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The full data for latitudes 64-90°N reveal the Arctic is warmer today than in 1940. | "solar forcing"), the radiative forcing is simply the change in the average amount of solar energy absorbed per square meter of the Earth's area. | 0 | [
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Australian households will benefit to the tune of $550 a year if the carbon tax is axed. | The current concentration is about 0.04% (410 ppm) by volume, having risen from pre-industrial levels of 280 ppm. | 0 | [
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HFCs ( hydrofluorocarbons ) are tens of thousands of times more polluting than carbon dioxide. | They do not harm the ozone layer as much as the compounds they replace, but they do contribute to global warming, with thousands of times the warming potential of carbon dioxide. | 1 | [
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What you were not told was that the data that triggered this record is only available back to the late 1970s. | In late 2007, the FBI announced that a partial DNA profile had been obtained from three organic samples found on Cooper's clip-on tie in 2001, though they later acknowledged that there is no evidence that the hijacker was the source of the sample material. | 1 | [
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Note that computer models are just concatenations of calculations you could do on a hand-held calculator, so they are theoretical and cannot be part of any evidence." | Despite Svensmark's assertions, galactic cosmic rays have shown no statistically significant influence on changes in cloud cover, and have been demonstrated in studies to have no causal relationship to changes in global temperature. | 0 | [
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when 3 per cent of total annual global emissions of carbon dioxide are from humans and Australia produces 1.3 per cent of this 3 per cent, then no amount of emissions reduction here will have any effect on global climate. | Historically, cold temperatures at night and in the winter months would kill off insects, bacteria and fungi. | 0 | [
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It is clear, then, that greening is emerging as a factor with the potential to blunt some of the worst impacts of human greenhouse gas emissions. | While ‘climate change’ can be due to natural forces or human activity, there is now substantial evidence to indicate that human activity – and specifically increased greenhouse gas ( GHGs ) emissions – is a key factor in the pace and extent of global temperature increases. | 1 | [
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The CERN CLOUD experiment only tested one-third of one out of four requirements necessary to blame global warming on cosmic rays, and two of the other requirements have already failed. | To test the hypothesis, CERN designed the CLOUD experiment, which showed the effect of cosmic rays is too weak to influence climate noticeably. | 1 | [
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Some, however, bristle at the belief that because floods and storms have always occurred, they should not be linked to climate change” | The sensitivity of temperature to atmospheric gasses, most notably CO 2, is often expressed in terms of the change in temperature per doubling of the concentration of the gas. | 0 | [
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The Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1635 experienced a Category 3 or 4 storm, with up to a 20-foot storm surge. | August 28, 1949, a category-4 hurricane struck West Palm Beach with maximum sustained winds of 150 mph ( 240 km / h ), causing considerable damage. | 1 | [
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“Temperature, like viscosity and density, and of course phone numbers, is not something that can be meaningfully averaged. ‘ | Population density ( in agriculture : standing stock and standing crop ) is a measurement of population per unit area, or exceptionally unit volume; it is a quantity of type number density. | 1 | [
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Opponents of climate action are getting twice as much airtime as proponents of climate action. | Conservative groups spend up to $1bn a year to fight action on climate change. | 1 | [
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the satellite sensors show less warming in the lower troposphere ( approximately 10,000 feet above the earth’s surface ) than is reported by surface temperature readings. | Earth's surface ) is typically the warmest section of the troposphere. | 1 | [
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According to the study, as carbon levels have risen, the cold air at high altitudes over the tropics has actually grown colder. | A microwave oven passes microwave radiation at a frequency near 2.45 GHz (12 cm) through food, causing dielectric heating primarily by absorption of the energy in water. | 0 | [
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Most glaciers are retreating, posing a serious problem for millions who rely on glaciers for water. | [clarification needed] Solar jobs have more than doubled in the United States over the last decade growing 153% since 2010 to 242,343 workers directly employed by the industry. | 0 | [
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Early 20th century warming was in large part due to rising solar activity and relatively quiet volcanic activity. | One argument is that of global warming occurring due to human-caused emission of greenhouse gases, particularly carbon dioxide produced by the burning of fossil fuels. | 1 | [
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more than 100 per cent of the warming over the past century is due to human actions. | Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8 °C ( 1.5 °F ) over the past 140 years. | 1 | [
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The consensus among scientists and policy-makers is that we’ll pass this point of no return if the global mean temperature rises by more than two degrees Celsius. | The overall risks of climate change impacts can be reduced by limiting the rate and magnitude of climate change Without new policies to mitigate climate change, projections suggest an increase in global mean temperature in 2100 of 3.7 to 4.8 °C, relative to pre-industrial levels ( median values; the range is 2.5 to 7.8 °C including climate uncertainty ). | 1 | [
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Water vapor in the stratosphere stopped global warming. | Winter Storm naming in the United States goes back to the 1700s when a snowstorm dubbed "The Great Snow of 1717" hit the colonies of New England in 1717. | 0 | [
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Twentieth century global warming did not start until 1910. | In 1896, he published the first climate model of its kind, showing that halving of CO 2 could have produced the drop in temperature initiating the ice age. | 1 | [
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But each serial adjustment has tended to make the early years colder, which increases the warming trend. | The current Arctic warming is leading to ancient carbon being released from thawing permafrost, leading to methane and carbon dioxide production by micro-organisms. | 0 | [
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While changes in cloud cover & aerosols lead to more sunlight hitting the surface, this can be compensated by the cooling effect on the atmosphere due to fewer clouds trapping less warmth and fewer absorbing aerosols absorbing less sunlight. | Further criticism stems from the fact that the phrase intelligent design makes use of an assumption of the quality of an observable intelligence, a concept that has no scientific consensus definition. | 0 | [
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We know the Northwest Passage had been open before." | China and India have recently increased their emissions of black carbon corresponding to their rapid development. | 0 | [
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However, satellite and surface measurements observe an enhanced greenhouse effect at the wavelengths that CO2 absorb energy. | Sea ice extent for September for 2012 was by far the lowest on record at 3.29 million square kilometers, eclipsing the previous record low sea ice extent of 2007 by 18%. | 0 | [
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The knock-on consequences affect national security, as the scale of the challenges involved, such as pandemic disease outbreaks, are overwhelming. | A pandemic is an epidemic occurring on a scale which crosses international boundaries, usually affecting a large number of people. | 1 | [
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The ocean is absorbing massive amounts of CO2, and is becoming more acidic as a result. | Ocean acidification is the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans, caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide ( CO 2 ) from the atmosphere. | 1 | [
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“Even if you could calculate some sort of meaningful global temperature statistic, the figure would be unimportant. | precipitation, from water vapor condensing from the air and falling to the earth or ocean. | 0 | [
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However, satellite and surface measurements observe an enhanced greenhouse effect at the wavelengths that CO2 absorb energy. | The Newswatch branding was dropped after 28 years to coincide with the switch. | 0 | [
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The planet's average surface temperature has risen about 1.62 degrees Fahrenheit (0.9 degrees Celsius) since the late 19th century, a change driven largely by increased carbon dioxide and other human-made emissions into the atmosphere. | The Holocene glacial retreat is a geographical phenomenon that involved the global deglaciation of glaciers that previously had advanced during the Last Glacial Maximum. | 0 | [
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Venus doesn't have a runaway greenhouse effect | The review would also scrutinise the CRU's policies and practices for "acquiring, assembling, subjecting to peer review, and disseminating data and research findings" and "their compliance or otherwise with best scientific practice". | 0 | [
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Despite attention on global warming, "fewer Americans carpool today to work than carpooled in 1980" and "SUVs have never been a larger proportion of the vehicles being sold in this country." | They challenged the scientific evidence, argued that global warming would have benefits, warned that concern for global warming was some kind of socialist plot to undermine American capitalism, and asserted that proposed solutions would do more harm than good. | 0 | [
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Your odds of correctly guessing the outcome of a flipped coin are 1 in 2, but your odds of guessing correctly twice in a row are only 1 in 4 — | Health concerns around the world can be linked to floods. | 0 | [
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“Catherine Senior, head of understanding climate change at the Met Office Hadley Centre, said more studies and more data were needed to fully understand the role of clouds and aerosols. | They judge that global mean surface air temperature has increased by 0.3 to 0.6 °C over the last 100 years, broadly consistent with prediction of climate models, but also of the same magnitude as natural climate variability. | 0 | [
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While there has been a mean rise of a little more than 3mm per year worldwide since the 1990s, in the last decade, the NOAA Virginia Key tide gauge just south of Miami Beach has measured a 9mm rise annually.” | The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is an intergovernmental body of the United Nations that is dedicated to providing the world with objective, scientific information relevant to understanding the scientific basis of the risk of human-induced climate change, its natural, political, and economic impacts and risks, and possible response options. | 0 | [
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The oceans have absorbed much of this increased heat, with the top 700 meters (about 2,300 feet) of ocean showing warming of more than 0.4 degrees Fahrenheit since 1969. | "Supplying Baseload Power and Reducing Transmission Requirements by Interconnecting Wind Farms" (PDF). | 0 | [
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In recent decades this warming has been accompanied by a constant rise in the sea level and, it would appear, by an increase of extreme weather events, even if a scientifically determinable cause cannot be assigned to each particular phenomenon. | Since the pre-industrial period, global average land temperatures have increased almost twice as fast as global average temperatures. | 0 | [
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I think about all the 194 countries that signed onto the Paris accord, the U.S. is the one that's leading the world in reducing emissions. | The IPCC Fourth Assessment Report in 2007 reported that "2005 and 1998 were the warmest two years in the instrumental global surface-air temperature record since 1850. | 0 | [
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"The IPCC also made false predictions on the Amazon rain forests, referenced to a non peer-reviewed paper produced by an advocacy group working with the WWF. | If the government was armed with appropriate legislation and the threat of long prison terms, private citizens would not feel the need to act. | 0 | [
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“Typically, in such an attribution study, scientists will use sets of climate models — one set including the factors that drive human global warming and the other including purely “natural” factors — and see if an event like the one in question is more likely to occur in the first set of models. | The clear message from fingerprint studies is that the observed warming over the last half-century cannot be explained by natural factors, and is instead caused primarily by human factors. | 1 | [
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In 1946, PDO switched to a cool phase. | During a warm, or positive, phase, the west Pacific becomes cooler and part of the eastern ocean warms; during a cool or negative phase, the opposite pattern occurs. | 1 | [
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“Moreover, the ocean already contains so-called oxygen minimum zones, generally found in the middle depths. | Dead zones are hypoxic ( low-oxygen ) areas in the world's oceans and large lakes, caused by excessive nutrient pollution from human activities coupled with other factors that deplete the oxygen required to support most marine life in bottom and near-bottom water. | 1 | [
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But it is part of a long list of studies from independent teams (as this interactive graphic shows), using a variety of methods that take account of critical challenges, all of which conclude that climate models exhibit too much sensitivity to greenhouse gases. | The long orbital period of Neptune results in seasons lasting forty years. | 0 | [
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it’s virtually impossible to get funded for work that disputes climate change through other channels [other than oil companies] | However, because the ratio of soil organic carbon to nitrogen is mediated by soil biology such that it maintains a narrow range, a doubling of soil organic carbon is likely to imply a doubling in the storage of nitrogen in soils as organic nitrogen, thus providing higher available nutrient levels for plants, supporting higher yield potential. | 0 | [
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Coral bleaching has devastated 93% of the Great Barrier Reef | These temperatures have caused the most severe and widespread coral bleaching ever recorded in the Great Barrier reef. | 1 | [
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if we halved today’s atmospheric carbon dioxide content, all life would die. | Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere is a trace gas, currently ( mid 2018 ) having a global average concentration of 409 parts per million by volume ( or 622 parts per million by mass ). | 1 | [
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There are many lines of evidence which clearly show that the atmospheric CO2 increase is caused by humans. | In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases. | 1 | [
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“Catherine Senior, head of understanding climate change at the Met Office Hadley Centre, said more studies and more data were needed to fully understand the role of clouds and aerosols. | la Repubblica said that its FOI requests had been hindered and delayed in all jurisdictions. | 0 | [
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The winds around the continent seem to be strengthening, stirring the ocean and bringing up a layer of warmer water that has most likely been there for centuries. | As a result, the mean annual air temperature at sea level decreases by about 0.4 °C (0.7 °F) per degree of latitude from the equator. | 0 | [
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In no way, shape, or form are humans warming or cooling the planet. | Without feedbacks the radiative forcing of approximately 3.7 W/m2, due to doubling CO 2 from the pre-industrial 280 ppm, would eventually result in roughly 1 °C global warming. | 0 | [
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But then, just over a year ago, Mike Wallace, a hydrologist with 30 years’ experience, noticed while researching his PhD that they had omitted some key information[ … ] his results were surprising : there has been no reduction in oceanic pH | A Master's degree is required, and the doctorate combines approximately 4–5 years of research ( amounting to 3–5 scientific articles, some of which must be first-author ) and 60 ECTS points of studies. | 1 | [
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Newspaper Article from 1922 Discusses Arctic Ocean Climate Change | July 4, 1923. | 1 | [
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Most likely the primary control knob [on climate change] is the ocean waters and this environment that we live in. | Certain scientists, skeptics and otherwise, believe this confidence in the models' ability to predict future climate is not earned. | 0 | [
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During the 2013 election campaign the Coalition said its first legislative priority in government would be to scrap the carbon tax. | Labor and the Greens opposed the Coalition's promised abolition of carbon pricing, and the introduction of direct action carbon-reduction policies, but the Government secured cross bench support for the repeal of the tax in July 2014. | 1 | [
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Some experts think we’re on track to hit 550 ppm by the end of the century, which would cause average global temperatures to rise by 6 degrees Celsius | In one model, the average temperature of Earth following a full thermonuclear war falls for several years by 7 to 8 degrees Celsius ( 13 to 15 degrees Fahrenheit ) on average. | 1 | [
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While natural forcings can account for much of the early 20th Century warming, humans played a role as well. | Global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in 2010 were equivalent to 49 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide (using the most recent global warming potentials over 100 years from the AR5 report). | 0 | [
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Rising CO2 increases atmospheric water vapor, which makes global warming much worse. | "Episodic fresh surface waters in the Eocene Arctic Ocean". | 0 | [
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Arctic sea ice extent was lower in the past. | The Paleocene–Eocene thermal maximum was an approximate 200,000 year long event where the global average temperature rose by some 5 to 8 °C (9 to 14 °F), and mid-latitude and polar areas may have exceeded modern tropical temperatures of 24–29 °C (75–84 °F). | 0 | [
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Their ECS estimate is 1.5 degrees, with a probability range between 1.05 and 2.45 degrees. | About a billion years from now, all surface water will have disappeared and the mean global temperature will reach 70 °C (158 °F). | 0 | [
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...Livestock are responsible for 18 per cent of the greenhouse gases that cause global warming, more than cars, planes and all other forms of transport put together. | It is one of the largest sources of greenhouse gases, responsible for 18% of the world's greenhouse gas emissions as measured in CO2 equivalents. | 1 | [
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There have long been claims that some unspecificed they has changed the name from 'global warming' to 'climate change'. | In this sense, especially in the context of environmental policy, the term climate change has become synonymous with anthropogenic global warming. | 1 | [
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In our lifetime, there has been no correlation between carbon dioxide emissions and temperature | Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century. | 0 | [
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Melting permafrost can release not just CO2, but also methane, a much stronger heat-trapping gas. | When the permafrost melts, it releases carbon in the form of carbon dioxide and methane, both of which are greenhouse gases. | 1 | [
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Global warming is driving major melting on the surface of Greenland’s glaciers and is speeding up their travel into the sea.” | Not only does this increase the absorption of sunlight, it also increases melting and sea level rise. | 1 | [
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nothing we can do to stop the Earth’s naturally occurring climate cycles. | Shifting from meat-intensive diets to largely plant-based diets in order to help mitigate biodiversity loss and climate change. | 1 | [
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"Disasters Cost More Than Ever — But Not Because of Climate Change" (Roger Pielke Jr.) | Melting permafrost may also accelerate climate change in the future. | 0 | [
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“As soon as renewables were introduced into the grid, electricity prices increased and delivery became unreliable. | The improved flexibility of the smart grid permits greater penetration of highly variable renewable energy sources such as solar power and wind power, even without the addition of energy storage. | 1 | [
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it’s virtually impossible to get funded for work that disputes climate change through other channels [other than oil companies] | Paleontological evidence and computer simulations show that Earth's axial tilt is stabilized by tidal interactions with the Moon. | 0 | [
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CO2 emissions were much smaller 100 years ago. | Global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in 2010 were equivalent to 49 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide ( using the most recent global warming potentials over 100 years from the AR5 report ). | 1 | [
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The atmospheric residency time of carbon dioxide is five years | These human activities have significantly increased the concentration of "greenhouse gases" in the atmosphere. | 0 | [
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Temperatures in the Southwest increased by nearly two degrees Fahrenheit (one degree Celsius) from 1901 to 2010, and some climate models forecast a total rise of six degrees or more by the end of this century. | According to basic physical principles, the greenhouse effect produces warming of the lower atmosphere (the troposphere), but cooling of the upper atmosphere (the stratosphere). | 0 | [
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People tend to think of an ice-free Arctic in summer in terms of it merely being a symbol of global change. | Models that best match historical trends project a nearly ice-free Arctic in the summer by the 2030s. | 1 | [
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Tuvalu sea level isn't rising | Another form of severe weather is drought, which is a prolonged period of persistently dry weather (that is, absence of precipitation). | 0 | [
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Satellite error inflated Great Lakes temperatures | A March 2016 report stated that coral bleaching was more widespread than previously thought, seriously affecting the northern parts of the reef as a result of warming ocean temperatures. | 0 | [
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The contribution of waste heat to the global climate is 0.028 W / m2. | Global forcing from waste heat was 0.028 W / m2 in 2005. | 1 | [
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Florida ranks 45th out of 50 states'' for its regulatory climate for business. | The Miami Metropolitan Area is by far the largest urban economy in Florida and the 12th largest in the United States with a GDP of $345 billion as of 2017[ update ]. | 1 | [
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Australia’s signed a suicide note [ with the Paris Accord ] yet didn’t seem to notice that China, India, Indonesia and the US did not commit to reducing their large carbon dioxide emissions. | Countries that ratified the Kyoto protocol committed to reduce their emissions of carbon dioxide and five other greenhouse gases, or engage in emissions trading if they maintain or increase emissions of these gases. | 1 | [
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94 percent of the carbon emissions which you so want to get rid of are caused by nature. | The vast majority of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions come from combustion of fossil fuels, principally coal, oil, and natural gas, with additional contributions coming from deforestation, changes in land use, soil erosion and agriculture ( including livestock ). | 1 | [
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IPCC human-caused global warming attribution confidence is unfounded. | If the Greenland ice sheet were to melt away completely, the world's sea level would rise by more than 7 m (23 ft). | 0 | [
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During "the recent global warming summit in Copenhagen, Nancy Pelosi and others stayed at a five-star hotel on a trip costing nearly $10,000 per person." | Worldwide exposure to PM2.5 contributed to 4.1 million deaths from heart disease and stroke, lung cancer, chronic lung disease, and respiratory infections in 2016. | 0 | [
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Antarctica is too cold to lose ice. | This means that it is a very cold continent where water is mostly in the form of ice. | 1 | [
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Trenberth's views are clarified in the paper "An imperative for climate change planning: tracking Earth's global energy". | As a result of this change, Micronesia is more likely to be affected by tropical cyclones, while China has a decreased risk of being affected by tropical cyclones. | 0 | [
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Last year, though, was a wet one on the Rio Grande, with a strong snowpack in the winter of 2016-17 that allowed the conservancy district to store water in upstream reservoirs. | In time series analysis and statistics, the cross-correlation of a pair of random process is the correlation between values of the processes at different times, as a function of the two times. | 0 | [
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This means the jet stream meanders more, with big loops bringing warm air to the frozen north and cold air into warmer southern climes.” | Pavel Banya enjoys warm summers, with an average of 22 degrees (72 degrees Fahrenheit) Celsius in July, and colder winters, with an average of 1 degree Celsius (34 degrees Fahrenheit) in January. | 0 | [
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In Albany, New York, the high temperature of 74 degrees on Thursday was the warmest temperature on record for any day during the months of December, January and February. | The IPCC has published five comprehensive assessment reports reviewing the latest climate science, as well as a number of special reports on particular topics. | 0 | [
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Unlike the simple example of positive feedback we learned in high school, the increase from every round of feedback gets smaller and smaller, in the case of the enhanced greenhouse effect. | Since water vapor is a greenhouse gas, the increase in water vapor content makes the atmosphere warm further; this warming causes the atmosphere to hold still more water vapor ( a positive feedback ), and so on until other processes stop the feedback loop. | 1 | [
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The IPCC simply updated their temperature history graphs to show the best data available at the time. | Most carbon dioxide from human activities is released from burning coal and other fossil fuels. | 0 | [
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“ NASA concurred with NOAA, also declaring 2016 the warmest year on record in its own data set that tracks the temperatures at the surface of the planet’s land and oceans, and expressing ‘greater than 95 percent certainty’ in that conclusion. | U.S. Report Confirms 2016 Was The Hottest Year On Record. | 1 | [
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Extreme weather isn't caused by global warming | Climate change is more accurate scientifically to describe the various effects of greenhouse gases on the world because it includes extreme weather, storms and changes in rainfall patterns, ocean acidification and sea level.. | 1 | [
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What they find is sea level rise has been steadily accelerating over the past century. | Climate scientists expect the rate to further accelerate during the 21st century. | 1 | [
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nothing we can do to stop the Earth’s naturally occurring climate cycles. | The Milankovitch cycles are a set of cyclic variations in characteristics of the Earth's orbit around the Sun. | 1 | [
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A recent study in Nature Geoscience, for instance, called into question whether the Arctic’s melting, and in particular its sea ice loss, has been causing winter cooling over Eurasia, another idea that has been swept up in the debate over the jet stream and weather extremes.” | Various mechanisms have been identified that might explain extreme weather in mid-latitudes from the rapidly warming Arctic, such as the jet stream becoming more erratic. | 1 | [
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Global warming is an increasingly urgent problem. | The spatial and temporal fingerprint of warming can be traced to increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, which are a direct result of burning fossil fuels, broad-scale deforestation and other human activity. | 0 | [
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Scientists have long known about the anomalous ‘warming hole‘ in the North Atlantic Ocean, an area immune to warming of Earth’s oceans. | Other climate determinants are more dynamic : the thermohaline circulation of the ocean leads to a 5 °C ( 9 °F ) warming of the northern Atlantic Ocean compared to other ocean basins. | 1 | [
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Fundamental physics and global climate models both make testable predictions as to how the global climate should change in response to anthropogenic warming. | This may be as simple as observing that the theory makes accurate predictions, which is evidence that any assumptions made at the outset are correct or approximately correct under the conditions tested. | 1 | [
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While such a storm does not happen in New England anymore, it happened again there in 1675, with elderly eyewitnesses comparing it to the 1635 storm. | The 1938 New England Hurricane ( also referred to as the Great New England Hurricane, Long Island Express, and Yankee Clipper ) was one of the deadliest and most destructive tropical cyclones to strike Long Island, New York, and New England. | 1 | [
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North America suffers extreme weather events including wildfires, drought, and heatwaves. | Lindzen has given estimates of the Earth's climate sensitivity to be 0.5 °C based on ERBE data. | 0 | [
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Thus rather than a "doomsday" cycle of runaway warming, Mother Earth appears surprisingly tolerant of carbon, decreasing atmospheric levels of water vapor -- a more effective greenhouse gas -- to compensate. | 1250, during the European Middle Ages. | 0 | [
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IPCC were wrong about Himalayan glaciers | The report has also been criticized for inclusion of an erroneous date for the projected demise of the Himalayan glaciers. | 1 | [
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Austria is today seeing its earliest snowfall in history with 30 to 40 centimetres already predicted in the mountains. | From 1925 to 1929, the economy enjoyed a short high before nearly crashing[ clarification needed ] after Black Tuesday. | 1 | [
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To claim that humidity is decreasing requires you ignore a multitude of independent reanalyses that all show increasing humidity. | He learns that "Earth could warm by more than 9 degrees F (5 degrees C) by 2100 if we don’t aggressively reduce our emissions of greenhouse gases", and that more frequent heat waves and droughts will contribute to food shortages, which can lead to greater conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere. | 0 | [
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