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์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์—๋Š” ๋ˆ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜์ฃ .
All that costs money.
์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•œ๊ตญ์ด ์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฐ๋‹นํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
How can Korea afford all of this?
์ •๋‹ต์€, ํ•œ๊ตญ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ๋กœ ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
The answer is, students in Korea learn in large classes.
์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋น„์šฉ์„ ์ค„์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ํ•˜๋Š˜์ƒ‰ ๋ง‰๋Œ€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
This is the blue bar which is driving costs down.
๋ฐ”๋กœ ์˜†์— ์žˆ๋Š”, ๋ฃฉ์…ˆ๋ถ€๋ฅดํฌ๋กœ ๋„˜์–ด๊ฐ€์ฃ . ๋ณด์‹œ๋ฉด ๋นจ๊ฐ„์ ์ด ํ•œ๊ตญ๊ณผ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€ ๊ณณ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฃฉ์…ˆ๋ถ€๋ฅดํฌ๋„ ํ•™์ƒ๋‹น ํ•œ๊ตญ๋งŒํผ์˜ ๋น„์šฉ์„ ํˆฌ์žํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋œป์ด์ฃ .
You go to the next country on the list, Luxembourg, and you can see the red dot is exactly where it is for Korea, so Luxembourg spends the same per student as Korea does.
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ํ•™๋ถ€๋ชจ๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ต์‚ฌ๋“ค๊ณผ ์ •์ฑ…์ž…์•ˆ์ž๋“ค์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ฃฉ์…ˆ๋ถ€๋ฅดํฌ๊ฐ€ ์†Œ๊ทœ๋ชจ ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ข‹์•„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
But, you know, parents and teachers and policymakers in Luxembourg all like small classes.
์ž‘์€ ๊ต์‹ค์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ์พŒ์ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋Š๊ปด์ง€์ฃ .
You know, it's very pleasant to walk into a small class.
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ˆ์„ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ํˆฌ์žํ•˜๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š˜์ƒ‰ ๋ง‰๋Œ€, ์ฆ‰ ๊ต์‹ค ๊ทœ๋ชจ๋Š”, ๋น„์šฉ์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
So they have invested all their money into there, and the blue bar, class size, is driving costs up.
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฃฉ์…ˆ๋ถ€๋ฅดํฌ ์กฐ์ฐจ๋„ ๋ˆ์„ ์“ธ ๊ธฐํšŒ๋Š” ์˜ค์ง ํ•œ๋ฒˆ์ด๊ธฐ์—, ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋Œ“๊ฐ€๋กœ ๊ต์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด ์ข‹์€ ๋ด‰๊ธ‰์„ ๋ฐ›์ง€๋Š” ๋ชปํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
But even Luxembourg can spend its money only once, and the price for this is that teachers are not paid particularly well.
ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค๋„ ์žฅ์‹œ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜์ฃ .
Students don't have long hours of learning.
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ, ๊ต์‚ฌ๋“ค์€ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ์™ธ์—๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ•  ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๋ณ„๋กœ ์—†๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
And basically, teachers have little time to do anything else than teaching.
์ฆ‰, ์ด ๋‘ ๋‚˜๋ผ๊ฐ€ ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ์„ ๋งค์šฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ง‘ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์‹ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์‹ค ๋ˆ์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์“ฐ๋Š”๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ต์œก์— ์–ผ๋งˆ๋ฅผ ํˆฌ์žํ•˜๋Š”๊ฐ€๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
So you can see two countries spent their money very differently, and actually how they spent their money matters a lot more than how much they invest in education.
2000๋…„์œผ๋กœ ๋˜๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์ฃ .
Let's go back to the year 2000.
๊ธฐ์–ตํ•ด์•ผ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ทธ ๋‹น์‹œ๋Š” ์•„์ดํŒŸ์ด ๋ฐœ๋ช…๋˜๊ธฐ ์ „์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Remember, that was the year before the iPod was invented.
๊ทธ ๋‹น์‹œ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋Š” ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. PISA ์„ฑ์ทจ๋„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
This is how the world looked then in terms of PISA performance.
๋จผ์ € ๋ˆˆ์— ๋„๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ๋‹น์‹œ ๋ฐฉ์šธ๋“ค์ด ํ›จ์”ฌ ์ž‘์•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ , ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š๋‚˜์š”?
The first thing you can see is that the bubbles were a lot smaller, no?
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‹น์‹œ ๊ต์œก์— ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋œ ํˆฌ์žํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค, ๊ฑฐ์˜ 35ํผ์„ผํŠธ ์ •๋„ ์ ์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
We spent a lot less on education, about 35 percent less on education.
๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฌผ์–ด๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค, ๊ต์œก์€ ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ๋น„์‹ธ์กŒ๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ๊ทธ ์งˆ๋„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
So you ask yourself, if education has become so much more expensive, has it become so much better?
์ •๋ง ์•ˆํƒ€๊นŒ์šด ํ˜„์‹ค์€ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด ๋งŽ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
And the bitter truth really is that, you know, not in many countries.
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋‚˜๋ผ๋“ค์€ ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ํ˜ธ์ „ ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
But there are some countries which have seen impressive improvements.
์ €์˜ ์กฐ๊ตญ์ธ ๋…์ผ์€ 2000๋…„์— ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฉด์—์„œ ์•„๋žซ์ชฝ์ธ 3์‚ฌ๋ถ„๋ฉด์— ์œ„์น˜ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ฑ์ทจ๋„๋„ ํ‰๊ท  ์ดํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ๋„ ๋†’์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Germany, my own country, in the year 2000, featured in the lower quadrant, below average performance, large social disparities.
๊ธฐ์–ตํ•ด์•ผํ•  ๊ฒƒ์€, ๋…์ผ์ด ์†ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ ํ•™์œ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์ˆซ์ž๋กœ๋งŒ ๋”ฐ์ง€๋ฉด ๋งค์šฐ ์ž˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
And remember, Germany, we used to be one of those countries that comes out very well when you just count people who have degrees.
๋งค์šฐ ์‹ค๋ง์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ฃ .
Very disappointing results.
์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ณ  ๊นœ์ง ๋†€๋ž์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
People were stunned by the results.
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ, ๋…์ผ์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐœ ํ† ๋ก ํšŒ์—์„œ ๋ช‡๋‹ฌ ๋‚ด๋‚ด ๊ต์œก ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ค‘์ ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ธ๊ธˆ๋„, ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ด์Šˆ๋„ ์•„๋‹Œ ๊ต์œก์ด ๊ณต๊ฐœ ํ† ๋ก ์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์— ์„  ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
And for the very first time, the public debate in Germany was dominated for months by education, not tax, not other kinds of issues, but education was the center of the public debate.
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ •์ฑ…์ž…์•ˆ์ž๋“ค์ด ์ด์— ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
And then policymakers began to respond to this.
์—ฐ๋ฐฉ ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๊ต์œก์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํˆฌ์ž๋ฅผ ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํžˆ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œ์ผฐ์ฃ .
The federal government dramatically raised its investment in education.
ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ์ƒ์•  ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ๋†’์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ์‹œํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด๋ฏผ ์ž๋…€๋‚˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌํ•œ ์ด๋“ค์ด ์ค‘์  ๋Œ€์ƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
A lot was done to increase the life chances of students with an immigrant background or from social disadvantage.
์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ์ด์œ ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‹œ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋‹จ์ง€ ๊ธฐ์กด ์ •์ฑ…์„ ์ตœ์ ํ™”ํ–ˆ์„ ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ž๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ์ผ๋ถ€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ๋ฏฟ์Œ๊ณผ ํŒจ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค์ž„์„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œ์ผฐ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด๋Š” ๋…์ผ ๊ต์œก์—์„œ ๋‹น์—ฐ์‹œ ๋˜์–ด์˜ค๋˜ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
And what's really interesting is that this wasn't just about optimizing existing policies, but data transformed some of the beliefs and paradigms underlying German education.
ํ•œ ์˜ˆ๋กœ, ์•„์ฃผ ์–ด๋ฆฐ ์•„์ด๋“ค์˜ ๊ต์œก์€ ์ „ํ†ต์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ •์˜ ์ผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์กŒ๊ณ , ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€์ •์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๋‹คํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์ง€๋Š” ๋•Œ๋Š” ์ž๋…€๋ฅผ ์œ ์น˜์›์— ๋ณด๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
For example, traditionally, the education of the very young children was seen as the business of families, and you would have cases where women were seen as neglecting their family responsibilities when they sent their children to kindergarten.
PISA๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋…ผ์Ÿ์˜ ํ๋ฆ„์„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ์กฐ๊ธฐ ๊ต์œก์„ ๋…์ผ์˜ ๊ณต๊ณต์ •์ฑ…์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
PISA has transformed that debate, and pushed early childhood education right at the center of public policy in Germany.
์ „ํ†ต์ ์œผ๋กœ, ๋…์ผ์˜ ๊ต์œก์€ ๋˜ํ•œ 10์„ธ์˜, ์•„์ฃผ ์–ด๋ฆฐ ์•„์ด๋“ค์„ ์ „๋ฌธ ์ง€์‹์ธ์ด ๋  ์•„์ด๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ทธ ์ „๋ฌธ ์ง€์‹์ธ ์•„๋ž˜์—์„œ ์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋  ์•„์ด๋“ค๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•ด์™”๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋Š” ์ฃผ๋กœ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์  ๊ตฌ๋ถ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์ฃ . ์ด๋Ÿฐ ํŒจ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค์ž„ ๋˜ํ•œ ํ˜„์žฌ ๋„์ „๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Or traditionally, the German education divides children at the age of 10, very young children, between those deemed to pursue careers of knowledge workers and those who would end up working for the knowledge workers, and that mainly along socioeconomic lines, and that paradigm is being challenged now too.
์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋“ค์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ์ฃ .
A lot of change.
์ข‹์€ ์†Œ์‹์€, 9๋…„์ด ์ง€๋‚œ ํ›„์—, ๊ต์œก์˜ ์งˆ๊ณผ ํ˜•ํ‰์„ฑ ๋ชจ๋‘ ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
And the good news is, nine years later, you can see improvements in quality and equity.
์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋„์ „์„ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ด๊ณ , ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ๋“  ๋Œ€์‘ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
People have taken up the challenge, done something about it.
๋ฐ˜๋Œ€์ชฝ ๋์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉด
Or take Korea, at the other end of the spectrum.
2000๋…„์— ์ด๋ฏธ ๋งค์šฐ ์ž˜ ํ•ด๋‚˜๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Œ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ , ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ๊ทนํžˆ ์ผ๋ถ€๋งŒ์ด ๋งค์šฐ ๋†’์€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์„ฑ์ทจ๋„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„ ์šฐ๋ คํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
In the year 2000, Korea did already very well, but the Koreans were concerned that only a small share of their students achieved the really high levels of excellence.
ํ•œ๊ตญ์€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋„์ „์„ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์˜€๊ณ , ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ๋น„์œจ์„ 2๋ฐฐ๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด ๋น„์œจ์€ ๋…ํ•ด ๋ถ€๋ฌธ์— ์žˆ์–ด ํƒ์›”ํ•œ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด์—ˆ๊ณ  ์ด๋Š” 10๋…„๋งŒ์˜ ์„ฑ๊ณผ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
They took up the challenge, and Korea was able to double the proportion of students achieving excellence in one decade in the field of reading.
๋ฌผ๋ก  ์•„์‹œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ ๋˜‘๋˜‘ํ•œ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋งŒ ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•˜๋‹ค ๋ณด๋ฉด, ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์ด ์‹ฌํ™”๋  ์ˆ˜๋ฐ–์— ์—†์ฃ . ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด ๋ฐฉ์šธ์ด ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ์›€์ง์ธ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์‹ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€๋งŒ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๊ด„๋ชฉํ• ๋งŒํ•œ ์„ฑ๊ณผ์ด์ฃ .
Well, if you only focus on your brightest students, you know what happens is disparities grow, and you can see this bubble moving slightly to the other direction, but still, an impressive improvement.
ํด๋ž€๋“œ์˜ ๊ต์œก ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์ „๊ฒฉ ์žฌ์ •๋น„๋Š” ํ•™๊ต๊ฐ„์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํžˆ ์ค„์ด๊ณ  ์„ฑ์ทจ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋งค์šฐ ๋‚ฎ์•˜๋˜ ๋งŽ์€ ํ•™๊ต๋“ค์„ ๋ฐ˜๋…„๋งŒ์— ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
A major overhaul of Poland's education helped to dramatically reduce between variability among schools, turn around many of the lowest-performing schools, and raise performance by over half a school year.
๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์˜ ์˜ˆ๋“ค๋„ ๋ณด์‹ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
And you can see other countries as well.
ํฌ๋ฅดํˆฌ๊ฐˆ์€ ๋‹จํŽธ์ ์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ต์œก ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ํ†ตํ•ฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์งˆ์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ํ˜•ํ‰์„ฑ์„ ๋†’์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ—๊ฐ€๋ฆฌ๋„ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜€์ฃ .
Portugal was able to consolidate its fragmented school system, raise quality and improve equity, and so did Hungary.
์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Œ์„ ๋ณด์…จ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
So what you can actually see, there's been a lot of change.
์ด์ „์—” ๋ถˆํ‰ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•˜๋˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”, PISA์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ„ ์ƒ๋Œ€์  ๋น„๊ต๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ์ € ๋ฌธํ™”๋กœ ์ธํ•œ, ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์š”์†Œ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ, ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ์‚ฌํšŒ ์ด์Šˆ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ, ๋˜๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ๋™์งˆ์„ฑ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์œ ๋ฌผ์ผ ๋ฟ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์กฐ์ฐจ ์ด์ œ๋Š” ๊ต์œก ํ–ฅ์ƒ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ธ์ •ํ•ด์•ผ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
And even those people who complain and say that the relative standing of countries on something like PISA is just an artifact of culture, of economic factors, of social issues, of homogeneity of societies, and so on, these people must now concede that education improvement is possible.
์•„์‹œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ ํด๋ž€๋“œ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๋ฌธํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๊พผ ์ ์ด ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
You know, Poland hasn't changed its culture.
๊ฒฝ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๊พธ์ง€๋„ ์•Š์•˜๊ณ  ์ธ๊ตฌ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ์ง€๋„ ์•Š์•˜์ฃ .
It didn't change its economy. It didn't change the compositions of its population.
๊ต์‚ฌ๋“ค์„ ํ•ด๊ณ ํ•˜์ง€๋„ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์ € ๊ต์œก ์ •์ฑ…๊ณผ ๊ด€ํ–‰์„ ๋ฐ”๊พผ ๊ฑฐ์ฃ . ๋งค์šฐ ์ธ์ƒ์ ์ธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
It didn't fire its teachers. It changed its education policies and practice. Very impressive.
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์œผ๋กœ ๊ท€๊ฒฐ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดˆ๋ก์ƒ‰ ์‚ฌ๋ถ„๋ฉด์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ๋ฐฐ์šธ ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋“ค์€ ํ˜•ํ‰์„ฑ๋„ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ , ์„ฑ์ทจ๋„๋„ ๋†’ํ˜€, ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚จ ๋‚˜๋ผ๋“ค์ด์ฃ .
And all that raises, of course, the question: What can we learn from those countries in the green quadrant who have achieved high levels of equity, high levels of performance, and raised outcomes?
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฌผ๋ก  ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์€ ํ•œ ๊ณณ์—์„œ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณณ์—์„œ๋„ ๊ฐ™์€ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‚ผ ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
And, of course, the question is, can what works in one context provide a model elsewhere?
๋ฌผ๋ก , ๊ต์œก ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ํ†ต์ฑ„๋กœ ์ž˜๋ผ๋‚ด์„œ ๋ถ™์—ฌ๋„ฃ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋น„๊ต๋“ค์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์š”์†Œ๋“ค์€ ์‹๋ณ„ํ•ด๋ƒˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด๋Š” ์„ฑ์ทจ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์€ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Of course, you can't copy and paste education systems wholesale, but these comparisons have identified a range of factors that high-performing systems share.
๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ๊ต์œก์˜ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์—๋Š” ๋™์˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Everybody agrees that education is important.
์ด๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ž…์„ ๋ชจ์•„ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”์ด์ฃ .
Everybody says that.
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ ์ง„์‹ค์„ฑ์„ ์‹œํ—˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์ง„์งœ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์€, ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์šฐ์„  ์ˆœ์œ„๋“ค๊ณผ ๋งž๋‹ฅ๋œจ๋ ธ์„ ๋•Œ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
But the test of truth is, how do you weigh that priority against other priorities?
๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๊ต์‚ฌ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋งŒํผ์˜ ๋ด‰๊ธ‰์„ ์ค„ ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€, ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณ ์ˆ™๋ จ ๋…ธ๋™์ž๋“ค๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•ด์„œ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
How do countries pay their teachers relative to other highly skilled workers?
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์˜ ์ž๋…€๋“ค์ด ๋ณ€ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ต์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์›ํ•˜์‹ญ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
Would you want your child to become a teacher rather than a lawyer?
์–ธ๋ก ์ด ๊ต์‚ฌ์™€ ํ•™๊ต๋“ค์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋น„์ถ”๋Š”์ง€?
How do the media talk about schools and teachers?
์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ๋“ค์ด๊ณ , ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ PISA๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐฐ์šด ๊ฒƒ์€, ์„ฑ์ทจ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์€ ๊ต์œก ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์—์„œ ์ง€๋„์ž๋“ค์€ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๋“ค์ด ์„ ํƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ™•์‹ ์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ต์œก๊ณผ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜๋ฅผ, ์˜ค๋Š˜์˜ ์†Œ๋น„๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๊ฐ€์น˜์žˆ๊ฒŒ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์„ ํƒ์„ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
Those are the critical questions, and what we have learned from PISA is that, in high-performing education systems, the leaders have convinced their citizens to make choices that value education, their future, more than consumption today.
ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ์ ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€ ์•„์„ธ์š”? ๋ฏฟ๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์šฐ์‹œ๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ, ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๋ณด๋‚ด๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งค๋ ฅ์ ์ธ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด ์‡ผํ•‘ ์„ผํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ํ•™๊ต์ธ ๋‚˜๋ผ๋“ค์ด ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
And you know what's interesting? You won't believe it, but there are countries in which the most attractive place to be is not the shopping center but the school.
๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ณณ์ด ์ •๋ง๋กœ ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
Those things really exist.
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ต์œก์— ๋†’์€ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ๋‘๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ํฐ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
But placing a high value on education is just part of the picture.
๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ๋ชจ๋“  ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด๋“ค์ด ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
The other part is the belief that all children are capable of success.
ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด ์–ด๋ฆฐ ๋‚˜์ด์— ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋˜๋Š” ๋‚˜๋ผ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
You have some countries where students are segregated early in their ages.
ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๋ฐ์—๋Š” ์˜ค์ง ์ผ๋ถ€์˜ ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด๋“ค๋งŒ์ด ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ์ƒ๊ธ‰์˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ฏฟ์Œ์ด ๊น”๋ ค์žˆ์ฃ .
You know, students are divided up, reflecting the belief that only some children can achieve world-class standards.
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ๊ณผ๋„ ์—ฐ๊ด€๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
But usually that is linked to very strong social disparities.
์•„์‹œ์•„์—์„œ๋Š” ์ผ๋ณธ, ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ•€๋ž€๋“œ์˜ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์‹œ๋ฉด, ์ด ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์—์„œ ํ•™๋ถ€๋ชจ์™€ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์€ ๋ชจ๋“  ํ•™์ƒ์ด ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ํ–‰๋™์— ๋ฐ˜์˜๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์‹ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
If you go to Japan in Asia, or Finland in Europe, parents and teachers in those countries expect every student to succeed, and you can see that actually mirrored in student behavior.
ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋ฉด ์ˆ˜ํ•™์„ ์ž˜ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ฌผ์œผ๋ฉด, ๋ถ๋ฏธ์˜ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด ์ฃผ๋กœ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค, ์žฌ๋Šฅ์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ขŒ์šฐํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ ์š”.
When we asked students what counts for success in mathematics, students in North America would typically tell us, you know, it's all about talent.
๋งŒ์•ฝ ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์ฒœ์„ฑ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜ํ•™์„ ์ž˜ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด, ๋‚˜๋Š” ์ฐจ๋ผ๋ฆฌ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ๋‚ซ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
If I'm not born as a genius in math, I'd better study something else.
์ผ๋ณธ ํ•™์ƒ์˜ 10๋ช… ์ค‘ 9๋ช…์€ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚ด ์ž์‹ ์˜ ํˆฌ์ž์™€, ๋‚ด ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์— ๋‹ฌ๋ ธ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ . ์ด๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์†ํ•œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ๋งํ•ด์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Nine out of 10 Japanese students say that it depends on my own investment, on my own effort, and that tells you a lot about the system that is around them.
๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์—”, ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค๋„ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๊ต์œก๋ฐ›์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
In the past, different students were taught in similar ways.
PISA ์„ฑ์ทจ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์€ ๊ณณ์€ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์„ ์กด์ค‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ฐจ๋ณ„ํ™”๋œ ๊ต์œกํ•™์  ๊ด€ํ–‰์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณณ๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
High performers on PISA embrace diversity with differentiated pedagogical practices.
๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๊นจ๋‹ฌ์€ ๊ฒƒ์€ ํ‰๋ฒ”ํ•œ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค๋„ ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚œ ์žฌ๋Šฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ํ•™์Šต ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ์ธ์— ๋งž๊ฒŒ ์ด์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
They realize that ordinary students have extraordinary talents, and they personalize learning opportunities.
์„ฑ์ทจ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์€ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ๋“ค์€ ๋˜ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ „๋ฐ˜์  ์˜์—ญ์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ  ์•ผ์‹ฌ์ฐฌ ๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ .
High-performing systems also share clear and ambitious standards across the entire spectrum.
๋ชจ๋“  ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ์ง€ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ ,
Every student knows what matters.
์„ฑ๊ณตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ๋ฌด์—‡์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•œ์ง€ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Every student knows what's required to be successful.
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์–ด๋””์—์„œ๋„ ๊ต์œก ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์งˆ์ด ๊ต์‚ฌ์˜ ์งˆ์„ ๋›ฐ์–ด๋„˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
And nowhere does the quality of an education system exceed the quality of its teachers.
์„ฑ์ทจ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์€ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ๋“ค์ด ๋งค์šฐ ์กฐ์‹ฌ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์›Œ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ต์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์„ ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ํ›ˆ๋ จ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
High-performing systems are very careful in how they recruit and select their teachers and how they train them.
๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด ์‹ ์ค‘์„ ๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋‚œ๊ด€์— ๋ด‰์ฐฉํ•ด ๊ณ ์ „ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ต์‚ฌ๋“ค์˜ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€์™€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ต์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ธ‰์—ฌ๋ฅผ ์ฑ…์ •ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
They watch how they improve the performances of teachers in difficulties who are struggling, and how they structure teacher pay.
์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ต์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ผํ•˜๋Š” ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋Š” ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ข‹์€ ๊ด€ํ–‰์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ์ด์ฃ .
They provide an environment also in which teachers work together to frame good practice.
๊ต์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด ์„ฑ์žฅํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง€์ ์ธ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋“ค ๋˜ํ•œ ์ œ๊ณต๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์ง์žฅ ์ƒํ™œ ์•ˆ์—์„œ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
And they provide intelligent pathways for teachers to grow in their careers.
๊ด€๋ฃŒ์ฃผ์˜์  ํ•™๊ต ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์—์„œ, ๊ต์‚ฌ๋“ค์€ ์ฃผ๋กœ ๊ต์‹ค์— ํ˜ผ์ž ๋‚จ๊ฒจ์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ญ˜ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์ณ์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ๋“ค๋„ ๊ฐ์ž ๋‚ด๋ ค์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
In bureaucratic school systems, teachers are often left alone in classrooms with a lot of prescription on what they should be teaching.
์„ฑ์ทจ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์€ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ๋“ค์€ ์ข‹์€ ์„ฑ์ทจ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€ ๋งค์šฐ ๋šœ๋ ทํžˆ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
High-performing systems are very clear what good performance is.
๊ธฐ์ค€์€ ์•ผ์‹ฌ์ฐจ๊ฒŒ ์„ธ์šฐ์ง€๋งŒ, ํ•œํŽธ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ต์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด ์ž์œจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ค๋Š˜ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ญ˜ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์ณ์•ผ ํ• ์ง€ ์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
They set very ambitious standards, but then they enable their teachers to figure out, what do I need to teach to my students today?
๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์—๋Š” ๊ต์œก์ด ์ง€ํ˜œ๋ฅผ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
The past was about delivered wisdom in education.
ํ˜„์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ๋„์ „์€ ํ•™์ƒ์ด ์ง€ํ˜œ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ด๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Now the challenge is to enable user-generated wisdom.
์„ฑ์ทจ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ ์ „๋ฌธ์ ์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ฑ…์ž„์ง€๊ณ  ํ†ต์ œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ž์  ํ˜•ํƒœ์—์„œ -- ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๊ต์œก์—์„œ ํ•ด์•ผํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ์ž˜ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๋Š” ์—ญํ• ์ด์—ˆ์ฃ .-- ์—…๋ฌด ์กฐ์ง์˜ ์ „๋ฌธ์ ์ธ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
High performers have moved on from professional or from administrative forms of accountability and control -- sort of, how do you check whether people do what they're supposed to do in education -- to professional forms of work organization.
๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ต์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด ์ง์ ‘ ๊ต์œกํ•™์ ์ธ ํ˜์‹ ์„ ์ด๋ค„๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
They enable their teachers to make innovations in pedagogy.
๊ต์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด ์Šค์Šค๋กœ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์—ฌ ๋” ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ๊ต์œกํ•™์  ๊ด€ํ–‰์„ ๋ฐœ์ „์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
They provide them with the kind of development they need to develop stronger pedagogical practices.
๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๊ฐ€ ํ‘œ์ค€ํ™”์™€ ์ˆœ์‘์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
The goal of the past was standardization and compliance.
์„ฑ์ทจ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์€ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ๋“ค์€ ๊ต์‚ฌ๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ต์žฅ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์„ ์ฐฝ์˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
High-performing systems have made teachers and school principals inventive.
๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์—๋Š”, ์ •์ฑ…์ด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์—๋งŒ ๋˜ ์ œ๊ณต์—๋งŒ ์น˜์ค‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
In the past, the policy focus was on outcomes, on provision.
์„ฑ์ทจ๋„ ๋†’์€ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ๋“ค์€ ๊ต์‚ฌ๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ต์žฅ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๋‹ค์Œ ์„ธ๋Œ€ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๊ณผ ๋‹ค์Œ ์„ธ๋Œ€ ํ•™๊ต๊นŒ์ง€ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์“ฐ๋„๋ก ๋„์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
The high-performing systems have helped teachers and school principals to look outwards to the next teacher, the next school around their lives.
์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ์ƒ๊ธ‰ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ธ์ƒ์ ์ธ ์ ์€ ์ „์ฒด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ๋†’์€ ์„ฑ์ทจ๋„๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
And the most impressive outcomes of world-class systems is that they achieve high performance across the entire system.
ํ•€๋ž€๋“œ๊ฐ€ PISA์— ์žˆ์–ด ๋งค์šฐ ์„ ์ „ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋ณด์…จ๋Š”๋ฐ ํ•€๋ž€๋“œ๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€๋‹จํ•œ ์ ์€ ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•™๊ต์˜ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์‚ฌ์ด์— ์˜ค์ง 5ํผ์„ผํŠธ์˜ ์„ฑ์ทจ๋„ ์ฐจ์ด๋งŒ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ด์ฃ .
You've seen Finland doing so well on PISA, but what makes Finland so impressive is that only five percent of the performance variation amongst students lies between schools.
๋ชจ๋“  ํ•™๊ต๊ฐ€ ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Every school succeeds.
์„ฑ๊ณต์ด ์ฒด๊ณ„์ ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
This is where success is systemic.
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
And how do they do that?
ํ•€๋ž€๋“œ๋Š” ์ œ์ผ ํฐ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ž์›์— ํˆฌ์žํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
They invest resources where they can make the most difference.
๊ฐ€์žฅ ์—ด์•…ํ•œ ํ•™๊ต์— ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ต์žฅ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜์„ ์ดˆ๋น™ํ–ˆ์ฃ , ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์žฌ๋Šฅ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ต์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํž˜๋“  ๊ต์‹ค์„ ์ด๋Œ๋„๋ก ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
They attract the strongest principals into the toughest schools, and the most talented teachers into the most challenging classroom.
๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด ๊ณต๊ณต ์ •์ฑ… ์ „๋ถ€๋ฌธ์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ์ •์ฑ…๋“ค์„ ์กฐ์ •ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Last but not least, those countries align policies across all areas of public policy.
๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ผ์ •ํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋™์•ˆ ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ •์ฑ…๋“ค์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์ด๋“ค์ด ์ผ๊ด€๋˜๊ฒŒ ์ถ”์ง„๋  ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์žฅํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
They make them coherent over sustained periods of time, and they ensure that what they do is consistently implemented.