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jenny/13344

Well, with those words I hand over back to you Dave.

well, with those words i hand over back to you dave.

wɛl, wɪð ðoʊz wɜ˞dz aɪ hænd oʊvɜ˞ bæk tu ju deɪv.

jenny/13345

[David] Well indeed, and then I'm talking back to You: Our delegates and learners on this fantastic course.

david well indeed, and then i'm talking back to you, our delegates and learners on this fantastic course.

[deɪvɪd] wɛl ɪndid, ʌnd ðɛn aɪ'ɛm tɔkɪŋ bæk tu ju: aʊɜ˞ dɛlʌɡeɪts ʌnd lɜ˞nɜ˞z ɑn ðɪs fæntæstɪk kɔɹs.

jenny/13346

In the next few weeks we're going to go into way more depth in the things that you've heard around this table.

in the next few weeks we're going to go into way more depth in the things that you've heard around this table.

ɪn ðʌ nɛkst fju wiks wi'ɹeɪ ɡoʊɪŋ tu ɡoʊ ɪntu weɪ mɔɹ dɛpθ ɪn ðʌ θɪŋz ðæt ju'vi hɜ˞d ɜ˞aʊnd ðɪs teɪbʌl.

jenny/13347

You will explore, begin to understand, you will find opportunities to find these solutions.

you will explore, begin to understand, you will find opportunities to find these solutions.

ju wɪl ɪksplɔɹ, bɪɡɪn tu ʌndɜ˞stænd, ju wɪl faɪnd ɑpɜ˞tunʌtiz tu faɪnd ðiz sʌluʃʌnz.

jenny/13348

I do want to say, as a concluding point, and when we were talking about this massive change and this massive opportunity that we're talking about in this course.

i do want to say, as a concluding point, and when we were talking about this massive change and this massive opportunity that we're talking about in this course.

aɪ du wɑnt tu seɪ, æz ʌ kʌnkludɪŋ pɔɪnt, ʌnd wɛn wi wɜ˞ tɔkɪŋ ʌbaʊt ðɪs mæsɪv tʃeɪndʒ ʌnd ðɪs mæsɪv ɑpɜ˞tunʌti ðæt wi'ɹeɪ tɔkɪŋ ʌbaʊt ɪn ðɪs kɔɹs.

jenny/13349

It's you that can make the difference, and we've all agreed on this, it's you out there that can make a difference in what actions you take.

it's you that can make the difference, and we've all agreed on this, it's you out there that can make a difference in what actions you take.

ɪt'ɛs ju ðæt kæn meɪk ðʌ dɪfɜ˞ʌns, ʌnd wi'vi ɔl ʌɡɹid ɑn ðɪs, ɪt'ɛs ju aʊt ðɛɹ ðæt kæn meɪk ʌ dɪfɜ˞ʌns ɪn wʌt ækʃʌnz ju teɪk.

jenny/1334

He remembered the sort of terrified fascination with which he had watched them out of the corner of his eye.

he remembered the sort of terrified fascination with which he had watched them out of the corner of his eye.

hi ɹɪmɛmbɜ˞d ðʌ sɔɹt ʌv tɛɹʌfaɪd fæsʌneɪʃʌn wɪð wɪtʃ hi hæd wɑtʃt ðɛm aʊt ʌv ðʌ kɔɹnɜ˞ ʌv hɪz aɪ.

jenny/13350

And the things you learn from this course can make a big difference.

and the things you learn from this course can make a big difference.

ʌnd ðʌ θɪŋz ju lɜ˞n fɹʌm ðɪs kɔɹs kæn meɪk ʌ bɪɡ dɪfɜ˞ʌns.

jenny/13351

And we look forward to talking with you, and working with you over the coming weeks, to help you realize that opportunity.

and we look forward to talking with you, and working with you over the coming weeks, to help you realize that opportunity.

ʌnd wi lʊk fɔɹwɜ˞d tu tɔkɪŋ wɪð ju, ʌnd wɜ˞kɪŋ wɪð ju oʊvɜ˞ ðʌ kʌmɪŋ wiks, tu hɛlp ju ɹiʌlaɪz ðæt ɑpɜ˞tunʌti.

jenny/13352

Thank you very much.

thank you very much.

θæŋk ju vɛɹi mʌtʃ.

jenny/13353

My name is Chenggang Xu.

my name is chenggang xu.

maɪ neɪm ɪz zu.

jenny/13354

I'm a professor of economics at CKGSB, which is a private business school in China.

i'm a professor of economics at ckgsb, which is a private business school in china.

aɪ'ɛm ʌ pɹʌfɛsɜ˞ ʌv ɛkʌnɑmɪks æt , wɪtʃ ɪz ʌ pɹaɪvʌt bɪznʌs skul ɪn tʃaɪnʌ.

jenny/13355

When people claim that the rise of China is the biggest event in the recent economic history in the world.

when people claim that the rise of china is the biggest event in the recent economic history in the world.

wɛn pipʌl kleɪm ðæt ðʌ ɹaɪz ʌv tʃaɪnʌ ɪz ðʌ bɪɡʌst ɪvɛnt ɪn ðʌ ɹisʌnt ɛkʌnɑmɪk hɪstɜ˞i ɪn ðʌ wɜ˞ld.

jenny/13356

The qualification is the following.

the qualification is the following.

ðʌ kwɑlʌfʌkeɪʃʌn ɪz ðʌ fɑloʊɪŋ.

jenny/13357

If we look at the issues from the point of view of the total GDP.

if we look at the issues from the point of view of the total gdp.

ɪf wi lʊk æt ðʌ ɪʃuz fɹʌm ðʌ pɔɪnt ʌv vju ʌv ðʌ toʊtʌl ɡidipi.

jenny/13359

And then the other issue is- the other qualification is poverty relief.

and then the other issue is the other qualification is poverty relief.

ʌnd ðɛn ðʌ ʌðɜ˞ ɪʃu ɪz- ðʌ ʌðɜ˞ kwɑlʌfʌkeɪʃʌn ɪz pɑvɜ˞ti ɹɪlif.

jenny/1335

They were men far older than himself, relics of the ancient world, almost the last great figures left over from the heroic days of the Party.

they were men far older than himself, relics of the ancient world, almost the last great figures left over from the heroic days of the party.

ðeɪ wɜ˞ mɛn fɑɹ oʊldɜ˞ ðæn hɪmsɛlf, ɹɛlɪks ʌv ðʌ eɪntʃʌnt wɜ˞ld, ɔlmoʊst ðʌ læst ɡɹeɪt fɪɡjɜ˞z lɛft oʊvɜ˞ fɹʌm ðʌ hɪɹoʊɪk deɪz ʌv ðʌ pɑɹti.

jenny/13361

So that is a very important issue.

so that is a very important issue.

soʊ ðæt ɪz ʌ vɛɹi ɪmpɔɹtʌnt ɪʃu.

jenny/13362

And then the third aspect is the relative economic development.

and then the third aspect is the relative economic development.

ʌnd ðɛn ðʌ θɜ˞d æspɛkt ɪz ðʌ ɹɛlʌtɪv ɛkʌnɑmɪk dɪvɛlʌpmʌnt.

jenny/13363

The so called relative economic development is measured by the per capita GDP compared with the old frontier.

the so called relative economic development is measured by the per capita gdp compared with the old frontier.

ðʌ soʊ kɔld ɹɛlʌtɪv ɛkʌnɑmɪk dɪvɛlʌpmʌnt ɪz mɛʒɜ˞d baɪ ðʌ pɜ˞ kæpɪtʌ ɡidipi kʌmpɛɹd wɪð ðʌ oʊld fɹʌntɪɹ.

jenny/13365

So what is the change level?

so what is the change level?

soʊ wʌt ɪz ðʌ tʃeɪndʒ lɛvʌl?

jenny/13366

So actually these three aspects are closely related.

so actually these three aspects are closely related.

soʊ æktʃuʌli ðiz θɹi æspɛkts ɑɹ kloʊsli ɹɪleɪtɪd.

jenny/13367

Number one issue is the population of China.

number one issue is the population of china.

nʌmbɜ˞ wʌn ɪʃu ɪz ðʌ pɑpjʌleɪʃʌn ʌv tʃaɪnʌ.

jenny/13368

So given China is the most populous nation, given the the size of population.

so given china is the most populous nation, given the the size of population.

soʊ ɡɪvʌn tʃaɪnʌ ɪz ðʌ moʊst pɑpjʌlʌs neɪʃʌn, ɡɪvʌn ðʌ ðʌ saɪz ʌv pɑpjʌleɪʃʌn.

jenny/13369

And then once you have a faster relative economic growth, the growth of relative economic development, and then you have, there's total GDP increase.

and then once you have a faster relative economic growth, the growth of relative economic development, and then you have, there's total gdp increase.

ʌnd ðɛn wʌns ju hæv ʌ fæstɜ˞ ɹɛlʌtɪv ɛkʌnɑmɪk ɡɹoʊθ, ðʌ ɡɹoʊθ ʌv ɹɛlʌtɪv ɛkʌnɑmɪk dɪvɛlʌpmʌnt, ʌnd ðɛn ju hæv, ðɛɹ'ɛs toʊtʌl ɡidipi ɪnkɹis.

jenny/1336

The glamour of the underground struggle and the civil war still faintly clung to them.

the glamour of the underground struggle and the civil war still faintly clung to them.

ðʌ ɡlæmɜ˞ ʌv ðʌ ʌndɜ˞ɡɹaʊnd stɹʌɡʌl ʌnd ðʌ sɪvʌl wɔɹ stɪl feɪntli klʌŋ tu ðɛm.

jenny/13370

So these are intimately related.

so these are intimately related.

soʊ ðiz ɑɹ ɪntʌmʌtli ɹɪleɪtɪd.

jenny/13371

And another intimate related issue is that, at the very beginning of the Chinese economic reform, China was one of the poorest nations.

and another intimate related issue is that, at the very beginning of the chinese economic reform, china was one of the poorest nations.

ʌnd ʌnʌðɜ˞ ɪntʌmʌt ɹɪleɪtɪd ɪʃu ɪz ðæt, æt ðʌ vɛɹi bɪɡɪnɪŋ ʌv ðʌ tʃaɪniz ɛkʌnɑmɪk ɹʌfɔɹm, tʃaɪnʌ wɑz wʌn ʌv ðʌ puɹɪst neɪʃʌnz.

jenny/13372

So this is actually a key point.

so this is actually a key point.

soʊ ðɪs ɪz æktʃuʌli ʌ ki pɔɪnt.

jenny/13374

So that's significantly below the level of the average Africa per capita GDP.

so that's significantly below the level of the average africa per capita gdp.

soʊ ðæt'ɛs sɪɡnɪfɪkʌntli bɪloʊ ðʌ lɛvʌl ʌv ðʌ ævɜ˞ɪdʒ æfɹʌkɑ pɜ˞ kæpɪtʌ ɡidipi.

jenny/13375

We are talking about a such very low level.

we are talking about a such very low level.

wi ɑɹ tɔkɪŋ ʌbaʊt ʌ sʌtʃ vɛɹi loʊ lɛvʌl.

jenny/13376

So it's a desperately poor.

so it's a desperately poor.

soʊ ɪt'ɛs ʌ dɛspɜ˞ʌtli puɹ.

jenny/13379

So in that sense is a huge change.

so in that sense is a huge change.

soʊ ɪn ðæt sɛns ɪz ʌ hjudʒ tʃeɪndʒ.

jenny/1337

He had the feeling, though already at that time facts and dates were growing blurry, that he had known their names years earlier than he had known that of Big Brother.

he had the feeling, though already at that time facts and dates were growing blurry, that he had known their names years earlier than he had known that of big brother.

hi hæd ðʌ filɪŋ, ðoʊ ɔlɹɛdi æt ðæt taɪm fækts ʌnd deɪts wɜ˞ ɡɹoʊɪŋ blɜ˞i, ðæt hi hæd noʊn ðɛɹ neɪmz jɪɹz ɜ˞liɜ˞ ðæn hi hæd noʊn ðæt ʌv bɪɡ bɹʌðɜ˞.

jenny/13380

So if we only look at these factors, then, yes, this is the biggest event in economic history, but some other claims are without the quantification can be exaggerations.

so if we only look at these factors, then, yes, this is the biggest event in economic history, but some other claims are without the quantification can be exaggerations.

soʊ ɪf wi oʊnli lʊk æt ðiz fæktɜ˞z, ðɛn, jɛs, ðɪs ɪz ðʌ bɪɡʌst ɪvɛnt ɪn ɛkʌnɑmɪk hɪstɜ˞i, bʌt sʌm ʌðɜ˞ kleɪmz ɑɹ wɪθaʊt ðʌ kwɑntɪfʌkeɪʃʌn kæn bi ɪɡzædʒɜ˞eɪʃʌnz.

jenny/13383

So China is still below that level.

so china is still below that level.

soʊ tʃaɪnʌ ɪz stɪl bɪloʊ ðæt lɛvʌl.

jenny/13384

So we have to keep in mind in our understanding.

so we have to keep in mind in our understanding.

soʊ wi hæv tu kip ɪn maɪnd ɪn aʊɜ˞ ʌndɜ˞stændɪŋ.

jenny/13385

And also when we talk about this growth rate, the key point is that that the starting point was very low.

and also when we talk about this growth rate, the key point is that that the starting point was very low.

ʌnd ɔlsoʊ wɛn wi tɔk ʌbaʊt ðɪs ɡɹoʊθ ɹeɪt, ðʌ ki pɔɪnt ɪz ðæt ðæt ðʌ stɑɹtɪŋ pɔɪnt wɑz vɛɹi loʊ.

jenny/13386

Actually that's terrible important.

actually that's terrible important.

æktʃuʌli ðæt'ɛs tɛɹʌbʌl ɪmpɔɹtʌnt.

jenny/13387

So without understanding that, talking about the rise of China can be misleading.

so without understanding that, talking about the rise of china can be misleading.

soʊ wɪθaʊt ʌndɜ˞stændɪŋ ðæt, tɔkɪŋ ʌbaʊt ðʌ ɹaɪz ʌv tʃaɪnʌ kæn bi mɪslidɪŋ.

jenny/13388

So because at the beginning, China was so weak, so poor.

so because at the beginning, china was so weak, so poor.

soʊ bɪkɔz æt ðʌ bɪɡɪnɪŋ, tʃaɪnʌ wɑz soʊ wik, soʊ puɹ.

jenny/13389

So in general, the whole national economy is at a poverty level.

so in general, the whole national economy is at a poverty level.

soʊ ɪn dʒɛnɜ˞ʌl, ðʌ hoʊl næʃʌnʌl ɪkɑnʌmi ɪz æt ʌ pɑvɜ˞ti lɛvʌl.

jenny/1338

But also they were outlaws, enemies, untouchables, doomed with absolute certainty to extinction within a year or two.

but also they were outlaws, enemies, untouchables, doomed with absolute certainty to extinction within a year or two.

bʌt ɔlsoʊ ðeɪ wɜ˞ aʊtlɔz, ɛnʌmiz, ʌntʌtʃʌbʌlz, dumd wɪð æbsʌlut sɜ˞tʌnti tu ɪkstɪŋkʃʌn wɪðɪn ʌ jɪɹ ɔɹ tu.

jenny/13390

So when we talk about these growth achievements in China in the recent four decades, we always associate this with the economic reform.

so when we talk about these growth achievements in china in the recent four decades, we always associate this with the economic reform.

soʊ wɛn wi tɔk ʌbaʊt ðiz ɡɹoʊθ ʌtʃivmʌnts ɪn tʃaɪnʌ ɪn ðʌ ɹisʌnt fɔɹ dɛkeɪdz, wi ɔlweɪz ʌsoʊsiʌt ðɪs wɪð ðʌ ɛkʌnɑmɪk ɹʌfɔɹm.

jenny/13391

So why reform?

so why reform?

soʊ waɪ ɹʌfɔɹm?

jenny/13392

This is the key issue actually.

this is the key issue actually.

ðɪs ɪz ðʌ ki ɪʃu æktʃuʌli.

jenny/13394

When reform started, the level is about the same, that relative development level is slightly higher, but it's so marginal.

when reform started, the level is about the same, that relative development level is slightly higher, but it's so marginal.

wɛn ɹʌfɔɹm stɑɹtɪd, ðʌ lɛvʌl ɪz ʌbaʊt ðʌ seɪm, ðæt ɹɛlʌtɪv dɪvɛlʌpmʌnt lɛvʌl ɪz slaɪtli haɪɜ˞, bʌt ɪt'ɛs soʊ mɑɹdʒʌnʌl.

jenny/13395

So basically, we could ignore that.

so basically, we could ignore that.

soʊ beɪsɪkli, wi kʊd ɪɡnɔɹ ðæt.

jenny/13398

So then why reform is so important?

so then why reform is so important?

soʊ ðɛn waɪ ɹʌfɔɹm ɪz soʊ ɪmpɔɹtʌnt?

jenny/13399

It's so clear that before the reform, basically there is no catch up.

it's so clear that before the reform, basically there is no catch up.

ɪt'ɛs soʊ klɪɹ ðæt bɪfɔɹ ðʌ ɹʌfɔɹm, beɪsɪkli ðɛɹ ɪz noʊ kætʃ ʌp.

jenny/1339

No one who had once fallen into the hands of the Thought Police ever escaped in the end.

no one who had once fallen into the hands of the thought police ever escaped in the end.

noʊ wʌn hu hæd wʌns fɑlʌn ɪntu ðʌ hændz ʌv ðʌ θɔt pʌlis ɛvɜ˞ ɪskeɪpt ɪn ðʌ ɛnd.

jenny/133

little boy screaming with fright and hiding his head between her breasts as if he was trying to burrow right into her and the woman putting her arms round him and comforting him although she was blue with fright herself, all the time covering him up as much as possible as if she thought her arms could keep the bullets off him.

little boy screaming with fright and hiding his head between her breasts as if he was trying to burrow right into her and the woman putting her arms round him and comforting him although she was blue with fright herself, all the time covering him up as much as possible as if she thought her arms could keep the bullets off him.

lɪtʌl bɔɪ skɹimɪŋ wɪð fɹaɪt ʌnd haɪdɪŋ hɪz hɛd bɪtwin hɜ˞ bɹɛsts æz ɪf hi wɑz tɹaɪɪŋ tu bɜ˞oʊ ɹaɪt ɪntu hɜ˞ ʌnd ðʌ wʊmʌn pʌtɪŋ hɜ˞ ɑɹmz ɹaʊnd hɪm ʌnd kʌmfɜ˞tɪŋ hɪm ɔlðoʊ ʃi wɑz blu wɪð fɹaɪt hɜ˞sɛlf, ɔl ðʌ taɪm kʌvɜ˞ɪŋ hɪm ʌp æz mʌtʃ æz pɑsʌbʌl æz ɪf ʃi θɔt hɜ˞ ɑɹmz kʊd kip ðʌ bʊlʌts ɔf hɪm.

jenny/13400

And also we know what happened before the economic reform.

and also we know what happened before the economic reform.

ʌnd ɔlsoʊ wi noʊ wʌt hæpʌnd bɪfɔɹ ðʌ ɛkʌnɑmɪk ɹʌfɔɹm.

jenny/13401

So there were two disasters movements.

so there were two disasters movements.

soʊ ðɛɹ wɜ˞ tu dɪzæstɜ˞z muvmʌnts.

jenny/13402

One is the Great Leap Forward movement, the other is the Cultural Revolution.

one is the great leap forward movement, the other is the cultural revolution.

wʌn ɪz ðʌ ɡɹeɪt lip fɔɹwɜ˞d muvmʌnt, ðʌ ʌðɜ˞ ɪz ðʌ kʌltʃɜ˞ʌl ɹɛvʌluʃʌn.

jenny/13403

So reform means no Great Leap Forward movement, no Cultural Revolution and the whole way of organizing the economy has to be changed.

so reform means no great leap forward movement, no cultural revolution and the whole way of organizing the economy has to be changed.

soʊ ɹʌfɔɹm minz noʊ ɡɹeɪt lip fɔɹwɜ˞d muvmʌnt, noʊ kʌltʃɜ˞ʌl ɹɛvʌluʃʌn ʌnd ðʌ hoʊl weɪ ʌv ɔɹɡʌnaɪzɪŋ ðʌ ɪkɑnʌmi hæz tu bi tʃeɪndʒd.

jenny/13404

So there is a sort of a misleading explanation about China, saying that China was a centrally planned economy and then changing to a market economy.

so there is a sort of a misleading explanation about china, saying that china was a centrally planned economy and then changing to a market economy.

soʊ ðɛɹ ɪz ʌ sɔɹt ʌv ʌ mɪslidɪŋ ɛksplʌneɪʃʌn ʌbaʊt tʃaɪnʌ, seɪɪŋ ðæt tʃaɪnʌ wɑz ʌ sɛntɹʌli plænd ɪkɑnʌmi ʌnd ðɛn tʃeɪndʒɪŋ tu ʌ mɑɹkʌt ɪkɑnʌmi.

jenny/13405

This is not quite accurate.

this is not quite accurate.

ðɪs ɪz nɑt kwaɪt ækjɜ˞ʌt.

jenny/13406

So it's no longer a Soviet type of centrally planned economy anymore.

so it's no longer a soviet type of centrally planned economy anymore.

soʊ ɪt'ɛs noʊ lɔŋɡɜ˞ ʌ soʊviʌt taɪp ʌv sɛntɹʌli plænd ɪkɑnʌmi ɛnimɔɹ.

jenny/13407

So the institution has been changed, the centrally planned being abandoned.

so the institution has been changed, the centrally planned being abandoned.

soʊ ðʌ ɪnstɪtuʃʌn hæz bɪn tʃeɪndʒd, ðʌ sɛntɹʌli plænd biɪŋ ʌbændʌnd.

jenny/13408

So it becomes administratively a plan, but not a centrally planned economy.

so it becomes administratively a plan, but not a centrally planned economy.

soʊ ɪt bɪkʌmz ædmɪnʌstɹeɪtɪvli ʌ plæn, bʌt nɑt ʌ sɛntɹʌli plænd ɪkɑnʌmi.

jenny/13409

So based upon this institution.

so based upon this institution.

soʊ beɪst ʌpɑn ðɪs ɪnstɪtuʃʌn.

jenny/1340

They were corpses waiting to be sent back to the grave.

they were corpses waiting to be sent back to the grave.

ðeɪ wɜ˞ kɔɹpsʌz weɪtɪŋ tu bi sɛnt bæk tu ðʌ ɡɹeɪv.

jenny/13410

So there are two waves of changing from the Soviet system into this kind of a Chinese type of administratively plan of the economy, which I called regionally decentralized totalitarian system.

so there are two waves of changing from the soviet system into this kind of a chinese type of administratively plan of the economy, which i called regionally decentralized totalitarian system.

soʊ ðɛɹ ɑɹ tu weɪvz ʌv tʃeɪndʒɪŋ fɹʌm ðʌ soʊviʌt sɪstʌm ɪntu ðɪs kaɪnd ʌv ʌ tʃaɪniz taɪp ʌv ædmɪnʌstɹeɪtɪvli plæn ʌv ðʌ ɪkɑnʌmi, wɪtʃ aɪ kɔld ɹidʒʌnʌli dɪsɛntɹʌlaɪzd toʊtælɪtɛɹiʌn sɪstʌm.

jenny/13411

So based upon this kind of institution and the end of the cultural revolution, the economic reform started.

so based upon this kind of institution and the end of the cultural revolution, the economic reform started.

soʊ beɪst ʌpɑn ðɪs kaɪnd ʌv ɪnstɪtuʃʌn ʌnd ðʌ ɛnd ʌv ðʌ kʌltʃɜ˞ʌl ɹɛvʌluʃʌn, ðʌ ɛkʌnɑmɪk ɹʌfɔɹm stɑɹtɪd.

jenny/13412

Then in the earlier decades of the economic reforms, the major strategy is regional competition.

then in the earlier decades of the economic reforms, the major strategy is regional competition.

ðɛn ɪn ðʌ ɜ˞liɜ˞ dɛkeɪdz ʌv ðʌ ɛkʌnɑmɪk ɹʌfɔɹmz, ðʌ meɪdʒɜ˞ stɹætʌdʒi ɪz ɹidʒʌnʌl kɑmpʌtɪʃʌn.

jenny/13413

So this so-called regional competition is qualitatively different from market competition.

so this so called regional competition is qualitatively different from market competition.

soʊ ðɪs soʊ-kɔld ɹidʒʌnʌl kɑmpʌtɪʃʌn ɪz kwɑlʌteɪtɪvli dɪfɜ˞ʌnt fɹʌm mɑɹkʌt kɑmpʌtɪʃʌn.

jenny/13414

Here, the competition is not in the sense of profit maximization, is not in the sense of competition in the market.

here, the competition is not in the sense of profit maximization, is not in the sense of competition in the market.

hiɹ, ðʌ kɑmpʌtɪʃʌn ɪz nɑt ɪn ðʌ sɛns ʌv pɹɑfʌt mæksɪmɪzeɪʃʌn, ɪz nɑt ɪn ðʌ sɛns ʌv kɑmpʌtɪʃʌn ɪn ðʌ mɑɹkʌt.

jenny/13415

Instead, these are a sort of a tournament competition that the local governments are ranked.

instead, these are a sort of a tournament competition that the local governments are ranked.

ɪnstɛd, ðiz ɑɹ ʌ sɔɹt ʌv ʌ tʊɹnʌmʌnt kɑmpʌtɪʃʌn ðæt ðʌ loʊkʌl ɡʌvɜ˞mʌnts ɑɹ ɹæŋkt.

jenny/13416

So they compete for ranking, they compete to become number one.

so they compete for ranking, they compete to become number one.

soʊ ðeɪ kʌmpit fɔɹ ɹæŋkɪŋ, ðeɪ kʌmpit tu bɪkʌm nʌmbɜ˞ wʌn.

jenny/13419

They want to be the number one in the province.

they want to be the number one in the province.

ðeɪ wɑnt tu bi ðʌ nʌmbɜ˞ wʌn ɪn ðʌ pɹɑvʌns.

jenny/1341

There was no one at any of the tables nearest to them.

there was no one at any of the tables nearest to them.

ðɛɹ wɑz noʊ wʌn æt ɛni ʌv ðʌ teɪbʌlz nɪɹʌst tu ðɛm.

jenny/13421

They compete each other as well.

they compete each other as well.

ðeɪ kʌmpit itʃ ʌðɜ˞ æz wɛl.

jenny/13422

And here, the key issue is what are the targets of the competition?

and here, the key issue is what are the targets of the competition?

ʌnd hiɹ, ðʌ ki ɪʃu ɪz wʌt ɑɹ ðʌ tɑɹɡʌts ʌv ðʌ kɑmpʌtɪʃʌn?

jenny/13423

So in the earlier stages of the economic reform, the competition target is GDP growth rate, and turns out this is a very effective approach in terms of promoting the economic reform and the growth.

so in the earlier stages of the economic reform, the competition target is gdp growth rate, and turns out this is a very effective approach in terms of promoting the economic reform and the growth.

soʊ ɪn ðʌ ɜ˞liɜ˞ steɪdʒʌz ʌv ðʌ ɛkʌnɑmɪk ɹʌfɔɹm, ðʌ kɑmpʌtɪʃʌn tɑɹɡʌt ɪz ɡidipi ɡɹoʊθ ɹeɪt, ʌnd tɜ˞nz aʊt ðɪs ɪz ʌ vɛɹi ɪfɛktɪv ʌpɹoʊtʃ ɪn tɜ˞mz ʌv pɹʌmoʊtɪŋ ðʌ ɛkʌnɑmɪk ɹʌfɔɹm ʌnd ðʌ ɡɹoʊθ.

jenny/13424

So this is how the reform is that associated with growth or growth is associated with reform, because in order to grow, the regional governments have to find their way.

so this is how the reform is that associated with growth or growth is associated with reform, because in order to grow, the regional governments have to find their way.

soʊ ðɪs ɪz haʊ ðʌ ɹʌfɔɹm ɪz ðæt ʌsoʊsieɪtɪd wɪð ɡɹoʊθ ɔɹ ɡɹoʊθ ɪz ʌsoʊsieɪtɪd wɪð ɹʌfɔɹm, bɪkɔz ɪn ɔɹdɜ˞ tu ɡɹoʊ, ðʌ ɹidʒʌnʌl ɡʌvɜ˞mʌnts hæv tu faɪnd ðɛɹ weɪ.

jenny/13425

So to grow actually is a big challenge, how to grow.

so to grow actually is a big challenge, how to grow.

soʊ tu ɡɹoʊ æktʃuʌli ɪz ʌ bɪɡ tʃælʌndʒ, haʊ tu ɡɹoʊ.

jenny/13426

This is a big challenge.

this is a big challenge.

ðɪs ɪz ʌ bɪɡ tʃælʌndʒ.

jenny/13427

So at the very beginning of the reform, there were lots of emphasis on the reform of the state sectors, but turns out that is not working well, that didn't work well.

so at the very beginning of the reform, there were lots of emphasis on the reform of the state sectors, but turns out that is not working well, that didn't work well.

soʊ æt ðʌ vɛɹi bɪɡɪnɪŋ ʌv ðʌ ɹʌfɔɹm, ðɛɹ wɜ˞ lɑts ʌv ɛmfʌsʌs ɑn ðʌ ɹʌfɔɹm ʌv ðʌ steɪt sɛktɜ˞z, bʌt tɜ˞nz aʊt ðæt ɪz nɑt wɜ˞kɪŋ wɛl, ðæt 'ti wɜ˞k wɛl.

jenny/13428

And the first successful reform was in agriculture.

and the first successful reform was in agriculture.

ʌnd ðʌ fɜ˞st sʌksɛsfʌl ɹʌfɔɹm wɑz ɪn æɡɹɪkʌltʃɜ˞.

jenny/13429

Actually it involves the land reform.

actually it involves the land reform.

æktʃuʌli ɪt ɪnvɑlvz ðʌ lænd ɹʌfɔɹm.

jenny/1342

It was not wise even to be seen in the neighbourhood of such people.

it was not wise even to be seen in the neighbourhood of such people.

ɪt wɑz nɑt waɪz ivɪn tu bi sin ɪn ðʌ neɪbɜ˞hʊd ʌv sʌtʃ pipʌl.

jenny/13430

Is a partial privatization.

is a partial privatization.

ɪz ʌ pɑɹʃʌl pɹaɪvʌtʌzeɪʃʌn.

jenny/13431

Partial means, there is no fundamental change in ownership, but using rights have been privatized.

partial means, there is no fundamental change in ownership, but using rights have been privatized.

pɑɹʃʌl minz, ðɛɹ ɪz noʊ fʌndʌmɛntʌl tʃeɪndʒ ɪn oʊnɜ˞ʃɪp, bʌt juzɪŋ ɹaɪts hæv bɪn pɹaɪvʌtaɪzd.

jenny/13432

So with using rights and also the exchange of using rights, these are privatized.

so with using rights and also the exchange of using rights, these are privatized.

soʊ wɪð juzɪŋ ɹaɪts ʌnd ɔlsoʊ ðʌ ɪkstʃeɪndʒ ʌv juzɪŋ ɹaɪts, ðiz ɑɹ pɹaɪvʌtaɪzd.

jenny/13433

So based upon that, there is a sort of industrial revolution in the sense of the rural industrial development.

so based upon that, there is a sort of industrial revolution in the sense of the rural industrial development.

soʊ beɪst ʌpɑn ðæt, ðɛɹ ɪz ʌ sɔɹt ʌv ɪndʌstɹiʌl ɹɛvʌluʃʌn ɪn ðʌ sɛns ʌv ðʌ ɹʊɹʌl ɪndʌstɹiʌl dɪvɛlʌpmʌnt.

jenny/13438

So if we are talking about the so called the China miracle, what is the miracle?

so if we are talking about the so called the china miracle, what is the miracle?

soʊ ɪf wi ɑɹ tɔkɪŋ ʌbaʊt ðʌ soʊ kɔld ðʌ tʃaɪnʌ mɪɹʌkʌl, wʌt ɪz ðʌ mɪɹʌkʌl?

jenny/13439

This is the miracle.

this is the miracle.

ðɪs ɪz ðʌ mɪɹʌkʌl.

jenny/1343

They were sitting in silence before glasses of the gin flavoured with cloves which was the speciality of the cafe.

they were sitting in silence before glasses of the gin flavoured with cloves which was the speciality of the cafe.

ðeɪ wɜ˞ sɪtɪŋ ɪn saɪlʌns bɪfɔɹ ɡlæsʌz ʌv ðʌ dʒɪn wɪð kloʊvz wɪtʃ wɑz ðʌ spɛʃiælɪti ʌv ðʌ kʌfeɪ.

jenny/13440

That's right.

that's right.

ðæt'ɛs ɹaɪt.

jenny/13441

Professor Chang, who governs China today?

professor chang, who governs china today?

pɹʌfɛsɜ˞ tʃæŋ, hu ɡʌvɜ˞nz tʃaɪnʌ tʌdeɪ?

jenny/13442

Why do the Chinese people support or allow the party to govern?

why do the chinese people support or allow the party to govern?

waɪ du ðʌ tʃaɪniz pipʌl sʌpɔɹt ɔɹ ʌlaʊ ðʌ pɑɹti tu ɡʌvɜ˞n?

jenny/13443

This was the Cultural Revolution.

this was the cultural revolution.

ðɪs wɑz ðʌ kʌltʃɜ˞ʌl ɹɛvʌluʃʌn.

jenny/13444

Then as the country became richer, it became a desirable market, right.

then as the country became richer, it became a desirable market, right.

ðɛn æz ðʌ kʌntɹi bɪkeɪm ɹɪtʃɜ˞, ɪt bɪkeɪm ʌ dɪzaɪɹʌbʌl mɑɹkʌt, ɹaɪt.

jenny/13445

So China has the largest automobile market in the world today.

so china has the largest automobile market in the world today.

soʊ tʃaɪnʌ hæz ðʌ lɑɹdʒʌst ɔtʌmoʊbil mɑɹkʌt ɪn ðʌ wɜ˞ld tʌdeɪ.

jenny/13446

Good question.

good question.

ɡʊd kwɛstʃʌn.

jenny/13447

Where does this opposition lie?

where does this opposition lie?

wɛɹ dʌz ðɪs ɑpʌzɪʃʌn laɪ?

jenny/13448

Well, Francesca, that's a great question.

well, francesca, that's a great question.

wɛl, fɹæntʃɛskʌ, ðæt'ɛs ʌ ɡɹeɪt kwɛstʃʌn.

jenny/13449

It's really quite sad to see from the outside.

it's really quite sad to see from the outside.

ɪt'ɛs ɹɪli kwaɪt sæd tu si fɹʌm ðʌ aʊtsaɪd.

jenny/1344

Of the three, it was Rutherford whose appearance had most impressed Winston.

of the three, it was rutherford whose appearance had most impressed winston.

ʌv ðʌ θɹi, ɪt wɑz ɹʌθɜ˞fɜ˞d huz ʌpɪɹʌns hæd moʊst ɪmpɹɛst wɪnstʌn.