msu-ceco/aec_v1 · Datasets at Hugging Face

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Little or no seepage will result when a concrete pipe is used through these soils.
Four factors influencing an irrigation system are independent of soil type.
These are costs, contour of the land, weed contamination and the effect on cultivation practice.
The cost of outlets such as ditch structures and pipe line valves is extra over and above the cost of the ditches and pipe lines themselves.
It is difficult to compare them since they serve a specialized type of conduit.
Some of the effects resulting from soil type-such as washing-come after delivery of the water by these outlets.
Basins, checks, and borders are basically alike, being for the most part flat areas surrounded by earthen levees which hold the water flooded over them until it infiltrates the soil.
Basins are generally smaller, such as the square-leveed areas about individual trees.
Borders or checks are usually long and narrow with the slope down the length in the direction of irrigation.
There are several methods for applying water to the soil-basins, furrows, checks, borders and sprinklers.
The cross slope-the narrow way of borders and checks-is restricted to twotenths of one foot or less between the borders.
Sometimes the cross slope, and at other times the available water supply control the spacing of the levees.
Other irrigation devices may be used to advantage under certain conditions.
One such device is the syphon which conducts the water over the ditch bank to the field, eliminating the cutting of ditchbanks and effecting a saving in irrigation labor.
Continued on page 10
COMPARISON OF DITCH AND PIPE LINE IRRIGATION IN RELATION TO VARIOUS FACTORS
Factor Soil Type Ditch Pipe Line
Sand High-wasteful Slight to none
Seepage Loam Moderate-occasionally wasteful Slight to none
Clay Low-negligible waste Slight to none
Sand Washing a problem Less washing than ditch
Operation Loam Some washing-may be high Limited washing to none
simplicity Clay Little or no washing None
Sand Difficult to keep in shape
Maintenance Loam More stable than sand None
Clay Relatively stable-keeps shape
Sand Often not suitable for burrowing
Rodent None
destruction Loam Burrowed readily and frequently
Clay Burrowed readily and frequently
Must be remade frequently to plug ro- Long-15 to 20 years or
Life All types dent holes and control weed growth more
for all soil types
Higher-from 55c for 8
First cost All types Low-few cents per ft.
to $1.50 for 18" (ap-
prox.
price laid in field)
Weed con- All types Always a hazard, sometimes serious None
Interference Below ground-little or
with cultiva- All types Often definite obstruction to cultivation no interference
Can disregard grade of
Contour of land if all points are
the land All types Must have fall toward point of delivery below elevation of
supply, which may be
Black-end of Pear problem is subject of extensive field and laboratory studies
Intensive investigations have been conducted in the field and in the laboratory since about 1930 regarding blackend or hard-end condition of pears and the relation of the rootstock to the incidence of the disease.
Investigations were extended to include many thousands of trees whose rootstocks were known.
The greatest incidence of the disorder occurred on the Japanese stock-P.
pyrifolia-although black-end was found on pear trees propagated on P.
ussuriensis, P.
betulafolia and Kieffer seedling roots.
Although the trouble has been found on trees that were said to be propagated on P.
calleryana stock, it always has been small in amount.
There have been a few cases where black-end has occurred on what has seemed to be French-P.
communis-rootstock.
The occurrence on
French root however, has been so rare that the question might well be raised whether these particular trees might not be propagated on hybrid stock.
Records have been kept of the performance of individual trees over a period of years.
The trouble does not spread throughout the orchard.
All degrees of severity have been found; trees tend to hold their relative positions from year to year with respect to the amount of black-end produced.
The curve of incidence of the disease has been obtained by counting the number of black-end fruits on selected trees at weekly intervals.
A number of materials have been applied to the soil and injected into black-
Continued from page 6
The spud ditch finds favor in peat areas where the water table is already reasonably high.
It simply saturates the surrounding peat mass with water by rapid percolation through the porous peat.
Cost of irrigation naturally varies with
end trees.
Among those applied to the soil have been: A complete fertilizer, beet lime, sulfur, iron sulfate, a combination of manure and lime.
Oxalic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, iron sulfate, copper sulfate, boric acid, and a mixture of 12 different salts containing copper, boron, manganese, molybdenum, zinc, thorium, barium, strontium, tungsten, chromium, cadmium, and cobalt have been injected into the trees.
None of the soil applications or tree injections has changed the black-end condition of the trees.
Reciprocal and intermediate grafts have been made in an effort to transmit the disease.
In the intermediate grafts root pieces were used as the intermediates, some having soil filled boxes built around them.
None of the grafting experiments has been successful in transmitting the disease.
Several thousand inarched trees have been observed.
None of them has cured the disorder except when the original stock has been separated and the top caused to stand upon the inarches.
Young trees have been produced by propagating Bartlett on piece roots obtained from trees that produced black-end Continued on page 15
If this total lift is in a well and a sprinkler system is operating requiring a pipe line pressure of about 40 pounds per square inch at the pump discharge, the pumping cost is increased by approximately $3 per acre-foot.
the type of system used.
It costs about $3 to pump one acre-foot of water where the total lift is 100 feet.
In contrast, some supplies for gravity systems cost as little as 50 cents or less per acre-foot.
The cost of gravity or ditch water depends upon the gross cost of the project and how rapidly it is being amortized.
N.
Johnston is Associate Professor of Irrigation, and Associate Irrigation Engineer in the Experiment Station, Davis.
Rate of Water Supply and Length of Run for Various Types of Irrigation and Slopes of Land
Slope of Coarse sandy soils Medium silt loam Very heavy clay soils
Type of irrigation land
in ft./100' Supply needed Length of run Supply needed Length of run Supply needed Length of run
02' 20 cubic feet per second/acre 5 cfs 2 cfs
Basin 25' 20 cfs/acre 5 cfs 2 cfs
58' 20 cfs/acre 5 cfs 2 cfs
8-12 20 cfs/acre 5 cfs 2 cfs
0-2' 1.5 cfs/10' 220' .5 cfs/10' 550-880' .3 cfs/10' to 1,000
Border or Check 25' width 220' width 550-880' width to 1,000
58' 220' 550-880 to 1,000
8-12' 220' 550-880' to 1,000
0-2' .02 cfs each 220' .01 cfs ea.
440-660' .005 cfs ea.
880'
Furrow 25' .02 cfs each contour .005 cfs ea.

Little or no seepage will result when a concrete pipe is used through these soils.

Four factors influencing an irrigation system are independent of soil type.

These are costs, contour of the land, weed contamination and the effect on cultivation practice.

The cost of outlets such as ditch structures and pipe line valves is extra over and above the cost of the ditches and pipe lines themselves.

It is difficult to compare them since they serve a specialized type of conduit.

Some of the effects resulting from soil type-such as washing-come after delivery of the water by these outlets.

Basins, checks, and borders are basically alike, being for the most part flat areas surrounded by earthen levees which hold the water flooded over them until it infiltrates the soil.

Basins are generally smaller, such as the square-leveed areas about individual trees.

Borders or checks are usually long and narrow with the slope down the length in the direction of irrigation.

There are several methods for applying water to the soil-basins, furrows, checks, borders and sprinklers.

The cross slope-the narrow way of borders and checks-is restricted to twotenths of one foot or less between the borders.

Sometimes the cross slope, and at other times the available water supply control the spacing of the levees.

Other irrigation devices may be used to advantage under certain conditions.

One such device is the syphon which conducts the water over the ditch bank to the field, eliminating the cutting of ditchbanks and effecting a saving in irrigation labor.

Continued on page 10

COMPARISON OF DITCH AND PIPE LINE IRRIGATION IN RELATION TO VARIOUS FACTORS

Factor Soil Type Ditch Pipe Line

Sand High-wasteful Slight to none

Seepage Loam Moderate-occasionally wasteful Slight to none

Clay Low-negligible waste Slight to none

Sand Washing a problem Less washing than ditch

Operation Loam Some washing-may be high Limited washing to none

simplicity Clay Little or no washing None

Sand Difficult to keep in shape

Maintenance Loam More stable than sand None

Clay Relatively stable-keeps shape

Sand Often not suitable for burrowing

Rodent None

destruction Loam Burrowed readily and frequently

Clay Burrowed readily and frequently

Must be remade frequently to plug ro- Long-15 to 20 years or

Life All types dent holes and control weed growth more

for all soil types

Higher-from 55c for 8

First cost All types Low-few cents per ft.

to $1.50 for 18" (ap-

prox.

price laid in field)

Weed con- All types Always a hazard, sometimes serious None

Interference Below ground-little or

with cultiva- All types Often definite obstruction to cultivation no interference

Can disregard grade of

Contour of land if all points are

the land All types Must have fall toward point of delivery below elevation of

supply, which may be

Black-end of Pear problem is subject of extensive field and laboratory studies

Intensive investigations have been conducted in the field and in the laboratory since about 1930 regarding blackend or hard-end condition of pears and the relation of the rootstock to the incidence of the disease.

Investigations were extended to include many thousands of trees whose rootstocks were known.

The greatest incidence of the disorder occurred on the Japanese stock-P.

pyrifolia-although black-end was found on pear trees propagated on P.

ussuriensis, P.

betulafolia and Kieffer seedling roots.

Although the trouble has been found on trees that were said to be propagated on P.

calleryana stock, it always has been small in amount.

There have been a few cases where black-end has occurred on what has seemed to be French-P.

communis-rootstock.

The occurrence on

French root however, has been so rare that the question might well be raised whether these particular trees might not be propagated on hybrid stock.

Records have been kept of the performance of individual trees over a period of years.

The trouble does not spread throughout the orchard.

All degrees of severity have been found; trees tend to hold their relative positions from year to year with respect to the amount of black-end produced.

The curve of incidence of the disease has been obtained by counting the number of black-end fruits on selected trees at weekly intervals.

A number of materials have been applied to the soil and injected into black-

Continued from page 6

The spud ditch finds favor in peat areas where the water table is already reasonably high.

It simply saturates the surrounding peat mass with water by rapid percolation through the porous peat.

Cost of irrigation naturally varies with

end trees.

Among those applied to the soil have been: A complete fertilizer, beet lime, sulfur, iron sulfate, a combination of manure and lime.

Oxalic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, iron sulfate, copper sulfate, boric acid, and a mixture of 12 different salts containing copper, boron, manganese, molybdenum, zinc, thorium, barium, strontium, tungsten, chromium, cadmium, and cobalt have been injected into the trees.

None of the soil applications or tree injections has changed the black-end condition of the trees.

Reciprocal and intermediate grafts have been made in an effort to transmit the disease.

In the intermediate grafts root pieces were used as the intermediates, some having soil filled boxes built around them.

None of the grafting experiments has been successful in transmitting the disease.

Several thousand inarched trees have been observed.

None of them has cured the disorder except when the original stock has been separated and the top caused to stand upon the inarches.

Young trees have been produced by propagating Bartlett on piece roots obtained from trees that produced black-end Continued on page 15

If this total lift is in a well and a sprinkler system is operating requiring a pipe line pressure of about 40 pounds per square inch at the pump discharge, the pumping cost is increased by approximately $3 per acre-foot.

the type of system used.

It costs about $3 to pump one acre-foot of water where the total lift is 100 feet.

In contrast, some supplies for gravity systems cost as little as 50 cents or less per acre-foot.

The cost of gravity or ditch water depends upon the gross cost of the project and how rapidly it is being amortized.

N.

Johnston is Associate Professor of Irrigation, and Associate Irrigation Engineer in the Experiment Station, Davis.

Rate of Water Supply and Length of Run for Various Types of Irrigation and Slopes of Land

Slope of Coarse sandy soils Medium silt loam Very heavy clay soils

Type of irrigation land

in ft./100' Supply needed Length of run Supply needed Length of run Supply needed Length of run

02' 20 cubic feet per second/acre 5 cfs 2 cfs

Basin 25' 20 cfs/acre 5 cfs 2 cfs

58' 20 cfs/acre 5 cfs 2 cfs

8-12 20 cfs/acre 5 cfs 2 cfs

0-2' 1.5 cfs/10' 220' .5 cfs/10' 550-880' .3 cfs/10' to 1,000

Border or Check 25' width 220' width 550-880' width to 1,000

58' 220' 550-880 to 1,000

8-12' 220' 550-880' to 1,000

0-2' .02 cfs each 220' .01 cfs ea.

440-660' .005 cfs ea.

880'

Furrow 25' .02 cfs each contour .005 cfs ea.