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What are the symptoms of Hypothermia? | As people develop hypothermia, their abilities to think and move are often lost slowly. In fact, they may even be unaware that they need emergency treatment. Someone with hypothermia also is likely to have frostbite.
The symptoms include:
Drowsiness Weakness and loss of coordination Pale and cold skin Confusion Uncontrollable shivering (although at extremely low body temperatures, shivering may stop) Slowed breathing or heart rate Lethargy, cardiac arrest, shock, and coma can set in without prompt treatment. Hypothermia can be fatal. | Answer this question truthfully |
What causes Hypothermia? | Hypothermia occurs when more heat is lost than the body can generate. It is usually caused by extended exposure to the cold.
Common causes include:
Being outside without enough protective clothing in winter Falling overboard from a boat into cold water Wearing wet clothing in windy or cold weather Heavy exertion, not drinking enough fluids, or not eating enough in cold weather | Answer this question truthfully |
When to seek urgent medical care when I have Hypothermia ? | Call 911 anytime you suspect someone has hypothermia. Give first aid while awaiting emergency assistance. | Answer this question truthfully |
What are the symptoms of Lactic acidosis? | Nausea Weakness | Answer this question truthfully |
What causes Lactic acidosis? | The most common cause of lactic acidosis is intense exercise. However, it can also be caused by certain diseases, such as:
AIDS Cancer Kidney failure Respiratory failure Sepsis
A common medicine used to treat diabetes called metformin can also cause lactic acidosis. If you take this medicine, have your electrolyte levels checked 1 - 2 weeks after starting it. | Answer this question truthfully |
What are the symptoms of Metabolic acidosis? | Most symptoms are caused by the underlying disease or condition that is causing the metabolic acidosis. Metabolic acidosis itself usually causes rapid breathing. Confusion or lethargy may also occur. Severe metabolic acidosis can lead to shock or death. In some situations, metabolic acidosis can be a mild, chronic (ongoing) condition. | Answer this question truthfully |
What causes Metabolic acidosis? | Metabolic acidosis occurs when the body produces too much acid, or when the kidneys are not removing enough acid from the body. There are several types of metablic acidosis:
Diabetic acidosis (also called diabetic ketoacidosis and DKA) develops when substances known as ketone bodies, which are acidic, build up during uncontrolled diabetes Hyperchloremic acidosis results from excessive loss of sodium bicarbonate from the body, as can happen with severe diarrhea Lactic acidosis is a buildup of lactic acid. It can be caused by: Alcohol Cancer Exercising for a very long time Liver failure Low blood sugar (hypoglycemia) Medications such as salicylates Prolonged lack of oxygen from shock, heart failure, or severe anemia Seizures
Other causes of metabolic acidosis include:
Kidney disease (distal tubular acidosis and proximal renal tubular acidosis) Poisoning by aspirin, ethylene glycol (found in antifreeze), or methanol Severe dehydration | Answer this question truthfully |
Who is at highest risk for Metabolic acidosis ? | Patient suffering from any of the conditions mentioned above are at risk of metabolic acidosis. | Answer this question truthfully |
When to seek urgent medical care when I have Metabolic acidosis ? | Seek medical treatment if you develop symptoms of any disease that can cause metabolic acidosis. | Answer this question truthfully |
What to expect if I have Metabolic acidosis (Outlook/Prognosis)? | What can be expected will depend on the underlying disease causing the metabolic acidosis. | Answer this question truthfully |
What are the symptoms of Near drowning? | Symptoms can vary, but may include:
Abdominal distention Bluish skin of the face, especially around the lips Chest pain Cold skin and pale appearance Confusion Cough with pink, frothy sputum Irritability Lethargy No breathing Restlessness Shallow or gasping respirations Unconsciousness Vomiting | Answer this question truthfully |
What causes Near drowning ? | Attempted suicide Blows to the head or seizures while in the water Drinking alcohol while boating or swimming Falling through thin ice Inability to swim or panicking while swimming Leaving small children unattended around bathtubs and pools | Answer this question truthfully |
When to seek urgent medical care when I have Near drowning ? | If you cannot rescue the drowning person without endangering yourself, call for emergency medical assistance immediately. If you are trained and able to rescue the person, do so and then call for medical help.
All near-drowning patients should be checked by a doctor. Even though the person may revive quickly at the scene, lung complications are common. Fluid and body chemical (electrolyte) imbalances may develop, and other traumatic injuries may be present. | Answer this question truthfully |
What are the symptoms of Renal tubular acidosis? | Most symptoms are caused by the underlying disease or condition that is causing the renal tubular acidosis or inherited disorder of kidneys. Renal tubular acidosis itself usually causes rapid breathing. Confusion or lethargy may also occur. Severe acidosis can lead to shock or death. In some situations, acidosis can be a mild, chronic (ongoing) condition. | Answer this question truthfully |
What causes Renal tubular acidosis? | Renal tubular acidosis occurs when the body produces too much acid, or when the kidneys are not removing enough acid from the body.
Diabetic acidosis (also called diabetic ketoacidosis and DKA) develops when substances known as ketone bodies, which are acidic, build up during uncontrolled diabetes Hyperchloremic acidosis results from excessive loss of sodium bicarbonate from the body, as can happen with severe diarrhea Lactic acidosis is a buildup of lactic acid. It can be caused by: Alcohol Cancer Exercising for a very long time Liver failure Low blood sugar (hypoglycemia) Medications such as salicylates Prolonged lack of oxygen from shock, heart failure, or severe anemia Seizures
Other causes of acidosis include:
Poisoning by aspirin, ethylene glycol (found in antifreeze), or methanol Severe dehydration | Answer this question truthfully |
Who is at highest risk for Renal tubular acidosis ? | Patient suffering from any of the conditions mentioned above are at risk of renal tubular acidosis. | Answer this question truthfully |
When to seek urgent medical care when I have Renal tubular acidosis ? | Seek medical treatment if you develop symptoms of any disease that can cause renal tubular acidosis. | Answer this question truthfully |
What to expect if I have Renal tubular acidosis (Outlook/Prognosis)? | What can be expected will depend on the underlying disease causing the renal tubular acidosis. | Answer this question truthfully |
What are the symptoms of Respiratory acidosis? | Symptoms may include:
Confusion Easy fatigue Lethargy Shortness of breath Sleepiness | Answer this question truthfully |
What causes Respiratory acidosis? | Causes of respiratory acidosis include:
Airway diseases such as asthma and chronic obstructive lung disease, which reduce sending air into and out of the lungs lung tissue diseases such as pulmonary fibrosis Diseases of the chest such as scoliosis, which make the lungs less efficient at filling and emptying Diseases involving the nerves and muscles that cause the lungs to fill or empty Medications that suppress breathing including pain drugs, such as narcotics and sedatives such as benzodiazepines), especially concomitant use with alcohol Severe obesity, which limits lungs expansion
Chronic respiratory acidosis occurs over a long duration. This is a mild stable situation because the kidneys have had enough time to compensate and restore the body's acid-base balance by rising body chemicals, such as bicarbonate.
Acute respiratory acidosis is a severe situation in which carbon dioxide levels increase very quickly and before the kidneys can restore the body to a proper acid-base balance. | Answer this question truthfully |
Who is at highest risk for Respiratory acidosis ? | Patients who are suffering from any condition listed above have the highest risk of developing respiratory acidosis. | Answer this question truthfully |
When to seek urgent medical care when I have Respiratory acidosis ? | Severe respiratory acidosis is a medical emergency. Seek immediate medical help if you have symptoms of this condition.
Call your healthcare provider if you have symptoms of lung disease. | Answer this question truthfully |
What to expect if I have Respiratory acidosis (Outlook/Prognosis)? | How well you do depends on the disease causing the respiratory acidosis. | Answer this question truthfully |
What causes Respiratory failure? | Diseases and conditions that affect your breathing can cause respiratory failure. Examples include
Lung diseases such as COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), pneumonia, pulmonary embolism, and cystic fibrosis Conditions that affect the nerves and muscles that control breathing, such as spinal cord injuries, muscular dystrophy and stroke Damage to the tissues and ribs around the lungs. An injury to the chest can cause this damage. Drug or alcohol overdose Injuries from inhaling smoke or harmful fumes | Answer this question truthfully |
What are the symptoms of Rhabdomyolysis? | Abnormal urine color (dark, red, or cola colored) General weakness Muscle stiffness or aching (myalgia) Muscle tenderness Weakness of the affected muscles
Additional symptoms that may be associated with this disease include the following:
Fatigue Joint pain Seizures Weight gain (unintentional) | Answer this question truthfully |
What causes Rhabdomyolysis? | When muscle is damaged, a protein pigment called myoglobin is released into the bloodstream and filtered out of the body by the kidneys. Myoglobin breaks down into potentially harmful compounds. It may block the structures of the kidney, causing damage such as rhabdomyolysis or kidney failure.
Dead muscle tissue may cause a large amount of fluid to move from the blood into the muscle, reducing the fluid volume of the body and leading to shock and reduced blood flow to the kidneys.
The disorder may be caused by any condition that results in damage to skeletal muscle, especially trauma. | Answer this question truthfully |
Who is at highest risk for Rhabdomyolysis ? | Alcoholism (with subsequent muscle tremors) Certain inherited or genetic syndromes Crush Injuries Heat intolerance Heatstroke Ischemia or necrosis of the muscles (as may occur with arterial occlusion, deep venous thrombosis, or other conditions) Low phosphate levels Seizures Severe exertion such as marathon running or calisthenics Shaking chills Trauma Use or overdose of drugs, especially cocaine, amphetamines, statins, heroin, or PCP | Answer this question truthfully |
When to seek urgent medical care when I have Rhabdomyolysis ? | Call your health care provider if symptoms indicate rhabdomyolysis may be present. | Answer this question truthfully |
What to expect if I have Rhabdomyolysis (Outlook/Prognosis)? | The outcome varies depending on the extent of kidney damage. Acute kidney failure occurs in many patients. Treatment soon after rhabdomyolysis begins will reduce the risk of chronic kidney damage.
People with milder cases may return to normal activity within a few weeks to a month or more. However, some continue to have problems with fatigue and muscle pain. | Answer this question truthfully |
What are the symptoms of Snakebites? | Symptoms depend on the type of snake, but may include:
Bleeding from wound Blurred vision Burning of the skin Convulsions Diarrhea Dizziness Excessive sweating Fainting Fang marks in the skin Fever Increased thirst Loss of muscle coordination Nausea and vomiting Numbness and tingling Rapid pulse Tissue death Severe pain Skin discoloration Swelling at the site of the bite Weakness
Rattlesnake bites are painful when they occur. Symptoms usually begin right away and may include:
Bleeding Breathing difficulty Blurred vision Eyelid drooping Low blood pressure Nausea and vomiting Numbness Pain at site of bite Paralysis Rapid pulse Skin color changes Swelling Tingling Tissue damage Thirst Tiredness Weakness Weak pulse
Cottonmouth and copperhead bites are painful right when they occur. Symptoms, which usually begin right away, may include:
Bleeding Breathing difficulty Low blood pressure Nausea and vomiting Numbness and tingling Pain at site of bite Shock Skin color changes Swelling Thirst Tiredness Tissue damage Weakness Weak pulse
Coral snake bites may be painless at first. Major symptoms may not develop for hours. Do NOT make the mistake of thinking you will be fine if the bite area looks good and you are not in a lot of pain. Untreated coral snake bites can be deadly. Symptoms may include:
Blurred vision Breathing difficulty Convulsions Drowsiness Eyelid drooping Headache Low blood pressure Mouth watering (excessive salivation) Nausea and vomiting Numbness Pain and swelling at site of bite Paralysis Shock Slurred speech Swallowing difficulty Swelling of tongue and throat Weakness Skin color changes Skin tissue damage Stomach or abdominal pain Weak pulse | Answer this question truthfully |
What causes Snakebites? | Poisonous snake bites include bites by any of the following:
Cobra Copperhead Coral snake Cottonmouth (water moccasin) Rattlesnake Various snakes found at zoos
All snakes will bite when threatened or surprised, but most will usually avoid people if possible and only bite as a last resort.
Snakes found in and near water are often mistaken as being poisonous. Most species of snake are harmless and many bites are not life-threatening, but unless you are absolutely sure that you know the species, treat it seriously. | Answer this question truthfully |
When to seek urgent medical care when I have Snakebites (Patient information)? | Call 911 or your local emergency number if someone has been bitten by a snake. If possible, call ahead to the emergency room so that antivenom can be ready when the person arrives.
You may also call the National Poison Control Center (1-800-222-1222). The center can be called from anywhere in the United States. This national hotline number will let you talk to experts in poisoning. They will give you further instructions.
This is a free and confidential service. All local poison control centers in the United States use this national number. You should call if you have any questions about poisoning or poison prevention. It does NOT need to be an emergency. You can call for any reason, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. | Answer this question truthfully |
What are the symptoms of Chronic renal failure? | Symptoms may include:
General ill feeling and fatigue Generalized itching (pruritus) and dry skin Headaches Weight loss without trying Loss of appetite Nausea
Other symptoms may develop, including:
Abnormally dark or light skin and changes in nails Bone pain
Brain and nervous system symptoms
Drowsiness and confusion Problems concentrating or thinking Numbness in the hands, feet, or other areas Muscle twitching or cramps Breath odor Easy bruising, nosebleeds, or blood in the stool Excessive thirst Frequent hiccups Low level of sexual interest and impotence Menstrual periods stop (amenorrhea) Sleep problems, such as insomnia, restless leg syndrome, or obstructive sleep apnea Swelling of the feet and hands (edema) Vomiting, especially in the morning | Answer this question truthfully |
What causes Chronic renal failure? | End-stage kidney disease (ESRD) occurs when the kidneys are no longer able to function at a level needed for day-to-day life. It usually occurs when chronic kidney disease has worsened to the point at which kidney function is less than 10% of normal.
ESRD almost always follows chronic kidney disease. A person may have gradual worsening of kidney function for 10 - 20 years or more before progressing to ESRD.
Patients who have reached this stage need dialysis or a kidney transplant.
The most common causes of ESRD in the U.S. are diabetes and high blood pressure. | Answer this question truthfully |
Who is at highest risk for Chronic renal failure ? | Certain conditions increases your risk of chronic renal failure, which are as follows
Diabetes High blood pressure (hypertension) Heart disease Smoking Obesity High cholesterol African-American, American Indian or Asian-American race Family history of kidney disease Age 65 or older | Answer this question truthfully |
When to seek urgent medical care when I have Chronic renal failure ? | You must make an appointment with the doctor, if you have any symptoms and sign listed above. If you have any chronic medical condition, your doctor might do a regular check of your Blood pressure and kidney functions. | Answer this question truthfully |
What to expect if I have Chronic renal failure (Outlook/Prognosis)? | Without dialysis or a kidney transplant, death will occur from the buildup of fluids and waste products in the body. Both of these treatments can have serious risks and consequences. The outcome is different for each person. | Answer this question truthfully |
What are the symptoms of Membranous glomerulonephritis? | Symptoms often begin slowly over time, and may include:
Edema (swelling) in any area of the body Foamy appearance of urine Weight gain Poor appetite Urination, excessive at night Hypertension (patient information)| High blood pressure Fatigue | Answer this question truthfully |
What causes Membranous glomerulonephritis? | Membranous nephropathy is caused by thickening of part of the glomerular basement membrane. Glomerular basement membrane is a part of the kidneys that helps filter waste and extra fluid from the blood. The exact reason for this thickening is not known.
It is one of the most common causes of nephritic syndrome. The condition may be a primary kidney disease of uncertain origin, or it may be associated with other conditions. | Answer this question truthfully |
Who is at highest risk for Membranous glomerulonephritis ? | The following increase your risk for this condition:
Exposure to toxins, including gold and mercury. Use of certain medicines, including penicillamine, trimethadione, and skin-lightening creams. Infections, including hepatitis B, malaria, syphilis, and endocarditis. Blood cancers, including non-Hodgkin lymphoma and leukemia. Melanoma, a type of skin cancer. Systemic lupus erythematosis, rheumatoid arthritis, Grave`s disease, and other autoimmune disorders.
The disorder occurs in approximately 2 out of 10,000 people. It may occur at any age but is more common after age 40. | Answer this question truthfully |
When to seek urgent medical care when I have Membranous glomerulonephritis ? | Call for an appointment with your health care provider if symptoms indicate membranous nephropathy may be present. Call for an appointment with your health care provider if symptoms worsen or persist, if you experience a decreased urine output or other new symptom develops. | Answer this question truthfully |
What to expect if I have Membranous glomerulonephritis (Outlook/Prognosis)? | The outlook varies. There may be symptom-free periods and acute flare ups. In some cases, the condition may go away with or without therapy.
The majority of patients will have some degree of irreversible kidney damage within 2-20 years. About 20% of those will progress to end-stage renal disease. | Answer this question truthfully |
What are the symptoms of Renal papillary necrosis? | Necrosis (tissue death) of the renal papillae may make the kidney unable to concentrate the urine. Symptoms may include:
Back pain or flank pain Bloody urine Cloudy urine Dark, rust-colored, or brown urine Tissue in the urine
Additional symptoms that may be associated with this disease:
Chills Incontinence Increased urinary frequency or urgency Painful urination Passing large amounts of urine Urinating frequently at night Urinary hesitancy | Answer this question truthfully |
What causes Renal papillary necrosis? | Renal papillary necrosis is most commonly associated with analgesic nephropathy. However, a number of conditions can cause this condition, including:
Diabetic nephropathy Kidney infection Kidney transplant rejection Urinary tract obstruction Sickle cell anemia Sickle cell anemia is a common cause of renal papillary necrosis in children. | Answer this question truthfully |
When to seek urgent medical care when I have Renal papillary necrosis ? | Call for an appointment with your health care provider if you have bloody urine. Also call if other symptoms of renal papillary necrosis develop, especially after taking over-the-counter pain medications. | Answer this question truthfully |
What to expect if I have Renal papillary necrosis (Outlook/Prognosis)? | How well a person does depends on the underlying condition. If the underlying disorder can be controlled, the condition may go away on its own. In some cases, persons with this condition develop kidney failure. | Answer this question truthfully |
What are the symptoms of Renal vein thrombosis? | Blood clot to the lung Bloody urine Decreased urine output Flank pain or low back pain | Answer this question truthfully |
What causes Renal vein thrombosis? | Renal vein thrombosis is an uncommon disorder that may be caused by:
Abdominal aortic aneurysm Clotting disorders Dehydration (mostly in infants) Estrogen use Nephrotic syndrome Pregnancy Scar formation with pressure on the renal vein Trauma (to the back or abdomen) Tumor
In adults, the most common cause is nephrotic syndrome. In infants, the most common cause is dehydration. | Answer this question truthfully |
Who is at highest risk for Renal vein thrombosis ? | Its a relatively less common disease but any of the above mentioned condition can predispose risk for renal vein thrombosis. | Answer this question truthfully |
When to seek urgent medical care when I have Renal vein thrombosis ? | Call your health care provider if you have symptoms of renal vein thrombosis.
If you have experienced renal vein thrombosis, call your health care provider if you develop decreased urine output, difficulty breathing, or other new symptoms. | Answer this question truthfully |
What to expect if I have Renal vein thrombosis (Outlook/Prognosis)? | Renal vein thrombosis usually gets better over time without permanently injuring the kidneys. | Answer this question truthfully |
What are the symptoms of Dehydration? | Dry or sticky mouth Lethargy or coma (with severe dehydration) Low or no urine output; urine looks dark yellow No tears Sunken eyes Sunken fontanelles (the soft spot on the top of the head) in an infant | Answer this question truthfully |
What causes Dehydration? | Dehydration can be caused by losing too much fluid, not drinking enough water or fluids, or both.
Your body may lose too much fluids from:
Excessive sweating (for example, from exercise) Excessive urine output, such as with uncontrolled diabetes or diuretic use Fever Vomiting or diarrhea
You might not drink enough fluids because of:
Loss of appetite due to illness Nausea Sore throat or mouth sores
Dehydration in sick children is often a combination of refusing to eat or drink anything and losing fluid from vomiting, diarrhea, or fever. Infants and children are more likely to become dehydrated than adults because they weigh less and their bodies turn over water and electrolytes more quickly. The elderly and people with illnesses are also at higher risk. | Answer this question truthfully |
When to seek urgent medical care when I have Dehydration ? | Call 911 if you or your child have the following symptoms:
Confusion Dizziness Lethargy Light-headedness
Call your health care provider right away if you or your child has any of the following symptoms:
Blood in the stool or vomit Diarrhea or vomiting (in infants less than 2 months old) Dry mouth or dry eyes Dry skin that sags back into position slowly when pinched up into a fold Fast-beating heart Listlessness and inactiveness Little or no urine output for 8 hours No tears Sunken eyes Sunken soft spot on the top of your infant's head
Call your health care provider if you are not sure whether you are giving your child enough fluids.
Also call your health care provider if:
You or your child cannot keep down fluids during an illness Vomiting has been going on for longer than 24 hours in an adult or longer than 12 hours in a child Diarrhea has lasted longer than 5 days in an adult or child Your infant or child is much less active than usual or is irritable You or your child is urinating much more than normal, especially if there is a family history of diabetes or you are taking diuretics | Answer this question truthfully |
What to expect if I have Dehydration (Outlook/Prognosis)? | When dehydration is found and treated quickly, the outcome is usually good. | Answer this question truthfully |
What are the symptoms of Porphyria? | Porphyrias involve three major symptoms:
Abdominal pain or cramping (only in some forms of the disease) Light sensitivity causing rashes, blistering, and scarring of the skin (photodermatitis) Problems with the nervous system and muscles seizures, mental disturbances, nerve damage)
Attacks can occur suddenly, usually with severe abdominal pain followed by vomiting and constipation. Being out in the sun can cause pain, sensations of heat, blistering, and skin redness and swelling. Blisters heal slowly, often with scarring or skin color changes. They may be disfiguring. Urine may turn red or brown after an attack.
Other symptoms may include:
Muscle pain Muscle weakness or paralysis Numbness or tingling Pain in the arms or legs Pain in the back Personality changes
Attacks can sometimes be life threatening, producing:
Low blood pressure Severe electrolyte imbalances Shock | Answer this question truthfully |
What causes Porphyria ? | Normally, the body makes heme in a multi-step process. Porphyrins are made during several steps of this process. Patients with porphyria have a deficiency of certain enzymes needed for this process. This causes abnormal amounts of porphyrins or related chemicals to build up in the body.
There are many different forms of porphyria. The most common type is porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT).
Drugs, infection, alcohol, and hormones such as estrogen may trigger attacks of certain types of porphyria. | Answer this question truthfully |
When to Contact a Medical Professional ? | Seek medical attention as soon as you have signs of an acute attack. Talk to your doctor about your risk for this condition if you have a long history of undiagnosed abdominal pain, muscle and nerve problems, and sensitivity to sunlight. | Answer this question truthfully |
What to expect if I have Porphyria (Outlook/Prognosis)? | Porphyrias are life-long diseases with symptoms that come and go. Some forms of the disease cause more symptoms than others. Proper treatment and avoidance of triggers can help prolong the time between attacks. | Answer this question truthfully |
What are the symptoms of Snoring? | Snoring is common in adults and is not necessarily a sign of an underlying disorder.
Snoring sometimes can be a sign of a sleep disorder called sleep apnea. This means you have periods when you completely or partly stop breathing for more than 10 seconds while you sleep. The episode is followed by a sudden snort or gasp when breathing resumes. Then, snoring starts all over again. If you have sleep apnea, this cycle generally happens multiple times a night.
Sleep apnea is not as common as snoring.
Snoring is an important social problem. Persons who share a bed with a someone who snores can develop sleep difficulties. | Answer this question truthfully |
What causes Snoring? | In most people, the reason for snoring is not known. Some potential causes (other than sleep apnea) include:
Being overweight, which leads to excessive neck tissue that puts pressure on the airways Last month of pregnancy Nasal congestion from colds or allergies, especially if it lasts a long time Swelling of the muscular part of the roof of the mouth (soft palate) or uvula, the piece of tissue that hangs down in the back of the mouth Swollen adenoids and tonsils that block the airways Use of sleeping pills, antihistamines, or alcohol at bedtime Prominence of the area at the base of the tongue Large tongue size compared to the mouth Abnormalities in the bones of the face | Answer this question truthfully |
When to seek urgent medical care when I have Snoring ? | Talk to your doctor if you have: Excessive daytime drowsiness Morning headaches Recent weight gain Awakening in the morning not feeling rested Change in your level of attention, concentration, or memory Episodes of no breathing (apnea): your partner may need to tell you if this is happening
Children with chronic snoring should also be evaluated for apnea.
Sleep apnea in children has been linked to:
Growth problems ADHD Poor school performance Learning difficulties Bedwetting High blood pressure
Most children who snore do NOT have apnea, but a sleep study is the only reliable way to tell for sure | Answer this question truthfully |
What are the symptoms of Ewing's sarcoma? | Usual symptoms of Ewing's sarcoma include:
Pain at the site of the tumor
Swelling at the site of the tumor
Pathological fracture
Fever
Other health problems may also cause these symptoms. Only a doctor can tell for sure. A person with any of these symptoms should tell the doctor so that the problems can be diagnosed and treated as early as possible. | Answer this question truthfully |
What causes Ewing's sarcoma? | Ewing's sarcoma can occur any time during childhood and young adulthood, but usually develops during puberty, when bones are growing rapidly. It is 10 times as common in Caucasian children as in African-American, African, and Asian children.
The tumor may arise anywhere in the body, usually in the long bones of the arms and legs, the pelvis, or the chest. It may also develop in the skull or the flat bones of the trunk.
The tumor often spreads (metastasis) to the lungs and other bones. Metastasis at the time of diagnosis is present in approximately one-third of children with Ewing's sarcoma. Rarely, Ewing's sarcoma can occur in adults. | Answer this question truthfully |
Who is at highest risk for Ewing%27s sarcoma ? | It is not clear for the cause of Ewing's sarcoma. | Answer this question truthfully |
When to seek urgent medical care when I have Ewing%27s sarcoma ? | Call your health care provider if your child has any of the symptoms of Ewing's sarcoma. An early diagnosis can increase the possibility of a favorable outcome. | Answer this question truthfully |
What to expect if I have Ewing%27s sarcoma (Outlook/Prognosis)? | The prognosis of Ewing's sarcoma depends on:
The location of the tumor
Whether or not the cancer has spread | Answer this question truthfully |
What causes (condition)? | Simple causes of knee pain often clear up on their own with self care. Being overweight can put you at greater risk for knee problems.
Knee pain can be caused by:
Anterior knee pain Arthritis -- including rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and gout Baker's cyst -- a fluid-filled swelling behind the knee that may occur with swelling (inflammation) from other causes, like arthritis Bursitis -- inflammation from repeated pressure on the knee, such as kneeling for long periods of time, overuse, or injury Connective tissue disorders such as lupus Dislocation of the kneecap Iliotibial band syndrome -- a hip disorder from injury to the thick band that runs from your hip to the outside of your knee Infection in the joint Knee injuries -- an anterior cruciate ligament injury or medial collateral ligament injury may cause bleeding into your knee, which makes the pain worse Osgood-Schlatter disease Tendinitis -- a pain in the front of your knee that gets worse when going up and down stairs or inclines Torn cartilage (a meniscus tear) -- pain felt on the inside or outside of the knee joint Torn ligament (ACL tear) -- leads to pain and instability of the knee Strain or sprain -- minor injuries to the ligaments caused by sudden or unnatural twisting Less common conditions that can lead to knee pain include bone tumors. | Answer this question truthfully |
When to seek urgent medical care when I have swelling ? | Call your doctor if:
You cannot bear weight on your knee You have severe pain, even when not bearing weight Your knee buckles, clicks, or locks Your knee is deformed or misshapen You have a fever, redness or warmth around the knee, or significant swelling You have pain, swelling, numbness, tingling, or bluish discoloration in the calf below the sore knee You still have pain after 3 days of home treatment | Answer this question truthfully |
Who sees a nephrologist? | Patients are referred to nephrology specialists for various reasons, such as:
Acute renal failure, a sudden loss of renal function Chronic kidney disease, declining renal function, usually with an inexorable rise in creatinine. Hematuria, blood loss in the urine Proteinuria, the loss of protein especially albumin in the urine Kidney stones, usually only recurrent stone formers. Chronic or recurrent urinary tract infections Hypertension that has failed to respond to multiple forms of anti-hypertensive medication or could have a secondary cause Electrolyte disorders or acid/base imbalance
Urologists are surgical specialists of the urinary tract - see Urology. They are involved in renal diseases that might be amenable to surgery:
Diseases of the Bladder and prostate such as malignancy, stones, or obstruction of the urinary tract. | Answer this question truthfully |
What causes Acute tubular necrosis? | Acute tubular necrosis is caused by lack of blood supply (ischemia) and oxygenation to the kidneys. It is also caused by various medications such as aminoglycosides, amphotericin B, NSAIDs, and also caused by exposure to radiocontrast media (the dye used for x-ray and other radiographic studies) The internal structures of the kidney, particularly the tissues of the kidney tubule, become damaged or destroyed. Acute tubular necrosis is one of the most common structural changes that can lead to acute kidney injury. | Answer this question truthfully |
Who is at highest risk for Acute tubular necrosis ? | Acute tubular necrosis is one of the most common causes of kidney failure in hospitalized patients.
Recent major surgery Septic shock or other forms of shock Severe low blood pressure (hypotension) Injury or trauma that damages the muscles Blood transfusion reaction Kidney damage caused by diabetes (diabetic nephropathy) may make a person more susceptible to the condition. | Answer this question truthfully |
What are the symptoms of Acute tubular necrosis? | Decreased urine output or no urine output General swelling, fluid retention Drowsy, lethargic, hard to arouse Nausea and vomiting Excessive thirst Decreased consciousness Coma Delirium or confusion | Answer this question truthfully |
When to seek urgent medical care when I have Acute tubular necrosis ? | Call your health care provider if your urine output decreases or stops, or if you develop other symptoms of acute tubular necrosis. | Answer this question truthfully |
What to expect if I have Acute tubular necrosis (Outlook/Prognosis)? | The duration of symptoms varies. The decreased urine output phase may last from a few days to 6 weeks or more. This is occasionally followed by a period of high urine output, where the healed and newly functioning kidneys try to clear the body of fluid and wastes. One or two days after urine output rises, symptoms reduce and laboratory values begin to return to normal. | Answer this question truthfully |
What are the symptoms of Analgesic nephropathy? | There may be no symptoms. Symptoms of chronic kidney disease are often present over time and may include:
Weakness Fatigue Increased urinary frequency or urgency Blood in the urine Flank pain or back pain Decreased urine output Decreased alertness Drowsiness Confusion, delirium Lethargy Decreased sensation, numbness (especially in the legs) Nausea, vomiting Easy bruising or bleeding Swelling, generalized | Answer this question truthfully |
What causes Analgesic nephropathy? | Analgesic nephropathy involves damage within the internal structures of the kidney. It is caused by long-term use of analgesics, especially over-the-counter (OTC) medications that contain phenacetin or acetaminophen and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as aspirin or ibuprofen.
About 6 or more pills per day for 3 years increases the risk some for this problem. This frequently occurs as a result of self-medicating, often for some type of chronic pain.
Analgesic nephropathy occurs in about 4 out of 100,000 people, mostly women over 30. The rate has decreased significantly since phenacetin is no longer widely available in OTC preparations. | Answer this question truthfully |
Who is at highest risk for Analgesic nephropathy ? | Use of OTC analgesics containing more than one active ingredient Chronic headaches, painful menstrual periods, backache, or musculoskeletal pain Emotional or behavioral changes History of dependent behaviors including smoking, alcoholism, and excessive use of tranquilizers | Answer this question truthfully |
What to expect if I have Analgesic nephropathy (Outlook/Prognosis)? | The damage to the kidney may be acute and temporary, or chronic and long term. | Answer this question truthfully |
When to seek urgent medical care when I have Analgesic nephropathy ? | Call your health care provider if you have signs of this condition, especially if there has been a history of use of painkillers.
Call your health care provider if blood or solid material is present in the urine, or if your urine output decreases. | Answer this question truthfully |
What are the symptoms of Bladder cancer? | Common symptoms of bladder cancer include:
Blood in the urine (making the urine slightly rusty to deep red) Pain during urination Frequent urination, or feeling the need to urinate without results | Answer this question truthfully |
What causes Bladder cancer? | Common causes of bladder cancer include:
Chemotherapy
The chemotherapy drug cyclophosphamide may increase the risk of bladder cancer.
Radiation treatment
Women who had radiation therapy to treat cervical cancer have an increased risk of developing bladder cancer.
Bladder infection
A long-term (chronic) bladder infection or irritation may lead to a certain type of bladder cancer. | Answer this question truthfully |
Who is at highest risk for Bladder cancer ? | Common risk factors of bladder cancer include:
Age
The chance of getting bladder cancer goes up as people get older. People under 40 rarely get this disease.
Cigarette smoking
Smoking greatly increases the risk of developing bladder cancer. Up to half of all bladder cancers in men and several in women may be caused by cigarette smoke.
Chemical exposure
About one in four cases of bladder cancer is caused by coming into contact with to cancer-causing chemicals at work. These chemicals are called carcinogens. Dye workers, rubber workers, aluminum workers, leather workers, truck drivers, and pesticide applicators are at the highest risk.
Chemotherapy
The chemotherapy drug cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan) may increase the risk of bladder cancer.
Radiation treatment
Women who had radiation therapy to treat cervical cancer have an increased risk of developing bladder cancer.
Bladder infection
A long-term (chronic) bladder infection or irritation may lead to a certain type of bladder cancer.
Race
Whites get bladder cancer twice as often as African Americans and Hispanics. The lowest rates are among Asians.
Being a man
Men are two to three times more likely than women to get bladder cancer.
Family history
People with family members who have bladder cancer are more likely to get the disease. | Answer this question truthfully |
When to seek urgent medical care when I have Bladder cancer ? | See your doctor immediately if you experience any of the above symptoms associated with bladder cancer | Answer this question truthfully |
What to expect if I have Bladder cancer (Outlook/Prognosis)? | The prognosis of bladder cancer depends on location and stage of the disease. When diagnosed early there is a better chance of recovery than when it is diagnosed during advanced stages. | Answer this question truthfully |
How is the dialysis done? | Hemodialysis works by removing blood from the body and having it flow across a special filter, along with solutions. The filter helps remove toxins. The blood is then returned to the body.
Hemodialysis requires special ways to access the blood in the blood vessels. Access may be needed on a short-term (temporary) or long-term (permanent) basis.
Temporary access involves placing dialysis catheters (hollow tubes) into larger veins, usually in your neck, chest, or leg near the groin. They are most often used in emergency situations for short periods of time. However, catheters called tunneled catheters can be used for weeks or even months.
Permanent access is created by surgically joining an artery to a vein, usually in the arm. This vein becomes thickened over time. To perform the dialysis, blood is removed and returned through the vein. There are two methods to create this access:
An artery and a vein are directly connected to each other. Then, over a period of months, these blood vessels form a connection called a fistula (an arteriovenous fistula, or AVF). A man-made bridge (arteriovenous graft, or AVG) can also be used to connect the artery and vein. An AVG can be used for dialysis within several weeks. An AVF has a lower chance for infections than an AVG and usually lasts longer before it needs to be replaced.
During a hemodialysis session, one or two needles must be inserted into the fistula or graft.
It is important to stick to the diet and medicines the dialysis staff and your kidney specialist (nephrologist) prescribed. | Answer this question truthfully |
Who needs dialysis? | The kidneys function as filters for the blood, removing waste products. They also help:
Manage how much water is in the body Maintain the balance of sodium, potassium, phosphorous, and other minerals and vitamins in the body Ensure that the blood pH remains between 7.35 and 7.45 Dialysis replaces some of the functions when the kidneys are no longer working. A buildup of waste products and other imbalances would lead to death if dialysis did not perform these functions. | Answer this question truthfully |
When to seek urgent medical care when I have Dialysis ? | Dialysis is started after a gradual loss of kidney function in patients with chronic kidney disease. Your doctor and nurse will begin discussing dialysis with you before you need it.
Dialysis also may be used when the kidneys suddenly stop working (also called acute renal failure). On occasion, dialysis can be used to quickly remove drugs or poisons from the body. | Answer this question truthfully |
Where to find centers that perform dialysis? | Directions to Hospitals Treating Dialysis
Most often, hemodialysis takes place in a special dialysis center. Patients usually have three treatments per week, during which they must sit in a chair for 3-4 hours. Many people feel tired for several hours after the dialysis.
Most dialysis centers have a very busy schedule. Patients who are late may not be able to make up the time. Because the body continues to make waste products and take on extra fluid between dialysis sessions, you must closely follow a kidney dialysis diet.
Some people can do hemodialysis at home, avoiding having to travel back and forth to a dialysis center. Home dialysis is usually done using one of two schedules:
Shorter (2 - 3 hours) treatments done at least 5 - 7 days per week Longer nightly treatments done 3 - 6 nights per week while you are sleeping Home hemodialysis treatments help keep blood pressure lower. Many patients no longer need blood pressure medicines. The longer nightly treatments do a better job of removing waste products. They are done more slowly and are therefore easier on the heart and access site (AVF or AGF).
A dialysis nurse can train patients to do home dialysis. Patients do not have to buy a machine. Supplies can be delivered. Both the patient and any caregivers must learn to:
Handle the equipment Place the needle into the access site Monitor the machine and blood pressure during treatment Keep records Clean the machine Order supplies | Answer this question truthfully |
What to expect if I have Dialysis (Outlook/Prognosis)? | You should know how to take care of your Graft or Fistula?
Avoid all pressure on the access site. If the graft or fistula clots, you may need a new one. Do not allow anyone to take a blood pressure reading on the same arm with the access. Do not wear tight clothing around the access site or on the arm. Avoid placing pressure on the arm with the access while you sleep. Avoid placing pressure on the arm when you are lifting heavy items. Do not allow any blood to be drawn from the arm. Do not use creams or lotions over the access site. Learn how to feel the access site for the "thrill." This indicates that the AV site is still functioning. If the thrill disappears, call your health care provider immediately.
Do not miss or skip any dialysis sessions.
Observe the access site after dialysis, watching for swelling, infection, or bleeding. Call your health care provider immediately if you have a fever or other sign of infection. | Answer this question truthfully |
What are the symptoms of Dysuria? | Pain may be felt right where the urine passes out of the body. Or, it may be felt inside the body, behind the public bone, or in the bladder or prostate.
Pain on urination is a fairly common problem. Peole who have pain with urination also may have the urge to urinate more often. | Answer this question truthfully |
What causes Dysuria? | Painful urination is most often caused by:
Infection or inflammation somewhere in the urinary tract Urethritis (in men) caused by gonorrhea or chlamydia
Painful urination and women and girls may be due to:
Changes in the vaginal tissue during menopause (atrophic vaginitis) Herpes infection in the genital area Irritation of the vaginal tissue caused by bubble bath, perfumes, or lotions Vulvovaginitis, such as yeast or other infections of the vulva and vagina
Other causes of painful urination include:
Interstitial cystitis Prostate infection (prostatitis) Radiation cystitis - damage to the bladder lining from radiation therapy to the pelvis area | Answer this question truthfully |
Who is at highest risk for Dysuria ? | Those with more than one sexual partner. Those who engage in sex with an infected partner. | Answer this question truthfully |
When to seek urgent medical care when I have Dysuria ? | Call your health care provider if:
There is drainage or a discharge from your penis or vagina You are pregnant and are having any painful urination You have painful urination that lasts for more than 1 day You notice blood in your urine You have a fever | Answer this question truthfully |
What to expect if I have Dysuria (Outlook/Prognosis)? | Prognosis depends on the cause of the dysuria. | Answer this question truthfully |
What are the symptoms of Erectile dysfunction? | The patient with Erectile dysfunction can have the following symptoms:
Failure to have an erection. Failure to maintain an erection. Reduced sexual desire. | Answer this question truthfully |
What causes Erectile dysfunction? | An erection requires the interaction of your brain, nerves, hormones, and blood vessels. Anything that interferes with the normal process can lead to a problem.
Common causes of erection problems include:
Diseases and conditions such as diabetes, high blood pressure, heart or thyroid conditions, poor blood flow, depression, or neurologic disorders (such as multiple *sclerosis or Parkinson's disease) Medications such as blood pressure medications (especially beta-blockers), heart medications (such as digoxin), some peptic ulcer medications, sleeping pills, and *antidepressants Nerve damage from prostate surgery Nicotine, alcohol, or cocaine use Poor communication with your partner Repeated feelings of doubt and failure or negative communication that reinforce the erection problems Spinal cord injury Stress, fear, anxiety, or anger Unrealistic sexual expectations, which make sex a task rather than a pleasure | Answer this question truthfully |
Who is at highest risk for Erectile dysfunction ? | Erection problems tend to become more common as you age, but they can affect men at any age and at any time in their lives. Physical causes are more common in older men, while psychological causes are more common in younger men.
Low levels of testosterone rarely lead to erection problems, but may reduce a man's sex drive. | Answer this question truthfully |
When to seek urgent medical care when I have Erectile dysfunction ? | Call your doctor if:
The problem does not go away with self-care measures -- effective treatments are available The problem begins after an injury or prostate surgery You have other symptoms like low back pain, abdominal pain, or change in urination
If erection problems seem to be caused by a medication you are taking for an unrelated condition, consult your doctor. You may benefit from reducing the dose of the drug or changing to another drug that has the same result but not the same side effects. DO NOT change or stop taking any medications without first talking to your doctor.
Talk to your health care provider if your erection problems are related to fear of recurring heart problems. Sexual intercourse is usually safe in these circumstances.
Call your doctor immediately or go to an emergency room if medication for erection problems give you an unwanted erection that lasts more than 4 hours. Permanent impotence or other lasting damage to your penis may result from this condition. | Answer this question truthfully |
What to expect if I have Erectile dysfunction (Outlook/Prognosis)? | ED is significantly associated with increased all-cause mortality. | Answer this question truthfully |