playoff Selection Committee in January 2018. == Personal life == Mullens earned a bachelor’s degree in business administration and a master’s in sport management from West Virginia University in 1991 and 1993, respectively. After college, Sembroski joined the United States Air Force as an Electro- Mechanical Technician stationed at Malmstrom Air Force Base in Great Falls, MT. He is featured on the cover of a Time magazine double issue with the rest of the crew of Inspiration4 in August 2021. ==Career== Sembroski grew up in Kannapolis, North Carolina. :The parent article is at List of University of Michigan alumni. He has since moved to work as an avionics engineer at Blue Origin. Sembroski is a Blue Origin employee and was a crew member on the Inspiration4 mission. James C. “Jim” Mullen (born ca. 1958) was the president and CEO of Biogen Idec until he retired effective June 8, 2010. Mullen became COO and president in 1999 and CEO in 2000. He flew to orbit on Inspiration4, a private spaceflight funded by billionaire Jared Isaacman. *Sam Wyly (BUS: MBA 1957), serial entrepreneur; owner of the Bonanza Restaurants chain *Samuel Zell (LAW: AB 1963, JD 1966), real estate developer; founder of EQ Office; former chairman of the National Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts *Niklas Zennström (MDNG), sold his share of internet telephony company Skype to eBay ==Entrepreneurs== *Dave Barger, President and Chief Operating Officer of JetBlue; CEO as of 2007 *Steve Blank (MDNG), serial entrepreneur, founder and/or part of eight Silicon Valley startups *Henry W. Bloch (BS 1944), co- founder and former president of H&R; Block Inc. *Louis Borders (BA 1969), co- founded Borders with brother Tom (MA 1966) *Edward Conard (BSE 1978), founding partner at Bain Capital *Donald N. Frey (BS MTL 1947, MSE 1949, PhD 1951, D. Eng. hon. 1967), chairman and CEO of Bell & Howell for 17 years; received the National Medal of Technology in 1990 *Jacques Habra *James John (J.J.) Hagerman (1857, industrialist who owned mines, railroads and corporate farms in the American West in the late 19th century and early 20th century; one of the most influential men in territorial New Mexico *Gerrard Wendell "(G.W.)" Haworth (COE: MA), founding chairman of Haworth, Inc., a manufacturer of office environments that grew from a garage-shop venture in 1948 to a $1.4 billion global corporation *Andrew Heiberger, founder, owner, and CEO of Buttonwood Development and Town Residential *Elle Kaplan (BA), founder and CEO of LexION Capital Management *Gregg Kaplan (AB), president and chief operating officer of change-sorting company Coinstar, which now owns Redbox *Brad Keywell (BUS: BBA 1991; LAW: JD 1993), serial entrepreneur *John Koza (MA Mathematics 1966; BA 1964, MS 1966, Ph. During college, Sembroski volunteered for ProSpace, a nonprofit organization advocating for private spaceflight. Academic unit key Symbol Academic unit * * * ARCH Taubman College BUS Ross School of Business COE College of Engineering DENT School of Dentistry GFSPP Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy HHRS Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studies LAW Law School LSA College of LS&A; MED Medical School SMTD School of Music, Theatre and Dance PHARM School of Pharmacy SED School of Education SNRE School of Natural Resources SOAD The Stamps School of Art & Design SOI School of Information SON School of Nursing SOK School of Kinesiology SOSW School of Social Work SPH School of Public Health 1941 MDNG Matriculated, did not graduate This is a list of business alumni from the University of Michigan. ==Advertising and marketing== *Leo Burnett (BA 1914), journalism, advertising pioneer; founded the Leo Burnett Company in 1935 with $50,000 of borrowed money *Utpal Dholakia, (Ph.D. 1998), researcher and professor *Howard Handler (LSA: BA 1983; BUS: MBA 1985), pioneering marketing executive at Virgin Mobile USA, MLS & President of 313 Presents *Patrick LaForge, President and CEO of the Edmonton Oilers ==Billionaires== *J. Robert Beyster (COE: BSE, MS, Ph.D.), chairman, president, and CEO of Science Applications International Corporation *Kenneth B. Dart (COE: BSE 1976), businessman and Caymanian billionaire *William Davidson (BUS: BBA 1947), finance and entertainment; founder of the William Davidson Institute at the Ross School of Business; his son Ethan, a Michigan graduate, inherits control of his foundation *Bharat Desai (BUS: MBA 1981), co-founder, president, and CEO of Syntel; Indian billionaire *Stanley Druckenmiller (MDNG: Ph.D., Econometrics), formerly worked with George Soros; co-founded Duquesne Capital *Henry Engelhardt (B.A.), founder and Chief Executive of Admiral Group, a British motor insurance company; English billionaire *Brad Keywell (BUS: BBA 1991; LAW: JD 1993), co-founder and principal of Groupon *Bobby Kotick, businessman; president and CEO of Activision Blizzard, a member of the S&P; 500 *Eric Paul Lefkofsky (BA, J.D. 1993), serial entrepreneur; angel investor in Groupon; on Forbes 2011 list of billionaires *Doug Meijer (BS), net worth of $4.2 billion; son of Frederik G. H. Meijer *Hank Meijer (BA Literature 1973), net worth of $4.2 billion; oldest son of Frederik G. H. Meijer *Tom S. Monaghan (MDNG), founder and former owner of Domino's Pizza *Charlie Munger (MDNG), Vice Chairman of Berkshire Hathaway; donated in excess of $25 million for library and Lawyers Club renovations and $110 million for graduate housing and graduate fellowships *Larry Page (COE: BSE 1995), co-founder of Google *Jorge M. Perez (M.U.P 1976), real estate developer *Stephen M. Ross (BUS: BBA 1962), real estate developer; donated $100 million to the Ross School of Business, named in his honor in 2004; donated $200 million in 2013, split evenly between the Ross School of Business and Athletics Department, making him the largest donor in Michigan's history *Dr. Homer Stryker (MED: M.D. 1925; D. 1980), founder of medical device company Stryker Corporation *A. Alfred Taubman (MDNG: HLLD 1948), founder of the Taubman Company; his cumulative lifetime donations total roughly $141 million, making him the second largest donor in Michigan's history *Preston Robert (Bob) Tisch (A.B. 1948), chairman of the Loews Corporation; United States Postmaster General (1986–88); former owner of 50% of the New York Giants; his wife, Joan Tisch (UM graduate, AB 1948) has replaced him on the Forbes 400 list *Bruce Wasserstein (AB), mergers and acquisitions specialist *Ralph Wilson (LAW: ) was as an American businessman and sports executive.

All of the above

Musk

Gasper

His name is Elon Musk

Elon Musk

C

Genius math person, he grew up in the 70s, spent time at Stanford University and became prominent in the 2000s. His name is "Elon" what?

He was also born into a mathematical family, the son of the mathematician Joram Lindenstrauss, the namesake of the Johnson–Lindenstrauss lemma, and computer scientist Naomi Lindenstrauss, both professors at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. His sister Ayelet Lindenstrauss is also a mathematician. Elon Lindenstrauss (, born August 1, 1970) is an Israeli mathematician, and a winner of the 2010 Fields Medal. Michael Ezra Saks is an American mathematician. David S. Richeson is an American mathematician whose interests include the topology of dynamical systems, recreational mathematics, and the history of mathematics. Elchanan Mossel () is a professor of mathematics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. William George Kolakoski (September 17, 1944 – July 26, 1997), known as Bill to family and friends, was an American artist and recreational mathematician who is most famous for devising and giving his name to the Kolakoski sequence, a self-generating sequence of integers that has been extensively studied by mathematicians since he first described it in the American Mathematical Monthly in 1965. ==Life and education== Kolakoski was born September 17, 1944, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, the son of George Leon Kolakoski and his wife Eleanor (née Gale). In 2009, he was appointed to Professor at the Mathematics Institute at the Hebrew University. == Biography == Lindenstrauss was born into an Israeli-Jewish family with German Jewish origins. He is a professor of mathematics at Dickinson College, where he holds the John J. & Ann Curley Faculty Chair in the Liberal Arts. ==Education and career== Richeson was interested in mathematics from an early age, in part through Martin Gardner's Mathematical Games columns. Moshe Matalon is an Israeli-American mechanical engineer and applied mathematician, currently the Caterpillar Distinguished Professor at University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign. ==Biography== He finished his bachelor's and master's degree from Tel Aviv University in 1973 and completed his PhD in 1977 from Cornell University, under the supervision of Geoffrey S.S. Ludford. In 2000, he received his Ph.D. in mathematics from the Hebrew University. *In 2004, he was awarded the European Mathematical Society Prize. He was a member at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, then a Szego Assistant Prof. at Stanford University. Among his co-authors are Jean Bourgain, Manfred Einsiedler, Philippe Michel, Shahar Mozes, Akshay Venkatesh and Barak Weiss. == Awards == *In 1988, Lindenstrauss represented Israel in the International Mathematical Olympiad and won a bronze medal. His second book, Tales of Impossibility: The 2000-Year Quest to Solve the Mathematical Problems of Antiquity (Princeton University Press, 2019), concerns four famous problems of straightedge and compass construction, unsolved by the ancient Greek mathematicians and now known to be impossible: doubling the cube, squaring the circle, constructing regular polygons of any order, and trisecting the angle. ==References== ==External links== *Division by zero, Richeson's personal web site *Dave Richeson's Favorite Theorem, Evelyn Lamb, Scientific American Category:Year of birth missing (living people) Category:Living people Category:20th-century American mathematicians Category:21st-century American mathematicians Category:Hamilton College (New York) alumni Category:Northwestern University alumni Category:Dickinson College faculty Since 2004, he has been a professor at Princeton University. He enlisted to the IDF's Talpiot program, and studied at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, where he earned his BSc in Mathematics and Physics in 1991 and his master's degree in mathematics in 1995. Until almost the end of his life, Kolakoski himself was not aware of how much attention it had received from professional mathematicians after he had published notice of it in the AMM. Kolakoski continued to explore the sequence for many years, creating a corpus of material that is now held as the William Kolakoski Collection at Carnegie Mellon University Libraries and overseen by the mathematician Clark Kimberling. ==Note== ==External links== * The William Kolakoski Collection at Carnegie Mellon University Libraries * * Category:1944 births Category:1997 deaths Category:20th-century American artists Category:Carnegie Mellon University alumni Category:People with schizophrenia Category:Recreational mathematicians Category:People from Pittsburgh Category:People from Fairmont, West Virginia From 2003 to 2005, he was a Long Term Prize Fellow at the Clay Mathematics Institute. In 2016 he became a Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery.. ==Research== Saks' research in computational complexity theory, combinatorics, and graph theory has contributed to the study of lower bounds in order theory, randomized computation, and space–time tradeoff. Mossel is a prolific scholar, with more than 100 coauthors and over 150 papers listed in MathSciNet as of 2022.

Lindenstrauss

Elon Musk

All of the above

His name is Elon Musk

Musk

A

Businessman, a Jewish American, grew up and lived in New York City, associated with the Democratic Party, and eventually became very famous. His name is "Bernie"-what?

Bernie is the surname of: * Ben Bernie (1891–1943), American jazz violinist, bandleader and radio personality * Dave Bernie (born 1948), Irish retired hurler * Melvyn Bernie, founder of Mel Bernie Company, a manufacturer and wholesaler of costume jewelry and novelties ==See also== * Burnie (surname) * Burney (surname) Bernie Wagenblast (born September 1, 1956, in Elizabeth, New Jersey) is a transportation journalist, radio personality and voice-over artist. He was noted for his showmanship and memorable bits of snappy dialogue, being part of the first generation of "stars" of American popular music, alongside other artists such as Paul Whiteman (a fellow violinist and bandleader), Ted Lewis and Al Jolson. ==Career== ===Early years=== Bernie was born Bernard Anzelevitz (another source says Benjamin Anzelevitz) in Bayonne, New Jersey. Bernie Swain is an American businessman and author. Benjamin Anzelwitz, known professionally as Ben Bernie (May 30, 1891 - October 23, 1943),DeLong, Thomas A. (1996). Joseph Barondess (July 3, 1867 – June 19, 1928) was an American labor leader and political figure in New York City's Lower East Side Jewish community in the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century. Paul F. Sanders (born c. 1927) is an American former politician in the state of Washington. Accessed March 7, 2005. running unsuccessfully for Congress as a socialist in 1904, later becoming a Zionist, then serving on New York City's Board of Education in 1911. They had a son, Jason H. Bernie (1918–1969). He has been covered by The Washington Post, Fortune magazine, Entrepreneur magazine, WNYC's Brian Lehrer show, and more. == References == Category:1945 births Category:Living people Category:American male writers Category:Businesspeople from Virginia Category:People from Riverdale Park, Maryland She worked for Total Traffic in Rutherford, New Jersey. == Personal life == Wagenblast came out publicly as a trans woman in January 2023; although still going by Bernie, she said her full name would now be Bernadette. Bernie was the co-composer of this jazz standard, which became the theme song of the Harlem Globetrotters. ==Personal life== On December 24, 1915, Bernie married Rose Harris (maiden; 1893–1965) in Manhattan, New York. Bernie performed in vaudeville, appearing with Charles Klass as The Fiddle Up Boys in 1912 and with Phil Baker as Baker and Bernie, but he met with little success until 1922 when he joined his first orchestra. Inspired by a teacher, John C. Youngblood, Bernie attended George Washington University earning a Bachelor of Science and a Master of Education. == Professional life == After graduation, Swain worked as the assistant athletics director at George Washington. He is the co-founder with Paula Swain and Harry Rhoads Jr. of Washington Speakers Bureau,Washington Speakers Bureau a lecture agency which represents many prestigious authors, politicians, journalists, athletes, and business leaders. == Early life and education == Bernie Swain was the first in his family to attend college. On the Blue Network from 1935–1937, Bernie's sponsor was the American Can Company. Bernie died from a pulmonary embolism in October 1943, aged 52, and was buried in Mount Hebron Cemetery, in Queens, New York. In October 1935, Ben Bernie remarried Dorothy P. Wesley (1908–1990) in Miami, Florida. Bernie has a star at 6280 Hollywood Boulevard in the Radio section of the Hollywood Walk of Fame. He eventually forged warmer relations with those socialists who left the SLP to form the Socialist Party. He toured with Maurice Chevalier in Europe. ===Radio and other performances=== thumb|right|Ben Bernie pictured in an ad for his NBC radio series of 1932–35 Bernie and his orchestra were heard November 15, 1926, via a remote broadcast from the Hotel Roosevelt in New York City, on the first NBC broadcast. He was remembered fondly as a pioneer in the union movement and for his gifted speaking and writing skills; even the Communist paper Freiheit gave him a respectful obituary.

All of the above

Madoff

Bernie Sanders

None of the above

Sanders

B

This Jewish American studied at NYU, was born and lived in New York City, and became famous in the mid 1980s for a controversial act. His name is "Bernie" what?

{{Infobox writer | name = Rafael Medoff | image = MedoffOct2012.jpg | imagesize = | caption = Medoff in 2012 | pseudonym = | birth_date = | birth_place = | death_date = | death_place = | occupation = Professor, columnist, author, comics writer | language = English | nationality = American | alma_mater = Yeshiva University (PhD) | period = | subject = | movement = | notableworks = The Deafening Silence: American Jewish Leaders and the Holocaust Encyclopaedia Judaica | spouse = | children = | relatives = | influences = | influenced = | awards= | signature = | website = }} Rafael Medoff (born 1959) is an American professor of Jewish history and the founding director of The David Wyman Institute for Holocaust Studies, which is based in Washington, D.C. and focuses on issues related to America's response to the Holocaust. ==Academic career== Medoff received his PhD from Yeshiva University in New York City in 1991. Yosef Hayim Yerushalmi (May 20, 1932 – December 8, 2009) was the Salo Wittmayer Baron Professor of Jewish History, Culture and Society at Columbia University, a position he held from 1980 to 2008. ==Early life and education== Yerushalmi was born in the Bronx, New York City on May 20, 1932, to Yiddish- speaking Russian parents who had immigrated to the United States. Madoff is a surname that may refer to: * Bernie Madoff (1938–2021), American criminal whose US$65 billion Ponzi scheme employed many family members, including: ** Ruth Madoff (born 1941), American bookkeeper and wife of Bernie Madoff ** Mark Madoff (1964–2010), American financier and son of Bernie Madoff ** Andrew Madoff (1966–2014), American financier and son of Bernie Madoff ** Shana Madoff (born 1967), American attorney and niece of Bernie Madoff * Michelle Madoff (1928–2013), American politician; Pittsburgh councilwoman from 1978 to 1993 ==See also== * Madoff (miniseries), a 2016 television miniseries about Bernie Madoff In 2001 he was visiting scholar in Jewish Studies at the State University of New York at Purchase.Holocaust Denial: A Global Survey – 2004. This is a list of notable Jewish American activists. Medoff has taught Jewish history at Ohio State University, Purchase College of the State University of New York, and elsewhere. He authored the essay "New Yorkers and the Birth of Israel", which was featured in the May 1998 New York Times supplement commemorating the fiftieth anniversary of the establishment of Israel. He has been closely associated and Academic Council member of American Jewish Historical Society for many years. From 1980 to 2008 he was the Salo Wittmayer Baron Professor of Jewish History, Culture and Society at Columbia University. "It's to really understand why it is you're anti-Semitic and where those feelings came from."" *Shais Rishon, rabbi and anti-racism activist *David A Rose (judge) (1906–1995), activist for human rights and against anti-Catholic and anti- Jewish bias * Zelda Rubinstein (1933–2010), actress and human rights activisthttps://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:KQ6J-4H7 ==S== *Max Shachtman, American Marxist and labor activistTheodore Draper, The Roots of American Communism. Simone Schweber is Goodman Professor of Education and Jewish Studies at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. == References == Category:Stanford Graduate School of Education alumni Category:Swarthmore College alumni Category:University of Wisconsin-Madison faculty Category:American education writers Category:Judaic scholars Category:Holocaust studies *Rebecca Walker (born 1969), feminist writer *Bret Weinstein, biology professor and free speech advocate *Shatzi Weisberger (1930-2022), nurse, death educator, and activist who provided care to people suffering from AIDS, organized with ACT UP, and participated in numerous other activist movements *Harold Willens (1914–2003), anti-nuclear weapons activist == See also == * Jewish left ==Footnotes== Category:Jewish society Activists Jewish American For other Jewish Americans, see Lists of Jewish Americans. ==A== *Dinah Abrahamson (1954–2013), politician and activist for the African-American Lubavitch community *Martin Abern (1898–1949), communist youth movement leaderSolon DeLeon with Irma C. Hayssen and Grace Poole, The American Labor Who's Who. thumb|upright|Gorny (June 2008) Yosef Gorny (Hebrew: יוסף גורני) (born 1933), is Professor of Study of Zionism and head of the Zionist Research Institute at the Tel Aviv University.Prof. Yosef Gorny, Head, Zionist Research Institute He is a former head of the Weizmann Institute for the Study of Zionism, at the same university. ==Published works== (Selective and incomplete) *Zionism and the Arabs, 1882-1948: a study of Ideology, Oxford University Press, 1987, *State of Israel in Jewish Public Thought: The Quest for Collective Identity 1994, *Between Auschwitz and Jerusalem: Jewish Collective Identity in Crisis, 2003, * ==Awards== * In 2006, Gorny was a co-recipient (with Chava Turniansky) of the Bialik Prize for Jewish thought. ==See also== *List of Bialik Prize recipients ==References== ==External links== * "Yosef Gorny: Zionism and the Arabs", Dave's Middle East Study Group Category:Israeli Jews Category:Israeli historians Category:Jewish historians Category:Academic staff of Tel Aviv University Category:Living people Category:1933 births Accessed August 12, 2019 *Saul Alinsky (1909–1972), community activist and theorist * Gloria Allred (born 1941), lawyer and radio talk show host *Lindsay Amer, LGBTQ Youtuber and activist *Stanley Aronowitz (1933-2021), sociologist, civil rights activist, and labor leader ==B== *Michael Berg (born 1945), environmental activist and Green Party candidatePolitical News And Information *Heather Booth, civil rights activist and community organizer ==C== * Maximilian Cohen, American Socialist Party leaderTheodore Draper, The Roots of American Communism. New York: Palgrave MacMillan, 2008 *"Rav Chesed: Essays in Honor of Rabbi Dr. Haskel Lookstein" (ed.) (Hoboken, New Jersey: Ktav, 2009) *Blowing the Whistle on Genocide: Josiah E. DuBois, Jr and the Struggle for an American Response to the Holocaust (2009) *The Jews Should Keep Quiet: Franklin D. Roosevelt, Rabbi Stephen S. Wise, and the Holocaust (2019) ==References== == External links == * The David S. Wyman Institute for Holocaust Studies Category:Living people Category:Historians of the Holocaust Category:Historians of Jews and Judaism Category:Writers on Zionism Category:Yeshiva University alumni Category:Ohio State University faculty Category:State University of New York at Purchase faculty Category:1959 births In 1953, Yerushalmi received his bachelor’s degree from Yeshiva University. "Ignoring History’s Lessons on Hate", National Review, March 28, 2008 ==Publications and media== ===Books=== Medoff is the author or editor of 16 books about American Jewish history, Zionism, and the Holocaust. According to his 1952 Yeshiva College yearbook, he went by "sad-eyed Joe" in college and told some students that he had exotic origins, joking that he may have come from Turkey, Tajikistan, and Oxford. Medoff has served on the editorial boards of American Jewish History, Southern Jewish History, Shofar and Menorah Review. He has also served as a consultant to the Jewish Historical Society of Greater Washington and the Jewish Historical Society of Maryland. ==Views== Medoff has accused the U.S. State Department of downplaying official antisemitism in the Arab world, and made comparisons with State Department's downplaying of official German antisemitism in the 1930s."Sacrificing Adjectives" – from the Holocaust to North Korea, Connecticut Jewish Ledger, March 13, 2008Medoff, Rafael. * Henry Moskowitz (1880-1936), civil rights activist and co-founder of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) ==P== *Frances Fox Piven, political scientist, sociologist, and welfare rights activist *Chanda Prescod- Weinstein, cosmologist, science writer, and equality activist *Dean Preston, member of San Francisco Board of Supervisors, civil rights attorney and tenant rights advocate ==R== * Rob Reiner, actor, director, producer, writer and anti-tobacco activist; son of Carl ReinerR.

Bernie Sanders

Bernie Madoff

Madoff

Goetz

Sanders

D

Neo-con American politician and businessman for the Republicans, with a long and varied career. His name is Donald what?

The Donald is a sobriquet that is used to refer to former US president Donald Trump, it may also refer to: *r/The_Donald, a former discussion forum about Donald Trump on Reddit * TheDonald.win, the former name for Patriots.win, an independent discussion forum about Donald Trump Category:Nicknames in business Category:Nicknames of politicians Trump is a surname of English and German origin: *a German surname, possibly from a word for "drum". He has been named in hundreds of hip hop songs since the 1980s—until 2015, most of these references cast Trump in a positive light, but they turned largely negative after he began running for office. == Notes == == References == === Works cited === * * * * ==External links== * Archive of Donald Trump's tweets * * * Donald Trump on the Internet Archive * Donald Trump's page on whitehouse.gov Category:1946 births Category:Living people * Category:20th-century American businesspeople Category:21st-century American businesspeople Category:21st- century presidents of the United States Category:American billionaires Category:American casino industry businesspeople Category:American chairpersons of corporations Category:American computer businesspeople Category:American conspiracy theorists Category:American critics of Islam Category:American hoteliers Category:American Internet company founders Category:American nationalists Category:American people of German descent Category:American people of Scottish descent Category:American real estate businesspeople Category:American reality television producers Category:American television hosts Category:Articles containing video clips Category:Businesspeople from Queens, New York Category:Candidates in the 2000 United States presidential election Category:Candidates in the 2016 United States presidential election Category:Candidates in the 2020 United States presidential election Category:Candidates in the 2024 United States presidential election Category:Florida Republicans Category:Impeached presidents of the United States Category:New York Military Academy alumni Category:New York (state) Democrats Category:New York (state) Independents Category:New York (state) Republicans Category:People associated with Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections Category:People stripped of honorary degrees Category:Politicians from Queens, New York Category:Presidents of the United States Category:Reform Party of the United States of America politicians Category:Republican Party (United States) presidential nominees Category:Republican Party presidents of the United States Category:Right-wing populism in the United States Category:Television personalities from Queens, New York Category:Television producers from Queens, New York Category:Time Person of the Year Category:The Trump Organization employees Donald Category:United States Football League executives Category:Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania alumni Category:WWE Hall of Fame inductees Category:People charged with fraud Category:People charged under the Espionage Act of 1917 Category:COVID-19 conspiracy theorists The following things are named after Donald Trump, an American television host, businessman, real estate developer, and 45th president of the United States. == Real estate == Note: All current properties listed in bold are owned directly by Trump himself or the Trump Organization. * Charles S. Trump (born 1960), West Virginia State Senator * Chrystelle Bond (; 1938–2020), American dancer, choreographer, and dance historian * Clifford Trump (born 1937), president of Idaho State University * Donald J. Trump, (born 1946), real estate developer, reality-TV and social media personality, 45th president of the United States from 2017 to 2021 * Donald L. Trump (born 1945), American oncologist * Mary Lea Trump (born 1965), American clinical psychologist, author, podcaster * William Trump (1923–2009), American soldier ==English surname== The modern English surnames Trump, Tromp, and Trumper are derived from occupational names referring to "trumpet", either for trumpeters or trumpet-makers. Donald John Trump (born June 14, 1946) is an American politician, media personality, and businessman who served as the 45th president of the United States from 2017 to 2021. The political positions of Donald Trump (sometimes referred to as Trumpism), the 45th president of the United States, have frequently changed. * The Trump Network, a multi-level marketing company that sold vitamins * Trump Office, a line of executive office chairs launched in 2007 for Staples Inc * Trump University, owned mostly by Trump (renamed The Trump Entrepreneur Initiative in 2010) *Select By Trump (line of coffee drinks) *Trump Drinks (energy drink for the Israeli and Palestinian markets) *Trump Chocolate *Trump Home, an upscale furniture line *Trump Productions (television production company) *Trump Institute *Trump Model Management *Trump Shuttle, an airline *Trump Mortgage *Trump Steakhouse * Trump Sports & Entertainments == See also == * List of places named for George Washington * List of places named for Thomas Jefferson * List of places named for James Monroe * List of places named for Andrew Jackson * List of places named for James K. Polk * List of things named after Ronald Reagan * List of things named after George H. W. Bush * List of things named after Bill Clinton * List of things named after George W. Bush * List of things named after Barack Obama * List of things named after Joe Biden * List of educational institutions named after presidents of the United States == References == ==External links== * * Category:Lists of things named after politicians Things In modern English surnames Trump is localized in Southwestern England, especially Devon and Somerset."Trump" in Dictionary of American Family Names, Oxford University Press (2013). Trump is primarily a populist, protectionist, isolationist, and nationalist. ==Political affiliation and ideology== ===Self-described=== Donald Trump registered as a Republican in Manhattan in 1987; since that time, he has changed his party affiliation five times. The CEO of Energy Transfer Partners is a campaign donor for Donald Trump. ===Renewable energy=== In his 2015 book Crippled America, Trump is highly critical of the "big push" to develop renewable energy, arguing that the push is based on a mistaken belief that greenhouse gases contribute to climate change. Although Trump was the Republican nominee, he has signaled that the official party platform, adopted at the 2016 Republican National Convention, diverges from his own views.O'Keefe, Ed; Balz Dan; Weigel, David; "In GOP platform fight, Donald Trump is a distant presence", The Washington Post (July 11, 2016). * Trump Force One – the nickname given by the media to Trump's personal aircraft, a Boeing 757-200ER. On June 9, 2016, Manafort, Donald Trump Jr., and Jared Kushner were participants in a meeting with Russian attorney Natalia Veselnitskaya and several others at Trump Tower. * Dermophis donaldtrumpi, a proposed name for a putative new species of amphibian that is blind; not confirmed as a new species yet, nor published. == Other == thumb|Trump's personal airplane – dubbed "Trump Force One" since his entry into politics. In a July 2015 interview, Trump said that he has a broad range of political positions and that "I identify with some things as a Democrat." {{Infobox criminal | image = Paul Manafort at 2016 RNC.jpg | caption = Manafort at the 2016 Republican National Convention | birth_name = Paul John Manafort Jr. | birth_date = | birth_place = New Britain, Connecticut, U.S. | nationality = | alma_mater = Georgetown University (BS, JD) | party = Republican | criminal_charge = Five counts of tax fraud, two counts of bank fraud, and one count of failing to disclose a hidden foreign bank account; two counts of conspiracy | conviction = Found guilty on 8 counts; pleaded guilty to counts of conspiracy | conviction_penalty = 7.5 years in prison (served less than 2 years) | conviction_status = Pardoned on December 23, 2020. The Washington Post editorial page editor Fred Hiatt and College of the Holy Cross political scientist Donald Brand describe Trump as a nativist.Donald Brand, How Donald Trump's Nativism Ruined the GOP, Fortune (June 21, 2016). Category:1949 births Category:Living people Category:American campaign managers Category:Connecticut lawyers Category:American lobbyists Category:American people of Italian descent Category:American people convicted of tax crimes Category:American political consultants Category:Donald Trump 2016 presidential campaign Category:Georgetown University Law Center alumni Category:Lawyers from Washington, D.C. Category:People associated with the 2016 United States presidential election Category:People from New Britain, Connecticut Category:New York (state) Republicans Category:People associated with Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections Category:Recipients of American presidential clemency Category:Recipients of American presidential pardons In addition, Manafort is also a person of interest in the FBI counterintelligence probe looking into the Russian government's interference in the 2016 presidential election. In 2016, the ranking was changed to 5.1C out of 10, shifting him more to the conservative spectrum. ====On the issues==== The organization and website On the Issues has classified Trump in a variety of ways over time, showing the variance of his political beliefs: * "Moderate populist" (2003) * "Liberal-leaning populist" (2003–2011) * "Moderate populist conservative" (2011–2012) * "Libertarian- leaning conservative" (2012–2013) * "Moderate conservative" (2013–2014) * "Libertarian-leaning conservative" (2014–2015) * "Hard-core conservative" (2015) * "Libertarian-leaning conservative" (2015–2016) * "Moderate conservative" (2016–2017) * "Hard-core conservative" (2017–present) ==Politics and policies during presidency== As president, Trump has pursued sizable income tax cuts, deregulation, increased military spending, rollbacks of federal health-care protections, and the appointment of conservative judges consistent with conservative (Republican Party) policies. Libertarian journalist Nick Gillespie, by contrast, calls Trump "populist rather than an authoritarian".Gillespie, Nick.

His name is Donald Trump

Donald Trump

None of the above

Rumsfeld

Trump

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Actor in film and TV, with distinctive looks and three marriages and five children, decades of fame and also known for his online presence and political views. "Donald" what?

Donald McNichol Sutherland (born 17 July 1935) is a Canadian actor whose film career spans over six decades. Donald John Trump (born June 14, 1946) is an American politician, media personality, and businessman who served as the 45th president of the United States from 2017 to 2021. Donald "Don" Fullilove (born May 16, 1958 in Dallas, Texas) is an American actor, who has had a role in numerous projects over the course of his forty- year plus career in both films and television. he currently resides in Burbank California with his wife Tuluv Price Fullilove ==Early life== Donald Fullilove graduated from Crenshaw High School in Los Angeles in 1976. ==Career== Fullilove began his career as a child actor. Donald Sutherland's career spans almost 60 years. Sutherland gained attention for his television roles. The following things are named after Donald Trump, an American television host, businessman, real estate developer, and 45th president of the United States. == Real estate == Note: All current properties listed in bold are owned directly by Trump himself or the Trump Organization. In 1994, Sutherland played a software company's scheming CEO in Barry Levinson's drama Disclosure opposite Michael Douglas and Demi Moore, and in 1995 was cast as Maj. Gen. Donald McClintock in Wolfgang Petersen's Outbreak. Donald Corren is an American Broadway and film actor and screenwriter. He has been named in hundreds of hip hop songs since the 1980s—until 2015, most of these references cast Trump in a positive light, but they turned largely negative after he began running for office. == Notes == == References == === Works cited === * * * * ==External links== * Archive of Donald Trump's tweets * * * Donald Trump on the Internet Archive * Donald Trump's page on whitehouse.gov Category:1946 births Category:Living people * Category:20th-century American businesspeople Category:21st-century American businesspeople Category:21st- century presidents of the United States Category:American billionaires Category:American casino industry businesspeople Category:American chairpersons of corporations Category:American computer businesspeople Category:American conspiracy theorists Category:American critics of Islam Category:American hoteliers Category:American Internet company founders Category:American nationalists Category:American people of German descent Category:American people of Scottish descent Category:American real estate businesspeople Category:American reality television producers Category:American television hosts Category:Articles containing video clips Category:Businesspeople from Queens, New York Category:Candidates in the 2000 United States presidential election Category:Candidates in the 2016 United States presidential election Category:Candidates in the 2020 United States presidential election Category:Candidates in the 2024 United States presidential election Category:Florida Republicans Category:Impeached presidents of the United States Category:New York Military Academy alumni Category:New York (state) Democrats Category:New York (state) Independents Category:New York (state) Republicans Category:People associated with Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections Category:People stripped of honorary degrees Category:Politicians from Queens, New York Category:Presidents of the United States Category:Reform Party of the United States of America politicians Category:Republican Party (United States) presidential nominees Category:Republican Party presidents of the United States Category:Right-wing populism in the United States Category:Television personalities from Queens, New York Category:Television producers from Queens, New York Category:Time Person of the Year Category:The Trump Organization employees Donald Category:United States Football League executives Category:Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania alumni Category:WWE Hall of Fame inductees Category:People charged with fraud Category:People charged under the Espionage Act of 1917 Category:COVID-19 conspiracy theorists Sutherland has been married three times. They have three sons - Rossif Sutherland, Angus Redford Sutherland, and Roeg Sutherland \- all of whom were named after directors Sutherland has worked with. He was inducted into Canada's Walk of Fame in 2000.Canada's Walk of Fame: Donald Sutherland, actor , canadaswalkoffame.com; accessed 15 June 2014. They had three children: Donald Jr. (born 1977), Ivanka (born 1981), and Eric (born 1984). On 6 September 2017, it was announced Sutherland, along with 3 other recipients, would receive an Honorary Oscar, from the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, "for a lifetime of indelible characters, rendered with unwavering truthfulness." * The Trump Network, a multi-level marketing company that sold vitamins * Trump Office, a line of executive office chairs launched in 2007 for Staples Inc * Trump University, owned mostly by Trump (renamed The Trump Entrepreneur Initiative in 2010) *Select By Trump (line of coffee drinks) *Trump Drinks (energy drink for the Israeli and Palestinian markets) *Trump Chocolate *Trump Home, an upscale furniture line *Trump Productions (television production company) *Trump Institute *Trump Model Management *Trump Shuttle, an airline *Trump Mortgage *Trump Steakhouse * Trump Sports & Entertainments == See also == * List of places named for George Washington * List of places named for Thomas Jefferson * List of places named for James Monroe * List of places named for Andrew Jackson * List of places named for James K. Polk * List of things named after Ronald Reagan * List of things named after George H. W. Bush * List of things named after Bill Clinton * List of things named after George W. Bush * List of things named after Barack Obama * List of things named after Joe Biden * List of educational institutions named after presidents of the United States == References == ==External links== * * Category:Lists of things named after politicians Things He is the father of actors Kiefer Sutherland, Rossif Sutherland, and Angus Sutherland. == Early life and education == Sutherland was born 17 July 1935, in Saint John, New Brunswick, the son of Dorothy Isobel (née McNichol; 1892–1956) and Frederick McLea Sutherland (1894–1983), who worked in sales and ran the local gas, electricity and bus company. From 2004 to 2015, Trump was co-producer and host of reality shows The Apprentice and The Celebrity Apprentice. In 2010, he starred alongside an ensemble cast in a TV adaptation of Ken Follett's novel The Pillars of the Earth (2010). thumb|right|Sutherland in 2011|242x242px Beginning in 2012, Sutherland portrayed President Snow, the main antagonist of The Hunger Games film franchise, in The Hunger Games (2012), The Hunger Games: Catching Fire (2013), The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 1 (2014), and Part 2 (2015). He also starred in Commander in Chief (2005-2006), Human Trafficking (2005), Dirty Sexy Money (2007-2009), The Pillars of the Earth (2010), Trust (2018), and The Undoing (2020). In March 2023, a Manhattan grand jury indicted him on 34 felony counts of falsifying business records, and, in June, a federal grand jury indicted him on 37 counts related to his handling of classified documents. == Personal life == === Early life === Donald John Trump was born on June 14, 1946, at Jamaica Hospital in Queens, New York City, the fourth child of Fred Trump, a Bronx-born real-estate developer whose parents were German immigrants, and Mary Anne MacLeod Trump, an immigrant from Scotland. A nationwide review by ABC News in May 2020 identified at least 54 criminal cases from August 2015 to April 2020 in which Trump was invoked in direct connection with violence or threats of violence mostly by white men and primarily against members of minority groups. === Popular culture === Trump has been the subject of parody, comedy, and caricature on television, in films, and in comics. Trump's daughter Ivanka and son-in-law Jared Kushner became his assistant and senior advisor, respectively. === Conflicts of interest === Before being inaugurated, Trump moved his businesses into a revocable trust run by his sons, Eric and Donald Jr., and a business associate.

Trump

Sutherland

All of the above

Donald Trump

His name is Donald Trump

B

Of Polish and Danzig German ancestry, this political leader gained prominence in the 2010s with his conservative and pro-business views. His name is Donald what?

Donald Franciszek Tusk ( , ; born 22 April 1957) is a Polish politician who was president of the European Council from 2014 to 2019. Trump is a surname of English and German origin: *a German surname, possibly from a word for "drum". Tusk has been involved in Polish politics since the early 1990s, having founded several political parties and held elected office almost continuously since 1991. Danzig is a German-language surname. On 20 November 2019, Tusk was elected as the president of the European People's Party (EPP), Europe's largest transnational political party and on 3 July 2021 he returned to Polish politics by reassuming the leadership of the Civic Platform. American reporter, news producer, and political adviser * Mac Danzig (born 1980), American professional mixed martial arts practitioner * Richard Danzig (born 1944), American lawyer and former Secretary of the Navy ==See also== *Dantzig (surname) Category:German-language surnames ==Return to Polish politics== In July 2021, Tusk relocated to Warsaw and resumed an active role in Polish politics as leader of Civic Platform. Trump as a contemporary German surname is comparatively rare, with 382 telephone book entries as of 2016 concentrated in the Cologne area, the Bad Dürkheim district, the Gifhorn district, and the Schwäbisch Hall/Ansbach region.verwandt.de * Georg Trump (1896–1985), German graphic, typeface, and postage stamp designer * Peter Trump (born 1950), German field hockey player * Walter Trump, German mathematician The German surname was introduced to the British colonial Province of Pennsylvania in 1733. Together with his long-time rival Jarosław Kaczyński, the highest ranked politicians on both the Polish center and right respectively, both have negative approval ratings for over 15 years. ==Early life== Tusk was born in Gdańsk in northern Poland. In September 2014, leaders of the European Union voted unanimously by selecting Tusk as Herman van Rompuy's successor for President of the European Council, which gave Poland its first European leadership position since the fall of the Berlin Wall. Donald John Trump (born June 14, 1946) is an American politician, media personality, and businessman who served as the 45th president of the United States from 2017 to 2021. To avoid further speculation, just before the presidential elections Tusk requested a Catholic marriage ceremony with his wife Małgorzata, whom he had married in a civil ceremony 27 years earlier. ==See also== *First Cabinet of Donald Tusk *Second Cabinet of Donald Tusk *History of Poland (1989–present) *List of political parties in Poland *List of politicians in Poland *Politics of Poland *List of Poles *2005 Polish presidential election *2005 Polish parliamentary election *2007 Polish parliamentary election *2011 Polish parliamentary election ==References== ==External links== *Prime Minister | Council of Ministers | The Chancellery of the Prime Minister *European Council President * |- |- |- |- Category:1957 births Category:Candidates in the 2005 Polish presidential election Category:Civic Platform politicians Category:European conservative liberals Category:Grand Cordons of the Order of the Rising Sun Category:Living people Category:Deputy Marshals of the Sejm of the Third Polish Republic Category:Members of the Polish Sejm 1991–1993 Category:Members of the Polish Sejm 2001–2005 Category:Members of the Polish Sejm 2005–2007 Category:Members of the Polish Sejm 2007–2011 Category:Members of the Senate of Poland 1997–2001 Category:People from Sopot Category:Presidents of the European People's Party Category:Political party founders Category:Polish people of Kashubian descent Category:Polish people of German descent Category:Polish Roman Catholics Category:Politicians from Gdańsk Category:Presidents of the European Council Category:Prime Ministers of Poland Category:Recipients of the Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise, 1st class Category:Recipients of the Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana, 1st Class Category:Recipients of the Order of the Sun of Peru Category:Recipients of the Presidential Order of Excellence Category:University of Gdańsk alumni Werner Krolikowski (born 12 March 1928Chronik der Wende: Werner Krolikowski) is an East German political official who became a senior politician. He has been named in hundreds of hip hop songs since the 1980s—until 2015, most of these references cast Trump in a positive light, but they turned largely negative after he began running for office. == Notes == == References == === Works cited === * * * * ==External links== * Archive of Donald Trump's tweets * * * Donald Trump on the Internet Archive * Donald Trump's page on whitehouse.gov Category:1946 births Category:Living people * Category:20th-century American businesspeople Category:21st-century American businesspeople Category:21st- century presidents of the United States Category:American billionaires Category:American casino industry businesspeople Category:American chairpersons of corporations Category:American computer businesspeople Category:American conspiracy theorists Category:American critics of Islam Category:American hoteliers Category:American Internet company founders Category:American nationalists Category:American people of German descent Category:American people of Scottish descent Category:American real estate businesspeople Category:American reality television producers Category:American television hosts Category:Articles containing video clips Category:Businesspeople from Queens, New York Category:Candidates in the 2000 United States presidential election Category:Candidates in the 2016 United States presidential election Category:Candidates in the 2020 United States presidential election Category:Candidates in the 2024 United States presidential election Category:Florida Republicans Category:Impeached presidents of the United States Category:New York Military Academy alumni Category:New York (state) Democrats Category:New York (state) Independents Category:New York (state) Republicans Category:People associated with Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections Category:People stripped of honorary degrees Category:Politicians from Queens, New York Category:Presidents of the United States Category:Reform Party of the United States of America politicians Category:Republican Party (United States) presidential nominees Category:Republican Party presidents of the United States Category:Right-wing populism in the United States Category:Television personalities from Queens, New York Category:Television producers from Queens, New York Category:Time Person of the Year Category:The Trump Organization employees Donald Category:United States Football League executives Category:Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania alumni Category:WWE Hall of Fame inductees Category:People charged with fraud Category:People charged under the Espionage Act of 1917 Category:COVID-19 conspiracy theorists Donald Trump, President of the United States from 2017 to 2021, has attracted considerable media attention during his career as a celebrity personality, businessman, and politician. On 12 December 2019, Tusk published a diary "Szczerze", based on his five-year-term as President of the European Council, which became a bestseller in Poland. In 2001, he co-founded Civic Platform, and became deputy speaker in parliament after the party won seats in the year's election. ==2005 Polish presidential election== In the shade of the upcoming expiration of President Aleksander Kwaśniewski's second term and his inability to stand for a third term, Tusk and Lech Kaczyński were the leading candidates for the presidential elections. Notable people with the surname include: * Avraham Danzig (1748–1820), rabbi, author of works on Jewish law * Glenn Danzig (born 1955), American rock vocalist, songwriter, and publisher * Jerome Alan Danzig (1913–2001). One controversy during the election was the fact that Tusk's grandfather, Józef Tusk, had been a Nazi collaborator during WWII, having served in the German Wehrmacht during the war. * Charles S. Trump (born 1960), West Virginia State Senator * Chrystelle Bond (; 1938–2020), American dancer, choreographer, and dance historian * Clifford Trump (born 1937), president of Idaho State University * Donald J. Trump, (born 1946), real estate developer, reality-TV and social media personality, 45th president of the United States from 2017 to 2021 * Donald L. Trump (born 1945), American oncologist * Mary Lea Trump (born 1965), American clinical psychologist, author, podcaster * William Trump (1923–2009), American soldier ==English surname== The modern English surnames Trump, Tromp, and Trumper are derived from occupational names referring to "trumpet", either for trumpeters or trumpet-makers. However, he has -24.4% net approval among voters at large. ==Personal life== Donald Tusk married Małgorzata Sochacka in 1978. Between July and December 2011, Poland under Tusk's government presided over the Presidency of the Council of the European Union.

Trump

None of the above

His name is Donald Trump

Donald Trump

Tusk

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Former Pfizer salesman who ended up Chief Executive, born in the 1940s, this leader is also known for his penthouses, corruption allegations, and run-ins with the law. He's called "Donald" what?

The Trump Network was a multi-level marketing company named after businessman (and, later, 45th U.S. President) Donald Trump. Donald John Trump (born June 14, 1946) is an American politician, media personality, and businessman who served as the 45th president of the United States from 2017 to 2021. He has been named in hundreds of hip hop songs since the 1980s—until 2015, most of these references cast Trump in a positive light, but they turned largely negative after he began running for office. == Notes == == References == === Works cited === * * * * ==External links== * Archive of Donald Trump's tweets * * * Donald Trump on the Internet Archive * Donald Trump's page on whitehouse.gov Category:1946 births Category:Living people * Category:20th-century American businesspeople Category:21st-century American businesspeople Category:21st- century presidents of the United States Category:American billionaires Category:American casino industry businesspeople Category:American chairpersons of corporations Category:American computer businesspeople Category:American conspiracy theorists Category:American critics of Islam Category:American hoteliers Category:American Internet company founders Category:American nationalists Category:American people of German descent Category:American people of Scottish descent Category:American real estate businesspeople Category:American reality television producers Category:American television hosts Category:Articles containing video clips Category:Businesspeople from Queens, New York Category:Candidates in the 2000 United States presidential election Category:Candidates in the 2016 United States presidential election Category:Candidates in the 2020 United States presidential election Category:Candidates in the 2024 United States presidential election Category:Florida Republicans Category:Impeached presidents of the United States Category:New York Military Academy alumni Category:New York (state) Democrats Category:New York (state) Independents Category:New York (state) Republicans Category:People associated with Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections Category:People stripped of honorary degrees Category:Politicians from Queens, New York Category:Presidents of the United States Category:Reform Party of the United States of America politicians Category:Republican Party (United States) presidential nominees Category:Republican Party presidents of the United States Category:Right-wing populism in the United States Category:Television personalities from Queens, New York Category:Television producers from Queens, New York Category:Time Person of the Year Category:The Trump Organization employees Donald Category:United States Football League executives Category:Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania alumni Category:WWE Hall of Fame inductees Category:People charged with fraud Category:People charged under the Espionage Act of 1917 Category:COVID-19 conspiracy theorists The following things are named after Donald Trump, an American television host, businessman, real estate developer, and 45th president of the United States. == Real estate == Note: All current properties listed in bold are owned directly by Trump himself or the Trump Organization. Donald Friese (born 1940) is an American billionaire businessman, and the chief executive (CEO) and former owner of C.R. Laurence, a glazing supplies company. ==Early life== Donald Friese was born in 1940 in York, Pennsylvania, the third of 13 children. The presence of Trump's surname increased the number of salespeople who signed up with the company. Trump is a surname of English and German origin: *a German surname, possibly from a word for "drum". John Donald may refer to: *John Stuart Donald (1861–1948), former Chief Commissioner of the North West Frontier Province of British India *John Donald (Wisconsin politician) (1869–1934), former Secretary of State of Wisconsin *John Donald (jewellery designer) (born 1928), British jeweller *John Donald (footballer) (born 2000), Spanish footballer *John Donald, academic book imprint of Birlinn ==See also== * * The Trump Network, a multi-level marketing company that sold vitamins * Trump Office, a line of executive office chairs launched in 2007 for Staples Inc * Trump University, owned mostly by Trump (renamed The Trump Entrepreneur Initiative in 2010) *Select By Trump (line of coffee drinks) *Trump Drinks (energy drink for the Israeli and Palestinian markets) *Trump Chocolate *Trump Home, an upscale furniture line *Trump Productions (television production company) *Trump Institute *Trump Model Management *Trump Shuttle, an airline *Trump Mortgage *Trump Steakhouse * Trump Sports & Entertainments == See also == * List of places named for George Washington * List of places named for Thomas Jefferson * List of places named for James Monroe * List of places named for Andrew Jackson * List of places named for James K. Polk * List of things named after Ronald Reagan * List of things named after George H. W. Bush * List of things named after Bill Clinton * List of things named after George W. Bush * List of things named after Barack Obama * List of things named after Joe Biden * List of educational institutions named after presidents of the United States == References == ==External links== * * Category:Lists of things named after politicians Things In 2017, Trump declared that he wanted North Korea's "complete denuclearization", and engaged in name-calling with leader Kim Jong Un. * Charles S. Trump (born 1960), West Virginia State Senator * Chrystelle Bond (; 1938–2020), American dancer, choreographer, and dance historian * Clifford Trump (born 1937), president of Idaho State University * Donald J. Trump, (born 1946), real estate developer, reality-TV and social media personality, 45th president of the United States from 2017 to 2021 * Donald L. Trump (born 1945), American oncologist * Mary Lea Trump (born 1965), American clinical psychologist, author, podcaster * William Trump (1923–2009), American soldier ==English surname== The modern English surnames Trump, Tromp, and Trumper are derived from occupational names referring to "trumpet", either for trumpeters or trumpet-makers. In March 2009 Trump agreed to license his name to the company, which would be re- branded as The Trump Network. According to an analysis by The Washington Post, there are more than 50 licensing or management deals involving Trump's name, and they have generated at least $59 million in revenue for his companies. Trump registered a new company in February 2021. In March 2023, a Manhattan grand jury indicted him on 34 felony counts of falsifying business records, and, in June, a federal grand jury indicted him on 37 counts related to his handling of classified documents. == Personal life == === Early life === Donald John Trump was born on June 14, 1946, at Jamaica Hospital in Queens, New York City, the fourth child of Fred Trump, a Bronx-born real-estate developer whose parents were German immigrants, and Mary Anne MacLeod Trump, an immigrant from Scotland. On The Apprentice, Trump played the role of a chief executive, and contestants competed for a year of employment at the Trump Organization. Trump's lawyer, Alan Garten, said many salespeople did "very well" and noted that Trump's role in the company was limited to the licensing of his surname and to providing motivational speeches to salespeople: "Anyone who claims that they were not aware of the extent of Mr. Trump's role is lying to himself." Trump's daughter Ivanka and son-in-law Jared Kushner became his assistant and senior advisor, respectively. === Conflicts of interest === Before being inaugurated, Trump moved his businesses into a revocable trust run by his sons, Eric and Donald Jr., and a business associate. Trump as a contemporary German surname is comparatively rare, with 382 telephone book entries as of 2016 concentrated in the Cologne area, the Bad Dürkheim district, the Gifhorn district, and the Schwäbisch Hall/Ansbach region.verwandt.de * Georg Trump (1896–1985), German graphic, typeface, and postage stamp designer * Peter Trump (born 1950), German field hockey player * Walter Trump, German mathematician The German surname was introduced to the British colonial Province of Pennsylvania in 1733. The value of his assets exceeds his debt. == Business career == === Real estate === Starting in 1968, Trump was employed at his father Fred's real-estate company, Trump Management, which owned middle-class rental housing in New York City's outer boroughs. In the United States, there were close to 4,800 individuals with the surname on record as of 2016, Pennsylvania still accounting for close to one fifth of their number.Z. Crockett, There are 4,788 Trumps in the United States. * Trump Heights – Golan Heights, a planned Israeli settlement in the Israeli- occupied territories, named in honor of Trump's recognition of the Golan Heights as part of Israel. === Former === * Donald J Trump Boulevard – Kamëz, AlbaniaFOTO/ Basha dhe kryebashkiaku Xhelal Mziu përurojnë bulevardin “Donald J. Trump” në Kamëz – 18 Mars, 2017 == Arts and media == === Games === * Trump: The Game – a board game initially launched in 1989, with a 2004 re-release * Donald Trump's Real Estate Tycoon – a 2002 video game by RedCap * Trump Castle (series) - gambling videogame launched in 1998 by Capstone * Trump Castle II - sequel to the first Trump Castle videogame === Magazines === *Trump magazines include: ** Trump Style, a free magazine offered at Trump hotel-casinos from 1997 to 2002 ** Trump World Magazine, published from 2002 to 2006 ** Trump Magazine, published from 2006 to 2009 === Social media === * Trump Media & Technology Group (TMTG) — social media and technology company founded by Trump in 2021. == Food and drink == === Current === * Trump Winery, a vineyard in Virginia, acquired by Trump in 2011 * Trumptini, a Bacardi-based cocktail, and the signature cocktail of the Trump International Beach Resort in Miami, Florida === Former === * Trump Footlong * Trump Golden Ale now renamed Chinga Tu Pelo (literally “Fuck your hair”) beer * Trump Ice, a water distribution company opened in 2004 and no longer served at Trump properties as of 2010.

Donald Trump

His name is Donald Trump

Tsang

Trump

All of the above

C

A Clarkson alum, this American was born in the 1940s in Queens, New York City, followed the same career path as his father and gained a cult following and fame. His name is "Donald" what?

Donald John Trump (born June 14, 1946) is an American politician, media personality, and businessman who served as the 45th president of the United States from 2017 to 2021. The Donald is a sobriquet that is used to refer to former US president Donald Trump, it may also refer to: *r/The_Donald, a former discussion forum about Donald Trump on Reddit * TheDonald.win, the former name for Patriots.win, an independent discussion forum about Donald Trump Category:Nicknames in business Category:Nicknames of politicians Trump is a surname of English and German origin: *a German surname, possibly from a word for "drum". * Charles S. Trump (born 1960), West Virginia State Senator * Chrystelle Bond (; 1938–2020), American dancer, choreographer, and dance historian * Clifford Trump (born 1937), president of Idaho State University * Donald J. Trump, (born 1946), real estate developer, reality-TV and social media personality, 45th president of the United States from 2017 to 2021 * Donald L. Trump (born 1945), American oncologist * Mary Lea Trump (born 1965), American clinical psychologist, author, podcaster * William Trump (1923–2009), American soldier ==English surname== The modern English surnames Trump, Tromp, and Trumper are derived from occupational names referring to "trumpet", either for trumpeters or trumpet-makers. In modern English surnames Trump is localized in Southwestern England, especially Devon and Somerset."Trump" in Dictionary of American Family Names, Oxford University Press (2013). He has been named in hundreds of hip hop songs since the 1980s—until 2015, most of these references cast Trump in a positive light, but they turned largely negative after he began running for office. == Notes == == References == === Works cited === * * * * ==External links== * Archive of Donald Trump's tweets * * * Donald Trump on the Internet Archive * Donald Trump's page on whitehouse.gov Category:1946 births Category:Living people * Category:20th-century American businesspeople Category:21st-century American businesspeople Category:21st- century presidents of the United States Category:American billionaires Category:American casino industry businesspeople Category:American chairpersons of corporations Category:American computer businesspeople Category:American conspiracy theorists Category:American critics of Islam Category:American hoteliers Category:American Internet company founders Category:American nationalists Category:American people of German descent Category:American people of Scottish descent Category:American real estate businesspeople Category:American reality television producers Category:American television hosts Category:Articles containing video clips Category:Businesspeople from Queens, New York Category:Candidates in the 2000 United States presidential election Category:Candidates in the 2016 United States presidential election Category:Candidates in the 2020 United States presidential election Category:Candidates in the 2024 United States presidential election Category:Florida Republicans Category:Impeached presidents of the United States Category:New York Military Academy alumni Category:New York (state) Democrats Category:New York (state) Independents Category:New York (state) Republicans Category:People associated with Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections Category:People stripped of honorary degrees Category:Politicians from Queens, New York Category:Presidents of the United States Category:Reform Party of the United States of America politicians Category:Republican Party (United States) presidential nominees Category:Republican Party presidents of the United States Category:Right-wing populism in the United States Category:Television personalities from Queens, New York Category:Television producers from Queens, New York Category:Time Person of the Year Category:The Trump Organization employees Donald Category:United States Football League executives Category:Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania alumni Category:WWE Hall of Fame inductees Category:People charged with fraud Category:People charged under the Espionage Act of 1917 Category:COVID-19 conspiracy theorists In March 2023, a Manhattan grand jury indicted him on 34 felony counts of falsifying business records, and, in June, a federal grand jury indicted him on 37 counts related to his handling of classified documents. == Personal life == === Early life === Donald John Trump was born on June 14, 1946, at Jamaica Hospital in Queens, New York City, the fourth child of Fred Trump, a Bronx-born real-estate developer whose parents were German immigrants, and Mary Anne MacLeod Trump, an immigrant from Scotland. Trump as a contemporary German surname is comparatively rare, with 382 telephone book entries as of 2016 concentrated in the Cologne area, the Bad Dürkheim district, the Gifhorn district, and the Schwäbisch Hall/Ansbach region.verwandt.de * Georg Trump (1896–1985), German graphic, typeface, and postage stamp designer * Peter Trump (born 1950), German field hockey player * Walter Trump, German mathematician The German surname was introduced to the British colonial Province of Pennsylvania in 1733. * David H. Trump (1931–2016), British archaeologist known for his work in the area of Maltese prehistory * Dorothy Trump (1964–2013), English geneticist * Gerald Trump (born 1937), English cricketer * Harvey Trump (born 1968), English cricketer * Judd Trump (born 1989), English snooker player ==See also== * Anita Trumpe (born 1968), Latvian hurdler * Drumpf (surname) * Tromp (surname) * Van Trump (surname) ==References== Category:Donald Trump Category:English-language surnames Category:German-language surnames Category:Occupational surnames Category:English-language occupational surnames Donald Price may refer to: * Donald L. Price (born c. 1935), American neuropathologist * Donald D. Price (1942–2016), American neuroscientist and psychologist ==See also== * Don K. Price (1910–1995), American political scientist It is notable as the surname of Donald TrumpGwenda Blair, The Trumps: Three Generations That Built an Empire (2000), p. The value of his assets exceeds his debt. == Business career == === Real estate === Starting in 1968, Trump was employed at his father Fred's real-estate company, Trump Management, which owned middle-class rental housing in New York City's outer boroughs. Julian Clarkson (born c. 1955) is an English baritone. Philip Thomas Trump was recorded as part of a group of Germans from the Palatinate.I. D. Rupp, A collection of upwards of thirty thousand names of German, Swiss, Dutch, French and other immigrants in Pennsylvania from 1727 to 1776 (1875), p. Donald L. Price (born c. 1935) is an American neuropathologist and professor at the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine born in Stamford, Connecticut. They had three children: Donald Jr. (born 1977), Ivanka (born 1981), and Eric (born 1984). Early attestations of the occupational name include references to one Patrick Trumpe in Cumbria (1275), to Adam Trumpur in Essex (also 1275), and to Nicholas Trump in Cambridgeshire (1279). The majority of people with the surname live in the United States (close to 5,000 individuals, approximately 900 of whom live in Pennsylvania); the surname does survive in both Germany and England, but is comparatively rare (fewer than 500 individuals in each country). ==German surname== German name researcher (Lehrbeauftragter für Namenforschung) Hans Bahlow derived the German surname Trump from a Bavarian word for "drum" (Middle High German trumpe).Bahlow: Deutsches Namenslexikon (1982). Trump grew up with older siblings Maryanne, Fred Jr., and Elizabeth and younger brother Robert in the Jamaica Estates neighborhood of Queens, and attended the private Kew-Forest School from kindergarten through seventh grade. In September 2016, amid pressure, he acknowledged that Obama was born in the U.S. In 2018, Bornstein said Trump had dictated the contents of the letter and that three Trump agents had seized his medical records in a February 2017 raid on the doctor's office. === Wealth === In 1982, Trump made the initial Forbes list of wealthy people for holding a share of his family's estimated $200 million net worth (equivalent to $ million in ). In 1989 and 1990, Trump lent his name to the Tour de Trump cycling stage race, which was an attempt to create an American equivalent of European races such as the Tour de France or the Giro d'Italia.

Roeser

All of the above

His name is Donald Trump

Trump

Donald Trump

A

Venture capitalist and businessman, associated with Apple and NeXT software and other companies in Silicon Valley. Brilliant but controversial. His name is "Steve" - what?

Steve Jobs is the authorized self-titled biography of American business magnate and Apple co-founder Steve Jobs. Steve Jobs (; February 24, 1955 – October 5, 2011) was an American pioneer of the personal computer revolution of the 1970s (along with engineer, inventor, and Apple Computer co-founder, Steve Wozniak). He is known as a "connector" within Silicon Valley, introducing venture capitalists to other entrepreneurs, and currently serves as an angel investor and advisor to more than 10 companies. Steve Jobs was the marketing person." That same year, Jobs took a few Apple employees with him to found NeXT, a computer platform development company that specialized in computers for higher-education and business markets. Stephen G. "Steve" Perlman is an entrepreneur and inventor of Internet, entertainment, multimedia, consumer electronics and communications technologies and services. Shortly after his death, Jobs's official biographer, Walter Isaacson, described him as the "creative entrepreneur whose passion for perfection and ferocious drive revolutionized six industries: personal computers, animated movies, music, phones, tablet computing, and digital publishing". == Books == === Autobiographies/memoirs === *2023: Make Something Wonderful by Leslie Berlin *2018: Small Fry by Lisa Brennan-Jobs *2014: Steve Jobs: The Unauthorized Autobiography by J. T. Owens *2013: The Bite in the Apple: A Memoir of My Life with Steve Jobs by Chrisann Brennan *2006: iWoz by Steve Wozniak === Biographies and histories === *2015: Becoming Steve Jobs by Brent Schlender and Rick Tetzeli *2015: Steve Jobs and Philosophy: For Those Who Think Different, edited by Shawn E. Klein *2014: Creativity, Inc.: Overcoming the Unseen Forces That Stand in the Way of True Inspiration by Edwin Catmull of Pixar *2012: Steve Jobs: The man who thought different by Karen Blumenthal *2011: Steve Jobs by Walter Isaacson (the basis for the 2015 film, Steve Jobs by Danny Boyle) *2005: iCon: Steve Jobs by Jeffrey S. Young & William L. Simon. *2005: What the Dormouse Said: How the 60s Counterculture Shaped the Personal Computer Industry by John Markoff *2004: Revolution in the Valley: The Insanely Great Story of How the Mac was Made by Andy Hertzfeld *2000: The Second Coming of Steve Jobs by Alan Deutschman. *1994: Insanely Great: The Life and Times of Macintosh, the Computer That Changed Everything by Steven Levy *1993: Steve Jobs & the NeXT Big Thing by Randall E. Stross *1992/1996: Accidental Empires by Robert X. Cringely (the basis for the 1996 PBS documentary, Triumph of the Nerds) *1988: Steve Jobs: The Journey Is the Reward by Jeffrey S. Young *1988: Accidental millionaire : the rise and fall of Steve Jobs at Apple Computer by Lee Butcher. *1984: Fire in the Valley: The Making of the Personal Computer by Michael Swaine and Paul Frieberger (Fire in the Valley: The Making of the Personal Computer, second edition, 2000 and Fire in the Valley: The Birth and Death of the Personal Computer, third edition, 2014; the basis for the 1999 film, Pirates of Silicon Valley by Martyn Burke). *1984: The Little Kingdom:The Private Story of Apple Computer by Michael Moritz (the first history of Apple Computer, updated and reissued as Return to the Little Kingdom: Steve Jobs and the Creation of Apple in 2009) *1984: Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution by Steven Levy === Graphic novels === *2015: Steve Jobs: Insanely Great by Jessie Harland. *2012: The Zen of Steve Jobs by Caleb Melby with artwork by Jess3 that explores the relationship between Jobs and Kobun Chino Otogawa. *2012: Steve Jobs: Genius by Design a biographical graphic work by Jason Quinn (published by Campfire Graphic Novels) == Films and television series == === Documentaries === *2015: Steve Jobs vs. Bill Gates: The Competition to Control the Personal Computer, 1974–1999: Original film from the National Geographic Channel for the American Genius series. *2015: Steve Jobs: The Man in the Machine, directed by Alex Gibney. *2012 (1995): Steve Jobs: The Lost Interview, directed by Paul Sen, written and narrated by Robert X. Cringely. Steven Paul Jobs (February 24, 1955 – October 5, 2011) was an American business magnate, inventor, and investor. Steve Jobs and the NeXT Big Thing. He was a pioneer of the personal computer revolution of the 1970s and 1980s, along with his early business partner and fellow Apple co-founder Steve Wozniak. Steven Jonathan Spinner (born July 17, 1969) is an American business executive who is known for his work as an angel investor and adviser to Silicon Valley startups and his volunteer work as a fundraiser for President Barack Obama’s 2008 and 2012 presidential campaigns. Commercially, the biography was a notable success, selling more than three million copies in the United States alone by 2015. ==Film adaptation== Steve Jobs is a drama film based on the life of Apple co-founder Steve Jobs, starring Michael Fassbender in the title role. Steve Arnold is a Co-Founder and Partner Emeritus of Polaris Partners, a venture capital firm active in the field of healthcare and biotechnology companies. ==Education== Steve holds a BS with honors from Macalester College and an MA and PhD from the California Institute of Integral Studies (CIIS) in San Francisco. ==Career== Steve represents Polaris on the boards of directors of Mazlo and is a board observer at Impinj. It read: Jobs was both admired and criticized for his consummate skill at persuasion and salesmanship, which has been dubbed the "reality distortion field" and was particularly evident during his keynote speeches (colloquially known as "Stevenotes") at Macworld Expos and at Apple Worldwide Developers Conferences. He is also on the Board of Directors of the Teaching Channel. ==References== *Done Deals: Venture Capitalists Tell Their Stories - Harvard Business School Press 2000 ==External links== *Polaris Venture Partners - Steve Arnold *CASEL *The George Lucas Educational Foundation - Edutopia Category:American venture capitalists Category:Macalester College alumni Category:Living people Category:Year of birth missing (living people) Fortune featured an exclusive extract of the biography on October 24, 2011, focusing on the "friend-enemy" relationship Jobs had with Bill Gates. ==Awards and honors== Even after a late release that year, the book became Amazon's #1 seller for 2011. * 2012 Financial Times and Goldman Sachs Business Book of the Year Award, shortlist * 2011 The New York Times bestseller * 2011 Christian Science Monitor Best Book, nonfiction * 2011 Time Magazine's Best Books of the Year ==See also== *2011 in literature *Apple Inc. development history ==References== ==External links== *Presentation by Isaacson on Steve Jobs, December 13, 2011, C-SPAN *Presentation by Isaacson on Steve Jobs, September 22, 2012, C-SPAN *Steve Jobs Net Worth, Family and Education/Qualificatin Category:2011 non-fiction books Category:American history books Category:Books about Steve Jobs Category:Biographies adapted into films Category:English- language books Category:Simon & Schuster books Category:American biographies Unfortunately, that day has come."Letter from Steve Jobs To the Apple Board of Directors and the Apple Community (resignation letter August 24, 2011) Jobs became chairman of the board and named Tim Cook as his successor as CEO. After a few years, parts of that company were purchased by Microsoft, where Steve joined as the vice president of Broadband Media Applications. He holds over 450 patents in total. ===Apple I=== Although entirely designed by Steve Wozniak, Jobs had the idea of selling the desktop computer, which led to the formation of Apple Computer in 1976. In April of that same year, Jobs, Wozniak, and administrative overseer Ronald Wayne founded Apple Computer Company (now called "Apple Inc.") as a business partnership in Jobs's parents' Crist Drive home on April 1, 1976. During Jobs's absence, Tim Cook, head of worldwide sales and operations at Apple, ran the company. Bono reported "tens of millions of dollars" given by Apple while Jobs was CEO, to AIDS and HIV relief programs in Africa, which inspired other companies to join. ==Honors and awards== * 1985: awarded National Medal of Technology (with Steve Wozniak) by US President Ronald Reagan, the country's highest honor for technological achievements * 1987: Jefferson Award for Public Service * 1989: Entrepreneur of the Decade by Inc. * 1991: Howard Vollum Award from Reed College *2004–2010: listed among the Time 100 Most Influential People in the World on five separate occasions * 2007: named the most powerful person in business by Fortune magazine * 2007: inducted into the California Hall of Fame, located at The California Museum for History, Women and the Arts, California Museum.

His name is Steve Jobs

Jobs

All of the above

Jurvetson

Steve Jobs

D

Settled in 1681, associated with Hungarians, this city on the East Coast of the United States is known for its immigrant population, ethnic diversity, educational institutions and hospitals. Complete the name: "New" what?

There are British and French expatriate communities in New York City. ===Albanian=== Albanians first immigrated to the United States from Southern Italy and Greece in the 1920s. Since its founding in 1625 by Dutch traders as New Amsterdam, New York City has been a major destination for immigrants of many nationalities who have formed ethnic enclaves, neighborhoods dominated by one ethnicity. The Hungarian settlements in North America are those settlements, which were founded by Hungarian settlers, immigrants. * Prince Rupert and Terrace, British Columbia – settlements which became home to refugees from the Sopron Faculty of Forestry in 1956 and since ==Resources== ==See also== * List of U.S. cities with large Hungarian American populations Category:Hungarian communities Category:Ethnic enclaves in Canada Category:Ethnic enclaves in the United States Category:Hungarian-American history Category:Hungarian-Canadian culture There is also a Hungarian population in Williamsburg, Brooklyn and an affluent population in Yorkville, Manhattan. ===Irish=== Irish Americans make up approximately 5.3% of New York City's population, composing the second largest non-Hispanic white ethnic group. The first greater Hungarian immigration wave reached North America in the 19th century, the first settlements were established at that time. ==Settlements with Hungarian name== * Esterhazy, Saskatchewan – The town was named after Count Paul Oscar Esterhazy (Eszterházy). The towns and cities of New York's North Country were created by the U.S. state of New York as municipalities in order to give residents more direct say over local government. There is a sizeable Albanian population in New York City. In the "early days", the 19th century, the Irish formed a predominant part of the European immigrant population of New York City, a "city of immigrants", which added to the city's diversity to this day. Ethnic enclaves in New York include Caribbean, Asian, European, Latin American, Middle Eastern and Jewish groups, who immigrated from or whose ancestors immigrated from various countries. These include Albanian, Croatian, German, Scandinavian, Hungarian, Greek, Irish, Italian, Jewish (see Jewish enclaves in New York City), Polish, Russian, Serbian and Ukrainian. For much of the 20th century, Yorkville was inhabited by German and Hungarian Americans. Most of the Italian immigrants to New York were from Southern Italy, from cities, Sicily, or Naples. As many as 800 languages are spoken in New York, making it the most linguistically diverse city in the world. ==History of immigration to and ethnic enclaves in New York City== New York City was founded in 1625, by Dutch traders as New Amsterdam. U.S. cities and communities with large Hungarian American populations are largely concentrated in Ohio (193,951), New York (137,029), California (133,988), Pennsylvania (132,184), New Jersey (115,615), Michigan (98,036) and in Florida (96,885). ==Ranked by population== The following cities and municipalities are among those that have 1,000 or more residents who are of Hungarian ancestry (in descending order by Hungarian population): * New York City 57,673 (0.7%) * Los Angeles, California 16,802 (0.4%) * Chicago, Illinois 8,600 (0.3%) * Cleveland, Ohio 7,632 (1.9%) (in another source: 61,681Hungarians in Cleveland) * Columbus, Ohio 6,144 (0.8%) * Toledo, Ohio 6,093 (2.2%) * Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 5,323 (0.3%) * Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 3,980 (1.3%) * South Bend, Indiana 3,559 (3.5%) * San Francisco, California 3,456 (0.4%) * Indianapolis, Indiana 2,524 (0.3%) * Buffalo, New York 2,405 (0.9%) * Dallas, Texas 2,250 (0.2%) * Washington, D.C. 1,702 (0.3%) * Detroit, Michigan 1,297 (0.2%) * Cincinnati, Ohio 1,197 (0.4%) ==Ranked by percentage== The following communities have more than 5% of the population as being of Hungarian ancestry, based on data extracted from the United States Census, 2000, for communities with more than 1,000 individuals identifying their ancestry (in descending order by percentage of population): * Kiryas Joel, New York 18.9% * Fairport Harbor, Ohio 11.8% * West Pike Run Township, Pennsylvania 11.7% * Freemansburg, Pennsylvania 9.6% * Paint, Pennsylvania 9.6% * Kaser, New York 9.4% * New Square, New York 8.8% * Windsor, Ohio 8.2% * West Brownsville, Pennsylvania 8.1% * Monroe (town), New York 8.0% * Colebrook Township, Ashtabula County, Ohio 7.9% * Fountain Hill, Pennsylvania 7.9% * Alpha, New Jersey 7.9% * Elyria, Ohio 7.8% * Tiltonsville, Ohio 7.7% * Sewaren, New Jersey 7.7% * Beachwood, Ohio 7.4% * Hartsgrove Township, Ashtabula County, Ohio 7.3% * Amherst, Ohio 7.2% * Russell Township, Geauga County, Ohio 7.1% ==See also== * Lists of U.S. cities with large ethnic population ==References== ==External links== * Hungarian population in New Jersey Hungarian American Category:Hungary-related lists Category:Hungarian- American history * New Brunswick, New Jersey – The Fifth Ward- Somerset Street has been the center of Hungarian-American life since the early part of the 20th century where there are many Hungarian institutions, including Magyar Bank, churches, kindergartens, schools, associations or folk dance ensembles and the annual Hungarian Festival. Between 1965 and 1975, about 150,000 Greek immigrants settled in the United States, with the majority settling in New York City. The Irish community is one of New York City's major and important ethnic groups, and has been a significant proportion of the city's population since the waves of immigration in the late 19th century. * Toledo, Ohio – Since 1892 it has a large Hungarian community, in 2006 lived 6,093 Hungarians there. Albanians are concentrated in the Bronx. ==History== Albanian workers settled in New York in the early 20th century. The first was during the 1950s and early 1960s, 300,000 Israelis immigrated to the United States, and another wave, starting in the mid-1970s and lasting through the present, in which 100,000 to 500,000 Israelis have immigrated to the United States. === Armenians and Iranians === The main concentration of Armenians including Armenian Americans and Iranian Americans of Armenian and Persian descent is in Queens, an estimated 50,000 people of the city's over 100,000 Armenians. ==Others== === Jewish === The first Jews arrived in New York City in 1654, when it was still New Amsterdam, from Recife (Brazil) following the First Anglo-Dutch War, resulting a decade later in the first known civil rights case in the New World when a Jew named Asser Levy successfully appealed to the New Amsterdam colonial council for the right to serve in the army. New York City also has some Salvadoran American ethnic enclaves such as the one in Flushing; others are in Corona, Jamaica, Williamsburg, and Parkchester.

New York City

Philadelphia

York City

Brunswick

York

D

Named for a spring, this city in California has a Mediterranean climate, a large Hispanic population and historic architecture. It is called "Los" what?

Los Banos can refer to * Los Banos, California, a city in the San Joaquin Valley of California. Los Angeles has a Mediterranean climate, an ethnically and culturally diverse population, and a sprawling metropolitan area. The city is served by Los Banos Municipal Airport for air transport access. == Etymology == The town's Spanish name Los Baños means "the baths"; it is named after a spring that feeds natural wetlands in the western San Joaquín Valley. Los Angeles ( ; , ), often referred to by its initials L.A., is the largest city in California, the most populous U.S. state. :"San Buenaventura" is also the official name of the city in Southern California, United States, normally referred to as Ventura, California. The city is also known for its prolific murals. === Landmarks === The architecture of Los Angeles is influenced by its Spanish, Mexican, and American roots. Los Banos ( ), alternatively Los Baños ( ), is a city in Merced County, California, United States. Its official spelling, reflected in the name of its post office, omits the tilde of the ñ, though some signs in town show its name as Los Baños. == Geography == Los Banos is located on the west side of the San Joaquin Valley, southwest of Merced, at about elevation. Los Banos has a long history of Portuguese and Spanish immigrants, as do many of the nearby towns on the west side of the San Joaquin Valley. There has also been movement into the Santa Clarita and Antelope Valleys to the north. ==Geography and climate== San Fernando is completely surrounded by the city of Los Angeles, with the neighborhoods of Sylmar to the north, Lake View Terrace to the east, Pacoima to the south, and Mission Hills to the west. Los Angeles is the second-most populous city in the United States after New York City, with a population of roughly 3.9 million residents within the city limits . More recently, statewide droughts in California have strained both the city's and Los Angeles County's water security. ==Name== The local English pronunciation of the name of the city has varied over time. Los Angeles is often characterized by the presence of low-rise buildings, in contrast to New York City. * Los Baños, Laguna, a city in the Philippines. Mexican Fan Palms, Canary Island Palms, Queen Palms, Date Palms, and California Fan Palms are common in the Los Angeles area, although only the last is native to California, though still not native to the City of Los Angeles. === Geology === Los Angeles is subject to earthquakes because of its location on the Pacific Ring of Fire. Los Angeles has the second largest Mexican, Armenian, Salvadoran, Filipino and Guatemalan population by city in the world, the third largest Canadian population in the world, and has the largest Japanese, Iranian/Persian, Cambodian and Romani (Gypsy) population in the country. Los Angeles has been classified an "alpha world city" according to a 2012 study by a group at Loughborough University. Although it is not native to the area, the official tree of Los Angeles is the Coral Tree (Erythrina caffra) and the official flower of Los Angeles is the Bird of Paradise (Strelitzia reginae). The Hispanic population has a long established Mexican-American and Central American community and is spread well-nigh throughout the entire city of Los Angeles and its metropolitan area. Fishers, hunters, birdwatchers, and other recreational users come to Los Banos year round. === Climate === Los Banos has a semiarid climate (Köppen climate classification: BSk) with cool winters and hot summers. File:Crossing 1st St. (15569188450) (cropped2).jpg|Boyle Heights File:Little Armenia Los Angeles view edit1.jpg|East Hollywood File:Skyline view of Los Angeles, California, centering on the 13-story Eastern Columbia Building in the Broadway Theater District LCCN2013631691 (cropped).tif|Historic Core File:Pacific Palisades Photo D Ramey Logan (cropped).jpg|Pacific Palisades File:20140810-0429 Nisei Week Festival (cropped).JPG|Little Tokyo File:Silverlake, Los Angeles (cropped).jpg|Silver Lake File:San-Pedro1.jpg|San Pedro File:View of Griffith Park from Sunset Boulevard (cropped2).jpg|Los Feliz File:Sunny business district roads (Unsplash) (cropped).jpg|Financial District File:Aerial view of beaches (Venice) July 2022 (3).jpg|Venice File:The Duck Pond at Playa del Rey (cropped).jpg|Playa del Rey File:Wilshire Boulevard winds through Westwood-3730987095 (cropped).jpg|Westwood === Climate === Los Angeles has a two-season Mediterranean climate of dry summer and very mild winter (Köppen Csb on the coast and most of downtown, Csa near the metropolitan region to the west), but it receives less annual precipitation than most other Mediterranean climates, so it is near the boundary of a semi-arid climate (BSh), though narrowly missing it. It is bordered on all sides by the City of Los Angeles.

Banos

All of the above

Angeles

Los Angeles

It is called Los Angeles

A

Founded in 1772 and named for a saint, this city in California is known for its diversity, historic architecture (including Art Deco and Mission) and spectacular setting. It's called "San"-what?

This is a list of streets in San Jose, California, with descriptions, historic significance, and name origins. :"San Buenaventura" is also the official name of the city in Southern California, United States, normally referred to as Ventura, California. San Francisco, California in the United States has seen many nicknames over the years. The architecture of San Francisco is not so much known for defining a particular architectural style; rather, with its interesting and challenging variations in geography and topology and tumultuous history, San Francisco is known worldwide for its particularly eclectic mix of Victorian and modern architecture. * Santa Ana Ave — named after Saint Anne * Santa Clara Street — named after Mission Santa Clara. San Jose's early downtown streets were named after the 21 California missions. San Jose's early downtown streets were named after the 21 California missions. San Jose's early downtown streets were named after the 21 California Missions. San Jose's early downtown streets were named after the 21 California missions. San Jose's early downtown streets were named after the 21 California missions. San Jose's early downtown streets were named after the 21 California missions. * San Carlos Street — named after Mission San Carlos Borromeo de Carmelo or Mission Carmel as it is called today. San Francisco Church may refer to: * San Francisco Church (Valparaíso), Chile * San Francisco Church (Antigua Guatemala), Guatemala * San Francisco Church (Intramuros), Philippines * San Francisco Church (La Paz), Bolivia * San Francisco Church, Santiago de Chile, Chile ==See also== *Roman Catholic Archdiocese of San Francisco, California *Roman Catholic Diocese of San Francisco, Argentina *:Category:Churches in San Francisco, California It can also refer to Mission San Buenaventura. The following is a list of notable nicknames: *415 - referring to the area code that serves the city of San Francisco (as well as most of Marin County). This is a list of place name etymologies in San Francisco, California. ==Place names== Place Namesake Notes Alamo Square Named for a cottonwood tree (alamo in Spanish) that grew on Alamo Hill. *Gay Mecca *Golden Gate City - in reference to the Golden Gate Bridge *SF *SFC (San Francisco City) *Sunset City *The City - used by native San Franciscans and people in the Bay Area. * Mission Street — named after the California Missions. * San Antonio Street — named after Mission San Antonio de Padua. *The City by the Bay – refers to San Francisco Bay *The City of Love – as seen in Cool, Gray City of Love by Gary Kamiya and in the lyrics of "San Francisco" by German eurodance group Cascada *The City that Knows How *The Golden City – in reference to the California Gold Rush and golden brown grass on hillsides in the dry season *The Paris of the West – popular in the early 1900s, but no longer in common use *Thunder Cat City *San Fransicko - used by conservatives to refer to the problems of the city and liberalism in general *San Franshithole - another name used by conservatives to criticize the city ==People from San Francisco== *San Franciscan ==References== Category:Culture of San Francisco Nicknames San Francisco Icons of San Francisco architecture include the Golden Gate Bridge, Alcatraz Island, Coit Tower, the Palace of Fine Arts, Lombard Street, Alamo Square, Fort Point, the Transamerica Pyramid, and Chinatown. San Francisco Genealogy (web site).

San Jose

Luis Obispo

It's called San Francisco

San Francisco

It's called San Jose

B

Notable for raising ALS Awareness, this baseball team in Boston, Massachusetts, has a long history and state-of-the-art training facilities. The team is called "Boston" what?

The Boston Red Sox are a professional baseball team based in Boston, Massachusetts. The Boston Red Sox are a Major League Baseball (MLB) team based in Boston, Massachusetts. The Boston Red Sox have been a member of the American League (AL) of Major League Baseball (MLB) since 1901, and have held spring training prior to each season. right|upright=0.8 The Boston Red Sox are a Major League Baseball (MLB) team based in Boston, Massachusetts. The Worcester Red Sox (nicknamed the WooSox) are a professional minor league baseball team based in Worcester, Massachusetts. Huntington Avenue American League Baseball Grounds is the full name of the baseball stadium that formerly stood in Boston, Massachusetts, and was the first home field for the Boston Red Sox (known informally as the "Boston Americans" before 1908) from to . While it was initially reported that team would be named the Worcester Red Sox, the club announced a "name-that-team" competition in November 2018. The Red Sox are members of the American League (AL) East Division in Major League Baseball (MLB). Like Providence, Worcester fielded a short-lived major league ballclub in the early 1880s, the Worcester Worcesters, who competed in the National League. ===Debut season=== In conjunction with Major League Baseball's restructuring of Minor League Baseball in 2021, the Red Sox were organized into the 20-team Triple-A East. Beginning play in 2021, the team is the Triple-A affiliate of the Boston Red Sox, succeeding the Pawtucket Red Sox. The team name was officially announced on November 25, 2019, and confirmed to be the Worcester Red Sox with "WooSox" as the nickname. The "Red Sox" name originates from the iconic uniform feature. The team competes in the International League, known as the Triple-A East for the 2021 season, and plays home games at the purpose-built Polar Park in Worcester. ==History== In February 2015, a group of New England business leaders, led by Larry Lucchino, purchased the Pawtucket Red Sox, Triple-A affiliate of the Boston Red Sox since 1973. Note that before 1908, the team was known as the Boston Americans. Michael T. "Nuf Ced" McGreevy Collection, Boston Public Library File:Huntington Avenue Grounds Boston 1901 Feb 3.jpg|An early diagram of the grounds ==References== *Ballpark Digest Article on Huntington Avenue Baseball Grounds *Huntington Avenue Baseball Grounds at Baseball Almanac *Info at Ballparks.com *See Huntington family Category:Baseball venues in Boston Category:Defunct baseball venues in Massachusetts Category:Defunct sports venues in Boston Category:Defunct college football venues Category:Boston College Eagles football venues Category:Boston Red Sox stadiums Category:Defunct Major League Baseball venues Category:Demolished sports venues in Massachusetts Category:Northeastern University Category:1901 establishments in Massachusetts Category:Sports venues demolished in 1912 Category:1912 disestablishments in Massachusetts Most fans simply refer to them as the Sox. They are sometimes nicknamed the "BoSox", a combination of "Boston" and "Sox" (as opposed to the "ChiSox"), the "Crimson Hose", and "the Olde Towne Team". From to the present, the Red Sox have played in Fenway Park. The franchise's first spring training was held in Charlottesville, Virginia, in 1901, when the team was known as the Boston Americans. The stadium, built for $35,000 (equivalent to $ million in ), was located on what is now Northeastern University, at the time across the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad tracks from the South End Grounds, home of the Boston Braves. They have competed since 1901, initially as the Boston Americans (1901–1907), and under their current name since 1908. Select games are televised on NESN+. ==Notes== ==References== ==Further reading== * * * * ==External links== * Category:2021 establishments in Massachusetts Category:Baseball teams established in 2021 Red Sox Category:Boston Red Sox minor league affiliates Category:International League teams Category:Professional baseball teams in Massachusetts Category:Triple-A East teams

All of the above

College Eagles

The team is called Boston Red Sox

Red Sox

Boston Red Sox

B

Based in Chestnut Hill, a basketball team in Boston, Massachusetts with a storied history and association with the Irish-American community. It's called "Boston" what?

The Boston Celtics are an American professional basketball team based in Boston. The Boston College Eagles are a Division I college basketball program that represents Boston College in Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, United States. The Boston College Eagles are a NCAA Division I college ice hockey program that represent Boston College in Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts. The Brooklyn Celtics were an American basketball team based in Brooklyn, New York that was a member of the American Basketball League. Boston College Eagles Women's Basketball is the NCAA Division I women's basketball program that represents Boston College in Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts. The 2006–07 Boston College Eagles men's basketball team played college basketball for the Boston College Eagles in the Atlantic Coast Conference. Founded in 1946 as a charter member of the Basketball Association of America, the Celtics then moved into the National Basketball Association (NBA) in 1949, as said league was formed by the merger of the BAA and the National Basketball League. Among Boston College's biggest non- conference rivals in basketball is the University of Massachusetts. The Eagles are currently coached by Earl Grant. ==History== thumb|left|Boston College basketball, ca. 1900 In 1904, the first men's varsity team was sanctioned at Boston College, and was coached by James Crowley. After a 22-year drought, the Celtics got their latest title in 2008. ==1946–1956: Building the dynasty== thumb|right|250px|The 1956–57 team that won the first championship for the franchise The Celtics were formed in 1946 as a team in the Basketball Association of America, and became part of the National Basketball Association after the merger of the BAA and the National Basketball League to form the NBA in the fall of 1949. He was named the new Captain of the Boston Celtics, the 15th Team Captain in team history. After splitting the first two games in San Francisco, with Boston winning Game 1, the Celtics won Game 3 on their home court but lost the next three games and the entire series to the Warriors. == References == Category:Boston Celtics Boston The first few games of the series started with the Celtics once again dominating at the TD Banknorth Garden, the Celtics home turf. In 1985–86 the Celtics fielded one of the best teams in NBA history. In the Eastern Conference Finals, Boston faced the Cleveland Cavaliers. In 1995, the Celtics moved from the Boston Garden into the Fleet Center (renamed the TD Banknorth Garden in 2005). They play home games at the Conte Forum, and are currently coached by Joanna Bernabei- McNamee, entering her fourth year. ==History== The Boston College women's basketball team played its first game January 9, 1973, and lost to Eastern Nazarene 42–35. Following their defeat at the hands of the Nets, the Celtics once again overhauled their roster. During the first half of the 1940/41 season, the Troy Celtics moved to Brooklyn to become the Brooklyn Celtics. ==Year-by-year== Year League Reg. Season Playoffs 1940/41 ABL 3rd(t) (1st half); 1st (2nd half) Final Category:Basketball teams in New York City Category:Sports in Brooklyn Finally, following World War II when the sport began to gain popularity in the United States, the basketball team became a permanent part of the Boston College athletics program for the 1945–46 season. In 1992, a late- season rally allowed the Celtics to catch the Knicks and repeat as Atlantic Division champions. Once again the Celtics matched up with the 76ers in the Eastern Conference Finals.

None of the above

It's called Boston Celtics

Celtics

College Eagles

Boston Celtics

D

Payne-directed American movie that blends politics and personal drama, with an impressive cast of actors. Complete the title: "Citizen" what?

Citizen Ruth is a 1996 American satirical black comedy film directed by Alexander Payne, in his feature film directorial debut, and starring Laura Dern, Swoosie Kurtz, Kelly Preston, Burt Reynolds, Kurtwood Smith, Mary Kay Place, Kenneth Mars, and Tippi Hedren. Citizen Kane. Citizen Kane is a 1941 American drama film directed by, produced by, and starring Orson Welles. Todd McCarthy of Variety focused on the fact of Citizen Ruth being Payne's directorial debut, stating, "Director Payne may not yet possess all the skills necessary to completely pull off a full-scale social farce; he could profitably have added more comic invention around the edges, but he does score quite a few points, even-handedly ribbing the extremists in both camps." The Making of Citizen Kane. Focus on Citizen Kane. Perspectives on Citizen Kane. In a 2006 essay on the trailer for Citizen Kane, film scholar Paul Salmon notes that the short film has not been included in filmographies by Welles's biographers and is not mentioned in Robert Carringer's exhaustive book, The Making of Citizen Kane. For to most of the several hundred people who have seen the film at private screenings, Citizen Kane is the most sensational product of the U.S. movie industry." Again, I always answer with Citizen Kane." Beyond Citizen Kane is a 1993 British documentary film directed by Simon Hartog, produced by John Ellis, and first broadcast on Channel 4. The Citizen Kane Book. Citizen Kane is praised for Gregg Toland's cinematography, Robert Wise's editing, Bernard Herrmann's music, and its narrative structure, all of which have been considered innovative and precedent-setting. The Citizen is a 2013 American drama independent film directed by Sam Kadi, written by Sam Kadi, Samir Younis, Jazmen Darnell Brown, and starring Khaled El Nabawy, Agnes Bruckner, Rizwan Manji, William Atherton, and Cary Elwes. At the time, it was almost unprecedented for a film trailer to not actually feature anything of the film itself; and while Citizen Kane is frequently cited as a groundbreaking, influential film, Simon Callow argues its trailer was no less original in its approach. The title refers to the 1941 film, Citizen Kane, whose fictional newspaper tycoon Charles Foster Kane was created by the director and actor Orson Welles. The Citizen Kane trailer is a four-minute, self-contained, "making of" promotional featurette by Orson Welles and the Mercury Theatre, released in 1940 to promote the film Citizen Kane. The site's critical consensus reads, "Smart and sharply funny, Citizen Ruth is an entertaining look at a tough subject – and an impressive calling card for debuting director/co-writer Alexander Payne." Despite its criticism of Welles, it further popularized the notion of Citizen Kane as the great American film. Art director Perry Ferguson represents the behind-the-scenes craftsmen of filmmaking in the series; he is depicted completing a sketch for Citizen Kane. It ... stood out from all the other trailers coming out from Hollywood, clarifying that Citizen Kane was going to be something special."Frank Brady, Citizen Welles (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1989), p.308. The Citizen Kane script was the product of both of them."

None of the above

Citizen Kane

Ruth

All of the above

Kane

C

Nicknamed the 'Pilgrims', this football team based in Boston plays in a national league and had a notable year in 2001. Name the team.

The New England Patriots are a professional American football team based in the Greater Boston metropolitan area. The New England Patriots are a professional American football team based in the Greater Boston area. The New England Patriots are a professional American football team based in the Greater Boston town of Foxborough, Massachusetts. The team began as the Boston Patriots in the American Football League, which merged with the National Football League in 1970. Originally called the Boston Patriots, the team was founded as one of eight charter members of the American Football League (AFL) in 1960 under the ownership of Billy Sullivan. Founded in 1959 as the Boston Patriots, the team was a charter member of the American Football League (AFL) before joining the NFL in 1970 through the AFL–NFL merger. The following year, they moved from Boston to nearby Foxborough, and changed their name to the New England Patriots. As part of the move, the team changed its name to the New England Patriots. The team was renamed the New England Patriots on March 22, 1971, to reflect its new location. thumb|right|350px|Regular season winning percentage, 1960–2010 This article contains an in-depth explanation of the history of the New England Patriots, a professional American football team that competes in the National Football League (NFL). ==Earlier NFL experience== Boston had previously been home to several NFL teams. The Patriots played their home games at various stadiums throughout Boston until the franchise moved to Foxborough in 1971. The Patriots compete in the National Football League (NFL) as a member club of the league's American Football Conference (AFC) East division. As a result of the move, they announced they would change their name from the Boston Patriots to the Bay State Patriots, after the state of Massachusetts. In 1971, the team relocated to Foxborough, where they became the New England Patriots. The Washington Patriots were an Ohio–Pennsylvania League minor league baseball team that played in 1905. The 2001 season was the New England Patriots' 32nd in the National Football League (NFL) and their 42nd season overall. The Boston Patriots played in the first-ever game in the American Football League, against the Denver Broncos on September 9, 1960, which they lost by a score of 10–13. Brady eventually agreed to serve the suspension in 2016, but led the Patriots to win Super Bowl LI in spite of it. ==See also== * Forbes list of the most valuable sports teams * List of Super Bowl records * List of National Football League records (team) * Active NFL playoff appearance streaks * Sports in Massachusetts * Sports in Boston ==Notes and references== Explanatory notes Citations ==Further reading== * * * * * * * * * * * ==External links== * * Official Patriots Hall of Fame website * New England Patriots at the National Football League official website * "New England Patriots collected news and commentary" The New York Times Category:1950s in Boston Category:1959 establishments in Massachusetts Category:American Football League teams Category:American football teams established in 1959 Category:American football teams in Boston Category:National Football League teams Category:Sports in Foxborough, Massachusetts New England Patriots 35th Anniversary Team (1994) Unit Position Players Offense Quarterback Running Back Wide Receiver Tight End Offensive Line Defense Defensive Line Linebacker Cornerback Safety Special Teams Kicker/Punter Coverage ====50th Anniversary team (2009)==== In 2009, the Patriots Hall of Fame selection committee selected a 50th anniversary team: Bold indicates those elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame. The Patriots also share rivalries with several teams outside of their division, including the Indianapolis Colts, who were members of the AFC East from 1970 to 2001, the Baltimore Ravens, the Denver Broncos, the Pittsburgh Steelers and the Las Vegas Raiders. The Patriots play home games at Gillette Stadium in Foxborough, Massachusetts, which is southwest of downtown Boston. Prior to 2002, the Patriots played in Foxboro Stadium dating back to 1971, the team's second year in the NFL after the AFL–NFL merger, and this venue was also privately funded.

None of the above

The Patriots

New England Patriots

Boston United

All of the above

D

With an interest in archaeology, this female monarch has had a long and successful reign in a country where popular support for the royal family is high. She is the Queen of which country?

Anne remains one of Britain's most popular royals. Anne, Princess Royal (Anne Elizabeth Alice Louise; born 15 August 1950) is a member of the British royal family. Queen Elizabeth II became the longest-reigning monarch in British history on 9 September 2015 when she surpassed the reign of her great-great-grandmother Queen Victoria. This is a list of current and former female monarchs regardless of title, including queens regnant, empresses regnant, pharaohs and monarchs by other titles (grand duchess, princess etc.). Elizabeth II died on 8 September 2022, at the age of 96 years, after reigning for 70 years. == Elizabeth II: the longest- reigning monarch == On 9 September 2015, Elizabeth II became the longest- reigning British monarch and the longest-reigning female monarch in world history. Queen Margaret of Denmark may refer to: * Margaret Fredkulla (1080s–1130), wife of king Niels of Denmark * Margarethe of Bohemia (1186–1212), aka Queen Dagmar, first wife of Valdemar II of Denmark * Margaret Sambiria (1230–1282) of Pomerelia, wife of king Christopher I of Denmark * Margaret I of Denmark (1353–1412), wife of Haakon VI of Norway, daughter of Valdemar IV of Denmark, mother of Olaf II of Denmark, also ruled Scandinavia as de facto queen regnant * Margrethe II of Denmark (b. 1940), the present head of state of Denmark This is a list of former monarchies, i.e. monarchies which once existed but have since been abolished. Elizabeth of Denmark *Isabella of Austria (1501–1526), wife of Christian II of Denmark *Elizabeth of Denmark, Electress of Brandenburg (1485–1555), daughter of John of Denmark and wife of Joachim I Nestor, Elector of Brandenburg *Elizabeth of Denmark, Duchess of Mecklenburg (1524–1586), daughter of Frederick I of Denmark and wife of Magnus III, Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin and later Ulrich, Duke of Mecklenburg *Elizabeth of Denmark, Duchess of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (1573–1626), daughter of Frederick II of Denmark and wife of Henry Julius, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel *Princess Elisabeth of Denmark (1935–2018), daughter of Knud, Hereditary Prince of Denmark *Princess Isabella of Denmark (b. 2007), daughter of Frederik, Crown Prince of Denmark The following is an incomplete list of women monarchs who are well known from popular writings, although many ancient and poorly documented ruling monarchs (such as those from Africa and Oceania) are omitted. Section 1 lists Queens regnant: monarchs who ruled in their own right. Anne was born 3rd in the line of succession to the British throne and is now 17th, and has been Princess Royal since 1987. On 6 February 2022 (at the age of ), she became the first British monarch to reign for 70 years and celebrate a platinum jubilee. == Ten longest-reigning British monarchs == These are the ten longest-reigning monarchs in the British Isles for whom there is reliable recorded evidence. She ascended to the throne after her nephew Iyasu V was deposed. ===== Kenya ===== * Elizabeth II (1963–1964) Names taken from Female Rule in the Indian Ocean World (1300–1900). The previous holder was King George V's daughter, Princess Mary, Countess of Harewood, Anne's grandaunt. === Arms === ==Issue== Name Birth Marriage Issue Peter Phillips 15 November 1977 17 May 2008 Divorced 14 June 2021 Autumn Kelly Savannah Phillips Isla Phillips Zara Phillips 15 May 1981 30 July 2011 Mike Tindall Mia Tindall Lena Tindall Lucas Tindall == Ancestry == The Princess Royal's ancestry can be traced as far back as Cerdic, King of Wessex (519–534). == Bibliography == ===Guest- editor=== *"HRH The Princess Royal: Guest Editor". Anne performs official duties and engagements on behalf of the King. It was reported in December 2017 that the Princess Royal had undertaken the most official engagements that year out of all the royal family, her mother the Queen included. At the time of her birth, she was third in the line of succession to the British throne, behind her mother and older brother, Charles (later King Charles III). It was later revealed that she had been the informant at her mother's death at Balmoral, a witness who signs, along with the doctor, the death certificate. ==Public image and style== thumb|190px|upright|left|The Princess Royal is one of the few women in the royal family who regularly wears a military uniform. She is the second child and only daughter of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, and the only sister of King Charles III. On 6 February 2022, Elizabeth II became the first British monarch to reign for 70 years, and large-scale celebrations for her Platinum Jubilee occurred on 2 to 5 June. Anne is also one of the few women in the royal family to wear a military uniform. Anne has been frequently named the "hardest working royal", and she carried out 11,088 engagements between 2002 and 2022, more than any other member of the royal family.

Britain

England

The Queen of England

Denmark

Elizabeth

D

What's a developed country that consumes way more seafood per person than the US?

Europe, Japan and the United States of America together accounted for 47 percent of the world's total food fish consumption in 1961, but only about 20 percent in 2015. Indonesia ranks as the fourth most productive country in the world measured in terms of gross yearly aquaculture production with an estimated 14.4 million tons in 2014. China has one-fifth of the world's population and accounts for one-third of the world's reported fish production as well as two-thirds of the world's reported aquaculture production.FAO Fact sheet: Aquaculture in China and Asia FAO report: China responsible for two-thirds of world aquaculture production – FishUpdate.com It is also a major importer of seafood and the country's seafood market is estimated to grow to a market size worth US$53.5 Billion by 2027. In 2003, the global per capita consumption of fish was estimated at 16.5 kg, with Chinese consumption, based on her reported returns, at 25.8 kg. Since 1961, the average annual increase in global apparent food fish consumption (3.2 percent) has outpaced population growth (1.6 percent) and exceeded consumption of meat from all terrestrial animals, combined (2.8 percent) and individually (bovine, ovine, porcine, etc.), except poultry (4.9 percent). thumb|Global meat production by region thumb|Meat supply per person The following article lists the world's largest producers of meat. For example, the FAO (2002) figure for Denmark, which has one of the highest meat export rates compared to its population, was (highest in the world). United States Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service. http://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/food- availability-(per-capita)-data-system/.aspx#26705 Additionally, the 2002 FAO study was potentially misleading for countries with high levels of meat export compared to their population, as it relied on production data using full carcass mass availability, whereas exports generally contain less bones, cartilage and other things not typically used for human consumption. Of the global total of 149 million tonnes in 2015, Asia consumed more than two-thirds (106 million tonnes at 24.0 kg per capita). In per capita terms, food fish consumption has grown from in 1961 to in 2015, at an average rate of about 1.5 percent per year. In 2005, China was the sixth largest importer of fish and fish products in the world, with imports totaling US$4.0 billion. The sector is significant from a nutrition point of view, because it brings seafood to areas inland away from the sea where consumption of seafood has traditionally been low. * Ichthyoallyeinotoxism * Kudoa thyrsites * List of fish dishes * Lists of foods * List of commercially important fish species * List of seafood dishes * Oily fish * Maguro bōchō * Pescetarianism * Phosphatidylserine * Seafood Watch ==References== ===Bibliography=== * Aquamedia, "Consumption of Fishery Products" retrieved from https://web.archive.org/web/20060223203558/http://www.feap.info/economics/Tradebalance_en.asp on 2007-09-17. Indonesian brackish water fisheries in the north coast of Java do a lot, the east coast of Aceh, Riau, North Sumatra and South Sumatra. == Species == Eight species accounted for roughly 90% of Indonesia's aquaculture production in 2014: Nile tilapia, clarias catfish, milkfish, white-leg shrimp, common carp, pangasius catfish and asian tiger shrimp == Challenges == There are a number of social and environmental challenges including loss of mangrove and wetland ecosystems, pollution of waterways, rendering of edible fish into fish meal and oils for aquaculture diets, marginalized local farmers, increased social tensions and fish disease outbreaks. ==References== Indonesia Category:Agriculture in Indonesia Category:Water in Indonesia Available online at: http://faostat3.fao.org/ * Meat consumption per capita refers to the total meat retained for use in country per person per year. The Chinese fishing industry is the most heavily subsidized on earth. Indonesia produced 490,000 tons of shrimp in 2004, which was 8% of the world production for the year. Meat consumption was calculated using a trade balance approach - total production plus imports, minus exports. == See also == * Vegetarianism by country ==Notes== ==References== ==External links== * * * * Category:Meat Category:Meat industry meat consumption Aquaculture in Indonesia has seen a tremendous growth in its contribution to fish supply in Indonesia, increasing from 10.6% in 1960 to 40.2% in 2014, and looks to surpass the output of capture fisheries by 2026 under business as usual scenarios. In 2009, China produced approximately 21 million metric tons (MTs) of freshwater fish or 48% of global output, and 5.3 million MTs of crustaceans or 49% of global output. thumb|upright=1.2|Fish stuffed with Thai herbs thumb|upright=1.2|Fish for sale in baskets at the Dubai Fish Market Many species of fish are caught by humans and consumed as food in virtually all regions around the world. As an example of the difference, for 2002, when the FAO figure for US per capita meat consumption was , the USDA estimate of US per capita loss-adjusted meat consumption was .Food availability (per capita) data system.

Brazil consumes way more seafood per person than the US

Ireland

The US consumes the most

India

Japan and South Korea consume way more seafood per person than the US

E

Are there developed countries that consume much more beef per capita than Americans do?

thumb|Global meat production by region thumb|Meat supply per person The following article lists the world's largest producers of meat. United States Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service. http://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/food- availability-(per-capita)-data-system/.aspx#26705 Additionally, the 2002 FAO study was potentially misleading for countries with high levels of meat export compared to their population, as it relied on production data using full carcass mass availability, whereas exports generally contain less bones, cartilage and other things not typically used for human consumption. Available online at: http://faostat3.fao.org/ * Meat consumption per capita refers to the total meat retained for use in country per person per year. __NOTOC__ thumb|300px|Beer consumption per capita by country (2018) This is a list of countries ordered by annual per capita consumption of beer. Total meat includes meat from animals slaughtered in countries, irrespective of their origin, and comprises horsemeat, poultry, and meat from all other domestic or wild animals such as camels, rabbits, reindeer, and game animals * Per capita (person) calculations were conducted by WRI using FAO data on meat production and trade, and using U.N. data on population. Global meat production has increased rapidly over the past 50 years. Most other countries' beef grading systems mirror the U.S. model, except for those in the European Union (EU). Most beef offered for sale in supermarkets in the United States is graded U.S. Choice or Select. thumb|300px|Average daily meat consumption per person, measured in grams per person per day. thumb|300px|Meat supply per person This is a list of countries by meat consumption. The beef industry was, at least in 2015, the largest sector of the Canadian food manufacturing industry. As an example of the difference, for 2002, when the FAO figure for US per capita meat consumption was , the USDA estimate of US per capita loss-adjusted meat consumption was .Food availability (per capita) data system. Meat consumption was calculated using a trade balance approach - total production plus imports, minus exports. == See also == * Vegetarianism by country ==Notes== ==References== ==External links== * * * * Category:Meat Category:Meat industry meat consumption Countries regulate the marketing and sale of beef by observing criteria of cattle carcasses at the abattoir (slaughterhouse) and classifying the carcasses. Over 90 billion animals are slaughtered each year for meat. ==List== Countries and some territories by meat production. In July 2019, Canada Beef received a $5.3 million subsidy from the Trudeau government "in order to grow sales internationally, in part by boosting foreign consumer confidence in Canada’s product." For example, the FAO (2002) figure for Denmark, which has one of the highest meat export rates compared to its population, was (highest in the world). Canada Beef is a trade and marketing organization. Meat is animal flesh that is eaten as food. ==Accuracy== The figures tabulated below do not represent per capita amounts of meat eaten by humans. The beef export trade of Canada was the world’s eighth biggest in 2013, with annual shipments of $22.9bn. thumb|upright=1.15|Map of average daily dietary energy availability per capita in 2006–2008. thumb|Daily supply of calories per person in different countries, 1700 to 2018 Food consumption is the amount of food available for human consumption as estimated by Our World in Data. U.S. Prime beef is sold to hotels and upscale restaurants, and usually marketed as such. When further adjusted for loss, calculations by DTU Fødevareinstituttet suggest the actual consumption was per adult. ==Meat consumption by country== Countries by meat consumption per capita Country kg/person (2002) kg/person (2009) kg/person (2017) kg/person (2020) 38.2 44.1 41.78 47.51 18.4 19.5 20.32 18.06 24.9 26.8 25 22.4 23.43 23.49 56 84.3 74.56 72.05 79.7 98.3 112.17 109.39 27.7 45.8 41.96 45.64 108.2 111.5 114.26 121.61 94.1 102 84.94 87.23 15.9 32 33.91 34.08 123.6 109.5 87.93 67.05 70.7 3.1 4 4.27 4.04 88.7 74.5 87.93 71.38 58.6 78.4 81.57 81.47 86.1 76.9 54.19 65.78 74.7 42.5 41.07 41.09 16.2 20.9 16.82 20.24 3 50 59.1 81.98 71.40 21.4 27.9 40.98 36.03 27.3 26.2 24.48 24.44 82.4 85.3 99.36 77.32 69.4 53 57.03 58.32 11.2 14.8 12.75 12.00 3.5 5.2 13.9 16.6 12.67 12.34 14.4 12.7 12.27 11.98 108.1 94.3 90.09 82.63 26.3 46.1 31.93 32.18 11.3 13.3 11.22 12.38 28 33.5 32.13 35.90 14.3 13 11.56 26.48 66.4 74.1 86.63 83.17 52.4 58.2 61.7 60.60 33.9 46.5 57.84 55.91 7.6 13.4 13.3 13.4 39.34 40.11 4.8 5.3 40.4 51.1 51.06 53.56 49.9 66.3 75.19 75.30 32.2 49.4 60.24 55.48 131.3 78.1 76.87 72.83 77.3 83.4 80.43 82.79 145.9 95.2 76.87 70.83 17.1 23.7 15.39 15.04 67.1 68.6 60.49 55.03 37.8 53.7 52.03 55.25 45 56.4 46.04 45.22 22.5 25.6 28.51 26.29 21.4 28.3 33.54 30.52 7.7 7.7 67.4 59.6 63.43 63.64 7.9 8.5 7.2 5.40 39.1 38.8 41.16 43.85 67.4 74.8 75.38 76.70 101.1 86.7 77.97 83.05 13.2 14.6 112.2 101.9 89.68 96.09 46 66.4 58.24 59.21 5.2 8.1 7.82 7.82 26 25.5 31.97 31.83 82.1 88.1 80.5 87.79 9.9 13.9 13.82 13.73 78.7 74.8 68.65 71.70 97 61 57.15 59.40 12.7 13.6 23.8 28.8 35.7 36.39 6.5 8.6 12.04 13.05 13 16.2 16.39 17.29 31.8 39 45.24 45.22 15.3 15.6 17.59 17.61 24.7 34.3 32.96 33.09 137.08 100.7 76 79.74 79.73 84.8 86.2 89.93 91.02 5.2 4.4 3.97 3.78 8.3 11.6 12.42 11.70 23.1 36.3 37.78 35.98 106.3 87.9 76.85 76.85 97.1 96 97.82 97.02 90.4 90.7 77.52 80.96 56.8 59.1 58.96 58.97 45.9 45.9 49.34 49.33 29.8 42 35.31 37.91 44.8 62.6 64.49 64.89 14.3 16.7 15.26 15.94 32.1 38.5 29.29 29.96 60.2 119.2 67.46 67.12 39 36.9 30.21 30.46 15 21.3 24.63 30.41 45.7 61.5 68.72 68.73 63.1 58.8 29.52 23.97 15.4 18.3 27.13 19.89 7.9 10.4 18.37 18.27 28.6 33.5 49.5 78.2 81.25 81.28 141.7 107.9 80.08 80.08 103.15 17.6 14.7 13.24 12.34 5.1 8.3 10.96 20.34 50.9 52.3 53.12 52.90 16.6 21.6 20.22 20.61 19 22.2 23.46 23.68 86.9 84.5 81.1 82.06 29.9 29.7 31.25 31.06 39.6 49.4 50.95 50.90 58.6 63.8 67.54 64.88 22.7 26.8 38.12 108.8 82.1 87.9 88.38 57.7 76.39 73.01 20.6 30.1 34.62 35.12 5.6 7.8 8.28 9.39 10.7 32.1 44.69 58.25 34 28.3 31.76 30.53 10 9.9 13.79 13.55 89.3 85.5 64.5 75.82 73.3 91 76.6 72.6 73.16 68.61 142.1 106.4 87.95 100.90 14.9 25.3 30.77 30.82 11.2 25.6 8.74 12.75 8.6 8.8 7.33 7.15 61.7 66 67.62 67.47 10.8 13.4 13.67 35.4 40.8 36.62 49.8 43.34 43.34 12.3 14.7 16.01 16.87 54.5 63.5 64.67 65.02 73 70.3 41.9 42.35 54.07 34.5 20.8 23.78 24.41 31.1 33.6 36.6 37.04 78.1 76.9 88.67 88.71 91.1 93.4 90.99 94.07 90.5 46.8 54.5 64.7 67.87 63.92 51 69.2 76.35 76.62 4.4 6.5 7.93 9.08 99.3 70.8 87.31 82.51 124.1 93.6 91.82 90.90 79.1 91.4 93.38 91.05 82.6 87.2 97.76 96.68 9.6 16.5 14.83 14.18 44.6 54.4 49.17 54.13 17.7 15.8 15.2 14.13 45.2 56 53.49 51.1 35.6 6.1 7.3 8.55 8.23 71.1 67.4 60.4 58.25 59.35 88 88.3 73.14 76.40 9.7 11.9 11.75 11.74 39 58.6 62.49 60.03 48 54.1 55.89 70.71 118.6 97 100.26 6.6 6.3 6.5 9.04 21 19.1 20.97 21.39 40.3 47.5 44.32 42.40 34.2 26.9 25.75 76.1 80.2 74.04 77.07 72.9 74.7 66.1 67.54 21.2 22.8 77.57 8.7 14.7 14.73 16.47 27.9 25.8 28.96 27.37 41.3 33.8 31.29 31.51 10 9.6 8.5 11.7 12.1 12.58 57.8 47.7 75.5 68.66 25.5 25.9 28.45 28.36 19.3 25.3 39.97 38.87 41.7 58.6 55.73 60.22 11.7 11 11.55 9.69 32.3 48.5 48.49 46.92 74.4 73.8 68.59 62.03 79.6 84.2 79.86 79.90 124.8 120.2 121 124.11 98.6 55.3 56.44 57.70 20.7 28.4 35.39 34.41 32.6 35.4 38.32 36.03 56.6 76.8 36.12 40.94 28.6 49.9 64.68 63.34 14.7 17.9 12.51 16.86 11.9 12.3 14.19 13.12 15.2 21.3 17.61 17.67 *Source: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), FAOSTAT on-line statistical service (FAO, Rome, 2004).

No

No, there are no developed countries that consume more beef per capita than Americans

Yes, Argentina consumers much more beef per capita than Americans do

No, Americans eat the most beef

All of the above

C

Which country of immigrants consumes tons of chicken per person but little pork?

Popular dishes include zucchini slice. ==Meat and poultry== Chicken is the most commonly consumed of all meats or poultry by weight, with approximately 47 kg of chicken consumed by the average Australian per year. Australians ate around 25 kg of beef per person with beef having a 35% share of fresh meat sales by value, the highest of any fresh meat in 2018–19. Australia consumes more lamb and mutton than any other country listed by the OECD-FAO (with Kazakhstan in second place). In 1989, Chicken Treat and its main east coast rival, Big Rooster, became allies as Australian Fast Foods. Chicken Treat is a fast food chain that primarily operates in Western Australia. Australia has absorbed culinary contributions and adaptations from various cultures around the world, including British, European, Asian and Middle Eastern. Meat constituted a large proportion of the Australian diet during the colonial era and into the 20th Century. Seventy percent of Kangaroo meat is exported, particularly to the European market: Germany and France. The Australian gold rushes introduced more varied immigrants and cuisines, mainly Chinese, whilst post-war immigration programs led to a large-scale diversification of local food, mainly due to the influence of migrants from the Mediterranean, East Asia and South Asia. The most popular meat globally is pigmeat, followed by poultry, beef and sheep. thumb|Global meat production by region thumb|Meat supply per person The following article lists the world's largest producers of meat. Australian cuisine is the food and cooking practices of Australia and its inhabitants. Australia became a collection of British colonies from 1788 to 1900, during which time culinary tastes were strongly influenced by British and Irish migrants, with agricultural products such as beef cattle, sheep and wheat becoming staples in the local diet. After World War II, subsequent waves of multicultural immigration, with a majority drawn from Asia and the Mediterranean region, and the strong, sophisticated food cultures these ethnic communities have brought with them influenced the development of Australian cuisine. Almond chicken is an American Chinese dish. By way of comparison, New Zealanders average and Americans just .Meat consumption, OECD Data. United States Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service. http://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/food- availability-(per-capita)-data-system/.aspx#26705 Additionally, the 2002 FAO study was potentially misleading for countries with high levels of meat export compared to their population, as it relied on production data using full carcass mass availability, whereas exports generally contain less bones, cartilage and other things not typically used for human consumption. Available online at: http://faostat3.fao.org/ * Meat consumption per capita refers to the total meat retained for use in country per person per year. Kangaroo meat is produced in Australia from wild kangaroos and is exported to over 60 overseas markets. Meat consumption was calculated using a trade balance approach - total production plus imports, minus exports. == See also == * Vegetarianism by country ==Notes== ==References== ==External links== * * * * Category:Meat Category:Meat industry meat consumption In 2017, Australians consumed an average of per person. The diet consisted of "bread, salted meat and tea with lashings of rum (initially from the West Indies but later made from the waste cane of the sugar industry in Queensland)."R. Haden, Food Culture in the Pacific Islands, 2009, p. 46 The British found familiar game in Australia including swan, goose, pigeon and fish, but the new settlers often had difficulty adjusting to the prospect of native fauna as a staple diet.

The United States

Australia

The US

Israel consumes tons of chicken per person but little pork

Canada

D

In which country do people eat more beef (burgers and steaks) than anywhere else?

Most beef offered for sale in supermarkets in the United States is graded U.S. Choice or Select. Visit Calgary Canada ranks among the world's top 10 per capita consumers of beef. Most other countries' beef grading systems mirror the U.S. model, except for those in the European Union (EU). Canada Beef is a trade and marketing organization. The beef industry was, at least in 2015, the largest sector of the Canadian food manufacturing industry. thumb|Global meat production by region thumb|Meat supply per person The following article lists the world's largest producers of meat. thumb|Steak|alt= North American Cuisine includes foods native to or popular in countries of North America, such as Canadian cuisine, American cuisine, African American cuisine, Mexican cuisine, Caribbean cuisine and Central American cuisine. Countries regulate the marketing and sale of beef by observing criteria of cattle carcasses at the abattoir (slaughterhouse) and classifying the carcasses. Roast beef is a common centerpiece, Canadian Living. Canadian cuisine consists of the cooking traditions and practices of Canada, with regional variances around the country. North American cuisine can also include dishes and cuisines that originated in North America such as the Canadian poutine and regional cuisines like California cuisine. ==History== North American cuisine first originated. ==Countries== * American cuisine * Anguillan cuisine * Antigua and Barbuda cuisine * Bahamian cuisine * Barbadian cuisine * Belizean cuisine * Bermudian cuisine * British Virgin Islands cuisine * Canadian cuisine * Caymanian cuisine * Costa Rican cuisine * Cuban cuisine * Dominica cuisine * Dominican Republic cuisine * Greenlandic cuisine * Grenadan cuisine * Guatemalan cuisine * Haitian cuisine * Honduran cuisine * Jamaican cuisine * Mexican cuisine * Montserratian cuisine * Nicaraguan cuisine * Panamanian cuisine * Puerto Rican cuisine * Saint Barthélemy cuisine * Saint Lucian cuisine * Salvadoran cuisine * Trinidadian and Tobagonian cuisine * United States Virgin Islands cuisine ==See also== *List of American regional and fusion cuisines *Mesoamerican cuisine *Caribbean cuisine ==References== Category:Cuisine by continent Available online at: http://faostat3.fao.org/ * Meat consumption per capita refers to the total meat retained for use in country per person per year. There are many culinary practices and dishes that can be either identified as particular to Canada, such fish and brewis, peameal bacon, and ginger beef, or sharing an association with countries from which immigrants to Canada carried over their cuisine, such as pierogies, roast beef, and bannock. ==Definitions== Though certain dishes may be identified as "Canadian" due to the ingredients used or the origin of their inception, an overarching style of Canadian cuisine may be more difficult to define. The Canadian Encyclopedia ==Canadian foods== ===Main dishes, side dishes and appetizers=== Although there are considerable overlaps between Canadian culinary practices and those of the British Isles, France and the rest of North America, many dishes (or variations of imported dishes) are particular to, quintessential of, or available only in Canada. ====Breads==== Dishes by region ("O" = originating and "X" = found) Dish Description Pacific Mountain Prairies Ontario Quebec Atlantic Northern Inherited Bannock Pan-fried bread. Statistics Canada Alberta beef is thought to have a rich marbled flavour due to the province's nutritious grasslands and barley. The beef export trade of Canada was the world’s eighth biggest in 2013, with annual shipments of $22.9bn. United States Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service. http://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/food- availability-(per-capita)-data-system/.aspx#26705 Additionally, the 2002 FAO study was potentially misleading for countries with high levels of meat export compared to their population, as it relied on production data using full carcass mass availability, whereas exports generally contain less bones, cartilage and other things not typically used for human consumption. Meat is animal flesh that is eaten as food. ==Accuracy== The figures tabulated below do not represent per capita amounts of meat eaten by humans. Total meat includes meat from animals slaughtered in countries, irrespective of their origin, and comprises horsemeat, poultry, and meat from all other domestic or wild animals such as camels, rabbits, reindeer, and game animals * Per capita (person) calculations were conducted by WRI using FAO data on meat production and trade, and using U.N. data on population. thumb|300px|Average daily meat consumption per person, measured in grams per person per day. thumb|300px|Meat supply per person This is a list of countries by meat consumption. Meat consumption was calculated using a trade balance approach - total production plus imports, minus exports. == See also == * Vegetarianism by country ==Notes== ==References== ==External links== * * * * Category:Meat Category:Meat industry meat consumption The ribbing of carcasses is described in the U.S. standards for beef grading.

In the United States, people eat more beef than anywhere else

America eats the most beef

United States

In Argentina, people eat more beef than anywhere else

Canada eats the most beef

D

Which large country spends the most on international tourism?

Germany has the largest outbound tourist trade in the world, with Germans spending about €80 billion annually to travel abroad (the United States is second), in spite of Germany being fourth in world in GDP and fourteenth in population. Tourism in the United Kingdom is a major industry and contributor to the U.K. economy, which is the world's 10th biggest tourist destination, with over 40.1 million visiting in 2019, contributing a total of £234 billion to the GDP. £23.1 billion was spent in the UK by foreign tourists in 2017. In 2015, China was the fourth most visited country in the world, after France, United States, and Spain, with 56.9 million international tourists per year. In 2016, the country accounted for 21% of the world's international tourism spending, or $261 billion. Since 2012, tourists from China have been the world's top spender in international tourism, leading global outbound travel. In the United States, tourism is a large industry that serves millions of international and domestic tourists yearly. Rank Country International tourism expenditure (2018) 1 $277 billion 2 $144 billion 3 $94 billion 4 $76 billion 5 $48 billion 6 $37 billion 7 $35 billion 8 $33 billion 9 $32 billion 10 $30 billion === Euromonitor International Top City Destinations Ranking === Euromonitor International rated these the world's most visited cities by international tourists in 2017: Rank City Country International tourist arrivals 1 Hong Kong 27.88 million 2 Bangkok 22.45 million 3 London 19.82 million 4 Singapore 17.61 million 5 Cairo 17.33 million 6 Paris 15.83 million 7 Dubai 15.79 million 8 New York City 13.10 million 9 Macau 12.84 million 10 Kuala Lumpur 12.47 million === World Travel and Tourism Council === Countries showing strong international travel and tourism growth between 2010 and 2016 Rank Country Percentage 1 Myanmar 73.5% 2 Sudan 49.8% 3 Azerbaijan 36.4% 4 Qatar 34.1% 5 São Tomé and Príncipe 30.1% 6 Sri Lanka 26.4% 7 Cameroon 25.5% 8 Georgia 22.7% 9 Iceland 20.0% 10 Kyrgyzstan 19.5% Countries that performed best in fastest growing tourism and travel industry in 2016 Rank Country Percentage 1 Azerbaijan 46.1% 2 Mongolia 24.4% 3 Iceland 20.1% 4 Cyprus 15.4% 5 Kazakhstan 15.2% 6 Moldova 14.2% 7 Costa Rica 12.1% 8 Georgia 11.2% 9 Sri Lanka 10.7% 10 Thailand 10.7% == References == Category:Tourism Category:Economic globalization Category:Types of tourism In 2012, over 30.4 million international tourists arrived in Germany, bringing over US$38 billion in international tourism receipts to the country. Tourists spend more money in the United States than any other country, while attracting the third-highest number of tourists after France and Spain."Spain posts record number of 82 million inbound tourists in 2017". 10 January 2018. Other examples of commonly purchased souvenirs include: Union Jack branded goods, items from famous department stores like Harrods and Selfridges and memorabilia surrounding the British royal family. == Tourism today == Top 10 countries whose residents (including British and other nationals) provided the most visits to the UK (2018)Leading inbound travel markets for the United Kingdom (UK) in 2017 and 2018, ranked by number of visits (in 1,000s) Country Number United States 3.87 million France 3.69 million Germany 3.26 million Ireland 2.78 million Spain 2.53 million Netherlands 1.95 million Poland 1.82 million Italy 1.81 million Belgium 1.12 million Australia 1.00 million The United Kingdom attracts worldwide visitors with a combination of rural and urban scenery and the appeal of British Culture which includes sport, food and art. == See also == For more information on tourism in the United Kingdom please see the articles for the constituent parts of the UK: *Tourism in England *Tourism in Northern Ireland *Tourism in Scotland *Tourism in Wales *Tourism in London *Visa policy of the United Kingdom *Visa policy of the British Overseas Territories == References == == External links == * Official tourist guide to Britain United Kingdom In the U.S., tourism is among the three largest employers in 29 states, employing 7.3 million in 2004, to take care of 1.19 billion trips tourists took in the U.S. in 2005. The top ten tourism earners in 2018 were: Rank Country/Area International tourism receipts (2018) 1 $214.00 billion 2 $74.00 billion 3 $67.00 billion 4 $63.00 billion 5 $52.00 billion 6 $49.00 billion 7 $45.00 billion 8 $43.00 billion 9 $41.00 billion 10 $40.00 billion === International tourism expenditure === The World Tourism Organization reports the following countries as the ten biggest spenders on international tourism for the year 2018. The United Kingdom is the 10th most visited country in the world and the 6th most visited country in Europe. VisitBritain data shows that the USA remains the most valuable inbound market, with American visitors spending £2.1 billion in 2010. The World Tourism Organization reports the following ten destinations as the most visited in terms of the number of international travelers in 2019. In the U.S., tourism is either the first, second, or third largest employer in 29 states, employing 7.3 million in 2004, to take care of 1.19 billion trips tourists took in the U.S. in 2005. In 1985 approximately 1.4 million foreigners visited China, and nearly US$1.3 billion was earned from tourism. Data from 2016 showed that the majority of foreign visitors hailed from Asian countries with South Korea being the top source country for China inbound tourism. Domestic and international travel and tourism combined directly contribute over EUR43.2 billion to the German GDP. China ranked second in the world for travel and tourism's contribution to GDP in 2022 ($814.1 billion), and first in the world for travel and tourism's contribution to employment (66,086,000 jobs in 2014). The History, Policies and Social Impact of International Tourism in the People's Republic of China. In 2010, international tourism reached US$919B, growing 6.5% over 2009, corresponding to an increase in real terms of 4.7%.

The United Kingdom

Germany

China spends the most on international tourism

The United States

Americans people spend more abroad on tourism

C

New York City has way fewer international arrivals per year than which cities?

New York is used as the base city and all other cities are compared against it. This is a list of top 100 cities ranked by the number of international visitors, including all international arrivals by land, air, and sea, for tourist or business purposes. Top 20 cities surveyed (2022) Ranking City Country 1 Hong Kong 2 New York 3 Geneva 4 London 5 Tokyo 6 Tel Aviv 7 Zurich 8 Shanghai 9 Guangzhou 10 Seoul Top 20 cities surveyed (2021) Ranking City Country 1 Hong Kong 2 Tokyo 3 Geneva 4 New York 5 London 6 Zurich 7 Tel Aviv 8 Seoul 9 Shanghai 10 Guangzhou Top 20 cities surveyed (2020) Ranking City Country 1 Ashgabat 2 Zürich 3 Geneva 4 Basel 5 Bern 6 Hong Kong 7 Tokyo 8 Tel Aviv 9 Jerusalem 10 Yokohama Top 20 cities surveyed (2019) Ranking City Country 1 Ashgabat 2 Zürich 3 Geneva 4 Hong Kong 5 Basel 6 Bern 7 Tokyo 8 Seoul 9 Tel Aviv 10 Shanghai Top 20 cities surveyed (2018) Ranking City Country 1 Ashgabat 2 Geneva 3 Zürich 4 Basel 5 Bern 6 Hong Kong 7 Seoul 8 Tokyo 9 Oslo 10 Stavanger Top 20 cities surveyed (2017) Ranking City Country 1 Luanda 2 Hong Kong 3 Zürich 4 Geneva 5 Basel 6 Bern 7 Tokyo 8 Seoul 9 Caracas 10 Khartoum Top 20 cities surveyed (2016) Ranking City Country 1 Kinshasa 2 Zürich 3 Geneva 4 Basel 5 Bern 6 Freetown 7 Tokyo 8 Luanda 9 Hong Kong 10 Shanghai Top 20 cities surveyed (2015) Ranking City Country 1 Juba 2 Luanda 3 Zürich 4 Geneva 5 Bern 6 Basel 7 Kinshasa 8 Shanghai 9 Beijing 10 Seoul == See also == * Global city * List of cities by GDP * Megacity * Most livable cities * Worldwide ERC * ==References== Category:Cities-related lists of superlatives Category:Moving and relocation Category:Economies by city Cities For Expatriate Employees Category:Expatriates Greater New York or Greater New York City may refer to: * The statistical New York metropolitan area consisting of New York City and surrounding counties of New York, New Jersey, Connecticut, and Pennsylvania * The so-called City of Greater New York, a common though unofficial term for the City of New York used in the years after the 1898 consolidation of the original, smaller City of New York with surrounding cities and towns to create the modern five boroughs Top ten locations surveyed (2022) Rank City Country 1 Hong Kong 2 Zürich 3 Geneva 4 Basel 5 Bern 6 Tel Aviv 7 New York 8 Singapore 9 Tokyo 10 Beijing Top ten locations surveyed (2021) Rank City Country 1 Ashgabat 2 Hong Kong 3 Beirut 4 Tokyo 5 Zürich 6 Shanghai 7 Singapore 8 Geneva 9 Beijing 10 Bern Top ten locations surveyed (2020) Rank City Country 1 Hong Kong 2 Ashgabat 3 Tokyo 4 Zürich 5 Singapore 6 New York 7 Shanghai 8 Bern 9 Geneva 10 Beijing Top ten locations surveyed (2019) Rank City Country 1 Hong Kong 2 Tokyo 3 Singapore 4 Seoul 5 Zürich 6 Shanghai 7 Ashgabat 8 Beijing 9 New York 10 Shenzhen Top ten locations surveyed (2018) Rank City Country 1 Hong Kong 2 Tokyo 3 Zürich 4 Singapore 5 Seoul 6 Luanda 7 Shanghai 8 N’Djamena 9 Beijing 10 Bern Top ten locations surveyed (2017) Rank City Country 1 Luanda 2 Hong Kong 3 Tokyo 4 Zürich 5 Singapore 6 Seoul 7 Geneva 8 Shanghai 9 New York 10 Bern Top ten locations surveyed (2016)https://www.mercer.com/content/dam/mercer/attachments/global/Talent/cost- of-living/gl-2016-cost-of-living-mobility-survey-mercer.pdf Rank City Country 1 Hong Kong 2 Luanda 3 Zürich 4 Singapore 5 Tokyo 6 Kinshasa 7 Shanghai 8 Geneva 9 N’Djamena 10 Beijing Top ten locations surveyed (2015) Rank City Country 1 Luanda 2 Hong Kong 3 Zürich 4 Singapore 5 Geneva 6 Shanghai 7 Beijing 8 Seoul 9 Bern 10 N’Djamena == ECA International == Every March and September, ECA International calculates the cost of living for expatriates in almost 400 cities around the world. List of U.S. cities over 200,000 population, by foreign-born population, 2009 This table covers only central cities, not metropolitan areas. The growth column compares international arrivals to the previous year. Asians in New York City represent the largest Asian diaspora of any city in the world. ==Population== New York City alone, according to the 2010 Census, has now become home to more than one million Asian Americans, greater than the combined totals of San Francisco and Los Angeles. These are lists of the world's most expensive cities for expatriate employees (not residents), according to the Mercer, ECA International and Xpatulator.com cost-of-living surveys. Various factors enter into a city's cost-of-living for expatriate employees, such as monetary value, consumer confidence, investment, interest rates, exchange rates of the country's currency, and housing costs. The London to New York Air Route is an air route between London, UK, and New York, USA. Each arrival is counted separately and includes people travelling more than once a year and people visiting several cities during one trip. The airports of Heathrow and JFK are the main international airports for the London metropolitan area and New York metropolitan area respectively, the world's two most important global cities. Activist organizations: * Asian American Federation of New York * Asian American Legal Defense and Education Fund * Asian Americans for Equality * MinKwon Center for Community Action Cultural organizations: * Asian American Arts Centre * Asian American Dance Theatre * Asian American International Film Festival * Asian American Writers' Workshop * Asian Pacific American Heritage Festival * Asian American Arts Alliance * Happy Family Night Market ==See also== *Bangladeshis in New York City *Chinese people in New York City *Filipinos in the New York metropolitan area *Fuzhounese in New York City *Indians in the New York City metropolitan area *Japanese in New York City *Korean Americans in New York City *List of U.S. cities with significant Chinese-American populations *List of U.S. cities with significant Korean- American populations *Russians in New York City *Taiwanese people in New York City ==References== ==Further reading== * "Asian Americans, New York City." There is also a rising demand of Asian population choose to live in Long Island City. New York contains the highest total Asian population of any U.S. city proper. ===Chinese New Yorkers=== In 2020, approximately 9% of New York City's population was of Chinese ethnicity, with about eighty percent of Chinese New Yorkers living in the boroughs of Queens and Brooklyn alone; New York City itself contains by far the highest ethnic Chinese population of any individual city outside Asia, estimated at 628,763 as of 2017. Much of the Chinese community lives in Chinatown, Brooklyn, Chinatown, Manhattan, Flushing, Queens, Long Island City, Queens, Sunset Park, Brooklyn and Bensonhurst, Brooklyn. ===South Asian New Yorkers=== Indian and Indian Americans comprise the largest American municipal South Asian diaspora, comprising 2.4% of the city's population, with Bangladeshi and Bangladeshi Americans and people of Pakistani heritage at 0.7% and 0.5%, respectively. Around 13,000 Filipino Americans and immigrants live in this area, equating to 15% of Woodside's population. ===Japanese New Yorkers=== Japanese or Japanese American heritage people are 0.3% and have a presence in Manhattan. ===Vietnamese New Yorkers=== People of Vietnamese heritage made up 0.2% of New York City's population in 2010. ==Organizations and activism== One of the partner research centers of the Asian American and Pacific Islander Policy Research Consortium is based at the City University of New York. These two cities are connected by a heavily utilised air route which has been historically important to transatlantic aviation and is today served by several major airlines (British Airways, Virgin Atlantic, American Airlines, Delta Air Lines and JetBlue Airways). This list does not account for cost-of-living savings accrued to local citizens through government-subsidized housing, health care, education, differences in taxation, and many other factors irrelevant to expatriates. Tompkinsville, Staten Island has many Sri Lankans. ===Korean New Yorkers=== People of Korean heritage made up 1.2% of the city's population. The survey covers 207 cities around the world and measures the comparative cost of over 200 items in each location, including housing, transport, food, clothing, household goods and entertainment.

Los Angeles and Miami

New York City has way fewer international arrivals per year than San Francisco

New York City has way fewer international arrivals per year than Los Angeles and London

New York City has way fewer international arrivals per year than London and Miami

New York City has way fewer international arrivals per year than Hong Kong, Bangkok and London

E

Which major cities get more international arrivals than Paris?

Paris is one of the most densely populated cities in the world. In 2018, Paris was the most expensive city in the world with Singapore and Hong Kong.. This is a list of top 100 cities ranked by the number of international visitors, including all international arrivals by land, air, and sea, for tourist or business purposes. The immigrants from the Americas and the South Pacific in Paris are vastly outnumbered by migrants from French overseas regions and territories located in these regions of the world. This caused a drop 15 billion Euros in hotel receipts.Europe 1-Agence France Presse, "Le Covid 19 a privé Paris et sa region de 15.5 milliards de recettes en 2020" In 2018, measured by the Euromonitor Global Cities Destination Index, Paris was the second-busiest airline destination in the world, with 19.10 million visitors, behind Bangkok (22.78 million) but ahead of London (19.09 million). Most of this is due to companies relocating outside the Paris region. Crime in Paris is similar to that in most large cities. City-influenced commuter activity reaches well beyond even this in a statistical aire d'attraction de Paris ("functional area", a statistical method comparable to a metropolitan area), that had a population of 13,024,518 in 2017, 19.6% of the population of France, and the largest metropolitan area in the Eurozone. It was no longer the largest city in Europe; London passed it in population in about 1700, but it was by far the largest city in France, and throughout the 18th century grew at a rapid rate, largely by an immigration from the Paris basin and from the north and east of France. According to the same census, three departments bordering Paris, Hauts-de-Seine, Seine-Saint-Denis and Val-de-Marne, had population densities of over 10,000 people per square kilometre, ranking among the 10 most densely populated areas of the EU. ===Migration=== According to the 2012 French census, 586,163 residents of the City of Paris, or 26.2 percent, and 2,782,834 residents of the Paris Region (Île-de-France), or 23.4 percent, were born outside of metropolitan France (the last figure up from 22.4% at the 2007 census). 26,700 of these in the City of Paris and 210,159 in the Paris Region were people born in Overseas France (more than two-thirds of whom in the French West Indies) and are therefore not counted as immigrants since they were legally French citizens at birth. According to the 2012 census, 135,853 residents of the City of Paris were immigrants from Europe, 112,369 were immigrants from the Maghreb, 70,852 from sub-Saharan Africa and Egypt, 5,059 from Turkey, 91,297 from Asia (outside Turkey), 38,858 from the Americas, and 1,365 from the South Pacific. Paris (; ) is the capital and most populous city of France, with an official estimated population of 2,102,650 residents as of 1 January 2023Estimated populations on 1 January 2023, INSEE. Paris is a major railway, highway, and air-transport hub served by two international airports: Charles de Gaulle Airport (the second- busiest airport in Europe) and Orly Airport. The city of Paris (also called the Commune or Department of Paris) had a population of 2,165,423 people within its administrative city limits as of January 1, 2019.Populations légales 2019: 75 Paris, INSEE It is surrounded by the Paris unité urbaine, or urban area, the most populous urban area in the European Union. While Paris has some of the richest neighbourhoods in France, it also has some of the poorest, mostly on the eastern side of the city. Paris in the 18th century was the second-largest city in Europe, after London, with a population of about 600,000 people. Category:Geography of Paris Category:History of Paris Category:Demographics of France Paris From this it is still possible to determine that Paris and its metropolitan area is one of the most multi-cultural in Europe: According to the 2011 census, 456,105 residents of the municipality of Paris, or 20.3 percent, and 2,117,901 residents of the Paris Region (Île-de-France), or 17.9 percent, were born outside France. At the 1999 census, 4.2% of the population in Paris metropolitan area were recent immigrants (people who had immigrated to France between 1990 and 1999), the majority from Asia and Africa. 37 per cent of all immigrants in France live in the Paris region. .paris is a top-level domain for the city of Paris, France. Paris has an extensive road network with over of highways and motorways. ====Waterways==== The Paris region is the most active water transport area in France, with most of the cargo handled by Ports of Paris in facilities located around Paris. In the early 21st century, the population of Paris began to increase slowly again, as more young people moved into the city.

Los Angeles gets more arrivals than Paris

New York City gets more arrivals than Paris

Paris gets fewer international arrivals per year than Hong Kong, Bangkok and London

Miami gets more arrivals than Paris

D

Do more than 20% of Americans have passports?

The number of Americans who traveled without passports is unknown. United States passports are passports issued to citizens and nationals of the United States of America.22 U.S.C. sec. 212; Passports. Even when passports were not usually required, Americans requested U.S. passports. In fiscal year 2020, the Department of State issued 11,711,945 passports (including 1,741,527 passport cards) and there were 143,116,633 valid U.S. passports in circulation. The overwhelming majority of European passports are biometric (alt=|20x20px). The passport possession rate of the U.S. was approximately 43% of the population. ==Restrictions== It is unlawful to enter or exit the U.S. without a valid passport or passport-replacement document compliant with the Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative (WHTI), or without an exception or waiver. Some of those passports were family passports or group passports. Travel of U.S. citizens and nationals around the United States and across its international borders is generally controlled by means other than passports, such as the No Fly List. ==Requirements== ===Citizens=== United States passports are issuable only to persons who owe permanent allegiance to the United States - i.e., citizens and non-citizen nationals of the United States.22 U.S.C. sec. 212: "No passport shall be granted or issued to or verified for any other persons than those owing allegiance, whether citizens or not, to the United States." The majority of European states are members of the European Union, and therefore issue EU passports. British passports are issued to all types of British nationals. The United States participates in the Five Nations Passport Group, an international forum for cooperation between the passport issuing authorities in the United Kingdom, Canada, New Zealand, and Australia to "share best practices and discuss innovations related to the development of passport policies, products and practices". thumb|right|Signature page and data page of a biometric next generation passport (2021–present) The United States Department of State has announced, and, in March 2021, started to issue, the next generation passport. There are also several passports issued by partially-recognised and disputed states, such as Northern Cyprus and Kosovo. == Passports of the European Union == The EU itself does not issue ordinary passports, but ordinary passports issued by the 27 member states follow a common format. This article shows images of the various passports currently issued. ==Contemporary ordinary passports== center|upright=3.3|thumb|Colors of ordinary passport covers across the world ===Special cases=== Passports where the captioned country is shown in italics are issued either by territories with extremely limited recognition of their passports or by states that are neither member states of the United Nations nor United Nations non-member observer states. There are about 9,000 passport acceptance facilities in the United States, designated by Passport Services, at which routine passport applications may be filed. By law, a valid unexpired U.S. passport (or passport card) is conclusive (and not just prima facie) proof of U.S. citizenship, with the same force and effect as proof as certificates of naturalization or citizenship if issued to a U.S. citizen for the full period allowed by law. U.S. law does not prohibit its citizens from holding passports of other countries. ==History== thumb|left|Signature page and data page of a non-biometric United States passport (pre-2007). United States Passport Passport Passport However, U.S. citizens are required to use a U.S. passport when leaving or entering the United States.8 U.S.C. sec. 1185(b). The European Union itself does not issue ordinary passports, but ordinary passport booklets issued by its 27 member states share a common format. Since the 1980s, member states of the European Union have started to harmonise aspects of the designs of their ordinary passports (but not other types of passports, such as diplomatic, service and emergency passports), as well as common security features and biometrics. English, the de facto national language of the United States, has always been used in U.S. passports. These include all EU, EFTA, British, and EU candidate passports. Passports in Europe are issued by each state individually, e.g. the Netherlands or United Kingdom.

No

No, only 10% of Americans have passports

Yes, more than 20% of Americans have passports

No, less than 20% of Americans have passports

No, not many Americans have passports

C

Which books are still banned in France?

The book is thus censored de facto, unavailable in all libraries and bookshops in France. Scouting for the Reaper (2014) Jacob M. Appel 2014 Fiction Banned in Eritrea in 2014 for its criticism of civil liberties under President Isaias Afewerki. ==France== Title Author(s) Year published Type Notes Les Mœurs François- Vincent Toussaint Book Officially banned in France in 1748. Banned books include fictional works such as novels, poems and plays and non-fiction works such as biographies and dictionaries. Events from the year 1551 in France ==Incumbents== * Monarch - Henry II ==Events== * 27 June - Edict of Châteaubriant prohibits possessing any books listed on the University of Paris's Index, translating the Bible or works of the Church Fathers, importing books from Geneva or other places not under the Catholic Church's control, or printing or selling any religious books written in the last 40 years. ==Births== * 19 September - King Henry III of France (d. 1589) * 26 October - Charlotte de Sauve, courtesan (d. 1617) ==Deaths== * Jean Ango, privateer (b. 1480) ==See also== ==References== Category:1550s in France This article lists notable banned books and works, giving a brief context for the reason that each book was prohibited. (Includes some info on France) * (Includes books) * * (Bibliography) france Category:Book publishing in France Category:Libraries in France France has a long history of governmental censorship, particularly in the 16th to 19th centuries, but today freedom of press is guaranteed by the French Constitution and instances of governmental censorship are limited. Notably, it was the first Tamil language publication to be banned in the country. ==Morocco== Title Author(s) Year published Type Notes Notre ami le roi (1993) Gilles Perrault 1993 Biography of Hassan II of Morocco Banned in Morocco. Suicide, mode d'emploi: ses lecteurs, ses juges, Paris, Hors Texte, 2004 () *William Hanley, A biographical dictionary of French censors 1742–1789, Ferney, Centre international d'étude du XVIIIe siècle, 2005 () *Hesse, Carla. (1991). The following articles contain lists of prohibited books: * Index Librorum Prohibitorum ** List of authors and works on the Index Librorum Prohibitorum * List of books banned by governments ** Book censorship in Canada ** Book censorship in China ** List of books banned in India ** Book censorship in Iran ** List of authors banned in Nazi Germany ** List of books banned in New Zealand ** Book censorship in the Republic of Ireland ** Book censorship in the United States ==See also== * Lists of banned books L'Express started a bestseller list in 1961, and started one in 1984. ==In popular culture== * The Reader (1988 film) * Hugo (film), 2011, includes brief scene in fictional Paris bookshop ==See also== * Collection (publishing) * Copyright law of France * Legal deposit: France * Media of France * French literature * French bibliophiles * ** Libraries in Paris * List of book fairs in France (in French) * List of book-burning incidents, some in France * French children's books * Musée de l'Imprimerie (printing museum), Lyon, est. 1964 ==Notes== ==References== ==Bibliography== ===in English=== * * * * * * ** Printing in France before 1501, p.342+ ** 16th Century: France ** 17th Century: France ** 18th Century: France * * * * ("What did the French read in the eighteenth century?") * * + Volumes 3-4 (2011): Books published in France before 1601 in Latin and Languages other than French * * * ===in French=== * 1811- * 1971- * * * ==Images== File:Cercle de la Librairie.JPG|Cercle de la Librairie in Paris, built in 1879 (photo 2010) File:Eugène Atget, Secondhand Book Dealer, place de la Bastille - Getty Museum.jpg|Bookseller, Place de la Bastille, Paris, ca. 1910 File:LYON - Quai de la Pêcherie.jpg|Outdoor bookselling in Lyon, 2008 File:A reader on the Pont des Arts, 30 August 2009.jpg|Reader on the Pont des Arts, Paris, 2009 File:Cour intérieure de la librairie l'Armitière (Rouen, France).jpg| bookshop in Rouen, est. 1963 (photo 2013) File:Public bookcase Bastia.jpg|Public bookcase in Bastia, 2016 ==External links== * (Bibliography of editions published in France; also browsable by town) * Institut d'histoire du livre (Institute for the History of the Book), Lyon, est. 2001 * . There is medium internet censorship in France, including limited filtering of child pornography, laws against websites that promote terrorism or racial hatred, and attempts to protect copyright. In 1526, the Parlement of Paris and the Sorbonne issued a ban on the publishing of the Bible in French. p. 118 On January 13, 1535, an extreme statute was enacted forbidding all printing under threat of hanging and closing all bookshops. Le roi prédateur (2012) Catherine Graciet and Éric Laurent 2012 Investigative Journalism Banned in Morocco. The history of the book in France has been studied from a variety of cultural, economic, political, and social angles. The Communist Manifesto Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels 1848 Political Manifesto Prohibited by several countries, Nazi Germany.Anne Lyon Haight, Banned books: informal notes on some books banned for various reasons at various times and in various places. Suicide mode d'emploi (1982) Claude Guillon 1982 Instructional This book, reviewing recipes for committing suicide, was the cause of a scandal in France in the 1980s, resulting in the enactment of a law prohibiting provocation to commit suicide and propaganda or advertisement of products, objects, or methods for committing suicide.Loi n°87-1133 du 31 décembre 1987 tendant à réprimer la provocation au suicide Subsequent reprints were thus illegal. In practice, this means that most films in France are categorized rather than censored. It was one of 23 books banned there beginning in August 2008. ==Overview== France continues to promote freedom of the press and speech online by allowing unfiltered access to most content, apart from limited filtering of child pornography and web sites that promote terrorism, or racial violence and hatred. Since there are a large number of banned books, some publishers have sought out to publish these books. Banned in Yugoslavia by court order in 1984; republished in 2005. ==See also== * Censorship by country * Criticism of Amazon * Areopagitica: A speech of Mr John Milton for the liberty of unlicensed printing to the Parliament of England * Book burning * Burning of books and burying of scholars * Challenge (literature) * International Freedom of Expression Exchange * List of authors and works on the Index Librorum Prohibitorum * List of banned films * List of banned video games * List of book burning incidents ==References== ==Further reading== * Banned Books, 4 volumes, Facts on File Library of World Literature, 2006.

The book "Suicide mode d'emploi" was once banned in France, but not anymore

The Beatles is banned in France

James Joyce is banned in France

Books by Joyce, Burroughs and Genet are banned in France

Very few books are still banned in France

E

Which books are still banned in Canada?

* The Hoax of the Twentieth Century * Lethal Marriage *Lolita *The Naked and the Dead *Mein Kampf *Cities of the Red Night *Peyton Place *The Turner Diaries *White Niggers of America ==See also== *Censorship in Canada *List of books banned by governments ==References== Category:Censorship in Canada Canada Forbidden Passages: Writings Banned in Canada is a compilation book about censorship edited by Patrick Califia with an introduction by Janine Fuller. This is a non-exhaustive list of films that have been or are banned in Canada. ==List== Release Date Film Notes 1916 Damaged Goods Banned in Ontario.Censored! Banning books is not a common practice in Canada at the current time. Canada (Minister of Justice) ==References== ==External links== *Forbidden Passages: Writings Banned in Canada, information at Toronto Public Library *, paperback print version *, online edition Category:1995 books Category:1990s LGBT literature Category:Book censorship Category:Censorship in Canada Category:Lambda Literary Award-winning works Category:Canadian anthologies Category:American anthologies Category:Non-fiction books about same-sex sexuality The book features pieces banned in Canada written by authors including: Kathy Acker, Dorothy Allison, Dennis Cooper, Marguerite Duras, bell hooks, John Preston and Jane Rule. ==Reception== ===Awards=== Forbidden Passages won the Lambda Literary Award in the Editor's Choice category at the 8th Lambda Literary Awards in 1996. The following articles contain lists of prohibited books: * Index Librorum Prohibitorum ** List of authors and works on the Index Librorum Prohibitorum * List of books banned by governments ** Book censorship in Canada ** Book censorship in China ** List of books banned in India ** Book censorship in Iran ** List of authors banned in Nazi Germany ** List of books banned in New Zealand ** Book censorship in the Republic of Ireland ** Book censorship in the United States ==See also== * Lists of banned books Banned books include fictional works such as novels, poems and plays and non-fiction works such as biographies and dictionaries. This article lists notable banned books and works, giving a brief context for the reason that each book was prohibited. As of 2016, the films are still banned in Quebec. ==See also== * List of banned films * Cinema of Canada * Film censorship ==References== * Banned Canada * List Canada Starting in 2021, there have been a considerable number of books banned or challenged in the United States. This is a short list of books once challenged by various libraries in Canada. A preface to the book by Patrick Califia argues strongly against the censorship by Canada. This was the last book ever banned by the US government. Despite the opposition from the American Library Association (ALA), books continue to be banned by school and public libraries across the United States. The bookstore was close to bankruptcy at the time subsequent to anti- pornography initiatives carried out by the Canadian government. ==Publication history== A paperback edition of Forbidden Passages was published by Cleis Press in 1995. Since there are a large number of banned books, some publishers have sought out to publish these books. It was one of 23 books banned there beginning in August 2008. Libraries sometimes avoid purchasing controversial books, and the personal opinions of librarians have at times affected book selection. ==Albania== Title Author(s) Year published Type Notes Përbindëshi (The Monster) (1965) Ismail Kadare 1965–1990 Novel Banned for 25 years in Albania. ==Argentina== Title Author(s) Year published Type Notes Lolita (1955) Vladimir Nabokov 1955 Novel Banned for being "obscene". ==Australia== Title Author(s) Year published Year Banned Year Unbanned Type Notes The Decameron Giovanni Boccaccio 1353 1927 1936 Story collection Banned in Australia from 1927 to 1936 and from 1938 to 1973. Only in Canada, Malcolm Dean, Virgo Press, 1981. 1931 Little Caesar Banned in Alberta, British Columbia, and Nova Scotia.Hollywood Censored, Gregory Black, 1994. 1937 The Life of Emile Zola Banned in Quebec. thumb|right|220px|A display of formerly banned books at a US library Banned books are books or other printed works such as essays or plays which are prohibited by law or to which free access is not permitted by other means. A number of authors whose works were banned spoke out.

James Joyce is banned in Canada

Very few books are still banned in Canada

The Beatles is banned in Canada

Many books are banned in Canada

Ulysses is banned in Canada

B

What are some books that remain banned in New Zealand?

Since Manhunt, several more games have been banned. === Book censorship === Book censorship has existed in New Zealand since at least 1858, when Customs regulations came into force that prohibited the importation of material that was considered indecent. , 1319 books have been banned and an additional 728 have been restricted in some way. ==Notable cases== ===1900–2000=== 1922 saw New Zealand experience its first and only attempt to prosecute someone for blasphemy. Book censorship has existed in New Zealand since the colonial period. This article contains lists of books, comics, librettos, and pamphlets that have had legal restrictions on importation, sale, possession, or exhibition in New Zealand. ==Before the Indecent Publications Tribunal (1841–1963)== The earliest New Zealand legislation solely for the purpose of censorship was the Offensive Publications Act 1892, although Customs regulations prohibiting the importation of indecent material had existed since 1858. 2017 Kokonotokoro Ishikei Doujinshi Office of Film and Literature Classification 2018 Banned for encouraging adults to regard children and young persons as appropriate subjects for sexual fantasy. ==See also== * Book censorship * Lists of banned books * Censorship in New Zealand * Indecent Publications Tribunal * Office of Film and Literature Classification ==Notes== ==References== ==Bibliography== * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * New Zealand Banned books New Zealand The book was referred to the Committee after its ban was queried by Associated Bookselleres of New Zealand. Over the years, New Zealand has gone through many iterations of censorship legislation. Term Term Chief Censor Chief Censor Legislation 1 – 128px William Jolliffe Cinematograph-film Censorship Act 1916 2 – 128px Walter Tanner Cinematograph Films Act 1928 3 – 128px W. A. von Keisenberg 4 – 128px Gordon Mirams 5 – 128px Douglas McIntosh Cinematograph Films Act 1976 6 – 128px Bernard Tunnicliffe 7 – 128px Arthur Everard Films Act 1983 8 – 128px Jane Wrightson 9 – 128px Kathryn Paterson Films, Videos, and Publications Classification Act 1993 10 – 128px Bill Hastings 11 – 128px Andrew Jack 12 – 128px David Shanks 12 – Incumbent 128px Caroline Flora ==See also== * Internet censorship in New Zealand * List of books banned in New Zealand ==References== ==Further reading== * ==External links== * Classification Office * Register of classification decisions * Censorship compliance at the Department of Internal Affairs All previous restrictions on books were lifted and the Indecent Publications Tribunal was created, the first organization in New Zealand whose primary purpose was book censorship. Before the Act, many books were banned solely on the basis that because consensual sex between men was a criminal offence in New Zealand, any publication that dealt with homosexuality was dealing with crime and was therefore indecent. New Zealand literature is literature, both oral and written, produced by the people of New Zealand. Much of New Zealand's significant non-fiction is historical in nature. The concept of a "New Zealand literature", as distinct from English literature, did not originate until the 20th century, when authors began exploring themes of landscape, isolation, and the emerging New Zealand national identity.. These iterations adapted New Zealand legislation to changing times, and moved censorship in New Zealand in a more liberal direction. It took time for a distinctly New Zealand literature to develop. This list of libraries in New Zealand includes libraries operated by territorial authorities, universities, central government and the private sector, as well as public and community libraries. A number of literary fellowships are available in New Zealand. Māori writers became more prominent in the latter half of the 20th century, and Māori language and culture have become an increasingly important part of New Zealand literature. The Act allowed for the re-submission of books or other media, and in doing so allowed New Zealand censors to adapt to changing times. Many New Zealand writers have obtained local and international renown over the years, including the short-story writers Katherine Mansfield, Frank Sargeson and Jacquie Sturm, novelists Janet Frame, Patricia Grace, Witi Ihimaera, Maurice Gee, Keri Hulme and Eleanor Catton, poets James K. Baxter, Fleur Adcock, Selina Tusitala Marsh and Hone Tuwhare, children's authors Margaret Mahy and Joy Cowley, historians Michael King and Judith Binney, and playwright Roger Hall. ==History== ===Early works: pre-1870=== Polynesian settlers began arriving in New Zealand in the late 13th or early 14th century, and became known as Māori developing a distinct culture, including oral myths, legends, poetry, songs (waiata), and prayers. Censorship in New Zealand has been present since around 1850 and is currently managed by the Classification Office under the Films, Videos, and Publications Classification Act 1993. This agency presides over censorship in New Zealand to this day. Early New Zealand books were generally narratives of visits and travel to New Zealand, such as A Narrative of a Nine Months' Residence in New Zealand in 1827 (1832) by Augustus Earle or Station Life in New Zealand (1870) by Mary Anne Barker, or scientific works such as The New Zealanders Illustrated, a rare book by natural history artist George French Angas (1847) and A History of the Birds of New Zealand (1872) by ornithologist Walter Buller.

Very few books are still banned in New Zealand

Ulysses is banned in New Zealand

Borstal Boy is banned in New Zealand

Lolita is banned in New Zealand

Balzac is banned in New Zealand

A

What books are still banned in California?

Starting in 2021, there have been a considerable number of books banned or challenged in the United States. The following articles contain lists of prohibited books: * Index Librorum Prohibitorum ** List of authors and works on the Index Librorum Prohibitorum * List of books banned by governments ** Book censorship in Canada ** Book censorship in China ** List of books banned in India ** Book censorship in Iran ** List of authors banned in Nazi Germany ** List of books banned in New Zealand ** Book censorship in the Republic of Ireland ** Book censorship in the United States ==See also== * Lists of banned books Banned books include fictional works such as novels, poems and plays and non-fiction works such as biographies and dictionaries. This article lists notable banned books and works, giving a brief context for the reason that each book was prohibited. Banning is a city in Riverside County, California, United States. It was one of 23 books banned there beginning in August 2008. This was the last book ever banned by the US government. Since there are a large number of banned books, some publishers have sought out to publish these books. A number of authors whose works were banned spoke out. thumb|right|220px|A display of formerly banned books at a US library Banned books are books or other printed works such as essays or plays which are prohibited by law or to which free access is not permitted by other means. LGBT in California can concerns the topics: * LGBT history in California * LGBT rights in California Adam Szetela of Newsweek opined that both the right and the left are "guilty" of banning books, citing the ban of To Kill a Mockingbird in California schools, Dr. Seuss' books being pulled from libraries and bookstores, and videos of liberals burning Harry Potter books. The American Library Association documented 1,269 demands of book censorship in 2022. Before the focus on critical race theory in 2020, the most commonly banned books had to do with LGBTQ inclusion. The judge dismissed the case a few months later in August. == See also == * Banned Books Week * Book censorship in the United States * Censorship of school curricula in the United States * Democratic backsliding in the United States * 2020s anti-LGBT movement in the United States * Katie Rinderle ==References== Category:2021 in American law Category:2022 in American law Category:2021 in literature Category:2022 in literature Category:21st-century American literature Category:Book censorship in the United States Category:2020s anti-LGBT movement in the United States The practice of banning books is a form of censorship, from political, legal, religious, moral, or (less often) commercial motives. Despite the opposition from the American Library Association (ALA), books continue to be banned by school and public libraries across the United States. No Limit 1931 1931 Banned in Riverside, California by the city's censor boards due to "notoriety." New York; Infobase Publishing, 2008 (p. 149) The Spanish Civil War Hugh Thomas 1961 Non-fiction Banned by censors of Francoist Spain for its negative depiction of the Nationalist Faction during the Civil War, and its critique of the Franco regime. Libraries sometimes avoid purchasing controversial books, and the personal opinions of librarians have at times affected book selection. ==Albania== Title Author(s) Year published Type Notes Përbindëshi (The Monster) (1965) Ismail Kadare 1965–1990 Novel Banned for 25 years in Albania. ==Argentina== Title Author(s) Year published Type Notes Lolita (1955) Vladimir Nabokov 1955 Novel Banned for being "obscene". ==Australia== Title Author(s) Year published Year Banned Year Unbanned Type Notes The Decameron Giovanni Boccaccio 1353 1927 1936 Story collection Banned in Australia from 1927 to 1936 and from 1938 to 1973. Banned Books in Australia – A Special Collections-Art in the Library Exhibition." Burns-Simpson also noted that banning the book does not just take away the words in the book, but the possibility for conversation about the concepts it raises.

The Beatles is banned in California

The Pentagon Papers are banned in California

Many books are banned in California

Lolita is banned in California

Very few books are still banned in California

E

What are some books that are still banned in Spain?

Banned books include fictional works such as novels, poems and plays and non-fiction works such as biographies and dictionaries. This article lists notable banned books and works, giving a brief context for the reason that each book was prohibited. The following articles contain lists of prohibited books: * Index Librorum Prohibitorum ** List of authors and works on the Index Librorum Prohibitorum * List of books banned by governments ** Book censorship in Canada ** Book censorship in China ** List of books banned in India ** Book censorship in Iran ** List of authors banned in Nazi Germany ** List of books banned in New Zealand ** Book censorship in the Republic of Ireland ** Book censorship in the United States ==See also== * Lists of banned books This is an index of lists of banned books, which contain books that have been banned or censored by religious authority or government. ==By country== * Book censorship in Canada * Book censorship in China * List of books banned in India * Book censorship in Iran * List of authors banned in Nazi Germany * List of books banned in New Zealand * Book censorship in the Republic of Ireland * Book censorship in the United States ==By religious authority== * List of authors and works on the Index Librorum Prohibitorum ==See also== * Book burning * List of book-burning incidents * Nazi book burnings * Burning of books and burying of scholars * Areopagitica; A speech of Mr. John Milton for the Liberty of Unlicenc'd Printing, to the Parlament of England * Index Librorum Prohibitorum * List of most commonly challenged books in the United States == References == Category:Lists of book lists Category:Lists of controversial books Category:Blacklisting Category:Lists of prohibited books From there, increases in publication was minor, as there was not enough interest nor state support to continue producing these books. == References == Category:Censorship in Spain Category:Francoist Spain Category:Human rights abuses in Spain El Filibusterismo Jose Rizal 1891 Novel Banned by Spanish colonial authorities in the Philippines due to being critical to the Spanish government. thumb|right|220px|A display of formerly banned books at a US library Banned books are books or other printed works such as essays or plays which are prohibited by law or to which free access is not permitted by other means. Given the prevalence of censorship, Francoist Spain was also marked by a robust culture of resistance of censorship. Censorship in Spain involves the suppression of speech or public communication and raises issues of freedom of speech. Censorship boards were founded in order to properly revise and censor foreign works entering Spain. 44) Works Voltaire 1727–1778 Novels, Plays, Non-fiction Voltaire's entire body of work was banned by the Bourbon Monarchy of Spain, after it was condemned by the Spanish Inquisition.David Thatcher Gies, The Cambridge history of Spanish literature New York : Cambridge University Press, 2009. (pg. 302) Works Vicente Blasco Ibáñez 1892–1928 Novels, Non-fiction All of Blasco Ibáñez's books were banned by the Franco government in 1939.Herbert Rutledge Southworth, Spanish Publishing in Exile. Homage to Catalonia George Orwell 1938 Non-fiction Banned in Francoist Spain for its support of the Republican faction during the Spanish Civil War.Alberto Lázaro, The Road from George Orwell : his achievement and legacy.Oxford : Peter Lang, 2001. Starting in 2021, there have been a considerable number of books banned or challenged in the United States. Banned in Yugoslavia by court order in 1984; republished in 2005. ==See also== * Censorship by country * Criticism of Amazon * Areopagitica: A speech of Mr John Milton for the liberty of unlicensed printing to the Parliament of England * Book burning * Burning of books and burying of scholars * Challenge (literature) * International Freedom of Expression Exchange * List of authors and works on the Index Librorum Prohibitorum * List of banned films * List of banned video games * List of book burning incidents ==References== ==Further reading== * Banned Books, 4 volumes, Facts on File Library of World Literature, 2006. New York; Infobase Publishing, 2008 (p. 149) The Spanish Civil War Hugh Thomas 1961 Non-fiction Banned by censors of Francoist Spain for its negative depiction of the Nationalist Faction during the Civil War, and its critique of the Franco regime. In response to government suppression, Spain saw an era that subsequently fostered a culture of resistance, expressed in various art forms. == Subject matter and agenda == === Literature === In Francoist Spain, repression of political and cultural liberalism was a primary motivator for censors editing various literary works. 96) The Hive Camilo José Cela 1950 Fiction Banned by censors of Francoist Spain." Aside from censorship of foreign ideology, symbols of Spanish identity, such as Catalonia, also became primary targets of censorship. The Death of Lorca Ian Gibson 1971 Biography Banned briefly in Spain.Assassination of Federico Garcia Lorca: Gibson, Ian – AbeBooks – 9780140064735: Courtyard Books BA. The Story of Ferdinand Munro Leaf 1936 Children's fiction Banned in Francoist Spain. Libraries sometimes avoid purchasing controversial books, and the personal opinions of librarians have at times affected book selection. ==Albania== Title Author(s) Year published Type Notes Përbindëshi (The Monster) (1965) Ismail Kadare 1965–1990 Novel Banned for 25 years in Albania. ==Argentina== Title Author(s) Year published Type Notes Lolita (1955) Vladimir Nabokov 1955 Novel Banned for being "obscene". ==Australia== Title Author(s) Year published Year Banned Year Unbanned Type Notes The Decameron Giovanni Boccaccio 1353 1927 1936 Story collection Banned in Australia from 1927 to 1936 and from 1938 to 1973. Some censors had alternative reasons for censoring literary works of foreign authors which was not motivated by Franco's ideology.

Many books are banned in Spain

Very few books are still banned in Spain

James Joyce is banned in Spain

George Orwell is banned in Spain

The Beatles is banned in Spain

B

What are examples of films that remain banned by British censors?

For nearly the entire history of film production, certain films have been banned by film censorship or review organizations for political or moral reasons or for controversial content, such as homosexuality. This is a non-exhaustive list of films that have been or are banned in Canada. ==List== Release Date Film Notes 1916 Damaged Goods Banned in Ontario.Censored! This is a list of films that have been or are banned in India. Such films have not been censored or have skipped censorship, such as being entered into overseas film festivals without being submitted for review, or having illegal content or process. __NOTOC__ This is a list of films that have been or are banned in Australia. == Rationale for banning == thumb|Symbol used to indicate refusal of classification by the Australian Classification Board Films that are banned in Australia have been considered to be offensive against the standards of morality, decency and propriety generally accepted by "reasonable adults" to the extent that they should not be classified. During the 1960s, many films were banned. Still banned [38] ==See also== *List of banned films *Cinema of Australia *Film censorship *Bushranger ban ==External links== *refused- classification.com — site with a frequently updated and far more comprehensive list of films and other media refused classification ==References== Category:Censorship in Australia Banned films Australia * Australia Banned This list details banned movies that are not allowed to be shown in cinemas, TV stations, or on the Internet in China because they are accused by the government of the People's Republic of China of violating relevant laws and regulations, or because of other political factors. All films are now unbanned. 1928–1941 (chronological) Dawn, Klondike Annie, Compulsory Hands, Applause, Cape Forlorn, All Quiet on the Western Front, Gang Bullets, and many more Various Creswell O'Reilly was hired as Chief Censor around this time, during which many films were banned. Nova Scotia censors banned the film, describing it as "obscene and blasphemous". In some theaters an edited version was allowed. ==See also== * List of books banned by governments * List of banned video games * Streisand effect ==Notes== ==References== ==External links== * A complete list of Finland's banned films until 1997 * Complete List of movies banned in India * List of banned films * Category:History of film * Still banned; however, the film has not been widely distributed worldwide. Films can be banned by the Australian Classification Board if they "depict, express or otherwise deal with matters of sex, drug misuse or addiction, crime, cruelty, violence or revolting or abhorrent phenomena in such a way that they offend against the standards of morality, decency and propriety generally accepted by reasonable adults to the extent that they should not be classified", "describe or depict in a way that is likely to cause offence to a reasonable adult, a person who is, or appears to be, a child under 18 (whether the person is engaged in sexual activity or not)", or "promote, incite or instruct in matters of crime or violence". In some countries, films are banned on a wide scale; these are not listed in this table. ==Afghanistan== Date Title Notes 1996–2001 2021–present All During the five-year reign of the Islamic Emirate government in Afghanistan, watching film or television was prohibited. It was the only European country at that time where the film was banned. The list also includes films whose release or production was or are blocked by the central or a state government, or by a legal institution. However, the authorities lifted the ban temporarily and the film was allowed to be screened. This scene was later cut, resulting in the film being unbanned in 2010 and released with a 12 rating. 1974–1984 Bástyasétány '74 (Bastion promenade '74) Banned for unclear reasons. 1983–1989 Dream Brigade Banned for being too radical. ==Iceland== Date Title Notes 1985–1999 The Texas Chain Saw Massacre (1974) Banned due to high level of violence; a censored version was later released. 1987 Nekromantik Banned due to its transgressive subject matter (including necrophilia) and audacious imagery. 1992 Cannibal Holocaust Banned due to very high impact violence and offensive depictions of both human and animal cruelty. As of 2016, the films are still banned in Quebec. ==See also== * List of banned films * Cinema of Canada * Film censorship ==References== * Banned Canada * List Canada After the distributor cut 170 seconds of close-ups on physical intimacy, including sexual intercourse, fingering, ejaculation, fellatio, and similar, the film was released in April 2016. ==Thailand== Date Title Notes 1956 The King and I (1956) Banned because could be construed as disrespectful towards the King of Thailand. 1999 Brokedown Palace Banned because of its negative portrayal of Thailand with narcotics smuggling – especially with the views of the Thai judicial system despite parts of the film shot on location by the second unit (the majority of the film was filmed in the Philippines). 1999 Anna and the King Banned because could be construed as disrespectful towards the King of Thailand. 2007 All the Boys Love Mandy Lane Banned due to violence. 2007 Halloween (2007 remake) Banned due to depictions of violence. 2008 Frontier(s) Banned due to violence. 2008 Funny Games Banned due to cruelty and violence. 2009 Zack and Miri Make a Porno Banned by the Ministry of Culture due to sexual content (characters showing how to make their own pornographic video; teens may try to mimic). 2010 Saw VI Banned due to pro-Thaksin protests and violence in Thailand. ==Tunisia== Date Title Notes 2022 Death on the Nile Banned because it features the Israeli actress Gal Gadot. ==Turkey== Date Title Notes 1969 Bir Çirkin Adam (An Ugly Man) Banned for its revelations of the social conditions in the country. 1979 Yorgun Savaşçı (The Tired Warrior) Banned because it was written by Kemal Tahir, who opposed the regime, and because the story casts doubt on the uniqueness of Kemal Atatürk's contribution to the struggle for the republic in the 1920s. 1987 Su da Yanar (Water Also Burns) Banned because it dealt with the banned communist poet Nazim Hikmet. 1988 The Last Temptation of Christ Banned for blasphemic themes. 2020 Cuties Banned because of imagery displaying child sexualization and exploitation. ==Uganda== Date Title Notes 1972–1979 All foreign films President Idi Amin banned all foreign films in 1972 on the grounds that they contained "imperialist propaganda". 2014 The Wolf of Wall Street Banned, like in most other African countries. ==Ukraine== Date Title Notes 2005 Hostel Banned because it depicts Eastern Europe as a region where people are tortured for money. This is a list of films that are or have been at one time or another banned in the United States; including films banned in some American cities or states. ==List== Film Release date Date(s) banned Reason The Birth of a Nation 1915 1915–1916 Banned in several American cities for its racist content and portrayal of the Ku Klux Klan, including Chicago, Las Vegas, Denver, Pittsburgh and St. Louis, and the states of Ohio, Kansas, and West Virginia, as well as "dozens" of other jurisdictions. Presumably unbanned at some point, as all films (except for The Silence, which is included on Ingmar Bergman's Faith Trilogy DVD, classified R18+) are now classified M. 1972 Pink Flamingos Offensive content (exploitation, sexual violence, incest, adult themes, animal cruelty) First banned in 1976.

The film The Exorcist remains banned in Britain

The film Texas Chainsaw Massacre remains banned in Britain

The Human Centipede was once banned in Britain, but not anymore

The film Mikey remains banned in Britain

Faces of Death remains banned in Britain

D

What are some movies still banned in Australia for being offensive?

__NOTOC__ This is a list of films that have been or are banned in Australia. == Rationale for banning == thumb|Symbol used to indicate refusal of classification by the Australian Classification Board Films that are banned in Australia have been considered to be offensive against the standards of morality, decency and propriety generally accepted by "reasonable adults" to the extent that they should not be classified. Still banned [38] ==See also== *List of banned films *Cinema of Australia *Film censorship *Bushranger ban ==External links== *refused- classification.com — site with a frequently updated and far more comprehensive list of films and other media refused classification ==References== Category:Censorship in Australia Banned films Australia * Australia Banned Films can be banned by the Australian Classification Board if they "depict, express or otherwise deal with matters of sex, drug misuse or addiction, crime, cruelty, violence or revolting or abhorrent phenomena in such a way that they offend against the standards of morality, decency and propriety generally accepted by reasonable adults to the extent that they should not be classified", "describe or depict in a way that is likely to cause offence to a reasonable adult, a person who is, or appears to be, a child under 18 (whether the person is engaged in sexual activity or not)", or "promote, incite or instruct in matters of crime or violence". Australia bans award-winning Swedish film Children's Island over child porn concerns The Sydney Morning Herald, 27 February 2014. 2019 Sexual content Banned due to an application filed by NSW Police. This is a list of films banned in Singapore. The film remains banned in Australia as of 6 June 2003 when the film was refused classification by the Australian Classification Board that day. 2010 A Serbian Film High-level sexual violence and graphic violence The ACB refused classification of the uncut version on 26 November 2010, and also to a 97-minute version. The list depicted below is of games that are either still banned, or were initially banned but have been edited exclusively for Australia. The film was banned from being played at the Perth International Film Festival. Below is a list and summary of video games that have been Refused Classification (banned) within Australia. == Overview == Under Australian law, all media intended for retail display, such as films, must be reviewed by the Australian Classification Board (ACB, formerly, the Office of Film and Literature Classification (OFLC) until its dissolution in 2006). This is a list of films banned in Malaysia, as they are viewed by the Malaysian government for violating relevant laws and regulations, or because of other political and religious factors. Later released uncensored with an MA15+ rating. ==See also== * Australian Classification Board * Australian Classification Review Board * List of banned video games * Censorship in Australia * Video gaming in Australia ==References== ==External links== * Official website of the Australian Classification Board * refused-classification.com, an exhaustive database of banned and censored media in Australia Video games Australia Video games banned in Australia Video games banned in Australia It also includes films that were previously banned but were eventually unbanned. == List == Date Film Notes 1971–2011 A Clockwork Orange Banned for over 30 years, before an attempt at release was made in 2006. A censored version was released on DVD after several years. 1973 The Exorcist Banned due to intense violence and cruelty. 1975 Jaws Banned originally, but was eventually passed for a VCD release and a long- delayed DVD release by Movie Master. 1977 Saturday Night Fever Banned by Cinema International Corporation's Paramount Malaysia division, reportedly because it was deemed to cause chaos in the community. 1979 Monty Python's Life of Brian Banned because of blasphemous content. 1980 Cannibal Holocaust Banned due to its extremely violent content and actual on-screen killings of animals. In some theaters an edited version was allowed. ==See also== * List of books banned by governments * List of banned video games * Streisand effect ==Notes== ==References== ==External links== * A complete list of Finland's banned films until 1997 * Complete List of movies banned in India * List of banned films * Category:History of film * Under pressure from the Western Australian government, the Australian Classification Board decided to ban this arthouse Belgian film for obscenity. However, the film had not completed its Singapore theatrical run when it was banned by the Malaysian Board of Film Censors, who found it "obscene" and "insulting to local cultures". With this in mind, it is legal to access films that are RC material via the internet, while personal ownership of films that are RC material is legal except in Western Australia and prescribed areas of the Northern Territory and/or if the films contain illegal content (i.e. child abuse material). == Banned films == Year Name Reason for banning History Current status Citation 1912 All films about bushranging, like The Tide of Death, for instance. Still banned https://www.classification.gov.au/titles/limmoralita 2021 Interspecies Reviewers: The Complete Series Child pornography concerns Originally rated MA15+ censored. All films are now unbanned, though their classification rating varies. 1931 The Blonde Captive Racial themes A Columbia Pictures film deemed to be prejudicial to Aboriginal Australians by the Australian government. The game is still banned in Australia, retaining the Refused Classification status. During the 1960s, many films were banned. All films are now unbanned. 1928–1941 (chronological) Dawn, Klondike Annie, Compulsory Hands, Applause, Cape Forlorn, All Quiet on the Western Front, Gang Bullets, and many more Various Creswell O'Reilly was hired as Chief Censor around this time, during which many films were banned.

Faces of Death is still banned in Australia

The film A Clockwork Orange is still banned in Australia

The film Children's Island is banned in Australia

Cannibal Holocaust

Children's Island was one banned in Australia, but the ban was lifted

C

What films are still illegal to show in France?

* Illegal films are defined in Interpretation of Regulations on the Administration of Movies as "films that have not been approved for public exhibition by the competent state administrative authorities," or "banned films" in the common sense. As of 2016, the films are still banned in Quebec. ==See also== * List of banned films * Cinema of Canada * Film censorship ==References== * Banned Canada * List Canada This list details banned movies that are not allowed to be shown in cinemas, TV stations, or on the Internet in China because they are accused by the government of the People's Republic of China of violating relevant laws and regulations, or because of other political factors. It was the only European country at that time where the film was banned. ==Child pornography== Child pornography is illegal in France. This is a non-exhaustive list of films that have been or are banned in Canada. ==List== Release Date Film Notes 1916 Damaged Goods Banned in Ontario.Censored! In 2000, the sexually explicit and violent film Baise- moi was initially rated only as "restricted" by the French government. In some theaters an edited version was allowed. ==See also== * List of books banned by governments * List of banned video games * Streisand effect ==Notes== ==References== ==External links== * A complete list of Finland's banned films until 1997 * Complete List of movies banned in India * List of banned films * Category:History of film * Some movies are forbidden to minors under 18, without the X-rating, like Baise-moi, Ken Park and Saw 3, so that these movies can be viewed in theaters and not attract VAT. ==Sexual abuse== The French pornography industry systematically uses violence against women. The film remains strictly prohibited in Norway. 2011 A Serbian Film Banned due to violation of criminal law sections 204a and 382 which deal with the sexual representation of children and extreme violence. Released after two years in a censored version. 1955–1980 Le Rendez-vous des quais Banned for representing dockers who refused to dispatch military supplies for use in the Indochina War. 1957–1975 Paths of Glory Banned in France for two decades because of its critical depiction of the French army during World War I. 1960 Le Petit Soldat Banned on political grounds; the ban was lifted in 1963 with re-editing. 1961 Tu ne tueras point Banned for two years because it depicts a soldier during World War II who has conscientious objections. 1965–1971 The Battle of Algiers Banned for six years because of its pro-Algerian and anticolonial message. 1965–1971 Det kære legetøj Banned for advocating pornography. 1972 Mais ne nous délivrez pas du mal Banned for its depiction of violence and sexuality involving adolescents. 1974–1977 The Texas Chain Saw Massacre Banned for its violent and sadistic content. 1977 Camp de Thiaroye Banned for criticizing the colonial system. 2000 Baise-Moi Banned from French cinema screens in 2000 after being given an X-rating. Such films have not been censored or have skipped censorship, such as being entered into overseas film festivals without being submitted for review, or having illegal content or process. For nearly the entire history of film production, certain films have been banned by film censorship or review organizations for political or moral reasons or for controversial content, such as homosexuality. This is a list of films that are or have been at one time or another banned in the United States; including films banned in some American cities or states. ==List== Film Release date Date(s) banned Reason The Birth of a Nation 1915 1915–1916 Banned in several American cities for its racist content and portrayal of the Ku Klux Klan, including Chicago, Las Vegas, Denver, Pittsburgh and St. Louis, and the states of Ohio, Kansas, and West Virginia, as well as "dozens" of other jurisdictions. In some countries, films are banned on a wide scale; these are not listed in this table. ==Afghanistan== Date Title Notes 1996–2001 2021–present All During the five-year reign of the Islamic Emirate government in Afghanistan, watching film or television was prohibited. 500px|thumb|right|World map of Pornography laws: Pornography in France is legal with restrictions. A law change in 2001 finally lifted the ban. 1988–2003 Child's Play Banned due to excessive graphic violence. ==France== Date Title Notes 1925–1953 Battleship Potemkin Banned due to fears that it could inspire revolution. 1930 L'Age d'Or Banned in Paris by the police prefect "in the name of public order." A prohibited film. This is the first Bollywood film to be banned in the UAE. 2014 Noah Banned for depicting the prophets. 2015 Fifty Shades of Grey Banned due to its sexual content. 2023 Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse Banned due to it containing frames which feature a transgender flag on which the phrase "Protect Trans Kids" is displayed. ==United Kingdom== ==United States== ==Vatican City== Date Title Notes 2006 The Da Vinci Code Banned because it was deemed inaccurate and offensive to Christians. ==Venezuela== Date Title Notes 1972 Last Tango in Paris Banned for its strong sexual content during the first presidency of Rafael Caldera. 1981 Ledezma, el caso Mamera Banned for exposing state corruption, as well as accused of being an apology for crime, and the director imprisoned; courts overturned both decisions. 2016 El Inca Pulled from cinemas and banned after a family injunction over the representation in the biopic; reportedly the first time a Venezuelan film has been banned in its country in 25 years. This scene was later cut, resulting in the film being unbanned in 2010 and released with a 12 rating. 1974–1984 Bástyasétány '74 (Bastion promenade '74) Banned for unclear reasons. 1983–1989 Dream Brigade Banned for being too radical. ==Iceland== Date Title Notes 1985–1999 The Texas Chain Saw Massacre (1974) Banned due to high level of violence; a censored version was later released. 1987 Nekromantik Banned due to its transgressive subject matter (including necrophilia) and audacious imagery. 1992 Cannibal Holocaust Banned due to very high impact violence and offensive depictions of both human and animal cruelty. That same month, the ICAA issued the rating certification and granted the Spanish nationality to the film. ==Sri Lanka== Date Title Notes 1975 Salò, or the 120 Days of Sodom Banned due to graphic violence and nudity. 2006 Aksharaya (Letter of Fire) Banned for dealing with issues of incest, murder, and rape. 2006 The Da Vinci Code Banned for religiously sensitive themes. 2021 Carnal Monsters Banned graphic nudity and violence. 2021 Necro Lesbians (Nekrology) Banned for dealing with issues of necrophilia and rape. ==Sweden== Date Title Notes 1969 I Am Curious (Yellow) Banned because of pornography, but after a court case it was allowed. 1974–2001 The Texas Chain Saw Massacre Banned due to high gore violence and cruelty. The TV series itself is also banned in the country.

The film Texas Chainsaw Massacre remains banned in France

The film The Exorcist remains banned in France

Very few films are still illegal to show in France

Cannibal Holocaust is banned in France

The film A Clockwork Orange remains banned in France

C

What are some movies still banned in Canada for being violent?

This is a non-exhaustive list of films that have been or are banned in Canada. ==List== Release Date Film Notes 1916 Damaged Goods Banned in Ontario.Censored! As of 2016, the films are still banned in Quebec. ==See also== * List of banned films * Cinema of Canada * Film censorship ==References== * Banned Canada * List Canada * The Hoax of the Twentieth Century * Lethal Marriage *Lolita *The Naked and the Dead *Mein Kampf *Cities of the Red Night *Peyton Place *The Turner Diaries *White Niggers of America ==See also== *Censorship in Canada *List of books banned by governments ==References== Category:Censorship in Canada Canada Untitled column, Calgary Herald, 21-04-71, https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=VWxkAAAAIBAJ&sjid;=Cn0NAAAAIBAJ&pg;=2962,2375889] 1971 A Clockwork Orange Alberta and Nova Scotia banned the film. Nova Scotia censors banned the film, describing it as "obscene and blasphemous". Available in Quebec from 1968 to 2013 with a "14+" rating and since 2013 with a "G" rating. 1963 Tom Jones Alberta banned the film. Passed with a Restricted rating after New World Mutual agreed to cut 40 seconds of violence. 1989-1993 Death Scenes Video series is banned in Nova Scotia. 1992 Dead Alive U.S unrated version banned in Ontario, however the heavily cut U.S R-rated version was approved with a Restricted rating. 1992 Tokyo Decadence Briefly banned in Ontario in early 1994. This list details banned movies that are not allowed to be shown in cinemas, TV stations, or on the Internet in China because they are accused by the government of the People's Republic of China of violating relevant laws and regulations, or because of other political factors. In some theaters an edited version was allowed. ==See also== * List of books banned by governments * List of banned video games * Streisand effect ==Notes== ==References== ==External links== * A complete list of Finland's banned films until 1997 * Complete List of movies banned in India * List of banned films * Category:History of film * __NOTOC__ This is a list of films that have been or are banned in Australia. == Rationale for banning == thumb|Symbol used to indicate refusal of classification by the Australian Classification Board Films that are banned in Australia have been considered to be offensive against the standards of morality, decency and propriety generally accepted by "reasonable adults" to the extent that they should not be classified. The controversy surrounding the ban and the film itself ultimately led to Saskatchewan disbanding its classification authority, handing classification of films over to the British Columbia Film Classification Office in a 1997 bilateral agreement. 2000 Baise-moi Banned in Ontario in 2000. The ban was repealed in 1995. 1978-1996 Faces of Death Series of mondo films banned in Ontario and British Columbia. 1979 Beneath the Valley of the Ultra-Vixens Banned in Nova Scotia. 1980 Caligula Banned by all provinces except Quebec, which gave it an 18+ rating. A softer version missing a lot of the gore was passed with a restricted rating after several cuts were made. 1984 Silent Night, Deadly Night Banned in Ontario in 1987. 1985 Day of the Dead Banned in Ontario and the Maritimes, with a cut, 97 minute version passed in Ontario. Films can be banned by the Australian Classification Board if they "depict, express or otherwise deal with matters of sex, drug misuse or addiction, crime, cruelty, violence or revolting or abhorrent phenomena in such a way that they offend against the standards of morality, decency and propriety generally accepted by reasonable adults to the extent that they should not be classified", "describe or depict in a way that is likely to cause offence to a reasonable adult, a person who is, or appears to be, a child under 18 (whether the person is engaged in sexual activity or not)", or "promote, incite or instruct in matters of crime or violence". All films are now unbanned, though their classification rating varies. 1931 The Blonde Captive Racial themes A Columbia Pictures film deemed to be prejudicial to Aboriginal Australians by the Australian government. The 101-minute version has also been granted an R rating in the Maritimes. 1986 Killer Party Banned in Ontario. 1986 Blue Velvet Banned by the New Brunswick Film Classification Board. During the 1960s, many films were banned. Still banned [38] ==See also== *List of banned films *Cinema of Australia *Film censorship *Bushranger ban ==External links== *refused- classification.com — site with a frequently updated and far more comprehensive list of films and other media refused classification ==References== Category:Censorship in Australia Banned films Australia * Australia Banned Available in Quebec since 1994 with a "G" rating. 1953 The Wild One Alberta, British Columbia, and Quebec banned the film. Only in Canada, Malcolm Dean, Virgo Press, 1981. 1931 Little Caesar Banned in Alberta, British Columbia, and Nova Scotia.Hollywood Censored, Gregory Black, 1994. 1937 The Life of Emile Zola Banned in Quebec. This is a list of films that are or have been at one time or another banned in the United States; including films banned in some American cities or states. ==List== Film Release date Date(s) banned Reason The Birth of a Nation 1915 1915–1916 Banned in several American cities for its racist content and portrayal of the Ku Klux Klan, including Chicago, Las Vegas, Denver, Pittsburgh and St. Louis, and the states of Ohio, Kansas, and West Virginia, as well as "dozens" of other jurisdictions. This scene was later cut, resulting in the film being unbanned in 2010 and released with a 12 rating. 1974–1984 Bástyasétány '74 (Bastion promenade '74) Banned for unclear reasons. 1983–1989 Dream Brigade Banned for being too radical. ==Iceland== Date Title Notes 1985–1999 The Texas Chain Saw Massacre (1974) Banned due to high level of violence; a censored version was later released. 1987 Nekromantik Banned due to its transgressive subject matter (including necrophilia) and audacious imagery. 1992 Cannibal Holocaust Banned due to very high impact violence and offensive depictions of both human and animal cruelty.

The film A Clockwork Orange is still banned in Canada for violence

Very few films are banned in Canada for being violent

The film Texas Chainsaw Massacre is still banned in Canada for being violent

The film The Exorcist is still banned in Canada for violence

Cannibal Holocaust is still banned in Canada for violence

B

What are some videogames that were banned in New Zealand?

Currently, the ban has been lifted. ==New Zealand== In New Zealand, games are classified by the country's Office of Film and Literature Classification. Family First New Zealand have called for the banning of violent video games, most notably Grand Theft Auto IV. Since Manhunt, several more games have been banned. === Book censorship === Book censorship has existed in New Zealand since at least 1858, when Customs regulations came into force that prohibited the importation of material that was considered indecent. , 1319 books have been banned and an additional 728 have been restricted in some way. ==Notable cases== ===1900–2000=== 1922 saw New Zealand experience its first and only attempt to prosecute someone for blasphemy. The list depicted below is of games that are either still banned, or were initially banned but have been edited exclusively for Australia. This is a list of video games that have been censored or banned by governments of various states in the world. In addition, some degree of self censorship has been practiced by the NZ video game industry. In 2007, following the decision of the governments of the United Kingdom and Ireland, the Minister of Communications Paolo Gentiloni publicly expressed the desire to ban the distribution of Manhunt 2 in Italy, due to the gratuitous violence and excessive cruelty in the video game, but the ban was never put into practice. ==Japan== Video games are rarely banned in Japan, and it holds the place as one of the top video game producers in the world."Game over? Due to the licensing of the International Age Rating Coalition software for developers to rate their own game, several hundred games have been banned from various app stores and due to said games being relatively minor they will not be listed here. == List of video games refused classification == === Current === The list below includes games where the worldwide edition has been banned for sale in Australia because either the game has been refused classification or a classification has been revoked. Numerous video games have been banned from Australia due to receiving an RC rating. Following the discovery of an incomplete sex minigame that was not included in the final game but was still present in the game's code and could be accessed using a modification or cheating device, Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas was re-rated Adults Only and recalled by Rockstar Games, in favor of a new revision of the game that omitted the offending content entirely and carried the original Mature rating. ==Ukraine== Mortal Kombat 11 is banned in Ukraine due to high-impact blood and gore and depictions of communist symbolism, which is banned per Ukrainian law. ==Uzbekistan== Authorities in Uzbekistan banned a number of games over concerns that they could be "used to propagate violence, pornography, threaten security and social and political stability", most notably first-person shooters such as Call of Duty: Black Ops and Doom, horror games like Silent Hill and Resident Evil, Mortal Kombat and even relatively non-violent simulations such as The Sims. This filtering only applies if the user received Internet service from an ISP who has elected to participate in the filtering. ===Video games=== Video games in New Zealand are subject to censorship under the 1993 Act. As of April 2019, after implementing a new mandatory local rating and approval system, any and all games containing depictions of violence, blood, gambling and imperial history are de facto banned from all accessible platforms in the nation (unless otherwise changed to comply with local standards). Manhunt 2 was banned for "gross, unrelenting and gratuitous violence", but the ban was later lifted and the game was given a PEGI 18 rating."Manhunt 2 Video Game Prohibited." Later released uncensored with an MA15+ rating. ==See also== * Australian Classification Board * Australian Classification Review Board * List of banned video games * Censorship in Australia * Video gaming in Australia ==References== ==External links== * Official website of the Australian Classification Board * refused-classification.com, an exhaustive database of banned and censored media in Australia Video games Australia Video games banned in Australia Video games banned in Australia Term Term Chief Censor Chief Censor Legislation 1 – 128px William Jolliffe Cinematograph-film Censorship Act 1916 2 – 128px Walter Tanner Cinematograph Films Act 1928 3 – 128px W. A. von Keisenberg 4 – 128px Gordon Mirams 5 – 128px Douglas McIntosh Cinematograph Films Act 1976 6 – 128px Bernard Tunnicliffe 7 – 128px Arthur Everard Films Act 1983 8 – 128px Jane Wrightson 9 – 128px Kathryn Paterson Films, Videos, and Publications Classification Act 1993 10 – 128px Bill Hastings 11 – 128px Andrew Jack 12 – 128px David Shanks 12 – Incumbent 128px Caroline Flora ==See also== * Internet censorship in New Zealand * List of books banned in New Zealand ==References== ==Further reading== * ==External links== * Classification Office * Register of classification decisions * Censorship compliance at the Department of Internal Affairs Over the years, New Zealand has gone through many iterations of censorship legislation. Between 2001 and 2021, no video games were officially banned in Afghanistan, except for PlayerUnknown's Battlegrounds. Dead Island and Dead Island: Riptide Both banned likely due to "extreme depictions of violence and scantily-clad game characters". Dead Island and Dead Island: Riptide Both banned likely due to "extreme depictions of violence and scantily-clad game characters". In 2003 Manhunt became the first video game to be banned by the Office. This article contains lists of books, comics, librettos, and pamphlets that have had legal restrictions on importation, sale, possession, or exhibition in New Zealand. ==Before the Indecent Publications Tribunal (1841–1963)== The earliest New Zealand legislation solely for the purpose of censorship was the Offensive Publications Act 1892, although Customs regulations prohibiting the importation of indecent material had existed since 1858. The ban was condemned and ridiculed for taking precedence over more important societal issues and a waste of time and effort. ==See also== * Video game controversies * List of regionally censored video games * List of recalled video games * List of banned films * List of books banned by governments * List of controversial video games ==References== Banned computer and video games * Video games Video games

The Manhunt and Grand Theft Auto games were banned in New Zealand

Carmageddon was banned in New Zealand

Wolfenstein 3D was banned in New Zealand

Manhunt and Postal 2 were banned in New Zealand

Grand Theft Auto was banned in New Zealand

D

What are some activities that are totally legal in the Netherlands?

Prostitution in the Netherlands is legal and regulated. There are five different types of medical cannabis in the Netherlands; the fifth contains Cannabidiol and almost no Tetrahydrocannabinol. ==See also== * Drug policy of the Netherlands ==References== == External links == * While recreational use, possession and trade of non-medicinal drugs described by the Opium Law are all technically illegal under Dutch law, official policy since the late 20th century has been to openly tolerate all recreational use while tolerating the other two under certain circumstances. right|thumb|Cannabis coffee shop in Amsterdam, Netherlands Cannabis in the Netherlands is illegal, but is decriminalised for personal use. This genuine Dutch policy of tolerating formally illegal activities for harm reduction purposes has been and still is also applied towards illegal drugs in the Netherlands. 500px|thumb|right|World map of Pornography laws: Pornography in the Netherlands has been legal since 1985. == Current legislation == The creation, spreading, broadcasting and ownership of pornography are legal in the Netherlands. The Netherlands is a major producer and leading distributor of cannabis, heroin, cocaine, amphetamines and other synthetic drugs, and a medium consumer of illicit drugs. Cannabis remains a controlled substance in the Netherlands and both possession and production for personal use are still misdemeanors, punishable by fines. European Legal Map on Possession of cannabis for personal use * Explanation of the Dutch drugs policy for tourist * 2000-2001 Progress Report on the Drug Policy of the Netherlands (PDF) * Article on Amsterdam drug scene * NL Planet - Dutch Soft Drugs Policy * "Gedogen" - active Dutch tolerance. This pragmatic approach was motivated by the idea that a drug-free Dutch society is unrealistic and unattainable, and efforts would be better spent trying to minimize harm caused by recreational drug use.Drugs en Beleid ("Drugs and Policy"), Trimbos instituut As a result of this gedoogbeleid (lit. "tolerance policy" or "policy of tolerance"), the Netherlands is typically seen as much more tolerant of drugs than most other countries.Amsterdam for tourists: What's legal?, CNN Travel Legal distinctions are made in the Opium Law between drugs with a low risk of harm and/or addiction, called 'soft drugs', and drugs with a high risk of harm and/or addiction, called 'hard drugs'. Opponents of the Dutch drug policy either call for full legalization, or argue that laws should penalize morally wrong or deviant behavior, whether enforceable or not. Recreational consumption of the drug is tolerated, and it is available in coffeeshops. ==Prohibition== Cannabis was first criminalised in the Netherlands in 1953, following earlier laws against its import and export in 1928. A. de Graaf Stichting 2000 ==External links== * Prostitution Information Centre (PIC), Amsterdam * SekswerkExpertise, Platform for the improvement of the position of sex workers * Amsterdam XXX | The Walletjes, a comprehensive guide to Amsterdam that includes prostitution discussion and reviews for the Netherlands * Amsterdam.info: Prostitution in Amsterdam * Amsterdam Hotspots (some information on the Amsterdam Red Light district) * De Rode Draad Fighting for the rights and welfare of all sex workers * Radio Netherlands: FAQ – Prostitution in the Netherlands, 18 Sep 2009 * Regels betreffende de regulering van prostitutie en betreffende het bestrijden van misstanden in de seksbranche (Wet regulering prostitutie en bestrijding misstanden seksbranche); Memorie van toelichting Proposal 32-2111 (Laws regulating prostitution and abuse in the sex industry) Category:Society of the Netherlands Category:Law of the Netherlands Cannabis was banned much earlier in the Dutch colony of Suriname, in the early part of the 20th century, and in Dutch Indonesia in 1927. ==Loosening== In 1972, the Dutch government divided drugs into more- and less-dangerous categories, with cannabis being in the lesser category. Prostitution itself was not prohibited. === 20th century: toleration and eventual legalization === Until the 1970s, prostitutes in the Netherlands were predominantly white lower-class women from the Netherlands, Belgium, France, and Northern Germany. The former minister of Justice Piet Hein Donner announced in June 2007 that cultivation of cannabis shall continue to be illegal. == Non-enforcement == The drug policy of the Netherlands is marked by its distinguishing between so called soft and hard drugs. Prostitution in the Dutch Caribbean (Aruba, Bonaire, Curaçao, Saba, Sint Eustatius, and Sint Maarten) is legal and regulated. (See drug policy of the Netherlands.) Prior to 2010, producing pornography with animals was not explicitly illegal in the Netherlands. Prostitution in Suriname is illegal but widespread and the laws are rarely enforced. According to a road map for relaxing of anti-Corona-measures taken by the Dutch government, the reopening of brothels in the Netherlands was supposed to take place in September 2020.Moving step by step towards more freedom in public life announcement found on official website of Dutch government, retrieved 25 June 2020 (This weblink could soon disappear, due to updating)Amsterdam’s red light zone stays shut as rest of city edges open New York Times, 3 June 2020, article hidden behind subscription wall, retrieved 25 June 2020 In a later press conference, on 24 June 2020, with prime minister Mark Rutte and minister of public health Hugo de Jonge, it was announced that prostitution will be made legal again in the Netherlands starting 1 July 2020.Sex workers, sports clubs and schools welcome lockdown easing, but cafes and culture disappointed Dutch News, weblog in English, retrieved 25 June 2020 Since Belgium lifted the ban on prostitution from 8 June 2020 and since the Belgian border reopened on 15 June 2020, both sex workers and customers had started travelling to their southern neighbour Belgium. The United States Department of State Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons ranks the Netherlands as a 'Tier 1' country. ==See also== * Prostitution in the Dutch Caribbean ==References== ==Sources== * Kuisheid voor mannen, vrijheid voor vrouwen (1997), Petra de Vries (Chastity for men, freedom for women) * Mobiliteit in de Nederlandse prostitutie 1998–1999 (Mobility in Dutch prostitution 1998–1999) * Nghiệp đoàn mại dâm Amsterdam chống giảm giờ làm ăn, in Vietnamese (Amsterdam sex workers union against reduced business hours) * Prostitutie naar een illegaal en onzichtbaar circuit?

Cannabis and soft drugs are legal

Soft drugs are totally legal in the Netherlands

Prostitution and euthanasia are legal in the Netherlands (although there are some restrictions)

Weed is legal in the Netherlands

Prostitution, drugs, and euthanasia are legal in the Netherlands (although there are some restrictions)

C

What are some activities that are completely legal in Germany?

The above-mentioned Pascha brothel in Cologne reserves one entire floor for male and transgender prostitutes. == Legal situation == Prostitution is legal in Germany. right|thumb|300px|Hanflabyrinth in Berlin, 2009 Cannabis in Germany is legal for certain limited medical contexts, but illegal for recreational usage, though possession of minor amounts is not always prosecuted. BR.de 01.08.2014 The court ruled that a general prohibition of prostitution infringed a basic right to choose one's occupation, as laid down in the 2002 Prostitution Act. === Health === Annual health checks for prostitutes are mandated by law in Germany. Prostitutes moved freely around the unified Germany. ==Law== Until 1968, under § 361 para. 6 of the Criminal Code, prostitution was prohibited near churches, schools and child and youth facilities. thumb|220px|A German prostitute's self-portrait in a brothel Prostitution in Germany is legal, as are other aspects of the sex industry, including brothels, advertisement, and job offers through HR companies. Germany prohibits all forms of trafficking; trafficking for commercial sexual exploitation is criminalized in Section 232 of its Penal Code, and forced labor is criminalized under Section 233. 500px|thumb|right|World map of Pornography laws: Pornography in Germany is legal with the exception of violent, animal or child pornography. Prostitution, State and Society in Imperial Germany. Generally access to prostitutes was random or through acquaintances and informal contacts. ==See also== * Prostitution in Germany ==References== ==Bibliography== * * * * * * * German Democratic Republic German Democratic Republic Under German law, the consumption itself of narcotics is not illegal: legally speaking, it is considered as non-punishable self-harm. An Examination of Changing Patterns of Prostitution in Germany Since Unification. Germany is a European source, point of transit, organization and destination country for women, children, and men subjected to trafficking in persons, specifically forced prostitution and forced labor. As long as brothels are not allowed to open, prostitution will continue to take place outside the brothels. == Extent of prostitution and associated issues == Studies in the early 1990s estimated that about 50,000–200,000 women and some men did sex work in Germany.B. Leopold, E. Steffan, N. Paul: Dokumentation zur rechtlichen und sozialen Situation von Prostitutierten in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, Schriftenreihe des Bundesministeriums für Frauen und Jugend, Band 15, 1993. This form of prostitution, which was mentioned in the rationale of the 2002 prostitution law as providing good working conditions for the women workers, exists all over Germany, Austria and parts of the Netherlands, but mainly in the Rhein-Ruhrgebiet and in the area around Frankfurt am Main. In Berlin prostitution is allowed everywhere, and Hamburg allows street prostitution near the Reeperbahn during certain times of the day. This law also applies to Germans traveling abroad, to combat child prostitution occurring in the context of sex tourism. === Municipal regulation === The first city in Germany to introduce an explicit prostitution tax was Cologne. After German reunification prostitution became legal. In Leipzig, street prostitution is forbidden almost everywhere, and the city even has a local law allowing police to fine customers who solicit prostitution in public. Prostitutes from EU countries are not prohibited from traveling to and working in Germany. In 2016 and 2017 many of the proposals were brought into law. == See also == *History of Germany *Regulated prostitution ==References== == Bibliography == * *Richard J. Evans. (Brothels are classed as entertainment venues in Germany.) Akin to many other countries, child pornography in Germany is illegal.

Marijuana is legal in Germany

Prostitution is legal in Germany (although there are some restrictions)

Soft drugs are completely legal in Germany

Weed is legal in Germany

Drugs are legal in Germany (although there are some restrictions)

B

Are there still books that are banned by the law in England? What are they?

There are instances of books which were at one time banned in Ireland subsequently not only having the ban overturned but the books in question becoming required reading on the Leaving Certificate syllabus, e.g., Salinger's Catcher in the Rye (banned in October 1951). In 2010 it was announced that, as the last book had been banned in 1998, no books were currently banned in Ireland as the 12-year limitation had run out on all existing bans. Strict censorship has since ceased, and virtually all books banned have been unbanned. Banned books include fictional works such as novels, poems and plays and non-fiction works such as biographies and dictionaries. Book censorship in India has existed at least since the British period, and several books remain banned by the central and state governments. This is an index of lists of banned books, which contain books that have been banned or censored by religious authority or government. ==By country== * Book censorship in Canada * Book censorship in China * List of books banned in India * Book censorship in Iran * List of authors banned in Nazi Germany * List of books banned in New Zealand * Book censorship in the Republic of Ireland * Book censorship in the United States ==By religious authority== * List of authors and works on the Index Librorum Prohibitorum ==See also== * Book burning * List of book-burning incidents * Nazi book burnings * Burning of books and burying of scholars * Areopagitica; A speech of Mr. John Milton for the Liberty of Unlicenc'd Printing, to the Parlament of England * Index Librorum Prohibitorum * List of most commonly challenged books in the United States == References == Category:Lists of book lists Category:Lists of controversial books Category:Blacklisting Category:Lists of prohibited books Book censorship was carried out in several instances in Ireland between 1929 and 1998, with all remaining bans from that period having expired by 2010. The following articles contain lists of prohibited books: * Index Librorum Prohibitorum ** List of authors and works on the Index Librorum Prohibitorum * List of books banned by governments ** Book censorship in Canada ** Book censorship in China ** List of books banned in India ** Book censorship in Iran ** List of authors banned in Nazi Germany ** List of books banned in New Zealand ** Book censorship in the Republic of Ireland ** Book censorship in the United States ==See also== * Lists of banned books United Kingdom has taken many forms of censorship throughout the history of the country, with either various stringent and lax laws in place at different times, especially concerning British cinema, entertainment venues, literature, the monarchy and the press. This article lists notable banned books and works, giving a brief context for the reason that each book was prohibited. thumb|right|220px|A display of formerly banned books at a US library Banned books are books or other printed works such as essays or plays which are prohibited by law or to which free access is not permitted by other means. Lord Horror David Britton 1990 1991 1992 Novel Banned in England in 1991 where it was found obscene; it is currently the last book to be banned in the UK. Since there are a large number of banned books, some publishers have sought out to publish these books. The sinister fact about literary censorship > in England is that it is largely voluntary. Books containing references to terrorism or which could be considered slander under Irish law can still be banned – one will not be prosecuted for owning or importing them, but their sale is prohibited. However, the laws remained on the statute books and a book was banned again in 2016. The practice of banning books is a form of censorship, from political, legal, religious, moral, or (less often) commercial motives. Banned in Yugoslavia by court order in 1984; republished in 2005. ==See also== * Censorship by country * Criticism of Amazon * Areopagitica: A speech of Mr John Milton for the liberty of unlicensed printing to the Parliament of England * Book burning * Burning of books and burying of scholars * Challenge (literature) * International Freedom of Expression Exchange * List of authors and works on the Index Librorum Prohibitorum * List of banned films * List of banned video games * List of book burning incidents ==References== ==Further reading== * Banned Books, 4 volumes, Facts on File Library of World Literature, 2006. It was one of 23 books banned there beginning in August 2008. However, the ban is no longer enforced and has been recently lifted.Karolides Goat Days Benyamin & Joseph Koyippally 2008 Novel == United Kingdom == Title Author(s) Year published Year Banned Year Unbanned Type Notes Areopagitica John Milton 1644 1644 1695 Essay Banned in the Kingdom of England for political reasons.Karolides et al., pp. 16–20 Rights of Man Thomas Paine 1791 1792 Political theory Banned in the UK and author charged with treason for supporting the French Revolution. Many countries throughout the world have their own methods of restricting access to books, although the prohibitions vary strikingly from one country to another. Despite the opposition from the American Library Association (ALA), books continue to be banned by school and public libraries across the United States.

Yes, the Beatles is banned in England

Yes, Lolita is banned in England

Yes, James Joyce is banned in England

Yes, books by Joyce, Burroughs and Genet are banned in England

No, very few books (if any) are still banned in England

E

Where do people smoke more on average than in Russia?

Smoking rates in rural areas tend to be higher than in city areas. ==Cigarette consumption == This list is biased for some of the countries with the highest consumption, such as Andorra, Luxembourg and Belgium. There are large regional differences in smoking rates. Smoking in Latvia is common, with a rate higher than the OECD average, and Latvian men are among the heaviest smokers in the European Union. China Daily. http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/life/2009-12/11/content_9161633.htm ===Comparison to other populations=== Smoking rates among Chinese male physicians are comparable to the country's general population, although overall physician rates are lower. It's a decrease from a rate of one in three in 2000, but the national rate is still considerably higher than the international average. === Men and women === Smoking is particularly common among adult men; more than half smoke regularly, one of the highest rates in the OECD. thumb|Percentages of smoking adult population in Finland, Norway, USA, Japan and the Netherlands in 2011 In Finland, the smoking figures are among the lowest in Europe. After Greece, France and Bulgaria have the next largest number of smokers with 36%. "China was found to be one of the countries with the highest male-to- female ratio of smoking prevalence": 74% of males and 8% of females were smokers. More than 80% of all smokers now live in countries with low or middle incomes, and 60% in just 10 countries, a list headed by China.WCR, pp. 82–83. Smoking in Greece was at the highest rate of tobacco consumption (more than 40%) in the European Union in 2010. While smoking rates have stagnated or decreased in developed nations, the tobacco consumption in developing nations is increasing, especially among men. China also remains one of the three leading countries (along with India and the United States) in total number of female smokers, although these three countries accounted for only 27.3% of the world's female smokers, indicating that the tobacco epidemic is less geographically concentrated for women than for men. == Smoking culture in China == Other than a nicotine product, cigarettes in China include different meanings. thumb|500px|Number of cigarettes smoked per person per year This is a list of countries by tobacco consumption and cigarette consumption per capita. While the overall smoking rate in Latvia has decreased in recent years, it is considered a significant factor in the country's significant health challenges, particularly with regard to preventable diseases such as heart disease, diabetes, and cancer. == Smoking rates by demographic == 22.6% of Latvians smoke regularly. One in four Latvians smoke, as compared to one in five in the rest of the European Union. In 2014, Greece had the highest rate of smoking in the European Union. Smoking in China is prevalent, as the People's Republic of China is the world's largest consumer and producer of tobacco: there are 350 million Chinese smokers, and China produces 42% of the world's cigarettes. The smoking rate among adults in Finland in 2009 stood at 18.6%, lower than the OECD average of 22.3%. Chinese physicians have a substantially higher smoking prevalence than doctors in the United States (3.3%) or United Kingdom (6.8%). China remains one of the three leading countries (along with India and Indonesia) in total number of male smokers, accounted for 51.4% of the world's male smokers in 2015. However, smoking rates overall have decreased considerably in recent years, due in part to a range of policies aimed at reducing the smoking rate in recent years, including taxation, tobacco labelling, public health campaigns, a ban on tobacco advertising, and a ban on smoking in most public places. === Young people === Latvia has a higher prevalence of smoking tobacco in children than many other European countries. Smoking in Korea can refer to: *Smoking in North Korea *Smoking in South Korea Korea Category:Health in Korea Category:Society of Korea

People smoke more on average in the United States than in Russia

People smoke more on average in France than in Russia

People smoke more on average in Bulgaria and Greece than in Russia

United States

D

What's a country where people smoke more on average than the French?

Smoking rates in rural areas tend to be higher than in city areas. ==Cigarette consumption == This list is biased for some of the countries with the highest consumption, such as Andorra, Luxembourg and Belgium. China Daily. http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/life/2009-12/11/content_9161633.htm ===Comparison to other populations=== Smoking rates among Chinese male physicians are comparable to the country's general population, although overall physician rates are lower. thumb|right|425px|Smokers as a percentage of the population for the United States as compared with the Netherlands, Norway, Japan, and Finland. China also remains one of the three leading countries (along with India and the United States) in total number of female smokers, although these three countries accounted for only 27.3% of the world's female smokers, indicating that the tobacco epidemic is less geographically concentrated for women than for men. == Smoking culture in China == Other than a nicotine product, cigarettes in China include different meanings. After Greece, France and Bulgaria have the next largest number of smokers with 36%. More than 80% of all smokers now live in countries with low or middle incomes, and 60% in just 10 countries, a list headed by China.WCR, pp. 82–83. There are large regional differences in smoking rates. thumb|500px|Number of cigarettes smoked per person per year This is a list of countries by tobacco consumption and cigarette consumption per capita. Smoking in Latvia is common, with a rate higher than the OECD average, and Latvian men are among the heaviest smokers in the European Union. It's a decrease from a rate of one in three in 2000, but the national rate is still considerably higher than the international average. === Men and women === Smoking is particularly common among adult men; more than half smoke regularly, one of the highest rates in the OECD. "China was found to be one of the countries with the highest male-to- female ratio of smoking prevalence": 74% of males and 8% of females were smokers. While smoking rates have stagnated or decreased in developed nations, the tobacco consumption in developing nations is increasing, especially among men. Smoking in China is prevalent, as the People's Republic of China is the world's largest consumer and producer of tobacco: there are 350 million Chinese smokers, and China produces 42% of the world's cigarettes. Smoking in Greece was at the highest rate of tobacco consumption (more than 40%) in the European Union in 2010. According to research, developing countries have the highest rate of tobacco use. China remains one of the three leading countries (along with India and Indonesia) in total number of male smokers, accounted for 51.4% of the world's male smokers in 2015. China is the world's most populated country, and is also the leading country in the cigarette industry. As of 2014, cigarettes were smoked by over 1 billion people, nearly 20% of the world's population then. In 2014, Greece had the highest rate of smoking in the European Union. Chinese physicians have a substantially higher smoking prevalence than doctors in the United States (3.3%) or United Kingdom (6.8%). One in four Latvians smoke, as compared to one in five in the rest of the European Union. While the overall smoking rate in Latvia has decreased in recent years, it is considered a significant factor in the country's significant health challenges, particularly with regard to preventable diseases such as heart disease, diabetes, and cancer. == Smoking rates by demographic == 22.6% of Latvians smoke regularly.

People smoke more in the United States than France

People smoke more on average in Canada than in France

People smoke more on average in Russia, Bulgaria and Greece than the French

United States

People smoke more on average in the United States than in France

C

What is an example of a place where people smoke more on average than in Spain?

Smoking rates in rural areas tend to be higher than in city areas. ==Cigarette consumption == This list is biased for some of the countries with the highest consumption, such as Andorra, Luxembourg and Belgium. There are large regional differences in smoking rates. Despite a general decline in smoking prevalence, the rate among women nearly doubled from 1991 to 2011, with 55% of women smokers belonging to the 15–34 age group. === Spain === According to the 2017 National Health Survey 22.1% of the population above the age of 15 reports smoking daily, 2.3% declares smoking occasionally, 24.9% reports being ex-smokers and 50,7% never smoked. Smoking in Greece was at the highest rate of tobacco consumption (more than 40%) in the European Union in 2010. It's a decrease from a rate of one in three in 2000, but the national rate is still considerably higher than the international average. === Men and women === Smoking is particularly common among adult men; more than half smoke regularly, one of the highest rates in the OECD. In Western countries, smoking is more prevalent among populations with mental health problems, with alcohol and drug problems, among criminals, and among the homeless. After Greece, France and Bulgaria have the next largest number of smokers with 36%. More than 80% of all smokers now live in countries with low or middle incomes, and 60% in just 10 countries, a list headed by China.WCR, pp. 82–83. Rates of smoking have leveled off or declined in the developed world. At the same time however, smokers in 2001 had a significantly higher proportion of smoking 1 to 10 cigarettes daily compared with 1985 (18.6% to 31.1%). China Daily. http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/life/2009-12/11/content_9161633.htm ===Comparison to other populations=== Smoking rates among Chinese male physicians are comparable to the country's general population, although overall physician rates are lower. As of 2022, a total of 11.2% of U.S. adults (11.7% of men and 10.8% of women) smoke. ==See also== *List of countries by cigarette consumption per capita ==References== ==External links== *WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic, 2009: Surveys of adult tobacco use in WHO Member States * * *Smoking Proves Hard to Shake Among the Poor Category:Smoking Category:Tobacco While smoking rates have stagnated or decreased in developed nations, the tobacco consumption in developing nations is increasing, especially among men. By 2007 the proportion of adult smokers in England had declined four percentage points to 22%.Health Survey for England 2007: Latest Trends , the Information Centre for Health and Social Care, December 2008 In 2015, it was reported smoking rates in England had fallen to 16.9%, a record low. Smoking in Latvia is common, with a rate higher than the OECD average, and Latvian men are among the heaviest smokers in the European Union. In 2014, Greece had the highest rate of smoking in the European Union. However, despite these laws, the number of smokers appears to be increasing as the global economy worsens and a recent spate of natural disasters have seen an increase in tobacco sales and although more males smoke than females, this gap is slowly narrowing. Provincially, Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, Quebec, Ontario, Saskatchewan, Alberta and British Columbia, experienced most of their declines in current smoking prevalence from 1994 to 1995 onwards. In 1977 41% of men and 32% of women were smokers.http://www.nicorette.se/sites/nicorette_se/files/publication/Fakta%20om%20tobaksbruk%20i%20Sverige.pdf By 2011, the use of smoking tobacco on a daily basis had decreased to only 12.5% among men and 14.3% among women. In 2007 the rate of smoking amongst the most socioeconomically affluent patients was 14%, compared to 34% for the most deprived. In 2007–08, the prevalence of smoking was strongly associated with socioeconomic disadvantage: a greater proportion of men (33%) and women (26%) who live in the most disadvantaged 20% of areas were current smokers than those who live in the least disadvantaged 20% of areas (12% and 11% respectively). A 2011 survey estimates that 17% of Canadians smoke. === Germany === In 2005, 27% of the population admitted to being current smokers. 23% were daily smokers (28% of men and 19% of women,) while 4% smoked occasionally.

People smoke more in the United States than Spain

United States

People smoke more on average in the United States than in Spain

People smoke more on average in Russia, Bulgaria and Greece than in Spain

People smoke more on average in the UK than in Spain

D

Which countries have less guns per capita than Australia?

So some of the info below may be out of date. ==See also== *List of countries by firearm-related death rate *List of countries by guns and homicide ==References== ==External links== * GunPolicy.org is hosted by the Sydney Medical School, at the University of Sydney in Australia. See also: Estimated number of civilian guns per capita by country. For handguns, one major organisation in Australia is Pistol Australia. This is a list of countries by the estimated percent of households with guns. See publications home. ==Measuring the effects of firearms laws in Australia== ===Measures and trends in social problems related to firearms=== Some studies on the effects of Australia's gun laws have suggested that Australia's gun laws have been effective in reducing mass shootings, gun suicides and armed crime, while other studies suggest that the laws have had little effect. Gun laws in Australia are predominantly within the jurisdiction of Australian states and territories, with the importation of guns regulated by the federal government. Location Year Firearm % Year Handgun % Year Adults % Sources Location 2012 6.5 Guns in Albania 2008 15 Guns in Argentina 2005 6.2 2005 0.3 Guns in Australia 2005 15.1 2005 5.6 2015 7 Guns in Austria 2010 5.1 2005 5.2 2015 3 Guns in Belgium 2010 34 2012 4.6 Guns in Bosnia & Herzegovina 2005 9.7 2005 6.6 2015 7 Guns in Bulgaria 2005 15.5 2005 2.9 Guns in Canada 2012 4.3 2015 6 Guns in Croatia 2005 12.6 2005 1.2 2015 7 Guns in Denmark 2005 7.0 2005 3.6 2015 3 Guns in Estonia 2005 37.9 2005 6.3 2015 13 Guns in Finland 2005 16.1 2005 3.7 2015 7 Guns in France 2005 12.5 2005 4.2 2015 5 Guns in Germany 2005 20.6 2005 1.4 2015 7 Guns in Greece 2005 10.4 2005 2.2 2015 3 Guns in Hungary 2005 23.5 2005 1.4 Guns in Iceland 2005 12.4 2005 1.0 2015 6 Guns in Ireland 2005 12.9 2005 5.3 2015 6 Guns in Italy 2005 0.8 2005 0.0 Guns in Japan 2005 12.3 2005 7.0 2015 5 Guns in Luxembourg 2005 2.8 Guns in Mexico 2005 4.8 2005 1.3 2015 1 Guns in the Netherlands 2005 16.6 2005 0.6 Guns in New Zealand 2005 12.7 2005 2.1 Guns in Northern Ireland 2005 26.1 2005 3.7 Guns in Norway 2005 4.4 2005 0.9 2015 2 Guns in Poland 2005 18.3 2005 3.9 2015 6 Guns in Portugal 2005 6.7 2005 0.7 Guns in Scotland 2005 12.0 2005 0.5 2015 5 Guns in Spain 2010 16 2005 1.6 2015 8 Guns in Sweden 2005 28.6 2005 10.3 Guns in Switzerland 2005 6.0 2005 0.4 2015 2 Guns in the United Kingdom 2017 42.0 2012 21.9 Guns in the United States ==See also== * Gun politics * Small arms trade * Small Arms and Light Weapons * List of countries by firearm-related death rate * Index of gun politics articles * List of countries by intentional homicide rate * Overview of gun laws by nation * Long gun * Handgun * :Category: Firearms ==References== Guns Country Year Total Homicide Suicide Unintentional Undetermined Guns per 100 inhabitants Sources and notes 2018 5.72 2.80 1.05 0.10 1.77 7.4 (2016) Guns in Argentina 2019 0.88 0.15 0.72 0.00 0.03 13.7 (2016) Guns in Australia 2016 2.75 0.10 2.44 0.01 0.11 30.0 (2017) Guns in Austria mixed years 0.23 0.20 (2017) 0.01 0.02 ? 3.6 (2017) Guns in Azerbaijan 2013 7.36 6.70 (2015) 0.00 0.00 4.16 3.5 (2007) Guns in Barbados mixed years ? 0.14 (2009) ? ? ? 7.3 (2007) Guns in Belarus 2015 1.40 0.25 1.09 0.04 0.03 6.86 (2015) Guns in Belgium mixed years ? 0.74 (2010) ? ? ? 2.5 (2012) Guns in Bolivia 2017 23.93 22.91 0.46 0.16 0.39 8.6 Guns in Brazil 2014 1.51 0.20 (2016) 0.73 0.26 0.14 6.2-19.4 (2007, 2006) Guns in Bulgaria 2018 1.94 0.52 (2018) 1.40 (2018) 0.00 0.00 34.70 (2017) Guns in Canada 2015 2.79 1.92 0.54 0.33 0.04 (2001) 12.1 (2017) Guns in Chile 2015 20.38 18.20 (2016) 0.69 0.11 0.37 10.10 (2017) Guns in Colombia 2014 7.59 6.46 0.9 0.08 0.15 10 (2017) Guns in Costa Rica 2016 2.83 0.35 2.39 0.07 0.02 13.7 (2017) Guns in Croatia 2011 0.50 0.20 (2013) 0.30 0.05 0.01 2 Guns in Cuba 2016 1.00 0.50 0.33 0.08 0.09 (2009) 36.4 Guns in Cyprus 2016 1.64 0.10 (2017) 1.43 0.06 0.08 16.3 Guns in Czech Republic 2015 0.91 0.18 0.72 0.02 0.02 (2014) 9.90 (2017) Guns in Denmark 2015 78.52 71.60 (2016) 0.15 0.05 (2013) 0.15 5.8 Guns in El Salvador 2015 1.34 0.00 1.19 0.24 (2014) 0.16 9.2 Guns in Estonia mixed years 37.16 37.16 (2004) ? ? ? 6.4 Guns in Swaziland 2015 2.41 0.20 (2016) 2.17 0.02 0.02 32.4 (2017) Guns in Finland 2014 2.33 0.12 1.64 0.03 0.53 14.96 Guns in France 2019 1.44 0.62 0.47 0.35 ? 10.10 (2017) Guns in Georgia 2015 1.04 0.06 0.91 0.01 0.06 32.0 (2016) Guns in Germany 2015 1.35 0.19 1.02 0.10 0.04 22.5 Guns in Greece 2015 25.48 20.41 0.29 4.78 4.17 (2010) 13.1 Guns in Guatemala mixed years 29.40 28.65 (2018) 0.41 (2013) 0.07 (2013) 0.27 (2013) 9.9–11.24 (mixed years) Guns in Honduras mixed years 0.03 0.00 (2004) 0.03 (1999) 0.00 (1996) 0.00 (1996) ? Based upon various metrics alongside calculations over the course of multiple years, Singapore has the lowest firearm-related death rate in the world, and Venezuela has the highest. ==List== This is a table which is giving information about "firearm-related death rate per 100,000 population per year". See also: Percent of households with guns by country. Also, by the percent of adults living in armed households. ==List of countries by estimated number of guns per 100 people== All the numbers in the main column of the table below are from the annex table of Small Arms Survey 2017. * Firearms Countries Countries Firearm-related death rate Firearm- related death rate There are 3 million registered firearms in Australia.Australian Criminal Intelligence Commission, Illicit firearms in Australia In March 2017, there were 915,000 registered firearms in New South Wales, 18,967 in the ACT, 298,851 in South Australia, and 126,910 in Tasmania. Country or subnational area Estimate of civilian firearms per 100 persons Region Subregion Population 2017 Estimate of firearms in civilian possession Computation method Registered firearms Unregistered firearms Notes 1 120.5 Americas North America 326,474,000 393,347,000 1 1,073,743 392,273,257 Est. 2 62.1 Americas South America 3,000 2,000 2 1,705 295 3 52.8 Asia Western Asia 28,120,000 14,859,000 2 N/A N/A 4 42.5 Oceania Melanesia 270,000 115,000 2 55,000 60,000 5 39.1 Europe Southern Europe 6,946,000 2,719,000 2 1,186,086 1,532,914 6 39.1 Europe Southern Europe 626,000 245,000 3 103,536 141,464 7 34.7 Americas North America 36,626,000 12,708,000 2 2,081,442 10,626,558 8 34.7 Americas South America 3,457,000 1,198,000 2 605,313 592,687 9 34.0 Europe Southern Europe 839,000 285,000 2 154,327 130,673 10 32.4 Europe Northern Europe 5,541,000 1,793,000 1 1,542,396 250,604 11 31.9 Asia Western Asia 6,039,000 1,927,000 2 N/A N/A 12 31.7 Europe Northern Europe 334,000 106,000 2 73,000 33,000 13 31.2 Europe Southern Europe 3,793,000 1,185,000 2 353,000 832,000 14 30.0 Europe Western Europe 8,592,000 2,577,000 1 837,000 1,740,000 15 29.8 Europe Southern Europe 2,083,000 621,000 2 169,687 451,313 16 28.8 Europe Western Europe 38,000 11,000 3 N/A N/A 17 28.8 Europe Northern Europe 5,331,000 1,537,000 2 1,254,638 282,362 18 28.3 Europe Southern Europe 421,000 119,000 2 96,425 22,575 19 27.6 Europe Western Europe 8,454,000 2,332,000 2 791,719 1,540,281 20 26.3 Oceania Australasia 4,605,000 1,212,000 2 1,200,000 12,000 21 23.8 Europe Southern Europe 1,831,000 436,000 2 43,206 392,794 22 23.1 Europe Northern Europe 9,921,000 2,296,000 1 1,955,478 340,522 23 22.3 Americas North America 56,000 13,000 3 N/A N/A 24 22.3 Asia South Asia 196,744,000 43,917,000 2 6,000,000 37,917,000 25 21.3 Europe Southern Europe 10,265,000 2,186,000 1 1,400,000 786,000 26 19.6 Europe Western Europe 64,939,000 12,732,000 1 4,501,235 8,230,765 27 19.6 Americas South America 283,000 55,000 3 N/A N/A 28 19.6 Europe Western Europe 80,636,000 15,822,000 1 5,830,000 9,992,000 29 19.6 Asia Western Asia 38,654,000 7,588,000 2 N/A N/A 30 19.6 Europe Western Europe 38,000 7,000 3 N/A N/A 31 19.6 Africa East Africa 873,000 171,000 3 N/A N/A 32 18.9 Europe Western Europe 584,000 110,000 1 86,000 24,000 33 18.8 Americas Caribbean 397,000 74,000 2 17,110 56,890 34 18.7 Asia Western Asia 7,877,000 1,473,000 2 120,000 1,353,000 35 18.5 Americas South America 31,926,000 5,895,000 2 N/A N/A 36 17.6 Europe Southern Europe 10,893,000 1,920,000 1 1,010,000 910,000 37 17.4 Asia Western Asia 349,000 61,000 2 49,142 11,858 38 16.7 Asia Western Asia 4,100,000 685,000 3 39,000 646,000 39 16.7 Asia Western Asia 5,312,100 792,000 3 N/A N/A 40 16.7 Americas South America 6,812,000 1,140,000 2 392,000 748,000 41 16.7 Asia Western Asia 2,338,000 390,000 3 N/A N/A 42 16.7 Asia Western Asia 32,743,000 5,468,000 3 N/A N/A 43 16.7 Asia Western Asia 9,398,000 1,569,000 3 N/A N/A 44 16.6 Americas Caribbean 107,000 18,000 2 N/A N/A 45 16.5 Asia Western Asia 80,418,000 13,249,000 2 2,500,000 10,749,000 46 15.9 Americas South America 552,000 88,000 2 30,000 58,000 47 15.8 Americas South America 774,000 122,000 2 4,000 118,000 48 15.6 Europe Southern Europe 2,071,000 324,000 1 127,094 196,906 49 15.4 Africa Southern Africa 2,569,000 396,000 2 200,010 195,990 50 15.1 Asia South-East Asia 68,298,000 10,342,000 2 6,221,180 4,120,820 51 14.5 Oceania Australasia 24,642,000 3,573,000 2 3,158,795 414,205 52 14.4 Europe Southern Europe 59,798,000 8,609,000 1 2,000,000 6,609,000 53 14.4 Europe Southern Europe 32,000 5,000 3 N/A N/A 54 14.1 Europe Southern Europe 69,000 10,000 3 7,599 2,401 55 14.1 Americas Central America 8,305,000 1,171,000 2 475,000 696,000 56 Channel Islands 14.0 Europe Western Europe 165,000 23,000 2 14,550 8,450 57 13.7 Europe Southern Europe 3,899,000 576,000 2 390,000 186,000 58 13.6 Europe Northern Europe 2,831,000 385,000 2 127,984 257,016 59 13.3 Africa North Africa 6,409,000 851,000 2 N/A N/A 60 12.9 Americas Central America 130,223,000 16,809,000 2 3,118,592 13,690,408 61 12.8 Asia Western Asia 1,419,000 181,000 3 N/A N/A 62 12.7 Europe Western Europe 11,444,000 1,451,000 1 426,939 1,024,061 63 12.5 Asia South Asia 34,169,000 4,270,000 2 N/A N/A 64 12.5 Europe Central Europe 10,555,000 1,323,000 2 806,895 516,105 65 12.5 Africa Central Africa 894,000 112,000 2 N/A N/A 66 (South Central) 12.4 Africa East Africa 9,225,000 1,145,000 2 N/A N/A 67 12.3 Africa East Africa 1,995,000 246,000 2 N/A N/A 68 12.3 Europe Eastern Europe 143,375,000 17,620,000 2 6,600,000 11,020,000 69 12.1 Americas South America 18,313,000 2,220,000 2 763,182 1,456,818 70 12.1 Americas Central America 17,005,000 2,062,000 2 520,792 1,541,208 71 12.0 Europe Southern Europe 2,911,000 350,000 2 65,747 284,253 72 12.0 Americas Central America 6,167,000 737,000 2 344,587 392,413 73 11.9 Africa East Africa 3,823,000 456,000 2 N/A N/A 74 11.5 Oceania Melanesia 174,000 20,000 3 N/A N/A 75 11.5 Americas Caribbean 3,679,000 422,000 2 N/A N/A 76 11.2 Africa Central Africa 26,656,000 2,982,000 2 N/A N/A 77 11.0 Europe Western Europe 1,873,000 206,000 1 153,000 53,000 78 10.8 Americas Central America 4,051,000 436,000 2 180,000 256,000 79 10.5 Europe Eastern Europe 9,788,000 1,023,000 1 211,300 811,700 80 10.5 Europe Northern Europe 1,945,000 205,000 2 70,000 135,000 81 10.1 Americas South America 49,068,000 4,971,000 2 706,210 4,264,790 82 10.1 Asia Western Asia 3,973,000 402,000 2 159,000 243,000 83 10.1 Oceania Polynesia 196,000 20,000 2 4,000 16,000 84 10.0 Americas Central America 375,000 37,000 2 10,755 26,245 85 10.0 Americas Central America 4,906,000 493,000 2 235,631 257,369 86 9.9 Europe Northern Europe 5,712,000 567,000 1 340,000 227,000 87 9.9 Europe Northern Europe 49,000 5,000 3 N/A N/A 88 9.9 Europe Eastern Europe 44,405,000 4,396,000 2 800,000 3,596,000 89 9.7 Africa Southern Africa 55,436,000 5,351,000 2 3,000,000 2,351,000 90 9.6 Africa East Africa 13,096,000 1,255,000 2 N/A N/A 91 9.2 Americas Caribbean 62,000 6,000 3 1,556 4,444 92 8.8 Americas Caribbean 2,813,000 246,000 2 45,915 200,085 93 8.5 Americas Caribbean 472,000 40,000 2 5,500 34,500 94 8.5 Americas Caribbean 396,000 34,000 3 N/A N/A 95 8.5 Americas Caribbean 32,000 3,000 3 N/A N/A 96 8.4 Europe Eastern Europe 7,045,000 590,000 1 345,733 244,267 97 8.3 Americas South America 211,243,000 17,510,000 2 8,080,295 9,429,705 98 8.3 Africa East Africa 1,281,000 106,000 2 N/A N/A 99 8.2 Asia Western Asia 18,907,000 1,547,000 2 N/A N/A 100 8.0 Africa West Africa 28,657,000 2,280,000 2 1,236,128 1,043,872 101 8.0 Oceania Polynesia 108,000 9,000 2 N/A N/A 102 7.9 Asia East Asia 3,052,000 242,000 3 46,982 195,018 103 7.5 Europe Southern Europe 46,070,000 3,464,000 1 2,683,542 780,458 104 7.4 Americas South America 44,272,000 3,256,000 2 1,562,332 1,693,668 105 7.4 Americas Caribbean 10,767,000 795,000 2 333,426 461,574 106 7.3 Asia South Asia 80,946,000 5,890,000 2 N/A N/A 107 7.2 Europe Western Europe 4,749,000 342,000 2 200,000 142,000 108 6.7 Asia Western Asia 8,323,000 557,000 2 290,000 267,000 109 6.6 Africa North Africa 42,166,000 2,768,000 2 6,724 2,761,276 110 6.5 Africa West Africa 2,120,000 137,000 2 N/A N/A 111 6.5 Europe Central Europe 5,432,000 355,000 2 280,000 75,000 112 6.2 Americas Caribbean 73,000 5,000 3 N/A N/A 113 6.2 Asia South Asia 376,000 23,000 2 N/A N/A 114 6.1 Asia Western Asia 3,032,000 186,000 3 45,822 140,178 115 6.1 Europe Eastern Europe 9,459,000 581,000 3 130,000 451,000 116 5.7 Africa West Africa 533,000 31,000 2 N/A N/A 117 5.6 Europe Western Europe 5,436,000 305,000 1 187,000 118,000 118 5.4 Americas Caribbean 94,000 5,000 2 1,449 3,551 119 5.4 Americas Caribbean 5,000 300 3 N/A N/A 120 5.3 Asia South Asia 1,342,513,000 71,101,000 2 9,700,000 61,401,000 121 5.2 Americas Central America 6,218,000 323,000 2 142,260 180,740 122 5.0 Europe Northern Europe 1,306,000 65,000 1 47,000 18,000 123 4.8 Africa Southern Africa 2,185,000 105,000 3 N/A N/A 124 4.8 Africa North Africa 35,241,000 1,690,000 2 N/A N/A 125 4.8 Africa Southern Africa 1,320,000 64,000 3 10,000 54,000 126 4.6 Americas North America 61,000 3,000 3 N/A N/A 127 & 4.6 Europe Western Europe 58,877,000 2,731,000 1 1,870,735 860,265 128 4.6 Americas Caribbean 108,000 5,000 3 N/A N/A 129 4.5 Asia South-East Asia 16,076,000 717,000 2 N/A N/A 130 4.5 Africa East Africa 29,538,000 1,337,000 2 7,000 1,330,000 131 4.4 Africa West Africa 23,816,000 1,049,000 3 2,500 1,046,500 132 4.2 Americas Caribbean 40,000 2,000 3 N/A N/A 133 4.1 Africa Southern Africa 2,344,000 97,000 2 32,901 64,099 134 4.1 Africa North Africa 95,215,000 3,931,000 2 250,000 3,681,000 135 4.1 Europe Southern Europe 32,000 1,000 1 N/A N/A 136 4.1 Africa East Africa 98,000 4,000 2 N/A N/A 137 3.9 Oceania Melanesia 276,000 11,000 2 4,700 6,300 138 3.6 Asia Western Asia 9,974,000 362,000 2 N/A N/A 139 3.6 Asia East Asia 1,388,233,000 49,735,000 2 680,000 49,055,000 140 3.6 Asia East Asia 606,000 22,000 3 N/A N/A 141 3.6 Asia East Asia 7,402,000 265,000 3 N/A N/A 142 3.6 Asia South-East Asia 103,797,000 3,776,000 2 1,739,000 2,037,000 143 3.5 Americas Caribbean 286,000 10,000 3 3,000 7,000 144 3.4 Africa Central Africa 1,801,000 61,000 2 N/A N/A 145 3.4 Americas Caribbean 57,000 2,000 3 N/A N/A 146 3.4 Americas Caribbean 188,000 6,000 3 N/A N/A 147 3.4 Americas Caribbean 110,000 4,000 3 2,865 1,135 148 3.4 Africa Central Africa 198,000 7,000 3 N/A N/A 149 3.3 Americas Caribbean 35,000 1,000 2 300 700 150 3.2 Africa West Africa 191,836,000 6,154,000 2 N/A N/A 151 3.2 Americas Caribbean 1,369,000 43,000 2 10,550 32,450 152 3.1 Africa East Africa 911,000 28,000 2 N/A N/A 153 3.0 Asia South-East Asia 7,038,000 215,000 3 N/A N/A 154 3.0 Europe Eastern Europe 4,055,000 121,000 2 54,663 66,337 155 2.8 Asia Central Asia 18,064,000 504,000 2 284,000 220,000 156 2.8 Asia Central Asia 6,125,000 171,000 3 29,237 141,763 157 2.8 Africa West Africa 4,266,000 120,000 2 N/A N/A 158 2.8 Africa East Africa 16,338,000 455,000 2 190,685 264,315 159 2.6 Americas Caribbean 105,000 3,000 3 N/A N/A 160 2.6 Americas Caribbean 160,000 4,000 3 N/A N/A 161 2.6 Americas Caribbean 10,983,000 291,000 2 20,379 270,621 162 2.6 Europe Western Europe 17,033,000 442,000 1 205,347 236,653 163 2.6 Oceania Micronesia 56,000 1,000 2 N/A N/A 164 2.6 Europe Eastern Europe 19,238,000 506,000 2 210,000 296,000 165 2.5 Oceania Polynesia 289,000 7,000 2 N/A N/A 166 2.5 Europe Central Europe 38,564,000 968,000 1 380,000 588,000 167 2.4 Africa Central Africa 4,866,000 119,000 2 N/A N/A 168 2.4 Americas South America 16,626,000 402,000 2 167,102 234,898 169 2.4 Asia South Asia 20,905,000 494,000 2 35,000 459,000 170 2.1 Africa North Africa 41,064,000 877,000 2 200,000 677,000 171 2.1 Africa Central Africa 24,514,000 510,000 2 N/A N/A 172 2.1 Americas Caribbean 11,390,000 234,000 2 58,150 175,850 173 2.1 Africa West Africa 4,730,000 97,000 2 N/A N/A 174 2.0 Americas South America 11,053,000 218,000 3 10,982 207,018 175 2.0 Africa East Africa 11,936,000 238,000 2 N/A N/A 176 2.0 Americas South America 32,166,000 633,000 2 365,845 267,155 177 2.0 Africa West Africa 16,054,000 323,000 2 7,053 315,947 178 1.8 Africa Central Africa 5,099,000 94,000 2 N/A N/A 179 1.6 Asia South-East Asia 54,836,000 877,000 3 N/A N/A 180 1.6 Asia South-East Asia 95,415,000 1,562,000 2 N/A N/A 181 1.5 Africa East Africa 826,000 12,000 2 N/A N/A 182 1.5 Africa West Africa 1,933,000 29,000 2 N/A N/A 183 1.5 Africa East Africa 48,467,000 750,000 2 8,136 741,864 184 1.5 Asia South Asia 29,187,000 444,000 2 34,315 409,685 185 1.4 Asia South-East Asia 434,000 6,000 2 N/A N/A 186 1.2 Africa Central Africa 82,243,000 946,000 2 216 945,784 187 1.2 Oceania Polynesia 10,000 100 2 50 50 188 1.1 Africa West Africa 18,690,000 206,000 2 N/A N/A 189 1.1 Asia Western Asia 4,952,000 56,000 2 N/A N/A 190 1.1 Africa North Africa 11,495,000 123,000 3 3,408 119,592 191 1.0 Africa Central Africa 14,965,000 151,000 2 N/A N/A 192 1.0 Africa West Africa 13,291,000 130,000 2 N/A N/A 193 1.0 Oceania Melanesia 7,934,000 79,000 2 27,043 51,957 194 0.9 Africa West Africa 19,173,000 175,000 2 N/A N/A 195 0.9 Africa East Africa 17,238,000 158,000 2 86,642 71,358 196 0.8 Asia South Asia 793,000 6,000 3 4,309 1,691 197 0.8 Oceania Melanesia 116,000 900 2 N/A N/A 198 0.8 Africa East Africa 56,878,000 427,000 2 115,850 311,150 199 0.8 Africa West Africa 7,692,000 58,000 2 10,000 48,000 200 0.8 Africa East Africa 41,653,000 331,000 2 21,156 309,844 201 0.8 Americas Caribbean 31,000 300 2 48 252 202 0.7 Oceania Polynesia 56,000 400 2 250 150 203 0.7 Africa East Africa 25,613,000 168,000 2 N/A N/A 204 0.7 Asia South-East Asia 31,164,000 217,000 2 142,038 74,962 205 0.7 Oceania Micronesia 106,000 700 2 N/A N/A 206 0.5 Oceania Melanesia 903,000 5,000 2 1,538 3,462 207 0.5 Oceania Melanesia 53,000 300 2 N/A N/A 208 0.5 Africa West Africa 21,564,000 117,000 2 2,000 115,000 209 0.5 Oceania Melanesia 22,000 100 2 N/A N/A 210 0.5 Africa East Africa 12,160,000 66,000 2 N/A N/A 211 0.5 Africa West Africa 6,733,000 35,000 2 N/A N/A 212 0.4 Asia South Asia 164,828,000 659,000 2 185,000 474,000 213 0.4 Africa East Africa 5,482,000 23,000 2 N/A N/A 214 0.4 Africa East Africa 104,345,000 377,000 2 N/A N/A 215 0.4 Asia Central Asia 8,858,000 37,000 2 9,863 27,137 216 0.4 Asia Central Asia 5,503,000 23,000 3 N/A N/A 217 0.4 Asia Central Asia 30,691,000 127,000 3 N/A N/A 218 0.3 Africa West Africa 11,459,000 33,000 2 N/A N/A 219 0.3 Asia East Asia 126,045,000 377,000 2 175,221 201,779 220 0.3 Asia East Asia 25,405,000 76,000 3 N/A N/A 221 0.3 Africa East Africa 18,299,000 47,000 2 12,500 34,500 222 0.3 Asia South-East Asia 5,785,000 20,000 3 795 19,205 223 0.3 Asia South-East Asia 1,237,000 3,000 2 N/A N/A 224 0.2 Asia East Asia 50,705,000 79,000 2 39,530 39,470 225 0.2 Oceania Melanesia 606,000 1,000 2 N/A N/A 226 0.0 Asia South-East Asia 2,000 – 2 N/A N/A 227 0.0 Europe Southern Europe 1,000 – 2 N/A N/A 228 0.0 Asia South-East Asia 263,510,000 82,000 2 41,102 40,898 229 0.0 Oceania Melanesia 10,000 – 2 N/A N/A 230 0.0 Asia East Asia 23,405,000 10,000 2 5,000 5,000 ===Notes=== Return to top of table. Mixed sources 2016 1.36 1.36 (2016) ? ? ? 6.6 Guns in Ukraine 2015 0.20 0.02 0.16 0.01 0.01 2.8 Guns in the United Kingdom 2017 12.21 4.46 7.32 0.15 0.10 120.5 Guns in the United States 2015 11.67 4.70 (2016) 4.55 2.09 0.06 31.8 Guns in Uruguay 2013 49.73 26.48 0.14 0.26 22.34 18.50 (2017) Guns in Venezuela mixed years 0.39 0.30 (2007) 0.09 (1995) ? ? 4.6 Guns in Zimbabwe Country Year Total Homicides Suicides Unintentional Undetermined Guns per 100 inhabitants Sources and notes ==Charts and graphs== thumb|center| upright=1.35| Gun homicide rates as a function of gun ownership rates. ==See also== * Firearm death rates in the United States by state * List of countries by intentional homicide rate * List of countries by suicide rate * List of cities by murder rate * List of U.S. states and territories by violent crime rate * List of U.S. states and territories by intentional homicide rate * List of United States cities by crime rate (2012) (250,000+) * Percent of households with guns by country * United States cities by crime rate (100,000–250,000) * United States cities by crime rate (60,000-100,000) * Index of gun politics articles * Estimated number of civilian guns per capita by country ==References== ==External links== * Systematic comparison of 195 countries and territories for the period from 1990 to 2016: * * ** * **Historic data can be found on the United Nations Survey on Crime Trends and the Operations of Criminal Justice Systems (UN-CTS) page. This number for a country does not indicate the percentage of the population that possesses guns. A 2006 study coauthored by Simon Chapman concluded: "Australia's 1996 gun law reforms were followed by more than a decade free of fatal mass shootings, and accelerated declines in firearm deaths, particularly suicides. See publications home. provides estimates of the total number of civilian-owned guns in a country. Sources column links to the specific country pages at GunPolicy.org Percent of households with firearms. Guns in Hong Kong 2016 0.85 0.05 0.74 0.03 0.03 5.5 Guns in Hungary 2016 0.07 0.00 (2012) 1.25 (2009) ? ? 30.3 Guns in Iceland 2014 0.30 0.30 (2016) 0.04 (2008) 0.14 (2008) ? 4.2 Guns in India 2014 0.87 0.21 0.62 0.02 0.02 7.20 (2017) Guns in Ireland 2015 1.38 0.68 0.43 0.21 (2014) 0.22 7.3 Guns in Israel 2015 1.13 0.29 0.72 0.12 0.00 11.9 Guns in Italy 2015 35.22 38.20 (2016) 0.31 0.14 (2011) 7.84 (2011) 8.1 Guns in Jamaica 2015 0.02 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.6 Guns in Japan mixed years 0.36 0.36 (1995) 0.00 (1999) 0.00 (2000) 0.00 (2000) 24.8 Guns in Kuwait 2015 0.72 0.30 0.07 0.19 0.16 0.9 Guns in Kyrgyzstan 2015 1.86 0.40 1.16 0.05 (2014) 0.30 19 Guns in Latvia 2015 1.23 0.18 0.88 0.00 (2014) 0.18 15.3 Guns in Luxembourg 2015 11.55 16.50 (2017) 0.46 0.47 0.36 15 Guns in Mexico 2016 0.77 0.31 0.26 0.06 0.14 7.1 Guns in Moldova 2009 8.68 2.50 (2016) 6.59 ? ? 23.1 Guns in Montenegro 2016 0.42 0.16 0.24 0.01 0.00 (2015) 2.60 (2017) Guns in Netherlands 2015 1.24 0.20 (2016) 0.92 (2015) 0.14 (2015) 0.02 30 Guns in New Zealand 2018 7.09 6.22 0.17 0.46 0.24 7.7 Guns in Nicaragua 2013 1.19 1.10 (2014) 0.67 (2013) 0.00 (2013) 0.00 (2013) 29.8 Guns in North Macedonia 2015 1.48 0.06 1.40 0.00 (2014) 0.00 (2014) 31.3 Guns in Norway 2015 9.95 9.30 0.14 0.05 0.46 21.7 Guns in Panama 2014 6.32 6.00 (2015) 1.06 0.27 0.24 17 Guns in Paraguay 2015 3.72 3.20 (2016) 0.01 (2015) 0.12 (2015) 0.29 (2015) 18.8 Guns in Peru 2011 7.72 7.62 0.03 0.03 0.01 4.7 Guns in Philippines 2015 0.20 0.03 0.10 0.02 0.04 1.3 Guns in Poland 2014 1.48 0.24 1.12 0.01 0.10 8.5 Guns in Portugal ? 0.15 0.15 (2004) ? ? ? 19.2 Guns in Qatar mixed years 0.14 0.04 (2012) 0.06 (2011) 0.04 (2011) 0.00 (2011) 0.7 Guns in Romania mixed years ? 0.90 (2013) ? ? ? 12.30 (2017) Guns in Russia 2015 3.23 0.72 2.15 0.06 0.31 37.82 Guns in Serbia mixed years 0.01 0.005 (1994-) 0.0165 (1994-) 0.003 (1994-) 0.00 (1994-) 0.5 Guns in Singapore 2014 1.89 0.30 0.97 0.37 0.35 8.3 Guns in Slovakia 2015 1.91 0.00 (2016) 1.71 0.05 0.05 13.5 Guns in Slovenia 2015 10.47 12.92 (2018) 1.80 (2009) 10.25 0.01 12.7 Guns in South Africa 2015 0.06 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.01 1.1 Guns in South Korea 2015 0.57 0.10 (2016) 0.43 (2015) 0.05 (2015) 0.01 (2015) 10.4 Guns in Spain 2016 1.31 0.40 (2017) 0.96 0.01 0.04 23.10 (2017) Guns in Sweden Mixed years 2.64 0.09 (2021) 2.32 (2017) ? 0.19 (2017) 27.6 - 41.2 (2017) Gun laws in Switzerland Homicides: crimes solved and trend by instrument (perpetrated and attempted), number of accused persons and victims 2009-2019 , Federal Statistical Office (2020). mixed years 0.87 0.60 (2008) 0.12 (1994) 0.11 (1994) 0.04 (1994) ? In October 2016, it was estimated that there were 260,000 unregistered guns in Australia, 250,000 long arms and 10,000 handguns, most of them in the hands of organised crime groups and other criminals. thumb|550px|Map of civilian guns per 100 people by country from the Small Arms Survey 2017 This is a list of countries by estimated number of privately owned guns per 100 people.

The United States has less guns per capita than Australia

The United Kingdom has less guns per capita than Australia

Canada has less guns per capita than Australia

The US

The United States

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Which countries have the most guns in total after the United States?

See publications home. provides estimates of the total number of civilian-owned guns in a country. This article is a list of U.S. states with firearm death rates per 100,000 population. == National statistics == In 2020, over 45,000 people in the United States (13.6 per 100,000 people) died by firearms. Based upon various metrics alongside calculations over the course of multiple years, Singapore has the lowest firearm-related death rate in the world, and Venezuela has the highest. ==List== This is a table which is giving information about "firearm-related death rate per 100,000 population per year". Also, by the percent of adults living in armed households. ==List of countries by estimated number of guns per 100 people== All the numbers in the main column of the table below are from the annex table of Small Arms Survey 2017. This is a historical list of countries by firearm-related death rate per 100,000 population in the listed year. Guns in Hong Kong 2016 0.85 0.05 0.74 0.03 0.03 5.5 Guns in Hungary 2016 0.07 0.00 (2012) 1.25 (2009) ? ? 30.3 Guns in Iceland 2014 0.30 0.30 (2016) 0.04 (2008) 0.14 (2008) ? 4.2 Guns in India 2014 0.87 0.21 0.62 0.02 0.02 7.20 (2017) Guns in Ireland 2015 1.38 0.68 0.43 0.21 (2014) 0.22 7.3 Guns in Israel 2015 1.13 0.29 0.72 0.12 0.00 11.9 Guns in Italy 2015 35.22 38.20 (2016) 0.31 0.14 (2011) 7.84 (2011) 8.1 Guns in Jamaica 2015 0.02 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.6 Guns in Japan mixed years 0.36 0.36 (1995) 0.00 (1999) 0.00 (2000) 0.00 (2000) 24.8 Guns in Kuwait 2015 0.72 0.30 0.07 0.19 0.16 0.9 Guns in Kyrgyzstan 2015 1.86 0.40 1.16 0.05 (2014) 0.30 19 Guns in Latvia 2015 1.23 0.18 0.88 0.00 (2014) 0.18 15.3 Guns in Luxembourg 2015 11.55 16.50 (2017) 0.46 0.47 0.36 15 Guns in Mexico 2016 0.77 0.31 0.26 0.06 0.14 7.1 Guns in Moldova 2009 8.68 2.50 (2016) 6.59 ? ? 23.1 Guns in Montenegro 2016 0.42 0.16 0.24 0.01 0.00 (2015) 2.60 (2017) Guns in Netherlands 2015 1.24 0.20 (2016) 0.92 (2015) 0.14 (2015) 0.02 30 Guns in New Zealand 2018 7.09 6.22 0.17 0.46 0.24 7.7 Guns in Nicaragua 2013 1.19 1.10 (2014) 0.67 (2013) 0.00 (2013) 0.00 (2013) 29.8 Guns in North Macedonia 2015 1.48 0.06 1.40 0.00 (2014) 0.00 (2014) 31.3 Guns in Norway 2015 9.95 9.30 0.14 0.05 0.46 21.7 Guns in Panama 2014 6.32 6.00 (2015) 1.06 0.27 0.24 17 Guns in Paraguay 2015 3.72 3.20 (2016) 0.01 (2015) 0.12 (2015) 0.29 (2015) 18.8 Guns in Peru 2011 7.72 7.62 0.03 0.03 0.01 4.7 Guns in Philippines 2015 0.20 0.03 0.10 0.02 0.04 1.3 Guns in Poland 2014 1.48 0.24 1.12 0.01 0.10 8.5 Guns in Portugal ? 0.15 0.15 (2004) ? ? ? 19.2 Guns in Qatar mixed years 0.14 0.04 (2012) 0.06 (2011) 0.04 (2011) 0.00 (2011) 0.7 Guns in Romania mixed years ? 0.90 (2013) ? ? ? 12.30 (2017) Guns in Russia 2015 3.23 0.72 2.15 0.06 0.31 37.82 Guns in Serbia mixed years 0.01 0.005 (1994-) 0.0165 (1994-) 0.003 (1994-) 0.00 (1994-) 0.5 Guns in Singapore 2014 1.89 0.30 0.97 0.37 0.35 8.3 Guns in Slovakia 2015 1.91 0.00 (2016) 1.71 0.05 0.05 13.5 Guns in Slovenia 2015 10.47 12.92 (2018) 1.80 (2009) 10.25 0.01 12.7 Guns in South Africa 2015 0.06 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.01 1.1 Guns in South Korea 2015 0.57 0.10 (2016) 0.43 (2015) 0.05 (2015) 0.01 (2015) 10.4 Guns in Spain 2016 1.31 0.40 (2017) 0.96 0.01 0.04 23.10 (2017) Guns in Sweden Mixed years 2.64 0.09 (2021) 2.32 (2017) ? 0.19 (2017) 27.6 - 41.2 (2017) Gun laws in Switzerland Homicides: crimes solved and trend by instrument (perpetrated and attempted), number of accused persons and victims 2009-2019 , Federal Statistical Office (2020). mixed years 0.87 0.60 (2008) 0.12 (1994) 0.11 (1994) 0.04 (1994) ? So some of the info below may be out of date. ==See also== *List of countries by firearm-related death rate *List of countries by guns and homicide ==References== ==External links== * GunPolicy.org is hosted by the Sydney Medical School, at the University of Sydney in Australia. A state firearm has been designated by nine States in the United States: Alaska, Arizona, Utah, Indiana, Kentucky, Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Tennessee, and Texas. ==States== In March 2011, Utah adopted the M1911 pistol as its state firearm. thumb|550px|Map of civilian guns per 100 people by country from the Small Arms Survey 2017 This is a list of countries by estimated number of privately owned guns per 100 people. See also: Percent of households with guns by country. Country or subnational area Estimate of civilian firearms per 100 persons Region Subregion Population 2017 Estimate of firearms in civilian possession Computation method Registered firearms Unregistered firearms Notes 1 120.5 Americas North America 326,474,000 393,347,000 1 1,073,743 392,273,257 Est. 2 62.1 Americas South America 3,000 2,000 2 1,705 295 3 52.8 Asia Western Asia 28,120,000 14,859,000 2 N/A N/A 4 42.5 Oceania Melanesia 270,000 115,000 2 55,000 60,000 5 39.1 Europe Southern Europe 6,946,000 2,719,000 2 1,186,086 1,532,914 6 39.1 Europe Southern Europe 626,000 245,000 3 103,536 141,464 7 34.7 Americas North America 36,626,000 12,708,000 2 2,081,442 10,626,558 8 34.7 Americas South America 3,457,000 1,198,000 2 605,313 592,687 9 34.0 Europe Southern Europe 839,000 285,000 2 154,327 130,673 10 32.4 Europe Northern Europe 5,541,000 1,793,000 1 1,542,396 250,604 11 31.9 Asia Western Asia 6,039,000 1,927,000 2 N/A N/A 12 31.7 Europe Northern Europe 334,000 106,000 2 73,000 33,000 13 31.2 Europe Southern Europe 3,793,000 1,185,000 2 353,000 832,000 14 30.0 Europe Western Europe 8,592,000 2,577,000 1 837,000 1,740,000 15 29.8 Europe Southern Europe 2,083,000 621,000 2 169,687 451,313 16 28.8 Europe Western Europe 38,000 11,000 3 N/A N/A 17 28.8 Europe Northern Europe 5,331,000 1,537,000 2 1,254,638 282,362 18 28.3 Europe Southern Europe 421,000 119,000 2 96,425 22,575 19 27.6 Europe Western Europe 8,454,000 2,332,000 2 791,719 1,540,281 20 26.3 Oceania Australasia 4,605,000 1,212,000 2 1,200,000 12,000 21 23.8 Europe Southern Europe 1,831,000 436,000 2 43,206 392,794 22 23.1 Europe Northern Europe 9,921,000 2,296,000 1 1,955,478 340,522 23 22.3 Americas North America 56,000 13,000 3 N/A N/A 24 22.3 Asia South Asia 196,744,000 43,917,000 2 6,000,000 37,917,000 25 21.3 Europe Southern Europe 10,265,000 2,186,000 1 1,400,000 786,000 26 19.6 Europe Western Europe 64,939,000 12,732,000 1 4,501,235 8,230,765 27 19.6 Americas South America 283,000 55,000 3 N/A N/A 28 19.6 Europe Western Europe 80,636,000 15,822,000 1 5,830,000 9,992,000 29 19.6 Asia Western Asia 38,654,000 7,588,000 2 N/A N/A 30 19.6 Europe Western Europe 38,000 7,000 3 N/A N/A 31 19.6 Africa East Africa 873,000 171,000 3 N/A N/A 32 18.9 Europe Western Europe 584,000 110,000 1 86,000 24,000 33 18.8 Americas Caribbean 397,000 74,000 2 17,110 56,890 34 18.7 Asia Western Asia 7,877,000 1,473,000 2 120,000 1,353,000 35 18.5 Americas South America 31,926,000 5,895,000 2 N/A N/A 36 17.6 Europe Southern Europe 10,893,000 1,920,000 1 1,010,000 910,000 37 17.4 Asia Western Asia 349,000 61,000 2 49,142 11,858 38 16.7 Asia Western Asia 4,100,000 685,000 3 39,000 646,000 39 16.7 Asia Western Asia 5,312,100 792,000 3 N/A N/A 40 16.7 Americas South America 6,812,000 1,140,000 2 392,000 748,000 41 16.7 Asia Western Asia 2,338,000 390,000 3 N/A N/A 42 16.7 Asia Western Asia 32,743,000 5,468,000 3 N/A N/A 43 16.7 Asia Western Asia 9,398,000 1,569,000 3 N/A N/A 44 16.6 Americas Caribbean 107,000 18,000 2 N/A N/A 45 16.5 Asia Western Asia 80,418,000 13,249,000 2 2,500,000 10,749,000 46 15.9 Americas South America 552,000 88,000 2 30,000 58,000 47 15.8 Americas South America 774,000 122,000 2 4,000 118,000 48 15.6 Europe Southern Europe 2,071,000 324,000 1 127,094 196,906 49 15.4 Africa Southern Africa 2,569,000 396,000 2 200,010 195,990 50 15.1 Asia South-East Asia 68,298,000 10,342,000 2 6,221,180 4,120,820 51 14.5 Oceania Australasia 24,642,000 3,573,000 2 3,158,795 414,205 52 14.4 Europe Southern Europe 59,798,000 8,609,000 1 2,000,000 6,609,000 53 14.4 Europe Southern Europe 32,000 5,000 3 N/A N/A 54 14.1 Europe Southern Europe 69,000 10,000 3 7,599 2,401 55 14.1 Americas Central America 8,305,000 1,171,000 2 475,000 696,000 56 Channel Islands 14.0 Europe Western Europe 165,000 23,000 2 14,550 8,450 57 13.7 Europe Southern Europe 3,899,000 576,000 2 390,000 186,000 58 13.6 Europe Northern Europe 2,831,000 385,000 2 127,984 257,016 59 13.3 Africa North Africa 6,409,000 851,000 2 N/A N/A 60 12.9 Americas Central America 130,223,000 16,809,000 2 3,118,592 13,690,408 61 12.8 Asia Western Asia 1,419,000 181,000 3 N/A N/A 62 12.7 Europe Western Europe 11,444,000 1,451,000 1 426,939 1,024,061 63 12.5 Asia South Asia 34,169,000 4,270,000 2 N/A N/A 64 12.5 Europe Central Europe 10,555,000 1,323,000 2 806,895 516,105 65 12.5 Africa Central Africa 894,000 112,000 2 N/A N/A 66 (South Central) 12.4 Africa East Africa 9,225,000 1,145,000 2 N/A N/A 67 12.3 Africa East Africa 1,995,000 246,000 2 N/A N/A 68 12.3 Europe Eastern Europe 143,375,000 17,620,000 2 6,600,000 11,020,000 69 12.1 Americas South America 18,313,000 2,220,000 2 763,182 1,456,818 70 12.1 Americas Central America 17,005,000 2,062,000 2 520,792 1,541,208 71 12.0 Europe Southern Europe 2,911,000 350,000 2 65,747 284,253 72 12.0 Americas Central America 6,167,000 737,000 2 344,587 392,413 73 11.9 Africa East Africa 3,823,000 456,000 2 N/A N/A 74 11.5 Oceania Melanesia 174,000 20,000 3 N/A N/A 75 11.5 Americas Caribbean 3,679,000 422,000 2 N/A N/A 76 11.2 Africa Central Africa 26,656,000 2,982,000 2 N/A N/A 77 11.0 Europe Western Europe 1,873,000 206,000 1 153,000 53,000 78 10.8 Americas Central America 4,051,000 436,000 2 180,000 256,000 79 10.5 Europe Eastern Europe 9,788,000 1,023,000 1 211,300 811,700 80 10.5 Europe Northern Europe 1,945,000 205,000 2 70,000 135,000 81 10.1 Americas South America 49,068,000 4,971,000 2 706,210 4,264,790 82 10.1 Asia Western Asia 3,973,000 402,000 2 159,000 243,000 83 10.1 Oceania Polynesia 196,000 20,000 2 4,000 16,000 84 10.0 Americas Central America 375,000 37,000 2 10,755 26,245 85 10.0 Americas Central America 4,906,000 493,000 2 235,631 257,369 86 9.9 Europe Northern Europe 5,712,000 567,000 1 340,000 227,000 87 9.9 Europe Northern Europe 49,000 5,000 3 N/A N/A 88 9.9 Europe Eastern Europe 44,405,000 4,396,000 2 800,000 3,596,000 89 9.7 Africa Southern Africa 55,436,000 5,351,000 2 3,000,000 2,351,000 90 9.6 Africa East Africa 13,096,000 1,255,000 2 N/A N/A 91 9.2 Americas Caribbean 62,000 6,000 3 1,556 4,444 92 8.8 Americas Caribbean 2,813,000 246,000 2 45,915 200,085 93 8.5 Americas Caribbean 472,000 40,000 2 5,500 34,500 94 8.5 Americas Caribbean 396,000 34,000 3 N/A N/A 95 8.5 Americas Caribbean 32,000 3,000 3 N/A N/A 96 8.4 Europe Eastern Europe 7,045,000 590,000 1 345,733 244,267 97 8.3 Americas South America 211,243,000 17,510,000 2 8,080,295 9,429,705 98 8.3 Africa East Africa 1,281,000 106,000 2 N/A N/A 99 8.2 Asia Western Asia 18,907,000 1,547,000 2 N/A N/A 100 8.0 Africa West Africa 28,657,000 2,280,000 2 1,236,128 1,043,872 101 8.0 Oceania Polynesia 108,000 9,000 2 N/A N/A 102 7.9 Asia East Asia 3,052,000 242,000 3 46,982 195,018 103 7.5 Europe Southern Europe 46,070,000 3,464,000 1 2,683,542 780,458 104 7.4 Americas South America 44,272,000 3,256,000 2 1,562,332 1,693,668 105 7.4 Americas Caribbean 10,767,000 795,000 2 333,426 461,574 106 7.3 Asia South Asia 80,946,000 5,890,000 2 N/A N/A 107 7.2 Europe Western Europe 4,749,000 342,000 2 200,000 142,000 108 6.7 Asia Western Asia 8,323,000 557,000 2 290,000 267,000 109 6.6 Africa North Africa 42,166,000 2,768,000 2 6,724 2,761,276 110 6.5 Africa West Africa 2,120,000 137,000 2 N/A N/A 111 6.5 Europe Central Europe 5,432,000 355,000 2 280,000 75,000 112 6.2 Americas Caribbean 73,000 5,000 3 N/A N/A 113 6.2 Asia South Asia 376,000 23,000 2 N/A N/A 114 6.1 Asia Western Asia 3,032,000 186,000 3 45,822 140,178 115 6.1 Europe Eastern Europe 9,459,000 581,000 3 130,000 451,000 116 5.7 Africa West Africa 533,000 31,000 2 N/A N/A 117 5.6 Europe Western Europe 5,436,000 305,000 1 187,000 118,000 118 5.4 Americas Caribbean 94,000 5,000 2 1,449 3,551 119 5.4 Americas Caribbean 5,000 300 3 N/A N/A 120 5.3 Asia South Asia 1,342,513,000 71,101,000 2 9,700,000 61,401,000 121 5.2 Americas Central America 6,218,000 323,000 2 142,260 180,740 122 5.0 Europe Northern Europe 1,306,000 65,000 1 47,000 18,000 123 4.8 Africa Southern Africa 2,185,000 105,000 3 N/A N/A 124 4.8 Africa North Africa 35,241,000 1,690,000 2 N/A N/A 125 4.8 Africa Southern Africa 1,320,000 64,000 3 10,000 54,000 126 4.6 Americas North America 61,000 3,000 3 N/A N/A 127 & 4.6 Europe Western Europe 58,877,000 2,731,000 1 1,870,735 860,265 128 4.6 Americas Caribbean 108,000 5,000 3 N/A N/A 129 4.5 Asia South-East Asia 16,076,000 717,000 2 N/A N/A 130 4.5 Africa East Africa 29,538,000 1,337,000 2 7,000 1,330,000 131 4.4 Africa West Africa 23,816,000 1,049,000 3 2,500 1,046,500 132 4.2 Americas Caribbean 40,000 2,000 3 N/A N/A 133 4.1 Africa Southern Africa 2,344,000 97,000 2 32,901 64,099 134 4.1 Africa North Africa 95,215,000 3,931,000 2 250,000 3,681,000 135 4.1 Europe Southern Europe 32,000 1,000 1 N/A N/A 136 4.1 Africa East Africa 98,000 4,000 2 N/A N/A 137 3.9 Oceania Melanesia 276,000 11,000 2 4,700 6,300 138 3.6 Asia Western Asia 9,974,000 362,000 2 N/A N/A 139 3.6 Asia East Asia 1,388,233,000 49,735,000 2 680,000 49,055,000 140 3.6 Asia East Asia 606,000 22,000 3 N/A N/A 141 3.6 Asia East Asia 7,402,000 265,000 3 N/A N/A 142 3.6 Asia South-East Asia 103,797,000 3,776,000 2 1,739,000 2,037,000 143 3.5 Americas Caribbean 286,000 10,000 3 3,000 7,000 144 3.4 Africa Central Africa 1,801,000 61,000 2 N/A N/A 145 3.4 Americas Caribbean 57,000 2,000 3 N/A N/A 146 3.4 Americas Caribbean 188,000 6,000 3 N/A N/A 147 3.4 Americas Caribbean 110,000 4,000 3 2,865 1,135 148 3.4 Africa Central Africa 198,000 7,000 3 N/A N/A 149 3.3 Americas Caribbean 35,000 1,000 2 300 700 150 3.2 Africa West Africa 191,836,000 6,154,000 2 N/A N/A 151 3.2 Americas Caribbean 1,369,000 43,000 2 10,550 32,450 152 3.1 Africa East Africa 911,000 28,000 2 N/A N/A 153 3.0 Asia South-East Asia 7,038,000 215,000 3 N/A N/A 154 3.0 Europe Eastern Europe 4,055,000 121,000 2 54,663 66,337 155 2.8 Asia Central Asia 18,064,000 504,000 2 284,000 220,000 156 2.8 Asia Central Asia 6,125,000 171,000 3 29,237 141,763 157 2.8 Africa West Africa 4,266,000 120,000 2 N/A N/A 158 2.8 Africa East Africa 16,338,000 455,000 2 190,685 264,315 159 2.6 Americas Caribbean 105,000 3,000 3 N/A N/A 160 2.6 Americas Caribbean 160,000 4,000 3 N/A N/A 161 2.6 Americas Caribbean 10,983,000 291,000 2 20,379 270,621 162 2.6 Europe Western Europe 17,033,000 442,000 1 205,347 236,653 163 2.6 Oceania Micronesia 56,000 1,000 2 N/A N/A 164 2.6 Europe Eastern Europe 19,238,000 506,000 2 210,000 296,000 165 2.5 Oceania Polynesia 289,000 7,000 2 N/A N/A 166 2.5 Europe Central Europe 38,564,000 968,000 1 380,000 588,000 167 2.4 Africa Central Africa 4,866,000 119,000 2 N/A N/A 168 2.4 Americas South America 16,626,000 402,000 2 167,102 234,898 169 2.4 Asia South Asia 20,905,000 494,000 2 35,000 459,000 170 2.1 Africa North Africa 41,064,000 877,000 2 200,000 677,000 171 2.1 Africa Central Africa 24,514,000 510,000 2 N/A N/A 172 2.1 Americas Caribbean 11,390,000 234,000 2 58,150 175,850 173 2.1 Africa West Africa 4,730,000 97,000 2 N/A N/A 174 2.0 Americas South America 11,053,000 218,000 3 10,982 207,018 175 2.0 Africa East Africa 11,936,000 238,000 2 N/A N/A 176 2.0 Americas South America 32,166,000 633,000 2 365,845 267,155 177 2.0 Africa West Africa 16,054,000 323,000 2 7,053 315,947 178 1.8 Africa Central Africa 5,099,000 94,000 2 N/A N/A 179 1.6 Asia South-East Asia 54,836,000 877,000 3 N/A N/A 180 1.6 Asia South-East Asia 95,415,000 1,562,000 2 N/A N/A 181 1.5 Africa East Africa 826,000 12,000 2 N/A N/A 182 1.5 Africa West Africa 1,933,000 29,000 2 N/A N/A 183 1.5 Africa East Africa 48,467,000 750,000 2 8,136 741,864 184 1.5 Asia South Asia 29,187,000 444,000 2 34,315 409,685 185 1.4 Asia South-East Asia 434,000 6,000 2 N/A N/A 186 1.2 Africa Central Africa 82,243,000 946,000 2 216 945,784 187 1.2 Oceania Polynesia 10,000 100 2 50 50 188 1.1 Africa West Africa 18,690,000 206,000 2 N/A N/A 189 1.1 Asia Western Asia 4,952,000 56,000 2 N/A N/A 190 1.1 Africa North Africa 11,495,000 123,000 3 3,408 119,592 191 1.0 Africa Central Africa 14,965,000 151,000 2 N/A N/A 192 1.0 Africa West Africa 13,291,000 130,000 2 N/A N/A 193 1.0 Oceania Melanesia 7,934,000 79,000 2 27,043 51,957 194 0.9 Africa West Africa 19,173,000 175,000 2 N/A N/A 195 0.9 Africa East Africa 17,238,000 158,000 2 86,642 71,358 196 0.8 Asia South Asia 793,000 6,000 3 4,309 1,691 197 0.8 Oceania Melanesia 116,000 900 2 N/A N/A 198 0.8 Africa East Africa 56,878,000 427,000 2 115,850 311,150 199 0.8 Africa West Africa 7,692,000 58,000 2 10,000 48,000 200 0.8 Africa East Africa 41,653,000 331,000 2 21,156 309,844 201 0.8 Americas Caribbean 31,000 300 2 48 252 202 0.7 Oceania Polynesia 56,000 400 2 250 150 203 0.7 Africa East Africa 25,613,000 168,000 2 N/A N/A 204 0.7 Asia South-East Asia 31,164,000 217,000 2 142,038 74,962 205 0.7 Oceania Micronesia 106,000 700 2 N/A N/A 206 0.5 Oceania Melanesia 903,000 5,000 2 1,538 3,462 207 0.5 Oceania Melanesia 53,000 300 2 N/A N/A 208 0.5 Africa West Africa 21,564,000 117,000 2 2,000 115,000 209 0.5 Oceania Melanesia 22,000 100 2 N/A N/A 210 0.5 Africa East Africa 12,160,000 66,000 2 N/A N/A 211 0.5 Africa West Africa 6,733,000 35,000 2 N/A N/A 212 0.4 Asia South Asia 164,828,000 659,000 2 185,000 474,000 213 0.4 Africa East Africa 5,482,000 23,000 2 N/A N/A 214 0.4 Africa East Africa 104,345,000 377,000 2 N/A N/A 215 0.4 Asia Central Asia 8,858,000 37,000 2 9,863 27,137 216 0.4 Asia Central Asia 5,503,000 23,000 3 N/A N/A 217 0.4 Asia Central Asia 30,691,000 127,000 3 N/A N/A 218 0.3 Africa West Africa 11,459,000 33,000 2 N/A N/A 219 0.3 Asia East Asia 126,045,000 377,000 2 175,221 201,779 220 0.3 Asia East Asia 25,405,000 76,000 3 N/A N/A 221 0.3 Africa East Africa 18,299,000 47,000 2 12,500 34,500 222 0.3 Asia South-East Asia 5,785,000 20,000 3 795 19,205 223 0.3 Asia South-East Asia 1,237,000 3,000 2 N/A N/A 224 0.2 Asia East Asia 50,705,000 79,000 2 39,530 39,470 225 0.2 Oceania Melanesia 606,000 1,000 2 N/A N/A 226 0.0 Asia South-East Asia 2,000 – 2 N/A N/A 227 0.0 Europe Southern Europe 1,000 – 2 N/A N/A 228 0.0 Asia South-East Asia 263,510,000 82,000 2 41,102 40,898 229 0.0 Oceania Melanesia 10,000 – 2 N/A N/A 230 0.0 Asia East Asia 23,405,000 10,000 2 5,000 5,000 ===Notes=== Return to top of table. * Firearms Countries Countries Firearm-related death rate Firearm- related death rate Country Year Total Homicide Suicide Unintentional Undetermined Guns per 100 inhabitants Sources and notes 2018 5.72 2.80 1.05 0.10 1.77 7.4 (2016) Guns in Argentina 2019 0.88 0.15 0.72 0.00 0.03 13.7 (2016) Guns in Australia 2016 2.75 0.10 2.44 0.01 0.11 30.0 (2017) Guns in Austria mixed years 0.23 0.20 (2017) 0.01 0.02 ? 3.6 (2017) Guns in Azerbaijan 2013 7.36 6.70 (2015) 0.00 0.00 4.16 3.5 (2007) Guns in Barbados mixed years ? 0.14 (2009) ? ? ? 7.3 (2007) Guns in Belarus 2015 1.40 0.25 1.09 0.04 0.03 6.86 (2015) Guns in Belgium mixed years ? 0.74 (2010) ? ? ? 2.5 (2012) Guns in Bolivia 2017 23.93 22.91 0.46 0.16 0.39 8.6 Guns in Brazil 2014 1.51 0.20 (2016) 0.73 0.26 0.14 6.2-19.4 (2007, 2006) Guns in Bulgaria 2018 1.94 0.52 (2018) 1.40 (2018) 0.00 0.00 34.70 (2017) Guns in Canada 2015 2.79 1.92 0.54 0.33 0.04 (2001) 12.1 (2017) Guns in Chile 2015 20.38 18.20 (2016) 0.69 0.11 0.37 10.10 (2017) Guns in Colombia 2014 7.59 6.46 0.9 0.08 0.15 10 (2017) Guns in Costa Rica 2016 2.83 0.35 2.39 0.07 0.02 13.7 (2017) Guns in Croatia 2011 0.50 0.20 (2013) 0.30 0.05 0.01 2 Guns in Cuba 2016 1.00 0.50 0.33 0.08 0.09 (2009) 36.4 Guns in Cyprus 2016 1.64 0.10 (2017) 1.43 0.06 0.08 16.3 Guns in Czech Republic 2015 0.91 0.18 0.72 0.02 0.02 (2014) 9.90 (2017) Guns in Denmark 2015 78.52 71.60 (2016) 0.15 0.05 (2013) 0.15 5.8 Guns in El Salvador 2015 1.34 0.00 1.19 0.24 (2014) 0.16 9.2 Guns in Estonia mixed years 37.16 37.16 (2004) ? ? ? 6.4 Guns in Swaziland 2015 2.41 0.20 (2016) 2.17 0.02 0.02 32.4 (2017) Guns in Finland 2014 2.33 0.12 1.64 0.03 0.53 14.96 Guns in France 2019 1.44 0.62 0.47 0.35 ? 10.10 (2017) Guns in Georgia 2015 1.04 0.06 0.91 0.01 0.06 32.0 (2016) Guns in Germany 2015 1.35 0.19 1.02 0.10 0.04 22.5 Guns in Greece 2015 25.48 20.41 0.29 4.78 4.17 (2010) 13.1 Guns in Guatemala mixed years 29.40 28.65 (2018) 0.41 (2013) 0.07 (2013) 0.27 (2013) 9.9–11.24 (mixed years) Guns in Honduras mixed years 0.03 0.00 (2004) 0.03 (1999) 0.00 (1996) 0.00 (1996) ? The annex table where all the numbers in the main column come from also includes some sub-national areas and territories such as Northern Ireland, Puerto Rico, Scotland, etc. Ranking by country for civilian-held firearms per 100 population. Created by combining List of countries by intentional homicide rate, Estimated number of civilian guns per capita by country and List of countries by firearm-related death rate . See country table in annex PDF: Civilian Firearms Holdings, 2017. Mixed sources 2016 1.36 1.36 (2016) ? ? ? 6.6 Guns in Ukraine 2015 0.20 0.02 0.16 0.01 0.01 2.8 Guns in the United Kingdom 2017 12.21 4.46 7.32 0.15 0.10 120.5 Guns in the United States 2015 11.67 4.70 (2016) 4.55 2.09 0.06 31.8 Guns in Uruguay 2013 49.73 26.48 0.14 0.26 22.34 18.50 (2017) Guns in Venezuela mixed years 0.39 0.30 (2007) 0.09 (1995) ? ? 4.6 Guns in Zimbabwe Country Year Total Homicides Suicides Unintentional Undetermined Guns per 100 inhabitants Sources and notes ==Charts and graphs== thumb|center| upright=1.35| Gun homicide rates as a function of gun ownership rates. ==See also== * Firearm death rates in the United States by state * List of countries by intentional homicide rate * List of countries by suicide rate * List of cities by murder rate * List of U.S. states and territories by violent crime rate * List of U.S. states and territories by intentional homicide rate * List of United States cities by crime rate (2012) (250,000+) * Percent of households with guns by country * United States cities by crime rate (100,000–250,000) * United States cities by crime rate (60,000-100,000) * Index of gun politics articles * Estimated number of civilian guns per capita by country ==References== ==External links== * Systematic comparison of 195 countries and territories for the period from 1990 to 2016: * * ** * **Historic data can be found on the United Nations Survey on Crime Trends and the Operations of Criminal Justice Systems (UN-CTS) page. This article is a list of the U.S. states, with population, murders and non- negligent manslaughter, murders, gun murders, and gun ownership percentage, then calculated rates per 100,000. Estimating Global Civilian-Held Firearms Numbers. Country Region Subregion Intentional homicide victims per 100,000 inhabitants Estimate of civilian firearms per 100 persons Total firearm-related death rate per 100,000 inhabitants Asia Southern Asia 12.5 ? [[File:2012- U.S. gun murder victims by weapon (FBI UCR).png|thumb |325px | Handguns are involved in most U.S. gun homicides. ● Murder Victims by Weapon, 2012–2016, Federal Bureau of Investigation Uniform Crime Reporting Program. In both years, three-quarters of these murders were committed with firearms; that percentage slightly increased from 2019 (74%) to 2020 (77%).States with weaker gun laws have higher rates of firearm related homicides and suicides, study finds.

The United States has the most guns in total after the United States

India, China, Pakistan, and Canada have the most guns in total after the United States

Canada and Australia have the most guns in total

America

India, China, Pakistan, and Russia have the most guns in total after the United States

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Which country in Northern Europe has the best scores on PISA since 2015?

This table contains international rankings of Finland, including previous years when available. In the final, Finland performed in position 18 and placed eleventh out of the 26 participating countries, scoring 72 points. == Background == Prior to the 2014 contest, Finland had participated in the Eurovision Song Contest forty-seven times since its first entry in 1961. The country's best result is a third-place finish in 1996. == Participation overview == Table key Third place Year Entrant Instrument Final Semi 1994 Marko Martin Piano - - 1996 Hanna Heinmaa Piano 3 - 1998 Hando Nahkur Piano rowspan="3" - 2000 Vambola Krigul Marimba - 2002 Michael Paull Guitar - 2004 Jaan Kapp Piano - - 20062016 colspan="4" rowspan="1" 2018 Tanel-Eiko Novikov Percussion - ==See also== *Estonia in the Eurovision Song Contest ==References== == External links == * Eurovision Young Musicians Category:Countries in the Eurovision Young Musicians The following are academic ranks in the Finnish higher education system. In the public vote, Finland scored 83 points, while with the jury vote, Finland scored 117 points. Finland participated in the Eurovision Song Contest 2014 with the song "Something Better" written by Topi Latukka and Henri Oskár. Finland's entries for the Eurovision Song Contest have been selected through national final competitions that have varied in format over the years. It was later revealed that Finland placed third out of the 15 participating countries in the semi-final with 97 points. Finland was drawn to compete in the second semi-final of the Eurovision Song Contest which took place on 8 May 2014. In the final, Finland placed seventeenth with the public televote with 39 points and seventh with the jury vote, scoring 114 points. Organisation Survey Year Rank Out of (countries) Ref Notes Germanwatch Climate Change Performance Index 2018 A.T. Kearney / Foreign Policy Magazine Globalization Index 2007 2006 Yale University / Columbia University Environmental Performance Index 2010 2008 2006 Heritage Foundation / The Wall Street Journal Index of Economic Freedom 2010 2008 2007 2006 IMD International World Competitiveness Yearbook 2010 2008 * 2007 2006 Legatum Institute Legatum Prosperity Index 2009 Newsweek World's Best Countries 2010 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2006 2003 2000 Reporters Without Borders Worldwide Press Freedom Index 2009 2008 2007 2006 Save the Children State of the World's Mothers 2010 2008 2007 2006 The Economist Intelligence Unit Global Peace Index 2010 2008 2007 Transparency International Corruption Perceptions Index 2009 2008 2007 2006 United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Human Development Index 2007–2008 2006 2005 2004 World Economic Forum Global Competitiveness Index (Global Competitiveness Report) 2010–2011 2009–2010 2008–2009 2007–2008 Networked Readiness Index (Global Information Technology Report) 2012 2013 2016 World Health Organization The World Health Organization's ranking of the world's health systems 2000 Programme for International Student Assessment Science 2015 Reading 2015 Fund for Peace Fragile States Index 2018 *the most sustainable United Nations World Happiness Report 2019 World Economic Forum Global Gender Gap Report 2018 Good Country Index 2018 World Economic Forum Global Social Mobility Index 2020 This is a helper page for the article Finland, which is to accommodate a maximum of three years per survey to keep the article size from growing oversized. ==See also== * List of Finland-related topics ==References== ==External links== *Finland among the best in the world at Statistics Finland * Finland Finland participated at the 2015 Summer Universiade in Gwangju, South Korea. ==Medal summary== === Medal by sports === Medals by sport Medals by sport Medals by sport Medals by sport Medals by sport Sport Total Gymnastics 0 0 2 2 Total 0 0 2 2 === Medalists === Medal Name Sport Event Date Gymnastics Group All-Around Gymnastics Group – 5 ribbons ==References== * Country overview: Finland on the official website Category:Nations at the 2015 Summer Universiade Category:Finland at the Summer Universiade Category:2015 in Finnish sport Finland placed eleventh in the final, scoring 72 points. === Voting === Voting during the three shows consisted of 50 percent public televoting and 50 percent from a jury deliberation. At the end of the show, Finland was announced as having finished in the top 10 and subsequently qualifying for the grand final. Finland has won the contest once in 2006 with the song "Hard Rock Hallelujah" performed by Lordi. Finland was set to perform in position 8, following the entry from Lithuania and before the entry from Ireland. It was later revealed that Finland placed third in the semi-final, receiving a total of 97 points. === Final === Shortly after the second semi-final, a winners' press conference was held for the ten qualifying countries. Estonia has competed at the European Games since the inaugural 2015 Games. ==European Games== ===Medals by Games=== Games Athletes Gold Silver Bronze Total Rank 2015 Baku 59 0 1 2 3 33 2019 Minsk 68 0 2 3 4 35 Total Total 0 3 5 8 36 ==Medalists== Medal Name Games Sport Event Irina Embrich Erika Kirpu Katrina Lehis 2015 Baku Fencing Women's team épée 2015 Baku Wrestling Men's Greco-Roman 130 kg 2015 Baku Fencing Women's épée 2019 Minsk Cycling Men's road race Kadri-Ann Lass Annika Köster Janne Pulk 2019 Minsk Basketball Women's tournament 2019 Minsk Wrestling Women's freestyle 76 kg 2019 Minsk Badminton Men's singles 2019 Minsk Karate Men's kumite 75 kg ===By sport=== ==See also== * Estonia at the Olympics * Estonia at the Youth Olympics ==References== Following the release of the full split voting by the EBU after the conclusion of the competition, it was revealed that Finland had placed seventh with the public televote and second with the jury vote in the second semi-final. * Rehtori (Rector) * Vararehtori (Vice Rector) * Dekaani (Dean) * Laitoksen johtaja or osastonjohtaja (Head of Department) * Professori (Professor) == References == Category:Academic ranks Category:Education in Finland Ranks Josh Standing "Top of the World" 9.62% — — — 8 Hukka ja Mama "Selja" 13.46% — — — Draw Song Redrama Total Percentage 1 "Something Better" 8 10 10 10 38 18.27% 2 "Hope" 3 7 4 5 19 9.13% 3 "God/Drug" 10 9 7 6 32 15.38% 4 "Going Down" 5 6 5 7 23 11.06% 5 "Shining Bright" 4 3 3 3 13 6.25% 6 "Sängyn reunalla" 9 8 9 9 35 16.83% 7 "Top of the World" 6 4 6 4 20 9.62% 8 "Selja" 7 5 8 8 28 13.46% ==At Eurovision== thumbnail|Softengine presenting themselves and Something Better at the Eurovision Song Contest 2014According to Eurovision rules, all nations with the exceptions of the host country and the "Big Five" (France, Germany, Italy, Spain and the United Kingdom) are required to qualify from one of two semi-finals in order to compete for the final; the top ten countries from each semi-final progress to the final. Estonia has participated in the biennial classical music competition Eurovision Young Musicians six times since its debut in 1994, most recently taking part in 2018.

Finland has the best scores on PISA since 2015

Estonia has the best scores on PISA since 2015

Singapore

Finland

Sweden

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The place with the most Nobel Laureates of all time is which country?

The United States has the highest number of Nobel laureates in the world, with over 400 Nobel laureates. The present list ranks laureates under the country/countries that are stated by the Nobel Prize committee on its website.Chronological list of All Nobel Laureates on the official website of the Nobel Prize committee. This is a list of Nobel Prize laureates by country. The list does not distinguish between laureates who received a full prize and the majority who shared a prize.Jürgen Schmidhuber (2010): Evolution of National Nobel Prize Shares in the 20th Century, ArXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/1009.2634, web site Some laureates are listed under more than one country, because the official website mentions multiple countries in relation to the laureate.Example of an award applied to more than one country. This article lists sovereign countries, territories, and supranational unions by Nobel laureates per capita. The one that was not specified is Charles J. Pedersen (Chemistry, 1987), who was born in Busan, according to the Nobel Prize website. ==See also== *List of Nobel laureates *List of Nobel laureates by country *List of Jewish Nobel laureates *List of Christian Nobel laureates *List of Muslim Nobel laureates *List of nonreligious Nobel laureates ==References== ==Further reading== * ==External links== * All Nobel Laureates * Graph of Nobel shares by country (yearly cumulative) capita * Nobel This list of Nobel laureates by university affiliation shows the university affiliations of individual winners of the Nobel Prize since 1901 and the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences since 1969. Organizations are listed here if the Nobel Prize committee relates them to a single country.Example of an awarded organization that is related to a country == Summary == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; overflow:auto;border:2px solid; margin-left:auto; margin-right:0px;" Country Number of Nobel laureates (Number of Nobel Prizes) 403 (406)John Bardeen awarded twice in physics; Linus C. Pauling awarded once in chemistry and once in peace; K. Barry Sharpless awarded twice in chemistry; 137 (138)Frederick Sanger awarded twice in chemistry; 114 72 (73)Marie Curie awarded once in physics and once in chemistry; 33 / 32 29 28 style="text-align:left;" 27 22 22 21 18 (19) 14 13 13 13 12 12 11 11 11 8 8 6 5 5 4 4 4 4Samuel C. C. Ting, Chen-Ning Yang, and Tsung-Dao Lee acquired nationality during Republic of China Rule on mainland, and are thus generally considered Chinese-American rather than Taiwanese-American. 3 3 3 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 == Nobel Prizes by category/country of birth == thumb|Bar plot of Nobel Prize numbers by category / country of birth thumb|Bar plot of Nobel Prize numbers by category - country of death === Algeria === # Albert Camus*, Literature, 1957 # Claude Cohen- Tannoudji*, Physics, 1997 ===Argentina=== #César Milstein*, Physiology or Medicine, 1984 #Adolfo Pérez Esquivel, Peace, 1980 #Luis Federico Leloir, born in France, Chemistry, 1970 #Bernardo Houssay, Physiology or Medicine, 1947 #Carlos Saavedra Lamas, Peace, 1936 === Armenia === # Ardem Patapoutian, born in Lebanon, Physiology or Medicine, 2021 ===Australia=== #Brian Schmidt, born in the United States, Physics, 2011 #Elizabeth Blackburn*, Physiology or Medicine, 2009 #Barry Marshall, Physiology or Medicine, 2005 #J. Robin Warren, Physiology or Medicine, 2005 #Peter C. Doherty, Physiology or Medicine, 1996 #Rolf Zinkernagel, Physiology or Medicine, 1996 #John Cornforth*, Chemistry, 1975 #Patrick White, born in the United Kingdom, Literature, 1973 #Aleksandr M. Prokhorov, Physics, 1964 #John Carew Eccles, Physiology or Medicine, 1963 #Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet, Physiology or Medicine, 1960 #Howard Florey, Physiology or Medicine, 1945 #William Lawrence Bragg, Physics, 1915 #William Henry Bragg, Physics, 1915 ===Austria=== #Anton Zeilinger, Physics, 2022 #Peter Handke, Literature, 2019 #Martin Karplus*, Chemistry, 2013 #Elfriede Jelinek, Literature, 2004 #Eric Kandel*, Physiology or Medicine, 2000 #Walter Kohn*, Chemistry, 1998 #Friedrich Hayek, Economics, 1974 #Konrad Lorenz, Physiology or Medicine, 1973 #Karl von Frisch*, Physiology or Medicine, 1973 #Max Perutz, Chemistry, 1962 #Wolfgang Pauli, Physics, 1945 #Richard Kuhn*, Chemistry, 1938 #Otto Loewi, born in Germany, Physiology or Medicine, 1936 #Victor Francis Hess, Physics, 1936 #Erwin Schrödinger, Physics, 1933 #Karl Landsteiner, Physiology or Medicine, 1930 #Julius Wagner-Jauregg, Physiology or Medicine, 1927 #Richard Adolf Zsigmondy, Chemistry, 1925 #Fritz Pregl, born in Austria-Hungary, now Slovenia, Chemistry, 1923 #Róbert Bárány, Physiology or Medicine, 1914 #Alfred Hermann Fried, Peace, 1911 #Bertha von Suttner, born in the Austrian Empire, now Czech Republic, Peace, 1905 ===Austro-Hungary=== ===Born in Austrian part of Austro-Hungarian Empire=== #Friedrich Hayek, Economics, 1974 #Konrad Lorenz, Physiology or Medicine, 1973 #Karl von Frisch*, Physiology or Medicine, 1973 #Max Perutz, Chemistry, 1962 #Wolfgang Pauli, Physics, 1945 #Richard Kuhn*, Chemistry, 1938 #Otto Loewi, born in Germany, Physiology or Medicine, 1936 #Victor Francis Hess, Physics, 1936 #Erwin Schrödinger, Physics, 1933 #Karl Landsteiner, Physiology or Medicine, 1930 #Julius Wagner-Jauregg, Physiology or Medicine, 1927 #Richard Adolf Zsigmondy, Chemistry, 1925 #Fritz Pregl, born in Austria-Hungary, now Slovenia, Chemistry, 1923 #Róbert Bárány, Physiology or Medicine, 1914 #Alfred Hermann Fried, Peace, 1911 #Bertha von Suttner, born in the Austrian Empire, now Czech Republic, Peace, 1905 ===Born in Hungarian part of Austro-Hungarian Empire=== #Dennis Gabor, Physics, 1971 #Eugene Wigner, Physics, 1963 #Georg von Békésy, Physiology or Medicine, 1961 #George de Hevesy, Chemistry, 1943 #Albert Szent-Györgyi, Physiology or Medicine, 1937 #Richard Adolf Zsigmondy, Chemistry, 1925 #Róbert Bárány, born in Austria, Medicine, 1914 #Philipp Lenard, Physics, 1905 ===Croatia in Hungary=== #Leopold Ružička*, Ethnic Croat and national born in the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia part of Kingdom of Hungary in Austro-Hungarian Empire (now Croatia), Chemistry, 1939 Other countries #Vladimir Prelog*, Ethnic Croat and national born in Condominium of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Austro-Hungarian Empire (now Bosnia and Herzegovina), Chemistry, 1975 ===Bangladesh=== #Muhammad Yunus, Peace, 2006 ===Belarus=== #Ales Bialiatski, Peace, 2022 #Svetlana Alexievich, born in Ukraine, Literature, 2015 #Zhores Alferov*, Physics, 2000 ===Belgium=== #François Englert, Physics, 2013 #Ilya Prigogine, born in Russia, Chemistry, 1977 #Christian de Duve, born in the United Kingdom, Physiology or Medicine, 1974 #Albert Claude, Physiology or Medicine, 1974 #Dominique Pire, Peace, 1958 #Corneille Heymans, Physiology or Medicine, 1938 #Jules Bordet, Physiology or Medicine, 1919 #Henri La Fontaine, Peace, 1913 #Maurice Maeterlinck, Literature, 1911 #Auguste Beernaert, Peace, 1909 #Institut de Droit International, Peace, 1904 ===Bosnia and Herzegovina=== #Ivo Andrić*, born in Condominium of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Austria-Hungary (now Bosnia and Herzegovina), Literature, 1961 #Vladimir Prelog*, born in Condominium of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Austria-Hungary (now Bosnia and Herzegovina), Chemistry, 1975 ===Brazil=== #Peter Brian Medawar*, Physiology or Medicine, 1960 ===Bulgaria=== #Elias Canetti*, Literature, 1981 ===Canada=== #David Card, Economics, 2021 #Jim Peebles, Physics, 2019 #Donna Strickland, Physics, 2018 #Arthur B. McDonald, Physics, 2015 #Alice Munro, Literature, 2013 #Ralph M. Steinman, Physiology or Medicine, 2011 #Willard S. Boyle*, Physics, 2009 #Jack W. Szostak, born in the United Kingdom, Physiology or Medicine, 2009 #Robert Mundell, Economics, 1999 #Myron Scholes*, Economics, 1997 #William Vickrey*, Economics, 1996 #Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs, Peace, 1995 #Bertram Brockhouse, Physics, 1994 #Michael Smith, born in the United Kingdom, Chemistry, 1993 #Rudolph A. Marcus*, Chemistry, 1992 #Richard E. Taylor, Physics, 1990 #Sidney Altman*, Chemistry, 1989 #John Polanyi, born in Germany, Chemistry, 1986 #Henry Taube*, Chemistry, 1983 #David H. Hubel*, Physiology or Medicine, 1981 #Saul Bellow*, Literature, 1976 #Gerhard Herzberg, born in Germany, Chemistry, 1971 #Charles B. Huggins*, Physiology or Medicine, 1966 #Lester B. Pearson, Peace, 1957 #William Giauque*, Chemistry, 1949 #Frederick G. Banting, Physiology or Medicine, 1923 #John James Rickard Macleod, born in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, Physiology or Medicine, 1923 ===Chile=== #Pablo Neruda, Literature, 1971 #Gabriela Mistral, Literature, 1945 ===China (People's Republic of China)=== #Tu Youyou, Physiology or Medicine, 2015 #Mo Yan, Literature, 2012 #Liu Xiaobo, Peace, 2010 #Charles K. Kao*, Physics, 2009 #Gao Xingjian*, Literature, 2000 #Daniel C. Tsui*, Physics, 1998 #Chen-Ning Yang*, Physics, 1957 #Tsung-Dao Lee*, Physics, 1957 ===Colombia=== #Juan Manuel Santos Calderón, Peace, 2016 #Gabriel García Márquez, Literature, 1982 ===Congo, Democratic Republic=== #Denis Mukwege, Peace, 2018 ===Costa Rica=== #Óscar Arias Sánchez, Peace, 1987 ===Croatia=== #Leopold Ružička*, Ethnic Croat and national born in the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia part of Kingdom of Hungary in Austro-Hungarian Empire (now Croatia), Chemistry, 1939 #Vladimir Prelog*, Ethnic Croat and national born in Condominium of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Austro-Hungarian Empire (now Bosnia and Herzegovina), Chemistry, 1975 ===Cyprus=== #Christopher A. Pissarides*, Economics, 2010 ===Czech Republic=== #Peter Grünberg*, born in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, (now Czech Republic), Physics, 2007 #Jaroslav Seifert, born in Prague, Austria-Hungary, (now Czech Republic), Literature, 1984 #Jaroslav Heyrovský, born in Prague, Austria-Hungary, (now Czech Republic), Chemistry, 1959 #Carl Ferdinand Cori*, born in Prague, Austria-Hungary, (now Czech Republic), Physiology or Medicine, 1947 #Gerty Cori*, born in Prague, Austria-Hungary, (now Czech Republic), Physiology or Medicine, 1947 #Bertha von Suttner*, born in Prague, Austria-Hungary, (now Czech Republic), Peace, 1905 ===Denmark=== #Morten P. Meldal, Chemistry, 2022 #Jens Christian Skou, Chemistry, 1997 #Niels Kaj Jerne, born in United Kingdom, Physiology or Medicine, 1984 #Aage Bohr, Physics, 1975 #Ben Roy Mottelson, born in United States, Physics, 1975 #Johannes V. Jensen, Literature, 1944 #Henrik Dam, Physiology or Medicine, 1943 #Johannes Fibiger, Physiology or Medicine, 1926 #Niels Bohr, Physics, 1922 #August Krogh, Physiology or Medicine, 1920 #Karl Adolph Gjellerup, Literature, 1917 #Henrik Pontoppidan, Literature, 1917 #Fredrik Bajer, Peace, 1908 #Niels Ryberg Finsen, born in Faroe Islands, Physiology or Medicine, 1903 ===East Timor=== #Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo, Peace, 1996 #José Ramos-Horta, Peace, 1996 ===Egypt=== #Mohamed ElBaradei, Peace, 2005 #Ahmed Zewail, Chemistry, 1999 #Naguib Mahfouz, Literature, 1988 #Anwar Sadat, Peace, 1978 ===Ethiopia=== #Abiy Ahmed Ali, Peace, 2019 ===Faroe Islands=== #Niels Ryberg Finsen*, Physiology or Medicine, 1903 ===Finland=== #Bengt R. Holmström, Economics, 2016 #Martti Ahtisaari, Peace, 2008 #Ragnar Granit, born in the Grand Duchy of Finland, a part of the Russian Empire in 1809–1917, Physiology or Medicine, 1967 #Artturi Ilmari Virtanen, born in the Grand Duchy of Finland, a part of the Russian Empire in 1809–1917, Chemistry, 1945 #Frans Eemil Sillanpää, born in the Grand Duchy of Finland, a part of the Russian Empire in 1809–1917, Literature, 1939 ===France=== #Annie Ernaux, Literature, 2022 #Alain Aspect, Physics, 2022 #Emmanuelle Charpentier, Chemistry, 2020 #Esther Duflo, Economics, 2019 #Gérard Mourou, Physics, 2018 #Jean-Pierre Sauvage, Chemistry, 2016 #Jean Tirole, Economics, 2014 #Patrick Modiano, Literature, 2014 #Serge Haroche, born in Morocco, then under French protectorate, Physics, 2012 #Jules A. Hoffmann, born in Luxembourg, Physiology or Medicine, 2011 #J. M. G. Le Clézio, Literature, 2008 #Luc Montagnier, Physiology or Medicine, 2008 #Françoise Barré-Sinoussi, Physiology or Medicine, 2008 #Albert Fert, Physics, 2007 #Yves Chauvin, Chemistry, 2005 #Gao Xingjian, born in China, Literature, 2000 #Médecins Sans Frontières, Peace, 1999 #Claude Cohen-Tannoudji, born in French Algeria, Physics, 1997 #Georges Charpak, born in then Poland (Second Polish Republic), now Ukraine, Physics, 1992 #Pierre-Gilles de Gennes, Physics, 1991 #Maurice Allais, Economics, 1988 #Jean-Marie Lehn, Chemistry, 1987 #Claude Simon, Literature, 1985 #Gérard Debreu, Economics, 1983 #Jean Dausset, Physiology or Medicine, 1980 #Roger Guillemin*, Physiology or Medicine, 1977 #Seán MacBride*, Peace, 1974 #Louis Néel, Physics, 1970 #Luis Federico Leloir*, Chemistry, 1970 #René Cassin, Peace, 1968 #Alfred Kastler, Physics, 1966 #François Jacob, Physiology or Medicine, 1965 #Jacques Monod, Physiology or Medicine, 1965 #André Lwoff, Physiology or Medicine, 1965 #Jean- Paul Sartre, Literature, 1964 (declined the prize) #Saint-John Perse, Literature, 1960 #Albert Camus, born in French Algeria, Literature, 1957 #André Frédéric Cournand, Physiology or Medicine, 1956 #François Mauriac, Literature, 1952 #Albert Schweitzer, born in Alsace, then in Germany, Peace, 1952 #Léon Jouhaux, Peace, 1951 #André Gide, Literature, 1947 #Roger Martin du Gard, Literature, 1937 #Frédéric Joliot-Curie, Chemistry, 1935 #Irène Joliot- Curie, Chemistry, 1935 #Ivan Bunin, born in Russia, Literature, 1933 #Louis de Broglie, Physics, 1929 #Charles Nicolle, Physiology or Medicine, 1928 #Henri Bergson, Literature, 1927 #Ferdinand Buisson, Peace, 1927 #Aristide Briand, Peace, 1926 #Jean Baptiste Perrin, Physics, 1926 #Anatole France, Literature, 1921 #Léon Bourgeois, Peace, 1920 #Romain Rolland, Literature, 1915 #Alfred Werner*, Chemistry, 1913 #Charles Richet, Physiology or Medicine, 1913 #Alexis Carrel, Physiology or Medicine, 1912 #Paul Sabatier, Chemistry, 1912 #Victor Grignard, Chemistry, 1912 #Marie Curie, born in Congress Poland (Russian Empire), Chemistry, 1911 #Paul-Henri-Benjamin d'Estournelles de Constant, Peace, 1909 #Gabriel Lippmann, born in Luxembourg, Physics, 1908 #Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran, Physiology or Medicine, 1907 #Louis Renault, Peace, 1907 #Henri Moissan, Chemistry, 1906 #Frédéric Mistral, Literature, 1904 #Antoine Henri Becquerel, Physics, 1903 #Pierre Curie, Physics, 1903 #Marie Curie, born in Congress Poland, (Russian Empire), Physics, 1903 #Henry Dunant, born in the Swiss Confederation, Peace, 1901 #Frédéric Passy, Peace, 1901 #Sully Prudhomme, Literature, 1901 ===Germany=== #Svante Pääbo, born in Sweden, Physiology or Medicine, 2022 #Benjamin List, Chemistry, 2021 #Klaus Hasselmann, Physics, 2021 #Emmanuelle Charpentier*, Chemistry, 2020 #Reinhard Genzel, Physics, 2020 #John B. Goodenough*, Chemistry, 2019 #Joachim Frank*, Chemistry, 2017 #Rainer Weiss*, Physics, 2017 #Stefan Hell, born in Romania, Chemistry, 2014 #Thomas C. Südhof, Physiology or Medicine, 2013 #Herta Müller, born in Romania, Literature, 2009 #Harald zur Hausen, Physiology or Medicine, 2008 #Gerhard Ertl, Chemistry, 2007 #Peter Grünberg, born in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, now the Czech Republic, Physics, 2007 #Theodor W. Hänsch, Physics, 2005 #Wolfgang Ketterle, Physics, 2001 #Herbert Kroemer, Physics, 2000 #Günter Blobel*, Physiology or Medicine, 1999 #Günter Grass, born in Free City of Danzig, now Poland, Literature, 1999 #Horst L. Störmer, Physics, 1998 #Paul J. Crutzen, Chemistry, 1995 #Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard, Physiology or Medicine, 1995 #Reinhard Selten, Economics, 1994 #Bert Sakmann, Physiology or Medicine, 1991 #Erwin Neher, Physiology or Medicine, 1991 #Hans G. Dehmelt*, Physics, 1989 #Wolfgang Paul, Physics, 1989 #Johann Deisenhofer, Chemistry, 1988 #Robert Huber, Chemistry, 1988 #Hartmut Michel, Chemistry, 1988 #Jack Steinberger*, Physics, 1988 #J. Georg Bednorz, Physics, 1987 #John Polanyi*, Chemistry, 1986 #Ernst Ruska, Physics, 1986 #Gerd Binnig, Physics, 1986 #Klaus von Klitzing, Physics, 1985 #Georges J.F. Köhler*, Physiology or Medicine, 1984 #Georg Wittig, Chemistry, 1979 #Arno Penzias*, Physics, 1978 #Henry Kissinger*, Peace, 1978 #Ernst Otto Fischer, Chemistry, 1973 #Karl von Frisch, born in Austria-Hungary, now Austria, Physiology or Medicine, 1973 #Heinrich Böll, Literature, 1972 #Gerhard Herzberg*, Chemistry, 1971 #Willy Brandt, Peace, 1971 #Bernard Katz*, Physiology or Medicine, 1970 #Max Delbrück*, Physiology or Medicine, 1969 #Manfred Eigen, Chemistry, 1967 #Hans Bethe*, Physics, 1967 #Nelly Sachs*, Literature, 1966 #Feodor Felix Konrad Lynen, Physiology or Medicine, 1964 #Konrad Bloch*, Physiology or Medicine, 1964 #Karl Ziegler, Chemistry, 1963 #Maria Goeppert-Mayer*, Physics, 1963 #J. Hans D. Jensen, Physics, 1963 #Rudolf Mössbauer, Physics, 1961 #Werner Forssmann, Physiology or Medicine, 1956 #Polykarp Kusch*, Physics, 1955 #Max Born*, Physics, 1954 #Walther Bothe, Physics, 1954 #Hermann Staudinger, Chemistry, 1953 #Fritz Albert Lipmann*, Physiology or Medicine, 1953 #Hans Adolf Krebs*, Physiology or Medicine, 1953 #Albert Schweitzer*, Peace, 1952 #Otto Diels, Chemistry, 1950 #Kurt Alder, Chemistry, 1950 #Hermann Hesse*, Literature, 1946 #Ernst Boris Chain*, Physiology or Medicine, 1945 #Otto Hahn, Chemistry, 1944 #Otto Stern*, Physics, 1943 #Adolf Butenandt, Chemistry, 1939 #Gerhard Domagk, Physiology or Medicine, 1939 #Richard Kuhn, born in Austria- Hungary, now Austria, Chemistry, 1938 #Otto Loewi*, Physiology or Medicine, 1936 #Carl von Ossietzky, Peace, 1935 #Hans Spemann, Physiology or Medicine, 1935 #Werner Karl Heisenberg, Physics, 1932 #Otto Heinrich Warburg, Physiology or Medicine, 1931 #Carl Bosch, Chemistry, 1931 #Friedrich Bergius, Chemistry, 1931 #Hans Fischer, Chemistry, 1930 #Thomas Mann, Literature, 1929 #Hans von Euler-Chelpin*, Chemistry, 1929 #Adolf Otto Reinhold Windaus, Chemistry, 1928 #Ludwig Quidde, Peace, 1927 #Heinrich Otto Wieland, Chemistry, 1927 #Gustav Stresemann, Peace, 1926 #James Franck, Physics, 1925 #Gustav Ludwig Hertz, Physics, 1925 #Otto Fritz Meyerhof, Physiology or Medicine, 1922 #Albert Einstein, Physics, 1921 #Walther Nernst, Chemistry, 1920 #Johannes Stark, Physics, 1919 #Fritz Haber, Chemistry, 1918 #Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck, Physics, 1918 #Richard Willstätter, Chemistry, 1915 #Max von Laue, Physics, 1914 #Gerhart Hauptmann, born in Prussia, now Poland, Literature, 1912 #Wilhelm Wien, Physics, 1911 #Otto Wallach, Chemistry, 1910 #Albrecht Kossel, Physiology or Medicine, 1910 #Paul Johann Ludwig Heyse, Literature, 1910 #Karl Ferdinand Braun, Physics, 1909 #Wilhelm Ostwald, born in Russia, now Latvia, Chemistry, 1909 #Rudolf Christoph Eucken, Literature, 1908 #Paul Ehrlich, Physiology or Medicine, 1908 #Eduard Buchner, Chemistry, 1907 #Robert Koch, Physiology or Medicine, 1905 #Philipp Lenard, born in Pressburg, Kingdom of Hungary, Austrian Empire, now Slovakia, Physics, 1905 #Adolf von Baeyer, Chemistry, 1905 #Hermann Emil Fischer, Chemistry, 1902 #Theodor Mommsen, born in Duchy of Schleswig, Literature, 1902 #Emil Adolf von Behring, Physiology or Medicine, 1901 #Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, Physics, 1901 ===Ghana=== #Kofi Annan, Peace, 2001 ===Greece=== #Odysseas Elytis, Literature, 1979 #Giorgos Seferis, (born in then Ottoman Empire, now Turkey), Literature, 1963 ===Guatemala=== #Rigoberta Menchú, Peace, 1992 #Miguel Ángel Asturias, Literature, 1967 ===Hong Kong=== #Charles K. Kao, Physics, 2009 ===Hungary=== #Avram Hershko*, as an Israeli citizen, Chemistry, 2004 #Imre Kertész, Literature, 2002 #George Andrew Olah, Chemistry, 1994 #John Harsanyi, Economics, 1994 #John Polanyi, born in Germany, Chemistry, 1986 #Dennis Gabor, Physics, 1971 #Eugene Wigner, Physics, 1963 #Georg von Békésy, Physiology or Medicine, 1961 #George de Hevesy, Chemistry, 1943 #Albert Szent-Györgyi, Physiology or Medicine, 1937 #Richard Adolf Zsigmondy, Chemistry, 1925 #Róbert Bárány, born in Austria, Medicine, 1914 #Philipp Lenard, Physics, 1905 ===Iceland=== #Halldór Laxness, Literature, 1955 ===India=== #Abhijit Banerjee*, Economics, 2019 #Kailash Satyarthi, Peace, 2014 #Venkatraman Ramakrishnan*, Chemistry, 2009 #Amartya Sen, Economics, 1998 #Subramanyan Chandrasekhar*, Physics, 1983 #Mother Teresa, born in then Ottoman Empire, now North Macedonia, Peace, 1979 #Har Gobind Khorana*, Medicine, 1968 #C. V. Raman born in then British India, Physics, 1930 #Rabindranath Tagore born in then British India, Literature, 1913 #Rudyard Kipling*, Literature, 1907 #Ronald Ross*, Medicine, 1902 ===Iran=== #Shirin Ebadi, Peace, 2003 ===Iraq=== #Nadia Murad, Peace, 2018 ===Ireland=== #William C. Campbell, Physiology or Medicine, 2015 #John Hume, Peace, 1998 #David Trimble, Peace, 1998 #Séamus Heaney, Literature, 1995 #Mairead Corrigan, Peace, 1976 #Betty Williams, Peace, 1976 #Seán MacBride, born in France, Peace, 1974 #Samuel Beckett, Literature, 1969 #Ernest Walton, Physics, 1951 #George Bernard Shaw*, Literature, 1925 #W. B. Yeats, Literature, 1923 ===Israel=== #Joshua Angrist, born in the United States, Economics, 2021 #Arieh Warshel, Chemistry, 2013 #Michael Levitt, born in South Africa, Chemistry, 2013 #Dan Shechtman, Chemistry, 2011 #Ada Yonath, Chemistry, 2009 #Robert Aumann, born in Germany, moved to Israel from the United States, Economics, 2005 #Aaron Ciechanover, Chemistry, 2004 #Avram Hershko, born in Hungary, Chemistry, 2004 #Daniel Kahneman*, Economics, 2002 #Yitzhak Rabin, Peace, 1994 #Shimon Peres, born in Poland, now Belarus, Peace, 1994 #Menachem Begin, born in Russia, now Belarus, Peace, 1978 #Shmuel Yosef Agnon, born in Austria-Hungary, now Ukraine, Literature, 1966 ===Italy=== #Giorgio Parisi, Physics, 2021 #Mario R. Capecchi*, Physiology or Medicine, 2007 #Riccardo Giacconi*, Physics, 2002 #Dario Fo, Literature, 1997 #Rita Levi-Montalcini, Physiology or Medicine, 1986 #Franco Modigliani*, Economics, 1985 #Carlo Rubbia, Physics, 1984 #Eugenio Montale, Literature, 1975 #Renato Dulbecco*, Physiology or Medicine, 1975 #Salvador Luria*, Physiology or Medicine, 1969 #Giulio Natta, Chemistry, 1963 #Emilio Segrè*, Physics, 1959 #Salvatore Quasimodo, Literature, 1959 #Daniel Bovet, born in Switzerland, Physiology or Medicine, 1957 #Enrico Fermi, Physics, 1938 #Luigi Pirandello, Literature, 1934 #Grazia Deledda, Literature, 1926 #Guglielmo Marconi, Physics, 1909 #Ernesto Teodoro Moneta, Peace, 1907 #Camillo Golgi, Physiology or Medicine, 1906 #Giosuè Carducci, Literature, 1906 ===Japan=== #Syukuro Manabe*, Physics, 2021 #Akira Yoshino, Chemistry, 2019 #Tasuku Honjo, Physiology or Medicine, 2018 #Kazuo Ishiguro*, Literature, 2017 #Yoshinori Ohsumi, Physiology or Medicine, 2016 #Takaaki Kajita, Physics, 2015 #Satoshi Ōmura, Physiology or Medicine, 2015 #Shuji Nakamura*, Physics, 2014 #Hiroshi Amano, Physics, 2014 #Isamu Akasaki, Physics, 2014 #Shinya Yamanaka, Physiology or Medicine, 2012 #Akira Suzuki, Chemistry, 2010 #Ei-ichi Negishi, Born in China, Chemistry, 2010 #Osamu Shimomura, Chemistry, 2008 #Toshihide Maskawa, Physics, 2008 #Makoto Kobayashi, Physics, 2008 #Yoichiro Nambu*, Physics, 2008 #Koichi Tanaka, Chemistry, 2002 #Masatoshi Koshiba, Physics, 2002 #Ryōji Noyori, Chemistry, 2001 #Hideki Shirakawa, Chemistry, 2000 #Kenzaburō Ōe, Literature, 1994 #Susumu Tonegawa, Physiology or Medicine, 1987 #Kenichi Fukui, Chemistry, 1981 #Eisaku Satō, Peace, 1974 #Leo Esaki, Physics, 1973 #Yasunari Kawabata, Literature, 1968 #Sin-Itiro Tomonaga, Physics, 1965 #Hideki Yukawa, Physics, 1949 ===Kenya=== #Wangari Maathai, Peace, 2004 ===Kurdistan Region=== #Nadia Murad, Peace, 2018 ===Lebanon=== #Ardem Patapoutian*, Physiology or Medicine, 2021 === Latvia === # Wilhelm Ostwald*, Chemistry, 1909 ===Liberia=== #Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, Peace, 2011 #Leymah Gbowee, Peace, 2011 ===Lithuania=== #Aaron Klug*, Chemistry, 1982 ===Luxembourg=== #Jules A. Hoffmann*, Physiology or Medicine, 2011 #Gabriel Lippmann*, Physics, 1908 ===North Macedonia=== #Mother Teresa*, born in then Ottoman Empire, now North Macedonia, Peace, 1979 ===Mexico=== #Mario José Molina Henríquez*, Chemistry, 1995 #Octavio Paz Lozano, Literature, 1990 #Alfonso García Robles, Peace, 1982 ===Myanmar (Burma)=== #Aung San Suu Kyi, Peace, 1991 ===Morocco=== #Serge Haroche*, Physics, 2012 ===Netherlands=== #Guido Imbens, Economics, 2021 #Ben Feringa, Chemistry, 2016 #Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, Peace, 2013 #Andre Geim, born in Soviet Union, now Russia, Physics, 2010 #Martinus J. G. Veltman, Physics, 1999 #Gerard 't Hooft, Physics, 1999 #Paul J. Crutzen, Chemistry, 1995 #Simon van der Meer, Physics, 1984 #Nicolaas Bloembergen*, Physics, 1981 #Tjalling C. Koopmans, Economics, 1975 #Nikolaas Tinbergen*, Physiology or Medicine, 1973 #Jan Tinbergen, Economics, 1969 #Frits Zernike, Physics, 1953 #Peter Debye, Chemistry, 1936 #Christiaan Eijkman, Physiology or Medicine, 1929 #Willem Einthoven, Physiology or Medicine, 1924 #Heike Kamerlingh Onnes, Physics, 1913 #Tobias Asser, Peace, 1911 #Johannes Diderik van der Waals, Physics, 1910 #Pieter Zeeman, Physics, 1902 #Hendrik Lorentz, Physics, 1902 #Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff, Chemistry, 1901 ===New Zealand=== #Alan MacDiarmid, Chemistry, 2000 #Maurice Wilkins, Physiology or Medicine, 1962 #Ernest Rutherford*, Chemistry, 1908 ===Nigeria=== #Wole Soyinka, Literature, 1986 ===Norway=== #May-Britt Moser, Physiology or Medicine, 2014 #Edvard Moser, Physiology or Medicine, 2014 #Finn E. Kydland, Economics, 2004 #Trygve Haavelmo, Economics, 1989 #Ivar Giaever, Physics, 1973 #Ragnar Frisch, Economics, 1969 #Odd Hassel, Chemistry, 1969 #Lars Onsager, Chemistry, 1968 #Sigrid Undset, Literature, 1928 #Fridtjof Nansen, Peace, 1922 #Christian Lous Lange, Peace, 1921 #Knut Hamsun, Literature, 1920 #Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson, Literature, 1903 ===Pakistan=== #Malala Yousafzai, Peace, 2014 #Abdus Salam, born in British India, (now Pakistan), Physics, 1979 #Subramanyan Chandrasekhar*, born in British India, (now Pakistan), Physics, 1983 #Har Gobind Khorana*, born in British India, (now Pakistan), Medicine, 1968 ===Palestine=== #Yasser Arafat, Born in Cairo, Egypt, Peace, 1994 ===Peru=== #Mario Vargas Llosa*, Literature, 2010 ===Philippines=== #Maria Ressa, Peace, 2021 ===Poland=== #Olga Tokarczuk, Literature, 2018 #Leonid Hurwicz*, born in then Russian Republic (now Russia), Economics, 2007 #Wisława Szymborska, Literature, 1996 #Joseph Rotblat*, born in Congress Poland (Russian Empire), Peace, 1995 #Shimon Peres*, as an Israeli citizen, Peace, 1994 #Georges Charpak*, born in Dąbrowica Poland (now in Ukraine), Physics, 1992 #Lech Wałęsa, born in Popowo, Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia, Germany (today Poland), Peace, 1983 #Roald Hoffmann*, born in Złoczów Poland (now in Ukraine), Chemistry, 1981 #Czesław Miłosz*, born in Russian Empire, now Lithuania, Literature, 1980 #Isaac Bashevis Singer*, born in Congress Poland (Russian Empire), Literature, 1978 #Menachem Begin*, as an Israeli citizen, he also had Polish citizenship, Peace, 1978 #Andrew Schally*, born in Vilnius, Poland (now Vilnius, Lithuania), Physiology or Medicine, 1977 #Tadeusz Reichstein*, born in Congress Poland (Russian Empire), Physiology or Medicine, 1950 #Isidor Isaac Rabi*, born in Rymanów, Austria-Hungary (now in Poland), Physics, 1944 #Władysław Reymont, born in Congress Poland (Russian Empire), Literature, 1924 #Marie Skłodowska-Curie, born in Congress Poland (Russian Empire), Chemistry, 1911 #Albert A. Michelson*, born in Strelno, North German Confederation (now in Poland), Physics, 1907 #Henryk Sienkiewicz, born in Congress Poland (Russian Empire), Literature, 1905 #Marie Skłodowska-Curie, born in Congress Poland (Russian Empire), Physics, 1903 ===Portugal=== #José de Sousa Saramago, Literature, 1998 #Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo*, born in then Portuguese Timor, now East Timor, Peace, 1996 #José Ramos-Horta*, born in then Portuguese Timor, now East Timor, Peace, 1996 #António Egas Moniz, Physiology or Medicine, 1949 ===Romania=== #Stefan Hell*, Chemistry, 2014 #Herta Müller*, Literature, 2009 #Elie Wiesel*, Peace, 1986 #George E. Palade*, Physiology or Medicine, 1974 ===Russia and Soviet Union=== #Memorial, Peace, 2022 #Dmitry Muratov, Peace, 2021 #Andre Geim*, Physics, 2010 #Konstantin Novoselov*, Physics, 2010 #Leonid Hurwicz*, Economics, 2007 #Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov*, Physics, 2003 #Vitaly Ginzburg, Physics, 2003 #Zhores Alferov, born in then Soviet Union, now Belarus, Physics, 2000 #Mikhail Gorbachev, Peace, 1990 #Joseph Brodsky, born in Russia, Literature, 1987 #Pyotr Kapitsa, Physics, 1978 #Menachem Begin*, as an Israeli citizen, Peace, 1978 #Ilya Prigogine*, Chemistry, 1977 #Andrei Sakharov, Peace, 1975 #Leonid Kantorovich, Economics, 1975 #Simon Kuznets, now Belarus, Economics, 1971 #Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, Literature, 1970 #Mikhail Sholokhov, Literature, 1965 #Nikolay Basov, Physics, 1964 #Alexander Prokhorov, born in Australia, Physics, 1964 #Lev Landau, born in then Russian Empire, now Azerbaijan, laureate when citizen of the Soviet Union, Physics, 1962 #Boris Pasternak, Literature, 1958 (forced to decline) #Pavel Cherenkov, Physics, 1958 #Igor Tamm, Physics, 1958 #Ilya Mikhailovich Frank, Physics, 1958 #Nikolay Semyonov, Chemistry, 1956 #Ivan Bunin*, Literature, 1933 #Élie Metchnikoff, born in now Ukraine, Physiology or Medicine, 1908 #Ivan Pavlov, Physiology or Medicine, 1904 ===Saint Lucia=== #Derek Walcott, Literature, 1992 #W. Arthur Lewis*, Economics, 1979 ===Slovenia=== #Friderik Pregl*, born in Austria-Hungary, now Slovenia, Chemistry, 1923 ===South Africa=== #Michael Levitt*, Chemistry, 2013 #J. M. Coetzee, Literature, 2003 #Sydney Brenner*, Physiology or Medicine, 2002 #F. W. de Klerk, Peace, 1993 #Nelson Mandela, Peace, 1993 #Nadine Gordimer, Literature, 1991 #Desmond Tutu, Peace, 1984 #Aaron Klug*, Chemistry, 1982 #Allan M. Cormack*, Physiology or Medicine, 1979 #Albert Lutuli, born in then Rhodesia, now Zimbabwe, Peace, 1960 #Max Theiler, Physiology or Medicine, 1951 ===South Korea=== #Kim Dae-jung, Peace, 2000 ===Spain=== #Mario Vargas Llosa, born in Peru, Literature, 2010 #Camilo José Cela, Literature, 1989 #Vicente Aleixandre, Literature, 1977 #Severo Ochoa*, Physiology or Medicine, 1959 #Juan Ramón Jiménez, Literature, 1956 #Jacinto Benavente, Literature, 1922 #Santiago Ramón y Cajal, Physiology or Medicine, 1906 #José Echegaray, Literature, 1904 ===Sweden=== #Svante Pääbo, Physiology or Medicine, 2022 #Tomas Lindahl, Chemistry, 2015 #Tomas Tranströmer, Literature, 2011 #Arvid Carlsson, Physiology or Medicine, 2000 #Alva Myrdal, Peace, 1982 #Sune Bergström, Physiology or Medicine, 1982 #Bengt I. Samuelsson, Physiology or Medicine, 1982 #Kai Siegbahn, Physics, 1981 #Torsten Wiesel, Physiology or Medicine, 1981 #Bertil Ohlin, Economics, 1977 #Eyvind Johnson, Literature, 1974 #Harry Martinson, Literature, 1974 #Gunnar Myrdal, Economics, 1974 #Ulf von Euler, Physiology or Medicine, 1970 #Hannes Alfvén, Physics, 1970 #Ragnar Granit, born in the Grand Duchy of Finland, then a part of Russia, Physiology or Medicine, 1967 #Nelly Sachs, born in Germany, Literature, 1966 #Dag Hammarskjöld, Peace, 1961 (posthumously) #Hugo Theorell, Physiology or Medicine, 1955 #Pär Lagerkvist, Literature, 1951 #Arne Tiselius, Chemistry, 1948 #Erik Axel Karlfeldt, Literature, 1931 (posthumously) #Nathan Söderblom, Peace, 1930 #Hans von Euler-Chelpin, born in Germany, Chemistry, 1929 #Theodor Svedberg, Chemistry, 1926 #Karl Manne Siegbahn, Physics, 1924 #Hjalmar Branting, Peace, 1921 #Carl Gustaf Verner von Heidenstam, Literature, 1916 #Gustaf Dalén, Physics, 1912 #Allvar Gullstrand, Physiology or Medicine, 1911 #Selma Lagerlöf, Literature, 1909 #Klas Pontus Arnoldson, Peace, 1908 #Svante Arrhenius, Chemistry, 1903 ===Switzerland=== #Michel Mayor, Physics, 2019 #Didier Queloz, Physics, 2019 #Jacques Dubochet, Chemistry, 2017 #Kurt Wüthrich, Chemistry, 2002 #Rolf M. Zinkernagel, Physiology or Medicine, 1996 #Edmond H. Fischer, Physiology or Medicine,1992 #Richard R. Ernst, Chemistry, 1991 #Karl Alexander Müller, Physics, 1987 #Heinrich Rohrer, Physics, 1986 #Werner Arber, Physiology or Medicine, 1978 #Vladimir Prelog, born in Austria- Hungary, now Bosnia-Herzegovina, Chemistry, 1975 #Daniel Bovet, Physiology or Medicine, 1957 #Felix Bloch, Physics, 1952 #Tadeusz Reichstein, Physiology or Medicine, 1950 #Walter Rudolf Hess, Physiology or Medicine, 1949 #Paul Hermann Müller, Physiology or Medicine, 1948 #Hermann Hesse, born in Germany, Literature, 1946 #Leopold Ružička, born in Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia, Austria-Hungary, now Croatia, Chemistry, 1939 #Paul Karrer, Chemistry, 1937 #Albert Einstein, born in Germany, Physics, 1921 #Charles Édouard Guillaume, Physics, 1920 #Carl Spitteler, Literature, 1919 #Alfred Werner, Chemistry, 1913 #Theodor Kocher, Physiology or Medicine, 1909 #Élie Ducommun, Peace, 1902 #Charles Albert Gobat, Peace, 1902 #Henry Dunant, Peace, 1901 ===Taiwan (Republic of China)=== #Yuan T. Lee, Chemistry, 1986* #Samuel C. C. Ting, Physics 1976* #Chen-Ning Yang, Physics, 1957* #Tsung-Dao Lee, Physics, 1957* ===Tanzania=== #Abdulrazak Gurnah*, Literature, 2021 ===Tibet=== #14th Dalai Lama, Peace, 1989 ===Trinidad and Tobago=== #V. S. Naipaul*, Literature, 2001 ===Tunisia=== #Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet, Peace, 2015. ===Turkey=== #Aziz Sancar, Chemistry, 2015 #Orhan Pamuk, Literature, 2006 #Giorgos Seferis*, (born in then Ottoman Empire, now Turkey), Literature, 1963 ===Ukraine=== #Centre for Civil Liberties, Peace, 2022 #Svetlana Alexievich*, born in Ukraine, Literature, 2015 # # # #Selman Waksman*, born in Ukraine, Physiology or Medicine, 1952 #Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov, Physiology or Medicine, 1908 ===United Kingdom=== #Abdulrazak Gurnah, born in Tanzania, Literature, 2021 #David MacMillan, Chemistry, 2021 #Roger Penrose, Physics, 2020 #Michael Houghton, Physiology or Medicine, 2020 #Peter J. Ratcliffe, Physiology or Medicine, 2019 #M. Stanley Whittingham, Chemistry, 2019 #Greg Winter, Chemistry, 2018 #Kazuo Ishiguro, born in Japan, Literature, 2017 #Richard Henderson, Chemistry, 2017 #Oliver Hart, Economics, 2016 #Fraser Stoddart, Chemistry, 2016 #David J. Thouless, Physics, 2016 #F. Duncan M. Haldane, Physics, 2016 #John M. Kosterlitz, Physics, 2016 #Angus Deaton, Economics, 2015 #Tomas Lindahl, born in Sweden, Chemistry, 2015 #John O'Keefe, born in the United States, Physiology or Medicine, 2014 #Michael Levitt, born in South Africa, Chemistry, 2013 #Peter Higgs, Physics, 2013 #John B. Gurdon, Physiology or Medicine, 2012 #Christopher A. Pissarides, born in Cyprus, Economics, 2010 #Konstantin Novoselov, born in Russia, Physics, 2010 #Robert G. Edwards, Physiology or Medicine, 2010 #Charles K. Kao, Physics, 2009 #Venkatraman Ramakrishnan, born in India, Chemistry, 2009 #Jack W. Szostak, born in United Kingdom, Physiology or Medicine, 2009 #Doris Lessing, born in Iran, Literature, 2007 #Sir Martin J. Evans, Physiology or Medicine, 2007 #Oliver Smithies*, Physiology or Medicine, 2007 #Harold Pinter, Literature, 2005 #Clive W. J. Granger, Economics, 2003 #Anthony J. Leggett*, Physics, 2003 #Peter Mansfield, Physiology or Medicine, 2003 #Sydney Brenner, born in South Africa, Physiology or Medicine, 2002 #John E. Sulston, Physiology or Medicine, 2002 #Tim Hunt, Physiology or Medicine, 2001 #Paul Nurse, Physiology or Medicine, 2001 #V. S. Naipaul, born in Trinidad, Literature, 2001 #David Trimble, Peace, 1998 #John Pople, Chemistry, 1998 #John E. Walker, Chemistry, 1997 #Harold Kroto, Chemistry, 1996 #James A. Mirrlees, Economics, 1996 #Joseph Rotblat, born in then Russian Empire, now Poland, Peace, 1995 #Richard J. Roberts, Physiology or Medicine, 1993 #Michael Smith*, Chemistry, 1993 #Ronald Coase, based in the United States, Economics, 1991 #James W. Black, Physiology or Medicine, 1988 #César Milstein, born in Argentina, Physiology or Medicine, 1984 #Richard Stone, Economics, 1984 #William Golding, Literature, 1983 #Aaron Klug, born in Lithuania, Chemistry, 1982 #John Robert Vane, Physiology or Medicine, 1982 #Elias Canetti, born in Bulgaria, Literature, 1981 #Frederick Sanger, Chemistry, 1980 #W. Arthur Lewis, born on St. Lucia, Economics, 1979 #Godfrey Hounsfield, Physiology or Medicine, 1979 #Peter D. Mitchell, Chemistry, 1978 #James Meade, Economics, 1977 #Nevill Francis Mott, Physics, 1977 #Amnesty International, Peace, 1977 #Mairead Corrigan, Peace, 1976 #Betty Williams, Peace, 1976 #John Cornforth, born in Australia, Chemistry, 1975 #Christian de Duve*, Physiology or Medicine, 1974 #Friedrich Hayek, born in Austria, Economics, 1974 #Martin Ryle, Physics, 1974 #Antony Hewish, Physics, 1974 #Patrick White*, Literature, 1973 #Geoffrey Wilkinson, Chemistry, 1973 #Brian David Josephson, Physics, 1973 #Nikolaas Tinbergen, born in the Netherlands, Physiology or Medicine, 1973 #Rodney Robert Porter, Physiology or Medicine, 1972 #John Hicks, Economics, 1972 #Dennis Gabor, born in Hungary, Physics, 1971 #Bernard Katz, born in Germany, Physiology or Medicine, 1970 #Derek Harold Richard Barton, Chemistry, 1969 #Ronald George Wreyford Norrish, Chemistry, 1967 #George Porter, Chemistry, 1967 #Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin, Chemistry, 1964 #Andrew Huxley, Physiology or Medicine, 1963 #Alan Lloyd Hodgkin, Physiology or Medicine, 1963 #John Kendrew, Chemistry, 1962 #Max Perutz, born in Austria, Chemistry, 1962 #Francis Crick, Physiology or Medicine, 1962 #Maurice Wilkins, born in New Zealand, Physiology or Medicine, 1962 #Peter Medawar, born in Brazil, Physiology or Medicine, 1960 #Philip Noel-Baker, Peace, 1959 #Frederick Sanger, Chemistry, 1958 #Alexander R. Todd, Baron Todd, Chemistry, 1957 #Cyril Norman Hinshelwood, Chemistry, 1956 #Max Born, born in then Germany, now Poland, Physics, 1954 #Winston Churchill, Literature, 1953 #Hans Adolf Krebs, born in Germany, Physiology or Medicine, 1953 #Archer John Porter Martin, Chemistry, 1952 #Richard Laurence Millington Synge, Chemistry, 1952 #John Cockcroft, Physics, 1951 #Bertrand Russell, Literature, 1950 #Cecil Frank Powell, Physics, 1950 #John Boyd Orr, Peace, 1949 #T. S. Eliot, born in the United States, Literature, 1948 #Patrick Blackett, Baron Blackett, Physics, 1948 #Edward Victor Appleton, Physics, 1947 #Robert Robinson, Chemistry, 1947 #Friends Service Council, Peace, 1947 #Ernst Boris Chain, born in Germany, Physiology or Medicine, 1945 #Alexander Fleming, Physiology or Medicine, 1945 #George Paget Thomson, Physics, 1937 #Robert Cecil, 1st Viscount Cecil of Chelwood, Peace, 1937 #Norman Haworth, Chemistry, 1937 #Henry Hallett Dale, Physiology or Medicine, 1936 #James Chadwick, Physics, 1935 #Arthur Henderson, Peace, 1934 #Norman Angell, Peace, 1933 #Paul Dirac, Physics, 1933 #Charles Scott Sherrington, Physiology or Medicine, 1932 #John Galsworthy, Literature, 1932 #Edgar Adrian, 1st Baron Adrian, Physiology or Medicine, 1932 #Arthur Harden, Chemistry, 1929 #Frederick Hopkins, Physiology or Medicine, 1929 #Owen Willans Richardson, Physics, 1928 #Charles Thomson Rees Wilson, Physics, 1927 #Austen Chamberlain, Peace, 1925 #George Bernard Shaw, born in Ireland (Then part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland), Literature, 1925 #John James Rickard Macleod*, Physiology or Medicine, 1923 #Archibald Vivian Hill, Physiology or Medicine, 1922 #Francis William Aston, Chemistry, 1922 #Frederick Soddy, Chemistry, 1921 #Charles Glover Barkla, Physics, 1917 #William Henry Bragg, Physics, 1915 #William Lawrence Bragg, born in Australia, Physics, 1915 #Ernest Rutherford, born in New Zealand, Chemistry, 1908 #Rudyard Kipling, born in India, Literature, 1907 #J. J. Thomson, Physics, 1906 #John Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh, Physics, 1904 #William Ramsay, Chemistry, 1904 #William Randal Cremer, Peace, 1903 #Ronald Ross, born in India, Physiology or Medicine, 1902 ===United States=== thumb|240px|President Clinton meets the 1998 U.S. Nobel Prize winners in the White House. The Nobel Prize was not awarded between 1940 and 1942 due to the outbreak of World War II. ==Laureates== Between 1901 and 2017, the Nobel Prizes and the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences were awarded 585 times to 923 people and organizations. 200px|right|thumb|The Nobel Prize medal received by the laureates , the Nobel Prize has been awarded to 975 people and 27 organizations since it was founded in 1901. , only one Korean has become a Nobel laureate: South Korean President Kim Dae-jung. Due to some recipients receiving multiple awards, the total number of recipients is 860 individuals and 22 organizations.Statistics about the Nobel Prize at the official website. The following list are the nominees with verified nominations from the Nobel Committee and recognized international organizations. Only sovereign countries are ranked; unranked entities are marked in italics. ==All prizes== All five prizes (Chemistry, Literature, Peace, Physics, and Physiology or Medicine) and the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences are considered. Despite only having one Nobel laureate, numerous North and South Korean individuals (both citizens within the country and living in diasporic communities) and organizations have been nominated for the prize in any category. * BBC News correctly acknowledges South Korea as having two Nobel laureates associated with that country, but due an error in its spreadsheet only one of them is assigned to a particular prize (Peace, 2000). * Where the website mentions multiple countries in relation to a prize winner (country of birth; country of citizenship; country of residence at time of award) each of those countries is credited as having won the prize. Around 40% of all Nobel Prizes have been awarded to Americans; around 35% of them are immigrants from other nations. * Where a prize has multiple winners, the country (or countries) of each winner are credited. * Australia was credited with only one Nobel laureate in Physics, but up to and including 8 October 2010 there were three Physics laureates associated with that country: William Lawrence Bragg (1915) and Aleksandr Prokhorov (1964), were both born there according to the Nobel Prize website. Nobel prizes announced after that date were added generally following the same criteria outlined above. ==Corrections== This is a list of corrections made to the original figures provided by BBC News: * No award was attributed to Luxembourg, but, according to the Nobel Prize website, Gabriel Lippmann (Physics, 1908) was born in that country. With some receiving the Nobel Prize more than once, this makes a total of 892 individuals (including 844 men, 48 women) and 24 organizations. The Nobel Prizes (, ) are awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the Swedish Academy, the Karolinska Institutet, and the Norwegian Nobel Committee to individuals and organizations who make outstanding contributions in the fields of chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine.

The place with the most Nobel Laureates of all time is the United States

The place with the most Nobel Laureates of all time is China

Germany has the most Nobel Laureates of all time

The United Kingdom

The place with the most Nobel Laureates of all time is France

A

Which country in Europe has the most Nobel Laureates in science?

The United States has the highest number of Nobel laureates in the world, with over 400 Nobel laureates. The present list ranks laureates under the country/countries that are stated by the Nobel Prize committee on its website.Chronological list of All Nobel Laureates on the official website of the Nobel Prize committee. This is a list of Nobel Prize laureates by country. The list does not distinguish between laureates who received a full prize and the majority who shared a prize.Jürgen Schmidhuber (2010): Evolution of National Nobel Prize Shares in the 20th Century, ArXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/1009.2634, web site Some laureates are listed under more than one country, because the official website mentions multiple countries in relation to the laureate.Example of an award applied to more than one country. The Nobel Prize in Physics () is awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to scientists in the various fields of physics. The one that was not specified is Charles J. Pedersen (Chemistry, 1987), who was born in Busan, according to the Nobel Prize website. ==See also== *List of Nobel laureates *List of Nobel laureates by country *List of Jewish Nobel laureates *List of Christian Nobel laureates *List of Muslim Nobel laureates *List of nonreligious Nobel laureates ==References== ==Further reading== * ==External links== * All Nobel Laureates * Graph of Nobel shares by country (yearly cumulative) capita * Nobel This article lists sovereign countries, territories, and supranational unions by Nobel laureates per capita. The Nobel Prize in Chemistry () is awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to scientists in the various fields of chemistry. For a full account of the work done by each Nobel laureate, please see the biography articles linked from the name column. === Citations === === Sources === * == External links == * Official website of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences * Official website of the Nobel Foundation #Physics Organizations are listed here if the Nobel Prize committee relates them to a single country.Example of an awarded organization that is related to a country == Summary == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; overflow:auto;border:2px solid; margin-left:auto; margin-right:0px;" Country Number of Nobel laureates (Number of Nobel Prizes) 403 (406)John Bardeen awarded twice in physics; Linus C. Pauling awarded once in chemistry and once in peace; K. Barry Sharpless awarded twice in chemistry; 137 (138)Frederick Sanger awarded twice in chemistry; 114 72 (73)Marie Curie awarded once in physics and once in chemistry; 33 / 32 29 28 style="text-align:left;" 27 22 22 21 18 (19) 14 13 13 13 12 12 11 11 11 8 8 6 5 5 4 4 4 4Samuel C. C. Ting, Chen-Ning Yang, and Tsung-Dao Lee acquired nationality during Republic of China Rule on mainland, and are thus generally considered Chinese-American rather than Taiwanese-American. 3 3 3 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 == Nobel Prizes by category/country of birth == thumb|Bar plot of Nobel Prize numbers by category / country of birth thumb|Bar plot of Nobel Prize numbers by category - country of death === Algeria === # Albert Camus*, Literature, 1957 # Claude Cohen- Tannoudji*, Physics, 1997 ===Argentina=== #César Milstein*, Physiology or Medicine, 1984 #Adolfo Pérez Esquivel, Peace, 1980 #Luis Federico Leloir, born in France, Chemistry, 1970 #Bernardo Houssay, Physiology or Medicine, 1947 #Carlos Saavedra Lamas, Peace, 1936 === Armenia === # Ardem Patapoutian, born in Lebanon, Physiology or Medicine, 2021 ===Australia=== #Brian Schmidt, born in the United States, Physics, 2011 #Elizabeth Blackburn*, Physiology or Medicine, 2009 #Barry Marshall, Physiology or Medicine, 2005 #J. Robin Warren, Physiology or Medicine, 2005 #Peter C. Doherty, Physiology or Medicine, 1996 #Rolf Zinkernagel, Physiology or Medicine, 1996 #John Cornforth*, Chemistry, 1975 #Patrick White, born in the United Kingdom, Literature, 1973 #Aleksandr M. Prokhorov, Physics, 1964 #John Carew Eccles, Physiology or Medicine, 1963 #Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet, Physiology or Medicine, 1960 #Howard Florey, Physiology or Medicine, 1945 #William Lawrence Bragg, Physics, 1915 #William Henry Bragg, Physics, 1915 ===Austria=== #Anton Zeilinger, Physics, 2022 #Peter Handke, Literature, 2019 #Martin Karplus*, Chemistry, 2013 #Elfriede Jelinek, Literature, 2004 #Eric Kandel*, Physiology or Medicine, 2000 #Walter Kohn*, Chemistry, 1998 #Friedrich Hayek, Economics, 1974 #Konrad Lorenz, Physiology or Medicine, 1973 #Karl von Frisch*, Physiology or Medicine, 1973 #Max Perutz, Chemistry, 1962 #Wolfgang Pauli, Physics, 1945 #Richard Kuhn*, Chemistry, 1938 #Otto Loewi, born in Germany, Physiology or Medicine, 1936 #Victor Francis Hess, Physics, 1936 #Erwin Schrödinger, Physics, 1933 #Karl Landsteiner, Physiology or Medicine, 1930 #Julius Wagner-Jauregg, Physiology or Medicine, 1927 #Richard Adolf Zsigmondy, Chemistry, 1925 #Fritz Pregl, born in Austria-Hungary, now Slovenia, Chemistry, 1923 #Róbert Bárány, Physiology or Medicine, 1914 #Alfred Hermann Fried, Peace, 1911 #Bertha von Suttner, born in the Austrian Empire, now Czech Republic, Peace, 1905 ===Austro-Hungary=== ===Born in Austrian part of Austro-Hungarian Empire=== #Friedrich Hayek, Economics, 1974 #Konrad Lorenz, Physiology or Medicine, 1973 #Karl von Frisch*, Physiology or Medicine, 1973 #Max Perutz, Chemistry, 1962 #Wolfgang Pauli, Physics, 1945 #Richard Kuhn*, Chemistry, 1938 #Otto Loewi, born in Germany, Physiology or Medicine, 1936 #Victor Francis Hess, Physics, 1936 #Erwin Schrödinger, Physics, 1933 #Karl Landsteiner, Physiology or Medicine, 1930 #Julius Wagner-Jauregg, Physiology or Medicine, 1927 #Richard Adolf Zsigmondy, Chemistry, 1925 #Fritz Pregl, born in Austria-Hungary, now Slovenia, Chemistry, 1923 #Róbert Bárány, Physiology or Medicine, 1914 #Alfred Hermann Fried, Peace, 1911 #Bertha von Suttner, born in the Austrian Empire, now Czech Republic, Peace, 1905 ===Born in Hungarian part of Austro-Hungarian Empire=== #Dennis Gabor, Physics, 1971 #Eugene Wigner, Physics, 1963 #Georg von Békésy, Physiology or Medicine, 1961 #George de Hevesy, Chemistry, 1943 #Albert Szent-Györgyi, Physiology or Medicine, 1937 #Richard Adolf Zsigmondy, Chemistry, 1925 #Róbert Bárány, born in Austria, Medicine, 1914 #Philipp Lenard, Physics, 1905 ===Croatia in Hungary=== #Leopold Ružička*, Ethnic Croat and national born in the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia part of Kingdom of Hungary in Austro-Hungarian Empire (now Croatia), Chemistry, 1939 Other countries #Vladimir Prelog*, Ethnic Croat and national born in Condominium of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Austro-Hungarian Empire (now Bosnia and Herzegovina), Chemistry, 1975 ===Bangladesh=== #Muhammad Yunus, Peace, 2006 ===Belarus=== #Ales Bialiatski, Peace, 2022 #Svetlana Alexievich, born in Ukraine, Literature, 2015 #Zhores Alferov*, Physics, 2000 ===Belgium=== #François Englert, Physics, 2013 #Ilya Prigogine, born in Russia, Chemistry, 1977 #Christian de Duve, born in the United Kingdom, Physiology or Medicine, 1974 #Albert Claude, Physiology or Medicine, 1974 #Dominique Pire, Peace, 1958 #Corneille Heymans, Physiology or Medicine, 1938 #Jules Bordet, Physiology or Medicine, 1919 #Henri La Fontaine, Peace, 1913 #Maurice Maeterlinck, Literature, 1911 #Auguste Beernaert, Peace, 1909 #Institut de Droit International, Peace, 1904 ===Bosnia and Herzegovina=== #Ivo Andrić*, born in Condominium of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Austria-Hungary (now Bosnia and Herzegovina), Literature, 1961 #Vladimir Prelog*, born in Condominium of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Austria-Hungary (now Bosnia and Herzegovina), Chemistry, 1975 ===Brazil=== #Peter Brian Medawar*, Physiology or Medicine, 1960 ===Bulgaria=== #Elias Canetti*, Literature, 1981 ===Canada=== #David Card, Economics, 2021 #Jim Peebles, Physics, 2019 #Donna Strickland, Physics, 2018 #Arthur B. McDonald, Physics, 2015 #Alice Munro, Literature, 2013 #Ralph M. Steinman, Physiology or Medicine, 2011 #Willard S. Boyle*, Physics, 2009 #Jack W. Szostak, born in the United Kingdom, Physiology or Medicine, 2009 #Robert Mundell, Economics, 1999 #Myron Scholes*, Economics, 1997 #William Vickrey*, Economics, 1996 #Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs, Peace, 1995 #Bertram Brockhouse, Physics, 1994 #Michael Smith, born in the United Kingdom, Chemistry, 1993 #Rudolph A. Marcus*, Chemistry, 1992 #Richard E. Taylor, Physics, 1990 #Sidney Altman*, Chemistry, 1989 #John Polanyi, born in Germany, Chemistry, 1986 #Henry Taube*, Chemistry, 1983 #David H. Hubel*, Physiology or Medicine, 1981 #Saul Bellow*, Literature, 1976 #Gerhard Herzberg, born in Germany, Chemistry, 1971 #Charles B. Huggins*, Physiology or Medicine, 1966 #Lester B. Pearson, Peace, 1957 #William Giauque*, Chemistry, 1949 #Frederick G. Banting, Physiology or Medicine, 1923 #John James Rickard Macleod, born in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, Physiology or Medicine, 1923 ===Chile=== #Pablo Neruda, Literature, 1971 #Gabriela Mistral, Literature, 1945 ===China (People's Republic of China)=== #Tu Youyou, Physiology or Medicine, 2015 #Mo Yan, Literature, 2012 #Liu Xiaobo, Peace, 2010 #Charles K. Kao*, Physics, 2009 #Gao Xingjian*, Literature, 2000 #Daniel C. Tsui*, Physics, 1998 #Chen-Ning Yang*, Physics, 1957 #Tsung-Dao Lee*, Physics, 1957 ===Colombia=== #Juan Manuel Santos Calderón, Peace, 2016 #Gabriel García Márquez, Literature, 1982 ===Congo, Democratic Republic=== #Denis Mukwege, Peace, 2018 ===Costa Rica=== #Óscar Arias Sánchez, Peace, 1987 ===Croatia=== #Leopold Ružička*, Ethnic Croat and national born in the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia part of Kingdom of Hungary in Austro-Hungarian Empire (now Croatia), Chemistry, 1939 #Vladimir Prelog*, Ethnic Croat and national born in Condominium of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Austro-Hungarian Empire (now Bosnia and Herzegovina), Chemistry, 1975 ===Cyprus=== #Christopher A. Pissarides*, Economics, 2010 ===Czech Republic=== #Peter Grünberg*, born in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, (now Czech Republic), Physics, 2007 #Jaroslav Seifert, born in Prague, Austria-Hungary, (now Czech Republic), Literature, 1984 #Jaroslav Heyrovský, born in Prague, Austria-Hungary, (now Czech Republic), Chemistry, 1959 #Carl Ferdinand Cori*, born in Prague, Austria-Hungary, (now Czech Republic), Physiology or Medicine, 1947 #Gerty Cori*, born in Prague, Austria-Hungary, (now Czech Republic), Physiology or Medicine, 1947 #Bertha von Suttner*, born in Prague, Austria-Hungary, (now Czech Republic), Peace, 1905 ===Denmark=== #Morten P. Meldal, Chemistry, 2022 #Jens Christian Skou, Chemistry, 1997 #Niels Kaj Jerne, born in United Kingdom, Physiology or Medicine, 1984 #Aage Bohr, Physics, 1975 #Ben Roy Mottelson, born in United States, Physics, 1975 #Johannes V. Jensen, Literature, 1944 #Henrik Dam, Physiology or Medicine, 1943 #Johannes Fibiger, Physiology or Medicine, 1926 #Niels Bohr, Physics, 1922 #August Krogh, Physiology or Medicine, 1920 #Karl Adolph Gjellerup, Literature, 1917 #Henrik Pontoppidan, Literature, 1917 #Fredrik Bajer, Peace, 1908 #Niels Ryberg Finsen, born in Faroe Islands, Physiology or Medicine, 1903 ===East Timor=== #Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo, Peace, 1996 #José Ramos-Horta, Peace, 1996 ===Egypt=== #Mohamed ElBaradei, Peace, 2005 #Ahmed Zewail, Chemistry, 1999 #Naguib Mahfouz, Literature, 1988 #Anwar Sadat, Peace, 1978 ===Ethiopia=== #Abiy Ahmed Ali, Peace, 2019 ===Faroe Islands=== #Niels Ryberg Finsen*, Physiology or Medicine, 1903 ===Finland=== #Bengt R. Holmström, Economics, 2016 #Martti Ahtisaari, Peace, 2008 #Ragnar Granit, born in the Grand Duchy of Finland, a part of the Russian Empire in 1809–1917, Physiology or Medicine, 1967 #Artturi Ilmari Virtanen, born in the Grand Duchy of Finland, a part of the Russian Empire in 1809–1917, Chemistry, 1945 #Frans Eemil Sillanpää, born in the Grand Duchy of Finland, a part of the Russian Empire in 1809–1917, Literature, 1939 ===France=== #Annie Ernaux, Literature, 2022 #Alain Aspect, Physics, 2022 #Emmanuelle Charpentier, Chemistry, 2020 #Esther Duflo, Economics, 2019 #Gérard Mourou, Physics, 2018 #Jean-Pierre Sauvage, Chemistry, 2016 #Jean Tirole, Economics, 2014 #Patrick Modiano, Literature, 2014 #Serge Haroche, born in Morocco, then under French protectorate, Physics, 2012 #Jules A. Hoffmann, born in Luxembourg, Physiology or Medicine, 2011 #J. M. G. Le Clézio, Literature, 2008 #Luc Montagnier, Physiology or Medicine, 2008 #Françoise Barré-Sinoussi, Physiology or Medicine, 2008 #Albert Fert, Physics, 2007 #Yves Chauvin, Chemistry, 2005 #Gao Xingjian, born in China, Literature, 2000 #Médecins Sans Frontières, Peace, 1999 #Claude Cohen-Tannoudji, born in French Algeria, Physics, 1997 #Georges Charpak, born in then Poland (Second Polish Republic), now Ukraine, Physics, 1992 #Pierre-Gilles de Gennes, Physics, 1991 #Maurice Allais, Economics, 1988 #Jean-Marie Lehn, Chemistry, 1987 #Claude Simon, Literature, 1985 #Gérard Debreu, Economics, 1983 #Jean Dausset, Physiology or Medicine, 1980 #Roger Guillemin*, Physiology or Medicine, 1977 #Seán MacBride*, Peace, 1974 #Louis Néel, Physics, 1970 #Luis Federico Leloir*, Chemistry, 1970 #René Cassin, Peace, 1968 #Alfred Kastler, Physics, 1966 #François Jacob, Physiology or Medicine, 1965 #Jacques Monod, Physiology or Medicine, 1965 #André Lwoff, Physiology or Medicine, 1965 #Jean- Paul Sartre, Literature, 1964 (declined the prize) #Saint-John Perse, Literature, 1960 #Albert Camus, born in French Algeria, Literature, 1957 #André Frédéric Cournand, Physiology or Medicine, 1956 #François Mauriac, Literature, 1952 #Albert Schweitzer, born in Alsace, then in Germany, Peace, 1952 #Léon Jouhaux, Peace, 1951 #André Gide, Literature, 1947 #Roger Martin du Gard, Literature, 1937 #Frédéric Joliot-Curie, Chemistry, 1935 #Irène Joliot- Curie, Chemistry, 1935 #Ivan Bunin, born in Russia, Literature, 1933 #Louis de Broglie, Physics, 1929 #Charles Nicolle, Physiology or Medicine, 1928 #Henri Bergson, Literature, 1927 #Ferdinand Buisson, Peace, 1927 #Aristide Briand, Peace, 1926 #Jean Baptiste Perrin, Physics, 1926 #Anatole France, Literature, 1921 #Léon Bourgeois, Peace, 1920 #Romain Rolland, Literature, 1915 #Alfred Werner*, Chemistry, 1913 #Charles Richet, Physiology or Medicine, 1913 #Alexis Carrel, Physiology or Medicine, 1912 #Paul Sabatier, Chemistry, 1912 #Victor Grignard, Chemistry, 1912 #Marie Curie, born in Congress Poland (Russian Empire), Chemistry, 1911 #Paul-Henri-Benjamin d'Estournelles de Constant, Peace, 1909 #Gabriel Lippmann, born in Luxembourg, Physics, 1908 #Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran, Physiology or Medicine, 1907 #Louis Renault, Peace, 1907 #Henri Moissan, Chemistry, 1906 #Frédéric Mistral, Literature, 1904 #Antoine Henri Becquerel, Physics, 1903 #Pierre Curie, Physics, 1903 #Marie Curie, born in Congress Poland, (Russian Empire), Physics, 1903 #Henry Dunant, born in the Swiss Confederation, Peace, 1901 #Frédéric Passy, Peace, 1901 #Sully Prudhomme, Literature, 1901 ===Germany=== #Svante Pääbo, born in Sweden, Physiology or Medicine, 2022 #Benjamin List, Chemistry, 2021 #Klaus Hasselmann, Physics, 2021 #Emmanuelle Charpentier*, Chemistry, 2020 #Reinhard Genzel, Physics, 2020 #John B. Goodenough*, Chemistry, 2019 #Joachim Frank*, Chemistry, 2017 #Rainer Weiss*, Physics, 2017 #Stefan Hell, born in Romania, Chemistry, 2014 #Thomas C. Südhof, Physiology or Medicine, 2013 #Herta Müller, born in Romania, Literature, 2009 #Harald zur Hausen, Physiology or Medicine, 2008 #Gerhard Ertl, Chemistry, 2007 #Peter Grünberg, born in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, now the Czech Republic, Physics, 2007 #Theodor W. Hänsch, Physics, 2005 #Wolfgang Ketterle, Physics, 2001 #Herbert Kroemer, Physics, 2000 #Günter Blobel*, Physiology or Medicine, 1999 #Günter Grass, born in Free City of Danzig, now Poland, Literature, 1999 #Horst L. Störmer, Physics, 1998 #Paul J. Crutzen, Chemistry, 1995 #Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard, Physiology or Medicine, 1995 #Reinhard Selten, Economics, 1994 #Bert Sakmann, Physiology or Medicine, 1991 #Erwin Neher, Physiology or Medicine, 1991 #Hans G. Dehmelt*, Physics, 1989 #Wolfgang Paul, Physics, 1989 #Johann Deisenhofer, Chemistry, 1988 #Robert Huber, Chemistry, 1988 #Hartmut Michel, Chemistry, 1988 #Jack Steinberger*, Physics, 1988 #J. Georg Bednorz, Physics, 1987 #John Polanyi*, Chemistry, 1986 #Ernst Ruska, Physics, 1986 #Gerd Binnig, Physics, 1986 #Klaus von Klitzing, Physics, 1985 #Georges J.F. Köhler*, Physiology or Medicine, 1984 #Georg Wittig, Chemistry, 1979 #Arno Penzias*, Physics, 1978 #Henry Kissinger*, Peace, 1978 #Ernst Otto Fischer, Chemistry, 1973 #Karl von Frisch, born in Austria-Hungary, now Austria, Physiology or Medicine, 1973 #Heinrich Böll, Literature, 1972 #Gerhard Herzberg*, Chemistry, 1971 #Willy Brandt, Peace, 1971 #Bernard Katz*, Physiology or Medicine, 1970 #Max Delbrück*, Physiology or Medicine, 1969 #Manfred Eigen, Chemistry, 1967 #Hans Bethe*, Physics, 1967 #Nelly Sachs*, Literature, 1966 #Feodor Felix Konrad Lynen, Physiology or Medicine, 1964 #Konrad Bloch*, Physiology or Medicine, 1964 #Karl Ziegler, Chemistry, 1963 #Maria Goeppert-Mayer*, Physics, 1963 #J. Hans D. Jensen, Physics, 1963 #Rudolf Mössbauer, Physics, 1961 #Werner Forssmann, Physiology or Medicine, 1956 #Polykarp Kusch*, Physics, 1955 #Max Born*, Physics, 1954 #Walther Bothe, Physics, 1954 #Hermann Staudinger, Chemistry, 1953 #Fritz Albert Lipmann*, Physiology or Medicine, 1953 #Hans Adolf Krebs*, Physiology or Medicine, 1953 #Albert Schweitzer*, Peace, 1952 #Otto Diels, Chemistry, 1950 #Kurt Alder, Chemistry, 1950 #Hermann Hesse*, Literature, 1946 #Ernst Boris Chain*, Physiology or Medicine, 1945 #Otto Hahn, Chemistry, 1944 #Otto Stern*, Physics, 1943 #Adolf Butenandt, Chemistry, 1939 #Gerhard Domagk, Physiology or Medicine, 1939 #Richard Kuhn, born in Austria- Hungary, now Austria, Chemistry, 1938 #Otto Loewi*, Physiology or Medicine, 1936 #Carl von Ossietzky, Peace, 1935 #Hans Spemann, Physiology or Medicine, 1935 #Werner Karl Heisenberg, Physics, 1932 #Otto Heinrich Warburg, Physiology or Medicine, 1931 #Carl Bosch, Chemistry, 1931 #Friedrich Bergius, Chemistry, 1931 #Hans Fischer, Chemistry, 1930 #Thomas Mann, Literature, 1929 #Hans von Euler-Chelpin*, Chemistry, 1929 #Adolf Otto Reinhold Windaus, Chemistry, 1928 #Ludwig Quidde, Peace, 1927 #Heinrich Otto Wieland, Chemistry, 1927 #Gustav Stresemann, Peace, 1926 #James Franck, Physics, 1925 #Gustav Ludwig Hertz, Physics, 1925 #Otto Fritz Meyerhof, Physiology or Medicine, 1922 #Albert Einstein, Physics, 1921 #Walther Nernst, Chemistry, 1920 #Johannes Stark, Physics, 1919 #Fritz Haber, Chemistry, 1918 #Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck, Physics, 1918 #Richard Willstätter, Chemistry, 1915 #Max von Laue, Physics, 1914 #Gerhart Hauptmann, born in Prussia, now Poland, Literature, 1912 #Wilhelm Wien, Physics, 1911 #Otto Wallach, Chemistry, 1910 #Albrecht Kossel, Physiology or Medicine, 1910 #Paul Johann Ludwig Heyse, Literature, 1910 #Karl Ferdinand Braun, Physics, 1909 #Wilhelm Ostwald, born in Russia, now Latvia, Chemistry, 1909 #Rudolf Christoph Eucken, Literature, 1908 #Paul Ehrlich, Physiology or Medicine, 1908 #Eduard Buchner, Chemistry, 1907 #Robert Koch, Physiology or Medicine, 1905 #Philipp Lenard, born in Pressburg, Kingdom of Hungary, Austrian Empire, now Slovakia, Physics, 1905 #Adolf von Baeyer, Chemistry, 1905 #Hermann Emil Fischer, Chemistry, 1902 #Theodor Mommsen, born in Duchy of Schleswig, Literature, 1902 #Emil Adolf von Behring, Physiology or Medicine, 1901 #Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, Physics, 1901 ===Ghana=== #Kofi Annan, Peace, 2001 ===Greece=== #Odysseas Elytis, Literature, 1979 #Giorgos Seferis, (born in then Ottoman Empire, now Turkey), Literature, 1963 ===Guatemala=== #Rigoberta Menchú, Peace, 1992 #Miguel Ángel Asturias, Literature, 1967 ===Hong Kong=== #Charles K. Kao, Physics, 2009 ===Hungary=== #Avram Hershko*, as an Israeli citizen, Chemistry, 2004 #Imre Kertész, Literature, 2002 #George Andrew Olah, Chemistry, 1994 #John Harsanyi, Economics, 1994 #John Polanyi, born in Germany, Chemistry, 1986 #Dennis Gabor, Physics, 1971 #Eugene Wigner, Physics, 1963 #Georg von Békésy, Physiology or Medicine, 1961 #George de Hevesy, Chemistry, 1943 #Albert Szent-Györgyi, Physiology or Medicine, 1937 #Richard Adolf Zsigmondy, Chemistry, 1925 #Róbert Bárány, born in Austria, Medicine, 1914 #Philipp Lenard, Physics, 1905 ===Iceland=== #Halldór Laxness, Literature, 1955 ===India=== #Abhijit Banerjee*, Economics, 2019 #Kailash Satyarthi, Peace, 2014 #Venkatraman Ramakrishnan*, Chemistry, 2009 #Amartya Sen, Economics, 1998 #Subramanyan Chandrasekhar*, Physics, 1983 #Mother Teresa, born in then Ottoman Empire, now North Macedonia, Peace, 1979 #Har Gobind Khorana*, Medicine, 1968 #C. V. Raman born in then British India, Physics, 1930 #Rabindranath Tagore born in then British India, Literature, 1913 #Rudyard Kipling*, Literature, 1907 #Ronald Ross*, Medicine, 1902 ===Iran=== #Shirin Ebadi, Peace, 2003 ===Iraq=== #Nadia Murad, Peace, 2018 ===Ireland=== #William C. Campbell, Physiology or Medicine, 2015 #John Hume, Peace, 1998 #David Trimble, Peace, 1998 #Séamus Heaney, Literature, 1995 #Mairead Corrigan, Peace, 1976 #Betty Williams, Peace, 1976 #Seán MacBride, born in France, Peace, 1974 #Samuel Beckett, Literature, 1969 #Ernest Walton, Physics, 1951 #George Bernard Shaw*, Literature, 1925 #W. B. Yeats, Literature, 1923 ===Israel=== #Joshua Angrist, born in the United States, Economics, 2021 #Arieh Warshel, Chemistry, 2013 #Michael Levitt, born in South Africa, Chemistry, 2013 #Dan Shechtman, Chemistry, 2011 #Ada Yonath, Chemistry, 2009 #Robert Aumann, born in Germany, moved to Israel from the United States, Economics, 2005 #Aaron Ciechanover, Chemistry, 2004 #Avram Hershko, born in Hungary, Chemistry, 2004 #Daniel Kahneman*, Economics, 2002 #Yitzhak Rabin, Peace, 1994 #Shimon Peres, born in Poland, now Belarus, Peace, 1994 #Menachem Begin, born in Russia, now Belarus, Peace, 1978 #Shmuel Yosef Agnon, born in Austria-Hungary, now Ukraine, Literature, 1966 ===Italy=== #Giorgio Parisi, Physics, 2021 #Mario R. Capecchi*, Physiology or Medicine, 2007 #Riccardo Giacconi*, Physics, 2002 #Dario Fo, Literature, 1997 #Rita Levi-Montalcini, Physiology or Medicine, 1986 #Franco Modigliani*, Economics, 1985 #Carlo Rubbia, Physics, 1984 #Eugenio Montale, Literature, 1975 #Renato Dulbecco*, Physiology or Medicine, 1975 #Salvador Luria*, Physiology or Medicine, 1969 #Giulio Natta, Chemistry, 1963 #Emilio Segrè*, Physics, 1959 #Salvatore Quasimodo, Literature, 1959 #Daniel Bovet, born in Switzerland, Physiology or Medicine, 1957 #Enrico Fermi, Physics, 1938 #Luigi Pirandello, Literature, 1934 #Grazia Deledda, Literature, 1926 #Guglielmo Marconi, Physics, 1909 #Ernesto Teodoro Moneta, Peace, 1907 #Camillo Golgi, Physiology or Medicine, 1906 #Giosuè Carducci, Literature, 1906 ===Japan=== #Syukuro Manabe*, Physics, 2021 #Akira Yoshino, Chemistry, 2019 #Tasuku Honjo, Physiology or Medicine, 2018 #Kazuo Ishiguro*, Literature, 2017 #Yoshinori Ohsumi, Physiology or Medicine, 2016 #Takaaki Kajita, Physics, 2015 #Satoshi Ōmura, Physiology or Medicine, 2015 #Shuji Nakamura*, Physics, 2014 #Hiroshi Amano, Physics, 2014 #Isamu Akasaki, Physics, 2014 #Shinya Yamanaka, Physiology or Medicine, 2012 #Akira Suzuki, Chemistry, 2010 #Ei-ichi Negishi, Born in China, Chemistry, 2010 #Osamu Shimomura, Chemistry, 2008 #Toshihide Maskawa, Physics, 2008 #Makoto Kobayashi, Physics, 2008 #Yoichiro Nambu*, Physics, 2008 #Koichi Tanaka, Chemistry, 2002 #Masatoshi Koshiba, Physics, 2002 #Ryōji Noyori, Chemistry, 2001 #Hideki Shirakawa, Chemistry, 2000 #Kenzaburō Ōe, Literature, 1994 #Susumu Tonegawa, Physiology or Medicine, 1987 #Kenichi Fukui, Chemistry, 1981 #Eisaku Satō, Peace, 1974 #Leo Esaki, Physics, 1973 #Yasunari Kawabata, Literature, 1968 #Sin-Itiro Tomonaga, Physics, 1965 #Hideki Yukawa, Physics, 1949 ===Kenya=== #Wangari Maathai, Peace, 2004 ===Kurdistan Region=== #Nadia Murad, Peace, 2018 ===Lebanon=== #Ardem Patapoutian*, Physiology or Medicine, 2021 === Latvia === # Wilhelm Ostwald*, Chemistry, 1909 ===Liberia=== #Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, Peace, 2011 #Leymah Gbowee, Peace, 2011 ===Lithuania=== #Aaron Klug*, Chemistry, 1982 ===Luxembourg=== #Jules A. Hoffmann*, Physiology or Medicine, 2011 #Gabriel Lippmann*, Physics, 1908 ===North Macedonia=== #Mother Teresa*, born in then Ottoman Empire, now North Macedonia, Peace, 1979 ===Mexico=== #Mario José Molina Henríquez*, Chemistry, 1995 #Octavio Paz Lozano, Literature, 1990 #Alfonso García Robles, Peace, 1982 ===Myanmar (Burma)=== #Aung San Suu Kyi, Peace, 1991 ===Morocco=== #Serge Haroche*, Physics, 2012 ===Netherlands=== #Guido Imbens, Economics, 2021 #Ben Feringa, Chemistry, 2016 #Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, Peace, 2013 #Andre Geim, born in Soviet Union, now Russia, Physics, 2010 #Martinus J. G. Veltman, Physics, 1999 #Gerard 't Hooft, Physics, 1999 #Paul J. Crutzen, Chemistry, 1995 #Simon van der Meer, Physics, 1984 #Nicolaas Bloembergen*, Physics, 1981 #Tjalling C. Koopmans, Economics, 1975 #Nikolaas Tinbergen*, Physiology or Medicine, 1973 #Jan Tinbergen, Economics, 1969 #Frits Zernike, Physics, 1953 #Peter Debye, Chemistry, 1936 #Christiaan Eijkman, Physiology or Medicine, 1929 #Willem Einthoven, Physiology or Medicine, 1924 #Heike Kamerlingh Onnes, Physics, 1913 #Tobias Asser, Peace, 1911 #Johannes Diderik van der Waals, Physics, 1910 #Pieter Zeeman, Physics, 1902 #Hendrik Lorentz, Physics, 1902 #Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff, Chemistry, 1901 ===New Zealand=== #Alan MacDiarmid, Chemistry, 2000 #Maurice Wilkins, Physiology or Medicine, 1962 #Ernest Rutherford*, Chemistry, 1908 ===Nigeria=== #Wole Soyinka, Literature, 1986 ===Norway=== #May-Britt Moser, Physiology or Medicine, 2014 #Edvard Moser, Physiology or Medicine, 2014 #Finn E. Kydland, Economics, 2004 #Trygve Haavelmo, Economics, 1989 #Ivar Giaever, Physics, 1973 #Ragnar Frisch, Economics, 1969 #Odd Hassel, Chemistry, 1969 #Lars Onsager, Chemistry, 1968 #Sigrid Undset, Literature, 1928 #Fridtjof Nansen, Peace, 1922 #Christian Lous Lange, Peace, 1921 #Knut Hamsun, Literature, 1920 #Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson, Literature, 1903 ===Pakistan=== #Malala Yousafzai, Peace, 2014 #Abdus Salam, born in British India, (now Pakistan), Physics, 1979 #Subramanyan Chandrasekhar*, born in British India, (now Pakistan), Physics, 1983 #Har Gobind Khorana*, born in British India, (now Pakistan), Medicine, 1968 ===Palestine=== #Yasser Arafat, Born in Cairo, Egypt, Peace, 1994 ===Peru=== #Mario Vargas Llosa*, Literature, 2010 ===Philippines=== #Maria Ressa, Peace, 2021 ===Poland=== #Olga Tokarczuk, Literature, 2018 #Leonid Hurwicz*, born in then Russian Republic (now Russia), Economics, 2007 #Wisława Szymborska, Literature, 1996 #Joseph Rotblat*, born in Congress Poland (Russian Empire), Peace, 1995 #Shimon Peres*, as an Israeli citizen, Peace, 1994 #Georges Charpak*, born in Dąbrowica Poland (now in Ukraine), Physics, 1992 #Lech Wałęsa, born in Popowo, Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia, Germany (today Poland), Peace, 1983 #Roald Hoffmann*, born in Złoczów Poland (now in Ukraine), Chemistry, 1981 #Czesław Miłosz*, born in Russian Empire, now Lithuania, Literature, 1980 #Isaac Bashevis Singer*, born in Congress Poland (Russian Empire), Literature, 1978 #Menachem Begin*, as an Israeli citizen, he also had Polish citizenship, Peace, 1978 #Andrew Schally*, born in Vilnius, Poland (now Vilnius, Lithuania), Physiology or Medicine, 1977 #Tadeusz Reichstein*, born in Congress Poland (Russian Empire), Physiology or Medicine, 1950 #Isidor Isaac Rabi*, born in Rymanów, Austria-Hungary (now in Poland), Physics, 1944 #Władysław Reymont, born in Congress Poland (Russian Empire), Literature, 1924 #Marie Skłodowska-Curie, born in Congress Poland (Russian Empire), Chemistry, 1911 #Albert A. Michelson*, born in Strelno, North German Confederation (now in Poland), Physics, 1907 #Henryk Sienkiewicz, born in Congress Poland (Russian Empire), Literature, 1905 #Marie Skłodowska-Curie, born in Congress Poland (Russian Empire), Physics, 1903 ===Portugal=== #José de Sousa Saramago, Literature, 1998 #Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo*, born in then Portuguese Timor, now East Timor, Peace, 1996 #José Ramos-Horta*, born in then Portuguese Timor, now East Timor, Peace, 1996 #António Egas Moniz, Physiology or Medicine, 1949 ===Romania=== #Stefan Hell*, Chemistry, 2014 #Herta Müller*, Literature, 2009 #Elie Wiesel*, Peace, 1986 #George E. Palade*, Physiology or Medicine, 1974 ===Russia and Soviet Union=== #Memorial, Peace, 2022 #Dmitry Muratov, Peace, 2021 #Andre Geim*, Physics, 2010 #Konstantin Novoselov*, Physics, 2010 #Leonid Hurwicz*, Economics, 2007 #Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov*, Physics, 2003 #Vitaly Ginzburg, Physics, 2003 #Zhores Alferov, born in then Soviet Union, now Belarus, Physics, 2000 #Mikhail Gorbachev, Peace, 1990 #Joseph Brodsky, born in Russia, Literature, 1987 #Pyotr Kapitsa, Physics, 1978 #Menachem Begin*, as an Israeli citizen, Peace, 1978 #Ilya Prigogine*, Chemistry, 1977 #Andrei Sakharov, Peace, 1975 #Leonid Kantorovich, Economics, 1975 #Simon Kuznets, now Belarus, Economics, 1971 #Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, Literature, 1970 #Mikhail Sholokhov, Literature, 1965 #Nikolay Basov, Physics, 1964 #Alexander Prokhorov, born in Australia, Physics, 1964 #Lev Landau, born in then Russian Empire, now Azerbaijan, laureate when citizen of the Soviet Union, Physics, 1962 #Boris Pasternak, Literature, 1958 (forced to decline) #Pavel Cherenkov, Physics, 1958 #Igor Tamm, Physics, 1958 #Ilya Mikhailovich Frank, Physics, 1958 #Nikolay Semyonov, Chemistry, 1956 #Ivan Bunin*, Literature, 1933 #Élie Metchnikoff, born in now Ukraine, Physiology or Medicine, 1908 #Ivan Pavlov, Physiology or Medicine, 1904 ===Saint Lucia=== #Derek Walcott, Literature, 1992 #W. Arthur Lewis*, Economics, 1979 ===Slovenia=== #Friderik Pregl*, born in Austria-Hungary, now Slovenia, Chemistry, 1923 ===South Africa=== #Michael Levitt*, Chemistry, 2013 #J. M. Coetzee, Literature, 2003 #Sydney Brenner*, Physiology or Medicine, 2002 #F. W. de Klerk, Peace, 1993 #Nelson Mandela, Peace, 1993 #Nadine Gordimer, Literature, 1991 #Desmond Tutu, Peace, 1984 #Aaron Klug*, Chemistry, 1982 #Allan M. Cormack*, Physiology or Medicine, 1979 #Albert Lutuli, born in then Rhodesia, now Zimbabwe, Peace, 1960 #Max Theiler, Physiology or Medicine, 1951 ===South Korea=== #Kim Dae-jung, Peace, 2000 ===Spain=== #Mario Vargas Llosa, born in Peru, Literature, 2010 #Camilo José Cela, Literature, 1989 #Vicente Aleixandre, Literature, 1977 #Severo Ochoa*, Physiology or Medicine, 1959 #Juan Ramón Jiménez, Literature, 1956 #Jacinto Benavente, Literature, 1922 #Santiago Ramón y Cajal, Physiology or Medicine, 1906 #José Echegaray, Literature, 1904 ===Sweden=== #Svante Pääbo, Physiology or Medicine, 2022 #Tomas Lindahl, Chemistry, 2015 #Tomas Tranströmer, Literature, 2011 #Arvid Carlsson, Physiology or Medicine, 2000 #Alva Myrdal, Peace, 1982 #Sune Bergström, Physiology or Medicine, 1982 #Bengt I. Samuelsson, Physiology or Medicine, 1982 #Kai Siegbahn, Physics, 1981 #Torsten Wiesel, Physiology or Medicine, 1981 #Bertil Ohlin, Economics, 1977 #Eyvind Johnson, Literature, 1974 #Harry Martinson, Literature, 1974 #Gunnar Myrdal, Economics, 1974 #Ulf von Euler, Physiology or Medicine, 1970 #Hannes Alfvén, Physics, 1970 #Ragnar Granit, born in the Grand Duchy of Finland, then a part of Russia, Physiology or Medicine, 1967 #Nelly Sachs, born in Germany, Literature, 1966 #Dag Hammarskjöld, Peace, 1961 (posthumously) #Hugo Theorell, Physiology or Medicine, 1955 #Pär Lagerkvist, Literature, 1951 #Arne Tiselius, Chemistry, 1948 #Erik Axel Karlfeldt, Literature, 1931 (posthumously) #Nathan Söderblom, Peace, 1930 #Hans von Euler-Chelpin, born in Germany, Chemistry, 1929 #Theodor Svedberg, Chemistry, 1926 #Karl Manne Siegbahn, Physics, 1924 #Hjalmar Branting, Peace, 1921 #Carl Gustaf Verner von Heidenstam, Literature, 1916 #Gustaf Dalén, Physics, 1912 #Allvar Gullstrand, Physiology or Medicine, 1911 #Selma Lagerlöf, Literature, 1909 #Klas Pontus Arnoldson, Peace, 1908 #Svante Arrhenius, Chemistry, 1903 ===Switzerland=== #Michel Mayor, Physics, 2019 #Didier Queloz, Physics, 2019 #Jacques Dubochet, Chemistry, 2017 #Kurt Wüthrich, Chemistry, 2002 #Rolf M. Zinkernagel, Physiology or Medicine, 1996 #Edmond H. Fischer, Physiology or Medicine,1992 #Richard R. Ernst, Chemistry, 1991 #Karl Alexander Müller, Physics, 1987 #Heinrich Rohrer, Physics, 1986 #Werner Arber, Physiology or Medicine, 1978 #Vladimir Prelog, born in Austria- Hungary, now Bosnia-Herzegovina, Chemistry, 1975 #Daniel Bovet, Physiology or Medicine, 1957 #Felix Bloch, Physics, 1952 #Tadeusz Reichstein, Physiology or Medicine, 1950 #Walter Rudolf Hess, Physiology or Medicine, 1949 #Paul Hermann Müller, Physiology or Medicine, 1948 #Hermann Hesse, born in Germany, Literature, 1946 #Leopold Ružička, born in Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia, Austria-Hungary, now Croatia, Chemistry, 1939 #Paul Karrer, Chemistry, 1937 #Albert Einstein, born in Germany, Physics, 1921 #Charles Édouard Guillaume, Physics, 1920 #Carl Spitteler, Literature, 1919 #Alfred Werner, Chemistry, 1913 #Theodor Kocher, Physiology or Medicine, 1909 #Élie Ducommun, Peace, 1902 #Charles Albert Gobat, Peace, 1902 #Henry Dunant, Peace, 1901 ===Taiwan (Republic of China)=== #Yuan T. Lee, Chemistry, 1986* #Samuel C. C. Ting, Physics 1976* #Chen-Ning Yang, Physics, 1957* #Tsung-Dao Lee, Physics, 1957* ===Tanzania=== #Abdulrazak Gurnah*, Literature, 2021 ===Tibet=== #14th Dalai Lama, Peace, 1989 ===Trinidad and Tobago=== #V. S. Naipaul*, Literature, 2001 ===Tunisia=== #Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet, Peace, 2015. ===Turkey=== #Aziz Sancar, Chemistry, 2015 #Orhan Pamuk, Literature, 2006 #Giorgos Seferis*, (born in then Ottoman Empire, now Turkey), Literature, 1963 ===Ukraine=== #Centre for Civil Liberties, Peace, 2022 #Svetlana Alexievich*, born in Ukraine, Literature, 2015 # # # #Selman Waksman*, born in Ukraine, Physiology or Medicine, 1952 #Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov, Physiology or Medicine, 1908 ===United Kingdom=== #Abdulrazak Gurnah, born in Tanzania, Literature, 2021 #David MacMillan, Chemistry, 2021 #Roger Penrose, Physics, 2020 #Michael Houghton, Physiology or Medicine, 2020 #Peter J. Ratcliffe, Physiology or Medicine, 2019 #M. Stanley Whittingham, Chemistry, 2019 #Greg Winter, Chemistry, 2018 #Kazuo Ishiguro, born in Japan, Literature, 2017 #Richard Henderson, Chemistry, 2017 #Oliver Hart, Economics, 2016 #Fraser Stoddart, Chemistry, 2016 #David J. Thouless, Physics, 2016 #F. Duncan M. Haldane, Physics, 2016 #John M. Kosterlitz, Physics, 2016 #Angus Deaton, Economics, 2015 #Tomas Lindahl, born in Sweden, Chemistry, 2015 #John O'Keefe, born in the United States, Physiology or Medicine, 2014 #Michael Levitt, born in South Africa, Chemistry, 2013 #Peter Higgs, Physics, 2013 #John B. Gurdon, Physiology or Medicine, 2012 #Christopher A. Pissarides, born in Cyprus, Economics, 2010 #Konstantin Novoselov, born in Russia, Physics, 2010 #Robert G. Edwards, Physiology or Medicine, 2010 #Charles K. Kao, Physics, 2009 #Venkatraman Ramakrishnan, born in India, Chemistry, 2009 #Jack W. Szostak, born in United Kingdom, Physiology or Medicine, 2009 #Doris Lessing, born in Iran, Literature, 2007 #Sir Martin J. Evans, Physiology or Medicine, 2007 #Oliver Smithies*, Physiology or Medicine, 2007 #Harold Pinter, Literature, 2005 #Clive W. J. Granger, Economics, 2003 #Anthony J. Leggett*, Physics, 2003 #Peter Mansfield, Physiology or Medicine, 2003 #Sydney Brenner, born in South Africa, Physiology or Medicine, 2002 #John E. Sulston, Physiology or Medicine, 2002 #Tim Hunt, Physiology or Medicine, 2001 #Paul Nurse, Physiology or Medicine, 2001 #V. S. Naipaul, born in Trinidad, Literature, 2001 #David Trimble, Peace, 1998 #John Pople, Chemistry, 1998 #John E. Walker, Chemistry, 1997 #Harold Kroto, Chemistry, 1996 #James A. Mirrlees, Economics, 1996 #Joseph Rotblat, born in then Russian Empire, now Poland, Peace, 1995 #Richard J. Roberts, Physiology or Medicine, 1993 #Michael Smith*, Chemistry, 1993 #Ronald Coase, based in the United States, Economics, 1991 #James W. Black, Physiology or Medicine, 1988 #César Milstein, born in Argentina, Physiology or Medicine, 1984 #Richard Stone, Economics, 1984 #William Golding, Literature, 1983 #Aaron Klug, born in Lithuania, Chemistry, 1982 #John Robert Vane, Physiology or Medicine, 1982 #Elias Canetti, born in Bulgaria, Literature, 1981 #Frederick Sanger, Chemistry, 1980 #W. Arthur Lewis, born on St. Lucia, Economics, 1979 #Godfrey Hounsfield, Physiology or Medicine, 1979 #Peter D. Mitchell, Chemistry, 1978 #James Meade, Economics, 1977 #Nevill Francis Mott, Physics, 1977 #Amnesty International, Peace, 1977 #Mairead Corrigan, Peace, 1976 #Betty Williams, Peace, 1976 #John Cornforth, born in Australia, Chemistry, 1975 #Christian de Duve*, Physiology or Medicine, 1974 #Friedrich Hayek, born in Austria, Economics, 1974 #Martin Ryle, Physics, 1974 #Antony Hewish, Physics, 1974 #Patrick White*, Literature, 1973 #Geoffrey Wilkinson, Chemistry, 1973 #Brian David Josephson, Physics, 1973 #Nikolaas Tinbergen, born in the Netherlands, Physiology or Medicine, 1973 #Rodney Robert Porter, Physiology or Medicine, 1972 #John Hicks, Economics, 1972 #Dennis Gabor, born in Hungary, Physics, 1971 #Bernard Katz, born in Germany, Physiology or Medicine, 1970 #Derek Harold Richard Barton, Chemistry, 1969 #Ronald George Wreyford Norrish, Chemistry, 1967 #George Porter, Chemistry, 1967 #Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin, Chemistry, 1964 #Andrew Huxley, Physiology or Medicine, 1963 #Alan Lloyd Hodgkin, Physiology or Medicine, 1963 #John Kendrew, Chemistry, 1962 #Max Perutz, born in Austria, Chemistry, 1962 #Francis Crick, Physiology or Medicine, 1962 #Maurice Wilkins, born in New Zealand, Physiology or Medicine, 1962 #Peter Medawar, born in Brazil, Physiology or Medicine, 1960 #Philip Noel-Baker, Peace, 1959 #Frederick Sanger, Chemistry, 1958 #Alexander R. Todd, Baron Todd, Chemistry, 1957 #Cyril Norman Hinshelwood, Chemistry, 1956 #Max Born, born in then Germany, now Poland, Physics, 1954 #Winston Churchill, Literature, 1953 #Hans Adolf Krebs, born in Germany, Physiology or Medicine, 1953 #Archer John Porter Martin, Chemistry, 1952 #Richard Laurence Millington Synge, Chemistry, 1952 #John Cockcroft, Physics, 1951 #Bertrand Russell, Literature, 1950 #Cecil Frank Powell, Physics, 1950 #John Boyd Orr, Peace, 1949 #T. S. Eliot, born in the United States, Literature, 1948 #Patrick Blackett, Baron Blackett, Physics, 1948 #Edward Victor Appleton, Physics, 1947 #Robert Robinson, Chemistry, 1947 #Friends Service Council, Peace, 1947 #Ernst Boris Chain, born in Germany, Physiology or Medicine, 1945 #Alexander Fleming, Physiology or Medicine, 1945 #George Paget Thomson, Physics, 1937 #Robert Cecil, 1st Viscount Cecil of Chelwood, Peace, 1937 #Norman Haworth, Chemistry, 1937 #Henry Hallett Dale, Physiology or Medicine, 1936 #James Chadwick, Physics, 1935 #Arthur Henderson, Peace, 1934 #Norman Angell, Peace, 1933 #Paul Dirac, Physics, 1933 #Charles Scott Sherrington, Physiology or Medicine, 1932 #John Galsworthy, Literature, 1932 #Edgar Adrian, 1st Baron Adrian, Physiology or Medicine, 1932 #Arthur Harden, Chemistry, 1929 #Frederick Hopkins, Physiology or Medicine, 1929 #Owen Willans Richardson, Physics, 1928 #Charles Thomson Rees Wilson, Physics, 1927 #Austen Chamberlain, Peace, 1925 #George Bernard Shaw, born in Ireland (Then part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland), Literature, 1925 #John James Rickard Macleod*, Physiology or Medicine, 1923 #Archibald Vivian Hill, Physiology or Medicine, 1922 #Francis William Aston, Chemistry, 1922 #Frederick Soddy, Chemistry, 1921 #Charles Glover Barkla, Physics, 1917 #William Henry Bragg, Physics, 1915 #William Lawrence Bragg, born in Australia, Physics, 1915 #Ernest Rutherford, born in New Zealand, Chemistry, 1908 #Rudyard Kipling, born in India, Literature, 1907 #J. J. Thomson, Physics, 1906 #John Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh, Physics, 1904 #William Ramsay, Chemistry, 1904 #William Randal Cremer, Peace, 1903 #Ronald Ross, born in India, Physiology or Medicine, 1902 ===United States=== thumb|240px|President Clinton meets the 1998 U.S. Nobel Prize winners in the White House. The Nobel Prizes (, ) are awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the Swedish Academy, the Karolinska Institutet, and the Norwegian Nobel Committee to individuals and organizations who make outstanding contributions in the fields of chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine. John Bardeen, who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1956 and 1972, and Karl Barry Sharpless, who won the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 2001 and 2022, are the others. The information in the country column is according to nobelprize.org, the official website of the Nobel Foundation. The information in the country column is according to nobelprize.org, the official website of the Nobel Foundation. For a full account of the work done by each Nobel laureate, please see the biography articles linked from the name column. === Citations === === Sources === * * == External links == * Official website of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences * Official website of the Nobel Foundation * (List of) Nobel Laureates and research affiliations at NobelPrize.org * #Chemistry Around 40% of all Nobel Prizes have been awarded to Americans; around 35% of them are immigrants from other nations. Where available, an image of each Nobel laureate is provided. Where available, an image of each Nobel laureate is provided. Two others have won Nobel Prizes twice, one in chemistry and one in another subject: Maria Skłodowska-Curie (physics in 1903, chemistry in 1911) and Linus Pauling (chemistry in 1954, peace in 1962). Nobel prizes announced after that date were added generally following the same criteria outlined above. ==Corrections== This is a list of corrections made to the original figures provided by BBC News: * No award was attributed to Luxembourg, but, according to the Nobel Prize website, Gabriel Lippmann (Physics, 1908) was born in that country. Only sovereign countries are ranked; unranked entities are marked in italics. ==All prizes== All five prizes (Chemistry, Literature, Peace, Physics, and Physiology or Medicine) and the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences are considered. * Australia was credited with only one Nobel laureate in Physics, but up to and including 8 October 2010 there were three Physics laureates associated with that country: William Lawrence Bragg (1915) and Aleksandr Prokhorov (1964), were both born there according to the Nobel Prize website.

The country with the most Nobel Laureates in science is France

The USA has the most Laureates in science

The country with the most Nobel Laureates in science is the United States

The country with the most Nobel Laureates in science is the United Kingdom

The United States

D

More than 18% of Nobel Prizes have been won by people from which ethnic group?

Around 40% of all Nobel Prizes have been awarded to Americans; around 35% of them are immigrants from other nations. Nobel Prizes have been awarded to over 900 individuals,All Nobel Prizes of whom at least 20% were Jews. Africans have received awards in all five of the Nobel prize categories: Peace, Physics, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, and Chemistry. So far, five of the seven Nobel Prize winners this year are Jewish..." The Nobel Prize is an annual, international prize first awarded in 1901 for achievements in Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, and Peace, with an associated prize in Economics awarded since 1969."Nobel Prize" (2007), in Encyclopædia Britannica, accessed 14 November 2007, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online: As of November 2022, Nobel Prizes had been awarded to 954 individuals, of whom 17 were Black recipients (1.7% of the 954 individual recipients). 150 px|thumb|The Nobel Prize Since 1957, there have been thirteen Chinese (including Chinese-born) winners of the Nobel Prize. * * * * * * * * The number of Jews receiving Nobel prizes has been the subject of some attention.* * * *"Jews rank high among winners of Nobel, but why not Israelis", J. Year Image Laureate Country Comment 1950 75px First Black person to win a Nobel PrizeRalph Bunche, PBS. 1960 75px First Black African to win a Nobel Prize 1964 75px Youngest African American to win a Nobel Prize, at age 35 1984 75px 1993 75px 2001 75px 2004 75px First environmentalist to win the Nobel Peace Prize 2009 75px 2011 75px 2011 75px 2018 75px Denis Mukwege 2019 75px Abiy Ahmed ==Economics== One Black person has been awarded the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics. As of 2021, thirteen Nobel Prize laureates have been Muslims, more than half in the 21st century. Black people have received awards in three of the six award categories: twelve in Peace (70.6% of the black recipients), four in Literature (23.5%), and one in Economics (5.9%). "Jews make strong showing among 2011 Nobel Prize winners". "No less than six Jewish scientists were awarded Nobel Prizes this week... Year Image Laureate Country Comment 1986 75px First Black person to win the Nobel Prize for Literature 1992 75px 1993 75px First Black woman to win a Nobel Prize 2021 75px Gurnah moved to the United Kingdom in the 1960s as a refugee following the Zanzibar Revolution ==Peace== 12 Black people have been given the Nobel Peace Prize. Year Image Laureate Country Comment 1979 First and (so far) only black person to win a Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences; first West Indian to win a Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences == See also == * List of Nobel laureates * List of African Nobel laureates * List of Asian Nobel laureates * List of Latino and Hispanic Nobel laureates * List of Christian Nobel laureates * List of Muslim Nobel laureates * List of Jewish Nobel laureates == References == == External links == * Nelson Mandela Interview Nobel Laureates Black Also this week, two American Jews were awarded the Nobel Prize in medicine [...] The United States has the highest number of Nobel laureates in the world, with over 400 Nobel laureates. Taktser, Qinghai, Tibet == See also == * List of Chinese people * List of Chinese scientists * List of black Nobel laureates * List of Latino and Hispanic Nobel laureates * List of Nobel Laureates == Notes == == References == Nobel * * * * Chinese The Laureates: Jewish Winners of the Nobel prize, Twayne Publishers (New York), 236 pages. (Via ) == Jewish laureates per country == Below is a chart of all Jewish Nobel laureates per country (updated to 2022 laureates). The first Bangladeshi and Bengali Muslim Nobel laureate, and overall, the fourth Bengali person to win a Nobel prize. The Who's Who of Nobel Prize Winners, 1901–1995. The who's who of Nobel Prize winners, 1901–1995.

More than 18% of Nobel Prizes have been won by Chinese

More than 18% of Nobel Prizes have been won by Latinos

More than 18% of Nobel Prizes have been won by Africans

More than 18% of Nobel Prizes have been won by Jewish people

More than 18% of Nobel Prizes have been won by African Americans

D

Have Christians or Jews won more Nobel Prizes?

In an estimate by Baruch Shalev, between 1901 and 2000 about 65.4% of Nobel prize winners were either Christians or had a Christian background.Baruch A. Shalev, 100 Years of Nobel Prizes (2003), Atlantic Publishers & Distributors, p. 57: between 1901 and 2000 reveals that 654 Laureates belong to 28 different religions. * * * * * * * * The number of Jews receiving Nobel prizes has been the subject of some attention.* * * *"Jews rank high among winners of Nobel, but why not Israelis", J. So far, five of the seven Nobel Prize winners this year are Jewish..." Nobel Prizes have been awarded to over 900 individuals,All Nobel Prizes of whom at least 20% were Jews. Here is a non exhaustive list of some of the prize winners who publicly identified themselves as Christians. == Physics == By one estimate made by Weijia Zhang from Arizona State University and Robert G. Fuller from University of Nebraska–Lincoln, between 1901 and 1990, 60% of Physics Nobel prize winners had Christian backgrounds. In an estimate by Baruch Shalev, between 1901 and 2000, about 65.3% of Physics Nobel prize winners were either Christians or had a Christian background. Israel has more Nobel Prizes per capita than the United States, France and Germany. Also this week, two American Jews were awarded the Nobel Prize in medicine [...] "No less than six Jewish scientists were awarded Nobel Prizes this week... "Jews make strong showing among 2011 Nobel Prize winners". == Economics == In an estimate by Baruch Shalev, between 1901 and 2000, about 54.0% of Economics Nobel Prize winners were either Christians or had a Christian background. *Noah Efron, "The Real Reason Why Jews Win So Many Nobel Prizes", Haaretz, October 21, 2013. Jews have received each of the six awards. The Guardian, 21 April 1999 "for an influential work that with linguistic ingenuity has explored the periphery and the specificity of human experience". == Peace == In an estimate by Baruch Shalev, between 1901 and 2000, about 78.3% of Peace Nobel Prize winners were either Christians or had a Christian background. First recipient of the prize for Jewish studies. Since 1966, thirteen Israelis have been awarded the Nobel Prize, the most honorable award in various fields including chemistry, economics, literature and peace. One of the first two recipients of the prize for Exact sciences. 1954 Jewish studies First rabbi to receive the Israel Prize. If only scientific laureates are taken into account, Israel is 13th in Nobel prize per capita, just after Germany, 11th, and the United States, 12th. ==Laureates== The following is a complete list of Israeli Nobel laureates. *Mark Mietkiewicz, "Nobel Prize and the Jews", Canadian Jewish News, December 10, 2018. As of 2021, thirteen Nobel Prize laureates have been Muslims, more than half in the 21st century. The Laureates: Jewish Winners of the Nobel prize, Twayne Publishers (New York), 236 pages. Israel is 11th in Nobel prize per capita, just after the United Kingdom at 10th.

None of the above

Christians have won more Nobel Prizes than Jews

Jews have won more Nobel Prizes than Christians

Jewish people

Christians have won less Nobel Prizes than Jews

B

Have some atheists won the Nobel Prize?

right|thumb|300px|Distribution of atheists, agnostics, and freethinkers in Nobel Prizes between 1901-2000. According to the same estimate, between 1901 and 2000, atheists, agnostics, and freethinkers won 8.9% of the prizes in medicine, 7.1% in chemistry, 5.2% in economics, 4.7% in physics, and 3.6% in peace. This list of nonreligious Nobel laureates comprises laureates of the Nobel Prize who have self-identified as atheist, agnostic, freethinker, or otherwise nonreligious at some point in their lives. Alfred Nobel himself was an atheist later in life. The Nobel Prizes 1994, Editor Tore Frängsmyr, Nobel Foundation, Stockholm, 1995 1998 Amartya Sen 1978 Herbert A. Simon == Peace == Year Laureate Reference 1933 Norman Angell 1908 Klas Pontus Arnoldson 1990 Mikhail Gorbachev 1962 Linus Pauling 1995 Joseph Rotblat 1975 Andrei Sakharov 1986 Elie Wiesel 1973 Lê Đức Thọ == Literature == Year Laureate Reference 1969 Samuel Beckett 1903 Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson 1957 Albert Camus 1997 Dario Fo 1932 John Galsworthy 1991 Nadine Gordimer 1971 Pablo Neruda 1936 Eugene O'Neill 2005 Harold Pinter 1950 Bertrand Russell : "I never know whether I should say 'Agnostic' or whether I should say 'Atheist'... Here is a non exhaustive list of some of the prize winners who publicly identified themselves as Christians. == Physics == By one estimate made by Weijia Zhang from Arizona State University and Robert G. Fuller from University of Nebraska–Lincoln, between 1901 and 1990, 60% of Physics Nobel prize winners had Christian backgrounds. * Michael Martin (1932–2015): analytic philosopher and professor emeritus at Boston University, author of, amongst others, Atheism: A Philosophical Justification (1989) and The Impossibility of God (2003)."Are there really no atheists? *Fritz Zwicky (1898–1974): Swiss astronomer and astrophysicist. ==See also== * List of nonreligious Nobel laureates * Lists about skepticism * ==Notes and references== ==External links== * Twentieth Century Atheists on University of Cambridge's investigating atheism website Science and technology Category:Lists of scientists by religion There have been many philosophers in recorded history who were atheists. He won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1979 for the unification of electromagnetism and the weak force into the electroweak force.Azpurua: "Would it be accurate to say that you are an atheist?" * Roald Hoffmann (1937–): American theoretical chemist who won the 1981 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.Liberato Cardellini: "A final and more personal question: You defined yourself as “an atheist who is moved by religion”. In an estimate by Baruch Shalev, between 1901 and 2000 about 65.4% of Nobel prize winners were either Christians or had a Christian background.Baruch A. Shalev, 100 Years of Nobel Prizes (2003), Atlantic Publishers & Distributors, p. 57: between 1901 and 2000 reveals that 654 Laureates belong to 28 different religions. This is a list of atheists in science and technology. In an estimate by Baruch Shalev, between 1901 and 2000, about 65.3% of Physics Nobel prize winners were either Christians or had a Christian background. "But Nobel, both atheist and a socialist..." His mother was an atheist and he himself became an atheist at the age of 15.Nobel Biography . * Frédéric Joliot-Curie (1900–1958): French physicist and Nobel Laureate in Chemistry in 1935."Raised in a completely nonreligious family, Joliot never attended any church and was a thoroughgoing atheist all his life." Michael Martin, Are There Really No Atheists?, 1996 (accessed April 21, 2008). He won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1965.Feynman was of Jewish birth, but described himself as "an avowed atheist" by his early youth in Freethought of the Day, Freedom From Religion Foundation, May 11, 2006."Having abandoned the tenets of Judaism at 13, he never wavered in his gentle atheism, nor in his determination to stay away from matters about which he had opinions but no expertise." For example, Milton Friedman, Roald Hoffmann, Richard Feynman, Niels Bohr, Élie Metchnikoff, and Rita Levi-Montalcini are listed as religiously Jewish; however, while they were ethnically and perhaps culturally Jewish, they did not believe in a God and self-identified as atheists. == Physics == Year Laureate Reference 2000 Zhores Alferov Obituaries, T. (2019, March 12). This is a list of atheist philosophers with articles in Wikipedia. I have been an atheist ever since.

All of the above

No, no atheists have won the Nobel Prize

No

None of the above

Yes, some atheists have won the Nobel Prize

E

Has Nigeria won a Nobel Prize?

The Nigeria Prize for Science is a Nigerian science award given annually since 2004 for excellence in science breakthroughs. With the total prize value of to individual winner, it is the biggest literary award in Africa and one of the richest literary awards in the world. ==History== The Prize was established in 2004 and sponsored by Nigeria Liquefied Natural Gas company. The prize describes itself as "bringing Nigerian scientists to public attention and celebrating excellence in scientific breakthroughs". ==History== The Prize was initially $20,000 each in Literature and Science.This was increased to $30,000 in 2006, and again to $50,000 in 2008. Nigeria Prize for Literature is a Nigerian literary award given annually since 2004 to honor literary erudition by Nigerian authors. It has often not been offered, with no leader being found worthy of the award on a given year. ==Background== Established by the Mo Ibrahim Foundation in 2007, the Ibrahim Prize celebrates excellence in African leadership. Africans have received awards in all five of the Nobel prize categories: Peace, Physics, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, and Chemistry. The Ibrahim Prize for Achievement in African Leadership has been awarded in 2007, 2008, 2011, 2014, 2017 and 2020. The Ibrahim Prize for Achievement in African Leadership, also known as the Ibrahim Prize, is an annual prize awarded to a former African Executive Head of State or Government on criteria of good governance, democratic election and respect of terms limits. In very difficult circumstances, she helped guide her nation towards a peaceful and democratic future, paving the way for her successor to follow.” 2018 No award given No award given No award given No award given 2019 No award given No award given No award given No award given 2020 100px Mahamadou Issoufouhttps://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20210307-le-prix-mo-ibrahim- attribu%C3%A9-au-pr%C3%A9sident-nig%C3%A9rien-mahamadou-issoufou Le prix Mo Ibrahim attribué au président nigérien Mahamadou Issoufou "For his efforts to economic development of his country while working for regional stability, as well as his engagement to limit himself to two terms, leading to the first ever democratic transition of power in Niger. This is a list of Nigerian scientists and scholars. DeKlerk was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize along with Nelson Mandela, who led the ANC but was not president of South Africa until 1994. ==Laureates== Year Image Name Country Category Comment 1951 75px Max Theiler Physiology or Medicine First White African to win a Nobel Prize 1957 75px (born in Algeria) Literature First White African to win a Nobel Prize in Literature 1960 75px Peace First Black African to win a Nobel Prize 1978 75px Peace First Egyptian and North African to win a Nobel Prize 1979 75px Allan M. Cormack Physiology or Medicine 1982 75px Aaron Klug Chemistry 1984 75px Peace 1985 75px Claude Simon (born in Madagascar) Literature 1986 75px Literature First Black African person to win the Nobel Prize for Literature 1988 75px Naguib Mahfouz Literature First Egyptian and North African to win a Nobel Prize in Literature 1991 75px Nadine Gordimer Literature First White African woman to win a Nobel Prize 1993 75px Peace 1993 75px F. W. de Klerk Peace 1997 75px Claude Cohen-Tannoudji (born in Algeria) Physics 1999 75px Ahmed Zewail Chemistry First Egyptian and North African to win a Nobel Prize in Chemistry. 2001 75px Peace 2002 75px Sydney Brenner Physiology or Medicine 2003 75px J. M. Coetzee Literature 2004 75px Peace First Black African woman to win a Nobel Prize 2005 75px Mohamed ElBaradei Peace 2008 75px J. M. G. Le Clézio (born in France) Literature 2011 75px Peace 2011 75px 2012 75x75px Serge Haroche (born in Morocco) Physics 2013 88x88px Michael Levitt Chemistry 2015 75px Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet Peace 2018 75px Denis Mukwege 2019 99x99px Abiy Ahmed Peace 2021 99x99px Abdulrazak Gurnah Literature ==References== African Nobel Laureates Nobel laureates Prize winners are referred to as Ibrahim Laureates. The award is sponsored by Nigeria Liquefied Natural Gas company.The Nigeria Prize, official website. Category: Awards established in 2004 Category:Research awards Category:Scientific research awards Category:Nigerian science and technology awards Category:2004 establishments in Nigeria The Ibrahim Prize *Recognises and celebrates African leaders who have developed their countries, lifted people out of poverty and paved the way for sustainable and equitable prosperity *Highlights exceptional role models for the continent *Ensures that Africa continues to benefit from the experience and expertise of exceptional leaders when they leave national office, by enabling them to continue in other public roles on the continent Criteria *Former African Executive Head of State or Government *Left office in the last three years *Democratically elected *Served their constitutionally mandated term *Demonstrated exceptional leadership === Award === Prize recipients are awarded US$5 million, divided into annual instalments of US$500,000 paid out over 10 years, followed by US$200,000 annually, thereafter. With a US$5 million payment, the Ibrahim Prize, is believed to be the world's largest, exceeding the $1.5m Nobel Peace Prize. In 2011 the prize was increased to $100,000. ==Past recipients== Source: Nigeria NLG Ltd Year Recipient(s) Work Note 2019 Meihong Wang for their works on Carbon Capture, Carbon Utilization, and Biomass Gasification and Energy Storage for Power Generation Mathew Aneke 2018 Peter Ngene for his work titled: "Nanostructured metal hydrides for the storage of electric power from renewable energy sources and for explosion prevention in high voltage power transformers" 2017 Ikeoluwapo Ajayi For their work titled: "Improving Home and Community Management of Malaria: Providing the Evidence Base'' There are three research works as joint winners authored by five people. The Nobel Peace Prize 1963 nobelprize.org 1965 75px UNICEF South Africa founded in 1946 in Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa founded in 1946 in Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) "for its effort to enhance solidarity between nations and reduce the difference between rich and poor states"The Nobel Peace Prize 1965 nobelprize.org 2007 75px Debra Roberts 13 January 1961 Harare, Zimbabwe International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) "for their efforts to build up and disseminate greater knowledge about man- made climate change, and to lay the foundations for the measures that are needed to counteract such change."The Nobel Peace Prize 2007 nobelprize.org ==Nominations== The first South African nominee for the Nobel Prize was a certain P. B. de Ville who was unsuccessfully recommended twice (in 1930 and 1932) by South African Minister of Health and Social Welfare Karl Bremer (1885–1953). An associated prize in Economic Sciences has been awarded since 1969."Nobel Prize" (2007), in Encyclopædia Britannica, accessed 14 November 2007, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online: Nobel Prizes have been awarded to over 800 individuals. Since 1951, eleven South African-born individuals have been awarded. ==Laureates== Year Image Laureate Born Died Field Citation Citizens Citizens Citizens Citizens Citizens Citizens Citizens 1951 75px Max Theiler 30 January 1899 Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa 11 August 1972 New Haven, Connecticut, United States Physiology or Medicine "for his discoveries concerning yellow fever and how to combat it."The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1951 nobelprize.org 1960 75px Albert Luthuli c. 1898 Bulawayo, Zimbabwe 27 July 1967 KwaDukuza, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa Peace "for his non-violent struggle against apartheid."The Nobel Peace Prize 1961 nobelprize.org 1979 75px Allan MacLeod Cormack 23 February 1924 Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa 7 May 1998 Winchester, Massachusetts, United States Physiology or Medicine "for the development of computer assisted tomography."The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1979 nobelprize.org (awarded together with Godfrey Hounsfield) 1984 75px Desmond Tutu 7 October 1931 Klerksdorp, North West, South Africa 26 December 2021 Cape Town, South Africa Peace "for his role as a unifying leader figure in the non-violent campaign to resolve the problem of apartheid in South Africa."The Nobel Peace Prize 1984 nobelprize.org 1991 75px Nadine Gordimer 20 November 1923 Springs, Gauteng, South Africa 13 July 2014 Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa Literature "who through her magnificent epic writing has - in the words of Alfred Nobel - been of very great benefit to humanity."The Nobel Prize in Literature 1991 nobelprize.org 1993 75px Nelson Mandela 18 July 1918 Mvezo, OR Tambo, Eastern Cape, South Africa 5 December 2013 Houghton Estate, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa Peace "for their work for the peaceful termination of the apartheid regime, and for laying the foundations for a new democratic South Africa."The Nobel Peace Prize 1993 nobelprize.org 1993 75px Frederik Willem de Klerk 18 March 1936 Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa 11 November 2021 Cape Town, South Africa Peace "for their work for the peaceful termination of the apartheid regime, and for laying the foundations for a new democratic South Africa."The Nobel Peace Prize 1993 nobelprize.org 2002 75px Sydney Brenner 13 January 1927 Germiston, Transvaal, South Africa 5 April 2019 Singapore Physiology or Medicine "for their discoveries concerning genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death."The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2002 nobelprize.org (awarded together with H. Robert Horvitz and John E. Sulston) 2003 75px John Maxwell Coetzee 9 February 1940 Cape Town, Australia Literature "who in innumerable guises portrays the surprising involvement of the outsider."The Nobel Prize in Literature 2003 nobelprize.org 2013 75px Michael Levitt 9 May 1947 Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa Chemistry "for the development of multiscale models for complex chemical systems."The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2013 nobelprize.org (awarded together with Martin Karplus and Arieh Warshel) Expatriates Expatriates Expatriates Expatriates Expatriates Expatriates Expatriates 1982 75px Aaron Klug 11 August 1926 Želva, Ukmergė, Lithuania 20 November 2018 Cambridge, United Kingdom Chemistry "for his development of crystallographic electron microscopy and his structural elucidation of biologically important nucleic acid-protein complexes."The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1982 nobelprize.org ===Members of laureate organizations=== The following South African-based organizations and individuals were significant members who contributed largely in making a larger organization become a Nobel laureate. He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1993 alongside President F.W. de Klerk Two African laureates, Anwar Sadat of Egypt in 1978 and F.W. de Klerk of South Africa in 1993, were presidents of their countries at the time they were awarded the Nobel Prize. A notable recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize is Nelson Mandela (1918–2013) the first democratically elected president of South Africa, who played a key role in the repeal of apartheid laws .

No, Nigeria has not won a Nobel Prize

Yes, Nigeria has won a Nobel Prize

All of the above

No

None of the above

B

What are some people from America who won a Nobel Prize for Physics?

Following is a list of physicists who are notable for their achievements. == A == *Aryabhatta – India (476-550C.E) *Jules Aarons – United States (1921–2016) *Ernst Karl Abbe – Germany (1840–1905) *Derek Abbott – Australia (born 1960) *Hasan Abdullayev – Azerbaijan Democratic Republic, Soviet Union, Azerbaijan (1918–1993) *Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov – Soviet Union, Russia (1928–2017) Nobel laureate *Robert Adler – United States (1913–2007) *Stephen L. Adler – United States (born 1939) *Franz Aepinus – Rostock (1724–1802) *Mina Aganagic -- Albania, United States *David Z Albert – United States (born 1954) *Felicie Albert – France, United States *Miguel Alcubierre – Mexico (born 1964) *Zhores Ivanovich Alferov – Russia (1930–2019) Nobel laureate *Hannes Olof Gösta Alfvén – Sweden (1908–1995) Nobel laureate *Alhazen – Basra, Iraq (965–1040) *Artem Alikhanian – Armenia (1908–1978) *Abram Alikhanov – Russia (1904–1970) *John E. Allen – United Kingdom (born 1928) *William Allis – United States (1901–1999) *Samuel King Allison – United States (1900–1965) *Yakov Lvovich Alpert – Russia, United States (1911–2010) *Ralph Asher Alpher – United States (1921–2007) *Semen Altshuler – Vitebsk (1911–1983) *Luis Walter Alvarez – United States (1911–1988) Nobel laureate *Viktor Ambartsumian – Soviet Union, Armenia (1908–1996) *André-Marie Ampère – France (1775–1836) *Anja Cetti Andersen – Denmark (born 1965) *Hans Henrik Andersen – Denmark (1937–2012) *Philip Warren Anderson – United States (1923–2020) Nobel laureate *Carl David Anderson – United States (1905–1991) Nobel laureate *Herbert L. Anderson – United States (1914–1988) *Elephter Andronikashvili – Georgia (1910–1989) *Anders Jonas Ångström – Sweden (1814–1874) *Alexander Animalu, Nigeria (born 1938) *Edward Victor Appleton – U.K. (1892–1965) Nobel laureate *François Arago – France (1786–1853) *Archimedes – Syracuse, Greece (ca. 287–212 BC) *Manfred von Ardenne – Germany (1907–1997) *Aristarchus of Samos – Samos, Greece (310–ca. 230 BC) *Aristotle – Athens, Greece (384–322 BC) *Nima Arkani- Hamed – United States (born 1972) *Lev Artsimovich – Moscow (1909–1973) *Aryabhata – Pataliputra, India (476–550) *Neil Ashby – United States (born 1934) *Maha Ashour-Abdalla – Egypt, United States (1943–2016) *Gurgen Askaryan – Soviet Union (1928–1997) *Alain Aspect – France (born 1947) *Marcel Audiffren – France *Avicenna – Persia (980–1037) *Amedeo Avogadro – Italy (1776–1856) *David Awschalom – United States (born 1956) *APJ Abdul Kalam – India == B == thumb|Biruni is one of the best-known physicists *Al-Biruni – İran (born 973) *Abu sahl Al-Quhi – İran (born 940) *Xiaoyi Bao – Canada *Mani Lal Bhaumik – United States (born 1931) *Tom Baehr-Jones – United States (born 1980) *Gilbert Ronald Bainbridge – U.K. (1925–2003) *Cornelis Bakker – Netherlands (1904–1960) *Aiyalam Parameswaran Balachandran – India (born 1938) *V Balakrishnan – India (born 1943) *Milla Baldo-Ceolin – Italy (1924–2011) *Johann Jakob Balmer – Switzerland (1825–1898) *Tom Banks – United States (born 1949) *Riccardo Barbieri – Italy (born 1944) *Marcia Barbosa – Brazil (born 1960) *John Bardeen – United States (1908–1991) double Nobel laureate *William A. Bardeen – United States (born 1941) *Charles Glover Barkla – U.K. (1877–1944) Nobel laureate *Amanda Barnard – Australia (born 1971) *Boyd Bartlett – United States (1897–1965) *Asım Orhan Barut – Malatya, Turkey (1926–1994) *Heinz Barwich – Germany (1911–1966) *Nikolay Basov – Russia (1922–2001) Nobel laureate *Laura Maria Caterina Bassi – Italy (1711–1778) *Zoltán Lajos Bay – Hungary (1900–1992) *Karl Bechert – Germany (1901–1981) *Henri Becquerel – France (1852–1908) Nobel laureate *Johannes Georg Bednorz – Germany (born 1950) Nobel laureate *Isaac Beeckman – Netherlands (1588–1637) *Alexander Graham Bell – Scotland, Canada, U.S.A. (1847–1922) *John Stewart Bell – U.K. (1928–1990) *Jocelyn Bell Burnell – Northern Ireland, U.K. (born 1943) *Carl M. Bender – United States (born 1943) *Abraham Bennet – England (1749–1799) *Daniel Bernoulli – Switzerland (1700–1782) *Hans Bethe – Germany, United States (1906–2005) Nobel laureate *Homi J. Bhabha – India (1909–1966) *Lars Bildsten – United States (1964) *James Binney – England (born 1950) *Gerd Binnig – Germany (born 1947) Nobel laureate *Jean-Baptiste Biot – France (1774–1862) *Raymond T. Birge – United States (1887–1980) *Abū Rayhān al- Bīrūnī – Persia (973–1048) *Vilhelm Bjerknes – Norway (1862–1951) *James Bjorken – United States (born 1934) *Patrick Blackett – U.K. (1897–1974) Nobel laureate *Felix Bloch – Switzerland (1905–1983) Nobel laureate *Nicolaas Bloembergen – Netherlands, United States (1920–2017) Nobel laureate *Walter Boas – Germany, Australia (1904–1982) *Céline Bœhm – France (born 1974) *Nikolay Bogolyubov – Soviet Union, Russia (1909–1992) *David Bohm – United States (1917–1992) *Aage Bohr – Denmark (1922–2009) Nobel laureate *Niels Bohr – Denmark (1885–1962) Nobel laureate *Martin Bojowald – Germany (born 1973) *Ludwig Boltzmann – Austria (1844–1906) *Eugene T. Booth – United States (1912–2004) *Max Born – Germany, U.K. (1882–1970) Nobel laureate *Rudjer Josip Boscovich – Croatia (1711–1787) *Jagadish Chandra Bose – India (1858–1937) *Margrete Heiberg Bose – Denmark (1866–1952) *Satyendra Nath Bose – India (1894–1974) *Johannes Bosscha – Netherlands (1831–1911) *Walther Bothe – Germany (1891–1957) Nobel laureate *Edward Bouchet – United States (1852–1918) *Mustapha Ishak Boushaki – Algeria (1967–) *Mark Bowick – United States (born 1957) *Robert Boyle – Ireland, England (1627–1691) *Willard S. Boyle – Canada, United States (1924–2011) Nobel laureate *William Henry Bragg – U.K. (1862–1942) Nobel laureate *William Lawrence Bragg – U.K., Australia (1890–1971) Nobel laureate *Tycho Brahe – Denmark (1546–1601) *Howard Brandt – United States (1939–2014) *Walter Houser Brattain – United States (1902–1987) Nobel laureate *Karl Ferdinand Braun – Germany (1850–1918) Nobel laureate *David Brewster – U.K. (1781–1868) *Percy Williams Bridgman – United States (1882–1961) Nobel laureate *Léon Nicolas Brillouin – France (1889–1969) *Marcel Brillouin – France (1854–1948) *Bertram Brockhouse – Canada (1918–2003) Nobel laureate *Louis-Victor de Broglie – France (1892–1987) Nobel laureate *William Fuller Brown, Jr. – United States (1904–1983) *Ernst Brüche – Germany (1900–1985) *Hermann Brück – Germany (1905–2000) *Ari Brynjolfsson – Iceland (1927–2013) *Hans Buchdahl – Germany, Australia (1918–2010) *Gersh Budker – Soviet Union (1918–1977) *Silke Bühler-Paschen – Austria (born 1967) *Johannes Martinus Burgers – Netherlands (1895–1981) *Friedrich Burmeister – Germany (1890–1969) *Bimla Buti – India (born 1933) *Christophorus Buys Ballot – Netherlands (1817–1890) == C == *Nicola Cabibbo – Italy (1935–2010) *Nicolás Cabrera – Spain (1913–1989) *Orion Ciftja – United States *Curtis Callan – United States (born 1942) *Annie Jump Cannon – United States (1863–1941) *Fritjof Capra – Austria, United States (born 1939) *Marcela Carena – Argentina (born 1962) *Ricardo Carezani – Argentina, United States (1921–2016) *Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot – France (1796–1832) *David Carroll – United States (born 1963) *Brandon Carter – Australia (born 1942) *Hendrik Casimir – Netherlands (1909–2000) *Henry Cavendish – U.K. (1731–1810) *James Chadwick – U.K. (1891–1974) Nobel laureate *Owen Chamberlain – United States (1920–2006) Nobel laureate *Moses H. W. Chan – Hong Kong (born 1946) *Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar – India, United States (1910–1995) Nobel laureate *Georges Charpak – France (1924–2010) Nobel laureate *Émilie du Châtelet – France (1706–1749) *Swapan Chattopadhyay – India (born 1951) *Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov – Imperial Russia, Soviet Union (1904–1990) Nobel laureate *Maxim Chernodub – Russia, France (born 1973) *Geoffrey Chew – United States (1924–2019) *Boris Chirikov – Soviet Union, Russia (1928–2008) *Juansher Chkareuli – Georgia (born 1940) *Ernst Chladni – Germany (1756–1827) *Nicholas Christofilos – Greece (1916-1972) *Steven Chu – United States (born 1948) Nobel laureate *Giovanni Ciccotti – Italy (born 1943) *Benoît Clapeyron – France (1799–1864) *George W. Clark – United States *John Clauser – United States (born 1942) Nobel laureate *Rudolf Clausius – Germany (1822–1888) *Gerald B. Cleaver – United States *Richard Clegg – United Kingdom *Gari Clifford - British-American physicist, biomedical engineer, academic, researcher *John Cockcroft – United Kingdom (1897–1967) Nobel laureate *Claude Cohen-Tannoudji – France (born 1933) Nobel laureate *Arthur Compton – United States (1892–1962) Nobel laureate *Karl Compton – United States (1887–1954) *Edward Condon – United States (1902–1974) *Leon Cooper – United States (born 1930) Nobel laureate *Alejandro Corichi – Mexico (born 1967) *Gaspard-Gustave Coriolis – France (1792–1843) *Allan McLeod Cormack – South Africa, United States (1924–1998) *Eric Allin Cornell – United States (born 1961) Nobel laureate *Marie Alfred Cornu – France (1841–1902) *Charles-Augustin de Coulomb – France (1736–1806) *Ernest Courant – United States (1920–2020) *Brian Cox – U.K. (born 1968) *Charles Critchfield – United States (1910–1994) *James Cronin – United States (1931–2016) Nobel laureate *Sir William Crookes – U.K. (1832–1919) *Paul Crowell – United States *Marie Curie – Poland, France (1867–1934) twice Nobel laureate *Pierre Curie – France (1859–1906) Nobel laureate *Predrag Cvitanović – Croatia (born 1946) == D == *Jean le Rond d'Alembert – France (1717–1783) *Gustaf Dalén – Sweden (1869–1937) Nobel laureate *Jean Dalibard – France (born 1958) *Richard Dalitz – U.K., United States (1925–2006) *John Dalton – U.K. (1766–1844) *Sanja Damjanović – Montenegro (born 1972) *Ranjan Roy Daniel – India (1923–2005) *Charles Galton Darwin – U.K. (1887–1962) *Ashok Das – India, United States (born 1953) *James C. Davenport – United States (born 1938) *Paul Davies – Australia (born 1946) *Raymond Davis, Jr. – United States (1914–2006) Nobel laureate *Clinton Davisson – United States (1881–1958) Nobel laureate *Peter Debije – Netherlands (1884–1966) *Hans Georg Dehmelt – Germany, United States (1922–2017) Nobel laureate *Max Delbrück – Germany, United States (1906–1981) *Democritus – Abdera (ca. 460–360 BC) *David M. Dennison – United States (1900–1976) *Beryl May Dent – U.K. (1900–1977) *David Deutsch – Israel, U.K. (born 1953) *René Descartes – France (1596–1650) *James Dewar – U.K. (1842–1923) *Scott Diddams – United States *Ulrike Diebold – Austria (born 1961) *Robbert Dijkgraaf – Netherlands (born 1960) *Viktor Dilman – Russia (born 1926) *Savas Dimopoulos – United States (born 1952) *Paul Dirac – Switzerland, U.K. (1902–1984) Nobel laureate *Revaz Dogonadze – Soviet Union, Georgia (1931–1985) *Louise Dolan -- United States (born 1950) *Amos Dolbear – United States (1837–1910) *Robert Döpel – Germany (1895–1982) *Christian Doppler – Austria (1803–1853) *Henk Dorgelo – Netherlands (1894–1961) *Friedrich Ernst Dorn – Germany (1848–1916) *Michael R. Douglas – United States (born 1961) *Jonathan Dowling – United States (1955–2020) *Claudia Draxl – Germany (born 1959) *Sidney Drell – United States (1926–2016) *Mildred Dresselhaus – United States (1930–2017) *Paul Drude – Germany (1863–1906) *F. J. Duarte – United States (born 1954) *Émilie du Châtelet – France (1706–1749) *Pierre Louis Dulong – France (1785–1838) *Janette Dunlop – Scotland (1891–1971) *Samuel T. Durrance – United States (born 1943) *Freeman Dyson – U.K., United States (1923–2020) Wolf laureate *Arthur Jeffrey Dempster – Canada (1886–1950) == E == *Joseph H. Eberly – United States (born 1935) *William Eccles – U.K. (1875–1966) *Carl Eckart – United States (1902–1973) *Arthur Stanley Eddington – U.K. (1882–1944) *Thomas Edison- U.S. Invented the lightbulb. This is a list of people who have taught or studied at the University of Göttingen: ==Natural sciences and mathematics== *Wilhelm Ackermann -- Mathematics *Heinrich Behmann -- Mathematical Logic *Paul Bernays -- Mathematics, mathematical logic -- (Student, later Professor extraordinarius) *Patrick Blackett -- Physics -- Nobel Prize in Physics 1948 *Johann Friedrich Blumenbach-- comparative anatomy *Max Born -- Mathematical Physics -- (Professor ordinarius) -- (1882-1970, in Göttingen 1921-1933) -- Nobel Prize in Physics 1954 *Walther Bothe -- Physics -- Nobel Prize in Physics 1954 together with Max Born *Michael Buback -- Chemistry *Adolf Butenandt -- Chemistry -- Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1939 *Moritz Benedikt Cantor -- Mathematics *Constantin Carathéodory -- Mathematics *Alonzo Church -- Mathematical Logic (Postdoc) *Richard Courant -- Mathematics *Haskell Curry -- Mathematical Logic (Postdoc) *Peter Debye -- Mathematical Physics -- (Professor ordinarius) -- (1884-1966, in Göttingen 1914-1920) -- Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1936 *Richard Dedekind -- Mathematics *Jacob Pieter Den Hartog -- Fluid Mechanics *Gottlob Frege -- Mathematical Logic *Hans Georg Dehmelt -- Nobel Prize in Physics 1989 *Max Delbrück -- Astronomy, Physics -- Nobel Prize in Medicine 1969 *Paul Dirac -- Physics -- Nobel Prize in Physics 1933 (with Erwin Schrödinger) *Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet -- Mathematics *Manfred Eigen -- Biophysical Chemistry -- Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1967 (with Ronald G. W. Norrish and George Porter) *Albert Einstein -- Physics -- Nobel Prize in Physics 1921 -- (Guest lecturer, 1915) *Heinz Ellenberg -- Biology, Botany -- (Professor ordinarius) (1913-1997, in Göttingen 1966-1981 emeritus) *William Feller -- Mathematics *James Franck -- Physics -- Nobel Prize in Physics 1925 (with Gustav Hertz) *Enrico Fermi -- Physics -- Nobel Prize in Physics 1938 *Lazarus Immanuel Fuchs -- Mathematics *Carl Friedrich Gauß -- Astronomy, geodesy, mathematics, physics -- (Professor ordinarius for astronomy) *Gerhard Gentzen -- Mathematics *Kurt Gödel -- Mathematical logic -- (Guest lecturer, 1939) *Maria Goeppert-Mayer -- Physics -- Nobel Prize in Physics 1963 *Hans Grauert -- Mathematics *August Grisebach -- Botany *Alfréd Haar -- Mathematics *Otto Hahn -- Chemistry -- Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1944 *Georg Hamel -- Mathematics *Georg Cantor -- Mathematics *Robert Oppenheimer -- Physics (Doctorate in physics) *Klaus Hasselmann -- Physics -- Nobel Prize in Physics 2021 *Herbert Hawkes -- Mathematics *Stefan W. Hell -- Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2014 *Walter Norman Haworth -- Chemistry -- Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1937 *Helmut Hasse -- Mathematics *Heinrich Heesch -- Mathematics *Andreas J. Heinrich -- Physics *Werner Heisenberg -- Physics -- (Professor ordinarius) -- Nobel Prize in Physics 1932 *Ernst Hellinger -- Mathematics *Gerhard Herzberg -- Chemistry -- Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1971 *David Hilbert -- Mathematics -- (Professor ordinarius) *Heinz Hopf -- Mathematics *Friedrich Hund -- Mathematics *Ernst Ising -- Mathematics *Abraham Gotthelf Kästner -- Mathematics *Felix Klein -- Mathematics *Carl Koldewey -- Mathematics *Andrey Kolmogorov -- Mathematics (Visiting scholar at the institute of mathematics, 1931 where he published his pioneering work in statistical physics) *Herbert Kroemer -- Physics -- Nobel Prize in Physics 2000 *Wolfgang Krull -- Mathematics *Heinrich Gerhard Kuhn -- Physics *Edmund Landau -- Mathematics *Dieter Langbein -- Theoretical physics *Irving Langmuir -- Chemistry -- Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1932 *Max von Laue -- Physics -- Nobel Prize in Physics 1914 *August Treboniu Laurian -- Mathematics, Physics, founding member of the Romanian Academy and leader of the 1848 Revolution in Transylvania *Georg Christoph Lichtenberg -- Physics, Mathematics, Astronomy -- (Student) -- (Professor ordinarius) *Saunders Mac Lane -- Mathematics *Tobias Mayer -- Mathematics *Robert Andrews Millikan -- Physics -- Nobel Prize in Physics 1923 *Hermann Minkowski -- Mathematics *Leonard Nelson -- Mathematics *Walther Nernst -- Physical Chemistry -- Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1920 *John von Neumann -- Physics, Computer Science (Postdoc) *Albert Niemann -- First man to synthesize cocaine *Emmy Noether -- Mathematics *Robert Oppenheimer -- Physics (Ph.D.) *Peter Simon Pallas -- Zoology, Botany -- (Student) *Wolfgang Pauli -- Physics -- Nobel Prize in Physics 1945 *Wilhelm Pfeffer -- Botany -- (Student) *Max Planck -- Physics -- Nobel Prize in Physics 1918 *Ludwig Prandtl -- Physics -- (Professor ordinarius) *Richard Rado -- Mathematics *Johann Radon -- Mathematics *Kurt Reidemeister -- Mathematics *Theodore William Richards -- Chemistry -- Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1914 *Frigyes Riesz -- Mathematics *Bernhard Riemann -- Mathematics -- (Professor ordinarius) *Walther Ritz -- Mathematics *Carl Runge -- Mathematics *Wolfgang Sartorius von Waltershausen -- Geology *Friedrich Schlegel *August Wilhelm Schlegel *Arthur Moritz Schönflies -- Mathematics *Moses Schönfinkel -- Mathematical Logic *Hermann Amandus Schwarz -- Mathematics *Carl Ludwig Siegel -- Mathematics -- (Professor ordinarius) *Hertha Sponer -- Physics *Moritz Abraham Stern -- Mathematics -- (Professor ordinarius) *Otto Stern -- Physics -- Nobel Prize in Physics 1943 *Gabriel Sudan -- Mathematics *Thoralf Skolem -- Mathematics, mathematical logic -- (Guest researcher) *Thomas A. Steitz -- Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2009 *Gustav Tammann -- Inorganic and Physical Chemistry *Oswald Teichmüller -- Mathematics *Edward Teller -- Physics *Le Van Thiem -- Mathematics *Otto Toeplitz -- Mathematics *Johann Georg Tralles -- Mathematics *Otto Wallach -- Chemistry -- Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1910 *Bartel Leendert van der Waerden -- Mathematics *Arnold Walfisz -- Mathematics *Wilhelm Weber -- Physics -- (Professor ordinarius) *Julius Weisbach -- Mathematics *Hermann Weyl -- Mathematics *Eugene Paul Wigner -- Physics -- Nobel Prize in Physics 1963 *Wilhelm Wien -- (Student) -- Nobel Prize in Physics 1911 *Norbert Wiener -- Mathematics *Adolf Windaus -- Chemistry -- Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1928 *Friedrich Wöhler -- Chemistry, Pharmacy -- (Professor ordinarius) *Ernst Zermelo -- Mathematics *Richard Adolf Zsigmondy -- Chemistry -- Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1925 ==Law, economics and social sciences== *Marlina Flassy -- Anthropology, first woman Dean at Cenderawasih University. *Paul Ehrenfest – Austria-Hungary, Netherlands (1880–1933) *Felix Ehrenhaft – Austria-Hungary, United States (1879–1952) *Manfred Eigen – Germany (1927–2019) *Albert Einstein – Germany, Italy, Switzerland, United States (1879–1955) Nobel laureate *Laura Eisenstein – (1942–1985) professor of physics at University of Illinois *Terence James Elkins – Australia, United States (born 1936) *John Ellis – U.K. (born 1946) *Paul John Ellis – U.K., United States (1941–2005) *Richard Keith Ellis – U.K., United States (born 1949) *Arpad Elo – Hungary (1903–1992) *François Englert – Belgium (born 1932) Nobel laureate *David Enskog – Sweden (1884–1947) *Loránd Eötvös – Austria- Hungary (1848–1919) *Frederick J. Ernst – United States (born 1933) *Leo Esaki – Japan (born 1925) Nobel laureate *Ernest Esclangon – France (1876–1954) *Louis Essen – U.K. (1908–1997) *Leonhard Euler – Switzerland (1707–1783) *Denis Evans – Australia (born 1951) *Paul Peter Ewald – Germany, United States (1888–1985) *James Alfred Ewing – U.K. (1855–1935) *Franz S. Exner – Austria (1849–1926) == F == *Ludvig Faddeev – Russia (1934–2017) *Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit – Prussia (1686–1736) *Kazimierz Fajans – Poland, United States (1887–1975) *James E. Faller – United States *Michael Faraday – U.K. (1791–1867) *Eugene Feenberg – United States (1906–1977) *Mitchell Feigenbaum – United States (1944–2019) *Gerald Feinberg – United States (1933–1992) *Enrico Fermi – Italy (1901–1954) Nobel laureate *Albert Fert – France (born 1938) Nobel laureate *Herman Feshbach – United States (1917–2000) *Richard Feynman – United States (1918–1988) Nobel laureate *Wolfgang Finkelnburg – Germany (1905–1967) *David Finkelstein – United States (1929–2016) *Johannes Fischer – Germany (born 1887) *Willy Fischler – Belgium (born 1949) *Val Logsdon Fitch – United States (1923–2015) Nobel laureate *George Francis FitzGerald – Ireland (1851–1901) *Hippolyte Fizeau – France (1819–1896) *Georgy Flyorov – Rostov-on-Don (1913–1990) *Vladimir Fock – Imperial Russia, Soviet Union (1898–1974) *Adriaan Fokker – Netherlands (1887–1972) *Arthur Foley – America (1867–1945) *James David Forbes – U.K. (1809–1868) *Jeff Forshaw – U.K. (born 1968) *Léon Foucault – France (1819–1868) *Joseph Fourier – France (1768–1830) *Ralph H. Fowler – U.K. (1889–1944) *William Alfred Fowler – United States (1911–1995) Nobel laureate *James Franck – Germany, United States (1882–1964) Nobel laureate *Ilya Frank – Soviet Union (1908–1990) Nobel laureate *Benjamin Franklin – British America, United States (1706–1790) *Rosalind Franklin – U.K. (1920–1958) *Walter Franz – Germany (1911–1992) *Joseph von Fraunhofer – Germany (1787–1826) *Steven Frautschi – United States (born 1933) *Joan Maie Freeman – Australia (1918–1998) *Phyllis S. Freier – United States (1921–1992)) *Yakov Frenkel – Imperial Russia, Soviet Union (1894–1952) *Augustin-Jean Fresnel – France (1788–1827) *Peter Freund – United States (1936–2018) *Daniel Friedan – United States (born 1948) *B. Roy Frieden – United States (born 1936) *Alexander Friedman – Imperial Russia, Soviet Union (1888–1925) *Jerome Isaac Friedman – United States (born 1930) Nobel laureate *Otto Frisch – Austria, U.K. (1904–1979) *Erwin Fues – Germany (1893–1970) *Harald Fuchs – Germany (born 1951) == G == thumb|Galileo Galilei, the founder of Modern Science and Physics *Dennis Gabor – Hungary (1900–1979) Nobel laureate *Mary K. Gaillard – France, United States (born 1939) *Galileo Galilei – Italy (1564–1642) *Luigi Galvani – Italy (1737–1798) *George Gamow – Russia, United States (1904–1968) *Sylvester James Gates – United States (born 1950) *Carl Friedrich Gauss – Germany (1777–1855) *Pamela L. Gay – United States (born 1973) *Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac – France (1778–1850) *Hans Geiger – Germany (1882–1945) *Andre Geim – Russian/British (born 1958) Nobel laureate *Murray Gell-Mann – United States (1929–2019) Nobel laureate *Pierre-Gilles de Gennes – France (1932–2007) Nobel laureate *Howard Georgi – United States (born 1947) *Walter Gerlach – Germany (1889–1979) *Christian Gerthsen – Denmark, Germany (1894–1956) *Ezra Getzler – Australia (born 1962) *Andrea M. Ghez – United States (born 1955) Nobel laureate *Riccardo Giacconi – Italy, United States (1931–2018) Nobel laureate *Ivar Giaever – Norway, United States (born 1929) Nobel laureate *Josiah Willard Gibbs – United States (1839–1903) *Valerie Gibson – U.K. (born 19??) *William Gilbert – England (1544–1603) *Piara Singh Gill – India (1911–2002) *Naomi Ginsberg – United States (born 1979) *Vitaly Lazarevich Ginzburg – Soviet Union, Russia (1916–2009) Nobel laureate *Marvin D. Girardeau – United States (1930–2015) *Marissa Giustina - United States (born 19??) *Donald Arthur Glaser – United States (1926–2013) Nobel laureate *Sheldon Glashow – United States (born 1932) Nobel laureate *G. N. Glasoe – United States (1902–1987) *Roy Jay Glauber – United States (1925–2018) Nobel laureate *James Glimm – United States (born 1934) *Karl Glitscher – Germany (1886–1945) *Peter Goddard – U.K. (born 1945) *Maria Goeppert-Mayer – Germany, United States (1906–1972) Nobel laureate *Gerald Goertzel – United States (1920–2002) *Marvin Leonard Goldberger – United States (1922–2014) *Maurice Goldhaber – Austria, United States (1911–2011) *Jeffrey Goldstone – U.K., United States (born 1933) *Sixto González – Puerto Rico, United States (born 1965) *Ravi Gomatam – India (born 1950) *Lev Gor'kov – United States (1929–2016) *Samuel Goudsmit – Netherlands, United States (1902–1978) *Leo Graetz – Germany (1856–1941) *Willem 's Gravesande – Netherlands (1688–1742) *Michael Green (physicist) – Britain (born 1946) *Daniel Greenberger – United States (born 1932) *Brian Greene – United States (born 1963) *John Gribbin – U.K. (born 1946) *Vladimir Gribov – Russia (1930–1997) *David J. Griffiths – United States (born 1942) *David Gross – United States (born 1941) Nobel laureate *Frederick Grover – United States (1876–1973) *Peter Grünberg – Germany (1939–2018) Nobel laureate *Charles Édouard Guillaume – Switzerland (1861–1931) Nobel laureate *Ayyub Guliyev – Azerbaijan (born 1954) *Feza Gürsey – Turkey (1921–1992) *Alan Guth – United States (born 1947) *Martin Gutzwiller – Switzerland (1925–2014) == H == *Rudolf Haag – Germany (1922–2016) *Wander Johannes de Haas – Netherlands (1878–1960) *Alain Haché – Canada (born 1970) *Carl Richard Hagen – United States (born 1937) *Otto Hahn – Germany (1879–1968) *Edwin Hall – United States (1855–1938) *John Lewis Hall – United States (born 1934) Nobel laureate *Alexander Hamilton – UK, Australia (born 1967) *William Rowan Hamilton – Ireland (1805–1865) *Theodor Wolfgang Hänsch – Germany (born 1941) Nobel laureate *Peter Andreas Hansen – Denmark (1795–1874) *W.W. Hansen – United States (1909–1949) *Serge Haroche – France (born 1944) Nobel laureate *Paul Harteck – Germany (1902–1985) *John G. Hartnett – Australia (born 1952) *Douglas Hartree – U.K. (1897–1958) *Friedrich Hasenöhrl – Austria, Hungary (1874–1915) *Lene Vestergaard Hau – Vejle, Denmark (born 1959) *Stephen Hawking – U.K. (1942–2018) Wolf laureate *Ibn al-Haytham – Iraq (965–1039) *Evans Hayward – United States (1922–2020) *Oliver Heaviside – U.K. (1850–1925) *Werner Heisenberg – Germany (1901–1976) Nobel laureate *Walter Heitler – Germany, Ireland (1904–1981) *Hermann von Helmholtz – Germany (1821–1894) *Charles H. Henry – United States (1937–2016) *Joseph Henry – United States (1797–1878) *John Herapath – U.K. (1790–1868) *Carl Hermann – Germany (1898–1961) *Gustav Ludwig Hertz – Germany (1887–1975) Nobel laureate *Heinrich Rudolf Hertz – Germany (1857–1894) *Karl Herzfeld – Austria, United States (1892–1978) *Victor Francis Hess – Austria, United States (1883–1964) Nobel laureate *Mahmoud Hessaby – Iran (1903–1992) *Antony Hewish – U.K. (1924–2021) Nobel laureate *Paul G. Hewitt – United States (born 1931) *Peter Higgs – U.K. (born 1929) Nobel laureate *George William Hill – United States (1838–1914) *Gustave-Adolphe Hirn – France (1815–1890) *Carol Hirschmugl - United States, professor of physics, laboratory director *Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin – England (1910–1994) *Robert Hofstadter – United States (1915–1990) Nobel laureate *Helmut Hönl – Germany (1903–1981) *Pervez Hoodbhoy – Pakistan (born 1950) *Gerardus 't Hooft – Netherlands (born 1946) Nobel laureate *Robert Hooke – England (1635–1703) *John Hopkinson – United Kingdom (1849–1898) *Johann Baptiste Horvath – Slovakia (1732–1799) *William V. Houston – United States (1900–1968) *Charlotte (née Riefenstahl) Houtermans – Germany (1899–1993) *Fritz Houtermans – Netherlands, Germany, Austria (1903–1966) *Archibald Howie – U.K. (born 1934) *Fred Hoyle – U.K. (1915–2001) *Veronika Hubeny -- United States *John Hubbard – U.K. (1931–1980) *John H. Hubbell – United States (1925–2007) *Edwin Powell Hubble – United States (1889–1953) *Russell Alan Hulse – United States (born 1950) Nobel laureate *Friedrich Hund – Germany (1896–1997) *Tahir Hussain – Pakistan (1923–2010) *Andrew D. Huxley – U.K. (born 1966) *Christiaan Huygens – Netherlands (1629–1695) == I == *Arthur Iberall – United States (1918–2002) *Sumio Iijima – Japan (born 1939) *John Iliopoulos – Greece (born 1940) *Ataç İmamoğlu – Turkey, United States (born 1962) *Elmer Imes – United States (1883–1941) *Abram Ioffe – Russia (1880–1960) *Nathan Isgur – United States, Canada (1947–2001) *Ernst Ising – Germany (1900–1998) *Jamal Nazrul Islam – Bangladesh (1939–2013) *Werner Israel – Canada (born 1931) == J == *Roman Jackiw – Poland, United States (1939–2023) *Shirley Ann Jackson – United States (born 1946) *Boris Jacobi – Germany, Russia (1801–1874) *Gregory Jaczko – United States (born 1970) *Chennupati Jagadish – India, Australia (born 1957) *Jainendra Jain – India (born 1960) *Ratko Janev – North Macedonia (1939–2019) *Andreas Jaszlinszky – Hungary (1715–1783) *Ali Javan – Iran (1928–2016) *Edwin Jaynes – United States (1922–1998) * Antal István Jákli – Hungary (born 1958) *Sir James Jeans – UK (1877–1946) *Johannes Hans Daniel Jensen – Germany (1907–1973) Nobel laureate *Deborah S. Jin – United States (born 1968) *Anthony M. Johnson – United States (born 1954) *Irène Joliot- Curie – France (1897–1956) *Lorella Jones – United States (1943–1995) *Pascual Jordan – Germany (1902–1980) *Vania Jordanova - United States, physicist, space weather and geomagnetic storms *Brian David Josephson – UK (born 1940) Nobel laureate *James Prescott Joule – UK (1818–1889) *Adolfas Jucys – Lithuania (1904–1974) *Chang Kee Jung – South Korea, United States ==K== *Menas Kafatos – Greece, United States (born 1945) *Takaaki Kajita – Japan (born 1959) Nobel laureate *Michio Kaku – United States (born 1947) *Theodor Kaluza – Germany (1885–1954) *Heike Kamerlingh Onnes – Netherlands (1853–1926) Nobel laureate *William R. Kanne – United States *Charles K. Kao – China, Hong Kong, U.K., United States (1933–2018) Nobel laureate *Pyotr Kapitsa – Russian Empire, Soviet Union (1894–1984) Nobel laureate *Theodore von Kármán – Hungary, United States (1881–1963) aeronautical engineer *Alfred Kastler – France (1902–1984) Nobel laureate *Amrom Harry Katz – United States (1915–1997) *Moshe Kaveh – Israel (born 1943) President of Bar-Ilan University *Predhiman Krishan Kaw – India (1948–2017) *Heinrich Kayser – Germany (1853–1940) *Willem Hendrik Keesom – Netherlands (1876–1956) *Edwin C. Kemble – United States (1889–1984) *Henry Way Kendall – United States (1926–1999) Nobel laureate *Johannes Kepler – Germany (1571–1630) *John Kerr – Scotland (1824–1907) *Wolfgang Ketterle – Germany (born 1957) Nobel laureate *Isaak Markovich Khalatnikov – Soviet Union (1919–2021) *Jim Al-Khalili – UK (born 1962) *Abdul Qadeer Khan – Pakistan (1936–2021) *Yulii Borisovich Khariton – Soviet Union, Russia (1904–1996) *Erhard Kietz – Germany, United States (1909–1982) *Jack Kilby – United States (1923–2005) electronics engineer, Nobel laureate *Toichiro Kinoshita – Japan, United States (1925–2023) *Gustav Kirchhoff – Germany (1824–1887) *Oskar Klein – Sweden (1894–1977) *Hagen Kleinert – Germany (born 1941) *Klaus von Klitzing – Germany (born 1943) Nobel laureate *Jens Martin Knudsen – Denmark (1930–2005) *Martin Knudsen – Denmark (1871–1949) *Makoto Kobayashi – Japan (born 1944) Nobel laureate *Arthur Korn – Germany (1870–1945) *Masatoshi Koshiba – Japan (1926–2020) Nobel laureate *Matthew Koss – United States (born 1961) *Walther Kossel – Germany (1888–1956) *Ashutosh Kotwal – United States (born 1965) *Lew Kowarski – France (1907–1979) *Hendrik Kramers – Netherlands (1894–1952) *Serguei Krasnikov – Russia (born 1961) *Adolf Kratzer – Germany (1893–1983) *Lawrence M. Krauss – United States (born 1954) *Herbert Kroemer – Germany (born 1928) Nobel laureate *August Krönig – Germany (1822–1879) *Ralph Kronig – Germany, United States (1904–1995) *Nikolay Sergeevich Krylov – Soviet Union (1917–1947) *Ryogo Kubo – Japan (1920–1995) *Daya Shankar Kulshreshtha – India (born 1951) *Igor Vasilyevich Kurchatov – Soviet Union (1903–1960) *Behram Kursunoglu – Turkey (1922–2003) *Polykarp Kusch – Germany (1911–1993) Nobel laureate == L == *James W. LaBelle – United States *Joseph-Louis Lagrange – France (1736–1813) *Willis Lamb – United States (1913–2008) Nobel laureate *Lev Davidovich Landau – Imperial Russia, Soviet Union (1908–1968) Nobel laureate *Rolf Landauer – United States (1927–1999) *Grigory Landsberg – Vologda (1890–1957) *Kenneth Lane – United States *Paul Langevin – France (1872–1946) *Irving Langmuir – United States (1881–1957) *Pierre-Simon Laplace – France (1749–1827) *Joseph Larmor – U.K. (1857–1942) *Cesar Lattes – Brazil (1924–2005) *Max von Laue – Germany (1879–1960) Nobel laureate *Robert Betts Laughlin – United States (born 1950) Nobel laureate *Mikhail Lavrentyev – Kazan (1900–1980) *Melvin Lax – United States (1922–2002) *Ernest Lawrence – United States (1901–1958) Nobel laureate *TH Laby – Australia (1880–1946) *Pyotr Nikolaevich Lebedev – Imperial Russia (1866–1912) *Leon Max Lederman – United States (1922–2018) Nobel laureate *Benjamin Lee – Korea, United States (1935–1977) *David Lee – United States (born 1931) Nobel laureate *Tsung-Dao Lee – China, United States (born 1926) Nobel laureate *Anthony James Leggett – U.K., United States (born 1938) Nobel laureate *Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz – Germany (1646–1716) *Robert B. Leighton – United States (1919–1997) *Georges Lemaître – Belgium (1894–1966) *Philipp Lenard – Hungary, Germany (1862–1947) Nobel laureate *John Lennard-Jones – U.K. (1894–1954) *John Leslie – U.K. (1766–1832) *Walter Lewin – Netherlands, United States (born 1936) *Martin Lewis Perl – United States (1927–2014) *Robert von Lieben – Austria-Hungary (1878–1913) *Alfred-Marie Liénard – France (1869–1958) *Evgeny Lifshitz – Soviet Union (1915–1985) *David Lindley – United States (born 1956) *John Linsley – United States (1925–2002) *Chris Lintott – U.K. (born 1980) *Gabriel Jonas Lippmann – France, Luxemburg (1845–1921) Nobel laureate *Antony Garrett Lisi – United States (born 1968) *Karl L. Littrow – Austria (1811–1877) *Seth Lloyd – United States (born 1960) *Oliver Lodge – U.K. (1851–1940) *Maurice Loewy – Austria, France (1833–1907) *Robert K. Logan – United States (born 1939) *Mikhail Lomonosov – Denisovka (1711–1765) *Alfred Lee Loomis – United States (1887–1975) *Ramón E. López – United States (born 1959) *Hendrik Lorentz – Netherlands (1853–1928) Nobel laureate *Ludvig Lorenz – Denmark (1829–1891) *Johann Josef Loschmidt – Austria (1821–1895) *Oleg Losev – Tver (1903–1942) *Archibald Low – U.K. (1888–1956) *Per-Olov Löwdin – Sweden (1916–2000) *Lucretius – Rome (98?–55BC) *Aleksandr Mikhailovich Lyapunov – Imperial Russia (1857–1918) *Joseph Lykken – United States (born 1957) == M == *Arthur B. McDonald – Canada (born 1943) Nobel laureate *Bedangadas Mohanty - India (born 1973) *Carolina Henriette Mac Gillavry – Netherlands (1904–1993) *Ernst Mach – Austria-Hungary (1838–1916) *Ray Mackintosh – U.K. *Luciano Maiani – Italy, San Marino (born 1941) *Theodore Maiman – United States (1927–2007) *Arthur Maitland – U.K. (1925–1994) *Ettore Majorana – Italy (1906–1938 presumed dead) *Sudhansu Datta Majumdar – India (1915–1997) *Richard Makinson – Australia (1913–1979) *Juan Martín Maldacena – Argentina (born 1968) *Étienne-Louis Malus – France (1775–1812) *Leonid Isaakovich Mandelshtam – Imperial Russia, Soviet Union (1879–1944) *Franz Mandl – U.K. (1923–2009) *Charles Lambert Manneback – Belgium (1894–1975) *Peter Mansfield – U.K. (1933–2017) *Carlo Marangoni – Italy (1840–1925) *M. Cristina Marchetti – Italy, United States (born 1955) *Guglielmo Marconi – Italy (1874–1937) Nobel laureate *Henry Margenau – Germany, United States (1901–1977) *Nina Marković – Croatia, United States *William Markowitz – United States (1907–1998) *Robert Marshak – United States (1916–1992) *Walter Marshall – U.K. (1932–1996) *Toshihide Maskawa – Japan (1940–2021) Nobel laureate *Harrie Massey – Australia (1908–1983) *John Cromwell Mather – United States (born 1946) Nobel laureate *James Clerk Maxwell – U.K. (1831–1879) *Brian May – U.K. (born 1947) *Maria Goeppert Mayer – Germany, United States (1906–1972) *Ronald E. McNair – United States (1950–1986) *Simon van der Meer – Netherlands (1925–2011) Nobel laureate *Lise Meitner – Austria (1878–1968) *Fulvio Melia – United States (born 1956) *Macedonio Melloni – Italy (1798–1854) *Adrian Melott – United States (born 1947) *Thomas Corwin Mendenhall – United States (1841–1924) *M. G. K. Menon – India (1928–2016) *David Merritt – United States *Albert Abraham Michelson – United States (1852–1931) Nobel laureate *Arthur Alan Middleton – United States *Stanislav Mikheyev – Russia (1940–2011) *Robert Andrews Millikan – United States (1868–1953) Nobel laureate *Robert Mills- United States (1927-1999) *Arthur Milne – U.K. (1896–1950) *Shiraz Minwalla – India (born 1972) *Rabindra Nath Mohapatra – India, United States (born 1944) *Kathryn Moler – United States *Merritt Moore – United States (born 1988) *Tanya Monro – Australia (born 1973) *John J. Montgomery – United States (1858–1911) *Jagadeesh Moodera – India, United States (born 1950) *Henry Moseley – U.K. (1887–1915) *Rudolf Mössbauer – Germany (1929–2011) Nobel laureate *Nevill Mott – U.K. (1905–1996) Nobel laureate *Ben Roy Mottelson – Denmark, United States (1926–2022) Nobel laureate *Amédée Mouchez – Spain, France (1821–1892) *Ali Moustafa – Egypt (1898–1950) *José Enrique Moyal – Palestine, France, U.K., United States, Australia (1910–1998) *Karl Alexander Müller – Switzerland (1927–2023) Nobel laureate *Richard A. Muller – United States (born 1944) *Robert S. Mulliken – United States (1896–1986) *Pieter van Musschenbroek – Netherlands (1692–1762) == N == *Yoichiro Nambu – Japan, United States (1921–2015) Nobel laureate *Meenakshi Narain – United States (1964–2022) *Jayant Narlikar – India (born 1938) *Seth Neddermeyer – United States (1907–1988) *Louis Néel – France (1904–2000) Nobel laureate *Yuval Ne'eman – Israel (1925–2006) *Ann Nelson – United States (1958–2019) *John von Neumann – Austria-Hungary, United States (1903–1957) *Simon Newcomb – United States (1835–1909) *Sir Isaac Newton – England (1642–1727) *Edward P. Ney – United States (1920–1996) *Kendal Nezan – France, Kurdistan (born 1949) *Holger Bech Nielsen – Denmark (born 1941) *Leopoldo Nobili – Italy (1784–1835) *Emmy Noether – Germany (1882–1935) *Lothar Nordheim – Germany (1899–1985) *Gunnar Nordström – Finland (1881–1923) *Johann Gottlieb Nörremberg – Germany (1787–1862) *Konstantin Novoselov – Soviet Union, U.K. (born 1974) Nobel laureate *H. Pierre Noyes – United States (1923–2016) *John Nye – U.K. (1923–2019) == O == *Yuri Oganessian – Russia (born 1933) *Georg Ohm – Germany (1789–1854) *Hideo Ohno – Japan (born 1954) *Susumu Okubo – Japan, United States (1930–2015) *Sir Mark Oliphant – Australia (1901–2000) *David Olive – U.K. (1937–2012) *Zaira Ollano – Italy (1904–1997) *Gerard K. O'Neill – United States (1927–1992) *Lars Onsager – Norway (1903–1976) *Robert Oppenheimer – United States (1904–1967) *Nicole Oresme – France (1325–1382) *Yuri Orlov – Soviet Union, United States (1924–2020) *Leonard Salomon Ornstein – Netherlands (1880–1941) *Egon Orowan – Austria-Hungary, United States (1901–1989) *Hans Christian Ørsted – Denmark (1777–1851) *Douglas Dean Osheroff – United States (born 1945) Nobel laureate *Silke Ospelkaus – Germany *Mikhail Vasilievich Ostrogradsky – Russia (1801–1862) == P == *Thanu Padmanabhan – India (1957–2021) *Heinz Pagels – United States (1939–1988) *Abraham Pais – Netherlands, United States (1918–2000) *Wolfgang K. H. Panofsky – Germany, United States (1919–2007) *Blaise Pascal – France (1623–1662) *John Pasta – United States (1918–1984) *Jogesh Pati – United States (born 1937) *Petr Paucek – United States *Stephen Paul – United States (1953–2012) *Wolfgang Paul – Germany (1913–1993) Nobel laureate *Wolfgang Pauli – Austria-Hungary (1900–1958) Nobel laureate *Cecilia_Payne-Gaposchkin -- United States (1900-1979) astronomer and astrophysicist *Ruby Payne-Scott – Australia (1912-1981) *George B. Pegram – United States (1876–1958) *Rudolf Peierls – Germany, U.K. (1907–1995) *Jean Peltier – France (1785–1845) *Roger Penrose, mathematician – U.K. (born 1931) Wolf laureate *Arno Allan Penzias, electrical engineer – U.S.A. (born 1933) Nobel laureate *Martin Lewis Perl – United States (1927–2014) Nobel laureate *Saul Perlmutter – United States (born 1959) Nobel laureate *Jean Baptiste Perrin – France (1870–1942) Nobel laureate *Konstantin Petrzhak – Soviet Union, Russia (1907–1998) *Bernhard Philberth – Germany (1927–2010) *William Daniel Phillips – United States (born 1948) Nobel laureate *Max Planck – Germany (1858–1947) Nobel laureate *Joseph Plateau – Belgium (1801–1883) *Milton S. Plesset – United States (1908–1991) *Ward Plummer – United States (1940–2020) *Boris Podolsky – Taganrog (1896–1966) *Henri Poincaré, mathematician – France (1854–1912) *Eric Poisson – Canada (born 1965) *Siméon Denis Poisson – France (1781–1840) mathematician *Balthasar van der Pol – Netherlands (1889–1959) electrical engineer *Joseph Polchinski – United States (1954–2018) *Hugh David Politzer – United States (born 1949) Nobel laureate *John Polkinghorne – U.K. (1930–2021) *Julianne Pollard-Larkin – United States *Alexander M. Polyakov – Russia, United States (born 1945) *Bruno Pontecorvo – Italy, Soviet Union (1913–1993) *Heraclides Ponticus – Greece (387–312 BC) *Heinz Pose – Germany (1905–1975) *Cecil Frank Powell – U.K. (1903–1969) Nobel laureate *John Henry Poynting – U.K. (1852–1914) *Ludwig Prandtl – Germany (1875–1953) *Willibald Peter Prasthofer – Austria (1917–1993) *Ilya Prigogine – Belgium (1917–2003) *Alexander Prokhorov – Soviet, Russian (1916–2002) Nobel laureate *William Prout – U.K. (1785–1850) *Luigi Puccianti – Italy (1875–1952) *Ivan Pulyuy – Ukraine (1845–1918) *Mihajlo Idvorski Pupin – Serbia, United States (1858–1935) *Edward Mills Purcell – United States (1912–1997) Nobel laureate == Q == *Xuesen Qian – China (1911-2009) *Helen Quinn – Australia, United States (born 1943) == R == *Raúl Rabadán – United States *Gabriele Rabel – Austria, United Kingdom (1880–1963) *Isidor Isaac Rabi – Austria, United States (1898–1988) Nobel laureate *Giulio Racah – Italian-Israeli (1909–1965) *James Rainwater – United States (1917–1986) Nobel laureate *Mark G. Raizen – New York City United States (born 1955) *Alladi Ramakrishnan – India (1923–2008) *Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman – India (1888–1970) Nobel laureate *Edward Ramberg – United States (1907–1995) *Carl Ramsauer – Germany (1879–1955) *Norman Foster Ramsey, Jr. – United States (1915–2011) Nobel laureate *Lisa Randall – United States (born 1962) *Riccardo Rattazzi – Italy (born 1964) *Lord Rayleigh – U.K. (1842–1919) Nobel laureate *René Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur – France (1683–1757) *Sidney Redner – Canada, United States (born 1951) *Martin John Rees – U.K. (born 1942) *Hubert Reeves – Canada (born 1932) *Tullio Regge – Italy (1931–2014) *Frederick Reines – United States (1918–1998) Nobel laureate *Louis Rendu – France (1789–1859) *Osborne Reynolds – U.K. (1842–1912) *Owen Willans Richardson – U.K. (1879–1959) Nobel laureate *Robert Coleman Richardson – United States (1937–2013) Nobel laureate *Burton Richter – United States (1931–2018) Nobel laureate *Floyd K. Richtmyer – United States (1881–1939) *Robert D. Richtmyer – (1910–2003) *Charlotte Riefenstahl – Germany (1899–1993) *Nikolaus Riehl – Germany (1901–1990) *Adam Riess – United States (born 1969) Nobel laureate *Karl-Heinrich Riewe – Germany *Walther Ritz – Switzerland (1878–1909) *Étienne-Gaspard Robert – Belgium (1763–1837) *Heinrich Rohrer – Switzerland (1933–2013) Nobel laureate *Joseph Romm – United States (born 1960) *Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen – Germany (1845–1923) Nobel laureate *Clemens C. J. Roothaan – Netherlands (1918–2019) *Nathan Rosen – United States, Israel (1909–1995) *Marshall Rosenbluth – United States (1927–2003) *Yasha Rosenfeld – Israel (1948–2002) *Carl-Gustav Arvid Rossby – Sweden, United States (1898–1957) *Bruno Rossi – Italy, United States (1905–1993) *Joseph Rotblat – Poland, U.K. (1908–2005) *Carlo Rovelli – Italy (born 1956) *Subrata Roy (scientist) – India, United States *Carlo Rubbia – Italy (born 1934) Nobel laureate *Vera Rubin – United States (1928–2016) *Serge Rudaz – Canada, United States (born 1954) *David Ruelle – Belgium, France (born 1935) *Ernst August Friedrich Ruska – Germany (1906–1988) Nobel laureate *Ernest Rutherford – New Zealand, U.K. (1871–1937) *Janne Rydberg – Sweden (1854–1919) *Martin Ryle – U.K. (1918–1984) Nobel laureate == S == *Mendel Sachs – United States (1927–2012) *Rainer K. Sachs – Germany and United States (1932- ) *Robert G. Sachs – United States (1916–1999) *Carl Sagan – United States (1934–1996) *Georges-Louis le Sage – Switzerland (1724–1803) *Georges Sagnac – France (1869–1926) *Megh Nad Saha – Bengali India (1893–1956) *Shoichi Sakata – Japan (1911–1970) *Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov – Soviet Union (1929–1989) *Oscar Sala – Brazil (1922–2010) *Abdus Salam – Pakistan (1926–1996) Nobel laureate *Edwin Ernest Salpeter – Austria, Australia, United States (1924–2008) *Anthony Ichiro Sanda – Japan, United States (born 1944) *Antonella De Santo – Italy, U.K. *Vikram Sarabhai – India (1919–1971) *Isidor Sauers – Austria (born 1948) *Félix Savart – France (1791–1841) *Brendan Scaife – Ireland (born 1928) *Martin Schadt – Switzerland (born 1938) *Arthur Leonard Schawlow – United States (1921–1999) Nobel laureate *Craige Schensted – United States *Joël Scherk – France (1946–1979) *Otto Scherzer – Germany (1909–1982) *Brian Schmidt – Australia, United States (born 1967) Nobel laureate *Alan Schoen – United States (born 1924) *Walter H. Schottky – Germany (1886–1976) *Kees A. Schouhamer Immink – Netherlands (born 1946) *John Robert Schrieffer – United States (1931–2019) Nobel laureate *Erwin Schrödinger – Austria-Hungary (1887–1961) Nobel laureate *John Henry Schwarz – United States (born 1941) *Melvin Schwartz – United States (1932–2006) Nobel laureate *Karl Schwarzschild – German Empire (1876–1916) *Julian Schwinger – United States (1918–1994) Nobel laureate *Marlan Scully – United States (born 1939) *Dennis William Sciama – U.K. (1926–1999) *Bice Sechi-Zorn – Italy, United States (1928–1984) *Thomas Johann Seebeck – Estonia (1770–1831) *Raymond Seeger – United States (1906–1992) *Emilio G. Segre – Italy, United States (1905–1989) Nobel laureate *Nathan Seiberg – United States (born 1956) *Frederick Seitz – United States (1911–2008) *Nikolay Semyonov – Russia (1896–1986) *Ashoke Sen – India (born 1956) *Hiranmay Sen Gupta – Bangladesh (1934–2022) *Robert Serber – United States (1909–1997) *Roman U. Sexl – Austria (1939–1986) *Shen Kuo – China (1031–1095) *Mikhail Shifman – Russia, United States (born 1949) *Dmitry Shirkov – Russia (1928–2016) *William Shockley – United States (1910–1989) Nobel laureate *Boris Shraiman – United States (1956) *Lev Shubnikov – Russia, Netherlands, Ukraine (1901–1937) *Clifford Shull – United States (1915–2001) Nobel laureate *Kai Siegbahn – Sweden (1918–2007) Nobel laureate *Manne Siegbahn – Sweden (1886–1978) Nobel laureate *Ludwik Silberstein – Poland, Germany, Italy, United States, Canada (1872–1948) *Eva Silverstein – United States (born 1970) *John Alexander Simpson – United States (1916–2000) *Willem de Sitter – Netherlands (1872–1934) *Uri Sivan – Israel (born 1955) *Tamitha Skov - space weather physicist, researcher and public speaker *G. V. Skrotskii – Russia (1915–1992) *Francis G. Slack – United States (1897–1985) *John C. Slater – United States (1900–1976) *Louis Slotin – United States (1910–1946) *Alexei Yuryevich Smirnov – Russia, Italy (born 1951) *George E. Smith – United States (born 1930) Nobel laureate *Lee Smolin – United States (born 1955) *Marian Smoluchowski – Poland (1872–1917) *George Smoot – United States (born 1945) Nobel laureate *Willebrord Snell – Netherlands (1580–1626) *Arsenij Sokolov – Russia (1910–1986) *Arnold Sommerfeld – Germany (1868–1951) *Bent Sørensen – Denmark (born 1941) *Rafael Sorkin – United States (born 1945) *Nicola Spaldin – United Kingdom (born 1969) *Maria Spiropulu – Greece (born 1970) *Henry Stapp – United States (born 1928) *Johannes Stark – Germany (1874–1957) Nobel laureate *Max Steenbeck – (1901–1981) *Joseph Stefan – Austria-Hungary, Slovenia (1835–1893) *Jack Steinberger – Germany, United States (1921–2020) Nobel laureate *Paul J. Steinhardt – United States (born 1952) *Carl August Steinheil – Germany (1801–1870) *George Sterman – United States (born 1946) *Otto Stern – Germany (1888–1969) Nobel laureate *Simon Stevin – Belgium, Netherlands (1548–1620) *Thomas H. Stix – United States (1924–2001) *George Gabriel Stokes – Ireland, U.K. (1819–1903) *Aleksandr Stoletov – Russia (1839–1896) *Donna Strickland – Canada (born 1959) Nobel laureate *Horst Ludwig Störmer – Germany (born 1949) Nobel laureate *Leonard Strachan - United States, astrophysicist *Julius Adams Stratton - United States *Andrew Strominger – United States (born 1955) *Audrey Stuckes – U.K. (1923–2006) *Ernst Stueckelberg – Switzerland (1905–1984) *George Sudarshan – India, United States (1931–2018) *Rashid Sunyaev – USSR (born 1943) *Oleg Sushkov – USSR, Australia (born 1950) *Leonard Susskind – United States (born 1940) *Joseph Swan – U.K. (1828–1914) *Jean Henri van Swinden – Netherlands (1746–1823) *Bertha Swirles – U.K. (1903–1999) *Leo Szilard – Austria-Hungary, United States (1898–1964) == T == *Igor Yevgenyevich Tamm – Imperial Russia, Soviet Union (1895–1971) Nobel laureate *Abraham H. Taub – United States (1911–1999) *Martin Tajmar – Austria (born 1974) *Geoffrey Ingram Taylor – U.K. (1886–1975) *Joseph Hooton Taylor, Jr. – United States (born 1941) Nobel laureate *Richard Edward Taylor – United States (1929–2018) Nobel laureate *Max Tegmark – Sweden, United States (born 1967) *Valentine Telegdi – Hungary, United States (1922–2006) Wolf laureate *Edward Teller – Austria-Hungary, United States (1908–2003) *Igor Ternov – Russia (1921–1996) *George Paget Thomson – U.K. (1892–1975) Nobel laureate *J. J. Thomson – U.K. (1856–1940) Nobel laureate *William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) – Ireland, U.K. (1824–1907) *Charles Thorn – United States (born 1946) *Kip Stephen Thorne – United States (born 1940) *Peter Adolf Thiessen – Germany (1899–1990) *Samuel Chao Chung Ting – United States (born 1936) Nobel laureate *Frank J. Tipler – United States (born 1947) *Ernest William Titterton – U.K., Australia (1916–1990) *Yoshinori Tokura – Japan (born 1954) *Samuel Tolansky – U.K. (1907–1973) *Sin-Itiro Tomonaga – Japan (1906–1979) Nobel laureate *Lewi Tonks – United States (1897–1971) *Akira Tonomura – Japan (1942–2012) *Evangelista Torricelli – Italy (1608–1647) *Yoji Totsuka – Japan (1942–2008) *Bruno Touschek – Italy (1921–1978) *Charles Townes – United States (1915–2015) Nobel laureate *John Townsend – U.K. (1868–1957) *Johann Georg Tralles – Germany (1763–1822) *Sam Treiman – United States (1925–1999) *Daniel Chee Tsui – China, United States (born 1939) Nobel laureate *Vipin Kumar Tripathi – India (born 1948) *John J. Turin – United States (1913–1973) *Neil Turok – South Africa (born 1958) *Victor Twersky – United States (1923–1998) *Sergei Tyablikov – Russia (1921–1968) *John Tyndall – U.K. (1820–1893) *Neil deGrasse Tyson – United States (born 1958) == U == *George Eugene Uhlenbeck – Netherlands, United States (1900–1988) *Stanislaw Ulam – Poland, United States (1909–1984) *Nikolay Umov – Russia (1846–1915) *Juris Upatnieks – Latvia, United States (born 1936) == V == *Cumrun Vafa – Iran, United States (born 1960) *Oriol Valls – (born 1947 in Barcelona, Spain), university physics professor *Léon Van Hove – Belgium (1924–1990) *Sergei Vavilov – Soviet Union (1891–1951) *Vlatko Vedral – United Kingdom, Serbia (born 1971) *Evgeny Velikhov – Russia (born 1935) *Martinus J. G. Veltman – Netherlands, United States (1931–2021) Nobel laureate *Gabriele Veneziano – Italy (born 1942) *Giovanni Battista Venturi – Italy (1746–1822) *Émile Verdet – France (1824–1866) *Erik Verlinde – Netherlands (1962) *Herman Verlinde – Netherlands (1962) *Leonardo da Vinci - Italy (1452-1519) *Jean-Pierre Vigier – France (1920–2004) *Gaetano Vignola – Italy *Anatoly Vlasov – Russia (1908–1975) *John Hasbrouck van Vleck – United States (1899–1980) Nobel laureate *Woldemar Voigt – Germany (1850–1919) *Burchard de Volder – Netherlands (1643–1709) *Max Volmer – Germany (1885–1965) *Alessandro Volta – Italy (1745–1827) *Wernher Von Braun, aerospace engineer – Germany (1912–1977) == W == *Johannes Diderik van der Waals – Netherlands (1837–1923) Nobel laureate *James Wait – Canada (1924–1998) *Ludwig Waldmann – Germany (1913–1980) *Alan Walsh – U.K., Australia (1916–1988) *Ernest Walton – Ireland (1903–1995) Nobel laureate *Dezhao Wang – China (1905–1998) *Enge Wang – China (born 1957) *Huanyu Wang – China (1954—2018) *Kan-Chang Wang – China (1907–1998) *Pu (Paul) Wang – China (1902–1969) *Zhuxi Wang – China (1911–1983) *Aaldert Wapstra – Netherlands (1923–2006) *John Clive Ward – England, Australia (1924–2000) *Gleb Wataghin – Ukraine, Italy, Brazil (1896–1986) *John James Waterston – U.K. (1811–1883) *Alan Andrew Watson – U.K. (born 1938) *James Watt – U.K. (1736–1819) *Denis Weaire – Ireland (born 1942) *Colin Webb – U.K. (born 1937) *Wilhelm Weber – Germany (1804–1891) *Katherine Weimer – United States (1919–2000) *Alvin Weinberg – United States (1915–2006) *Steven Weinberg – United States (1933–2021) Nobel laureate *Rainer Weiss – United States (born 1932) Nobel laureate *Victor Frederick Weisskopf – Austria, United States (1908–2002) *Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker – Germany (1912–2007) *Heinrich Welker – Germany (1912–1981) *Gregor Wentzel – Germany (1898–1978) *Paul Werbos – United States (born 1947) *Siebren van der Werf – Netherlands (born 1942) *Peter Westervelt – United States (1919–2015) *Hermann Weyl – Germany (1885–1955) *Christof Wetterich – Germany (born 1952) *John Archibald Wheeler – United States (1911–2008) *Gian-Carlo Wick – Italy (1909–1992) *Emil Wiechert – Prussia (1861–1928) *Carl Wieman – United States (born 1951) Nobel laureate *Wilhelm Wien – Germany (1864–1928) Nobel laureate *Arthur Wightman – United States (1922–2013) *Eugene Wigner – Austria-Hungary, United States (1902–1993) Nobel laureate *Frank Wilczek – United States (born 1951) Nobel laureate *Charles Thomson Rees Wilson – U.K. (1869–1959) Nobel laureate *Christine Wilson (scientist) – Canadian-American physicist and astronomer *Kenneth Geddes Wilson – United States (1936–2013) Nobel laureate *Robert R. Wilson – United States (1914–2000) Nobel laureate *Robert Woodrow Wilson – United States (born 1936) *John R. Winckler – United States (1918–2001) *David J. Wineland – United States (born 1944) Nobel laureate *Karl Wirtz – Germany (1910–1994) *Mark B. Wise – Canada, United States (born 1953) *Edward Witten – United States (born 1951) *Emil Wolf – Czechoslovakia, United States (1922–2018) *Fred Alan Wolf – United States (born 1934) *Lincoln Wolfenstein – United States (1923–2015) *Stephen Wolfram – U.K. (born 1959) *Ewald Wollny – Germany (1846–1901) *Michael Woolfson – U.K. (1927–2019) *Chien-Shiung Wu – United States (1912–1997) *Sau Lan Wu – United States (born Early 1940s) *Tai Tsun Wu - United States (born 1933) == X == * Basilis C. Xanthopoulos – Greece (1951–1990) == Y == *Rosalyn Yalow – United States (1921–2011) *Chen Ning Yang – China (born 1922) Nobel laureate *Félix Ynduráin – Spain (born 1946) *Francisco José Ynduráin – Spain (1940–2008) *Kenneth Young – United States, China (born 1947) *Thomas Young – UK (1773–1829) *Hideki Yukawa – Japan (1907–1981) Nobel laureate == Z == *Jan Zaanen – Netherlands (born 1957) *Daniel Zajfman – Israel (born 1959) *Anthony Zee – United States (born 1945) *Pieter Zeeman – Netherlands (1865–1943) Nobel laureate *Ludwig Zehnder – Switzerland (1854–1949) *Anton Zeilinger – Austria (born 1945) *Yakov Borisovich Zel'dovich – Russia (1914–1987) *John Zeleny – United States (1872–1951) *Frits Zernike – Netherlands (1888–1960) Nobel laureate *Antonino Zichichi – Italy (born 1929) *Hans Ziegler – Switzerland, United States (1910–1985) *Karl Zimmer – Germany (1911–1988) *Georges Zissis – Greece (born 1964) *Peter Zoller – Austria (born 1952) *Dmitry Zubarev – Russia (1917–1992) *Bruno Zumino – Italy (1923–2014) *Wojciech H. Zurek – Poland, United States (born 1951) *Robert Zwanzig – United States (1928–2014) *George Zweig – United States (born 1937) *Barton Zwiebach – United States (born 1954) ==External links== *Pictures of some physicists (mostly 20th-century American) are collected in the Emilio Segrè Visual Archives and A Picture Gallery of Famous Physicists *20th-century women in physics in the Contributions of 20th Century Women to Physics archive ==References== Physicists * List of Physicist H. A. Lorentz may refer to: * Hendrik Antoon Lorentz (1853–1928), Dutch physicist who shared the Nobel Prize in 1902 * Hendrikus Albertus Lorentz (1871–1944), Dutch explorer and diplomat The first prize in physics was awarded in 1901 to Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, of Germany, who received 150,782 SEK. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel (who died in 1896), awarded for outstanding contributions in physics. The Nobel Prize in Physics () is awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to scientists in the various fields of physics. * This precedent was followed for the 1918 prize awarded to Max Planck in 1919, * the 1921 prize awarded to Albert Einstein in 1922, * the 1924 prize awarded to Manne Siegbahn in 1925, * the 1925 prize awarded to James Franck and Gustav Hertz in 1926, * the 1928 prize awarded to Owen Richardson in 1929, * the 1932 prize awarded to Werner Heisenberg in 1933, and * the 1943 prize awarded to Otto Stern in 1944. Each recipient receives a medal, a diploma and a monetary award prize that has varied throughout the years. == Statistics == The Nobel Prize in Physics has been awarded to 221 individuals until 2022. This is a list of notable people who attended, or taught at, the University of Wisconsin–Madison: ==Notable alumni== ===Nobel laureates=== * John Bardeen, B.S. 1928 and M.S. 1929, only two-time recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1956 and 1972 * Saul Bellow, recipient of the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1976 * Günter Blobel, Ph.D. 1967, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1999 * Paul D. Boyer, M.S. 1941, Ph.D. 1943, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1997 * William C. Campbell, M.S. 1953, Ph.D. 1957, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2015 * Herbert Spencer Gasser, A.B. 1910, A.M. 1911, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1944 * Alan G. MacDiarmid, M.S. 1952, Ph.D. 1953, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2000 * Stanford Moore, Ph.D. 1938, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1972 * Erwin Neher, M.S. 1967, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1991 * Theodore Schultz, M.S. 1928, Ph.D. 1930, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Economics in 1979 * George Smith, postdoctoral fellow, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2018 * Edward Lawrie Tatum, B.A. 1931, M.S. 1932, Ph.D. 1935, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1958 * John H. Van Vleck, A.B. 1920, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1977 ===Athletics=== ===Academics=== ===Arts and entertainment=== * Virgil Abloh, fashion designer, artistic director of Louis Vuitton's men's wear collection * Don Ameche, Academy Award-winning actor * Joseph Anthony, playwright, actor, and director * Iris Apfel, interior designer, and fashion icon. There were also nine years for which the Nobel Prize in Physics was delayed for one year: * The 1914 prize awarded to Max von Laue was announced only in November 1915. Marie Skłodowska-Curie also won two Nobel Prizes, for physics in 1903 and chemistry in 1911. Most of these prizes were given in the first half of the 20th century, which was called the "Göttingen Nobel prize wonder".The "Göttingen Nobel prize wonder"; the 44 Nobel prize laureates affiliated with Göttingen Affiliations Graduate Attendee or Researcher Academic staff before or at the time of award Academic staff after award Georg August University of Göttingen 50 (official 44) # Hans G. Dehmelt # Herbert Kroemer # Maria Goeppert-Mayer # Max von Laue # Werner Heisenberg # Adolf Butenandt # Irving Langmuir # Manfred Eigen # Walter Haworth # Max Delbrück # Robert Koch # Élie Metchnikoff # Thomas C. Südhof # Ludwig Quidde # Rudolf Eucken # Enrico Fermi # Gustav Ludwig Hertz # Paul Dirac # Robert A. Millikan # Gerhard Herzberg # Theodore William Richards # Thomas A. Steitz # Carol Greider # Hans Krebs # Albert Einstein # Eugene P. Wigner # James Franck # Johannes Stark # Manne Siegbahn # Max Born # Max Planck # Otto Stern # Niels Bohr # Patrick Blackett # Walther Bothe # Wilhelm Wien # Wolfgang Paul # Wolfgang Pauli # Adolf Windaus # Otto Hahn # Otto Wallach # Peter Debye # Richard Adolf Zsigmondy # Stefan Hell # Walther Nernst # Bert Sakmann # Erwin Neher # Paul Ehrlich # Nathan Söderblom # Hendrik Lorentz ==Other== * John T. Dorrance (1873–1930), inventor of Campbell's soup * George Hanger, 4th Baron Coleraine (1751–1824), soldier, author and eccentric * Otto Ohlendorf (1907–1951), SS general and Holocaust perpetrator, executed for war crimes * Erich Roth (1910–1947), Nazi Gestapo member executed for war crimes * Uwe Wolf (born 1961), musicologist == References == Gottingen Category:University of Göttingen The oldest Nobel Prize laureate in physics was Arthur Ashkin who was 96 years old when he was awarded the prize in 2018. * The Prize was not awarded in 1917, as the Nobel Committee for Physics decided that none of that year's nominations met the necessary criteria, but was awarded to Charles Glover Barkla in 1918 and counted as the 1917 prize. Particle physics (14%), atomic physics (10.9%), and 3 non-physics disciplines are dominating the prize in recent decades. For a full account of the work done by each Nobel laureate, please see the biography articles linked from the name column. === Citations === === Sources === * == External links == * Official website of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences * Official website of the Nobel Foundation #Physics Where available, an image of each Nobel laureate is provided. There have been six years for which the Nobel Prize in Physics was not awarded (1916, 1931, 1934, 1940–1942). The links in this column are to articles (or sections of articles) on the history and areas of physics for which the awards were presented. *Waldemar R. Röhrbein (1935–2014), history *Ji Xianlin Linguist; (Phd student, Assistant) *Arthur Schopenhauer *Kurt Sethe -- Egyptology -- (Professor ordinarius) *Hermann Spieckermann, biblical scholar, historian of ancient Near Eastern religion *Philipp Albert Stapfer -- Theology -- (Student) *Friedrich Bouterwek -- Philosopher -- (Professor) *Max Weber *Julius Wellhausen-- Biblical scholar and orientalist -- (Professor) *Hermann von Grauert -- History -- (Student) *John Sadananda, Old Testament Scholar and Master of the Senate of Serampore College (University), India ==Medicine== *Gottlieb Burckhardt -- Medicine (psychiatry) -- (Student) -- first physician to perform modern psychosurgery (1888) *Max Delbrück -- Medicine -- Nobel Prize in Medicine 1969 *Paul Ehrlich -- Professor ordinarius (1904-1914) -- Nobel Prize in Medicine 1908 (with Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov) *Albrecht von Haller, Professor of Anatomy, Botanics and Surgery, (1708-1777, in Göttingen 1736-1753) *Robert Koch -- Medicine -- (Student and Ph.D. in Göttingen) -- Nobel Prize in Medicine 1905 *Hans Adolf Krebs -- Medicine -- (Student) -- Nobel Prize in Medicine 1953 *Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov, Studies in Göttingen -- Nobel Prize in Medicine 1908 (with Paul Ehrlich) *Erwin Neher -- Medicine -- Nobel Prize in Medicine 1991 (with Bert Sakmann) *Thomas Young, Medicine, Physics, Linguistics (Ph.D. in Medicine) ==List of Nobel prize winners== Image:Robert Koch BeW.jpg|Robert Koch Image:Max Born.jpg|Max Born Image:Max_planck.jpg|Max Planck Image:Walther Nernst.jpg|Walther Nernst Image:Bundesarchiv Bild183-R57262, Werner Heisenberg.jpg|Werner Heisenberg physicist Image:Enrico Fermi 1943-49.jpg|Enrico Fermi Image:Wolfgang Pauli ETH-Bib Portr 01042.jpg|Wolfgang Pauli Image:Langmuir-sitting.jpg|Irving Langmuir Image:Max von Laue 1914.jpg|Max von Laue Image:Maria Goeppert-Mayer.jpg |Maria Goeppert-Mayer Image:Dirac 4.jpg |Paul Dirac Image:Debije-boerhaave.jpg |Peter Debye To date, 45 Nobel Prize laureates have studied, taught or made contributions here. William Lawrence Bragg was the youngest Nobel laureate in physics; he won the prize in 1915 at the age of 25.

Albert Einstein and Feynman are people from America who won a Nobel Prize for Physics

Richard Feynman and Enrico Fermi are people from America who won a Nobel Prize for Physics

Richard Feynman and Michelson are people from America who won a Nobel Prize for Physics

Einstein, Wigner and Bohr

Einstein and Niels Bohr are people from America who won a Nobel Prize for Physics

C

What are people born in the United States who won a Nobel Prize for Physiology?

Laureates have won the Nobel Prize in a wide range of fields that relate to physiology or medicine. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine () is awarded yearly by the Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute for outstanding discoveries in physiology or medicine. thumb|One of the Nobel Prize medals in Physiology or Medicine awarded in 1950 Lists of Nobel laureates cover winners of Nobel Prizes for outstanding contributions for humanity in chemistry, literature, peace, physics, and physiology or medicine. The 2021 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was jointly awarded to the American physiologist David Julius (b. 1955) and Armenian-American neuroscientist Ardem Patapoutian (b. 1967) "for the discovery of receptors for temperature and touch."The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2021 nobelprize.org During the award ceremony on December 10, 2021, Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institutet member Patrik Ernfors expressed: ==Laureates== ===David Julius=== David Julius was born in 1955 in New York, United States. While commonly referred to as the Nobel Prize in Medicine, Nobel specifically stated that the prize be awarded for "physiology or medicine" in his will. The 2022 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to the Swedish geneticist Svante Pääbo (born 1955)"for his research in the field of genomes of extinct hominins and human evolution".The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2022 nobelprize.org It was announced by Thomas Perlmann, secretary of the Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institutet in Stockholm, Sweden, on 3 October 2022.The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2022 nobelprize.org ==Laureate== Svante Pääbo was born 1955 in Stockholm, Sweden. The last classical physiology laureates were John Eccles, Alan Hodgkin, and Andrew Huxley in 1963 for their findings regarding "unitary electrical events in the central and peripheral nervous system."Feldman, p. 239 == Prizes == A Medicine or Physiology Nobel Prize laureate earns a gold medal, a diploma bearing a citation, and a sum of money. The final decision to award the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine is taken by the Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institutet and based on a proposal from the Nobel Committee.Nobelprize.org: Prize Awarder for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine , accessed 2010-06-19 == Controversies == Over the years, there have been many controversies concerned with the process by which nominations and awards of the Nobel Prize. Also, no more than three recipients can receive a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, a limitation that is sometimes discussed as an increasing trend for larger teams to conduct important scientific projects. == Background == thumb|Nobel was interested in experimental physiology and set up his own laboratories. As of 2022, 114 Nobel Prizes in Physiology or Medicine have been awarded to 226 laureates, 214 men and 12 women. The 100 Nobel Prizes in Physiology or Medicine have been awarded to 195 individuals through 2009. Today, the prize is commonly referred to as the Nobel Prize in Medicine.Levinovitz, p. 112 == Nomination and selection == thumb|The reverse side of the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine It was important to Nobel that the prize be awarded for a "discovery" and that it be of "greatest benefit on mankind". The Nobel Committee for Physiology or Medicine is the Nobel Committee responsible for proposing laureates for the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine.Nobelprize.org: The Nobel Committee for Physiology or Medicine , accessed 2010-06-19 The Nobel Committee for Physiology or Medicine is appointed by the Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institutet, a body of 50 members at Karolinska Institutet which is formally a separate body not part of the institute itself. Nobel Prizes are awarded in the fields of Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, and Peace. Laureates have been awarded the Nobel Prize in a wide range of fields that relate to physiology or medicine. , eight Prizes have been awarded for contributions in the field of signal transduction through G proteins and second messengers. 13 have been awarded for contributions in the field of neurobiology and 13 have been awarded for contributions in Intermediary metabolism. For a full account of the work done by each Nobel laureate, please see the biography articles linked from the name column. ===Citations=== ===Sources=== * * ==External links== *Official website of the Nobel Foundation Category:Karolinska Institute * #Physiology ==Key publications== The following publications were the fundamental researches that motivated the Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institutet to award the 2021 Prize to Julius and Patapoutian:Press release: The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2021 nobelprize.org ===David Julius=== * Caterina M.J., Schumacher M.A., Tominaga M., Rosen T.A., Levine J.D., Julius D. Alfred Nobel was born on 21 October 1833 in Stockholm, Sweden, into a family of engineers.Levinovitz, p. 5 He was a chemist, engineer and inventor who amassed a fortune during his lifetime, most of it from his 355 inventions, of which dynamite is the most famous.Levinovitz, p. 11 He was interested in experimental physiology and set up his own labs in France and Italy to conduct experiments in blood transfusions. thumb|Front side (obverse) of the Nobel Prize Medal for Physiology or Medicine The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine () is awarded annually by the Swedish Karolinska Institute to scientists in the various fields of physiology or medicine. The Nobel Prize medals for Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, and Literature have identical obverses, showing the image of Alfred Nobel and the years of his birth and death (1833–1896). Also, deserving contributors may not be nominated at all because the restriction results in a cut-off point of three nominees per prize, leading to controversial exclusions. == Years without awards == There have been nine years in which the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was not awarded (1915–1918, 1921, 1925, 1940–1942). Sweden's royal family attends, and typically the Prime Minister and other members of the government attend as well as representatives of the Nobel family. == Laureates == The first Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded in 1901 to the German physiologist Emil Adolf von Behring.Feldman, p. 242 Behring's discovery of serum therapy in the development of the diphtheria and tetanus vaccines put "in the hands of the physician a victorious weapon against illness and deaths".

RA Fisher won the Nobel Prize

Francis Crick won the Nobel Prize

People born in the United States who won a Nobel Prize for Physiology are James Watson and Gerald Edelman

People born in the United States who won a Nobel Prize for Physiology are James Watson and Francis Crick

James Watson and Francis Crick won the Nobel Prize

C

What's an example of a scientist in Britain who won the Physics Nobel Prize?

Aage Bohr became a successful physicist, and in 1975 was awarded the Nobel Prize in physics, like his father. There are several scientific or humanitarian prizes and awards named after Albert Einstein: * Albert Einstein Award, (Lewis and Rosa Strauss Memorial Fund), first awarded in 1951 * Albert Einstein Medal, (Albert Einstein Society, Bern), first awarded in 1979 * UNESCO Albert Einstein medal (UNESCO), first awarded in 1979 * Albert Einstein Peace Prize (Albert Einstein Peace Prize Foundation), first awarded in 1980 * Albert Einstein World Award of Science, (World Cultural Council), first awarded in 1984 * Einstein Prize for Laser Science, (Society for Optical and Quantum Electronics), awarded in the 1988–1996 period * Einstein Prize (APS), (American Physical Society), first awarded in 2003 * , first awarded in 2021 Niels Henrik David Bohr (; 7 October 1885 – 18 November 1962) was a Danish physicist who made foundational contributions to understanding atomic structure and quantum theory, for which he received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1922. H. A. Lorentz may refer to: * Hendrik Antoon Lorentz (1853–1928), Dutch physicist who shared the Nobel Prize in 1902 * Hendrikus Albertus Lorentz (1871–1944), Dutch explorer and diplomat The following is a list of Clarivate Citation candidates considered likely to win the Nobel Prize in Physics. ==Laureates== Citation Laureates Nationality Motivations Institute 2008 2008 2008 2008 2008 20px 2010 Andre Geim (born 1958) "for their discovery and analysis of graphene." The Nobel Prize in Physics () is awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to scientists in the various fields of physics. In 1922 Bohr was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics "for his services in the investigation of the structure of atoms and of the radiation emanating from them". Following is a list of physicists who are notable for their achievements. == A == *Aryabhatta – India (476-550C.E) *Jules Aarons – United States (1921–2016) *Ernst Karl Abbe – Germany (1840–1905) *Derek Abbott – Australia (born 1960) *Hasan Abdullayev – Azerbaijan Democratic Republic, Soviet Union, Azerbaijan (1918–1993) *Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov – Soviet Union, Russia (1928–2017) Nobel laureate *Robert Adler – United States (1913–2007) *Stephen L. Adler – United States (born 1939) *Franz Aepinus – Rostock (1724–1802) *Mina Aganagic -- Albania, United States *David Z Albert – United States (born 1954) *Felicie Albert – France, United States *Miguel Alcubierre – Mexico (born 1964) *Zhores Ivanovich Alferov – Russia (1930–2019) Nobel laureate *Hannes Olof Gösta Alfvén – Sweden (1908–1995) Nobel laureate *Alhazen – Basra, Iraq (965–1040) *Artem Alikhanian – Armenia (1908–1978) *Abram Alikhanov – Russia (1904–1970) *John E. Allen – United Kingdom (born 1928) *William Allis – United States (1901–1999) *Samuel King Allison – United States (1900–1965) *Yakov Lvovich Alpert – Russia, United States (1911–2010) *Ralph Asher Alpher – United States (1921–2007) *Semen Altshuler – Vitebsk (1911–1983) *Luis Walter Alvarez – United States (1911–1988) Nobel laureate *Viktor Ambartsumian – Soviet Union, Armenia (1908–1996) *André-Marie Ampère – France (1775–1836) *Anja Cetti Andersen – Denmark (born 1965) *Hans Henrik Andersen – Denmark (1937–2012) *Philip Warren Anderson – United States (1923–2020) Nobel laureate *Carl David Anderson – United States (1905–1991) Nobel laureate *Herbert L. Anderson – United States (1914–1988) *Elephter Andronikashvili – Georgia (1910–1989) *Anders Jonas Ångström – Sweden (1814–1874) *Alexander Animalu, Nigeria (born 1938) *Edward Victor Appleton – U.K. (1892–1965) Nobel laureate *François Arago – France (1786–1853) *Archimedes – Syracuse, Greece (ca. 287–212 BC) *Manfred von Ardenne – Germany (1907–1997) *Aristarchus of Samos – Samos, Greece (310–ca. 230 BC) *Aristotle – Athens, Greece (384–322 BC) *Nima Arkani- Hamed – United States (born 1972) *Lev Artsimovich – Moscow (1909–1973) *Aryabhata – Pataliputra, India (476–550) *Neil Ashby – United States (born 1934) *Maha Ashour-Abdalla – Egypt, United States (1943–2016) *Gurgen Askaryan – Soviet Union (1928–1997) *Alain Aspect – France (born 1947) *Marcel Audiffren – France *Avicenna – Persia (980–1037) *Amedeo Avogadro – Italy (1776–1856) *David Awschalom – United States (born 1956) *APJ Abdul Kalam – India == B == thumb|Biruni is one of the best-known physicists *Al-Biruni – İran (born 973) *Abu sahl Al-Quhi – İran (born 940) *Xiaoyi Bao – Canada *Mani Lal Bhaumik – United States (born 1931) *Tom Baehr-Jones – United States (born 1980) *Gilbert Ronald Bainbridge – U.K. (1925–2003) *Cornelis Bakker – Netherlands (1904–1960) *Aiyalam Parameswaran Balachandran – India (born 1938) *V Balakrishnan – India (born 1943) *Milla Baldo-Ceolin – Italy (1924–2011) *Johann Jakob Balmer – Switzerland (1825–1898) *Tom Banks – United States (born 1949) *Riccardo Barbieri – Italy (born 1944) *Marcia Barbosa – Brazil (born 1960) *John Bardeen – United States (1908–1991) double Nobel laureate *William A. Bardeen – United States (born 1941) *Charles Glover Barkla – U.K. (1877–1944) Nobel laureate *Amanda Barnard – Australia (born 1971) *Boyd Bartlett – United States (1897–1965) *Asım Orhan Barut – Malatya, Turkey (1926–1994) *Heinz Barwich – Germany (1911–1966) *Nikolay Basov – Russia (1922–2001) Nobel laureate *Laura Maria Caterina Bassi – Italy (1711–1778) *Zoltán Lajos Bay – Hungary (1900–1992) *Karl Bechert – Germany (1901–1981) *Henri Becquerel – France (1852–1908) Nobel laureate *Johannes Georg Bednorz – Germany (born 1950) Nobel laureate *Isaac Beeckman – Netherlands (1588–1637) *Alexander Graham Bell – Scotland, Canada, U.S.A. (1847–1922) *John Stewart Bell – U.K. (1928–1990) *Jocelyn Bell Burnell – Northern Ireland, U.K. (born 1943) *Carl M. Bender – United States (born 1943) *Abraham Bennet – England (1749–1799) *Daniel Bernoulli – Switzerland (1700–1782) *Hans Bethe – Germany, United States (1906–2005) Nobel laureate *Homi J. Bhabha – India (1909–1966) *Lars Bildsten – United States (1964) *James Binney – England (born 1950) *Gerd Binnig – Germany (born 1947) Nobel laureate *Jean-Baptiste Biot – France (1774–1862) *Raymond T. Birge – United States (1887–1980) *Abū Rayhān al- Bīrūnī – Persia (973–1048) *Vilhelm Bjerknes – Norway (1862–1951) *James Bjorken – United States (born 1934) *Patrick Blackett – U.K. (1897–1974) Nobel laureate *Felix Bloch – Switzerland (1905–1983) Nobel laureate *Nicolaas Bloembergen – Netherlands, United States (1920–2017) Nobel laureate *Walter Boas – Germany, Australia (1904–1982) *Céline Bœhm – France (born 1974) *Nikolay Bogolyubov – Soviet Union, Russia (1909–1992) *David Bohm – United States (1917–1992) *Aage Bohr – Denmark (1922–2009) Nobel laureate *Niels Bohr – Denmark (1885–1962) Nobel laureate *Martin Bojowald – Germany (born 1973) *Ludwig Boltzmann – Austria (1844–1906) *Eugene T. Booth – United States (1912–2004) *Max Born – Germany, U.K. (1882–1970) Nobel laureate *Rudjer Josip Boscovich – Croatia (1711–1787) *Jagadish Chandra Bose – India (1858–1937) *Margrete Heiberg Bose – Denmark (1866–1952) *Satyendra Nath Bose – India (1894–1974) *Johannes Bosscha – Netherlands (1831–1911) *Walther Bothe – Germany (1891–1957) Nobel laureate *Edward Bouchet – United States (1852–1918) *Mustapha Ishak Boushaki – Algeria (1967–) *Mark Bowick – United States (born 1957) *Robert Boyle – Ireland, England (1627–1691) *Willard S. Boyle – Canada, United States (1924–2011) Nobel laureate *William Henry Bragg – U.K. (1862–1942) Nobel laureate *William Lawrence Bragg – U.K., Australia (1890–1971) Nobel laureate *Tycho Brahe – Denmark (1546–1601) *Howard Brandt – United States (1939–2014) *Walter Houser Brattain – United States (1902–1987) Nobel laureate *Karl Ferdinand Braun – Germany (1850–1918) Nobel laureate *David Brewster – U.K. (1781–1868) *Percy Williams Bridgman – United States (1882–1961) Nobel laureate *Léon Nicolas Brillouin – France (1889–1969) *Marcel Brillouin – France (1854–1948) *Bertram Brockhouse – Canada (1918–2003) Nobel laureate *Louis-Victor de Broglie – France (1892–1987) Nobel laureate *William Fuller Brown, Jr. – United States (1904–1983) *Ernst Brüche – Germany (1900–1985) *Hermann Brück – Germany (1905–2000) *Ari Brynjolfsson – Iceland (1927–2013) *Hans Buchdahl – Germany, Australia (1918–2010) *Gersh Budker – Soviet Union (1918–1977) *Silke Bühler-Paschen – Austria (born 1967) *Johannes Martinus Burgers – Netherlands (1895–1981) *Friedrich Burmeister – Germany (1890–1969) *Bimla Buti – India (born 1933) *Christophorus Buys Ballot – Netherlands (1817–1890) == C == *Nicola Cabibbo – Italy (1935–2010) *Nicolás Cabrera – Spain (1913–1989) *Orion Ciftja – United States *Curtis Callan – United States (born 1942) *Annie Jump Cannon – United States (1863–1941) *Fritjof Capra – Austria, United States (born 1939) *Marcela Carena – Argentina (born 1962) *Ricardo Carezani – Argentina, United States (1921–2016) *Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot – France (1796–1832) *David Carroll – United States (born 1963) *Brandon Carter – Australia (born 1942) *Hendrik Casimir – Netherlands (1909–2000) *Henry Cavendish – U.K. (1731–1810) *James Chadwick – U.K. (1891–1974) Nobel laureate *Owen Chamberlain – United States (1920–2006) Nobel laureate *Moses H. W. Chan – Hong Kong (born 1946) *Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar – India, United States (1910–1995) Nobel laureate *Georges Charpak – France (1924–2010) Nobel laureate *Émilie du Châtelet – France (1706–1749) *Swapan Chattopadhyay – India (born 1951) *Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov – Imperial Russia, Soviet Union (1904–1990) Nobel laureate *Maxim Chernodub – Russia, France (born 1973) *Geoffrey Chew – United States (1924–2019) *Boris Chirikov – Soviet Union, Russia (1928–2008) *Juansher Chkareuli – Georgia (born 1940) *Ernst Chladni – Germany (1756–1827) *Nicholas Christofilos – Greece (1916-1972) *Steven Chu – United States (born 1948) Nobel laureate *Giovanni Ciccotti – Italy (born 1943) *Benoît Clapeyron – France (1799–1864) *George W. Clark – United States *John Clauser – United States (born 1942) Nobel laureate *Rudolf Clausius – Germany (1822–1888) *Gerald B. Cleaver – United States *Richard Clegg – United Kingdom *Gari Clifford - British-American physicist, biomedical engineer, academic, researcher *John Cockcroft – United Kingdom (1897–1967) Nobel laureate *Claude Cohen-Tannoudji – France (born 1933) Nobel laureate *Arthur Compton – United States (1892–1962) Nobel laureate *Karl Compton – United States (1887–1954) *Edward Condon – United States (1902–1974) *Leon Cooper – United States (born 1930) Nobel laureate *Alejandro Corichi – Mexico (born 1967) *Gaspard-Gustave Coriolis – France (1792–1843) *Allan McLeod Cormack – South Africa, United States (1924–1998) *Eric Allin Cornell – United States (born 1961) Nobel laureate *Marie Alfred Cornu – France (1841–1902) *Charles-Augustin de Coulomb – France (1736–1806) *Ernest Courant – United States (1920–2020) *Brian Cox – U.K. (born 1968) *Charles Critchfield – United States (1910–1994) *James Cronin – United States (1931–2016) Nobel laureate *Sir William Crookes – U.K. (1832–1919) *Paul Crowell – United States *Marie Curie – Poland, France (1867–1934) twice Nobel laureate *Pierre Curie – France (1859–1906) Nobel laureate *Predrag Cvitanović – Croatia (born 1946) == D == *Jean le Rond d'Alembert – France (1717–1783) *Gustaf Dalén – Sweden (1869–1937) Nobel laureate *Jean Dalibard – France (born 1958) *Richard Dalitz – U.K., United States (1925–2006) *John Dalton – U.K. (1766–1844) *Sanja Damjanović – Montenegro (born 1972) *Ranjan Roy Daniel – India (1923–2005) *Charles Galton Darwin – U.K. (1887–1962) *Ashok Das – India, United States (born 1953) *James C. Davenport – United States (born 1938) *Paul Davies – Australia (born 1946) *Raymond Davis, Jr. – United States (1914–2006) Nobel laureate *Clinton Davisson – United States (1881–1958) Nobel laureate *Peter Debije – Netherlands (1884–1966) *Hans Georg Dehmelt – Germany, United States (1922–2017) Nobel laureate *Max Delbrück – Germany, United States (1906–1981) *Democritus – Abdera (ca. 460–360 BC) *David M. Dennison – United States (1900–1976) *Beryl May Dent – U.K. (1900–1977) *David Deutsch – Israel, U.K. (born 1953) *René Descartes – France (1596–1650) *James Dewar – U.K. (1842–1923) *Scott Diddams – United States *Ulrike Diebold – Austria (born 1961) *Robbert Dijkgraaf – Netherlands (born 1960) *Viktor Dilman – Russia (born 1926) *Savas Dimopoulos – United States (born 1952) *Paul Dirac – Switzerland, U.K. (1902–1984) Nobel laureate *Revaz Dogonadze – Soviet Union, Georgia (1931–1985) *Louise Dolan -- United States (born 1950) *Amos Dolbear – United States (1837–1910) *Robert Döpel – Germany (1895–1982) *Christian Doppler – Austria (1803–1853) *Henk Dorgelo – Netherlands (1894–1961) *Friedrich Ernst Dorn – Germany (1848–1916) *Michael R. Douglas – United States (born 1961) *Jonathan Dowling – United States (1955–2020) *Claudia Draxl – Germany (born 1959) *Sidney Drell – United States (1926–2016) *Mildred Dresselhaus – United States (1930–2017) *Paul Drude – Germany (1863–1906) *F. J. Duarte – United States (born 1954) *Émilie du Châtelet – France (1706–1749) *Pierre Louis Dulong – France (1785–1838) *Janette Dunlop – Scotland (1891–1971) *Samuel T. Durrance – United States (born 1943) *Freeman Dyson – U.K., United States (1923–2020) Wolf laureate *Arthur Jeffrey Dempster – Canada (1886–1950) == E == *Joseph H. Eberly – United States (born 1935) *William Eccles – U.K. (1875–1966) *Carl Eckart – United States (1902–1973) *Arthur Stanley Eddington – U.K. (1882–1944) *Thomas Edison- U.S. Invented the lightbulb. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel (who died in 1896), awarded for outstanding contributions in physics. The first prize in physics was awarded in 1901 to Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, of Germany, who received 150,782 SEK. * This precedent was followed for the 1918 prize awarded to Max Planck in 1919, * the 1921 prize awarded to Albert Einstein in 1922, * the 1924 prize awarded to Manne Siegbahn in 1925, * the 1925 prize awarded to James Franck and Gustav Hertz in 1926, * the 1928 prize awarded to Owen Richardson in 1929, * the 1932 prize awarded to Werner Heisenberg in 1933, and * the 1943 prize awarded to Otto Stern in 1944. This award was normally awarded only to royalty and heads of state, but the king said that it honoured not just Bohr personally, but Danish science. There were also nine years for which the Nobel Prize in Physics was delayed for one year: * The 1914 prize awarded to Max von Laue was announced only in November 1915. When he arrived in Leiden, Paul Ehrenfest and Albert Einstein informed Bohr that Einstein had resolved this problem using relativity. * The Prize was not awarded in 1917, as the Nobel Committee for Physics decided that none of that year's nominations met the necessary criteria, but was awarded to Charles Glover Barkla in 1918 and counted as the 1917 prize. Marie Skłodowska-Curie also won two Nobel Prizes, for physics in 1903 and chemistry in 1911. Bohr was also a philosopher and a promoter of scientific research. *Paul Ehrenfest – Austria-Hungary, Netherlands (1880–1933) *Felix Ehrenhaft – Austria-Hungary, United States (1879–1952) *Manfred Eigen – Germany (1927–2019) *Albert Einstein – Germany, Italy, Switzerland, United States (1879–1955) Nobel laureate *Laura Eisenstein – (1942–1985) professor of physics at University of Illinois *Terence James Elkins – Australia, United States (born 1936) *John Ellis – U.K. (born 1946) *Paul John Ellis – U.K., United States (1941–2005) *Richard Keith Ellis – U.K., United States (born 1949) *Arpad Elo – Hungary (1903–1992) *François Englert – Belgium (born 1932) Nobel laureate *David Enskog – Sweden (1884–1947) *Loránd Eötvös – Austria- Hungary (1848–1919) *Frederick J. Ernst – United States (born 1933) *Leo Esaki – Japan (born 1925) Nobel laureate *Ernest Esclangon – France (1876–1954) *Louis Essen – U.K. (1908–1997) *Leonhard Euler – Switzerland (1707–1783) *Denis Evans – Australia (born 1951) *Paul Peter Ewald – Germany, United States (1888–1985) *James Alfred Ewing – U.K. (1855–1935) *Franz S. Exner – Austria (1849–1926) == F == *Ludvig Faddeev – Russia (1934–2017) *Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit – Prussia (1686–1736) *Kazimierz Fajans – Poland, United States (1887–1975) *James E. Faller – United States *Michael Faraday – U.K. (1791–1867) *Eugene Feenberg – United States (1906–1977) *Mitchell Feigenbaum – United States (1944–2019) *Gerald Feinberg – United States (1933–1992) *Enrico Fermi – Italy (1901–1954) Nobel laureate *Albert Fert – France (born 1938) Nobel laureate *Herman Feshbach – United States (1917–2000) *Richard Feynman – United States (1918–1988) Nobel laureate *Wolfgang Finkelnburg – Germany (1905–1967) *David Finkelstein – United States (1929–2016) *Johannes Fischer – Germany (born 1887) *Willy Fischler – Belgium (born 1949) *Val Logsdon Fitch – United States (1923–2015) Nobel laureate *George Francis FitzGerald – Ireland (1851–1901) *Hippolyte Fizeau – France (1819–1896) *Georgy Flyorov – Rostov-on-Don (1913–1990) *Vladimir Fock – Imperial Russia, Soviet Union (1898–1974) *Adriaan Fokker – Netherlands (1887–1972) *Arthur Foley – America (1867–1945) *James David Forbes – U.K. (1809–1868) *Jeff Forshaw – U.K. (born 1968) *Léon Foucault – France (1819–1868) *Joseph Fourier – France (1768–1830) *Ralph H. Fowler – U.K. (1889–1944) *William Alfred Fowler – United States (1911–1995) Nobel laureate *James Franck – Germany, United States (1882–1964) Nobel laureate *Ilya Frank – Soviet Union (1908–1990) Nobel laureate *Benjamin Franklin – British America, United States (1706–1790) *Rosalind Franklin – U.K. (1920–1958) *Walter Franz – Germany (1911–1992) *Joseph von Fraunhofer – Germany (1787–1826) *Steven Frautschi – United States (born 1933) *Joan Maie Freeman – Australia (1918–1998) *Phyllis S. Freier – United States (1921–1992)) *Yakov Frenkel – Imperial Russia, Soviet Union (1894–1952) *Augustin-Jean Fresnel – France (1788–1827) *Peter Freund – United States (1936–2018) *Daniel Friedan – United States (born 1948) *B. Roy Frieden – United States (born 1936) *Alexander Friedman – Imperial Russia, Soviet Union (1888–1925) *Jerome Isaac Friedman – United States (born 1930) Nobel laureate *Otto Frisch – Austria, U.K. (1904–1979) *Erwin Fues – Germany (1893–1970) *Harald Fuchs – Germany (born 1951) == G == thumb|Galileo Galilei, the founder of Modern Science and Physics *Dennis Gabor – Hungary (1900–1979) Nobel laureate *Mary K. Gaillard – France, United States (born 1939) *Galileo Galilei – Italy (1564–1642) *Luigi Galvani – Italy (1737–1798) *George Gamow – Russia, United States (1904–1968) *Sylvester James Gates – United States (born 1950) *Carl Friedrich Gauss – Germany (1777–1855) *Pamela L. Gay – United States (born 1973) *Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac – France (1778–1850) *Hans Geiger – Germany (1882–1945) *Andre Geim – Russian/British (born 1958) Nobel laureate *Murray Gell-Mann – United States (1929–2019) Nobel laureate *Pierre-Gilles de Gennes – France (1932–2007) Nobel laureate *Howard Georgi – United States (born 1947) *Walter Gerlach – Germany (1889–1979) *Christian Gerthsen – Denmark, Germany (1894–1956) *Ezra Getzler – Australia (born 1962) *Andrea M. Ghez – United States (born 1955) Nobel laureate *Riccardo Giacconi – Italy, United States (1931–2018) Nobel laureate *Ivar Giaever – Norway, United States (born 1929) Nobel laureate *Josiah Willard Gibbs – United States (1839–1903) *Valerie Gibson – U.K. (born 19??) *William Gilbert – England (1544–1603) *Piara Singh Gill – India (1911–2002) *Naomi Ginsberg – United States (born 1979) *Vitaly Lazarevich Ginzburg – Soviet Union, Russia (1916–2009) Nobel laureate *Marvin D. Girardeau – United States (1930–2015) *Marissa Giustina - United States (born 19??) *Donald Arthur Glaser – United States (1926–2013) Nobel laureate *Sheldon Glashow – United States (born 1932) Nobel laureate *G. N. Glasoe – United States (1902–1987) *Roy Jay Glauber – United States (1925–2018) Nobel laureate *James Glimm – United States (born 1934) *Karl Glitscher – Germany (1886–1945) *Peter Goddard – U.K. (born 1945) *Maria Goeppert-Mayer – Germany, United States (1906–1972) Nobel laureate *Gerald Goertzel – United States (1920–2002) *Marvin Leonard Goldberger – United States (1922–2014) *Maurice Goldhaber – Austria, United States (1911–2011) *Jeffrey Goldstone – U.K., United States (born 1933) *Sixto González – Puerto Rico, United States (born 1965) *Ravi Gomatam – India (born 1950) *Lev Gor'kov – United States (1929–2016) *Samuel Goudsmit – Netherlands, United States (1902–1978) *Leo Graetz – Germany (1856–1941) *Willem 's Gravesande – Netherlands (1688–1742) *Michael Green (physicist) – Britain (born 1946) *Daniel Greenberger – United States (born 1932) *Brian Greene – United States (born 1963) *John Gribbin – U.K. (born 1946) *Vladimir Gribov – Russia (1930–1997) *David J. Griffiths – United States (born 1942) *David Gross – United States (born 1941) Nobel laureate *Frederick Grover – United States (1876–1973) *Peter Grünberg – Germany (1939–2018) Nobel laureate *Charles Édouard Guillaume – Switzerland (1861–1931) Nobel laureate *Ayyub Guliyev – Azerbaijan (born 1954) *Feza Gürsey – Turkey (1921–1992) *Alan Guth – United States (born 1947) *Martin Gutzwiller – Switzerland (1925–2014) == H == *Rudolf Haag – Germany (1922–2016) *Wander Johannes de Haas – Netherlands (1878–1960) *Alain Haché – Canada (born 1970) *Carl Richard Hagen – United States (born 1937) *Otto Hahn – Germany (1879–1968) *Edwin Hall – United States (1855–1938) *John Lewis Hall – United States (born 1934) Nobel laureate *Alexander Hamilton – UK, Australia (born 1967) *William Rowan Hamilton – Ireland (1805–1865) *Theodor Wolfgang Hänsch – Germany (born 1941) Nobel laureate *Peter Andreas Hansen – Denmark (1795–1874) *W.W. Hansen – United States (1909–1949) *Serge Haroche – France (born 1944) Nobel laureate *Paul Harteck – Germany (1902–1985) *John G. Hartnett – Australia (born 1952) *Douglas Hartree – U.K. (1897–1958) *Friedrich Hasenöhrl – Austria, Hungary (1874–1915) *Lene Vestergaard Hau – Vejle, Denmark (born 1959) *Stephen Hawking – U.K. (1942–2018) Wolf laureate *Ibn al-Haytham – Iraq (965–1039) *Evans Hayward – United States (1922–2020) *Oliver Heaviside – U.K. (1850–1925) *Werner Heisenberg – Germany (1901–1976) Nobel laureate *Walter Heitler – Germany, Ireland (1904–1981) *Hermann von Helmholtz – Germany (1821–1894) *Charles H. Henry – United States (1937–2016) *Joseph Henry – United States (1797–1878) *John Herapath – U.K. (1790–1868) *Carl Hermann – Germany (1898–1961) *Gustav Ludwig Hertz – Germany (1887–1975) Nobel laureate *Heinrich Rudolf Hertz – Germany (1857–1894) *Karl Herzfeld – Austria, United States (1892–1978) *Victor Francis Hess – Austria, United States (1883–1964) Nobel laureate *Mahmoud Hessaby – Iran (1903–1992) *Antony Hewish – U.K. (1924–2021) Nobel laureate *Paul G. Hewitt – United States (born 1931) *Peter Higgs – U.K. (born 1929) Nobel laureate *George William Hill – United States (1838–1914) *Gustave-Adolphe Hirn – France (1815–1890) *Carol Hirschmugl - United States, professor of physics, laboratory director *Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin – England (1910–1994) *Robert Hofstadter – United States (1915–1990) Nobel laureate *Helmut Hönl – Germany (1903–1981) *Pervez Hoodbhoy – Pakistan (born 1950) *Gerardus 't Hooft – Netherlands (born 1946) Nobel laureate *Robert Hooke – England (1635–1703) *John Hopkinson – United Kingdom (1849–1898) *Johann Baptiste Horvath – Slovakia (1732–1799) *William V. Houston – United States (1900–1968) *Charlotte (née Riefenstahl) Houtermans – Germany (1899–1993) *Fritz Houtermans – Netherlands, Germany, Austria (1903–1966) *Archibald Howie – U.K. (born 1934) *Fred Hoyle – U.K. (1915–2001) *Veronika Hubeny -- United States *John Hubbard – U.K. (1931–1980) *John H. Hubbell – United States (1925–2007) *Edwin Powell Hubble – United States (1889–1953) *Russell Alan Hulse – United States (born 1950) Nobel laureate *Friedrich Hund – Germany (1896–1997) *Tahir Hussain – Pakistan (1923–2010) *Andrew D. Huxley – U.K. (born 1966) *Christiaan Huygens – Netherlands (1629–1695) == I == *Arthur Iberall – United States (1918–2002) *Sumio Iijima – Japan (born 1939) *John Iliopoulos – Greece (born 1940) *Ataç İmamoğlu – Turkey, United States (born 1962) *Elmer Imes – United States (1883–1941) *Abram Ioffe – Russia (1880–1960) *Nathan Isgur – United States, Canada (1947–2001) *Ernst Ising – Germany (1900–1998) *Jamal Nazrul Islam – Bangladesh (1939–2013) *Werner Israel – Canada (born 1931) == J == *Roman Jackiw – Poland, United States (1939–2023) *Shirley Ann Jackson – United States (born 1946) *Boris Jacobi – Germany, Russia (1801–1874) *Gregory Jaczko – United States (born 1970) *Chennupati Jagadish – India, Australia (born 1957) *Jainendra Jain – India (born 1960) *Ratko Janev – North Macedonia (1939–2019) *Andreas Jaszlinszky – Hungary (1715–1783) *Ali Javan – Iran (1928–2016) *Edwin Jaynes – United States (1922–1998) * Antal István Jákli – Hungary (born 1958) *Sir James Jeans – UK (1877–1946) *Johannes Hans Daniel Jensen – Germany (1907–1973) Nobel laureate *Deborah S. Jin – United States (born 1968) *Anthony M. Johnson – United States (born 1954) *Irène Joliot- Curie – France (1897–1956) *Lorella Jones – United States (1943–1995) *Pascual Jordan – Germany (1902–1980) *Vania Jordanova - United States, physicist, space weather and geomagnetic storms *Brian David Josephson – UK (born 1940) Nobel laureate *James Prescott Joule – UK (1818–1889) *Adolfas Jucys – Lithuania (1904–1974) *Chang Kee Jung – South Korea, United States ==K== *Menas Kafatos – Greece, United States (born 1945) *Takaaki Kajita – Japan (born 1959) Nobel laureate *Michio Kaku – United States (born 1947) *Theodor Kaluza – Germany (1885–1954) *Heike Kamerlingh Onnes – Netherlands (1853–1926) Nobel laureate *William R. Kanne – United States *Charles K. Kao – China, Hong Kong, U.K., United States (1933–2018) Nobel laureate *Pyotr Kapitsa – Russian Empire, Soviet Union (1894–1984) Nobel laureate *Theodore von Kármán – Hungary, United States (1881–1963) aeronautical engineer *Alfred Kastler – France (1902–1984) Nobel laureate *Amrom Harry Katz – United States (1915–1997) *Moshe Kaveh – Israel (born 1943) President of Bar-Ilan University *Predhiman Krishan Kaw – India (1948–2017) *Heinrich Kayser – Germany (1853–1940) *Willem Hendrik Keesom – Netherlands (1876–1956) *Edwin C. Kemble – United States (1889–1984) *Henry Way Kendall – United States (1926–1999) Nobel laureate *Johannes Kepler – Germany (1571–1630) *John Kerr – Scotland (1824–1907) *Wolfgang Ketterle – Germany (born 1957) Nobel laureate *Isaak Markovich Khalatnikov – Soviet Union (1919–2021) *Jim Al-Khalili – UK (born 1962) *Abdul Qadeer Khan – Pakistan (1936–2021) *Yulii Borisovich Khariton – Soviet Union, Russia (1904–1996) *Erhard Kietz – Germany, United States (1909–1982) *Jack Kilby – United States (1923–2005) electronics engineer, Nobel laureate *Toichiro Kinoshita – Japan, United States (1925–2023) *Gustav Kirchhoff – Germany (1824–1887) *Oskar Klein – Sweden (1894–1977) *Hagen Kleinert – Germany (born 1941) *Klaus von Klitzing – Germany (born 1943) Nobel laureate *Jens Martin Knudsen – Denmark (1930–2005) *Martin Knudsen – Denmark (1871–1949) *Makoto Kobayashi – Japan (born 1944) Nobel laureate *Arthur Korn – Germany (1870–1945) *Masatoshi Koshiba – Japan (1926–2020) Nobel laureate *Matthew Koss – United States (born 1961) *Walther Kossel – Germany (1888–1956) *Ashutosh Kotwal – United States (born 1965) *Lew Kowarski – France (1907–1979) *Hendrik Kramers – Netherlands (1894–1952) *Serguei Krasnikov – Russia (born 1961) *Adolf Kratzer – Germany (1893–1983) *Lawrence M. Krauss – United States (born 1954) *Herbert Kroemer – Germany (born 1928) Nobel laureate *August Krönig – Germany (1822–1879) *Ralph Kronig – Germany, United States (1904–1995) *Nikolay Sergeevich Krylov – Soviet Union (1917–1947) *Ryogo Kubo – Japan (1920–1995) *Daya Shankar Kulshreshtha – India (born 1951) *Igor Vasilyevich Kurchatov – Soviet Union (1903–1960) *Behram Kursunoglu – Turkey (1922–2003) *Polykarp Kusch – Germany (1911–1993) Nobel laureate == L == *James W. LaBelle – United States *Joseph-Louis Lagrange – France (1736–1813) *Willis Lamb – United States (1913–2008) Nobel laureate *Lev Davidovich Landau – Imperial Russia, Soviet Union (1908–1968) Nobel laureate *Rolf Landauer – United States (1927–1999) *Grigory Landsberg – Vologda (1890–1957) *Kenneth Lane – United States *Paul Langevin – France (1872–1946) *Irving Langmuir – United States (1881–1957) *Pierre-Simon Laplace – France (1749–1827) *Joseph Larmor – U.K. (1857–1942) *Cesar Lattes – Brazil (1924–2005) *Max von Laue – Germany (1879–1960) Nobel laureate *Robert Betts Laughlin – United States (born 1950) Nobel laureate *Mikhail Lavrentyev – Kazan (1900–1980) *Melvin Lax – United States (1922–2002) *Ernest Lawrence – United States (1901–1958) Nobel laureate *TH Laby – Australia (1880–1946) *Pyotr Nikolaevich Lebedev – Imperial Russia (1866–1912) *Leon Max Lederman – United States (1922–2018) Nobel laureate *Benjamin Lee – Korea, United States (1935–1977) *David Lee – United States (born 1931) Nobel laureate *Tsung-Dao Lee – China, United States (born 1926) Nobel laureate *Anthony James Leggett – U.K., United States (born 1938) Nobel laureate *Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz – Germany (1646–1716) *Robert B. Leighton – United States (1919–1997) *Georges Lemaître – Belgium (1894–1966) *Philipp Lenard – Hungary, Germany (1862–1947) Nobel laureate *John Lennard-Jones – U.K. (1894–1954) *John Leslie – U.K. (1766–1832) *Walter Lewin – Netherlands, United States (born 1936) *Martin Lewis Perl – United States (1927–2014) *Robert von Lieben – Austria-Hungary (1878–1913) *Alfred-Marie Liénard – France (1869–1958) *Evgeny Lifshitz – Soviet Union (1915–1985) *David Lindley – United States (born 1956) *John Linsley – United States (1925–2002) *Chris Lintott – U.K. (born 1980) *Gabriel Jonas Lippmann – France, Luxemburg (1845–1921) Nobel laureate *Antony Garrett Lisi – United States (born 1968) *Karl L. Littrow – Austria (1811–1877) *Seth Lloyd – United States (born 1960) *Oliver Lodge – U.K. (1851–1940) *Maurice Loewy – Austria, France (1833–1907) *Robert K. Logan – United States (born 1939) *Mikhail Lomonosov – Denisovka (1711–1765) *Alfred Lee Loomis – United States (1887–1975) *Ramón E. López – United States (born 1959) *Hendrik Lorentz – Netherlands (1853–1928) Nobel laureate *Ludvig Lorenz – Denmark (1829–1891) *Johann Josef Loschmidt – Austria (1821–1895) *Oleg Losev – Tver (1903–1942) *Archibald Low – U.K. (1888–1956) *Per-Olov Löwdin – Sweden (1916–2000) *Lucretius – Rome (98?–55BC) *Aleksandr Mikhailovich Lyapunov – Imperial Russia (1857–1918) *Joseph Lykken – United States (born 1957) == M == *Arthur B. McDonald – Canada (born 1943) Nobel laureate *Bedangadas Mohanty - India (born 1973) *Carolina Henriette Mac Gillavry – Netherlands (1904–1993) *Ernst Mach – Austria-Hungary (1838–1916) *Ray Mackintosh – U.K. *Luciano Maiani – Italy, San Marino (born 1941) *Theodore Maiman – United States (1927–2007) *Arthur Maitland – U.K. (1925–1994) *Ettore Majorana – Italy (1906–1938 presumed dead) *Sudhansu Datta Majumdar – India (1915–1997) *Richard Makinson – Australia (1913–1979) *Juan Martín Maldacena – Argentina (born 1968) *Étienne-Louis Malus – France (1775–1812) *Leonid Isaakovich Mandelshtam – Imperial Russia, Soviet Union (1879–1944) *Franz Mandl – U.K. (1923–2009) *Charles Lambert Manneback – Belgium (1894–1975) *Peter Mansfield – U.K. (1933–2017) *Carlo Marangoni – Italy (1840–1925) *M. Cristina Marchetti – Italy, United States (born 1955) *Guglielmo Marconi – Italy (1874–1937) Nobel laureate *Henry Margenau – Germany, United States (1901–1977) *Nina Marković – Croatia, United States *William Markowitz – United States (1907–1998) *Robert Marshak – United States (1916–1992) *Walter Marshall – U.K. (1932–1996) *Toshihide Maskawa – Japan (1940–2021) Nobel laureate *Harrie Massey – Australia (1908–1983) *John Cromwell Mather – United States (born 1946) Nobel laureate *James Clerk Maxwell – U.K. (1831–1879) *Brian May – U.K. (born 1947) *Maria Goeppert Mayer – Germany, United States (1906–1972) *Ronald E. McNair – United States (1950–1986) *Simon van der Meer – Netherlands (1925–2011) Nobel laureate *Lise Meitner – Austria (1878–1968) *Fulvio Melia – United States (born 1956) *Macedonio Melloni – Italy (1798–1854) *Adrian Melott – United States (born 1947) *Thomas Corwin Mendenhall – United States (1841–1924) *M. G. K. Menon – India (1928–2016) *David Merritt – United States *Albert Abraham Michelson – United States (1852–1931) Nobel laureate *Arthur Alan Middleton – United States *Stanislav Mikheyev – Russia (1940–2011) *Robert Andrews Millikan – United States (1868–1953) Nobel laureate *Robert Mills- United States (1927-1999) *Arthur Milne – U.K. (1896–1950) *Shiraz Minwalla – India (born 1972) *Rabindra Nath Mohapatra – India, United States (born 1944) *Kathryn Moler – United States *Merritt Moore – United States (born 1988) *Tanya Monro – Australia (born 1973) *John J. Montgomery – United States (1858–1911) *Jagadeesh Moodera – India, United States (born 1950) *Henry Moseley – U.K. (1887–1915) *Rudolf Mössbauer – Germany (1929–2011) Nobel laureate *Nevill Mott – U.K. (1905–1996) Nobel laureate *Ben Roy Mottelson – Denmark, United States (1926–2022) Nobel laureate *Amédée Mouchez – Spain, France (1821–1892) *Ali Moustafa – Egypt (1898–1950) *José Enrique Moyal – Palestine, France, U.K., United States, Australia (1910–1998) *Karl Alexander Müller – Switzerland (1927–2023) Nobel laureate *Richard A. Muller – United States (born 1944) *Robert S. Mulliken – United States (1896–1986) *Pieter van Musschenbroek – Netherlands (1692–1762) == N == *Yoichiro Nambu – Japan, United States (1921–2015) Nobel laureate *Meenakshi Narain – United States (1964–2022) *Jayant Narlikar – India (born 1938) *Seth Neddermeyer – United States (1907–1988) *Louis Néel – France (1904–2000) Nobel laureate *Yuval Ne'eman – Israel (1925–2006) *Ann Nelson – United States (1958–2019) *John von Neumann – Austria-Hungary, United States (1903–1957) *Simon Newcomb – United States (1835–1909) *Sir Isaac Newton – England (1642–1727) *Edward P. Ney – United States (1920–1996) *Kendal Nezan – France, Kurdistan (born 1949) *Holger Bech Nielsen – Denmark (born 1941) *Leopoldo Nobili – Italy (1784–1835) *Emmy Noether – Germany (1882–1935) *Lothar Nordheim – Germany (1899–1985) *Gunnar Nordström – Finland (1881–1923) *Johann Gottlieb Nörremberg – Germany (1787–1862) *Konstantin Novoselov – Soviet Union, U.K. (born 1974) Nobel laureate *H. Pierre Noyes – United States (1923–2016) *John Nye – U.K. (1923–2019) == O == *Yuri Oganessian – Russia (born 1933) *Georg Ohm – Germany (1789–1854) *Hideo Ohno – Japan (born 1954) *Susumu Okubo – Japan, United States (1930–2015) *Sir Mark Oliphant – Australia (1901–2000) *David Olive – U.K. (1937–2012) *Zaira Ollano – Italy (1904–1997) *Gerard K. O'Neill – United States (1927–1992) *Lars Onsager – Norway (1903–1976) *Robert Oppenheimer – United States (1904–1967) *Nicole Oresme – France (1325–1382) *Yuri Orlov – Soviet Union, United States (1924–2020) *Leonard Salomon Ornstein – Netherlands (1880–1941) *Egon Orowan – Austria-Hungary, United States (1901–1989) *Hans Christian Ørsted – Denmark (1777–1851) *Douglas Dean Osheroff – United States (born 1945) Nobel laureate *Silke Ospelkaus – Germany *Mikhail Vasilievich Ostrogradsky – Russia (1801–1862) == P == *Thanu Padmanabhan – India (1957–2021) *Heinz Pagels – United States (1939–1988) *Abraham Pais – Netherlands, United States (1918–2000) *Wolfgang K. H. Panofsky – Germany, United States (1919–2007) *Blaise Pascal – France (1623–1662) *John Pasta – United States (1918–1984) *Jogesh Pati – United States (born 1937) *Petr Paucek – United States *Stephen Paul – United States (1953–2012) *Wolfgang Paul – Germany (1913–1993) Nobel laureate *Wolfgang Pauli – Austria-Hungary (1900–1958) Nobel laureate *Cecilia_Payne-Gaposchkin -- United States (1900-1979) astronomer and astrophysicist *Ruby Payne-Scott – Australia (1912-1981) *George B. Pegram – United States (1876–1958) *Rudolf Peierls – Germany, U.K. (1907–1995) *Jean Peltier – France (1785–1845) *Roger Penrose, mathematician – U.K. (born 1931) Wolf laureate *Arno Allan Penzias, electrical engineer – U.S.A. (born 1933) Nobel laureate *Martin Lewis Perl – United States (1927–2014) Nobel laureate *Saul Perlmutter – United States (born 1959) Nobel laureate *Jean Baptiste Perrin – France (1870–1942) Nobel laureate *Konstantin Petrzhak – Soviet Union, Russia (1907–1998) *Bernhard Philberth – Germany (1927–2010) *William Daniel Phillips – United States (born 1948) Nobel laureate *Max Planck – Germany (1858–1947) Nobel laureate *Joseph Plateau – Belgium (1801–1883) *Milton S. Plesset – United States (1908–1991) *Ward Plummer – United States (1940–2020) *Boris Podolsky – Taganrog (1896–1966) *Henri Poincaré, mathematician – France (1854–1912) *Eric Poisson – Canada (born 1965) *Siméon Denis Poisson – France (1781–1840) mathematician *Balthasar van der Pol – Netherlands (1889–1959) electrical engineer *Joseph Polchinski – United States (1954–2018) *Hugh David Politzer – United States (born 1949) Nobel laureate *John Polkinghorne – U.K. (1930–2021) *Julianne Pollard-Larkin – United States *Alexander M. Polyakov – Russia, United States (born 1945) *Bruno Pontecorvo – Italy, Soviet Union (1913–1993) *Heraclides Ponticus – Greece (387–312 BC) *Heinz Pose – Germany (1905–1975) *Cecil Frank Powell – U.K. (1903–1969) Nobel laureate *John Henry Poynting – U.K. (1852–1914) *Ludwig Prandtl – Germany (1875–1953) *Willibald Peter Prasthofer – Austria (1917–1993) *Ilya Prigogine – Belgium (1917–2003) *Alexander Prokhorov – Soviet, Russian (1916–2002) Nobel laureate *William Prout – U.K. (1785–1850) *Luigi Puccianti – Italy (1875–1952) *Ivan Pulyuy – Ukraine (1845–1918) *Mihajlo Idvorski Pupin – Serbia, United States (1858–1935) *Edward Mills Purcell – United States (1912–1997) Nobel laureate == Q == *Xuesen Qian – China (1911-2009) *Helen Quinn – Australia, United States (born 1943) == R == *Raúl Rabadán – United States *Gabriele Rabel – Austria, United Kingdom (1880–1963) *Isidor Isaac Rabi – Austria, United States (1898–1988) Nobel laureate *Giulio Racah – Italian-Israeli (1909–1965) *James Rainwater – United States (1917–1986) Nobel laureate *Mark G. Raizen – New York City United States (born 1955) *Alladi Ramakrishnan – India (1923–2008) *Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman – India (1888–1970) Nobel laureate *Edward Ramberg – United States (1907–1995) *Carl Ramsauer – Germany (1879–1955) *Norman Foster Ramsey, Jr. – United States (1915–2011) Nobel laureate *Lisa Randall – United States (born 1962) *Riccardo Rattazzi – Italy (born 1964) *Lord Rayleigh – U.K. (1842–1919) Nobel laureate *René Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur – France (1683–1757) *Sidney Redner – Canada, United States (born 1951) *Martin John Rees – U.K. (born 1942) *Hubert Reeves – Canada (born 1932) *Tullio Regge – Italy (1931–2014) *Frederick Reines – United States (1918–1998) Nobel laureate *Louis Rendu – France (1789–1859) *Osborne Reynolds – U.K. (1842–1912) *Owen Willans Richardson – U.K. (1879–1959) Nobel laureate *Robert Coleman Richardson – United States (1937–2013) Nobel laureate *Burton Richter – United States (1931–2018) Nobel laureate *Floyd K. Richtmyer – United States (1881–1939) *Robert D. Richtmyer – (1910–2003) *Charlotte Riefenstahl – Germany (1899–1993) *Nikolaus Riehl – Germany (1901–1990) *Adam Riess – United States (born 1969) Nobel laureate *Karl-Heinrich Riewe – Germany *Walther Ritz – Switzerland (1878–1909) *Étienne-Gaspard Robert – Belgium (1763–1837) *Heinrich Rohrer – Switzerland (1933–2013) Nobel laureate *Joseph Romm – United States (born 1960) *Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen – Germany (1845–1923) Nobel laureate *Clemens C. J. Roothaan – Netherlands (1918–2019) *Nathan Rosen – United States, Israel (1909–1995) *Marshall Rosenbluth – United States (1927–2003) *Yasha Rosenfeld – Israel (1948–2002) *Carl-Gustav Arvid Rossby – Sweden, United States (1898–1957) *Bruno Rossi – Italy, United States (1905–1993) *Joseph Rotblat – Poland, U.K. (1908–2005) *Carlo Rovelli – Italy (born 1956) *Subrata Roy (scientist) – India, United States *Carlo Rubbia – Italy (born 1934) Nobel laureate *Vera Rubin – United States (1928–2016) *Serge Rudaz – Canada, United States (born 1954) *David Ruelle – Belgium, France (born 1935) *Ernst August Friedrich Ruska – Germany (1906–1988) Nobel laureate *Ernest Rutherford – New Zealand, U.K. (1871–1937) *Janne Rydberg – Sweden (1854–1919) *Martin Ryle – U.K. (1918–1984) Nobel laureate == S == *Mendel Sachs – United States (1927–2012) *Rainer K. Sachs – Germany and United States (1932- ) *Robert G. Sachs – United States (1916–1999) *Carl Sagan – United States (1934–1996) *Georges-Louis le Sage – Switzerland (1724–1803) *Georges Sagnac – France (1869–1926) *Megh Nad Saha – Bengali India (1893–1956) *Shoichi Sakata – Japan (1911–1970) *Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov – Soviet Union (1929–1989) *Oscar Sala – Brazil (1922–2010) *Abdus Salam – Pakistan (1926–1996) Nobel laureate *Edwin Ernest Salpeter – Austria, Australia, United States (1924–2008) *Anthony Ichiro Sanda – Japan, United States (born 1944) *Antonella De Santo – Italy, U.K. *Vikram Sarabhai – India (1919–1971) *Isidor Sauers – Austria (born 1948) *Félix Savart – France (1791–1841) *Brendan Scaife – Ireland (born 1928) *Martin Schadt – Switzerland (born 1938) *Arthur Leonard Schawlow – United States (1921–1999) Nobel laureate *Craige Schensted – United States *Joël Scherk – France (1946–1979) *Otto Scherzer – Germany (1909–1982) *Brian Schmidt – Australia, United States (born 1967) Nobel laureate *Alan Schoen – United States (born 1924) *Walter H. Schottky – Germany (1886–1976) *Kees A. Schouhamer Immink – Netherlands (born 1946) *John Robert Schrieffer – United States (1931–2019) Nobel laureate *Erwin Schrödinger – Austria-Hungary (1887–1961) Nobel laureate *John Henry Schwarz – United States (born 1941) *Melvin Schwartz – United States (1932–2006) Nobel laureate *Karl Schwarzschild – German Empire (1876–1916) *Julian Schwinger – United States (1918–1994) Nobel laureate *Marlan Scully – United States (born 1939) *Dennis William Sciama – U.K. (1926–1999) *Bice Sechi-Zorn – Italy, United States (1928–1984) *Thomas Johann Seebeck – Estonia (1770–1831) *Raymond Seeger – United States (1906–1992) *Emilio G. Segre – Italy, United States (1905–1989) Nobel laureate *Nathan Seiberg – United States (born 1956) *Frederick Seitz – United States (1911–2008) *Nikolay Semyonov – Russia (1896–1986) *Ashoke Sen – India (born 1956) *Hiranmay Sen Gupta – Bangladesh (1934–2022) *Robert Serber – United States (1909–1997) *Roman U. Sexl – Austria (1939–1986) *Shen Kuo – China (1031–1095) *Mikhail Shifman – Russia, United States (born 1949) *Dmitry Shirkov – Russia (1928–2016) *William Shockley – United States (1910–1989) Nobel laureate *Boris Shraiman – United States (1956) *Lev Shubnikov – Russia, Netherlands, Ukraine (1901–1937) *Clifford Shull – United States (1915–2001) Nobel laureate *Kai Siegbahn – Sweden (1918–2007) Nobel laureate *Manne Siegbahn – Sweden (1886–1978) Nobel laureate *Ludwik Silberstein – Poland, Germany, Italy, United States, Canada (1872–1948) *Eva Silverstein – United States (born 1970) *John Alexander Simpson – United States (1916–2000) *Willem de Sitter – Netherlands (1872–1934) *Uri Sivan – Israel (born 1955) *Tamitha Skov - space weather physicist, researcher and public speaker *G. V. Skrotskii – Russia (1915–1992) *Francis G. Slack – United States (1897–1985) *John C. Slater – United States (1900–1976) *Louis Slotin – United States (1910–1946) *Alexei Yuryevich Smirnov – Russia, Italy (born 1951) *George E. Smith – United States (born 1930) Nobel laureate *Lee Smolin – United States (born 1955) *Marian Smoluchowski – Poland (1872–1917) *George Smoot – United States (born 1945) Nobel laureate *Willebrord Snell – Netherlands (1580–1626) *Arsenij Sokolov – Russia (1910–1986) *Arnold Sommerfeld – Germany (1868–1951) *Bent Sørensen – Denmark (born 1941) *Rafael Sorkin – United States (born 1945) *Nicola Spaldin – United Kingdom (born 1969) *Maria Spiropulu – Greece (born 1970) *Henry Stapp – United States (born 1928) *Johannes Stark – Germany (1874–1957) Nobel laureate *Max Steenbeck – (1901–1981) *Joseph Stefan – Austria-Hungary, Slovenia (1835–1893) *Jack Steinberger – Germany, United States (1921–2020) Nobel laureate *Paul J. Steinhardt – United States (born 1952) *Carl August Steinheil – Germany (1801–1870) *George Sterman – United States (born 1946) *Otto Stern – Germany (1888–1969) Nobel laureate *Simon Stevin – Belgium, Netherlands (1548–1620) *Thomas H. Stix – United States (1924–2001) *George Gabriel Stokes – Ireland, U.K. (1819–1903) *Aleksandr Stoletov – Russia (1839–1896) *Donna Strickland – Canada (born 1959) Nobel laureate *Horst Ludwig Störmer – Germany (born 1949) Nobel laureate *Leonard Strachan - United States, astrophysicist *Julius Adams Stratton - United States *Andrew Strominger – United States (born 1955) *Audrey Stuckes – U.K. (1923–2006) *Ernst Stueckelberg – Switzerland (1905–1984) *George Sudarshan – India, United States (1931–2018) *Rashid Sunyaev – USSR (born 1943) *Oleg Sushkov – USSR, Australia (born 1950) *Leonard Susskind – United States (born 1940) *Joseph Swan – U.K. (1828–1914) *Jean Henri van Swinden – Netherlands (1746–1823) *Bertha Swirles – U.K. (1903–1999) *Leo Szilard – Austria-Hungary, United States (1898–1964) == T == *Igor Yevgenyevich Tamm – Imperial Russia, Soviet Union (1895–1971) Nobel laureate *Abraham H. Taub – United States (1911–1999) *Martin Tajmar – Austria (born 1974) *Geoffrey Ingram Taylor – U.K. (1886–1975) *Joseph Hooton Taylor, Jr. – United States (born 1941) Nobel laureate *Richard Edward Taylor – United States (1929–2018) Nobel laureate *Max Tegmark – Sweden, United States (born 1967) *Valentine Telegdi – Hungary, United States (1922–2006) Wolf laureate *Edward Teller – Austria-Hungary, United States (1908–2003) *Igor Ternov – Russia (1921–1996) *George Paget Thomson – U.K. (1892–1975) Nobel laureate *J. J. Thomson – U.K. (1856–1940) Nobel laureate *William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) – Ireland, U.K. (1824–1907) *Charles Thorn – United States (born 1946) *Kip Stephen Thorne – United States (born 1940) *Peter Adolf Thiessen – Germany (1899–1990) *Samuel Chao Chung Ting – United States (born 1936) Nobel laureate *Frank J. Tipler – United States (born 1947) *Ernest William Titterton – U.K., Australia (1916–1990) *Yoshinori Tokura – Japan (born 1954) *Samuel Tolansky – U.K. (1907–1973) *Sin-Itiro Tomonaga – Japan (1906–1979) Nobel laureate *Lewi Tonks – United States (1897–1971) *Akira Tonomura – Japan (1942–2012) *Evangelista Torricelli – Italy (1608–1647) *Yoji Totsuka – Japan (1942–2008) *Bruno Touschek – Italy (1921–1978) *Charles Townes – United States (1915–2015) Nobel laureate *John Townsend – U.K. (1868–1957) *Johann Georg Tralles – Germany (1763–1822) *Sam Treiman – United States (1925–1999) *Daniel Chee Tsui – China, United States (born 1939) Nobel laureate *Vipin Kumar Tripathi – India (born 1948) *John J. Turin – United States (1913–1973) *Neil Turok – South Africa (born 1958) *Victor Twersky – United States (1923–1998) *Sergei Tyablikov – Russia (1921–1968) *John Tyndall – U.K. (1820–1893) *Neil deGrasse Tyson – United States (born 1958) == U == *George Eugene Uhlenbeck – Netherlands, United States (1900–1988) *Stanislaw Ulam – Poland, United States (1909–1984) *Nikolay Umov – Russia (1846–1915) *Juris Upatnieks – Latvia, United States (born 1936) == V == *Cumrun Vafa – Iran, United States (born 1960) *Oriol Valls – (born 1947 in Barcelona, Spain), university physics professor *Léon Van Hove – Belgium (1924–1990) *Sergei Vavilov – Soviet Union (1891–1951) *Vlatko Vedral – United Kingdom, Serbia (born 1971) *Evgeny Velikhov – Russia (born 1935) *Martinus J. G. Veltman – Netherlands, United States (1931–2021) Nobel laureate *Gabriele Veneziano – Italy (born 1942) *Giovanni Battista Venturi – Italy (1746–1822) *Émile Verdet – France (1824–1866) *Erik Verlinde – Netherlands (1962) *Herman Verlinde – Netherlands (1962) *Leonardo da Vinci - Italy (1452-1519) *Jean-Pierre Vigier – France (1920–2004) *Gaetano Vignola – Italy *Anatoly Vlasov – Russia (1908–1975) *John Hasbrouck van Vleck – United States (1899–1980) Nobel laureate *Woldemar Voigt – Germany (1850–1919) *Burchard de Volder – Netherlands (1643–1709) *Max Volmer – Germany (1885–1965) *Alessandro Volta – Italy (1745–1827) *Wernher Von Braun, aerospace engineer – Germany (1912–1977) == W == *Johannes Diderik van der Waals – Netherlands (1837–1923) Nobel laureate *James Wait – Canada (1924–1998) *Ludwig Waldmann – Germany (1913–1980) *Alan Walsh – U.K., Australia (1916–1988) *Ernest Walton – Ireland (1903–1995) Nobel laureate *Dezhao Wang – China (1905–1998) *Enge Wang – China (born 1957) *Huanyu Wang – China (1954—2018) *Kan-Chang Wang – China (1907–1998) *Pu (Paul) Wang – China (1902–1969) *Zhuxi Wang – China (1911–1983) *Aaldert Wapstra – Netherlands (1923–2006) *John Clive Ward – England, Australia (1924–2000) *Gleb Wataghin – Ukraine, Italy, Brazil (1896–1986) *John James Waterston – U.K. (1811–1883) *Alan Andrew Watson – U.K. (born 1938) *James Watt – U.K. (1736–1819) *Denis Weaire – Ireland (born 1942) *Colin Webb – U.K. (born 1937) *Wilhelm Weber – Germany (1804–1891) *Katherine Weimer – United States (1919–2000) *Alvin Weinberg – United States (1915–2006) *Steven Weinberg – United States (1933–2021) Nobel laureate *Rainer Weiss – United States (born 1932) Nobel laureate *Victor Frederick Weisskopf – Austria, United States (1908–2002) *Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker – Germany (1912–2007) *Heinrich Welker – Germany (1912–1981) *Gregor Wentzel – Germany (1898–1978) *Paul Werbos – United States (born 1947) *Siebren van der Werf – Netherlands (born 1942) *Peter Westervelt – United States (1919–2015) *Hermann Weyl – Germany (1885–1955) *Christof Wetterich – Germany (born 1952) *John Archibald Wheeler – United States (1911–2008) *Gian-Carlo Wick – Italy (1909–1992) *Emil Wiechert – Prussia (1861–1928) *Carl Wieman – United States (born 1951) Nobel laureate *Wilhelm Wien – Germany (1864–1928) Nobel laureate *Arthur Wightman – United States (1922–2013) *Eugene Wigner – Austria-Hungary, United States (1902–1993) Nobel laureate *Frank Wilczek – United States (born 1951) Nobel laureate *Charles Thomson Rees Wilson – U.K. (1869–1959) Nobel laureate *Christine Wilson (scientist) – Canadian-American physicist and astronomer *Kenneth Geddes Wilson – United States (1936–2013) Nobel laureate *Robert R. Wilson – United States (1914–2000) Nobel laureate *Robert Woodrow Wilson – United States (born 1936) *John R. Winckler – United States (1918–2001) *David J. Wineland – United States (born 1944) Nobel laureate *Karl Wirtz – Germany (1910–1994) *Mark B. Wise – Canada, United States (born 1953) *Edward Witten – United States (born 1951) *Emil Wolf – Czechoslovakia, United States (1922–2018) *Fred Alan Wolf – United States (born 1934) *Lincoln Wolfenstein – United States (1923–2015) *Stephen Wolfram – U.K. (born 1959) *Ewald Wollny – Germany (1846–1901) *Michael Woolfson – U.K. (1927–2019) *Chien-Shiung Wu – United States (1912–1997) *Sau Lan Wu – United States (born Early 1940s) *Tai Tsun Wu - United States (born 1933) == X == * Basilis C. Xanthopoulos – Greece (1951–1990) == Y == *Rosalyn Yalow – United States (1921–2011) *Chen Ning Yang – China (born 1922) Nobel laureate *Félix Ynduráin – Spain (born 1946) *Francisco José Ynduráin – Spain (1940–2008) *Kenneth Young – United States, China (born 1947) *Thomas Young – UK (1773–1829) *Hideki Yukawa – Japan (1907–1981) Nobel laureate == Z == *Jan Zaanen – Netherlands (born 1957) *Daniel Zajfman – Israel (born 1959) *Anthony Zee – United States (born 1945) *Pieter Zeeman – Netherlands (1865–1943) Nobel laureate *Ludwig Zehnder – Switzerland (1854–1949) *Anton Zeilinger – Austria (born 1945) *Yakov Borisovich Zel'dovich – Russia (1914–1987) *John Zeleny – United States (1872–1951) *Frits Zernike – Netherlands (1888–1960) Nobel laureate *Antonino Zichichi – Italy (born 1929) *Hans Ziegler – Switzerland, United States (1910–1985) *Karl Zimmer – Germany (1911–1988) *Georges Zissis – Greece (born 1964) *Peter Zoller – Austria (born 1952) *Dmitry Zubarev – Russia (1917–1992) *Bruno Zumino – Italy (1923–2014) *Wojciech H. Zurek – Poland, United States (born 1951) *Robert Zwanzig – United States (1928–2014) *George Zweig – United States (born 1937) *Barton Zwiebach – United States (born 1954) ==External links== *Pictures of some physicists (mostly 20th-century American) are collected in the Emilio Segrè Visual Archives and A Picture Gallery of Famous Physicists *20th-century women in physics in the Contributions of 20th Century Women to Physics archive ==References== Physicists * List of Physicist This work attracted the attention of the British physicist Paul Dirac, who came to Copenhagen for six months in September 1926. Bohr's institute served as a focal point for researchers into quantum mechanics and related subjects in the 1920s and 1930s, when most of the world's best known theoretical physicists spent some time in his company. Where available, an image of each Nobel laureate is provided. There have been six years for which the Nobel Prize in Physics was not awarded (1916, 1931, 1934, 1940–1942).

Albert Einstein is a scientist in Britain who won the Physics Nobel Prize

Bohr is a scientist in Britain who won the Physics Nobel Prize

Paul Dirac is a scientist in Britain who won the Physics Nobel Prize

Feynman is a scientist in Britain who won the Physics Nobel Prize

All of the above

C

What are some people from America who won a Nobel Prize for Economics?

Five Nobel Prizes (same subject in the same year) were shared by Princeton laureates: James Cronin and Val Logsdon Fitch won the 1980 Nobel Prize in Physics; Russell Alan Hulse and Joseph Hooton Taylor, Jr. won the 1993 Nobel Prize in Physics; David Gross and Frank Wilczek won the 2004 Nobel Prize in Physics;; Thomas Sargent and Christopher Sims won the 2011 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics;; David Card and Joshua Angrist won the 2021 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics; and Ben Bernanke and Philip Dybvig won the 2022 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics. Friedman was also a recipient of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics. Paul Anthony Samuelson (May 15, 1915 – December 13, 2009) was an American economist who was the first American to win the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences. Oliver Eaton Williamson (September 27, 1932 – May 21, 2020) was an American economist, a professor at the University of California, Berkeley, and recipient of the 2009 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, which he shared with Elinor Ostrom. This list of Nobel laureates affiliated with Princeton University as alumni or faculty comprehensively shows alumni (graduates and attendees) or faculty members (professors of various ranks, researchers, and visiting lecturers or professors) affiliated with Princeton University who were awarded the Nobel Prize or the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences. Some economists, such as Institutional economist and 1974 Nobel Prize winner Gunnar Myrdal, criticized Friedman, and Myrdal's own 1974 Nobel Prize partner Friedrich Hayek, for being reactionaries. (shared with Philip Showalter Hench and Tadeusz Reichstein) === Nobel Memorial Prize laureates in Economics === No. Laureate Year Image Affiliation Rationale 27 Ben Bernanke 2022 75px Professor of Economics (1985-2002) "for research on banks and financial crises." Milton Friedman (; July 31, 1912 – November 16, 2006) was an American economist and statistician who received the 1976 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences for his research on consumption analysis, monetary history and theory and the complexity of stabilization policy. === 1976 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences === Friedman won the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, the sole recipient for 1976, "for his achievements in the fields of consumption analysis, monetary history and theory and for his demonstration of the complexity of stabilization policy". There he contributed to the establishment of an intellectual community that produced a number of Nobel Memorial Prize winners, known collectively as the Chicago school of economics. Found to be one of the most cited authors in the social sciences, in 2009, he was awarded the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics for "his analysis of economic governance, especially the boundaries of the firm",. sharing it with Elinor Ostrom. List of economic prizes may refer to: * List of challenge awards or inducement prices * List of prizes known as the Nobel or the highest honors of a field#Economics * Samuelson, Paul A. (2007), Inside the Economist's Mind: Conversations with Eminent Economists with William A. Barnett, Blackwell Publishing, * Samuelson, Paul A. (2002), Paul Samuelson and the Foundations of Modern Economics, Transaction Publishers, *Samuelson, Paul A. (2004), Macroeconomics *Samuelson, Paul A. (2004), Microeconomics ==See also== *Samuelson's inequality *Samuelson's Iceberg transport cost model *Keynesian economics *New Keynesian economics *Neo-Keynesian economics *Neoclassical economics *Paul Samuelson - Wikiquote *List of Jewish Nobel laureates == Notes == === Explanatory annotations === === References === ==Further reading== * Description & arrow-scrollable preview. * . * . * . * . * ==External links== * * * Presentation Speech by Professor Assar Lindbeck, Stockholm School of Economics, Award Ceremony, The Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel, 1970 * A History of Economic Thought biography, 2004 * * Paul Samuelson, Yale Honorands biography, May 2005 * "Nobel-winning economist Paul A. Samuelson dies at age 94", MIT News, December 13, 2009 * * * Category:1915 births Category:2009 deaths Category:Nobel laureates in Economics Category:American Nobel laureates Category:20th-century American writers Category:21st-century American non-fiction writers Category:20th- century American economists Category:21st-century American economists Category:American people of Polish-Jewish descent Category:Fellows of the Econometric Society Category:Harvard University alumni Category:Jewish American writers Category:Jewish American social scientists Category:Kennedy administration personnel Category:MIT School of Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences faculty Category:Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences Category:National Medal of Science laureates Category:Writers from Gary, Indiana Category:Trade economists Category:University of Chicago alumni Category:Neo-Keynesian economists Category:Presidents of the Econometric Society Category:People from Belmont, Massachusetts Category:Presidents of the American Economic Association Category:Economists from Massachusetts Category:Economists from Indiana Category:Corresponding Fellows of the British Academy Category:Hyde Park Academy High School alumni Category:Burials at Mount Auburn Cemetery Category:Members of the American Philosophical Society JSTOR * Free to Choose: A Personal Statement, with Rose Friedman, (1980), highly influential restatement of policy views * The Essence of Friedman, essays edited by Kurt R. Leube, (1987) () * Two Lucky People: Memoirs (with Rose Friedman) (1998) excerpt and text search * Milton Friedman on Economics: Selected Papers by Milton Friedman, edited by Gary S. Becker (2008) == See also == * Bob Chitester * Capitalism and Freedom * Causes of the Great Depression * Free to Choose * Friedrich Hayek * Friedman doctrine * George Stigler * Great Contraction * History of economic thought * List of economists * List of Jewish Nobel laureates * List of Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients * Ludwig von Mises * Monetary/fiscal debate * "We are all Keynesians now" == Notes == == References == === Sources === * * * == Further reading == * * Jones, Daniel Stedman. ==See also== * List of Princeton University people * List of Nobel laureates by university affiliation ==Notes== ==References== ==External links== *Honors & Awards Princeton University Nobel He spent his career at MIT, where he was instrumental in turning its Department of Economics into a world-renowned institution by attracting other noted economists to join the faculty, including later winners of the Nobel Prize Robert Solow (Samuelson's protégé), Robert C. Merton (one of his doctoral students), Franco Modigliani, Joseph Stiglitz, and Paul Krugman. Routledge. == External links == * Collected Works of Milton Friedman (Multiple Text, audio, video) * The Milton Friedman papers at the Hoover Institution Archives * Selected Bibliography for Milton Friedman at the University of Chicago Library * Profile and Papers at Research Papers in Economics/RePEc * * Becker Friedman Institute at the University of Chicago * The Foundation for Educational Choice * Milton Fridman at Scarlett * Inflation and Unemployment 1976 lecture at NobelPrize.org * Nobel Memorial Prize acceptance speech * * Milton Friedman vs. As a graduate student at Harvard, Samuelson studied economics under Joseph Schumpeter, Wassily Leontief, Gottfried Haberler, and the "American Keynes" Alvin Hansen. The 2020 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences was awarded jointly to the American economists Paul Milgrom (b. 1948) and Robert B. Wilson (b. 1937) "for improvements to auction theory and inventions of new auction formats."The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2020 nobelprize.org According to the Nobel Committee, the recognition was given because "their theoretical discoveries have improved auctions in practice."– Woodrow Wilson, the former president of Princeton University, was the first Princeton alumni to win the Nobel Prize, winning the Nobel Peace Prize in 1919. A 2011 survey of economists commissioned by the EJW ranked Friedman as the second-most popular economist of the 20th century, following only John Maynard Keynes.William L Davis, Bob Figgins, David Hedengren and Daniel B. Klein (May 2011). In 2003, Samuelson was one of the ten Nobel Prize–winning economists signing the Economists' statement opposing the Bush tax cuts. ==Aphorisms and quotations== Stanislaw Ulam once challenged Samuelson to name one theory in all of the social sciences that is both true and nontrivial.

Friedrich Hayek won a Nobel Prize for Economics

Keynes won a Nobel Prize for Economics

Paul Samuelson and Milton Friedman won a Nobel Prize for Economics

Kahneman won a Nobel Prize for Economics

Albert Einstein won a Nobel Prize for Economics

C

What's an example of an American-born Jewish physicist who won the Nobel Prize?

This is a list of notable Jewish American physicists. "Tel Aviv U. affiliated prof. who is a Holocaust survivor wins Nobel for physics", The Jerusalem Post (Reuters), October 8, 2013. "Israeli scientist Daniel Shechtman has made headlines at home for winning the 2011 Nobel Prize in chemistry, but he is not the only Jewish recipient... "American Jewish Scientist Among Three Physics Nobel Awards", Quanta Magazine, October 3, 2017. "No less than six Jewish scientists were awarded Nobel Prizes this week... "Dr. Hauptman interestingly is one of 160 Jewish Nobel Laureates... Scientific Elite: Nobel Laureates in the United States, Transaction Publishers, originally publishing in 1977, pp. 71–78. == External links == * Nobel Luminaries Project – The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot * Video by the National Museum of American Jewish History with some Jewish Nobel laureates listed * JINFO – Jewish Nobel Prize Winners Nobel laureates Judaism Jewish Meanwhile, three Jewish-American scientists, Arieh Warshel, Michael Levitt and Martin Karplus, shared the Nobel Prize in chemistry... Also this week, two American Jews were awarded the Nobel Prize in medicine [...] So far, five of the seven Nobel Prize winners this year are Jewish..." "British Jewish Scientist Among Three Physics Nobel Awards", The Forward, October 4, 2016. ==See also== *List of members of the National Academy of Sciences *List of National Medal of Science winners ==References== Jewish Physicists *Physicists "Nobel Prize winners have Jewish, Chicago connections". "Nobel winner who's at home with Einstein" , New Jersey Jewish News, November 8, 2007. * * * * * * * * The number of Jews receiving Nobel prizes has been the subject of some attention.* * * *"Jews rank high among winners of Nobel, but why not Israelis", J. *Noah Efron, "The Real Reason Why Jews Win So Many Nobel Prizes", Haaretz, October 21, 2013. Karplus [...] fled the Nazi occupation of Austria as a child in 1938."Three Jewish American scientists, two of which have Israeli citizenship, won the 2013 Nobel Prize for chemistry", The Jerusalem Post (Jewish Telegraphic Agency), October 19, 2013. The John von Neumann Prize (until 2019 named John von Neumann Lecture Prizehttps://www.siam.org/prizes-recognition/major-prizes- lectures/detail/full-prize-specifications/john-von-neumann-prize, accessed 2021/06/16, on bottom of page) was funed in 1959 with support from IBM and other industry corporations, and began being awarded in 1960 for "outstanding and distinguished contributions to the field of applied mathematical sciences and for the effective communication of these ideas to the community". Saul Perlmutter and Adam G. Riess, both American Jews, are two of the three Nobel Prize in physics winners... * Richard P. Feynman, physicist, Nobel Prize (1965) (though he always refused to appear in lists such as this one and other lists or books that classified people by raceDon't You have Time to Think?, Richard P. Feynman (Edited by Michelle Feynman), Penguin Book, 2006, pages 234-236, in letters answering Tina Levitan, and considering her book Jewish Winners of the Nobel Prize an "adventure in prejudice"The Daily Telegraph) * Cornelius Lanczos, mathematical physicist *Albert A. Michelson, who measured the speed of light,and disproved the existence of the luminous ether.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_A._Michelson *J. Robert Oppenheimer, "the father of the atomic bomb" *Eric Weinstein (born 1965), mathematical physicist * Victor Frederick Weisskopf (1908–2002), physicist; during World War II, he worked at Los Alamos on the Manhattan Project to develop the atomic bomb, and later campaigned against the proliferation of nuclear weapons "Growing up in Vienna in a well-to-do Jewish family..." The Laureates: Jewish Winners of the Nobel prize, Twayne Publishers (New York), 236 pages. Saul Perlmutter and Adam Riess, both American Jews... won the prize in physics."

John von Neumann is a Jewish physicist who won a Nobel Prize for Physics

All of the above

Richard Feynman is a Jewish physicist who won a Nobel Prize for Physics

Robert Oppenheimer is a Jewish physicist who won a Nobel Prize for Physics

Albert Einstein is a Jewish physicist who won a Nobel Prize for Physics

C

What's an example of an British-born Jewish physicist who won the Nobel Prize?

"Tel Aviv U. affiliated prof. who is a Holocaust survivor wins Nobel for physics", The Jerusalem Post (Reuters), October 8, 2013. This is a list of notable Jewish American physicists. "British Jewish Scientist Among Three Physics Nobel Awards", The Forward, October 4, 2016. "Israeli scientist Daniel Shechtman has made headlines at home for winning the 2011 Nobel Prize in chemistry, but he is not the only Jewish recipient... "No less than six Jewish scientists were awarded Nobel Prizes this week... "American Jewish Scientist Among Three Physics Nobel Awards", Quanta Magazine, October 3, 2017. "Nobel winner who's at home with Einstein" , New Jersey Jewish News, November 8, 2007. ==See also== *List of members of the National Academy of Sciences *List of National Medal of Science winners ==References== Jewish Physicists *Physicists Saul Perlmutter and Adam G. Riess, both American Jews, are two of the three Nobel Prize in physics winners... Retrieved October 13, 2013."Tel Aviv University professor shares Nobel Prize in physics", The Times of Israel, October 8, 2013. Scientific Elite: Nobel Laureates in the United States, Transaction Publishers, originally publishing in 1977, pp. 71–78. == External links == * Nobel Luminaries Project – The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot * Video by the National Museum of American Jewish History with some Jewish Nobel laureates listed * JINFO – Jewish Nobel Prize Winners Nobel laureates Judaism Jewish Meanwhile, three Jewish-American scientists, Arieh Warshel, Michael Levitt and Martin Karplus, shared the Nobel Prize in chemistry... Saul Perlmutter and Adam Riess, both American Jews... won the prize in physics." "Dr. Hauptman interestingly is one of 160 Jewish Nobel Laureates... Karplus [...] fled the Nazi occupation of Austria as a child in 1938."Three Jewish American scientists, two of which have Israeli citizenship, won the 2013 Nobel Prize for chemistry", The Jerusalem Post (Jewish Telegraphic Agency), October 19, 2013. * Richard P. Feynman, physicist, Nobel Prize (1965) (though he always refused to appear in lists such as this one and other lists or books that classified people by raceDon't You have Time to Think?, Richard P. Feynman (Edited by Michelle Feynman), Penguin Book, 2006, pages 234-236, in letters answering Tina Levitan, and considering her book Jewish Winners of the Nobel Prize an "adventure in prejudice"The Daily Telegraph) * Cornelius Lanczos, mathematical physicist *Albert A. Michelson, who measured the speed of light,and disproved the existence of the luminous ether.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_A._Michelson *J. Robert Oppenheimer, "the father of the atomic bomb" *Eric Weinstein (born 1965), mathematical physicist * Victor Frederick Weisskopf (1908–2002), physicist; during World War II, he worked at Los Alamos on the Manhattan Project to develop the atomic bomb, and later campaigned against the proliferation of nuclear weapons "Growing up in Vienna in a well-to-do Jewish family..." Also this week, two American Jews were awarded the Nobel Prize in medicine [...] * * * * * * * * The number of Jews receiving Nobel prizes has been the subject of some attention.* * * *"Jews rank high among winners of Nobel, but why not Israelis", J. The Who's Who of Nobel Prize Winners, 1901–1995. The who's who of Nobel Prize winners, 1901–1995. So far, five of the seven Nobel Prize winners this year are Jewish..." The first Jewish recipient, Adolf von Baeyer, was awarded the prize in Chemistry in 1905.

Albert Einstein is a Jewish physicist who won a Nobel Prize for Physics

None of the above

Brian Josephson is a Jewish physicist who won a Nobel Prize for Physics

David Deutsch is a Jewish physicist who won a Nobel Prize for Physics

Paul Dirac is a Jewish physicist who won a Nobel Prize for Physics

C

How has the rate of smoking changed over time among Americans?

Rates of smoking have leveled off or declined in the developed world. At the same time however, smokers in 2001 had a significantly higher proportion of smoking 1 to 10 cigarettes daily compared with 1985 (18.6% to 31.1%). In developed countries smoking rates for men have peaked and have begun to decline, and also started to stall or decline for women. Various laws, policies, and campaigns in the following decades were able to decrease smoking rates significantly (45.0% for men and 5.3% for women). Most of the decline occurred after 1991.Report on Smoking in Canada 1985 to 2001, Statistics Canada, Health Statistics Division, December 2002 As of 2008 the rate was estimated to be 18%, and declining. Figures from 2013 show that proportion of the British population (UK excluding Northern Ireland) who smoke has fallen to 19%. === United States === thumb | Adult tobacco use by age (2013-2014 survey) CDC apparently first published data on September 21, 2017. thumb|High school student cigarette use (1991–2007) In 2005 23.9% of men and 18.1% of women were current smokers. Overall, for daily cigarette consumption, smokers by 2001 had a significantly lower proportion of smoking 26 or more cigarettes daily compared with 1985 (14.0% to 5.8%). Declines in daily smoking prevalence occurred for both sexes and all age groups over the entire 17-year time span, although youth smoking did not start significantly declining until the mid-1990s. While current smoking prevalence for youths did not significantly change from 1985 to 1994–1995, there was a significant decrease of 6 percentage points from 1994–1995 to 2001 (from 28.5% to 22.5%). By 2007 the proportion of adult smokers in England had declined four percentage points to 22%.Health Survey for England 2007: Latest Trends , the Information Centre for Health and Social Care, December 2008 In 2015, it was reported smoking rates in England had fallen to 16.9%, a record low. However, the number of smokers worldwide has increased from 721 million in 1980 to 967 million in 2012 and the number of cigarettes smoked increased from 4.96 trillion to 6.25 trillion due to population growth. Smoking prevalence has changed little since the mid-1990s, before which time it declined in English-speaking countries due to the implementation of tobacco control. In 2016 the daily smoking rate was less than 13%. === Canada === In December 2002, Statistics Canada published a report on smoking prevalence from 1985 to 2001. However, the number of smokers in 2016 has decreased to 15.5% which is a 5.4% difference from 2005. For example, in 1980, the smoking rates of men and women were 79.3% and 12.6%, respectively. In that report they found from 1985 to 1991, prevalence of "current smoking" (which they defined as daily smokers and occasional smokers) declined overall, for both sexes and all age groups except for those aged 15 to 24. In Australia the prevalence of smoking is in decline, with figures from the 2011-12 Australian Health Survey showing 18% of the population to be current smokers, a decline from 28% in 1989–90. People aged 25 to 34 were the most likely to smoke (24%), with a marked decline in smoking rates as age increased past 45 years in 2011–12. Despite a general decline in smoking prevalence, the rate among women nearly doubled from 1991 to 2011, with 55% of women smokers belonging to the 15–34 age group. === Spain === According to the 2017 National Health Survey 22.1% of the population above the age of 15 reports smoking daily, 2.3% declares smoking occasionally, 24.9% reports being ex-smokers and 50,7% never smoked. In 2018, 13.7% of U.S. adults were smokers. According to government survey data released in April 2023, smoking rates in the United States fell to their lowest point in 2022, with 1 in 9 adults reporting being a smoker. In 1977 41% of men and 32% of women were smokers.http://www.nicorette.se/sites/nicorette_se/files/publication/Fakta%20om%20tobaksbruk%20i%20Sverige.pdf By 2011, the use of smoking tobacco on a daily basis had decreased to only 12.5% among men and 14.3% among women.

The rate of smoking has increased over time among Americans

The rate of smoking has declined over time among Americans

The rate of smoking has stayed flat over time among Americans

Smoking rates are high

B

How has the rate of lung cancer deaths changed over time among American men?

Nurs.. 2020;24(5 Supplement):9-18. === Lung cancer === In males, researchers suggest that the overall reduction in cancer death rates is due in large part to a reduction in tobacco use over the last half century, estimating that the reduction in lung cancer caused by tobacco smoking accounts for about 40% of the overall reduction in cancer death rates in men and is responsible for preventing at least 146,000 lung cancer deaths in men during the time period 1991-2003. === Breast cancer === The most common cancer among women in the United States is breast cancer (123.7 per 100,000), followed by lung cancer (51.5 per 100,000) and colorectal cancer (33.6 per 100,000), but lung cancer surpasses breast cancer as the leading cause of cancer death among women. In the United States during 2013–2017, the age-adjusted mortality rate for all types of cancer was 189.5/100,000 for males, and 135.7/100,000 for females.https://seer.cancer.gov/archive/csr/1975_2017/results_single/sect_01_table.04_2pgs.pdf Below is an incomplete list of age-adjusted mortality rates for different types of cancer in the United States from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program. Cancers with lower survival rates are more common in developing countries.United Nations Global Cancer Research The highest cancer survival rates are in countries such as South Korea, Japan, Israel, Australia, and the United States.OECD: Health at a Glance 2019, pages 138-143. == Survival rate trends == In the United States there has been an increase in the 5-year relative survival rate between people diagnosed with cancer in 1975-1977 (48.9%) and people diagnosed with cancer in 2007-2013 (69.2%); these figures coincide with a 20% decrease in cancer mortality from 1950 to 2014.Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, Miller D, Bishop K, Kosary CL, Yu M, Ruhl J, Tatalovich Z, Mariotto A, Lewis DR, Chen HS, Feuer EJ, Cronin KA (eds). In general survival rates are improving, although more so for some cancers than others. Due to innovation in emerging treatments and cancer prevention strategies, the U.S.A cancer death rate has declined from 208.3 per 100,000 people in 1982 to 152.6 per 100,000 in 2017.Howlader, N., Noone, A.M., Krapcho, M., Miller, D., Brest, A., Yu, M., . . . In cancer types with high survival rates, incidence is usually higher in the developed world, where longevity is also greater. Cancer survival rates vary by the type of cancer, stage at diagnosis, treatment given and many other factors, including country. The death rate for Americans aged 65 to 74 fell from nearly 7% per year to fewer than 2% per year. ==Improvements in public health== During the 20th century, an enormous improvement in public health led to an overall decrease in death rates. Death rates in the 20th century is the ratio of deaths compared to the population around the world throughout the 20th century. The Diseases Population Index for Lung Cancer Incidence is a tool in epidemiology that enables health care professionals to obtain an overview trends and cross-country comparisons with respect to lung cancer incidence.Grawath Richard, 2013, The Diseases Population Index for Lung Cancer Incidence: How it is Calculated and Applied, Meadowford Science Journal. Fall in US cancer death rates: Time to pop the champagne? There are a variety of causes for this steep decline in death rates in the 20th century: * Environmental interventions * Improvement in nutrition * Advances in clinical medicine (sulfonamide in 1937, penicillin in the 1940s) * Improved access to health care * Improvements in surveillance and monitoring disease * Increases in education levels * Improvement in standards of living. * Cancer Society 2014 estimated US occurrence an mortality for major cancer types, and by state. This disparity is often cited as a lack in stronger Health care in the United States. == See also == * List of countries by death rate * List of countries by life expectancy * Birth rate * Mortality rate ==References== ==External links== * World Bank Open Data Many factors contribute to death rates such as cause of death, increasing the death rate, an ageing population, which could increase and decrease the death rates by birth rates, and improvements in public health, decreasing the death rate. In the middle of 20th century America, the leading cause of death was heart disease with 355.5 deaths per 100,000 followed by cancer at 139.8 deaths per 100,000. Type Age Adjusted Mortality Rates (per 100,000 people) during 2013-2017 All Cancer 158.3 Oral cancer 0.0 Esophageal cancer 3.9 Stomach cancer 3.1 Colorectal cancer 13.9 Liver cancer and bile duct cancer 6.6 Gallbladder cancer 0.6 Pancreatic cancer 11.0 Laryngeal cancer 1.0 Lung cancer 40.2 Tracheal cancer (including other respiratory organs) 0.1 Bone cancer (including joint cancer) 0.5 Skin cancer (excluding basal and squamous) 3.4 Breast cancer (non-in situ) 11.3 Uterine cancer (cervix uteri) 1.2 Uterine cancer (corpus uteri) 1.2 Uterine cancer (not otherwise specified) 1.4 Ovarian cancer 3.8 Prostate cancer 7.8 Bladder cancer 4.4 Renal cancer (kidney and renal pelvis cancer) 3.7 Brain cancer 4.4 Thyroid cancer 0.5 Myeloma 3.3 Lymphoma 5.8 Leukemia 6.4 ==References== Cancer mortality rates This is a list of countries by cancer rate, as measured variously by the number of new cancer cases (frequency), or death rate (mortality), per 100,000 population among countries (and dependencies). ==Cancer frequency== This is a list of countries by cancer frequency, as measured by the number of new cancer cases per 100,000 population among countries, based on the 2018 GLOBOCAN statistics and including all cancer types (some earlier statistics excluded non-melanoma skin cancer). Cancer mortality rates are determined by the complex relationship of a population's health and lifestyle with their healthcare system. Small cell lung cancer has a five-year survival rate of 4% according to Cancer Centers of America's Website. Fertility rates and consequently live birth rates declined over the century, while age- adjusted death rates fell more dramatically. However, survival rates are currently often measured in terms of 5-year survival rates, which is the percentage of people who live at least five years after being diagnosed with cancer, and relative survival rates compare people with cancer to people in the overall population.

Lung cancer death rates are high

The rate of lung cancer deaths has declined over time among American men

More men get lung cancer now

The rate of lung cancer has increased over time among American men

C

What are some great financial investments with no risk at all?

Retrieved May 23, 2020, from https://sorted.org.nz/guides/saving-and-investing/bonds/ Investing in government bonds is generally safer than stocks but still contains risks, e.g. interest rate risks where market rates rise and we could be earning more in investing in other investments, inflation risks where a higher inflation reduces the amount earned from interest, liquidity risks where no one wants to buy the bonds when we want to sell it, and chances that the government loses control of their monetary policy and default on their bonds. == Tools to control financial risk == The most common tools/methods used to control financial risk are risk analysis, fundamental analysis, technical analysis, and quantitative analysis. Mathematically, a property’s investment rating is the return a risk-free asset would have to yield to be termed as good an investment as the property whose rating is being calculated. A Look at the Major Types of Risk for Stock Investors. In finance, risk factors are the building blocks of investing, that help explain the systematic returns in equity market, and the possibility of losing money in investments or business adventures.Handler, A., Singh, M., Narro, J., Caamano, M., & Chan-Lau, J. A. (2009). Financial risk is any of various types of risk associated with financing, including financial transactions that include company loans in risk of default. Bonds - The returns, risks & how to invest in bonds. An investment rating of a real estate property measures the property’s risk- adjusted returns, relative to a completely risk-free asset. Stock investing comes with very high risks as every single piece of information would cause market prices to fluctuate. === Economic risk === One of the most obvious risk is economic risk, where the economy could go bad at any given moment, causing stock prices to plummet.Little, K. (2020, February 4). There are several types of Individual risk factors; pure risk, liquidity risk, speculative risk, and currency risk. # The most effective and efficient way to invest in stocks and bonds is in public equity and debt markets. Market Risk (systematic risk) is the risk an investor experiences when the value of an investment decreases due to financial market factors.Syndicate Room. (n.d.). There are two types of liquidity risk: * Asset liquidity – An asset cannot be sold due to lack of liquidity in the market – essentially a sub-set of market risk. Risk factors occur whenever any sort of asset is involved, and there are many forms of risks from credit, liquidity risks to investment and currency risks. In their study, they apply an algorithm-based framework and identify 193 single financial risk types, which are sorted into the five categories market risk, liquidity risk, credit risk, business risk and investment risk. ===Market risk=== The four standard market risk factors are equity risk, interest rate risk, currency risk, and commodity risk: Equity risk is the risk that stock prices in general (not related to a particular company or industry) or the implied volatility will change. Often it is understood to include only downside risk, meaning the potential for financial loss and uncertainty about its extent. The Investment Answer, Learn to Manage Your Money & Protect Your Financial Future is a No.1 New York Times bestselling book for individual investors by Daniel C. Goldie, CFA, CFP and Gordon S. Murray. Similar to other financial ratings developed for mutual funds and stocks, it can be assumed that investors have constant relative risk aversion over the wealth derived from other sources and from their investments. There are several types of financial risks in businesses, including credit risks, specific risks, and operational risks. Retrieved May 18, 2020, from https://capital.com/unsystematic-risk-definition Unsystematic risk can be avoided through diversification where, where investors invest in a wide variety of stocks.Reed, R., & Luffman, G. (1986). Pure Risk is a type of risk where the outcome cannot be controlled, and only has two outcomes which are complete loss or no loss at all.Greene, M. (1968). Market Risk Definition & Examples. An example to which an individual might experience liquidity risk would be no one willing to purchase a security you own, and the value of your security significantly drops.WallStreetMojo. (2020, May 5).

Real estate is a great investment with no risk at all

Buying a house is a great investment with no risk

The stock market is a great investment with no risk at all

ETFs are a great investment with no risk at all

All financial investments have some risk but government bonds and treasuries are considered among the safest

E

How can you invest and guarantee that you'll beat inflation?

There is no investment known to be a successful hedge in all inflationary environments, just as there is no asset class guaranteed to increase in value in non- inflationary times. ==Overview== Inflation can impact investment decisions by making it difficult to predict future prices. Barron's Finance & Investment Handbook states: "Traditionally, gold and real estate have a reputation as good inflation hedges, though growth in stocks also can offset inflation in the long run. This makes it risky to invest in certain assets, such as commodities, that may be impacted by inflation. This is why it is important for investors to consider inflation when making investment decisions. Money market funds, which pay higher yields as interest rates rise during inflation times, can also be a good inflation hedge."John Downes & Jordan Elliot Goodman, Barron's Finance & Investment Handbook (6th ed.: Barron's Educational Series, 2003), p. 496. This suggests that alternative methods such as wage and price controls (incomes policies) may also be needed in the fight against inflation. An inflation hedge is an investment intended to protect the investor against—hedge—a decrease in the purchasing power of money—inflation. Inflation can erode the value of investments over time. Built-in inflation is a type of inflation that results from past events and persists in the present. However, if the money supply has the potential to induce heavy general inflation (all major currencies in 2011/2012) none of these crashes may happen. == See also == * Economic bubble * Inflationism * Inflation hedge ==References== ==External links== * Newsletter. To still get a return on their money, investors instead have to buy up other assets such as stocks and real estate, thereby bidding up the price and creating asset price inflation. The built-in inflation originates from either persistent demand-pull or large cost-push (supply-shock) inflation in the past. Built-in inflation is one of three major determinants of the current inflation rate. By a continuing process of inflation, > governments can confiscate, secretly and unobserved, an important part of > the wealth of their citizens. By comparing current levels to previous levels that have proven unsustainable in the past (i.e. led to or at least accompanied crashes), one can make an educated guess as to whether a given real estate market is experiencing a bubble. Their preference for real goods pushes their price up without any purposive policies from decision-makers. ==Possible results== Asset price inflation has often been followed by an asset price crash. Similarly, inflationist economists advocate for an inflationist policy. This means that inflation happens now simply because of subjective views about what may happen in the future. A real-estate bubble or property bubble (or housing bubble for residential markets) is a type of economic bubble that occurs periodically in local or global real estate markets, and it typically follows a land boom. As the > inflation proceeds and the real value of the currency fluctuates wildly from > month to month, all permanent relations between debtors and creditors, which > form the ultimate foundation of capitalism, become so utterly disordered as > to be almost meaningless; and the process of wealth-getting degenerates into > a gamble and a lottery. An example of this is the housing market, which concerns almost every individual household, where house prices have over the past 25 years consistently risen by or at least near a two digit percentage, far above that of the Consumer Price Index. ==Possible causes== Some political economists believe that assets inflation has been, either by default or by design, the outcome of purposive policies pursued by central banks and political decision-makers to combat and reduce the much more visible price inflation. In the end, built-in inflation involves a vicious circle of both subjective and objective elements, so that inflation encourages inflation to persist.

There's no way to invest and guarantee you'll beat inflation

Stocks will beat inflation

Property will beat inflation

Real estate will beat inflation

Buying a house will beat inflation

A

If a public stock price has been rising for years, what is most likely to happen in the next year?

Accordingly, changes in the stock price reflect release of new information, changes in the market generally, or random movements around the value that reflects the existing information set. The successful prediction of a stock's future price could yield significant profit. They seek to determine possibilities of future stock price movement largely based on trends of the past price (a form of time series analysis). The price of cryptocurrencies like the aforementioned Bitcoin and Ethereum plunged in June 2022 (the former of which suffered another decline) as investors moved their money out of risky assets. == References == Category:2022 in economics Category:Stock market crashes There are some basic assumptions used in this analysis, first being that everything significant about a company is already priced into the stock, other being that the price moves in trends and lastly that history (of prices) tends to repeat itself which is mainly because of the market psychology. ===Machine learning=== With the advent of the digital computer, stock market prediction has since moved into the technological realm. This would imply that all publicly known information about a company, which obviously includes its price history, would already be reflected in the current price of the stock. In the United States, the stock market decline was associated with a bear market which is considered to have begun on January 3, 2022, and to have ended on October 22, 2022; within months, the Dow Jones Industrial Average, the Nasdaq Composite, and the S&P; 500 entered the bull market in November 2022, May 2023, and June 2023 respectively. The 2015–2016 stock market selloff was the period of decline in the value of stock prices globally that occurred between June 2015 to June 2016. Doctoral Thesis: Stock Price Change Prediction Using News Text Mining. Stock market prediction is the act of trying to determine the future value of a company stock or other financial instrument traded on an exchange. However, once the price has breached this level, by an amount exceeding some noise, it is likely to continue falling until meeting another support level. The efficient-market hypothesis suggests that stock prices reflect all currently available information and any price changes that are not based on newly revealed information thus are inherently unpredictable. As of January 3, 2023, the S&P; 500 index fell 20% and the Nasdaq Composite fell 35% from their all time highs. The 2022 stock market decline was an economic event involving a decline in stock markets globally. However, once the price has breached this level, by an amount exceeding some noise, it is likely to continue rising until meeting another resistance level. == Reactive versus proactive support and resistance == Proactive support and resistance methods are "predictive" in that they often outline areas where price has not actually been. They are based upon current price action that, through analysis, has been shown to be predictive of future price action. They are generally pre-scheduled and can have a strong affect a company's stock price during the days leading up to and including the event. == Examples == The following are examples of stock catalysts: * Earnings release * Investor Conference * Product Release * FDA/CDC Approval * Economic Event * Metric Reveal * Court Decision * Corporate Action * IPO * IPO Lockup Expiration * Partnership * Contracts * Analyst Revisions == Trading strategies == === Buy the Rumor, Sell the News === The trading strategy around buying the rumor and selling the news revolves around buying or selling the stock during the 3 weeks leading up to the catalyst event, and selling before the event actually occurs. During the same period, ETFs that provide exposure to emerging markets such as VWO, IEMG, and EEM are all down more than 15% since the start of 2022. === Effects on cryptocurrency === As part of the global decline in most risky assets, the price of Bitcoin fell 59% during the same time period, and it declined 72% from its November 8th all-time high. A stock catalyst is an event that causes the price of a security to move, often significantly. By June 16, 2022, the S&P; had fallen 23.55% from 4,796 to 3,666, though its currently unknown if the index will plunge below the level. The Nasdaq Composite fell 70 points, the FTSE 100 fell 65 points and the Nikkei 225 fell 362 points. ===Stock market performance in late September 2015=== World stock markets continued to fall in late September, with the DJIA down to 16,004 by September 29, 2015. This announcement led British pound fell to $1.393, the lowest since 2009 and lead the uncertainty in stock markets around the world. ===Stock market performance in June 2016 as a result of Brexit vote=== On June 14, 2016, polls showed that a vote in favor of Brexit was more likely.

The price is will keep rising

The price could either fall or rise

In the next year, the stock price will continue to rise

None of the above

It will keep going up next year

B

What psychic phenomenon has been scientifically demonstrated?

The evidence presented for psychic phenomena is not sufficiently verified for scientific acceptance, and there exist many non-paranormal alternative explanations for claimed instances of psychic events. Although many people believe in psychic abilities, the scientific consensus is that there is no proof of the existence of such powers, and describes the practice as pseudoscience. The experiment was designed to produce positive results if telepathy, clairvoyance or precognition occurred, but despite this no distinguishable neuronal responses were found between psychic stimuli and non-psychic stimuli, while variations in the same stimuli showed anticipated effects on patterns of brain activation. The researchers concluded that "These findings are the strongest evidence yet obtained against the existence of paranormal mental phenomena." Therefore, a phenomenon cannot be confirmed as paranormal using the scientific method because, if it could be, it would no longer fit the definition. Far from setting out to disprove psychic phenomena, "(W)e considered it entirely possible that the psychology of perception was about to go through a psychic revolution, and if so, we wanted to be included. Visions of Time: Experiments In Psychic Archaeology * * Schwartz, Stephan. 1983. Psychic powers are asserted by psychic detectives and in practices such as psychic archaeology and even psychic surgery. Psychics are sometimes featured in science fiction and fantasy fiction. At the time, surveys were showing what seemed to the authors to be a startlingly large percentage of people who believed psychic phenomena were or might be real. Publication remained limited to a small number of niche journals, and to date there have been no experimental results that have gained wide acceptance in the scientific community as valid evidence of the paranormal. ===Participant-observer approach=== While parapsychologists look for quantitative evidence of the paranormal in laboratories, a great number of people immerse themselves in qualitative research through participant-observer approaches to the paranormal. Proposals regarding the paranormal are different from scientific hypotheses or speculations extrapolated from scientific evidence because scientific ideas are grounded in empirical observations and experimental data gained through the scientific method. But over the next three years of research, when we examined each dazzling claim of ESP, or psychokinesis (PK), we discovered that a simple, natural explanation was far more credible than a supernatural or paranormal one."Marks and Kammann 44 Regardless of the preferences of the authors, they followed the evidence they found where it led them. As they put it, "(W)e began our studies on ESP after numerous students had suggested we 'wake up' to psychic reality". Skeptical activist Susan Gerbic has summarized a number of techniques, which she says are used by psychics to create their effects. ==See also== ==References== ==External links== Category:Paranormal terminology Many of these included some of the most widely known psychic performers of the time, including Uri Geller,Marks and Kammann 73–154 Kreskin,Marks and Kammann 42–72 and Ingo Swann.Marks and Kammann 12–41 In their attempts to replicate the studies of other researchers, the authors discover methodological flaws in the original trials that lead them to the conclusion that no evidence for psychic phenomena has yet been produced.Marks and Kammann 26–139 They then discuss psychological research that attempts to explain why people believe in such phenomena in spite of this lack of evidence.Marks and Kammann 140–199 ==Background and second edition== In the 1970s, many of the students in their University of Otago psychology lectures had suggested to both Marks and Kammann that psychics, particularly Kreskin, were genuine and represented the cutting edge of psychological research. Gallup poll shows that Americans' belief in the paranormal persists, Skeptical Inquirer, accessed October 28, 2006 The survey found that 41 percent of those polled believed in extrasensory perception and 26 percent believed in clairvoyance. 31 percent of those surveyed indicated that they believe in telepathy or psychic communication. The second edition, published in 2000, adds information from the intervening 20 years as well as substantially more documentation and references to the original material. ==Overview== Marks and Kammann give detailed descriptions of experiments conducted by parapsychology researchers as well as performances by psychic entertainers outside of the laboratory during the 1970s. This is a list of psychic abilities that have been attributed to real-world people. Psychic archaeology is a loose collection of practices involving the application of paranormal phenomena to problems in archaeology. Parapsychologists, who generally believe that there is some evidence for psychic ability, disagree with critics who believe that no psychic ability exists and that many of the instances of more popular psychic phenomena such as mediumism, can be attributed to non-paranormal techniques such as cold reading, hot reading, or even self-delusion.EBauer, berhard (1984) "Criticism and Controversy in Parapsychology – An Overview ", Department of Psychology, University of Freiburg, European Journal of Parapsychology, 5, 141–166 (2007-02-09)O'Keeffe, Ciarán and Wiseman Richard (2005) "Testing alleged mediumship: Methods and results ", British Journal of Psychology, 96, 165–17 Cold reading techniques would include psychics using flattery, intentionally making descriptions, statements or predictions about a person vague and ambiguous, and surreptitiously moving on to another prediction when the psychic deems the audience to be non-responsive. "National Academy of Sciences' Opinion on Parapsychology" Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research, 85, 333–365.Douglas M. Stokes, Research in Parapsychology, 1990: Abstracts and Papers from the Thirty-Third Annual Convention of the Parapsychological Association, Journal of Parapsychology, Sept, 1992, Retrieved July 4, 2009 A survey of the beliefs of the general United States population about paranormal topics was conducted by The Gallup Organization in 2005.

Predicting the future has been scientifically demonstrated

Ghosts

ESP has been scientifically demonstrated

Telepathy has been scientifically demonstrated

No psychic phenomenon has been scientifically demonstrated

E

Which paranormal phenomena have now been shown by experiments to be real?

Therefore, a phenomenon cannot be confirmed as paranormal using the scientific method because, if it could be, it would no longer fit the definition. Publication remained limited to a small number of niche journals, and to date there have been no experimental results that have gained wide acceptance in the scientific community as valid evidence of the paranormal. ===Participant-observer approach=== While parapsychologists look for quantitative evidence of the paranormal in laboratories, a great number of people immerse themselves in qualitative research through participant-observer approaches to the paranormal. Notable paranormal beliefs include those that pertain to extrasensory perception (for example, telepathy), spiritualism and the pseudosciences of ghost hunting, cryptozoology, and ufology. Proposals regarding the paranormal are different from scientific hypotheses or speculations extrapolated from scientific evidence because scientific ideas are grounded in empirical observations and experimental data gained through the scientific method. Paranormal events are purported phenomena described in popular culture, folk, and other non-scientific bodies of knowledge, whose existence within these contexts is described as being beyond the scope of normal scientific understanding. Despite many declarations of supernatural ability, the prize was never claimed. ===Psychology=== In "anomalistic psychology", paranormal phenomena have naturalistic explanations resulting from psychological and physical factors which have sometimes given the impression of paranormal activity to some people, in fact, where there have been none. According to science writer Sharon A. Hill, "Paranormal reality TV shows are designed as entertainment for the curious, not science documentaries to discover truths. Nevertheless, it is a common approach to investigating paranormal phenomena. ===Parapsychology=== Experimental investigation of the paranormal has been conducted by parapsychologists. Despite this problem, studies on the paranormal are periodically conducted by researchers from various disciplines. The standard scientific models give the explanation that what appears to be paranormal phenomena is usually a misinterpretation, misunderstanding, or anomalous variation of natural phenomena. ==Etymology== The term paranormal has existed in the English language since at least 1920."Paranormal". They found fairly consistent results compared to the results of a Gallup poll in 2001."Smart People See Ghosts", Brad Steiger, Fate Magazine, April 2006, p. 52-56; the unusual thing found by Farha and Steward was that belief in the supernatural increased with education level, contrary to many other surveys. The results revealed that around 70% of the respondents believe to have had an unexplained paranormal event that changed their life, mostly in a positive way. Unclaimed 2001– United States North Texas Skeptics 12,000 US dollars $12,000 "[T]o any person ... who can demonstrate any psychic or paranormal power or ability under scientifically valid observing conditions." Some researchers simply study the beliefs in the paranormal regardless of whether the phenomena are considered to objectively exist. A correlation has been found between paranormal belief and irrational thinking. Paranormal radio shows are programs focusing on paranormal subjects such as unidentified flying objects, alien abduction, possession (by either demonic or spiritual forces), conspiracy theories, ghosts and cryptozoology. Paranormal television is a genre of reality television that purports to document factual investigations of the paranormal rather than fictional representations seen in traditional narrative films and TV. The psychologist David Marks wrote that paranormal phenomena can be explained by magical thinking, mental imagery, subjective validation, coincidence, hidden causes, and fraud. A 2013 study that utilized a biological motion perception task discovered a "relation between illusory pattern perception and supernatural and paranormal beliefs and suggest that paranormal beliefs are strongly related to agency detection biases". The show was an attempt to harness the perceived paranormal properties of radio waves (see also the contemporary experimental television series The Television Ghost, which followed a similar conceit). Paranormal television proper can trace its genesis to local TV news programs in the UK and US, which have featured ghost stories since the 1960s. In a case study (Gow, 2004) involving 167 participants the findings revealed that psychological absorption and dissociation were higher for believers in the paranormal.

Ghosts has been shown to be real

ESP has been show by experiments to be real

Telepathy has been shown to be real

Psychics have been shown to be real

No paranormal phenomena have been shown by experiments to be real

E

Which alternative health practices have been proven to have a big effect on health by scientific experiments?

Traditional medicine practices become "alternative" when used outside their original settings and without proper scientific explanation and evidence. A commonly cited statistic is that the US National Institute of Health had spent $2.5 billion on investigating alternative therapies prior to 2009, with none being found to be effective. ==See also== * Alternative therapies for developmental and learning disabilities * Conservation medicine * Ethnomedicine * Gallbladder flush * Psychic surgery * Siddha medicine ==Notes== ==References== ==Bibliography== * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ==Further reading== * * * Reprinted in . * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ===World Health Organization=== * Benchmarks for training in traditional / complementary and alternative medicine * * * Summary. ===Journals=== * Alternative Medicine Review: A Journal of Clinical Therapeutics. Marcia Angell considered that critics felt that healthcare practices should be classified based solely on scientific evidence, and if a treatment had been rigorously tested and found safe and effective, science-based medicine will adopt it regardless of whether it was considered "alternative" to begin with. Unlike modern medicine, which employs the scientific method to test plausible therapies by way of responsible and ethical clinical trials, producing repeatable evidence of either effect or of no effect, alternative therapies reside outside of medical science and do not originate from using the scientific method, but instead rely on testimonials, anecdotes, religion, tradition, superstition, belief in supernatural "energies", pseudoscience, errors in reasoning, propaganda, fraud, or other unscientific sources. Harriet Hall writes that there is a contrast between the circumstances of alternative medicine practitioners and disinterested scientists: in the case of acupuncture, for example, an acupuncturist would have "a great deal to lose" if acupuncture were rejected by research; but the disinterested skeptic would not lose anything if its effects were confirmed; rather their change of mind would enhance their skeptical credentials. ===Use of health and research resources=== Research into alternative therapies has been criticized for "diverting research time, money, and other resources from more fruitful lines of investigation in order to pursue a theory that has no basis in biology." New York: Hindawi, c. 2004 NLM ID: 101215021 * Forschende Komplementärmedizin / Research in Complementary Medicine * Journal for Alternative and Complementary Medicine New York : Mary Ann Liebert, c. 1995 * Scientific Review of Alternative Medicine (SRAM) ==External links== * Category:Pseudoscience Mainstream medicine could learn something from complementary medicine." Unlike medicine, an alternative product or practice does not originate from using scientific methods, but may instead be based on hearsay, religion, tradition, superstition, belief in supernatural energies, pseudoscience, errors in reasoning, propaganda, fraud, or other unscientific sources. Practitioners of science-based medicine also discard practices and treatments when they are shown ineffective, while alternative practitioners do not. * Where alternative therapies have replaced conventional science-based medicine, even with the safest alternative medicines, failure to use or delay in using conventional science-based medicine has caused deaths. Alternative methods are often marketed as more "natural" or "holistic" than methods offered by medical science, that is sometimes derogatorily called "Big Pharma" by supporters of alternative medicine. The popularity of complementary & alternative medicine (CAM) may be related to other factors that Ernst mentioned in a 2008 interview in The Independent: Paul Offit proposed that "alternative medicine becomes quackery" in four ways: by recommending against conventional therapies that are helpful, promoting potentially harmful therapies without adequate warning, draining patients' bank accounts, or by promoting "magical thinking". Edzard Ernst has stated: ===Rejection of science=== Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is not as well researched as conventional medicine, which undergoes intense research before release to the public. Some alternative practices are based on theories that contradict the established science of how the human body works; others resort to the supernatural or superstitious to explain their effect or lack thereof. Alternative medicine is any practice that aims to achieve the healing effects of medicine despite lacking biological plausibility, testability, repeatability or evidence of effectiveness. Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine is a bimonthly peer-reviewed medical journal covering alternative medical treatments. The Scientific Review of Alternative Medicine points to confusions in the general population – a person may attribute symptomatic relief to an otherwise-ineffective therapy just because they are taking something (the placebo effect); the natural recovery from or the cyclical nature of an illness (the regression fallacy) gets misattributed to an alternative medicine being taken; a person not diagnosed with science-based medicine may never originally have had a true illness diagnosed as an alternative disease category. This includes a section on Alternative Medicine Fraud, such as a warning that Ayurvedic products generally have not been approved by the FDA before marketing. ==Risks and problems== The National Science Foundation has studied the problematic side of the public's attitudes and understandings of science fiction, pseudoscience, and belief in alternative medicine. In the absence of this bias, especially for diseases that are not expected to get better by themselves such as cancer or HIV infection, multiple studies have shown significantly worse outcomes if patients turn to alternative therapies. Some professions of complementary/traditional/alternative medicine, such as chiropractic, have achieved full regulation in North America and other parts of the world and are regulated in a manner similar to that governing science- based medicine. * Research on alternative medicine is frequently of low quality and methodologically flawed. Lacks credible scientific evidence. ===Herbal remedies and other substances=== Substance based practices use substances found in nature such as herbs, foods, non-vitamin supplements and megavitamins, animal and fungal products, and minerals, including use of these products in traditional medical practices that may also incorporate other methods.

Aromatherapy has a big effect on health

Alternative health practices such as chiropractors and homeopathy have been proven to have a big effect on health

Reiki has a big effect on health

The evidence that alternative health practices have big positive effects on health is weak

Alternative health practices such as acupuncture and homeopathy have been proven to have a big effect on health

D

Which alternative medicine is now accepted by all scientists?

* Where alternative therapies have replaced conventional science-based medicine, even with the safest alternative medicines, failure to use or delay in using conventional science-based medicine has caused deaths. Prominent members of the science and biomedical science community say that it is not meaningful to define an alternative medicine that is separate from a conventional medicine, because the expressions "conventional medicine", "alternative medicine", "complementary medicine", "integrative medicine", and "holistic medicine" do not refer to any medicine at all. It has been said that "there is really no such thing as alternative medicine, just medicine that works and medicine that doesn't", and that the very idea of "alternative" treatments is paradoxical because any treatment proven to work is by definition "medicine." Traditional medicine practices become "alternative" when used outside their original settings and without proper scientific explanation and evidence. The 2019 World Health Organization (WHO) Global Report on Traditional and Complementary Medicine states that the terms complementary and alternative medicine "refer to a broad set of health care practices that are not part of that country's own traditional or conventional medicine and are not fully integrated into the dominant health care system. The 2019 World Health Organization (WHO) Global Report on Traditional and Complementary Medicine states that the terms complementary and alternative medicine "refer to a broad set of health care practices that are not part of that country's own traditional or conventional medicine and are not fully integrated into the dominant health care system. The meaning of the term "alternative" in the expression "alternative medicine", is not that it is an effective alternative to medical science (though some alternative medicine promoters may use the loose terminology to give the appearance of effectiveness). Alternative medicine is any practice that aims to achieve the healing effects of medicine despite lacking biological plausibility, testability, repeatability or evidence of effectiveness. 'Alternative' refers to using a non-mainstream approach in place of conventional medicine. Alternative methods are often marketed as more "natural" or "holistic" than methods offered by medical science, that is sometimes derogatorily called "Big Pharma" by supporters of alternative medicine. True alternative medicine is not common. Because of the uncertain nature of various alternative therapies and the wide variety of claims different practitioners make, alternative medicine has been a source of vigorous debate, even over the definition of "alternative medicine".Can Mainstream Medicine and Alternative Therapies Coexist?Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. The meaning of the term "alternative" in the expression "alternative medicine", is not that it is an effective alternative to medical science, although some alternative medicine promoters may use the loose terminology to give the appearance of effectiveness. Some alternative therapies, such as traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and Ayurveda, have antique origins in East or South Asia and are entirely alternative medical systems; . others, such as homeopathy and chiropractic, have origins in Europe or the United States and emerged in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Holistic medicine is another rebranding of alternative medicine. Holistic medicine is another rebranding of alternative medicine. Grounds for opposing alternative medicine include that: * Alternative therapies typically lack any scientific validation, and their effectiveness is either unproved or disproved. Alternative medicine describes any practice which aims to achieve the healing effects of medicine, but which lacks biological plausibility and is untested or untestable. Among homeopaths and other alternative medicine advocates, the expression "allopathic medicine" is still used to refer to "the broad category of medical practice that is sometimes called Western medicine, biomedicine, evidence-based medicine, or modern medicine." Billions of dollars have been spent studying alternative medicine, with few or no positive results and many methods thoroughly disproven. ==Definitions and terminology== The terms alternative medicine, complementary medicine, integrative medicine, holistic medicine, natural medicine, unorthodox medicine, fringe medicine, unconventional medicine, and new age medicine are used interchangeably as having the same meaning and are almost synonymous in most contexts. The Scientific Review of Alternative Medicine points to confusions in the general population – a person may attribute symptomatic relief to an otherwise-ineffective therapy just because they are taking something (the placebo effect); the natural recovery from or the cyclical nature of an illness (the regression fallacy) gets misattributed to an alternative medicine being taken; a person not diagnosed with science-based medicine may never originally have had a true illness diagnosed as an alternative disease category. That alternative medicine has been on the rise "in countries where Western science and scientific method generally are accepted as the major foundations for healthcare, and 'evidence-based' practice is the dominant paradigm" was described as an "enigma" in the Medical Journal of Australia.

No popular form of alternative medicine is now accepted by all scientists

Ayurveda is now accepted by all scientists

Chinese traditional medicine is now accepted by all scientists

Homeopathic medicine is now accepted by all scientists

Homeopathy is now accepted by all scientists

A

Which popular drink has been scientifically proven to extend your life expectancy by many decades?

Beer is one of the oldest human-produced drinks. Beer is one of the oldest types of alcoholic drinks in the world, and the most widely consumed. While beer is usually matured for relatively short times (a few weeks to a few months) compared to wine, some of the stronger so-called real ales have been found to develop character and flavour over the course of as much as several decades. thumb|World beer consumption per capita In some parts of the world, breweries that had begun as a family business by Germans or other European émigrés grew into large companies, often passing into hands with more concern for profits than traditions of quality, resulting in a degradation of the product. The impact of alcohol on aging is multifaceted. Life Length has launched it on the market in 2022. In the 21st century there has been a revival of interest in "beer from the wood", perhaps inspired by the trend for barrel-aged beer, and this has been welcomed by the SPBW. Cases where longevity has been fully verified, according to modern standards of longevity research, are reflected in an established list of supercentenarians based on the work of organizations such as the Gerontology Research Group (GRG) or Guinness World Records. This innovation has since been accepted worldwide and prevents harmful rays from destroying the quality and stability of beer. Longevity claims are unsubstantiated cases of asserted human longevity. *Beer Research Guide __NOTOC__ thumb|215px|SPBW logo The Society for the Preservation of Beers from the Wood (SPBW), founded in 1963, is the oldest consumer-based group interested in stimulating the brewing of, increasing the awareness of, and encouraging the drinking of traditional cask ale. Beer is dispensed from the beer tower into a drinking vessel. ==Health effects== A 2016 systematic review and meta-analysis found that moderate ethanol consumption brought no mortality benefit compared with lifetime abstention from ethanol consumption. Life Length is a biotechnology company. The product claimed to be the strongest beer made is Schorschbräu's 2011 Schorschbock 57 with 57,5%. Despite demographic evidence of the known extremes of modern longevity, stories in otherwise reliable sources still surface regularly, stating that these extremes have been exceeded. This innovation has since been accepted worldwide and prevents harmful rays from destroying the quality and stability of beer. ==Modern beer== thumb|left|Bottling beer in a modern facility, 1945, Australia Many European nations have unbroken brewing traditions dating back to the earliest historical records. Rogers, R.G., Krueger, P.M., Miech, R. et al. Popul Res Policy Rev (2013) 32: 325. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11113-013-9268-7 ==Demographics== Excessive alcohol consumption, especially of distilled alcohol, is responsible for higher mortality rates and lower life expectancy for men in Eastern Europe, especially the former Soviet Union. ==See also== * Alcohol dementia ==References== Category: Alcohol and health Ageing Category:Senescence Most beers until relatively recent times were top-fermented. The Oxford Companion to Beer (2011). Some of these studies combined former ethanol drinkers and lifelong abstainers into a single group of nondrinkers, which hides the health benefits of lifelong abstention from ethanol. All cases in which an individual's supercentenarian lifespan is not (yet) backed by records sufficient to the standards of modern longevity research are listed as unverified. The trial court's written opinion contains a well-researched history of beer.

Beer has been scientifically proven to extend your life expectancy by many decades

No popular drink has been scientifically proven to extend your life expectancy by many decades

Coffee has been scientifically proven to extend your life expectancy by many decades

Champagne has been scientifically proven to extend your life expectancy by many decades

Kombucha has been scientifically proven to extend your life expectancy by many decades

B

Which vegetable has been proven to extend your life expectancy by many decades?

The Future 50 Foods report, subtitled "50 foods for healthier people and a healthier planet", was published in February 2019 by the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) and Knorr. Despite demographic evidence of the known extremes of modern longevity, stories in otherwise reliable sources still surface regularly, stating that these extremes have been exceeded. All cases in which an individual's supercentenarian lifespan is not (yet) backed by records sufficient to the standards of modern longevity research are listed as unverified. Longevity claims are unsubstantiated cases of asserted human longevity. The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to life extension: Life extension - study of slowing down or reversing the processes of aging to extend both the maximum and average lifespan. The upper limit for both lists is 130 years. ==Scientific status== Prior to the 19th century, there was insufficient evidence either to demonstrate or to refute centenarian longevity. Life Length has launched it on the market in 2022. The Longevity Diet is a 2018 book by Italian biogerontologist Valter Longo. Cases where longevity has been fully verified, according to modern standards of longevity research, are reflected in an established list of supercentenarians based on the work of organizations such as the Gerontology Research Group (GRG) or Guinness World Records. Life Length is a biotechnology company. Ed Weeks set numerous world records for growing large vegetables. However, they also store less fat, which also contributes to greater longevity. It developed into a list of all supercentenarians whose lifespan had been verified by at least three documents, in a standardized process, according to the norms of modern longevity research. Even today, no fixed theoretical limit to human longevity is apparent. In addition there is limited research on the long-term effects of the diet. The report offers five steps to identifying a future food: "focus on plant- based foods, optimize nutrient density, evaluate environmental impact, consider culture and flavor, and deliver diversity." Life Length was the European Seal of Excellence by the European Commission for its project proposal in lung cancer research. Those asserting lifespans of 110 years or more are referred to as supercentenarians. This means that people living in areas of the world with historically more comprehensive resources for record-keeping have tended to hold more claims to longevity, regardless of whether or not individuals in other parts of the world have lived longer. The book advises people about how to have a longer lifespan and healthspan through fasting and diet. ==Background== Valter Longo, a PhD in biochemistry and director of the Longevity Institute at the University of Southern California, invented the fasting mimicking diet. Responsible, modern, scientific validation of human longevity requires investigation of records following an individual from birth to the present (or to death); purported longevity claims far outside the demonstrated records regularly fail such scrutiny. It identifies 50 plant-based foods that can increase dietary nutritional value and reduce environmental impacts of the food supply, promoting sustainable global food systems. == Description == thumb|Plant-based diet The report identifies 12 plant sources and five animal sources that make up 75 percent of the food humans consume, and three crops (wheat, corn and rice) accounting for about "60 percent of the plant-based calories in most diets".

Carrots have been proven to extend your life expectancy by many decades

Cabbage has been proven to extend your life expectancy by many decades

Broccoli has been proven to extend your life expectancy by many decades

No vegetable has been scientifically proven to extend your life expectancy by many decades

Tomatoes have been proven to extend your life expectancy by many decades

D

Which diet has been scientifically proven to keep working for everyone who tries it?

The diet was developed after Atkins read a research paper in the Journal of the American Medical Association. The Atkins diet has been described as "one of the most popular fad diets in the United States".Longe, Jacqueline L. (2008). Robert Coleman Atkins (October 17, 1930 April 17, 2003) was an American physician and cardiologist, best known for the Atkins Diet, which requires close control of carbohydrate consumption and emphasizes protein and fat as the primary sources of dietary calories in addition to a controlled number of carbohydrates from vegetables. Atkins used information from the study to resolve his own overweight condition. It was founded to supplement the way of the Atkins diet. After his death, the popularity of Atkins' diet waned, with other low-carb diets eroding its market share and questions being raised about its safety. His widow refused to allow an autopsy. ==Diet== The Atkins Diet is a low- carbohydrate diet promoted by Atkins. The company was renamed to Atkins Nutritionals in 1998. In 2010, the company was acquired by Roark Capital Group. ==Books== * Atkins, Robert C. Dr. Atkins' Diet Revolution Bantam, 1972 * * Atkins, Robert C. Dr. Atkins' Diet Cookbook Bantam, 1974 * Atkins, Robert C. Dr. Atkins' SuperEnergy Diet Bantam, 1978 * Atkins, Robert C. Dr. Atkins' SuperEnergy Diet Cookbook Signet, 1978 * Atkins, Robert C. Dr. Atkins' Nutrition Breakthrough Bantam, 1981 * Atkins, Robert C. Dr. Atkins' Health Revolution Houghton Mifflin, 1988 * Atkins, Robert C. Dr. Atkins' New Diet Revolution M. Evans and Company, 1992 * * Atkins, Robert C. Dr. Atkins' Quick & Easy New Diet Cookbook Simon and Schuster, 1997 * Atkins, Robert C. Dr. Atkins' Vita-Nutrient Solution: Nature's Answers to Drugs Simon and Schuster, 1997 * Atkins, Robert C. Dr. Atkins' Age-Defying Diet St. Martin's Press, 2001, 2002 * Atkins, Robert C. Dr. Atkins' New Diet Revolution M. Evans and Company, 2002 * * * * * * ==References== ==Further reading== * * Larry King interview * BBC Obituary: Dr Robert Atkins April 17, 2003 * Snopes on Doctor Atkins' death Category:1930 births Category:2003 deaths Category:20th-century American male writers Category:20th-century American non-fiction writers Category:20th-century American physicians Category:21st-century American male writers Category:21st- century American non-fiction writers Category:21st-century American physicians Category:Accidental deaths from falls Category:Accidental deaths in New York (state) Category:American cardiologists Category:American health and wellness writers Category:American male non-fiction writers Category:American nutritionists Category:Columbia University staff Category:Low-carbohydrate cookbook writers Category:Low-carbohydrate diet advocates Category:Pseudoscientific diet advocates Category:University of Michigan alumni Category:Weill Cornell Medical College alumni Category:Writers from Columbus, Ohio Category:Writers from Dayton, Ohio Category:Writers from Manhattan The commercial success of Atkins' diet plan led Time to name the doctor a person of the year in 2002. Atkins Nutritionals, Inc. was founded by Robert Atkins in order to promote the low-carbohydrate packaged foods of the Atkins diet. He began applying this approach in his practice, and began writing books about low-carb diets that became known as the Atkins diet, publishing his first book in 1972 and a few years later opening a complementary medicine center. In 2005, Atkins Nutritionals filed for bankruptcy. His success inspired others to generate low-carb diets, and many companies released low-carb diets and low-carb foods. Following the death of its founder in 2003, the popularity of the diet and demand for Atkins products waned, causing Atkins Nutritionals Inc. to file for bankruptcy in July 2005, citing losses of $340 million. Good Calories, Bad Calories: Fats, Carbs, and the Controversial Science of Diet and Health (published as The Diet Delusion in the United Kingdom and Australia) is a 2007 book by science journalist Gary Taubes. Taubes argues that the last few decades of dietary advice promoting low-fat diets has been consistently incorrect. The company sells low-carbohydrate bars, shakes, and snacks. ==History== Atkins Nutritionals, Inc. was originally founded as Complementary Formulations in 1989. Atkins may refer to: ==Places in the United States== * Atkins, Arkansas, a city * Atkins, Iowa, a city * Atkins, Louisiana, an unincorporated community * Atkins, Nebraska, an unincorporated community * Atkins, Virginia, a census- designated place * Atkins, Wisconsin, an unincorporated community * Atkins Peak, in Yellowstone National Park == Other uses== * Atkins (surname) * Atkins Nutritional Approach, known as the Atkins diet * Atkins Nutritionals, a producer of low-carbohydrate packaged foods * Atkins, the largest engineering consultancy firm in the United Kingdom * Atkins baronets, in the Baronetage of England * Atkins High School, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, on the National Register of Historic Places * Atkins v. Conyers Park and Atkins combined under a new company called The Simply Good Foods Company. ==See also== * List of food companies * South Beach Living ==References== ==External links== * Category:Low-carbohydrate diets Category:Brand name diet products Category:Baking mixes It was subsequently purchased by North Castle Partners in 2007 and switched its emphasis to low-carb snacks."Atkins firm seeks financial help". According to Stuart Trager, chairman of the Atkins Physicians Council (a group of physicians who work as consultants to the Atkins organization), this report contained incomplete medical records and Atkins did not have a history of heart attacks; instead, according to Trager, Atkins had cardiomyopathy, a heart muscle disease that was probably caused by a virus, not his diet.

Atkins diet is scientifically proven to keep working for everyone who tries it

No diet has been scientifically proven to keep working for everyone who tries it

Low carbs diets are scientifically proven to keep working for everyone who tries them

The Atkins Diet

Low carbs

B

What did the letters in "NIKE" originally stand for?

In 2002, Nike introduced the "SB" brand. Nike Terminator is a high-top shoe by the multinational company Nike, Inc. introduced in 1985. ==Overview== It is distinguished from the similar Nike Dunk by its unusual logo — the word "Nike" in large letters across the heel of the shoe. With the publication of a catalog for the Nike Air Force 1 in 2006, Nike came to embrace the spelling "deubré". Nike documents reflect later uses of the word on designers' sketches and computer files with the Clegg spelling. Nike Skateboarding, primarily known as Nike SB, is the Nike brand for its line of shoes, clothing, and equipment for skateboarding. The relationship is so close that the institution is sometimes referred to as the "University of Nike". ==Backgrounder== right|thumb|The "O" logo was designed by Nike Nike, Inc. was founded in 1964 as Blue Ribbon Sports. Nike designs the University of Oregon football program's team attire. Nike SB made an impact on what is known today as sneaker culture, and in an article from Hypebeast, which says "the success of SB and my desire to have them to the cool color schemes which allowed us as a community to nickname each shoe and the coinciding box colors that signaled different eras" and with limited product and high demand it added more to the triumph of Nike SB at the time. It was named the Nike SB Blazer and several new features were added, such as the padded collar and Zoom Air insoles. The name of the Shoes being Sandy Bodecker payed respect to the founder of both the Nike Football and Nike SB lines. However, it is suggested that this highly Frenchified spelling was simply a marketing approach by Nike to provide the item with a veneer of fashionable sophistication. ==Popular versions== A deubré may be used on a dress shoe or sneakers. After the SB Dunk's mediocre sales, Nike released four other models: The Nike SB Angus, Nike SB FC, Nike SB Delta Force, and Nike SB URL. Mountain previously rode for Adidas and then joined Nike SB in 2007. Since then Niketalk has evolved past just talking about shoes, and now is a place for discussion about sports, the media, music, video games, and the news. This was Nikes first Collab with a mental health organization. In 2022, Nike partnered with Why So Sad?. In March of that year, Nike released the Nike Dunk SB collection, aimed towards skateboarders in California. Brands like Stüssy, Supreme New York, Staple Design, and Concepts all developed their own version of the Nike SB Dunk that became highly desired. thumb|right|300 px|Logo of Niketalk.com NikeTalk is an Internet forum for the discussion of sneakers and sneaker collecting. Airmax or Air Max may refer to: * Nike Air Max, a line of shoes first released by Nike, Inc. * AirMax, a proprietary wireless protocol and wireless product brand developed by Ubiquiti Networks * Air Max Africa, an airline based in Libreville, Gabon * AirMax SeaMax, a Brazilian single-engine, amphibious light sport aircraft ==See also== * Airmax Muzik II, 6th studio album by German rapper Fler The Terminator also has a lace loop on the heel to facilitate wrapping the laces around the shoe; this and the logo were styles shared by other basketball shoes of the time, for example the Reebok BB5600. Nike was not considered a core skateboarding brand among the skateboarding community and did not receive the necessary level of support.

Just do it

The letters in "NIKE" stand for "just do it"

The letters in "NIKE" did not originally stand for anything

None of the above

The letters in "NIKE" stand for "National Indian Knitting Enterprises"

C

What's one thing that only human beings can do?

All this may lead some to the conclusion that all primates have a human-like capacity to copy abilities to make and/or use complex tools from each other. Prior to this, scientists thought that only humans manufactured and used tools, and that this ability was what separated humans from other animals. Originally thought to be a skill possessed only by humans, some tool use requires a sophisticated level of cognition. Only Human may refer to: == Film and television == * Only Human (2004 film) (Seres queridos), a Spanish-Argentine film * Only Human (2010 film), an Irish experimental film * Only Human (TV programme), a British documentary programme * "Only Human", an episode of The Transformers * "Only Human", an episode of Teen Titans ==Literature== ===Novels=== * Only Human (Doctor Who), a 2005 novel by Gareth Roberts * Only Human, a novel by Jenny Diski * Only Human, a novel by Tom Holt * Only Human, a novel in the Fourth World trilogy by Kate Thompson ===Short stories=== * "Only Human" (short story), a 2003 story by Eileen Wilks * "Only Human", a short story by Cormac Cullinan * "Only Human", a short story by John Strange Winter == Music == ===Albums=== * Only Human (Dina Carroll album) (1996) * Only Human (Cheryl album) (2014) * Only Human (Crease album) (2004) * Only Human (Hal Crook album) (1993) * Only Human (Calum Scott album) (2018) * Only Human, an album by 12 Stones * Only Human, an album by Amon Düül II * Only Human, an album by At Vance * Only Human, an album by Toploader ===Songs=== * "Only Human" (Cheryl song) (2014) * "Only Human" (Example song) (2014) * "Only Human" (Delta Goodrem song) (2015) * "Only Human" (Jonas Brothers song) (2019) * "Only Human", a song by Jason Mraz from We Sing. While humans and nonhuman primates are both tool users, both their expression and their capacities for tool use are vastly different. Tool use by non-humans is a phenomenon in which a non-human animal uses any kind of tool in order to achieve a goal such as acquiring food and water, grooming, defence, communication, recreation or construction. We're Only Human may refer to: * We're Only Human (film), 1935 American film directed by James Flood * We're Only Human (band), a 1980s British powerpop and rock band However, it is important to recognise that nonhuman primates, compared with humans, have inherent limitations in their tool complexity, due to limitations in the ways in which the innovations underlying these complexities are constructed. Nonhuman primate tools, contrarily, are unable to ratchet up in complexity over time as these animals do not copy tool design that they themselves could not have independently created from scratch, and therefore primates other than humans are restricted to those tools that reside within their zone(s) of latent solutions. The zone(s) of latent solutions of nonhuman primates, and the cultural ratcheting-up of human technology rest on different underlying processes with vastly different capacities for complexity and improvement over time. Unlike human tools, which increase in complexity due to continuing cultural evolution, nonhuman primates' tool complexity is biologically restricted to those within what has been dubbed zone(s) of latent solutions. In addition to primates and elephants, many other social mammals particularly have been observed engaging in tool use. Humans differ from nonhuman primates in how we perceive tools and their underlying know-how. This modification of a leafy twig into a tool was a major discovery: previously, scientists thought that only humans made and used tools, and that this was what separated humans from other animals. While human tools and technologies currently still increase in complexity at an exponential rate, for instance evolving from stone tools to rocket ships and supercomputers within a few thousand years, nonhuman primate tools show little evidence of improvement or underlying technological change in their underlying know-how across generations. The mechanisms driving other tool use, e.g. chimpanzee tool-use, are still debated. As cultural animals, we regularly invent new tools based on our acquired cultural background, we may pay attention to specific models, such as the most successful individuals (and various other social learning biases), and in this way the best tool practices may increase in frequency and stick around in our collective repertoire until better designed ones are built on top. Humans, as a cultural species, are predisposed to copy the know-how (methods, relationships and processes) behind tools, while our nonhuman primate relatives are predisposed to instead individually innovate their tools from scratch or to be merely socially triggered to re- innovate the tools used by others (who, ultimately had to innovate them from scratch). Nonhuman primates are predisposed to re-innovate technologies that already exist in their zone of latent solutions, while, as a cumulative cultural species, humans learn know- how culturally that clearly is beyond the human zone of latent solutions. Language and Human Nature is a joint literature project that was begun, but never completed, between C. S. Lewis and J. R. R. Tolkien.JRR Tolkien and CS Lewis joint work discovered, The Telegraph, July 19, 2009 In the 1940s, a news release from Lewis and Tolkien's publisher had announced that the book was to be published in 1950. For example, every chimpanzee has the capacity to learn how to use tools such as nut cracking and poking sticks to capture and consume ants. That is, non-human primates must "re-invent the wheel" at every generation anew.

Only human beings can make art

Only human beings can learn language

No other animals can master human languages

Only human beings can talk

Only human beings can use tools

C

What's a trait that makes humans unique?

Another characteristic that makes humans special and sets them apart from any other species is our ability to produce and understand complex, syntactic language. Language has a long evolutionary history and is closely related to the brain, but what makes the human brain uniquely adapted to language is unclear. For him, defining human nature with respect to only universal traits fails to capture many important human characteristics. According to the nomological account, a trait is only part of human nature if it is a result of evolution. The language regions in human brains highly resemble similar regions in other primates, even though humans are the only species that use language. Uniqueness is a state or condition wherein someone or something is unlike anything else in comparison, or is remarkable, or unusual. A more social and communicative person would be more easily selected. ===Intelligence dependent on brain size=== Human intelligence is developed to an extreme level that is not necessarily adaptive in an evolutionary sense. Hull's criticism is raised against philosophers who conceive human nature as a set of intrinsic phenotypic traits (or characters) that are universal among humans, unique to humans, and definitive of what it is to be a member of the biological species Homo sapiens. Human nature is a concept that denotes the fundamental dispositions and characteristics—including ways of thinking, feeling, and acting—that humans are said to have naturally."human nature." What sets humans apart from other species is that, due to our emphasis on culturally acquired information, we have evolved to already possess significant social learning abilities from infancy. Human nature is traditionally contrasted with human attributes that vary among societies, such as those associated with specific cultures. This suggests that language is innate and occurs through development instead of through feedback from the environment. For example, Sampson observed that not only human beings but all species are capable of recognizing speech. In linguistics, the innateness hypothesis, also known as the nativist hypothesis, holds that humans are born with at least some knowledge of linguistic structure. Groups of mirror neurons are specialized to respond only to one kind of viewed action, and it is currently believed that these may be an evolutionary origin to the neurons that are adapted for speech processing and production. === Universal grammar === The language bioprogram hypothesis proposes that humans have an innate, cognitive grammatical structure allowing them to develop and understand language. For Aristotle, reason is not only what is most special about humanity compared to other animals, but it is also what we were meant to achieve at our best. This is because humans have been referred to as an 'evolved cultural species'; one that has an unrivalled reliance on culturally transmitted knowledge due to the social environment around us. These properties are also usually considered as distinctive of human beings. In contrast, when placed in certain environments, other organisms are unable to attain the language mastery humans have reached. Human nature – which some have argued to vary to some extent per individual and in time, not be static and, at least in the future, to some extent be purposely alterable – is one of the factors that shape which, how and when human activities are conducted. However, there is a sense in which all human traits are results of evolution. It must be possible to explain the trait as the product of evolutionary processes.

Only humans can learn language

Only humans can play

Only humans can use tools

Only humans can make art

No other animals can master human languages

E

What's something that makes our planet unique in the universe?

A historical viewpoint on the possibility of habitable planets can be found at Beliefs in extraterrestrial life and Cosmic pluralism. As the existence of life beyond Earth is unknown, planetary habitability is largely an extrapolation of conditions on Earth and the characteristics of the Sun and Solar System which appear favorable to life's flourishing. In the Star Trek universe, a Class M planet is one habitable by humans and similar life forms. An absolute requirement for life is an energy source, and the notion of planetary habitability implies that many other geophysical, geochemical, and astrophysical criteria must be met before an astronomical body can support life. However, since planetary systems that resemble the Solar System are proving to be rare, they have begun to explore the possibility that life might form in systems very unlike the Sun's. Uniqueness is a state or condition wherein someone or something is unlike anything else in comparison, or is remarkable, or unusual. Lonely Planets: The Natural Philosophy of Alien Life, HarperCollins, 2004. However, what makes a planet habitable is a much more complex question than having a planet located at the right distance from its host star so that water can be liquid on its surface: various geophysical and geodynamical aspects, the radiation, and the host star's plasma environment can influence the evolution of planets and life, if it originated. The planetary characteristics listed below are considered crucial for life generally, but in every case multicellular organisms are more picky than unicellular life. === Mass and size === Low-mass planets are poor candidates for life for two reasons. The idea that planets beyond Earth might host life is an ancient one, though historically it was framed by philosophy as much as physical science.This article is an analysis of planetary habitability from the perspective of contemporary physical science. The planet needs an atmosphere of oxygen and nitrogen, should be close to a stable star, and have fertile soil and a climate that is generally pleasant for humans. Earth-like planet may refer to: * Earth analog, denoting another planet that is very similar to Earth * Habitable exoplanet, a planet that can support liquid water and thus hypothetically life. Lifeworld (or life-world) () may be conceived as a universe of what is self- evident or given,The given further explained a world that subjects may experience together. Planetary habitability is the measure of a planet's or a natural satellite's potential to develop and maintain environments hospitable to life. They suggest that Earth-like planets may be very rare, but non-carbon-based complex life could possibly emerge in other environments. If the star system is otherwise favorable, such planets would be good candidates for life as they would be large enough to remain internally dynamic and to retain an atmosphere for billions of years but not so large as to accrete a gaseous shell which limits the possibility of life formation. Planetary habitability in the Solar System is the study that searches the possible existence of past or present extraterrestrial life in those celestial bodies. Similarly, David Grinspoon has suggested a "living worlds hypothesis" in which our understanding of what constitutes habitability cannot be separated from life already extant on a planet. Thus, while there is reason to suspect that the four "life elements" ought to be readily available elsewhere, a habitable system probably also requires a supply of long-term orbiting bodies to seed inner planets. Without comets there is a possibility that life as we know it would not exist on Earth. === Microenvironments and extremophiles === One important qualification to habitability criteria is that only a tiny portion of a planet is required to support life, a so-called Goldilocks Edge or Great Prebiotic Spot. Planets that are geologically and meteorologically alive are much more likely to be biologically alive as well and "a planet and its life will co- evolve." The lifeworld cannot, however, be understood in a purely static manner; it isn't an unchangeable background, but rather a dynamic horizon in which we live, and which "lives with us" in the sense that nothing can appear in our lifeworld except as lived.

All of the above

Our planet is the only one that can support life

There are likely many planets in the universe with similar physical properties to Earth

Only our planet has the potential for intelligent life

Our planet is unique because it can support humans

C

How is our Solar System unique and special?

The Solar System's location in the Milky Way is a factor in the evolutionary history of life on Earth. Some Solar System models attempt to convey the relative scales involved in the Solar System on human terms. In the Star Trek universe, a Class M planet is one habitable by humans and similar life forms. Planetary habitability in the Solar System is the study that searches the possible existence of past or present extraterrestrial life in those celestial bodies. The known Solar System also lacks super- Earths, planets between one and ten times as massive as the Earth, although the hypothetical Planet Nine, if it does exist, could be a super-Earth beyond the Solar System as we understand it today. This diversity in initial conditions renders then the model unpractical and suspect, because there can only be one realization of the early Solar System: that realization should explain all the families of minor bodies in their observed abundancees. From the total of stars known to have exoplanets (as of ), there are a total of known multiplanetary systems, or stars with at least two confirmed planets, beyond the Solar System. Of the bodies on which life is possible, living organisms could most easily enter the other bodies of the Solar System from Enceladus. ===Titan=== Titan, the largest moon of Saturn, is the only known moon in the Solar System with a significant atmosphere. It may undergo resurfacing episodes on a time scale of 700 million years. ==== Earth ==== Earth ( from the Sun) is the largest and densest of the inner planets, the only one known to have current geological activity, and the only place in the universe where life is known to exist. This higher metallicity is thought to have been crucial to the Sun's development of a planetary system because the planets form from the accretion of "metals". == Environment and habitability == Outside of the main part of the Sun's atmosphere extends the heliosphere and dominates the Solar planetary system. Some of them are potentially hazardous objects. == Outer Solar System == The outer region of the Solar System is home to the giant planets and their large moons. Systems with higher mass and metallicity tend to have more planets and more massive planets. In order to explain the wide variety of object families in their respective observed abundances, a wide range of initial conditions for the solar system are necessary. The inner Solar System includes the four terrestrial planets and the asteroid belt. The stars with the most confirmed planets are Sol (the Solar System's star, also referred to as the Sun) and Kepler-90 with 8 confirmed planets each, followed by TRAPPIST-1 with 7 planets. The ring–moon systems of Jupiter, Saturn, and Uranus are like miniature versions of the Solar System; that of Neptune is significantly different, having been disrupted by the capture of its largest moon Triton. ==== Jupiter ==== Jupiter ( from the Sun), at , is 2.5 times the mass of all the other planets put together. The Solar System belongs to the Milky Way, and the closest star to the Solar System (except for the Sun) is named Proxima Centauri at a distance of 4.2441 light-years away. == Formation and evolution == The Solar System formed 4.568 billion years ago from the gravitational collapse of a region within a large molecular cloud. It is composed mainly of small Solar System bodies, although the largest few are probably large enough to be dwarf planets. Solar System Research is a peer-reviewed scientific journal which focuses on objects in the Solar System. As many of these super-Earths are closer to their respective stars than Mercury is to the sun, a hypothesis has arisen that all planetary systems start with many close-in planets, and that typically a sequence of their collisions causes consolidation of mass into few larger planets, but in case of the Solar System the collisions caused their destruction and ejection. Although there are attempts to explain it partly with a bias in the radial-velocity detection method and partly with long interactions of a quite high number of planets, the exact causes remain undetermined. == Humanity's perspective == Humanity's knowledge of the Solar System has grown incrementally over the centuries. The zone of habitability of the Solar System is located in the inner Solar System.

Only our solar system has the potential for intelligent life

Our solar system is the only one that can support life

Our solar system is unique because it can support humans

None of the above

There are likely many solar systems in the universe with similar physical properties to ours

E

What music records are still illegal in France?

In France, rape is illegal, and marital rape is also illegal. ==Child pornography== Child pornography is illegal in France. 500px|thumb|right|World map of Pornography laws: Pornography in France is legal with restrictions. France has a long history of governmental censorship, particularly in the 16th to 19th centuries, but today freedom of press is guaranteed by the French Constitution and instances of governmental censorship are limited. * Audio clips: Traditional music of France. Notable singers that have performed in France included: Céline Dion, Diane Tell, Cœur de pirate, Garou, Isabelle Boulay, Lynda Lemay and many others. * La Censure cinématographique en France, thesis *Report by the chairman of the French Commission of film classification *Internet Movie Database - films banned in France In practice, this means that most films in France are categorized rather than censored. France has a rich music history that was already prominent in Europe as far back as the 10th century. In another law that involves censorship of both linguistic and foreign-produced content, songs in the French language on radio are protected by a minimum quota system. == Press == The press is largely unrestricted by law in France, although indirect pressures are sometimes applied to prevent publication of materials against the interests of the government or influential industries. Instrumental bands, however, have been the most successful, including Gwerz, Bleizi Ruz, Strobinell, Sonerien Du and Tud. ===Central France=== Central France includes the regions of Auvergne, Limousin, Morvan, Nivernais, Bourbonnais and Berry. Sentenced to life imprisonment in 2001. == See also == * Abortion in France * Dans l'enfer des tournantes ("In Gang Rape Hell") * Feminism in France * Human rights in France * LGBT rights in France * Ministry of Women's Rights (France) * Ni Putes Ni Soumises * Rape of males * Women's rights General: * Crime in France ==Further reading== * ==References== France Category:Crimes against women According to Metacert, there are currently 5.5 million pornographic websites in France alone. This is a list of the best-selling albums in France that have been certified by the Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique (SNEP). ==Diamond album certifications== The SNEP provides "certifications" for album sales, similar to the RIAA's. The book is thus censored de facto, unavailable in all libraries and bookshops in France. In France, music reflects a diverse array of styles. In recent years there has been increase of reported rape cases in France. ==Studies== Rape has been documented across French history. France has been declared guilty of excessive delays (more than 10 years) many times by the European Court of Human Rights. == See also == *Internet censorship in France *Human rights in France *Reporters Without Borders ==Works cited== * ==References== ==Further reading== *Claude Guillon, Le droit à la mort. By 1983, the genre had spread to much of the world, including France. France is the world's second-largest hip-hop market. *Bagatelles pour un massacre, by Louis-Ferdinand Céline, for antisemitism, just like by the same author : **L'Ecole des cadavres **Les Beaux draps *Léon Degrelle's Tintin mon copain == List of censored songs == *Boris Vian, Le Déserteur (1954) Antiwar Songs (AWS) - The Deserter *JoeyStarr, "Sarkozy" (2006) == List of censored films == * La Garçonne (1923) * Zéro de conduite(1933) * Jean-Luc Godard, Le Petit Soldat (1960) * Claude Autant-Lara , Thou Shalt Not Kill (1961) from 1961 to 1963 * Du - Zwischenzeichen der Sexualität (1968) * Gillo Pontecorvo, The Battle of Algiers (1965) * L'Essayeuse (1976) *Le Mur (2011) Censored from 2012 to 2014. == CSA == The Conseil Supérieur de l'Audiovisuel (CSA) is charged to regulate televisions, both public and private. France is also the 5th largest market by value in the world, and its music industry has produced many internationally renowned artists, especially in the nouvelle chanson and electronic music. ==Classical music== ===Medieval=== French music history dates back to organum in the 10th century, followed by the Notre Dame School, an organum composition style.

In France, records by the Sex Pistols are illegal

Many records are illegal in France

Records by the Beatles are illegal in France

The Beatles songs are banned

Very few (if any) music records are still illegal in France

E

What movies are still outlawed in the Netherlands?

Bestiality and pornography (appearing to) depict sexual acts with animals are illegal in the Netherlands since 2008. == Political history == The 17th century saw a rise in interest in and production of pornographic literature in the Republic of the Netherlands, including the publication of 'The glorious deeds of John Shit, dedicated to the kackhuys' (De doorluchtige daden van Jan Stront, opgedragen aan het kackhuys) in 1684. Prior to 2010, producing pornography with animals was not explicitly illegal in the Netherlands. 500px|thumb|right|World map of Pornography laws: Pornography in the Netherlands has been legal since 1985. == Current legislation == The creation, spreading, broadcasting and ownership of pornography are legal in the Netherlands. In 2014, the Supreme Court of the Netherlands ordered the dissolution of Union MARTIJN (Dutch: Vereniging MARTIJN), which had been striving to normalise sexual relations between adults and children and legalise child pornography since 1982.HR 18 april 2014, , NJ 2014/507, m.nt. E.A. Alkema; NJB 2014/928; RvdW 2014/601; AB 2014/348, m.nt. J.G. Brouwer & G. Molier; AA 2014, p. 834, m.nt. R.J.B. Schutgens (OM/Martijn).Hoge Raad verbiedt pedovereniging Martijn, de Volkskrant 18 april 2014. == Pornography in the media == Movies that feature 'explicit sexual acts' and 'details of genitalia' are rated for ages 16 and up by Kijkwijzer, the Dutch motion picture content rating system.Classificaties uitgelegd Movies with this rating may only be broadcast between 10 p.m. and 6 a.m., and cinemas that allow entry to persons under 16 to these movies are punishable by law. In the Netherlands, child pornography is illegal, making it one of the 103 out of 193 UN member states where it is illegal. == Dutch law referring to child pornography == According to the Wetboek van Strafrecht: * Article 240b, number 1 prohibits the production, distribution, possession and sale of child pornography, and gaining access to it by means of the Internet. Cinema 5 Weesp Weesp North Holland Filmhuis Weesp 1 Wijchen Wijchen Gelderland Cinema Roma 3 Wijk bij Duurstede Wijk bij Duurstede Utrecht Calypso Theater 1 Winschoten Oldambt (municipality) Groningen Cultuurhuis de Klinker 1 Winterswijk Winterswijk Gelderland Service Theater Skopein 3 Woerden Woerden Utrecht AnnexCinema 4 Zaandam Zaanstad North Holland Pathé Zaandam 6, Filmfabriek De Fabriek 2 Zaltbommel Zaltbommel Gelderland Filmtheater Cinemaarten 1 Zandvoort Zandvoort North Holland Cinema Circus 1 Zeist Zeist Utrecht Figi 4 Zevenaar Zevenaar Gelderland Movie Unlimited 3, Filmhuis Zevenaar 1 Zierikzee Zierikzee Sealand Filmtheater Zierikzee 1 Zoetermeer Zoetermeer South Holland Kinepolis Zoetermeer 8, Stadstheater Zoetermeer 1 Zutphen Zutphen Gelderland Luxor Theater 1, Cinemajestic 4 Zwolle Zwolle Overijssel Pathé Zwolle 9 (Dolby Atmos), Filmtheater Fraterhuis 2 ==See also== *Cinema of the Netherlands ==Notes and references== ==External links== *Movie theaters in the Netherlands (PDF) *Cinema program in the Netherlands * Cinema Context: an encyclopedia of cinemas in the Netherlands from 1896 (Dutch and English) * upcoming releases in the Netherlands Category:Cinemas and movie theaters in the Netherlands Category:Entertainment companies of the Netherlands nl:Bioscoop Slowly, fiction films become more and more popular in the Netherlands. After implementation of these new rules there was a boom in production of Dutch movies. The first law to legalise pornography in the Netherlands was drafted in 1979, which included a lift on the ban on making, spreading or owning pornographic text, images and items. Cinema of the Netherlands refers to the film industry based in the Netherlands. There are several smaller film festivals in the Netherlands, and several of them are held in Amsterdam. During the late 1970s, there had been media reports about the illicit trade, but there were few if any criminal investigations on the topic. ==2002 legislation== On October 1, 2002, the Netherlands introduced legislation (Bulletin of Acts and Decrees 470) which deemed "virtual child pornography" as illegal.Justitie (1 October 2002). This is a list of films produced in the Netherlands during the 2010s. == 2010 == Title Director Cast Genre Notes Iep! * Fons Rademakers, Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film-winner * Jos Stelling, director of stylized movies * Eddy Terstall, auteur director of dialogue-driven low- budget comedies * Jean van de Velde, director of mainstream films * Paul Verhoeven, successful and often controversial director, who also worked in Hollywood * Alex van Warmerdam, auteur director of absurdist comedies, Palme d'Or nominee * Cyrus Frisch, writer-director == Successful Dutch films == , the top-15 most visited Dutch films since 1945 were: # Turks Fruit (Turkish Delight, 1973) – 3,328,804 # Fanfare (1958) – 2,635,178 # Ciske de Rat (1955) – 2,432,500 # Wat zien ik? *Omniversum, The Hague - IMAX Dome *Pathé Arena, Amsterdam - IMAX Laser 3D *Pathé Eindhoven, Eindhoven - IMAX Digital 3D *Pathé Schouwburgplein, Rotterdam - IMAX Laser 3D *Pathé Spuimarkt, The Hague - IMAX Laser 3D *Pathé Tilburg, Tilburg - IMAX Digital 3D *Pathé Arnhem, Arnhem - IMAX Digital 3D ==Table of movie theaters in the Netherlands== Town Municipality Province Theaters with number of screensNot complete. 's-Hertogenbosch 's-Hertogenbosch North Brabant Alblasserdam Alblasserdam South Holland Alkmaar Alkmaar North Holland Almere Almere Flevoland Alphen aan den Rijn Alphen aan den Rijn South Holland Amersfoort Amersfoort Utrecht Amstelveen Amstelveen North Holland Amsterdam Amsterdam North Holland De Balie 1,Screenings not every day. Jan-Willem Ewijk ? == References == 2020s Films Dutch This equates to 93,962 URLs and is an increase from 2018 when the Netherlands was found to be hosting 47% of all known child sexual abuse material. === Child pornography legislation in the Netherlands === In 2006, the Party for Neighbourly Love, Freedom, and Diversity sought to legalise the possession of child pornography, under the condition that it would be approved when the children involved participated voluntarily and were not exploited. thumb|Rialto in Amsterdam There are 137 movie theaters and 31 arthouse cinemas in the Netherlands, with a total of ca. 675 screens,See table 1 in dit document. This is a list of films produced in the Netherlands during the 2020s. == 2020 == Title Director Cast Category Notes Men at Work: Miami Johan Nijenhuis Jim Bakkum Martijn Fischer Juvat Westendorp Comedy 30 January 2020 De Grote Slijmfilm Hans Somers Kate Bensdorp Bibi Edson da Graça Adventure 5 February 2020 The Marriage Escape Johan Nijenhuis Herman Finkers Johanna ter Steege Leonie ter Braak Comedy, drama 13 February 2020 Pirates Down the Street Pim van Hoeve Egbert-Jan Weeber Tygo Gernandt Sarah Janneh Family 1 July 2020 Life as It Should Be Ruud Schuurman Barbara Sloesen Jan Kooijman Sanne Langelaar Comedy, drama 6 August 2020 Paradise Drifters Mees Peijnenburg Tamar van Waning Jonas Smulders Bilal Wahib Drama 3 September 2020 Casanova's Jamel Aattache Tygo Gernandt Jim Bakkum Roeland Fernhout Comedy 5 October 2020 De Grote Sinterklaasfilm Lucio Messercola Bram van der Vlugt Joshua Albano Filip Bolluyt Family 7 October 2020 Bon Bini: Judeska in da House Jonathan Herman Jandino Asporaat Arjan Ederveen Comedy 10 December 2020 == 2021 == Title Director Cast Category Notes The Expedition of the Family Fox Bob Wilbers Levi Otto Raymonde de Kuyper Anna Drijver Family 11 February 2021 Just Say Yes Appie Boudellah Aram van de Rest Yolanthe Cabau Huub Smit Jim Bakkum Comedy 2 April 2021 De Oost Jim Taihuttu Martijn Lakemeier Marwan Kenzari Drama, war 13 May 2021 The Forgotten Battle Matthijs van Heijningen Jr. Gijs Blom Jamie Flatters Susan Radder Drama, war 5 June 2021 De Nog Grotere Slijmfilm Martijn Smits Bibi Edson da Graça Adventure 7 July 2021 My Best Friend Anne Frank Ben Sombogaart Aiko Beemsterboer Josephine Arendsen Björn Freiberg Drama 9 September 2021 Nr. 10 Alex van Warmerdam Tom Dewispelaere Frieda Barnhard Thriller 30 September 2021 De Grote Sinterklaasfilm: Trammelant in Spanje Lucio Messercola Robert ten Brink Pamela Teves Filip Bolluyt Family 6 October 2021 ANNE+ Valerie Bisscheroux Hanna van Vliet Jouman Fattal Thorn de Vries Drama 14 October 2021 Liefde Zonder Grenzen Appie Boudellah Aram van de Rest Jim Bakkum Yolanthe Cabau Freek Bartels Comedy 14 October 2021 Do Not Hesitate Shariff Korver Joes Brauers Spencer Bogaert Thriller 11 November 2021 Captain Nova Maurice Trouwborst Kika van de Vijver Anniek Pheifer Family 1 December 2021 == 2022 == Title Director Cast Category Notes Ik Wist Het Jamel Aattache Sigrid ten Napel Steef de Bot Tarikh Janssen Comedy, romance 17 February 2022 Met Mes Sam de Jong Hadewych Minis Gijs Naber Shahine El-Hamus Drama 14 April 2022 Pirates Down the Street 2 Pim van Hoeve Nyncke Beekhuyzen Tygo Gernandt Jung Sun den Hollander Family 20 April 2022 Costa!! On May 20, 1911, the Morality Law (Dutch: Zedelijkheidswet or Wet-Regout, officially Wet van 20 mei 1911 tot bestrijding van de zedeloosheid en beteugeling van de speelzucht) was passed, banning prostitution, trafficking of women, brothels, contraceptives, gambling, abortion, homosexuality and the spreading, creation and display of pornography.Regout, Edmond Robert Hubert (1863-1913) On 9 October 1967, the first public broadcast of nudity on Dutch television took place. In the Netherlands, the definition of child pornography is: pictures (photos and videos) of sexual acts of someone that seems to be younger than 18 years. ==Chick-arrest== In 1970, the publication of sex magazine Chick resulted in the Dutch "Chick-arrest" by the Supreme Court of the Netherlands, which in turn led to the new Dutch moral law of 1971 that no longer criminally sanctioned pornography. Documentaries still play an important part in Dutch film industry.

Cannibal Holocaust

Very few (if any) movies are still outlawed in the Netherlands

The film Texas Chainsaw Massacre is still outlawed in the Netherlands

The film The Exorcist is still outlawed in the Netherlands

Antichrist is still outlawed in the Netherlands

B

What cryptid was shown by scientists to be completely real?

The hoax was part of the college's Rag Week and intended to raise money for charity. ===British Roswell=== A small piece of metal with hieroglyphs was discovered in 1957 in Sipho Moor near Scarborough, North Yorkshire. Abominable Science: Origins of the Yeti, Nessie, and other Famous Cryptids. This may occur during a closer examination by experts or upon confession of the hoaxer.Radford (2014: 161–170). === Expeditions === Cryptozoologists have often led expeditions to find evidence of cryptids, to few results. Cryptozoological animals and cryptobotanical plants, including those from folklore, religion (e.g. golem), mythology (e.g. dwarf (see also dwarfism); giants from Atlantis (see also gigantism), etc.), and some reports of ghosts, poltergeists, and time travellers (alleged) * Mothman (see also American folklore) * Jersey Devil * Loch Ness Monster (Nessie) (dinosauroid) * African Nommo * Mokele-mbembe * Yokai (many varieties) * Quinametzin * Rephaite * Loveland Frogman Some claim that many of the allegedly real creatures from the Fortean archives (see also: Fortean Times and William R. Corliss) and related reports of anomalous phenomena are actually of extraterrestrial or mixed origin, such as in the extraterrestrial hypothesis, the interdimensional hypothesis, or the cryptoterrestrial hypothesis. The Dundy County UFO hoax was a hoax perpetrated by the Nebraska State Journal in 1884. These sightings have been claimed as evidence for alien visits by ufologists. Until detailed, methodical research becomes standard practice among cryptozoologists, the field will remain disrespected by more traditional biologists and zoologists."Roesch & Moore (2002: 71–78): "Pointing to this rampant speculation and ignorance of established scientific theories in cryptozoology, as well as the field's poor record of success and its reliance on unsystematic, anecdotal evidence, many scientists and skeptics classify cryptozoology as a pseudoscience."Lee (2000: 119): "Other examples of pseudoscience include cryptozoology, Atlantis, graphology, the lunar effect, and the Bermuda Triangle". Some contemporary ufologists believe the report was a legitimate report of UFOs in the state. Historically, notable cryptozoologists have often identified instances featuring "irrefutable evidence" (such as Sanderson and Krantz), only for the evidence to be revealed as the product of a hoax. Cryptozoology is a pseudoscience and subculture that searches for and studies unknown, legendary, or extinct animals whose present existence is disputed or unsubstantiated, particularly those popular in folklore, such as Bigfoot, the Loch Ness Monster, Yeti, the chupacabra, the Jersey Devil, or the Mokele- mbembe. "The Science Behind Bigfoot and Other Monsters".National Geographic, September 9, 2013. "Bigfoot at 50: Evaluating a Half-Century of Bigfoot Evidence" in Farha, Bryan (ed.). Some of the alleged sightings never occurred: science fiction writer Otto Binder perpetuated a hoax claiming Apollo 11 Commander Neil Armstrong had encountered UFOs during the Apollo mission. thumb|right|Cover page Project Condign (not to be confused with the Condon Committee) was a secret unidentified flying object (UFO) study undertaken by the British Government's Defence Intelligence Staff (DIS) between 1997 and 2000.Simpson, Mark (2006-05-07) "UFO study finds no sign of aliens", BBC News The results of Project Condign were compiled into a 400-page document titled Unidentified Aerial Phenomena in the UK Air Defence Region that drew on approximately 10,000 sightings and reports that had been gathered by the DI55, a section of the Directorate of Scientific and Technical Intelligence (DSTI) within the DIS.Randerson, James (2006-09-25) Is there anybody out there? The astronaut who made the comments, Frank Borman, later confirmed that what he saw was not a UFO, and that when he offered to go on the television show Unsolved Mysteries to clarify, the producers told him, "Well, I'm not sure we want you on the program." It was revealed to be a hoax.Science et Vie n°959,Août 1997, Roman Ikonicoff, Roswell Cinquante ans de délire Project Mogul was presented as the official explanation of the case The French sociologist Pierre Lagrange explained his point of view about the case:Science et Vie n°935, août 1995, Pierre Lagrange, Extraterrestres La grande arnaque Santilli initially stated he bought the film from Jack Barnett, an American who claimed (though turned out not to be) the commander of the US army. Loxton & Prothero (2013: 320): "Cryptozoology has a reputation of being part of a general pseudoscientific fringe—just one more facet of paranormal belief." The identity of the report's author/s was not made public. ==Conclusions== ===UFOs=== The report concluded that UFOs had an observable presence that was “indisputable”, but also that no evidence has been found to suggest they are "hostile or under any type of control". Paleontologist Donald Prothero (2007) cites cryptozoology as an example of pseudoscience and categorizes it, along with Holocaust denial and UFO abductions claims, as aspects of American culture that are "clearly baloney".Prothero (2007: 13–15). In 2009, footage from NASA was posted on YouTube by ufologists which "renew[ed] UFO conspiracy theories that the government is hiding knowledge about its interactions with intelligent life" by relying on a "lack of context" to promote a "collection of indistinct imagery and allegations". While they didn't find any evidence for the cryptid, they did find a new species of green algae. Scholars have studied cryptozoologists and their influence (including cryptozoology's association with Young Earth creationism), noted parallels in cryptozoology and other pseudosciences such as ghost hunting and ufology, and highlighted uncritical media propagation of cryptozoologist claims. ==Terminology, history, and approach== As a field, cryptozoology originates from the works of Bernard Heuvelmans, a Belgian zoologist, and Ivan T. Sanderson, a Scottish zoologist.

Ghosts and spirits turned out to be real

I have no comment

Chupacabras turned out to be real

UFOs at Roswell turned out to be real

Bigfoot and yetis turned out to be real

B

Which UFO has been demonstrated by many scientists to be extraterrestrial in origin?

These sightings have been claimed as evidence for alien visits by ufologists. This goes counter to the predictions of supporters of the extraterrestrial hypothesis, even causing a crisis of confidence among some within the informal UFO research community. ===Involvement of scientists=== The scientific community has shown very little support for the ETH, and has largely accepted the explanation that reports of UFOs are the result of people misinterpreting common objects or phenomena, or are the work of hoaxers. Nevertheless, most officially investigated UFO sightings, such as from the U.S. Air Force's Project Blue Book, have been identified as being due to honest misidentifications of natural phenomena, aircraft, or other prosaic explanations. :"Over the past 20 years a vast amount of evidence has been accumulating that bears on the existence of UFOs. David Morrison.Morrison David, Senior Scientist at the NASA Astrobiology Institute (June 2006), Ask an Astrobiologist , (October 2006) :"As far as I know, no claims of UFOs as being alien craft have any validity -- the claims are without substance, and certainly not proved". UFOs that can be explained are sometimes termed "IFOs" or Identified Flying Objects. == UFO studies == The following are some major studies undertaken during the past 70+ years that reported on identification of UFOs: * Project Sign Project Sign lists that "in order to investigate the credibility of their existence the following factors must be considered in any technical analysis":https://archive.org/details/ProjectSIGN Method of support (lift) 1\. *West Germany, in conjunction with other European countries, conducted a secret study from 1951 to 1954, also concluding that UFOs were extraterrestrial. The extraterrestrial hypothesis (ETH) proposes that some unidentified flying objects (UFOs) are best explained as being physical spacecraft occupied by extraterrestrial intelligence or non-human aliens, or non-occupied alien probes from other planets visiting Earth. ==Etymology== Origins of the term extraterrestrial hypothesis are unknown, but use in printed material on UFOs seems to date to at least the latter half of the 1960s. This is a list of alleged UFO sightings in the United States. In 1969 physicist Edward Condon defined the "extraterrestrial hypothesis" or "ETH" as the "idea that some UFOs may be spacecraft sent to Earth from another civilization or space other than Earth, or on a planet associated with a more distant star," while presenting the findings of the much debated Condon Report. thumb|right|Josef Allen Hynek (left) and Jacques Vallée The ufologists J. Allen Hynek and Jacques Vallée have each developed descriptive systems for characterizing UFO sightings, and by extension for organizing ufology investigations. ===Phenomena linked to ufology=== In addition to UFO sightings, certain supposedly related phenomena are of interest to some ufologists, including crop circles, cattle mutilations, anomalous materials, alien abductions and implants.Denzler (2003), p. 239 Some ufologists have also promoted UFO conspiracy theories, including the Roswell Incident of 1947, the Majestic 12 documents, and UFO disclosure advocates. Test balloons of different shapes were used and reported as UFOs. According to Eghigian, "fears of Zeppelins, rockets and drones have replaced the “celestial wonders” of ancient times", and "affairs here on earth have consistently colored our perceptions of what is going on over our heads".How UFO Reports Change With the Technology of the Times | Smithsonian Magazine According to sociologist David L. Miller, experts such as Neil Smelser and Orrin Klapp attribute many UFO sightings to social contagion or mass hysteria, and as an overall cause of the UFO phenomenon. == References == * Allan Hendry, The UFO Handbook: A Guide to Investigating, Evaluating, and Reporting UFO Sightings, 1979, Doubleday & Co., * Philip Plait, Bad Astronomy: Misconceptions and Misuses Revealed, from Astrology to the Moon Landing "Hoax", 2002 John Wiley & Sons, . During the annual World UFO Day (July 2), ufologists and associated organizations raise public awareness of ufology, in an effort to "tell the truth about earthly visits from outer space aliens." The hoax was part of the college's Rag Week and intended to raise money for charity. ===British Roswell=== A small piece of metal with hieroglyphs was discovered in 1957 in Sipho Moor near Scarborough, North Yorkshire. The results were: 23% An unfamiliar natural phenomenon 22% A familiar phenomenon or device 21% An unfamiliar terrestrial device 12% Hoax 9% An unknown natural phenomenon 7% Some specifiable other cause 3% An alien device 3% Some unspecified other cause The primary scientific arguments against ETH were summarized by astronomer and UFO researcher J. Allen Hynek during a presentation at the 1983 MUFON Symposium, where he outlined seven key reasons why he could not accept the ETH.Hynek, J. Allen (1983), "The case against ET", in Walter H. Andrus, Jr., and Dennis W. Stacy (eds), MUFON UFO Symposium # Failure of sophisticated surveillance systems to detect incoming or outgoing UFOs # Gravitational and atmospheric considerations # Statistical considerations # Elusive, evasive and absurd behavior of UFOs and their occupants # Isolation of the UFO phenomenon in time and space: the Cheshire Cat effect # The space unworthiness of UFOs # The problem of astronomical distances Hynek argued that: #Despite worldwide radar systems and Earth-orbiting satellites, UFOs are alleged to flit in and out of the atmosphere, leaving little to no evidence. Ufology ( ) is the investigation of unidentified flying objects (UFOs) by people who believe that they may be of extraordinary origins (most frequently of extraterrestrial alien visitors). An example of an extraterrestrial explanation at the time was a 1909 letter to a New Zealand newspaper suggesting "atomic powered spaceships from Mars."Jerome Clark, The UFO Book, 1998, 199-200 From the 1920s, the idea of alien visitation in space ships was commonplace in popular comic strips and radio and movie serials, such as Buck Rogers and Flash Gordon. Yes *In 1999, the private French COMETA report (written primarily by military defense analysts) stated the conclusion regarding UFO phenomena, that a "single hypothesis sufficiently takes into account the facts and, for the most part, only calls for present- day science. UFO sightings in outer space are sightings of unidentified flying objects reported by astronauts while in space that they could not explain at the time. The sentiment in the scientific community about the extraterrestrial hypothesis in relation to UFO reports and data shifted substantially after serious news reports about the topic by large media outlets within the U.S. and Canada and a public debate including former and present public servants in anticipation of a report by the U.S. intelligence apparatus. A 2021 Gallup poll found that belief among Americans in some UFOs being extraterrestrial spacecraft grew between 2019 and 2021 from 33% to 41%.

The Roswell UFO has been demonstrated by many scientists to be extraterrestrial in origin

Roswell UFO

Many UFOs have been demonstrated by many scientists to be extraterrestrial in origin

No UFO has been demonstrated by many scientists to be extraterrestrial in origin

The Phoenix Lights UFO has been demonstrated by many scientists to be extraterrestrial in origin

D

Why does the government lie about the truth that UFOs are alien ships?

UFO conspiracy theories are a subset of conspiracy theories which argue that various governments and politicians globally, in particular the United States government, are suppressing evidence that unidentified flying objects are controlled by a non-human intelligence or built using alien technology. Upon examination, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) declared the documents to be "completely bogus", and many ufologists consider them to be an elaborate hoax. The files included reports of "lights in the sky" from Britons. ====Disclosure==== In the early 2000s, the concept of "disclosure" became increasingly popular in the UFO conspiracy community: that the government had classified and withheld information on alien contact and full disclosure was needed, and was pursued by activist lobbying groups. Such conspiracy theories usually argue that Earth governments are in communication or cooperation with extraterrestrial visitors despite public disclaimers, and further that some of these theories claim that the governments are explicitly allowing alien abduction. Nevertheless, most officially investigated UFO sightings, such as from the U.S. Air Force's Project Blue Book, have been identified as being due to honest misidentifications of natural phenomena, aircraft, or other prosaic explanations. Along with such "pro-UFO" groups are skeptic organizations that emphasize the pseudoscientific nature of ufology. While there are instances of government, private, and fringe science investigations of UFOs, ufology is generally regarded by skeptics and science educators as a canonical example of pseudoscience. ==Etymology== Ufology is a neologism derived from UFO (a term apparently coined by Edward J. Ruppelt), and is derived from appending the acronym UFO with the suffix -logy (from the Ancient Greek -λογία (-logia)). Scholars of religion have identified some new religious movements among the proponents of UFO conspiracy theories, most notably Heaven's Gate, the Nation of Islam, and Scientology. ==Background== Personnel in the mid-1940s reported unidentified objects under various names. ===Roswell balloon and 'recovered disc' hoaxes=== thumb|right|Army officials pose with balloon debris from Roswell. *The Pentagon UFO Report, (or colloquially known as the Pentagon UFO Report) is a United States federally mandated assessment summarizing information regarding unidentified flying objects (UFOs), also known as unidentified aerial phenomenon (UAPs). Of these, 22% were classified as unidentified (“true UFOs”). Claims of misidentification are after-the- fact analyses, not direct observations, and are often misconstrued by skeptics and UFO advocates alike: They do not suggest that the experiences did not exist, but merely that they can be explained by prosaic causes. Witnesses may believe the “UFO” was following them even though the celestial body was actually stationary. UFOs that can be explained are sometimes termed "IFOs" or Identified Flying Objects. == UFO studies == The following are some major studies undertaken during the past 70+ years that reported on identification of UFOs: * Project Sign Project Sign lists that "in order to investigate the credibility of their existence the following factors must be considered in any technical analysis":https://archive.org/details/ProjectSIGN Method of support (lift) 1\. During the annual World UFO Day (July 2), ufologists and associated organizations raise public awareness of ufology, in an effort to "tell the truth about earthly visits from outer space aliens." Washington, DC:Smithsonian Institution, 1994. . ==External links== * CIA's Role in the Study of UFOs, 1947–90 * National Security Agency UFO Documents Index * 20th Century UFO Conspiracies, a lecture by Emory University Professor Felix Harcourt Category:Science and technology-related conspiracy theories Category:Unidentified flying objects Category:Ufology Some writers have identified social factors that contribute to the status of ufology as a pseudoscience,Feist (2006), pp. 219–20 with one study suggesting that "any science doubt surrounding unidentified flying objects and aliens was not primarily due to the ignorance of ufologists about science, but rather a product of the respective research practices of and relations between ufology, the sciences, and government investigative bodies". Ufology ( ) is the investigation of unidentified flying objects (UFOs) by people who believe that they may be of extraordinary origins (most frequently of extraterrestrial alien visitors). There has been continued speculation that the men in black are government agents who harass and threaten UFO witnesses. "A Skeptical Perspective on UFO Abductions". The UFO Files: The Inside Story of Real-Life Sightings, published by The National Archives in 2009, is an official history of British UFO reports.Take me to your gizmos: MoD in bid for alien tech, Sunday Times review, September 2009 The author, David Clarke, is a senior lecturer in journalism at Sheffield Hallam University. The name of the German website Disclose.tv, which was initially a forum discussing UFOs and other conspiracy theories, references the concept. ==Allegations of evidence suppression== Allegations of suppression of UFO related evidence have persisted for many decades. The day's events include group gatherings to search for and observe UFOs. ==See also== * Ancient astronauts * Fringe science * List of topics characterized as pseudoscience * List of reported UFO sightings * List of Ufologists * The Phenomenon (2020 film) * SETI * UFOs in fiction ==References== ==Further reading== ;Academic books about ufology as a sociological and historical phenomenon * ;Pro-ufology * * ;Skeptical opinions * * ;Ufology studies * * ==External links== * Ufology News * Center for UFO Studies * Mutual UFO Network * National UFO Reporting Center * Groupe d'Études et d'Informations sur les Phénomènes Aérospatiaux Non-identifiés * British UFO Research Association * Committee for Skeptical Inquiry UFO resources

The government is lying about the truth

The current evidence suggests that UFOs are not alien ships

The government lies to protect military secrets

There is a government conspiracy

The government lies because they are controlled by aliens

B

Why did scientists deny the truth that UFOs are extraterrestrial?

This goes counter to the predictions of supporters of the extraterrestrial hypothesis, even causing a crisis of confidence among some within the informal UFO research community. ===Involvement of scientists=== The scientific community has shown very little support for the ETH, and has largely accepted the explanation that reports of UFOs are the result of people misinterpreting common objects or phenomena, or are the work of hoaxers. The sentiment in the scientific community about the extraterrestrial hypothesis in relation to UFO reports and data shifted substantially after serious news reports about the topic by large media outlets within the U.S. and Canada and a public debate including former and present public servants in anticipation of a report by the U.S. intelligence apparatus. There are two sorts of self-deception here: either accepting the idea of extraterrestrial visitation by space aliens in the face of very meager evidence because we want it to be true; or rejecting such an idea out of hand, in the absence of sufficient evidence, because we don't want it to be true. In 2009, footage from NASA was posted on YouTube by ufologists which "renew[ed] UFO conspiracy theories that the government is hiding knowledge about its interactions with intelligent life" by relying on a "lack of context" to promote a "collection of indistinct imagery and allegations". Nevertheless, most officially investigated UFO sightings, such as from the U.S. Air Force's Project Blue Book, have been identified as being due to honest misidentifications of natural phenomena, aircraft, or other prosaic explanations. But on the basis of the data and ordinary rules of evidence, as would be applied in civil or criminal courts, the physical reality of UFOs has been proved beyond a reasonable doubt." UFO conspiracy theories are a subset of conspiracy theories which argue that various governments and politicians globally, in particular the United States government, are suppressing evidence that unidentified flying objects are controlled by a non-human intelligence or built using alien technology. These sightings have been claimed as evidence for alien visits by ufologists. In 1968, American engineer James Harder argued that significant evidence existed to prove UFOs "beyond reasonable doubt," but that the evidence had been suppressed and largely neglected by scientists and the general public, thus preventing sound conclusions from being reached on the ETH. :"Over the past 20 years a vast amount of evidence has been accumulating that bears on the existence of UFOs. Upon examination, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) declared the documents to be "completely bogus", and many ufologists consider them to be an elaborate hoax. *Jean-Jacques Velasco, the head of the official French UFO investigation SEPRA, wrote a book in 2005, saying, that 14% of the 5800 cases studied by SEPRA were 'utterly inexplicable and extraterrestrial' in origin.Velasco quoted in La Dépêche du Midi, Toulouse, France, April 18, 2004 However, the CNES own report says 28% of sightings remain unidentifed.CNES report, March 26, 2007 Yves Sillard, the head of the new official French UFO investigation GEIPAN and former head of French space agency CNES, echoes Velasco's comments and adds, that the United States 'is guilty of covering up this information.' Such conspiracy theories usually argue that Earth governments are in communication or cooperation with extraterrestrial visitors despite public disclaimers, and further that some of these theories claim that the governments are explicitly allowing alien abduction. J A Harder A survey carried out by Industrial Research magazine in 1971 showed that more Americans believed the government was concealing information about UFOs (76%) than believed in the existence of UFOs (54%), or in ETH itself (32%). In 2013, Sen. Mike Gravel claimed that the government was suppressing evidence of extraterrestrials. Some writers have identified social factors that contribute to the status of ufology as a pseudoscience,Feist (2006), pp. 219–20 with one study suggesting that "any science doubt surrounding unidentified flying objects and aliens was not primarily due to the ignorance of ufologists about science, but rather a product of the respective research practices of and relations between ufology, the sciences, and government investigative bodies". In 2022, NASA announced a nine-month study starting in fall to help establish a road map for investigating UAP – or for reconnaissance of the publicly available data it might use for such research. ===Methodological issues=== Although some ufologists (e.g., Peter A. Sturrock) have proposed explicit methodological activities for investigation of UFOs,Sturrock (2000) p. 163 scientific UFO research is challenged by the facts that the phenomena are spatially and temporally unpredictable, are not reproducible, and lack tangible physicality.Denzler (2003), p. 35 That most UFO sightings have mundane explanationsMarkovsky B., "UFOs", in The Skeptic's Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience, edited by Michael Shermer, 2002 Skeptics Society, p260 limits interpretive power of "interesting," extraordinary UFO-related events, with the astronomer Carl Sagan writing: "The reliable cases are uninteresting and the interesting cases are unreliable. UFO proponents see comments by astronauts or photos processed by NASA as one of the "strongest bodies of evidence" because they are considered to be of high trustworthiness; however, NASA Assistant Administrator for Legislative Affairs, Robert F. Allnut, concluded in a 1970 letter, "after fifteen years of manned space voyages including space stations and landing on the Moon, spacemen have brought back not a shred of evidence – verbal, photographic, or otherwise – for the existence of extraterrestrial spacecraft, or 'UFOs'." One study suggests that "the rudimentary standard of science communication attending to the extraterrestrial intelligence (ETI) hypothesis for UFOs inhibits public understanding of science, dissuades academic inquiry within the physical and social sciences, and undermines progressive space policy initiatives". ===Current interest=== In 2021, astronomer Avi Loeb launched The Galileo Project which intends to collect and report scientific evidence of extraterrestrials or extraterrestrial technology on or near Earth via telescopic observations. The files included reports of "lights in the sky" from Britons. ====Disclosure==== In the early 2000s, the concept of "disclosure" became increasingly popular in the UFO conspiracy community: that the government had classified and withheld information on alien contact and full disclosure was needed, and was pursued by activist lobbying groups. UFO sightings in outer space are sightings of unidentified flying objects reported by astronauts while in space that they could not explain at the time. It's in this sense that ETI (Extra Terrestrial Intelligence) stands as the 'least implausible' explanation of 'real UFOs'."David Saunders, UFOs?

Scientists are paid by the government

Scientists are liars

The current evidence suggests that UFOs are not extraterrestrial

Scientists don't understand the evidence

The government stops people from telling the truth

C