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Summer 1929: Nichtkommutative Arithmetik (éå¯æç®è¡)
Winter 1929/30: Algebra der hyperkomplexen Grössen (hyperkomplexen Grössen ã®ç°è«)
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ã«åœŒãã®ä»äºããå«çãæãã the ã§ãã£ãïŒ1933幎4æããŒã¿ãŒã¯ the Prussian Ministry for Sciences, Art, and Public Education ãã次ã®ãããªéç¥ãåãåã£ãïŒ"On the basis of paragraph 3 of the Civil Service Code of 7 April 1933, I hereby withdraw from you the right to teach at the University of Göttingen"[74][75]ïŒ1993幎4æ7æ¥ã® Civil Service Code ã®ç¬¬äžæ®µèœã«åºã¥ããŠïŒç§ã¯ããã«ãã£ãŠã²ããã³ã²ã³å€§åŠã§æããæš©å©ãããªãããåãäžããïŒïŒããŒã¿ãŒã®ååã®äœäººãïŒäŸãã°ããã¯ã¹ã»ãã«ã³ (Max Born) ããªãã£ã«ãã»ã¯ãŒã©ã³ã (Richard Courant) ããŸãè·ãåãæ¶ããã[74][75]ïŒããŒã¿ãŒã¯æ±ºå®ãå·éã«åãå
¥ãïŒãã®å°é£ãªæ代ã«ä»ã®äººã®æŽå©ãããïŒãã«ãã³ã»ãŽã¡ã€ã« (Hermann Weyl) ã¯åŸã«æ¬¡ã®ããã«æžããïŒ"Emmy Noetherâher courage, her frankness, her unconcern about her own fate, her conciliatory spiritâwas in the midst of all the hatred and meanness, despair and sorrow surrounding us, a moral solace."[73]ïŒãšããŒã»ããŒã¿ãŒââ圌女ã®åæ°ïŒåœŒå¥³ã®ççŽãïŒåœŒå¥³ã®åœŒå¥³èªèº«ã®éåœãžã®ç¡é¢å¿ïŒåœŒå¥³ã®ææç粟ç¥ââã¯ïŒç§ãã¡ãåãå·»ããã¹ãŠã®æãã¿ãšåããïŒçµ¶æãšæ²ãã¿ã®çã£ãã äžã§ïŒé埳çæ
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When... she first became acquainted with a systematic construction of combinatorial topology, she immediately observed that it would be worthwhile to study directly the group of algebraic complexes and cycles of a given polyhedron and the subgroup of the cycle group consisting of cycles homologous to zero; instead of the usual definition of Betti numbers, she suggested immediately defining the Betti group as the complementary (quotient) group of the group of all cycles by the subgroup of cycles homologous to zero. This observation now seems self-evident. But in those years (1925â28) this was a completely new point of view.[123]ïŒèš³: 圌女ãçµåãäœçžå¹ŸäœåŠã®äœç³»çæ§æã«åããŠè§Šããããšã«ãªã£ããšãâŠã代æ°çè€äœããã³äžããããå€é¢äœã®èŒªäœã®æã矀ãããã³é¶ãã¢ããŒã°ãªèŒªäœãããªã茪äœçŸ€ã®éšå矀ããçŽæ¥çã«èª¿ã¹ãããšã«äŸ¡å€ãããã ããããšãã圌女ã¯çŽã¡ã«èŠæããããããæ°ã®éåžžã®å®çŸ©ã®ä»£ããã«ãããã矀ããã¹ãŠã®èŒªäœã®æã矀ãé¶ãã¢ããŒã°ãªèŒªäœã®æãéšå矀ã«ããè£çŸ€ïŒå矀ïŒãšããŠå®çŸ©ããããšãçŽã¡ã«ç€ºåããã®ã§ããããã®èŠåº§ã¯çŸåšã§ã¯èªæã®ããšã ãã1925â28幎åœæã«ããŠã¿ãã°ããã¯å®å
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¬åŒã®ç解ããã容æã«ããããšãèŠããããã¯ãã®äž»é¡ã«ã€ããŠã®èªèº«ã®ä»äº[125]ã "bears the imprint of these remarks of Emmy Noether"[126]ïŒããšããŒã»ããŒã¿ãŒã®ãããã®æ³šæã®å·ã蟌ã¿ã«è² ããïŒãšããŠãããããŒã¿ãŒãèªèº«ã®äœçžå¹ŸäœåŠã®ã¢ã€ãã¢ã«ã€ããŠèšåããã®ã¯ã1926幎ã®åºçç©[127]ã®äžã§äœè«ãšããŠã矀è«ã®å¿çšã®äžã€ãšããŠãããåŒçšãã[128]ã®ã¿ã§ããã
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(Bartel Leendert van der Waerden) ã¯åœŒå¥³ã®æ°åŠçç¬åµæ§ã¯ "absolute beyond comparison"ïŒæ¯èŒãè¶
ããŠçµ¶å¯ŸçïŒã ã£ããšèšã£ãŠããŠ[136]ããã«ãã³ã»ãŽã¡ã€ã« (Hermann Weyl) ã¯ããŒã¿ãŒã¯ "changed the face of algebra by her work"ïŒåœŒå¥³ã®ä»äºã«ãã£ãŠä»£æ°åŠã®é¡ãå€ããïŒãšèšã£ã[8]ã圌女ã®ç涯ã®éãä»æ¥ã§ãããããŒã¿ãŒã¯æŽå²äžæ倧ã®å¥³æ§æ°åŠè
ãšããŠãããŽã§ã«ã»ã¢ã¬ã¯ãµã³ããã (Pavel Alexandrov)[137]ããã«ãã³ã»ãŽã¡ã€ã« (Hermann Weyl)[138]ããžã£ã³ã»ãã£ã¥ãã (Jean Dieudonné)[139] ãšãã£ãæ°åŠè
ã«ãã£ãŠã¿ãªãããŠãã[140][3][141]ã
ãã¥ãŒãšãŒã¯ã»ã¿ã€ã ãºãžã®æçŽã§ãã¢ã«ãã«ãã»ã¢ã€ã³ã·ã¥ã¿ã€ã³ (Albert Einstein) ã¯æ¬¡ã®ããã«æžãã[2]ïŒ
In the judgment of the most competent living mathematicians, FrÀulein Noether was the most significant creative mathematical genius thus far produced since the higher education of women began. In the realm of algebra, in which the most gifted mathematicians have been busy for centuries, she discovered methods which have proved of enormous importance in the development of the present-day younger generation of mathematicians.
ïŒæ¥æ¬èªèš³ïŒæãæèœãªçããŠããæ°åŠè
ãã¡ã®å€æã§ã¯ãããã€ã©ã€ã³ã»ããŒã¿ãŒ (FrÀulein Noether) ã¯å¥³æ§ã®é«åºŠãªæè²ãå§ãŸã£ãŠä»¥æ¥ãããªã«ãããããçç£ããæãéèŠãªåµé çæ°åŠã®å€©æã§ãã£ãã代æ°åŠãšããåéã¯ãæã倩賊ã®æã®ããæ°åŠè
ãæ°äžçŽã®éå¿ããã§ããããããã§åœŒå¥³ã¯ãä»æ¥ã®è¥ãæ°åŠè
äžä»£ã®çºå±ã«ãããŠè«å€§ãªéèŠæ§ã蚌æããææ³ãçºèŠããã
1935幎1æ2æ¥ãããŒã¿ãŒã®æ»ã®æ°ãæåãæ°åŠè
ããŒããŒãã»ãŠã£ãŒã㌠(Norbert Wiener) ã¯æ¬¡ã®ããã«æžãã[142]ïŒ
Miss Noether is... the greatest woman mathematician who has ever lived; and the greatest woman scientist of any sort now living, and a scholar at least on the plane of Madame Curie.
ïŒæ¥æ¬èªèš³ïŒããŒã¿ãŒæ°ã¯âŠâŠãããŸã§çåããŠããæ倧ã®å¥³æ§æ°åŠè
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ã«å°å¿µãã1964幎ã®åœéå芧äŒã®ããå±èŠ§äŒã§ãããŒã¿ãŒã¯çŸä»£äžçã®èåãªæ°åŠè
ã®äžã§è¡šãããå¯äžã®å¥³æ§ã ã£ã[143]ã
ããŒã¿ãŒã¯ããã€ãã®èšå¿µç©ã«æ èªãåããŠããã
ã¯æ¯å¹Žæ°åŠã«ãããŠå¥³æ§ã«æ èªãæããããã« ãéå¬ããŠããããã®å¬ãã®2005幎ã®ãã³ãã¬ããã«ãããŠãåäŒã¯ããŒã¿ãŒã "one of the great mathematicians of her time, someone who worked and struggled for what she loved and believed in. Her life and work remain a tremendous inspiration"ïŒåœŒå¥³ã®æ代ã®å倧ãªæ°åŠè
ã®äžäººã§ãããæã信念ãæã£ããã®ã®ããã«åãåãçµãã 人ã§ããã圌女ã®äººçãšä»äºã¯ãšãŠã€ããªãåºæ¿ã®ãŸãŸæ®ã£ãŠããïŒãšè¿°ã¹ãŠãã[144]ã
圌女ã®çåŸãžã®äžè²«ããç®èº«ã«ãããã¯æ°åŠãšç©çã®åŠç§ã the Emmy Noether Campus ã®å»ºç©ã«ãããŠãã[145]ã
ãã€ãç 究æ¯èåäŒ (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft) 㯠Emmy Noether Programme ãéå¶ããé§ãåºãã®ç 究è
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å°ããããšã«ãã£ãŠç§åŠãšç 究ã®å
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圌女ã®çãŸãæ
é·ãšã«ã©ã³ã²ã³ã®ããéãã¯ãšããŒã»ããŒã¿ãŒãšåœŒå¥³ã®ç¶ããã¯ã¹ã»ããŒã¿ãŒã«å ãã§åã¥ããããŠããã
圌女ããšã«ã©ã³ã²ã³ã§åºåžããäžçåŠæ ¡ã® successor 㯠the Emmy Noether School ãšæ¹åããã[139]ïŒ
é«æ ¡ã®äžé£ã®ã¯ãŒã¯ã·ã§ãããã³ã³ãã¹ãã圌女ã«æ¬æãè¡šããŠ2001幎以æ¥æ¯å¹Ž5æã«éå¬ãããŠããïŒåãã¯ã²ããã³ã²ã³å€§åŠã®åŸç¶ã®å¥³æ§ã®æ°åŠç§è¬åž«ã«ãã£ãŠäž»å¬ããã[147]ïŒ
ã¯æ¯å¹Žååºãã女æ§çè«ç©çåŠè
ã« Emmy Noether Visiting Fellowships ãäžããŠãã[148]ïŒããªã¡ãŒã¿ãŒç 究æã¯ãŸã Emmy Noether Council ã®ããŒã ã§ããã[149]ïŒããã¯åœéçãªã³ãã¥ããã£ãããªããã©ã³ãã£ã¢ã®ã°ã«ãŒãã§ïŒäŒæ¥ãšæ
åã®ãªãŒããŒãã¡ãããªã¡ãŒã¿ãŒç 究æã®ç©çåŠãšæ°çç©çåŠã®å¥³æ§ã®æ°ãå¢ããããååããŠããïŒ
The Emmy Noether Mathematics Institute in Algebra, Geometry and Function Theory in the Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel ã¯ã1992幎ã«å
±åã§ã倧åŠãšãã€ãæ¿åºãšã«ãã£ãŠãäžèšåéã®ç 究ãåºæ¿ããã€ããšã®ååã奚å±ããç®çã§ãèšç«ãããããã®äž»ãªãããã¯ã¯ä»£æ°å¹Ÿäœã矀è«ãè€çŽ é¢æ°è«ã§ããããã®æŽ»åã«ã¯å°æ¹ã®ç 究ãããžã§ã¯ããã«ã³ãã¡ã¬ã³ã¹ãçæã®ãŽã£ãžã¿ãŒããã¹ãã¯ããšããŒã»ããŒã¿ãŒã®è¬çŸ©ïŒããããè¬çŸ©ã®å¹Žæ¬¡å¢æžïŒãªã©ããããENI 㯠ERCOM: "European Research Centers of Mathematics" ã®ã¡ã³ããŒã§ãã[150]ã
ãã£ã¯ã·ã§ã³ã§ã¯ã ã«ãã "The God Patent" ã«ãããç©çåŠææã§ãããšããŒã»ããã¿ãŒ (Emmy Nutter) ã¯ãšããŒã»ããŒã¿ãŒã«åºã¥ããŠãã[151]ã
Farther from home,
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7001 ããŒã¿ãŒå°ææããŸããšããŒã»ããŒã¿ãŒããåãåã£ãŠãã[152][153]ã
ã°ãŒã°ã«ã¯2015幎3æ23æ¥ã«å€ãã®åœã§ã°ãŒã°ã«ã®ããŒã ããŒãžã«èšå¿µãã¥ãŒãã¥ã«ããšããŒã»ããŒã¿ãŒã®133åç®ã®èªçæ¥ãç¥ãããã«ããã[154]ã
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Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (help).
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Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (help).
Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (help). English translation by M. A. Tavel (1918), arXiv:physics/0503066.
Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (help).
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Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (help).
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Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (help).
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. Trans. H. I. Blocher.
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CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link)
Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (help). Reprinted in Dick 1981.
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, reprinted as an appendix to Dick (1981).
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å€éšãªã³ã¯
Library resources about
Main Page
By Main Page
Media related to Emmy Noether at Wikimedia Commons
with link to English translation.
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at the Mathematics Genealogy Project
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. Noether's application for admission to the University of Erlangen and three curricula vitae, two of which are shown in handwriting, with transcriptions. The first of these is in Emmy Noether's own handwriting.
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| https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%9F%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%83%8D%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC |
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1950幎代ãã¢ã¡ãªã«ã«ãããŠããã±ãŒã®è©Šåã®åéã«è¡ãããããŒãã³ã°ã»ãã³ãã®ãããªå£äœæŒæãå§ãŸãã§ãã£ã[1]ããã¹ãã³åšèŸºãäžå¿ã«ããŒã ãå¢ããŠãã£ãã1954幎ãã·ã¬ã³å·ã¢ããŒããŒã®ãªãã£ãŒãã»ããŒã¿ãŒãããã±ãŒã®è©Šåã§ã®ãšãã·ãã·ã§ã³ãšããŠçµæããããŒã ãäžçã§æåã®ãã¬ã·ãžã§ã³ã®ããŒã ã ãšãããŠããã1976幎ãäžçã§æåã®ãã¬ã·ãžã§ã³ã®è©Šåããã·ã¬ã³å·ã¢ããŒããŒã§è¡ããã1984幎ã«ã¯38ããŒã ãåå ããŠç¬¬1åå
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1996幎ããã¯äžçéžææš©éå¬ãèŠéã«å
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1999幎ããã¬ã·ãžã§ã³ããããã·ã³ã¯ããã€ãºãã»ã¹ã±ãŒãã£ã³ã°ããžãšå称ãå€æŽããã2000幎ããã¯äžçã·ã³ã¯ããã€ãºãã¹ã±ãŒãã£ã³ã°éžææš©ãéå¬ãããããšãšãªã£ãã第1å倧äŒã¯ã¢ã¡ãªã«ããã¢ããªã¹ã§éå¬ãããŠãããéžæã®äººæ°ã¯20åã«æžããããæ»ãããšãéèŠãããããã«ãªã£ãã
2000幎ãã2004幎ãŸã§ããã¬ã·ãžã§ã³ããããä¿ã¡ããããããšå€ããé圢ã®çŸããã競ã£ãŠããé»éæãšããããããªãŒã»ã¹ã±ãŒãã£ã³ã°ã®èŠçšããã»ã©å³ãããªãèªç±ã«æŒæãäœãããšãåºæ¥ãæ代ã§ããã
2005幎ããæ°æ¡ç¹ã·ã¹ãã ãå°å
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2000幎 - 第 1åäžçéžæ暩倧äŒãããã¢ããªã¹ïŒã¢ã¡ãªã«ïŒ
2001幎 - 第 2åäžçéžæ暩倧äŒããã«ã·ã³ãïŒãã£ã³ã©ã³ãïŒ
2002幎 - 第 3åäžçéžæ暩倧äŒãã«ãŒã¢ã³ïŒãã©ã³ã¹ïŒ
2003幎 - 第 4åäžçéžæ暩倧äŒããªã¿ã¯ïŒã«ããïŒãããããããã16ã«åœ21ããŒã åºå Ž
2004幎 - 第 5åäžçéžæ暩倧äŒãã¶ã°ã¬ãïŒã¯ãã¢ãã¢ïŒããããã18ã«åœ23ããŒã åºå Ž
2005幎 - 第 6åäžçéžæ暩倧äŒãã€ãšãããªïŒã¹ãŠã§ãŒãã³ïŒããã15ã«åœ20ããŒã åºå Ž
2006幎 - 第 7åäžçéžæ暩倧äŒããã©ãïŒãã§ã³å
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2007幎 - 第 8åäžçéžæ暩倧äŒããã³ãã³ïŒã«ããïŒããããããã17ã«åœ22ããŒã åºå Ž
2008幎 - 第 9åäžçéžæ暩倧äŒããããã¹ãïŒãã³ã¬ãªãŒïŒãããã18ã«åœ23ããŒã åºå Ž
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ãšãªãã¯ã»ã¢ã€ãã« (S14E16ä»)
ãšãªãªããã»ã°ãŒã«ã (S14E8)
ãšãªã³ã»ããã³ããã (MOVIE)
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ãšãªã¶ãã¹ã»ããŒã©ãŒ (S4E10ä»)
ãšã«ãŽã£ã¹ã»ã³ã¹ãã (S14E2)
ãšã«ãã¹ã»ã¹ãã€ã³ (S18E9)
ãšã«ãã³ã»ãžã§ã³ (S10E14)
ãšã¬ã³ã»ããžã§ãã¬ã¹ (S21E23)
ãšã¬ã³ã»ãã€ãž (S20E19)
ãªã¹ã«ãŒã»ãã»ã©ã»ããŒã€ (S15E1)
ãªãªã³ãã¢ã»ãã¥ã«ãã¹ (S13E3)
ãªã«ã»ã³å§åŠ¹ (S15E10)
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ã«ãŒã¯ã»ãã°ã©ã¹ (S7E18)
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ã«ã¬ã³ã»ãã«ã€ã (S8E22ä»)
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ãããã»ãã㯠(S11E19)
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ãã ã»ãã€ã·ã³ã¬ãŒ (S10E5)
ãã£ã¹ãªãŒã³ã»ã¿ãŒã㌠(S5E15)
ã¯ãªã¹ãã£ãŒãã»ãªãã (S7E25)
ã°ã¬ã³ã»ã¯ããŒãº (S7E8ä»)
ã¯ããªã¹ã»ãªãŒããã³ (S3E21)
ã²ãŒãªãŒã»ã³ãŒã«ãã³ (S11E9)
ã±ã€ãã£ã»ããªãŒ (S22E08)
ã²ã€ãªãŒã»ããžãŒ (S16E11)
ã²ã€ãªãŒã»ããŒã·ã£ã« (S11E7ïŒ
ã²ãã£ã»ã¯ã¿ãã (S8E22ä»)
ã±ã«ã·ãŒã»ã°ã©ã㌠(S1E12ä»ïŒ
ãŽã¢ã»ãŽã£ãã« (S18E6ïŒ
ã³ãã³ã»ãªãã©ã€ãšã³ (S5E12)
ã³ã«ã ã»ããŒã〠(S20E14)
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ã¶ã»ã㌠(S12E2)
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ãµã€ã¢ã³ã»ã³ãŒãŠã§ã« (S15E13)
ãµã·ã£ã»ããã³ã»ã³ãŒãšã³ (S21E16)
ãµãã»ã·ã¢ã (S2E11ä»)
ãµã ã»ããŒã« (S5E11)
ãµã©ã»ãã·ã§ã«ã»ã²ã©ãŒ (S15E16)
ãµã©ã»ã®ã«ããŒã (S4E8)
Jã»Kã»ã·ã¢ã³ãº (S18E16ä»)
Jã»Kã»ããŒãªã³ã° (S15E4)
ãžã§ã€ã»ã¬ã (S9E15)
ãžã§ã€ã»ã¢ãŒã¢ (S12E3)
ãžã§ã€ãœã³ã»ãã€ããã³ (S16E20)
ãžã§ãŒã ãºã»ã«ãŒã³ (S16E2)
ãžã§ãŒã ãºã»ãŠã㺠(S5E13)
ãžã§ãŒã ãºã»Lã»ãã«ãã¯ã¹ (S14E13)
ãžã§ãŒã ãºã»ã¢ãŒã«ã»ãžã§ãŒã³ãº (S2E2ä»)
ãžã§ãŒã ãºã»ãªããã³ (S13E19)
ãžã§ãŒã ãºã»ãã€ã©ãŒ (S5E16)
ãžã§ãŒã ãºã»ãã¿ãŒãœã³ (S18E13)
ãžã§ãŒã ãºã»ãã©ãŠã³ (S5E7)
ãžã§ãŒã³ã»ãã©ã³ã (S26E5)
ãžã§ããã¡ãŒã»ã¬ãŒã㌠(S15E1)
ãžã§ãã»ãŽãŒã«ããã©ã (S7E19)
ãžã§ãªãŒã»ã¹ããªã³ã¬ãŒ (S10E4)
ãžã§ãªãŒã»ã«ã€ã¹ (S15E1)
ãžã ã»ãžã£ãŒã ãã·ã¥ (S19E18)
ãžã ã»ãŽã¡ãŒã㌠(S9E12)
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ãžã£ã¹ãã£ã³ã»ããŒã㌠(S24E20)
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ãžã£ãã¯ã»ã¬ã¢ã³ (S8E11)
ãžã£ãã¯ã»ãã©ã㯠(S19E7) (Milo圹)
ãžã£ããŒã³ã»ã¬ã©ãã¡ã㌠(S9E15)
ãžã£ã³ã»ããã¯ã¹ (S9E7)
ãžã¥ãªã¢ã»ã«ã€ã¹ïŒãã¬ã€ãã¡ã¹ (S13E4)
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ãžã§ãŒã»ã¢ã³ã¿ã (S20E3)
ãžã§ãŒãžã»ãŠã§ã³ã (S6E11)
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ãžã§ãŒãžã»ããªã¹ã³ (S5E1)
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ãžã§ããŒã»ãã£ãã·ã¥ (S8E9)
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ãžã§ã³ã»ã¢ãããã€ã¯ (S12E3)
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ãžã§ã³ã»ãããã³ (S10E12)
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ã·ã³ãã£ãŒã»ããŒã㌠(S10E11)
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ã¹ã¶ã³ãã»ãœããŒãº (S7E18)
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ã¹ãã£ãŒãã»ã¢ã¬ã³ (S3E18)
ã¹ãã£ãŒãŽã»ãã·ã§ã (S14E20)
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ã¹ãã£ãŒãŽã³ã»ãã³ã° (S12E3)
ã¹ãã£ãŒãŽã³ã»ãžã§ã€ã»ã°ãŒã«ã (S9E8)
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ã¹ããã£ã³ã»ã«ãªãŒ (S28E17)
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ãœããã¯ã»ãŠãŒã¹ (S7E24)
ãã¹ãã£ã³ã»ãããã³ (S2E19)
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ãããšã«ã»ã¹ã¿ãŒã³ (S2E21)
ãããšã«ã»ã©ãã¯ãªã (S22E4)
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ããŽã£ããã»ããŒã³ (S14E18)
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ãããã»ãã³ãœã³ (S6E11)
ãããã»ãã¥ãŒãžã§ã³ã (S19E4)
ããã¹ã»ãŠã£ãŒã㌠(S13E12)
ããã¹ã»ãªã¢ãªãŒ (S20E2)
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ããã¡ãŒã»ã°ã¬ã€ã¹ (S19E13)
ããã¹ã»ãã³ãã§ã³ (S15E10)
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ãã ã»ã«ã€ã (S7E14)
ãã ã»ã¯ã©ã³ã·ãŒ (S15E10)
ãã ã»ãµãŽã£ãŒã (S12E11)
ãã ã»ãžã§ãŒã³ãº (S4E7)
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ãã ã»ãã㣠(S14E2)
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ãã¿ãªãŒã»ããŒããã³ (S18E12)
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蚳㯠Table 3.2. OUTLAYS BY FUNCTION AND SUBFUNCTIONã
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| https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E5%9B%BD%E9%98%B2%E7%B7%8F%E7%9C%81 |
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4688, 5677, 6447, 6633, 7860, 8182, 8529, 8849,
9855, 10243, 10484, 10820, 11918, 12744, 13428, 14037,
14687, 15022, 15822, 16521, 17718, 18258, 19142, 19809,
20258, 20949, 21655, 22360, 23015, 23704, 23887, 23993,
26340, 35314, 44348, 52217, 60831, 61578, 61830, 62651,
63451, 64110, 64524, 64812, 65249, 65701, 66288, 66739,
66898, 67609, 68251, 68430, 68620, 68932, 69472, 69739,
69862, 70432, 70602, 70893, 71088, 71603, 72005, 72167,
72192, 72312, 73299, 74130, 74745, 75426, 75741, 76122,
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82829, 83617, 83884, 84460, 84719, 85069, 85681, 86051,
88305, 88403, 88881, 89280, 89529, 89927, 90039, 90098,
90190, 91671, 91730, 92955, 93640, 94008, 94215, 97416,
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101189, 101341, 101544, 101622], dtype=int32), 'plaintext_end_byte': array([ 439, 1614, 1725, 2067, 2591, 3159, 3454, 4687,
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101327, 101533, 101605, 101697], dtype=int32)} | æéãã¡ãã®ããã¥ãŒäœåã¯ãªãã§ããïŒ | ãµã¶ã³ãªãŒã«ã¹ã¿ãŒãº | japanese | {'passage_answer_candidate_index': array([-1], dtype=int32), 'minimal_answers_start_byte': array([-1], dtype=int32), 'minimal_answers_end_byte': array([-1], dtype=int32), 'yes_no_answer': array(['NONE'], dtype=object)} |
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6862, 7176, 7802, 9315, 9907], dtype=int32), 'plaintext_end_byte': array([ 376, 903, 1450, 1679, 2068, 3523, 4690, 5367, 5848,
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Air Force Colonel William Fife: Russian basic, 1948
Air Force Lieutenant Colonel Rick Francona: Vietnamese basic, 1971; Arabic basic, 1974; Arabic intermediate, 1978
Shigeya Kihara: Instructor of Japanese, 1941â1974
Army Major General Roland Lajoie: Russian basic, 1968
Army Specialist Park Young Chae, Korean Counsel General, 10 June 2003
Air Force Major General Doyle Larson: helped develop the career linguist force within the USAF
Hugh McFarlane: Russian basic, 1966; Hebrew basic, 1970
Army Colonel David McNerney: commandant of DLI 1981â1985
Glenn Nordin: Russian basic, 1950s; Vietnamese Adviser Course, 1966
Former Department of Defense Secretary and former White House Chief of Staff and Congressman Leon Panetta, became Director of the Central Intelligence Agency on 19 February 2009: championed language education in the military.
Whitney E. Reed: commandant of the National Cryptologic School 1986â1993; and NSA/CSS deputy director for education and training
Army Major General James A. Adkins: Russian basic, 1976
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Online language lessons developed by DLI
Online/Downloadable language software developed by DLI
Specialized phrasebooks developed by DLI in various languages for specific tasks
The short film The short film is available for free download at the Internet Archive
| https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E5%9B%BD%E9%98%B2%E7%B7%8F%E7%9C%81%E8%AA%9E%E5%AD%A6%E5%AD%A6%E6%A0%A1 |
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World Tops and Bottoms, by Grant Hutchison, 1996, TACit Press, ISBN 0 9522680 4 3, and subsequent research by the same author, in collaboration with field research by Ginge Fullen.
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Coordinates:
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, 1896幎6æ2æ¥åºé¡ã1897幎3æ2æ¥å¯©æ»å®äºã1897幎7æ2æ¥ç»é² - åŸã«ãªãªããŒã»ãããžãç¹èš±åããªãã£ãèªèº«ã®çºæãå«ãŸããŠãããšäž»åŒµ
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"Transmitting electrical signals", 1896幎12æåºé¡ã1897幎7æç»é² - ã©ãã³ãã»ã³ã€ã«ãšã¢ãŒã«ã¹ç¬Šå·çšé»éµã䜿ã£ãçºæã
"Apparatus employed in wireless telegraphy".
"Apparatus employed in wireless telegraphy".
"Apparatus employed in wireless telegraphy".
"Apparatus employed in wireless telegraphy".
"Apparatus employed in wireless telegraphy".
"Apparatus employed in wireless telegraphy".
"Apparatus employed in wireless telegraphy".
"Receiver for electrical oscillations".
"Apparatus for wireless telegraphy" (later practical version of system)
"Wireless telegraphy system". 1901幎11æ19æ¥åºé¡ã1904幎4æ19æ¥ç»é²
"Wireless signaling system".
"Wireless telegraphy". 1903幎10æ13æ¥åºé¡ã1905幎6æ13æ¥ç»é²
"Wireless signaling system". 1903幎9æ10æ¥åºé¡ã1904幎5æ24æ¥ç»é²
"Apparatus for wireless telegraphy" (Four tuned system); N. Tesla, O. Lodge, J. S. Stone ããæ¥ä»ãå€ãçºæ
"Wireless telegraphy". 1903幎10æ13æ¥åºé¡
"Wireless telegraphy". 1903幎10æ13æ¥åºé¡ã1905幎7æ13æ¥ç»é²
"Wireless telegraphy". 1902幎11æ28æ¥åºé¡ã1908幎4æ14æ¥ç»é²
"Wireless telegraphy".
"Detecting electrical oscillations". 1903幎2æ2æ¥åºé¡ã1908幎4æ14æ¥ç»é²
"Wireless telegraphy".
"Transmitting apparatus for wireless telegraphy". 1908幎4æ10æ¥åºé¡ã1909幎9æ28æ¥ç»é²
"Apparatus for wireless telegraphy".
"Apparatus for wireless telegraphy". 1908幎4æ10æ¥åºé¡ã1909幎9æ28æ¥ç»é²
"Apparatus for wireless telegraphy". 1909幎3æ31æ¥åºé¡ã1910幎4æ12æ¥ç»é²
"Transmitting apparatus for wireless telegraphy". 1910幎7æ15æ¥åºé¡ã1911幎7æ11æ¥ç»é²
"Means for generating alternating electric currents". 1914幎1æ27æ¥åºé¡ã1914幎7æ7æ¥ç»é²
"Transmitter for wireless telegraphy". 1908幎7æ20æ¥åºé¡ã1915幎8æ3æ¥ç»é²
"Transmitting apparatus for use in wireless telegraphy and telephony". 1913幎12æ31æ¥åºé¡ã1917幎5æ15æ¥ç»é²
"Wireless telegraph transmitter".
"Electric accumulator". 1918幎3æ9æ¥åºé¡
"Thermionic valve". 1926幎10æ14æ¥åºé¡ã1934幎11æ20æ¥ç»é²
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Bussey, Gordon, , Marconi Communications, 2000. ISBN 0-95389-670-6
Marconi, Degna, My Father, Marconi, James Lorimer & Co, 1982. ISBN 0-919511-14-7 - (Italian version): Marconi, mio padre, Di Renzo Editore, 2008, ISBN 8883232062
ããŒãã£ã»ãã«ã³ãŒãã»ãã¬ãŒã·ã§ãç¶ãã«ã³ãŒãã埡è©äœ³åèš³ãæ±äº¬é»æ©å€§åŠåºçå±ã2007 ISBN 978-4-501-62190-2 - ãã«ã³ãŒãã®é·å¥³ã«ããäŒèšã
Marconi's Wireless Telegraph Company, Year book of wireless telegraphy and telephony, London: Published for the Marconi Press Agency Ltd., by the St. Catherine Press / Wireless Press. LCCN 14017875 sn 86035439
ãã®ä»
Ahern, Steve (ed), Making Radio (2nd Edition) Allen & Unwin, Sydney, 2006.
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Cheney, Margaret, "Tesla: Man Out Of Time" Laurel Publishing, 1981. Chapter 7, esp pp 69, re: published lectures of Tesla in 1893, copied by Marconi.
Clark, Paddy, "Marconi's Irish Connections Recalled," published in ";100 Years of Radio," IEE Conference Publication 411, 1995.
Coe, Douglas and Kreigh Collins (ills), Marconi, pioneer of radio, New York, J. Messner, Inc., 1943. LCCN 43010048
Garratt, G. R. M., The early history of radio: from Faraday to Marconi, London, Institution of Electrical Engineers in association with the Science Museum, History of technology series, 1994. ISBN 0-85296-845-0 LCCN gb 94011611
Geddes, Keith, Guglielmo Marconi, 1874-1937, London: H.M.S.O., A Science Museum booklet, 1974. ISBN 0-11-290198-0 LCCN 75329825 (ed. Obtainable in the U.S.A. from Pendragon House Inc., Palo Alto, California.)
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Hong, Sungook, Wireless: From Marconiâs Black-Box to the Audio, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2001. ISBN 0-262-08298-5.
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Kinzie, P. A.,
Larson, Erik, Thunderstruck, New York: Crown Publishers, 2006. ISBN 1-4000-8066-5 - ãã«ã³ãŒããšããŒãªãŒã»ããŒãŽã§ã€ã»ã¯ãªããã³ã®ç涯ãã¯ãªããã³ã¯æ®ºäººãç¯ããŠå€§è¥¿æŽã暪æããŠé亡ããããæ°çºæã®è¹è¶ç¡ç·ã«ãã£ãŠé®æãããã
Masini, Giancarlo, Guglielmo Marconi, Turin: Turinese typographical-publishing union, 1975. LCCN 77472455 (ed. Contains 32 tables outside of the text)
Mason, H. B. (1908). Encyclopaedia of ships and shipping, . London: Shipping Encyclopaedia. 1908. 707 pages.
Page, Walter Hines, and Arthur Wilson Page, . Doubleday, Page & Company, 1908.
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Sherrow, Victoria. Guglielmo Marconi: Inventor of Radio and Wireless Communication, USA:Enslow Publishers, 2004 ISBN 978-0-7660-2280-5
Stone, Ellery W.,
Weightman, Gavin, Signor Marconi's magic box: the most remarkable invention of the 19th century & the amateur inventor whose genius sparked a revolution, 1st Da Capo Press ed., Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press, 2003. ISBN 0-306-81275-4
Winkler, Jonathan Reed. . (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2008). 第äžæ¬¡äžç倧æŠæã®ãã«ã³ãŒãã®äŒç€Ÿãšã¢ã¡ãªã«åè¡åœã®ç«¶åé¢ä¿ã«ã€ããŠ
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Sweden and the Baltic, 1523 â 1721, by Andrina Stiles, Hodder & Stoughton, 1992 ISBN 0-340-54644-1
The Struggle for Supremacy in the Baltic: 1600-1725 by Jill Lisk; Funk & Wagnalls, New York, 1967
Norges festninger by Guthorm Kavli; Universitetsforlaget; 1987; ISBN 82-00-18430-7
Admiral Thunderbolt by Hans Christian Adamson, Chilton Company, 1958
East Norway and its Frontier by Frank Noel Stagg, George Allen & Unwin, Ltd. 1956
THE ROAD TO MOSCOW by Major Wilbur E.Gray, Strategy & Tactics#171,Decision Games,1994
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Joachim Bierwirth et al.: 1200 Jahre Usingen, BeitrÀge zur Geschichte der ehemaligen Residenz- und Kreisstadt. Magistrat der Stadt Usingen, Usingen 2001, ISBN 3-924103-21-6.
Fritz Dienstbach: Usingen im Taunus in frÃŒherer Zeit. Ein Heimatbuch (= Usinger Geschichtshefte. Bd. 5, ZDB-ID). Geschichtsverein Usingen, Usingen 1999.
Rudi H. Kaethner, Martha Kaethner: Usingen. Menschen und Ereignisse aus der Geschichte einer kleinen deutschen Stadt. Wagner, Usingen 1981, ISBN 3-922600-01-8.
Frank-Michael Saltenberger: . 2. Auflage. Magistrat der Stadt Usingen, Usingen 2006.
Ernst Wagner (Hrsg.): Geschichte der Stadt Usingen. (Anhang: Kurze Chronik der Landgemeinden des Kreises Usingen). Druck und Verlag von L. Wagnerâs Buchdruckerei, Usingen 1903.
Waren âOsungenâ und âOtsingenâ wirklich Usingen? In: Usinger Anzeiger. 11. Mai 2002, ZDB-ID.
K. Weidemann: AusgewÀhlte Beispiele zur Siedlungsgeschichte des FrÃŒhen und Hohen Mittelalters im Hochtaunus und seinem Vorland. In: FÃŒhrer zu vor- und frÃŒhgeschichtlichen DenkmÀlern. Band 21: Hochtaunus, Bad Homburg, Usingen, Königstein, Hofheim. Verlag Philipp von Zabern, Mainz 1972, S. 60â120 (UnverÀnderter Nachdruck. ebenda 1980, ISBN 3-8053-0136-7).
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Beale, Joseph H. (1935) A Treatise on the Conflict of Laws. ISBN ISBN 1-58477-425-8
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