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4041866

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/128P/Shoemaker%E2%80%93Holt

128P/Shoemaker–Holt

128P/Shoemaker–Holt, also known as Shoemaker-Holt 1, is a periodic comet in the Solar System. The comet passed close to Jupiter in 1982 and was discovered in 1987. The comet was last observed in March 2018. The nucleus was split into two pieces (A+B) during the 1997 apparition. Fragment A was last observed in 1996 and only has a 79-day observation arc. Fragment B is estimated to be 4.6 km in diameter. References External links Orbital simulation from JPL (Java) / Horizons Ephemeris 128P/Shoemaker-Holt 1 – Seiichi Yoshida @ aerith.net 128P at Kronk's Cometography Periodic comets 0128 Split comets 128P 128P 128P Comets in 2017 19871018

4041870

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20A.%20Devine

Richard A. Devine

Richard A. Devine (born July 5, 1943) is an American attorney who served as the Cook County State's Attorney from 1996 to 2008. Early life and education The second of five children, he was the son of a Chicago Water Department employee. Devine grew up in Rogers Park, Chicago, and played football and basketball at Loyola Academy in Wilmette, Illinois. He attended John Carroll University for one year on a football scholarship but returned home when his father's health worsened after a stroke. In 1966, Devine graduated from Loyola University Chicago with a Bachelor of Arts degree before earning a Juris Doctor from the Northwestern University Pritzker School of Law in 1968. Career Devine worked as an aide to Chicago mayor Richard J. Daley in 1968 and 1969. Devine worked then as a legal advisor to Daley from 1969 to 1972. He then served as the first assistant state's attorney's office under Richard M. Daley from 1980 to 1983. He was President of the Chicago Park District from 1990 to 1993, and a member of the court-reform commission created in the wake of the Operation Greylord. Devine was elected in 1996 as the Cook County State's Attorney, unseating incumbent Republican Jack O'Malley in an upset victory. He served for 12 years until 2008, when he did not seek re-election. He was succeeded by Anita Alvarez. Devine appeared in Surviving R. Kelly, a 2019 Lifetime documentary series about sexual abuse allegations against musician R. Kelly. Though the 2008 trial of Kelly occurred at the end of Devine's tenure, he did not participate in the trial. Personal life Devine has been married to Charlene Devine for over 50 years and they have four adult children. References 1943 births Living people District attorneys in Illinois Illinois lawyers Politicians from Chicago Loyola University Chicago alumni Northwestern University Pritzker School of Law alumni Loyola University Chicago School of Law faculty

4041888

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead%20to%20Rights%20II

Dead to Rights II

Dead to Rights II is a neo-noir third-person action video game developed by Widescreen Games, published by Namco, and released in 2005. It is a prequel to Dead to Rights. A prequel to Dead to Rights II for the PlayStation Portable, titled Dead to Rights: Reckoning, was released in June 2005. Plot A reputable judge Alfred McGuffin uncovers a citywide crime syndicate, and is kidnapped. The judge was a friend of Jack's father, so the cop is obligated to send a few hundred men to their graves in order to make things right. Before long, all hell breaks loose, so Jack and his K-9 cohort Shadow must take on a powerful mob in the fight of their lives to break the city's spiral of betrayal and corruption. In the end, the judge is murdered and although Jack gets the killer, goons of a high-ranking Russian crime lord named Blanchov get the judge's files. Jack's girlfriend Ruby is murdered by Blanchov and although Jack never retrieves the files (they were likely Hennesey's files from the first game), he goes after Blanchov for revenge. Jack kills Blanchov, but gets no satisfaction out of it knowing that Blanchov is just a highly placed puppet that can easily be replaced. Having lost Ruby, Jack has nothing to really live for anymore. Also he claims that who has him Dead to Rights as they got the files and he ended up with nothing. Reception The PlayStation 2 and Xbox versions received "mixed" reviews according to video game review aggregator Metacritic. References External links 2005 video games Action video games Beat 'em ups Namco games Organized crime video games PlayStation 2 games Third-person shooters Video game prequels Video games about police officers Video games developed in France Video games scored by James Dooley (composer) Windows games Xbox games RenderWare games Single-player video games

4041902

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981%20in%20Swedish%20football

1981 in Swedish football

The 1981 season in Swedish football, starting January 1981 and ending December 1981: Honours Official titles Competitions Promotions, relegations and qualifications Promotions Relegations International qualifications Domestic results Allsvenskan 1981 Allsvenskan qualification play-off 1981 Division 2 Norra 1981 Division 2 Södra 1981 Division 2 qualification play-off 1981 1st round 2nd round Svenska Cupen 1980–81 Final National team results Notes References Print Online Seasons in Swedish football

4041909

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rikki%20Jai

Rikki Jai

Rikki Jai (born Samraj Jaimungal; ) is an Indo-Trinidadian chutney and chutney-soca musician. Career Jai's 1988 debut single Sumintra told the tale of an Indo-Trinidadian woman from Debe who informed her boyfriend of her preference for soca over the music of Indian artist Lata Mangeshkar. Jai returned the following year with Pumping, then Bolo and Show Me Yuh Motion. His 1993 song Wine on a Bumsee signalled Jai's exit from the soca world, opting for the chutney soca arena, in which he continues to perform. Jai released Chutney Vibrations, a compilation with soca chutney rhythms and his re-reading of the Juma. His most commercially successful release is Mor Tor featuring fellow Trinidadian soca star Machel Montano. In 2007 he released songs such as Aj Bhi Jeen and Bodi ke Dal, followed by Barman. Jai has won Chutney Soca Monarch a record-breaking six times. In 2011, he won his 6th title with the song White Oak and Water. Jai was also crowned for the 7th time when he teamed up with Ravi B. In 2001, he tied for first place (with Bunji Garlin) for the "Young King" title and placed second in 2010's "Chutney Soca Monarch". He was crowned champion at the 2011 Chutney Soca Monarch, and walked away with TT$2 million in prize money. References 20th-century Trinidad and Tobago male singers Chutney musicians Trinidad and Tobago people of Indian descent Living people Year of birth missing (living people) People from San Fernando, Trinidad and Tobago 21st-century Trinidad and Tobago male singers

4041911

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little%20Lotta

Little Lotta

Little Lotta is a fictional character published by Harvey Comics from 1953 to 1972, and then sporadically until 1993. A contemporary of Little Audrey, Little Dot and Wendy the Good Little Witch, she was one of Harvey's best-known female characters during the 1960s and featured in many of the company's child-friendly comedy titles. Like many of Harvey's comic headliners, Lotta was notable for a quirky defining characteristic - in this case, an insatiable appetite giving rise to superhuman strength. Lotta stories were penned by Warren Kremer and Howard Post, and for the majority of the years that she appeared in comics, she was drawn by Sid Couchey and Dom Sileo. Publication history Lotta Plump first appeared in 1953 as a back-page feature in Little Dot (where she debuted with Harvey's most successful property, Richie Rich). From the outset, Lotta's large appetite was a running gag employed in virtually every story and featured prominently on the covers of her two comic titles, Little Lotta (1955-1972, 1974-76; 1992-1993) and Little Lotta in Foodland (1962-1968). A typical cover scene showed Lotta devouring a meal of gigantic proportions or performing some feat of tremendous strength. Lotta began making regular crossovers with Dot and Audrey from the beginning of the 1960s, frequently combining their peculiar foibles to either cause trouble or save the day. Guest appearances with Richie Rich and Gloria took place during the 1970s, when she and the other "Harvey Girls" were featured in Richie Rich and his Girlfriends. Little Lotta was published from 1955 to 1976, when Harvey's Richie Rich explosion took over. Lotta's book was canceled (along with Little Audrey, Little Dot, and Wendy), after 120 issues (issue #121 was advertised, but never issued). Lotta remained a supporting feature in the back of Richie Rich books until Harvey's demise in 1982. Upon Harvey's return in 1986, a proposed idea to have Lotta return as the drummer of a rock band with Little Audrey on guitar and Little Dot on vocals was shelved. So was an idea of having the three appear as teenagers and have adventures similar to Archie. Character Far from being the "unpopular fat kid" stereotype represented in other popular media (such as her contemporary Tubby in Little Lulu) Lotta was depicted as friendly, kind-hearted and always ready to use her tremendous strength for what she deemed as good. She suffers her share of bullying, but any tormentors quickly regret provoking her wrath. In a sense, Lotta's storylines fulfill two very common childhood fantasies: the satisfaction of visceral desires (eating everything in sight) and freedom through physical power. Little Lotta always maintains a positive attitude about herself. Lotta lives in the fictional town of Bonnie Dell, a "timeless" picket-fence suburb existing in the same world as several other Harvey characters (although in many stories it is simply called Harveyville). She has a boyfriend named Gerald, who in many ways is Lotta's opposite. He is a shy, diminutive boy with glasses, and he is not very strong. Lotta and Gerald have many adventures together and frequently dress up to imitate their favorite comic book hero, Flying Man. When dressed up, Lotta becomes "Leaping Lotta". In several stories, Lotta expressed an ambition to become a police officer even though passing the physical was an impossibility. In popular culture A Little Lotta comic book was used as a plot device on Everybody Loves Raymond in 2000 (season 4, episode 17). Lotta appears as a character on Baby Huey's Great Easter Adventure. Little Lotta was referenced in the animated TV series Family Guy in season 15 episode 4, "Inside Family Guy", in which Peter dresses up as Little Lotta to get paid having his picture taken pictures with tourists on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. Little Lotta is one of the three main characters in the Netflix original series Harvey Street Kids and is voiced by Lauren Lapkus. Gerald also appears in the series. The show explains that, prior to a growth spurt, Lotta was extremely small, but grew to be taller than the other children in the neighborhood. This version still possesses super-strength, and is a lover of animals. She is also Jewish in this version as the fourth season episode "Miracle on Harvey Street" shows Lotta celebrating Hanukkah. References External links Little Lotta at Don Markstein's Toonopedia. Archived from the original on November 11, 2015. Classic Media Harvey 1953 comics debuts 1993 comics endings Child characters in comics Comics about women Humor comics Adventure comics Children's comics Comics characters introduced in 1953 Comics characters with superhuman strength Female characters in comics Harvey Comics series and characters Harvey Comics titles

4041943

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy%20Gillespie

Billy Gillespie

William Ballintrae Gillespie (6 August 1891 – 2 July 1981) was an Irish football player who played as a striker for Sheffield United over a twenty-year period from 1913 to 1932, scoring over 137 League and Cup goals in 492 games for the South Yorkshire side. Gillespie was born in Kerrykeel, County Donegal, Ireland and began his career with Irish side Institute in 1907. After a short spell with Linfield he moved to England to play for Leeds City in 1910 before moving to Sheffield United in 1912, where he would stay until he retired from playing. Gillespie also made 25 appearances for the Ireland national team. In 1932 he took over as manager of Derry City where he remained until 1940. After leaving Derry, Gillespie moved to the south of England where he lived until his death in 1981. Club career Institute and Leeds City Gillespie started his footballing career with local side Institute in 1907. In 1910, Gillespie had a short trial with Irish side Linfield and was due to sign for them when Leeds City manager Frank Scott-Walford persuaded him to turn professional and join the Yorkshire club instead. Having made his Football League debut, Gillespie was largely confined to the reserves but was unhappy at not making further progress. Sheffield United Sheffield United signed Gillespie from Leeds City in December 1912 for £500 for the maximum wage, then £4 per week. Gillespie made his debut on Boxing Day 1911, scoring in a 2–2 draw with Newcastle United and played regularly for the Blades from that point on. Gillespie was denied an FA Cup Winner's medal in 1915, when he missed United's victory with a broken leg, received in the first game of the season against Sunderland in September 1914. Following the end of World War I, Gillespie returned to United and resumed his place in the first-team, although now playing a more withdrawn role as an inside forward. Continuing to play regularly, Gillespie took over as club captain from George Utley in 1923 and in the following five seasons helped United reach two FA Cup semi-finals and finally won a winner's medal in 1925. Retaining his position for a further three years, Gillespie began coaching United's young players during the 1930–31 season, before retiring from playing at the end of that season. Managerial career Derry City Gillespie was offered the position of manager of Derry City in 1932, where he remained until 1940. Gillespie was held in such regard that the club agreed to change their strip to red and white stripes in recognition of his career at Sheffield United. Following World War II he continued with his connection to United, acting as a scout for his former team and compiling match and player reports until the 1970s. International career His first cap came in 1913, his two goals giving Ireland their very first victory over England. He was a part of the Ireland side that won the 1914 British Home Championship outright after gaining wins over England and Wales and a draw against Scotland at Windsor Park. Gillespie scored seven goals against England, matching a record set by Scotland players Geordie Ker and John Smith. Gillespie played for the Ireland national team operated by the Irish Football Association (IFA), which now operates the Northern Ireland national football team. Gillespie held the IFA record for most international goals scored for 78 years, with 13 goals. His record was equalled by Colin Clarke in 1992 and broken by David Healy in 2004. International goals Scores and results list Ireland/Northern Ireland's goal tally first. Personal life Gillespie was born in Kerrykeel, County Donegal, where his father was a constable with the RIC. Gillespie was married to Rosie with two children, Billy and Peter. Gillespie served as a gunner during World War I, during which time he lost most of his hair. During World War II he returned to Sheffield where he worked at Hadfields munitions works. Gillespie moved to the south of England following his retirement and died in his sleep in Bexley, Kent on 2 July 1981, aged 89. In September 2013, a commemorative plaque was erected at Rab's Park, Kerrykeel, the local community sport field, in recognition of Gillespie's achievements and his links to the town. Honours As a player Sheffield United FA Cup: 1924–25 As a manager Derry City City Cup: 1934–35, 1936–37 Sheffield United career References External links Irish Football Association – 'Legends of the Game' profile 1891 births 1981 deaths Association footballers from County Donegal Association football forwards Irish association footballers (before 1923) Pre-1950 IFA international footballers Institute F.C. players Linfield F.C. players Leeds City F.C. players Sheffield United F.C. players Derry City F.C. players Derry City F.C. managers NIFL Premiership players English Football League players Irish soldiers in the British Army Irish people of World War I Irish association football managers FA Cup Final players

4041949

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Stephenson%20%28footballer%29

Paul Stephenson (footballer)

Paul Stephenson (born 2 January 1968) is an English former professional footballer who played as a winger or a central midfielder for Newcastle United, Millwall, Gillingham, Brentford and York City before he ended his career with Hartlepool United. During his footballing career he made a combined total of over 500 appearances. He is currently assistant manager at Kilmarnock. Playing career Newcastle United Paul Stephenson was born in Wallsend. He started his career as an apprentice at Newcastle United in the same youth team that brought through the likes of Paul Gascoigne. He was by capped by England at youth level in 1986. He made his debut at the age of 17 and went on to make 63 starts and four substitute appearances for the club. Millwall In 1988, Stephenson was sold to Millwall for a fee of around £300,000. He spent his first four seasons playing regularly for the Lions in the same team as the likes of Teddy Sheringham and Tony Cascarino. However, after the arrival of new manager Mick McCarthy, Stephenson's first-team opportunities were limited and he found himself being loaned to Gillingham, for whom he made 12 league starts and scored two goals. Stephenson returned to Millwall but he failed to force his way back into the first team. While at Millwall, Stephenson made a total of 98 league appearances and scored sixgoals. Brentford & York Midway through the 1993–94 season, Stephenson was sold to Brentford for £30,000. During his two-and-a-half seasons at Griffin Park, Stephenson played regularly and made 70 appearances for the club. However, he decided to move back up north and joined York City for £35,000, which the then-York manager Alan Little has cited as a 'bargain'. Stephenson's first season at the club was disrupted by two severe injuries – a broken arm and hairline fracture of the leg. During his three seasons at Bootham Crescent, Stephenson established himself as York's first choice right winger and he made just under 100 appearances for the club, scoring five times. Little reluctantly placed him on the transfer list along with several other first-team players in order to raise much-needed funds before his contract ran out. Hartlepool, along with his former club Brentford, both made offers, but Little delayed the transfer in order to try and use the winger to help aid York's play-off bid. York failed to make the play-offs, however, and Stephenson took the opportunity to move closer to his Newcastle roots and joined Hartlepool in March 1998. Hartlepool He made his Hartlepool debut on 18 April against Mansfield Town. After the dismissal of Mick Tait and the arrival of a new manager in the form of Chris Turner, Stephenson's future at the club looked uncertain and he was rumoured to be on his way out as he struggled to force his way into Turner's side and he handed in a transfer request. During the final game of the season, against Southend United, Stephenson came off the bench and scored. During Stephenson's second season at the club, he was moved into the centre of midfield. After his performances during the 1999–2000 season, he was named Hartlepool Player of the Year. He made his final appearance for Pools against Cheltenham Town in the play-off semi-final second leg, in which he missed a penalty in the deciding shootout. Stephenson failed to play a single game in the following season and, on 25 March 2003, he announced his retirement. Coaching career Hartlepool and Norwich After Stephenson's retirement, he immediately joined the coaching staff at Hartlepool and became an assistant youth-team coach. Following Martin Scott's promotion to the assistant manager's position, Stephenson was made the main youth team coach. Stephenson guided the youth team to victory in the Under 19s section of the Dallas Cup. Towards the end of the 2005–06 season, Stephenson was appointed as Hartlepool's caretaker manager after the dismissal of Scott. His first game in charge was a goalless draw against Rotherham. In his second game he managed to guide the team to a single-goal victory over Chesterfield. He was undefeated in his first five games in charge. However, Hartlepool slipped back into the relegation zone and were eventually relegated on the last day of the season. Stephenson stated that he did not want to take over as manager and wanted to remain a coach, and he returned to his job as youth team coach. Upon the arrival of new manager Glenn Roeder at Norwich, and his decision to build his own backroom staff, Stephenson was offered the job of first-team coach in early November 2007. Despite some trouble with the Hartlepool chairman regarding compensation, Roeder was ultimately successful with the appointment, and Stephenson commenced work with the Canaries two months later. Huddersfield Town Following Roeder's departure in 2009, Stephenson left the club and joined Roeder's assistant, Lee Clark, as Development Coach at Football League One side Huddersfield Town. On 11 November 2010 it was officially announced he would be the first-team coach at the Terriers. He left the club in the wake of the sacking of Clark in February 2012. Blackpool Stephenson was reunited with Lee Clark in December 2014 when he became First-Team Coach at Blackpool. Kilmarnock On 8 February 2021 he was appointed assistant manager of Scottish Premiership club Kilmarnock, working with manager Tommy Wright. References "Stephenson repays boss Turner's faith", The Northern Echo, 26 April 2000 PoolsOnline.tk: Paul Stephenson to retire - but not to leave PoolsOnline.tk: Stephenson is new Hartlepool United Youth Coach ProudtobeaPoolie.com: Stevo Rules Himself Out External links Poolstats: Paul Stephenson 1968 births Living people Sportspeople from Wallsend Footballers from Tyne and Wear English footballers England youth international footballers Association football wingers Wallsend Boys Club players Newcastle United F.C. players Millwall F.C. players Gillingham F.C. players Brentford F.C. players York City F.C. players Hartlepool United F.C. players Hartlepool United F.C. managers English football managers Huddersfield Town A.F.C. non-playing staff English Football League managers Accrington Stanley F.C. managers Blackpool F.C. non-playing staff Hartlepool United F.C. non-playing staff Kilmarnock F.C. non-playing staff

4041952

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballymount

Ballymount

Ballymount (), is a locality on the south side of Dublin, near the mainly residential areas of Walkinstown to the east, Tallaght to the west and Greenhills to the south. Ballymount is accessed by a number of public bus routes from Dublin city centre, and via the Red Cow Stop on the Red Luas Line, and it houses one of the largest industrial zones in Ireland. Area Ballymount is divided by the M50 motorway. On the west side of the divide is the more residential area of Kingswood, and most of the industrial land is on the east. Companies based in Ballymount include Smurfit, Virgin Media Television, DHL, Johnson Brothers, and the bus depot of Go-Ahead Ireland. History In Ballymount Park, on the western boundary of Ballymount, contains the ruins of Ballymount castle, also known as Kingswood Castle. The castle was built in 1622 by Sir William Parsons. The original name give to the area was Bellamount ("beautiful mount") in reference to the pre-existing mound (Bronze Age grave). In the early 18th century Ballymount Great was home to Mr John Butler, son of Sir Toby Butler, Solicitor General for Ireland to King James II. It is John Butler who is reputed to have built the folly (sham ruin) for his daughter's wedding day. It was never a fully built structure but as the name implies a fake ruin. The castle was the subject of a 1767 drawing by Gabriel Beranger. At the end of the 18th century the lands of Garranstown and Kingswood merged under the ownership of the Cullen family. The house retained the name Whitehall given to it by Mr Theo White. In William Duncan's maps of the County of Dublin, the area is shown bearing both names, a practice that is still carried on with maps to this day. In 1865 Andrew Cullen Tynan, father of the poet and writer Katharine Tynan, inherited the farm from an uncle. See also List of towns and villages in Ireland Earl of Bellomont Viscount Bellomont References Towns and villages in South Dublin (county)

4041961

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sifton

Sifton

Sifton may refer to: Places: Rural Municipality of Sifton,a rural municipality in the Virden region of Manitoba, Canada Sifton, Manitoba, an unincorporated community in the Virden region Sifton, Washington, an unincorporated community Sifton Ranges, a mountain range in British Columbia, Canada Sifton Park, Edmonton, a neighbourhood in Edmonton, Alberta People: Arthur Sifton (1858–1921), Canadian politician and second Premier of Alberta Charles Proctor Sifton (1935–2009), American federal judge Sir Clifford Sifton (1861–1929), Canadian politician and Minister of the Interior of Canada John Wright Sifton (1833–1912), Canadian businessman and later a politician in Manitoba Sam Sifton (born 1966), American journalist

4041985

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Hall%20%28New%20York%20politician%29

John Hall (New York politician)

John Joseph Hall (born July 23, 1948) is an American musician, songwriter, politician, environmentalist, and community activist. He was elected to the legislature of Ulster County, New York, in 1989 and the Saugerties, New York Board of Education in 1991, and he was the U.S. representative for , serving from 2007 to 2011. He is a member of the Democratic Party. Hall also founded the rock band Orleans in 1972 and continues to perform with them. Early life and musical career Hall was born in Baltimore, Maryland, and grew up in Elmira, New York. He is the son of James A. Hall, who was a PhD in electrical engineering and Marie W. Hall, who had M.A. in divinity. A three-time National Science Foundation summer scholar, he skipped two grades in school and left Notre Dame High School in Elmira at age sixteen to study physics at the University of Notre Dame, and then English at Loyola College, Baltimore. Hall began playing piano at age 4, and later studied French horn in school and taught himself guitar and bass. After changing his concentration to creative writing and performing in numerous musical ensembles, Hall quit college to begin his professional musical career in the clubs of Georgetown, D.C., and then in Greenwich Village. In 1967, his group Kangaroo released an album on MGM Records, and Hall also composed music for a Broadway theatre trilogy Morning, Noon and Night. He released his debut solo album, Action in 1970. Since then he has released 7 albums solo or as the John Hall Band. In late January 1972, he founded Orleans in Ulster County, New York, with Wells Kelly and Larry Hoppen. Lance Hoppen, Larry's brother, joined the band later in that year, completing the Orleans lineup that would last throughout the band's most successful period. Orleans released two albums on ABC Records, and two on David Geffen's Asylum Records label, the latter two including the top five hits "Dance With Me" and "Still The One" which are each certified by BMI at more than 7 million airplays in the United States. As part of Orleans, he was a songwriter and session musician for artists that include Janis Joplin, Seals and Crofts, Taj Mahal, Jackson Browne, Little Feat, and Bonnie Raitt. In 1977, Hall left to concentrate on the solo career that had begun with the Action album at the beginning of the decade and became active in the anti-nuclear movement, fighting to stop a nuclear plant planned for Cementon on the Hudson River, and co-founding Musicians United for Safe Energy with Jackson Browne, Bonnie Raitt, and Graham Nash. His second solo recording of that period (his third overall) included the title track "Power," which became an environmental anthem performed by Pete Seeger, Peter, Paul and Mary, Holly Near, and the Doobie Brothers and James Taylor who cut it live at the No Nukes Concerts at Madison Square Garden. In 1981 he formed the John Hall Band, which consisted of Hall, keyboardist and vocalist Bob Leinbach, bassist and vocalist John Troy, and drummer Eric Parker. The John Hall Band released two albums on the EMI America label with high AOR and MTV visibility but limited Top 40 success. "Crazy (Keep On Falling)," from the album All of the Above, was the band's only major hit (U.S. #42). While living in Saugerties, Hall co-founded two citizens' groups — Saugerties Concerned Citizens and the Winston Farm Alliance. The former worked to close down illegal junkyards operating in the town, and the latter successfully opposed the siting of a giant dump and incinerator on the historic Winston Farm, named after the engineer James Winston, who designed New York City's system of reservoirs and aqueducts. Hall also served one term in the Ulster County Legislature, and was elected twice to the Saugerties Board of Education, where his fellow trustees elected him president. Hall spent decades writing songs for other artists and reunited with Orleans in 1985, rejoining them intermittently up through 2006. After his divorce from Johanna, he moved to Hunter, New York, and later to Nashville. There he wrote more songs including co-writing Steve Wariner's #1 country hit "You Can Dream of Me," began touring with Jonell Mosser and Freebo, and continued sporadically performing with Orleans. In 2005, he released Rock Me on the Water, an album of songs inspired by an extensive sailing trip he took with his second wife Pamela Bingham from Kingston, New York, to Key West, and Havana, Cuba on a humanitarian aid delivery mission, and later Martha's Vineyard, Cuttyhunk, and Annapolis, Maryland. He also formed the band Gulf Stream Night with longtime Orleans drummer Peter O'Brien, percussionist Joakim Lartey, bassist Bobby MacDougal, and his wife Pamela, who co-wrote four of the songs on the CD, on vocals and guitar. Having sold the boat and moved back to the Hudson Valley of New York, this time to Dutchess County, the Halls began to settle in and make new friends in Dover and Millbrook, where "Gulf Stream Night" was recorded. Orleans released a new CD in 2005, Dancin' in the Moonlight, containing many of Hall's writing collaborations, guitar parts, and vocals, as well as two songs co-written by John and Pamela Melanie Hall. Hall put his musical career on hold during his time in office, but performed at the concert honoring the 90th birthday of Pete Seeger, supporting the Hudson River Sloop Clearwater at Madison Square Garden on May 3, 2009. He joined other performers in the singing of "Oh Mary Don't You Weep" and later joined the entire cast for an encore, singing "Good Night, Irene". In August 2011, Hall joined his MUSE cohorts Bonnie Raitt, Jackson Browne, and Crosby, Stills & Nash along with Jason Mraz, the Doobie Brothers, and Tom Morello for a benefit concert in Mountain View, California, proceeds to aid victims of the tsunami and nuclear meltdowns in Fukushima, Japan, and to promote renewable energy. John and Pamela Hall, along with co-lyricist Bob Furlong, wrote the song "I Told You So" and performed it with Browne, Raitt, and Nash at the concert. In 2012, following the death of Larry Hoppen, Hall rejoined the band Orleans and has been recording and performing with them since. Political career He has been involved with Mid-Hudson Nuclear Opponents, who successfully fought the siting of a nuclear power plant on the Hudson River in Greene County. While living in Saugerties, New York, Hall co-founded Saugerties Concerned Citizens, and helped write the town's first zoning law. When Ulster County announced plans for a solid waste dump on the historic Winston Farm, Hall led the opposition. This effort culminated in his 1989 election to the Ulster County Legislature. In the late 1990s, after three successive school budgets were rejected by the voters, John ran for, and was elected twice to, the Saugerties Board of Education. His fellow trustees elected him president, and budgets were passed each year of Hall's tenure. In late October 2004, Hall publicly commented that the presidential campaign of George W. Bush had not asked for permission to use the Orleans song "Still the One" at campaign events. His publisher sent a cease and desist letter to the campaign which dropped the song from their playlist. Four years later, Hall expressed similar disapproval when John McCain's presidential campaign also used the song without asking for permission. During the fall of 2005, Hall's concern about the environment and the Iraq War, and dissatisfaction with Sue Kelly, the U.S. Representative for his new home town, contributed to his decision to set musical projects aside and run for the seat in New York's 19th congressional district. He defeated several other Democratic candidates in the primary and Kelly in the general election. In the House of Representatives, Hall served on the Select Committee on Energy Independence and Global Warming, the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure, and the House Veterans Affairs Committee. He was appointed to be chairman of the Subcommittee on Disability Assistance and Memorial Affairs. He was one of three freshmen representatives assigned a subcommittee chairmanship. As chair of the VA Disability and Memorial Affairs subcommittee, he helped write the Veterans Claims Modernization Act of 2008, which passed the House and Senate unanimously and was signed into law by President George W. Bush, who referred to it as "good government". Hall was assigned to serve on the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure and was chairman of the Subcommittee on Disability Assistance and Memorial Affairs of the Veterans Affairs Committee in the 110th Congress. Hall was reelected in 2008 over Republican candidate Kieran Lalor, but he lost in the 2010 election to Nan Hayworth. In July 2011, Hall announced that he would not seek a rematch with Hayworth, citing the prohibitive campaign fund-raising necessary as a result of the Supreme Court's decision in Citizens United v. FEC. He said he wanted to spend time with his family and travel across the country with his band. Hayworth served one term before losing reelection in 2012. Policy positions Despite representing a historically Republican area, Hall has described himself as a progressive Democrat. He was a member of the Congressional Progressive Caucus. In the beginning of the 110th Congress, Hall voted to raise minimum wage and federal funding of embryonic stem cell research. Prior to the election, Hall expressed interest in drug policy reform, noting that many of his best friends and mentors in the music industry partake in recreational drug use without adverse effects. At SUNY New Paltz, during a March 11, 2006, audio interview, he said that drug prohibition had "failed" and that he agreed with Maurice Hinchey on the need for reform on Plan Colombia, medical marijuana, and a provision of the Higher Education Act that denies financial aid to students with drug offenses. However, in July 2007, John Hall voted against an amendment by Hinchey that would end the raid of medical marijuana patients. Hall voted for the Healthcare Reform Bill that passed in the House on November 7, 2009, as well as the Senate bill on March 21, 2010. He opposed the Stupak Amendment which proposed to restrict the use of federal funds for abortion funding. He was also a critic of BP's handling of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico. Campaigns 2006 Hall ran for Congress in the 19th District in the September 2006 primary race as a Democrat in . He won the primary, with a commanding 48% in a 4-way race, and faced incumbent Sue W. Kelly in the November election. Hall defeated Kelly with 51% of the vote, losing to Kelly in Putnam, Dutchess, and Rockland counties, but carrying the incumbent's home county of Westchester, as well as Orange, to pull off the upset. According to an article in the Hudson Valley newspaper, the Middletown Times Herald-Record, two days after his primary victory, Hall, in an online chat with the progressive blog Firedoglake, was asked about his position on a possible impeachment of then-President George W. Bush. Hall stopped short of endorsing impeachment "before hearing evidence", but added that "Whether impeachment or censure, some action must be taken to circumscribe the powers of the presidency". When pressed on the issue, "he candidly reminded the probing blogger, 'I'm trying to get elected in an historically Republican district.'" Hall was interviewed by Comedy Central-based satirist Stephen Colbert on October 19, 2006, for a "Better Know a District" segment of his popular comedy show, The Colbert Report. Stephen Colbert said that he opposes everything that John Hall stands for, but Hall was willing to talk to him; Sue Kelly turned down the opportunity to be interviewed so John Hall picked a "Smear Card" which said "My opponent smokes marijuana". Colbert replied by saying "That's a bold accusation, that someone in the press should investigate or at least look up on because it's out there now; it's out there now that Sue Kelly smokes pot. DEA, check out her house. Look for grow lights. I'm not saying it. He is". As the centerpiece of the interview, Colbert eventually convinced Hall to harmonize with him on the Orleans song "Dance with Me". He made a brief encore appearance on The Colbert Report the day after his election, November 8, joining Colbert in a harmonized rendition of The Star-Spangled Banner. 2008 Although the 19th is a historically Republican district, Republicans had trouble recruiting a strong challenger to Hall. Several potential top-tier candidates, such as State Assemblyman Greg Ball, Orange County Executive Ed Diana, and former White House Press Secretary Ari Fleischer all declined to run for the seat. Andrew Saul, head of the Federal Thrift Retirement Investment Board had begun raising funds for a campaign but announced on November 20, 2007, that he would not run. In February 2008, however, Saul was rumored to be considering entering the race once again and had launched online polls to gauge interest. Hall drew numerous potential challengers for the 2008 race, including Iraq veteran Kieran Lalor and Westchester County Legislator George Oros. Other potential challengers included Sue Kelly, ex-Congressman Joseph J. DioGuardi, ex-State Superintendent of Insurance Howard Mills, ex-NYC Finance Commissioner and State Tax Commissioner Andrew Eristoff, Emily Pataki, the daughter of former Governor George Pataki, and ex-Pataki campaign manager Michael Finnegan. Having received the endorsement of the Republican committees in all five counties in the district, Lalor was the only remaining Republican challenger. On November 4, 2008 Hall was re-elected to serve the 19th district of New York in the 111th session of the United States Congress. He defeated Republican newcomer Kieran Lalor, taking 59% of the vote. In January 2009, Hall declared his support for Kirsten Gillibrand becoming the junior senator of New York, a seat vacated by Secretary of State Hillary Clinton. 2010 Facing a tough re-election, Hall lost to Republican nominee Nan Hayworth in the 2010 election. Personal life Hall married his first wife, writer Johanna Hall, who he met while playing at Cafe Wha in Greenwich Village, in 1971. They lived in Woodstock then Saugerties, New York, and have one daughter, Lillian Sofi Hall. Johanna Hall was the co-author, with Hall, of such songs as "Dance with Me" and "Still the One". In 2001, Hall married his second wife, Pamela Bingham Hall, a guitarist and attorney who has also co-written songs with Hall. They divorced in 2021 and Hall married singer and fiddler Andrea Zonn in April 2022. They live in Nashville TN. Discography Studio albums References External links Music Career Interview with John Hall 1948 births Living people American pop musicians American rock musicians Orleans (band) members Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from New York (state) University of Notre Dame alumni Politicians from Westchester County, New York Politicians from Rockland County, New York School board members in New York (state) Activists from New York (state) American anti–nuclear power activists American environmentalists 20th-century American musicians 21st-century American musicians 21st-century American politicians Politicians from Baltimore Politicians from Elmira, New York Musicians from Maryland People from Dover Plains, New York

4041997

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armed%20Forces%20of%20the%20North

Armed Forces of the North

The Armed Forces of the North (Forces Armées du Nord or FAN) was a Chadian rebel army active during the Chadian Civil War. Composed of FROLINAT units that remained loyal to Hissène Habré following his break from Goukouni Oueddei and the CCFAN in 1976. Consisting at first of only a few hundred Toubou and some Hajerai and Ouaddaïan fighters, FAN began its operations from bases in eastern Chad, where it received help from Sudan. Driven from N'Djamena back to its eastern refuge after the Libyan incursion of 1980, FAN scored a series of victories over Goukouni's Transitional Government of National Unity (GUNT) forces in 1982, which culminated in the recapture of N'Djamena and Habré's assumption of the presidency. FAN became the core of the new national army, Chadian National Armed Forces (FANT), in January 1983. Further reading Nolutshungu, Sam C. (1996) Limits of Anarchy: Intervention and State Formation in Chad University Press of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, , pages 93, 112, 133, 136–137, 160, 167–169, 171, 180, 185–188, and 209. See also FROLINAT Malloum's Military Government Civil war in Chad (1965–1979) References Chadian–Libyan conflict Rebel groups in Chad

4042004

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaloklowa%20Chickasaw

Chaloklowa Chickasaw

The Chaloklowa Chickasaw Indian People or Chaloklowa Chickasaw is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization and "state-recognized group" not to be confused with a state-recognized tribe. The state of South Carolina gave them the state-recognized group and special interest organization designation under the SC Code Section 1-31-40 (A) (7)(10), Statutory Authority Chapter 139 (100-111) in 2005. The organization claims descent from 50 Chickasaws who moved to South Carolina at the state's request in the 18th century. The Chickasaw are an indigenous people of the Southeastern Woodlands who formerly inhabited parts of Alabama, Mississippi, and Tennessee. Chaloklowa is said to come from the Chickasaw word chalokloha which means turkey. The organization sometimes refers to its leaders as mingo, a title said to derive from the Chickasaw word miko which means chief. Late historian Edward J. Cashin, a professor of colonial era history and Director of the Center for the Study of Georgia History at Augusta State University, was unable to ascertain the organization's connection to the Savannah River Chickasaws. Headquarters and Purpose The Chaloklowa Chickasaw are headquartered in Indiantown, South Carolina with members living within the counties of Florence, Marion, and Williamsburg. The organization is led by Chief Vernon Tanner and Vice-Chief Joe Tanner. The Chaloklowa Chickasaw is a nonprofit educational organization. Chief Vernon Tanner has stated that one of the Chaloklowa Chickasaws missions is to bring educational programs to schools or other activities with adults to share the true aspects of Native American life and to dispel other commonly believed myths about indigenous people. Charity The Chaloklowa Chickasaw organized as a 501(c)(3) public charity in 2002. The organization was awarded $100,147.00 that same year by the Administration for Native Americans (ANA) for Social and Economic Development Strategies. Recognition Status South Carolina recognizes "Tribes", "Groups", and "Special Interest Organizations". "State Recognized Groups" are defined by South Carolina law as meaning "a number of individuals assembled together, which have different characteristics, interests and behaviors that do not denote a separate ethnic and cultural heritage today, as they once did. This group is composed of both Native American Indians and other ethnic races. They are not all related to one another by blood. A tribal council and governmental authority unique to Native American Indians govern them". The Chaloklowa Chickasaw initially applied for recognition as a "Tribe" in February 2005 but its application was rejected because the organization could not meet South Carolina's standards for proving historical basis due to a lack of genealogical records. The organization immediately reapplied for recognition as a "Group" and achieved this official designation a few months later, in June 2005. Vice-Chief Joe Tanner stated that it was the intention of the organization to reapply for recognition as a "Tribe" within September of that same year. The South Carolina Commission for Minority Affairs continues to list the Chaloklowa Chickasaw Indian People as one of its "State Recognized Groups and Special Interest Organizations" and not as a state recognized tribe. In 2003, the Chaloklowas petitioned the US Department of the Interior Bureau of Indian Affairs to try to receive federal recognition as an Indian tribe. Controversy After receiving several letters of complaint concerning the Chaloklowa Chickasaw's second petition for recognition as a State Recognized tribe in October 2005, the Commission of Minority Affairs review committee, upon rereview, found that the indigenous ancestry being claimed by the group was incorrect. This announcement came as a surprise to the CMA as the petition had previously been called "a model" for others to follow by CMA director, Janie Davis. The news was controversial throughout indigenous communities in South Carolina, as just weeks before, the group's leader, Vernon Tanner, was appointed by the state Senate as the first ever "Native American Commissioner to the Board of the South Carolina Commission for Minority Affairs". Members of at least one indigenous community publicly expressed a lack of trust in South Carolina's recognition process as the result of the CMA's previous oversight and other alleged inequities. The Chaloklowa Chickasaw today remain recognized as a “Group” in South Carolina, a status obtained several months prior to the controversy. Other Activities On August 30, 2002, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission invited the Chaloklowa Chickasaw, along with members of seven other indigenous communities in the Carolinas, to participate in the scoping process for the H. B. Robinson Nuclear Generating Station. The organization participates in events throughout the year held at Lynches River in Johnsonville, South Carolina in order to provide information about the role of the Chickasaw in local history. Chief Vernon Tanner, also referred to as "Mingo Big Bear Claw", has given educational presentations to elementary and middle school students. He has also given presentations to civic groups, churches, scout troops, YMCA groups, and local libraries. Each year, students from Johnsonville Elementary School take a field trip to Tanner Farms to learn about Chickasaw life from the Tanner and take part in traditional cooking methods, receive hands-on experience with live animals, and sit inside of a tipi. Tanner publicly claims to be the last traditional medicine man in South Carolina and sometimes explains forms of indigenous spirituality within his educational presentations. The group maintains that Indiantown Presbyterian Church, where Tanner serves as a lay speaker and church elder, is a sacred site to the Chickasaw. See also Cherokee heritage groups Chickasaw Plastic Shaman Pretendian Notes References Baca, Keith A. Native American Place Names in Mississippi. University Press of Mississippi, 2007. . Lippert, Dorothy, Stephen J. Spignesi, and Phil Konstantin. Native American History For Dummies. For Dummies, 2007. . Non-profit organizations based in South Carolina Unrecognized tribes in the United States

4042010

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hex%20game

Hex game

Hex game may refer to: Hex (board game), a strategy board game played on a hexagonal grid Hex (video game), a turn-based strategy game for Atari ST and Amiga Hex: Shards of Fate, a massively multiplayer online trading card game Hex-based game or hex map, a game board design commonly used in wargames See also Hex (disambiguation)

4042014

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vic%20Ruggiero

Vic Ruggiero

Victor "Vic" Ruggiero, (also known as Rugaroo, Bad Vic or Lord Sluggo) is a musician, songwriter and producer from New York City who has played in reggae, blues, ska and rocksteady bands since the early 1990s, including The Slackers, Stubborn All-Stars, SKAndalous All Stars, Crazy Baldhead and The Silencers (not to be confused with the Scottish rock band The Silencers). He has also performed with punk rock band Rancid, both live and in the studio. He has released four solo acoustic albums and continues to tour and record worldwide. Ruggiero is known primarily as a singer and organist, although he also plays piano, bass, banjo, cigar box guitar, guitar, harmonica and percussion. Ruggiero is known for his deep distinct Bronx accent. His lyrics usually follow several themes, including the apocalypse, dark humor, political distrust, paranoia, murder, irony, romance and loneliness. His songs have ranged from narrative ballads to whimsical tunes inspired by Beat generation poets, authors and songwriters, including Jack Kerouac, Allen Ginsberg and John Lennon. Biography Ruggiero started playing piano by ear as a fifth grader and sang with the Metropolitan Opera at age 12. While attending Ardsley High School in 1986, he played in a hardcore group Sic & Mad fronted by his friend Happy, which is how he met Marcus Geard and Ara Babajian who would later become the bass and drummer behind the Slackers. Sic & Mad played a unique cocktail of art-punk, avant-garde, New York hardcore, hip-hop, reggae, psychedelia and ska music. Starting in 1992, The Slackers started as a trio (Vic, Luis, Marcus) and extension of Sic & Mad. Early incarnations of the group were sometimes billed as The Redlights. Later, TJ joined the group on second guitar, Marq on vocals and after 2 years, Dave and Jeremy joined as the first official horn section on tenor sax and trumpet, respectively. Glen joined on trombone/vocals in October 1997 and Ara became the band's drummer in 2001. Vic soon became the focal point of The Slackers, also making appearances with the Stubborn All-Stars, Rancid and a host of other groups. In the late 1990s, he began making his own records and released some of these under his own label, Special Potato Records. Ruggiero has recorded several solo albums on which he plays guitar, harmonica, percussion and sings: To Live in Shame/Understanding New Jersey, Alive at the Ladybug House, Hamburguru (2007), Something In My Blind Spot (2008), On the Rag Time (2009), Songs for Clandestine Lovers (2009). Collaborations with Zoot 16GB (Meatball and Sushi Party, 2009), Kepi Ghoulie (The New Dark Ages, 2009) and wrote songs for the book/CD production, Do Not Feed The Cats in Iraq (2010) with Phil Nerges. He has worked as the producer behind a number of releases using Special Potato Records as the distribution outlet for many of these early works. Ruggiero's production style has a distinctively raw sound quality to it: by not erasing sounds that would traditionally be unwanted in a recording, such as doors closing or musicians cuing each other, his productions capture a live-band atmosphere more closely. Ruggiero has also been responsible for the production of releases from European ska artists, including Mr T Bone and The Moon Invaders and has performed with Shane and the Ashes, The Phenomenauts and The Forthrites. Special Potato Special Potato Records began in New York during the early 1990s. The label (sometimes spelled "special Potatoe") began as the primary outlet for self-released albums and those featuring members or alumni of The Slackers. After the initial release of a Nods record, followed by a solo record, over time, Special Potato became the calling card for distribution of Ruggiero's early works and continues to release albums. An innovative solo artist and collaborator, Ruggiero has written, recorded and produced dozens of albums that have introduced rocksteady, ska and reggae to younger generations of listeners. His solo albums in particular are influenced by early rock n roll, doo-wop, blues and punk rock. The Slackers Ruggiero is best known as the front man of the Third Wave Ska and Ska band The Slackers (1992–present). Early incarnations of the band were billed under The Nods, The Redlights and Sic & Mad. Smashing stereotypes of "Ska" as happy, uptempo, and shallow music, New York City's ska revolutionaries, the Slackers, play with an aggressive edge. In 1996, The New York Times declared the Slackers to be part of "the sound of New York". Alternative Nation stated that their music is "protest music made for dim, sweaty basements, The Slackers would sound at home supporting Rancid as well as some grizzled New Orleans electric blues trio." The LA Weekly wrote about, "their unfettered energy, unerring skankability, and playful anger." The band is known for releases featuring reggae legends like The Congos, Glen Adams of the Upsetters, Cornell Campbell and Doreen Schaeffer. In addition to these collaborative works, over the years, they have also released a dub record, collaboration with DJ Boss Harmony (who arranged and refiltered tracks), compilation of forgotten tracks, alternate versions, and remakes from the band's recording vaults. The band has also put out 3 live albums; Live at Ernestos (2000), Upsetting Ernestos (2005), Slack in Japan (2005). Since their start in 1992, the band has released two DVDs; The Slackers: A Documentary (2007) and Live at the Flamingo Cantina (2009). Solo albums It didn't take long for Ruggiero to get his solo career started during breaks from The Slackers. A multi-instrumentalist and pioneering producer, the New York-based singer-songwriter continues to astound audiences with his trademark vocal chops, command of keys and edgy brand of bluesy rock n roll as a one-man band. When on the road by himself, Ruggiero primarily plays guitar, harmonica and percussion. Ruggiero has released several acoustic solo albums in the U.S., including Understanding New Jersey & Living in Sin, Alive at the Ladybug House, On the Rag Time, Something in My Blindspot and THIS Two songs on the latter ("Lonely Nites" and "Innocent Girl") were re-recorded in July 2007 for the album Something in My Blindspot. This album was recorded in Berlin and released on February 15, 2008 by German label 'Moanin'. The track "Animales" also appears on the album, Alive at the Ladybug House. In "Something in My Blindspot", Ruggiero sings and plays guitar, bass, organ, piano and banjo. Lisa Müller from the German ska/swing band Black Cat Zoot sings on four songs. The album also features a brass band, Fanfara Kalashnikov. Drums are played by Andrei Kluge from the ska band Rolando Random & The Young Soul Rebels. Hamburguru is a solo album that has only been released in Japan by the Ska in the World label. Some songs on the album have been previously released on the demo entitled Top Secret Bounty and Clues. On Hamburguru, he plays in his typical fashion as a "one man band" on vocals, guitar, harmonica, kick drum and hi-hat. THIS (album) is a Hi-Fidelity recording of fan-favorites, released on the Unison Music label. (UM59) Recorded and Produced by Bruce Witkin and Ryan Dorn at the Unison Music studio in Los Angeles. Vic performs the keyboards, guitars, mandolin, accordion, and harmonica. Bass performed by Bruce Witkin and Drums performed by Rob Klonel. Acoustic guitar on "Oklahoma" by Mitch Goodman. Ruggiero maintains a solo touring schedule, he collaborated with The Forthrights and The Ashes as well as acoustic musicians and singers, including Chris Murray, Kepi Ghoulie, Lisa Müller and Maddie Ruthless on live and studio recordings. Ruggiero's music is primarily distributed by Asian Man Records, Hellcat Records, Ska in the World, Moanin' Music and Whatevski and he continues to tour and release new material. Ruggiero is best known for his working-class roots, political radicalism, fiery personality and unique style of ska, punk rock, blues and rock music. He has played in bands like The Nods, SKAndalous All-Stars, Stubborn All-Stars, The Silencers, Da Whole Thing, David Hillyard and the Rocksteady 7, Crazy Baldhead Sound System, Victor Rice Octet, Sic & Mad, Tremoflex9000 and more. His guest appearances include famous artists like Rancid, The Transplants or Roger Miret and the Disasters. He has been seen playing many different kinds of organs, such as Roland VK-7, Roland VK-8 and Roland VK-09, Korg CX-3, Hammond XB-1G, Hammond XK-2, Rheem Mark 7 as well as a Rhodes Piano. Discography Solo albums Understanding New Jersey & Living in Sin – 2001 (Moanin' Music) This is Special Potatoe, Vol. 1 – 2002 (Damaged Goods) Alive at the Ladybug House – 2004 (Thought•Squad) Mean & Nasty / Yes It's True (7" Single) (2005) (Ska in the World) Top Secret Bountry and Clues – 2006 (Also known as "Blues and Clues," and "Bounty and Clues".) Hamburguru – 2007 (Ska in the World) Something in My Blindspot – 2008 (Moanin' Music) On The Ragtime (7" EP Version) (2009) – (Silver Sprocket / Thought•Squad) Meatball And Sushi Party (2009) (split EP with The Zoot16 G・B Version) (Ska in the World) On The Ragtime (LP Version) (2009) – (Silver Sprocket / Thought•Squad) Songs For Clandestine Lovers (2009) (Ska in the World) The New Dark Ages – 2009 (split EP with Kepi Ghoulie) (Asian Man Records) Don't Feed The Cats in Iraq (collaboration with Phil Nerges) (2010) (Asian Man Records) Vic & Friends, Volume 1 – 2010 (Whatevski Records digital release) Policeman (7" Single) (split EP with Maddie Ruthless/The Forthrights) (2011) (Asbestos Records/Underground Communique) This (2014) (Unison Music Group) Stuff in My Pockets (2022) (Ring Of Fire Records) With The Slackers The Slackers — 1993 Better Late Than Never — 1996 Redlight — 1997 The Question — 1998 Before There Were Slackers There Were... (The Nods) – 1999 Live at Ernesto's (Live) — 2000 Wasted Days — 2001 The Slackers and Friends — 2002 Close My Eyes — 2003 International War Criminal (EP) — 2004 Upsettin' Ernesto's (Live) — 2004 The Slackers/Pulley Split — 2004 An Afternoon in Dub — 2005 Slack in Japan (Live) — 2005 Peculiar — 2006 The Boss Harmony Sessions — 2007 Self Medication — 2008 Lost and Found — 2009 The Great Rocksteady Swindle — 2010 The Slackers — 2016 Don't Let The Sunshine Fool Ya''' — 2022 With Da Whole Thing Tooth – 1998 At Version City – 1998 With Chris Murray and The Slackers Slackness – 2005 With the SKAndalous All-Stars Hit Me – 1997 Punk Steady – 1998 Age of Insects – 1999 With the Stubborn All-Stars Open Season – 1995 Back With a New Batch – 1997 Nex Music – 1999 At Version City – 1999 With Tremoflex9000 Tremoflex9000 EP (Black Rhombus) America For SaleWith The Barstool Preachers Vocals and Organ on Track 3 – Looking Lost – 2016 Appears on With Rancid Life Won't Wait – 1998 Writing credits for tracks 5, 8 and 18 Hammond B3 Organ on tracks 5, 8, 9, 11, 13, 18 and 21 Piano on tracks 5, 9, 12, 14, 18 and 21 Percussion on tracks 5 and 18 Guitar on track 12 Indestructible – 2003 Keyboards Let the Dominoes Fall −2009 KeyboardsHonor Is All We Know −2014 B3 organ With The Transplants Transplants – 2002 Hammond B3 Organ on tracks 2, 6, and 7 Hammond B3 Organ/Piano on tracks 9, 10, and 12 Haunted Cities – 2005 Wurlitzer, Farfisa on track 6 With Pink Try This – 2003 keyboards With P.O. Box InBetweenTheLines – 2009 Keyboards and Additional Guitars on track 7:Skinocracy With Maddie Ruthless Policeman – 2011 With Faintest Idea Increasing The Minimum Rage – 2016 Hammond B3 Organ on track 1: Circling The Drain References External links Vic Ruggiero's website Interview with Ruggiero from Tastes Like Chicken (2003) Interview with Ruggiero from In Music We Trust (1998) Interview with Ruggiero from Ska Blah Blah (2007) Living people American male singers American ska singers People from the Bronx American reggae musicians Singers from New York City Year of birth missing (living people) The Slackers members

4042018

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/129P/Shoemaker%E2%80%93Levy

129P/Shoemaker–Levy

129P/Shoemaker–Levy, also known as Shoemaker–Levy 3, is a periodic comet in the Solar System. It fits the definition of an Encke-type comet with (TJupiter > 3; a < aJupiter), and is a quasi-Hilda comet. This comet should not be confused with Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9 (D/1993 F2), which spectacularly crashed into Jupiter in 1994. References External links Orbital simulation from JPL (Java) / Horizons Ephemeris 129P/Shoemaker-Levy 3 – Seiichi Yoshida @ aerith.net Elements and Ephemeris for 129P/Shoemaker-Levy – Minor Planet Center 129P at Kronk's Cometography Periodic comets Encke-type comets 0129 Discoveries by Carolyn S. Shoemaker Discoveries by Eugene Merle Shoemaker Discoveries by David H. Levy Comets in 2014 19910207

4042044

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort%20Osage

Fort Osage

Fort Osage (also known as Fort Clark or Fort Sibley) was an early 19th-century factory trading post run by the United States Government in western Missouri on the American frontier; it was located in present-day Sibley, Missouri. The Treaty of Fort Clark, signed with certain members of the Osage Nation in 1808, called for the United States to establish Fort Osage as a trading post and to protect the Osage from tribal enemies. It was one of three forts established by the U.S. Army to establish control over the newly acquired Louisiana Purchase territories west of the Mississippi River. Fort Madison in SE Iowa was built to control trade and pacify Native Americans in the Upper Mississippi River region. Fort Belle Fontaine, near St. Louis, controlled the mouth of the Missouri at the Mississippi. Fort Osage ceased operations in the 1820s as the Osage in subsequent treaties had ceded the rest of their land in Missouri to the US. A replica of the fort was constructed on the site between 1948 and 1961. The Fort Osage school district (including Fort Osage High School), which serves northeast Independence and the surrounding area, was named after it. Background During their famous expedition up the Missouri River in seeking the Northwest Passage to the Pacific Ocean, Americans Meriwether Lewis and William Clark noted this spot in June 1804, as they camped for the night just across the river: high commanding position, more than 70 feet above high-water mark, and overlooking the river, which is here but of little depth... In the same year Pierre Chouteau, part of the Chouteau fur trading family and an agent for the Osage, took Osage chiefs to Washington, DC to meet President Thomas Jefferson who promised to build them a trading post. Previously Jefferson promoted his plan of expanding Federal trading posts on the frontier as means to remove the harmful influence of individual merchants by "undersell[ing] private traders" to make them withdraw from borderlands and "earn the good will of the Indians". Foundation William Clark led a team in September 1808 back to the site to begin construction of Fort Osage. In November 1808 Pierre Chouteau negotiated the Treaty of Fort Clark with certain members of the Osage Nation, for the fort to be built for the protection of the Osage. The specific terms of the deal noted: The United States being anxious to promote peace, friendship and intercourse with the Osage tribes, to afford them every assistance in their power, and to protect them from the insults and injuries of other tribes of Indians, situated near the settlements of the white people, have thought proper to build a fort on the right bank of the Missouri, a few miles above the Fire Prairie, and do agree to garrison the same with as many regular troops as the President of the United States may, from time to time, deem necessary for the protection of all orderly, friendly and well disposed Indians of the Great and Little Osage nations, who reside at this place, and who do strictly conform to, and pursue the counsels or admonitions of the President of the United States through his subordinate officers. In exchange for access to the trading post, the attending Osage agreed to cede all of their lands east of the fort in Louisiana Territory to the US. This effectively left them with a small band of territory on the extreme western border of what is now the state of Missouri. The Great Osage were to receive $1,000 and the Little Osage were to get $500. The government trading post was established in 1808 and removed to Arrow Rock in 1813. Operations The fort was officially christened "Fort Osage" by Captain Eli Clemson; he commanded the military garrison at Fort Osage from 1808 until it was evacuated in 1813. It has also been informally referred to as "Fort Clark" in honor of William Clark, who was in charge of Indian Affairs. It was one of the first United States military installations in Louisiana Territory and became a major stopping point for visitors traveling the Missouri. Daniel Boone was to visit it in 1814, at the age of 81, while on one of his last hunting trips. Sacagawea and her husband, Toussaint Charbonneau, who had accompanied the Lewis and Clark Expedition, also stayed at the fort on their way back north to Dakota Territory after time in St. Louis. Fort Osage was abandoned in June 1813 during the War of 1812 because it was not considered to be under threat. Since most of the war's fighting was further east and north, the soldiers there were transferred to different locations. After the war the fort was reoccupied in 1815. Fort Osage was for many years a productive trading location, with the first Factor George C. Sibley reporting prosperous trade with the Osage due to goods being sold "at prices less than half what the traders extort from them..." Abandonment The end of the War of 1812 and the Adams–Onís Treaty removed the threat of Spanish or British-backed Indigenous campaigns against the United States throughout the Louisiana Purchase. As the Osage ceded more and more of their land, the US established a new trading post at Fort Scott, Kansas, closer to the ancestral villages near the headwaters of the Osage River near Nevada, Missouri. Fort Osage formally was closed in 1822, but remained a landmark on the Santa Fe Trail and a transit point for supplies going north. By 1836 it had been obliterated; local settlers took its pre-cut wood to use for building houses and barns. The factory house was the last remaining structure, but it burned to the ground, leaving only the rock foundation. Fort Osage National Historic Landmark Archaeologists rediscovered the foundations of Fort Osage in the 1940s. The station was reconstructed to portray Fort Osage as it was in 1812 by using the preserved surveys created by William Clark and others. This made restoration to exact specifications possible. The rebuilt post has been designated as Fort Osage National Historic Landmark and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It is owned and operated by Jackson County Parks and Recreation of Missouri. It is open to the public Tuesday through Sunday from 9:00am to 4:30pm year round. The Fort Osage Education Center, opened in November 2007, contains exhibits about the site's geology, 19th century natural history, the Hopewell and Osage native cultures, Lewis and Clark, Fort Osage, and the Missouri River. In addition, the location has living history demonstrations about early 19th-century military and civilian life. See also List of National Historic Landmarks in Missouri National Register of Historic Places listings in Jackson County, Missouri References External links Fort Osage National Historic Landmark Santa Fe Trail Research Osage Osage Nation 1808 establishments in the United States National Historic Landmarks in Missouri Kansas City metropolitan area Native American history of Missouri Natural history museums in Missouri Museums in Jackson County, Missouri Military and war museums in Missouri Osage Pre-statehood history of Missouri Trading posts in the United States Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Missouri National Register of Historic Places in Jackson County, Missouri

4042051

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27m%20from%20Hollywood

I'm from Hollywood

I'm from Hollywood is a 1989 comedy documentary film about the adventures of late performance artist Andy Kaufman in the world of professional wrestling. The film includes interviews with Taxi co-stars Marilu Henner and Tony Danza and interviews with comedian Robin Williams, wrestler Jerry Lawler, wrestling commentator Lance Russell, and Kaufman's best friend, Bob Zmuda. Other people seen in the film include TV host David Letterman and Jimmy Hart of Continental Wrestling Association. The film's title refers to a phrase spoken by Kaufman to the Memphis wrestling audience. The documentary's ending is intentionally misleading, as it gives the impression that the feud ended with Kaufman successfully getting revenge on Lawler during a match with Jimmy Hart and The Assassins. In reality, this match happened only halfway into the two-year-long feud. The documentary was directed by Kaufman's girlfriend, Lynne Margulies, and Joe Orr. Kaufman himself began work with Margulies and Orr on the film in 1983, shortly before he was diagnosed with cancer. Margulies and Orr, at Kaufman's request, finished I'm from Hollywood after the performer's death. Home video release I'm from Hollywood was released on VHS on June 15, 1998 and November 16, 1999. It was also released on DVD on April 25, 2000 and as a special edition on November 20, 2007. The April 2000 edition also includes My Breakfast with Blassie, a 1983 parody of My Dinner with Andre in which Kaufman has a conversation with Freddie Blassie over breakfast at a pancake house. References External links 1989 films Professional wrestling documentary films Documentary films about comedy and comedians American documentary films 1989 documentary films Andy Kaufman 1980s English-language films 1980s American films

4042052

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political%20general

Political general

A political general is a general officer or other military leader without significant military experience who is given a high position in command for political reasons, through political connections, or to appease certain political blocs and factions. In the United States, this concept was demonstrated by commissions and appointments during the American Civil War, in both the Union and the Confederacy. History American Civil War Most of the top generals on the Union and Confederate sides were graduates of West Point and were career military officers. In addition to military training, many of them had battlefield experience gained during the Mexican–American War or American Indian wars, such as the Third Seminole War in Florida. Due to the necessity of raising large-scale citizen armies, both presidents, Abraham Lincoln and Jefferson Davis, for various reasons appointed a number of the so-called political generals. Some of them, such as John A. Logan on the Union side, or Richard Taylor on the Confederate, developed into competent military leaders and were respected by their subordinates and superiors alike. Others turned out to be "disastrously incompetent." Appeasement of political groups The most important reason for appointing political generals was to appease important blocs of voters. U.S. President Abraham Lincoln used such appointments as a way to get the support of moderate Democrats for the war and for his administration ("War Democrats"). The first three volunteer generals whom Lincoln appointed, John Adams Dix, Nathaniel Prentice Banks and Benjamin F. Butler, were all Democrats. They were the three most senior major generals in the Union Army. Republicans were also appointed, including Richard James Oglesby of Illinois. Geopolitical Other promotions were used to gain the support of the specific group they represented, especially in cases of foreign immigrants. One of the largest ethnic groups in the U.S. at the time was relatively recent German immigrants, who had arrived in the late 1840s and early 1850s, after the revolutions in German principalities. Prominent ethnic German civilian leaders, such as Franz Sigel and Carl Schurz, both of whose last military experience prior to the Civil War was fighting on the losing side of the 1848 revolutions in Germany, were appointed to high rank for their usefulness in rallying fellow immigrants to the cause. Two prominent Irish immigrants were also given promotions, as many Irish had arrived following the famines in Ireland. Thomas F. Meagher and Michael Corcoran were promoted, who prior to the war had been a captain and a colonel, respectively, in the New York State Militia. Meagher attempted to resign in December 1863. Corcoran died and Meagher's resignation was revoked to keep at least one Irishman in command. Other officers were highly successful in their attempts to rally large numbers of troops, whether they were native born or foreign born. For instance, Daniel Sickles recruited large numbers of troops from New York. Border states The Confederacy also appointed numerous political generals, for largely the same reasons. They also used many such appointments to influence the Confederate sympathizers in the border states, which had not seceded from the union. Former Vice President John C. Breckinridge was appointed as a general in the hopes that he would inspire the citizens of Kentucky to join the Confederate Army. Other Another reason for the appointment of political generals during the American Civil War was the great expansion of the number of men in each army and the large number of volunteer soldiers. Men who were prominent civilian leaders, such as businessmen, lawyers and politicians, were chosen to continue their leadership in command of a volunteer regiment. Evaluation Ezra J. Warner noted that during the American Civil War, a large number of political generals, including Sigel and Banks for the Union and Breckinridge for the Confederacy, were undoubtedly popular with their men, largely because of their ties to the specific groups they represented. However, the vast majority were considered incompetent due to their being essentially amateur soldiers with no prior training or knowledge. This was a particularly large problem for the Union, where such generals were typically given fairly important commands. Brooks D. Simpson claimed that misdeeds of three particular political general on the Union side, Butler, Banks, and Sigel, "contributed to a military situation in the summer of 1864 where the Northern public, anticipating decisive victory with Grant in command, began to wonder whether it was worth it to continue the struggle—something on voters' minds as they pondered whether to give Honest Abe another four years in office. Perhaps Lincoln would have been wiser to dismiss these three men and risk whatever short-term damage his actions might have caused." Addressing the phenomenon of the Union political generals, Thomas Joseph Goss wrote that, "Though much contemporary and historical attention has been placed upon these amateur commanders in the field and highlights their numerous tactical shortcomings, their assignment patterns demonstrate that political factors outweighed any military criteria in the administration's judgment of their success. For the Lincoln administration, the risk of these tactical setbacks were exceeded by the political support amassed every day these popular figures were in uniform, revealing how political generals and their West Point peers were judged using different standards based on distinct calculations of political gain and military effectiveness." David Work made a cross-section selection of Union political generals appointed by Lincoln, eight Republicans and eight Democrats, including Francis Preston Blair, Jr., John Adams Dix, John A. Logan, and James S. Wadsworth, among others, and scrutinized their performances during the war. He came to a conclusion that Lincoln's appointments were mostly successful as they cemented the Union and did not result in critical or unrecoverable battlefield failures. In addition, all Lincoln's appointees, even including such controversial figures as Nathaniel P. Banks, Franz Sigel, and Benjamin F. Butler, demonstrated good results as logistical, recruitment and political managers in the war's tumultuous times. Benton R. Patterson emphasized that Union political generals who understood their shortcomings regarding military education and experience, i.e., former congressman John A. Logan, who rose through the war from a regimental commander to the commanding general of the Army of the Tennessee, did rather well; some, who thought that common sense, practicality and life experience are enough to wage a war, i.e., Major General Nathaniel Banks, wrought havoc on the battlefield, causing unnecessary loss of lives. Patterson cited Major General Henry Halleck, a West Pointer, who wrote in April 1864 to General William Tecumseh Sherman commenting on Banks's exploits in Louisiana, "It seems but little better than murder to give important commands to such a man as Banks, Butler, McClernand, Sigel, and Lew Wallace, and yet it seems impossible to prevent it." To all political generals Patterson attributed a tendency of insubordination, as they frequently used their political connections to overwrite particular orders from their superiors. In addition, several generals, including Logan and Blair, left their commands to take part in the 1864 presidential campaign on behalf of Lincoln to the displeasure of professional soldiers. Lincoln as commander-in-chief experienced problems not only with political generals, but with professional West-Pointers as well, as they all were unable to realize on the battlefield the decisive Union's advantage regarding manpower and military resources until Ulysses S. Grant became the general-in-chief in March 1864. Despite all of that, Lincoln, who possessed a limited military background as a captain of a militia during the Black Hawk War, did not succumb to a temptation to become involved in a war on a tactical level, instead, as James M. McPherson put it, he chose to persist "through a terrible ordeal of defeats and disappointments". On the other side, President Jefferson Davis, who was a West Point graduate, served competently as a regimental commander during the Mexican War, and was an able United States Secretary of War under Franklin Pierce in 1853–1857, intervened frequently into the conduct of war below strategic level and made appointments based on political necessity and personal attachments; these war-making approaches did not serve him well. North Korea Kim Kyong-hui was made a general of the Korean People's Army in September 2010, despite having little military experience beforehand. United States List of prominent political generals The following is a partial list of some of the more prominent political generals on both sides, and a brief sketch of their war service. War of 1812 Henry Dearborn, former Secretary of War (1801–1809), was appointed as Senior Officer of the US Army in 1812. Despite his largely ineffective command, he continued serving until the war ended in 1815. Stephen van Rensselaer, candidate for Governor of New York, commanded American forces at the Battle of Queenston Heights. Mexican–American War James Pinckney Henderson was the incumbent governor of Texas who was granted permission from the state legislature to personally lead Texas troops in the field with the rank of major general. Henderson led the so-called "Texas Division" at the Battle of Monterrey. Joseph Lane, an Indiana Democrat, gained a reputation as "Rough and Ready No. 2", reminiscent of Zachary Taylor's nickname. Franklin Pierce was a politician from New Hampshire who had some notable military skills. He sustained a wound at the Battle of Churubusco and, due to the loss of blood, fainted on the field. This incident was described by his political rivals as cowardice, but was not enough to keep him from attaining the Presidency. John A. Quitman was a judge and former governor of Mississippi who served as a brigade commander under Zachary Taylor and as a division commander under Winfield Scott. Later in the war, he also served as the military governor of Mexico City. American Civil War Union Nathaniel Prentice Banks, former Governor of Massachusetts, held numerous commands during the war. He commanded the original V Corps (later XII Corps) at First Winchester, and also fought without distinction at Cedar Mountain and Second Bull Run as part of the Army of Virginia. He was transferred to the Department of the Gulf, and took part in the capture of Port Hudson, as well as the Red River Campaign. After that disastrous campaign, he was relieved of command. Francis P. Blair, Jr., Congressman from Missouri who aided Union efforts early in the war to save his state for the Union. He became a major general in the Union Army and eventually rose to become a corps commander. He enjoyed the confidence of Sherman, who was generally skeptical of political generals. While most politicians either resigned their seat in Congress or resigned their military commission, Blair retained his seat in Congress while still serving in the field. His brother was Montgomery Blair, who was Postmaster General in Lincoln's Cabinet. Benjamin Franklin Butler, State Senator from Massachusetts and Brigadier General in the Massachusetts militia. He lost the war's first land battle at Big Bethel on July 1, 1861, and was later put in charge of the Department of the Gulf, governing the captured New Orleans with strict discipline (and earning the derogatory nickname "Spoons" for his alleged habit of pilfering from Confederate homes). He led the Army of the James during the failed Bermuda Hundred Campaign, the Siege of Petersburg, and at Fort Fisher. After the latter, he was relieved of his command. He was later elected Governor of Massachusetts as a Democrat and ran for President in 1884 for the Greenback Party. James A. Garfield, an Ohio State Senator, rose to the rank of major general of volunteers. He served as a brigade commander in the Western Theater and was also chief of staff to William Rosecrans, before being elected to congress in the middle of the war, eventually becoming President of the United States in 1881. Joseph Holt, former Postmaster General under James Buchanan. He was appointed as Judge Advocate General of the Army by Lincoln, and later served as chief prosecutor during his assassination trial. John A. Logan, Congressman from Illinois, served as a brigade and division commander in the Western Theater under Ulysses S. Grant and William T. Sherman. Upon the death of James B. McPherson at Atlanta, Logan briefly rose to command of the famed Army of the Tennessee. Although Logan was generally a successful leader, Sherman elected not to keep a non-West Pointer in command of the army and replaced him with Oliver O. Howard, instead placing Logan in command of a corps. After the war, Logan returned to politics as a Republican. John Alexander McClernand, Congressman from Illinois, served in the Western Theater, taking part in the battles of Fort Donelson and Shiloh, and led the Army of the Mississippi against Fort Hindman (Arkansas Post) in 1863 (as part of the Vicksburg Campaign), as well as leading XIII Corps during the Siege of Vicksburg and the Red River Campaign. He was poorly regarded by his peers and frequently quarreled with Generals Ulysses S. Grant and William T. Sherman. John McAuley Palmer, Illinois state legislator, Republican party organizer, and Congressional candidate (he was defeated by McClernand), served in the Western Theater in command of a Division in the XIV Corps and later the XIV Corps itself. In these capacities, he fought in the battles of Stones River, Chickamauga and Chattanooga. Late in the war, he had a controversial stint as military governor of Kentucky. In postbellum life, he served as Illinois governor and Senator as a Democrat and ran for President in 1896 for the National Democratic Party (United States). Alexander Schimmelfennig, a Prussian veteran who helped co-ordinate the unsuccessful defence of the Rhineland during the Revolution of 1848. Wounded twice at the Battle of Rinnthal, he escaped to Switzerland before the Prussian authorities could capture him but was tried in absentia and sentenced to death. He fled to Paris, London, and finally to the United States, joining many other German "Forty-Eighters" who were later to fight with the Union such as Louis Blenker, Adolph von Steinwehr, and Carl Schurz. When, in 1862, Lincoln proposed to appoint Schimmelfennig to the command of a brigade, Secretary of War Stanton protested that there were better qualified officers available. 'His name,' Lincoln replied, '"will make up for any difference there may be", and he walked away repeating Schimmelfennig's name with a chuckle.' Schimmelfennig's brigade suffered high losses at the Battle of Gettysburg, where hundreds of men were taken prisoner by the Confederates after becoming confused in the narrow streets of the town: Schimmelfennig himself was forced to hide in a culvert and in a shed to avoid capture. He rejoined his troops several days after the battle, to the surprise of many who assumed he had been killed. He subsequently contracted both malaria and tuberculosis during Sherman's March to the Sea, the latter of which led to his death shortly after the end of the war. Daniel Sickles, the infamous New York Congressman who had been tried (and acquitted) for the murder of Philip Barton Key II, served as a brigade and division commander for the first two years of the war. He assumed command of the III Corps, Army of the Potomac in early 1863, leading it at Chancellorsville and Gettysburg. At the latter, his unauthorized maneuver of his corps into the Peach Orchard nearly caused the destruction of the Union Army. Sickles lost his leg at this battle and, although he was never officially censured for his action, never again held a field command. After the war, he served as a diplomat and played a key role in establishing national battlefield parks, including at Gettysburg. Franz Sigel, a German émigré who led, at various times, a division in the Department of Missouri, XI Corps of the Army of the Potomac, and the Department of West Virginia. Though a military academy graduate and former officer in both Baden's army and, later, its revolutionary forces, significant military success evaded him in Europe. As a revolutionary colonel, he had seen his command annihilated by the Prussians at Freiburg in 1848. In 1849, he was briefly Secretary of War and commander-in-chief of the doomed revolutionary republican government of Baden, but then needed to resign the post after being wounded in a skirmish. As an American general, Sigel was almost universally regarded as an incompetent, and was alleged to have fled from the Battle of New Market, where he was overall commander. He was, however, extremely popular with his German recruits, who shouted the slogan, "I fights mit Sigel!" He provided important recruiting services for the Union. Lew Wallace, formerly of the Indiana State Legislature, fought most famously at Fort Donelson, Shiloh, and the Monocacy, the "Battle That Saved Washington", in July 1864. After the war Wallace became Governor of New Mexico Territory, wrote the novel Ben-Hur, and served as a U.S. diplomat. His previous military experience had been serving as a volunteer lieutenant during the Mexican–American War. Confederate William Barksdale, a "Fire-Eater" and former congressman from Mississippi, led a brigade in the Army of Northern Virginia during the first two years of the war, until his death at Gettysburg. Milledge L. Bonham, a former US congressman and Confederate congressman from South Carolina, led a brigade in the Confederate Army of the Potomac until being elected governor of his home state. After his service as governor, he rejoined the Confederate Army and served in the Carolinas Campaign. John C. Breckinridge, former vice president under James Buchanan, led various brigade and division commands in the Western Theater. He quarreled often with Braxton Bragg. He served ably at Shiloh and Stones River, and also defeated Franz Sigel (see above) at the Battle of New Market in May 1864. He briefly became the Confederate secretary of war in 1865. Thomas Reade Rootes Cobb, a Confederate congressman from Georgia and brother of former governor and Treasury Secretary Howell Cobb, who also served as a general in the Confederate army. Cobb commanded a brigade in the Army of Northern Virginia, and became most famous for his defense of Marye's Heights at the Battle of Fredericksburg, where he was killed in action. John B. Floyd, former Governor of Virginia and Secretary of War under James Buchanan. He led state militia forces opposing Union operations in western Virginia in 1861, and played a major part in the Fort Donelson fiasco (see Gideon Pillow, below). After that battle, he was relegated to command of Virginia State Guard troops; he died in 1863. James L. Kemper, was elected to the Virginia House of Delegates in 1853 and became speaker of that body in 1861. Served as a brigade commander under George Pickett. Was wounded and captured during Pickett's Charge. After the war, was elected as the 37th Governor of Virginia. Gideon Pillow, a general of the Mexican–American War and prominent power in the pre-war Democratic Party. Although he opposed secession, he ultimately went south and accepted a commission. He is most widely known for fleeing (along with John B. Floyd) from Fort Donelson in February 1862, leaving the hapless third-in-command, Simon Bolivar Buckner, and the fort's 15,000-man garrison to surrender to Union forces under U.S. Grant while they saved themselves. Commanding a brigade at Stones River, he was allegedly found by division commander Breckinridge to have been cowering behind a tree as his men went into action. After that, he never held another field command. Leonidas Polk, the Episcopal bishop of Louisiana and cousin of former president James K. Polk, became the third most senior lieutenant general despite his lack of military experience, primarily due to a close friendship with President Jefferson Davis. In 1861, he led the failed invasion of neutral Kentucky, causing the state to side with the Union. He later commanded a corps in the Army of Tennessee and was killed in the Battle of Marietta. Sterling Price, a former US congressman (March 4, 1845 – August 12, 1846) and Governor of Missouri (January 3, 1853 – January 5, 1867) who was initially opposed to secession but ultimately sided with the Confederacy, led the Missouri State Guard in the 1861 Confederate invasion of the state. He was the Confederate commander at the Battle of Wilson's Creek, and served without distinction at Pea Ridge. He led an unsuccessful invasion of Missouri in 1864, which inadvertently but effectively secured Missouri and Arkansas for the Union. William "Extra Billy" Smith, former congressman and governor from Virginia, who was the oldest Confederate field commander. Despite having no previous military experience, he served as a brigade commander at the battles of Antietam, Chancellorsville and Gettysburg. After again being elected governor of Virginia in 1863, he occasionally commanded troops defending Richmond. He was an early advocate of arming blacks to provide more manpower. Robert Toombs, former congressman from Georgia and an ardent secessionist. Politically ambitious, he was made Secretary of State of the Confederacy but resigned for a field command, while simultaneously holding a seat in the Confederate congress. He led a brigade in the Army of Northern Virginia. His most famous action was the defense of Burnside's Bridge at Antietam, where he was wounded. After that battle, he resigned and served in the Confederate senate. Howell Cobb, another former congressman from Georgia and ardent secessionist from Georgia. He served as the President of the Confederate States Provisional Congress both joining the Army of Northern Virginia as a brigade commander. He would see service in the Peninsula Campaign and the Seven Days Battle, and play a key role in stemming the Union tide at the Battle of South Mountain. Transferred out in October 1862 to command the District of Georgia and Florida. He and his troops would play roles in Atlanta Campaign, where they constituted the Georgia Reserve Corps, and Wilson's Raid, where he and his troops put up a last ditch attempt to halt it at the Battle of Columbus. Spanish–American War Matthew Butler, a former Confederate major general and postwar senator from South Carolina, was appointed major general of volunteers at the beginning of the military expedition to Cuba. After the American victory, he supervised the evacuation of Spanish troops. Fitzhugh Lee (nephew of Robert E. Lee), a former Confederate major general and postwar governor of Virginia. He commanded an army corps in the war and served as the military governor of Havana with the rank of major general of volunteers. Joseph Wheeler, a former Confederate major general and postwar congressman from Alabama, who is considered to have been one of the finest cavalry officers of the Civil War. The U.S. government was wary about placing staging points for the Cuba expedition in Southern states, which were still deeply mistrustful of the federal government after suffering the trauma of losing the Civil War and then going through the Reconstruction that followed. It was decided to allow Wheeler to rejoin the US Army—from which he had resigned as a second lieutenant in 1861—at the rank of major general of volunteers. This proved to be an effective public-relations measure, helping to unite the still deeply scarred region with the rest of the country against a common enemy. Wheeler was given command of the cavalry division for the invasion of Cuba, during which he was also nominally second in command of V Corps. An oft-told anecdote has the elderly Wheeler, in the excitement of leading men into battle again, allegedly shouting to his men, "Let's go, boys! We've got the damn Yankees on the run again!" Despite that apparent hiccup of memory, Wheeler proved to still be a highly capable commander throughout the successful campaign, and was a senior member of the peace commission at its end. References Further reading Cozzens, Peter. This Terrible Sound: The Battle of Chickamauga. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1992. . Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. . Warner, Ezra J. Generals in Blue: Lives of the Union Commanders. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1964. . Politics of the American Civil War

4042058

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svetlana%20Chmakova

Svetlana Chmakova

Svetlana Chmakova () (b. October 7, 1979) is a Russian-Canadian comic book artist. She is best known for Dramacon, an original English-language (OEL) manga spanning three volumes and published in North America by Tokyopop. Her other original work includes Nightschool and Awkward for Yen Press. She has been nominated for an Eisner Award twice. Previously, she created The Adventures of CG for CosmoGIRL! magazine and the webcomic Chasing Rainbows for Girlamatic. Early life and education Chmakova was born in Russia where she was first exposed to comics after she found ElfQuest at a Moscow book stand. After she emigrated to Canada at the age of 16, she graduated from the Sheridan College Classical Animation program in 2002. She then began to publish her manga on the Internet. Career Dramacon is Chmakova's first full-length comic, telling the story of Christie Leroux, an aspiring teenage comics writer, and her experiences at her first anime convention. She attends the convention with her artist boyfriend Derek Hollman, but soon finds herself attracted to a mysterious, sun-glassed cosplayer named Matt Green. Other works by Chmakova include The Adventures of CG for CosmoGIRL! magazine and the Chasing Rainbows and Night Silver webcomics. Her art also appears in Mangaka America and Flight. On February 24, 2007 at New York Comic Con, Yen Press announced that they would be publishing Nightschool, a new original manga by Chmakova. At New York Comic Con on October 10, 2014, Yen Press announced that they would be publishing Awkward, a new original comic by Chmakova. Brave, a sequel to Awkward, was announced on April 25, 2016. Crush, the third book in the series, was released in 2017, and received the 2019 Excellence in Graphic Literature Award in the Middle Grade Category.On September 22, 2022, the next book in the series, Enemies, was released in the US and Canada Critical reaction The Atlanta Journal-Constitution described Dramacon as "surprisingly true-to-life (and occasionally harrowing) emotional drama and humor ... Creator Svetlana Chmakova doesn't skimp on character development or plot progression. Her art is top-notch as well, outstripping even many of her Japanese inspirations with clear storytelling and polished technique."Dramacon was nominated for an Eisner Award in 2007.Nightschool won the Dragon Award for Kids Comics at the Shuster Awards in 2010.Awkward was named as one of School Library Journal's Top 10 Graphic Novels of 2015. It was also named by YALSA on their list of the 2016 Great Graphic Novels for Teens. Amanda M. Vail of The Mary Sue said "it needs to be on the shelves of every school and public library."Awkward won the 2nd Annual Dwayne McDuffie Award for Kids' Comics, Dragon Award for Kids Comics at the 2016 Shuster Awards, and was nominated for an Eisner Award.Brave has received largely positive reviews by book critics. Good Comics for Kids, a blog hosted by School Library Journal called it "a surefire hit" with magnificent artwork. Brave was later named as one of the School Library Journal Top 10 Graphic Novels of 2017. It was also nominated to the YALSA list of the Great Graphic Novels for Teens, included on Amazon.com's list of Best Comics and Graphic Novels of 2017, and ICv2's Top 10 Kids Graphic Novels of 2017. Brigid Alverson named it one of her top 10 graphic novels for kids in 2017.The Weirn Books: Be Wary of the Silent Woods was nominated for the 2021 Joe Shuster Awards. Bibliography References Memmott, Carol (July 6, 2005). "Japanese manga takes humongous step". USA TODAY'', Pg. 4D. Article about Chmakova External links Svetlana Chmakova's official site Svetlana Chmakova's official Twitter Publishers Weekly interview with Chmakova Canadian comics artists Russian women artists Canadian female comics artists Russian female comics artists Canadian webcomic creators 1979 births Living people Sheridan College animation program alumni Russian emigrants to Canada Canadian women artists Female comics writers

4042070

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parmelee%20System

Parmelee System

The Parmelee Transportation System was a livery and cartage company established in the United States in 1853. In the early 20th Century, Parmelee provided taxi cab service in U.S. cities where it had franchise (purchased rights) to do so. The company was acquired by Morris Markin of the Checker Motors Corporation in the 1930s and remained under Checker control until the mid-1960s. References External links Parmelee Detailed history of the company Taxi companies Taxis of the United States

4042073

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherie%20Piper

Cherie Piper

Cherie Piper (born June 29, 1981) is a Canadian former ice hockey player residing in Markham, Ontario. She was a member of the Canadian national women's hockey team and played for the Brampton Thunder of the Canadian Women's Hockey League (CWHL). Piper has won three Olympic gold medals with the Canadian national team in 2002, 2006 and 2010, as well as one world championship title in 2004. Playing career She competed for Canada's Under 22 team from 1999 to 2001. In 1999, she competed for Ontario in the Canada Winter Games. During the 2000–01 NWHL season, Cherie Piper played with the Beatrice Aeros and finished seventh in league scoring with 37 points. Piper was a member of the Under-22 team in 2002 when she was named to the Olympic team for 2002 Salt Lake City Games ahead of veteran Nancy Drolet as part of a move to shake up a Canadian team that had lost eight consecutive games to the United States. It was a decision that shocked other members of the team. She recorded a goal and an assist in her first game of the Olympics, and finished the tournament with five points in five games in helping Canada win the gold medal. She played four seasons at Dartmouth College between 2002 and 2007, scoring 60 goals and 165 assists in 99 games for the Big Green. She missed the end of the 2003–04 season to play with the Canadian national team at the 2004 Women's World Ice Hockey Championships where she won a gold medal. Piper was named a finalist for the Patty Kazmaier Award in 2005. She led Dartmouth in scoring that season with 60 points. She won a second Olympic gold medal in 2006 and her 15 points was second to Hayley Wickenheiser (17). A knee injury in her senior year at Dartmouth forced her off of the national team for over a year and caused her to miss the 2007 World Championships. She rejoined the team in time for the 2008 tournament where she won her second silver medal. She was cut from the 2009 team, but gained a spot on the 2010 Olympic team, winning a third consecutive gold medal. Other Piper was also a member of the Canada women's national inline hockey team, winning a gold medal at the 2002 FIRS Inline Hockey World Championships. Personal Piper was born June 29, 1981 in Toronto, Ontario, the third child of Alan and Christine Piper. She has two older brothers, Michael and Stephen, and followed her brothers in taking up the sport. She was educated in the Toronto suburb of Scarborough. Her middle school was Henry Kelsey Senior Public School and her elementary school was Alex Muir Junior Public School. Piper graduated from Albert Campbell Collegiate Institute and majored in sociology at Dartmouth. On June 7, 2018, Cherie married long-time beau, Joe Butkevich, in a ceremony at Memorial Gardens in Butkevich's hometown of North Bay, Ontario. Career statistics International Dartmouth Awards and honours 2004-05 All USCHO.com Second Team Patty Kazmaier Award Finalist, 2005 References 1981 births Living people Brampton Thunder players Canadian women's ice hockey forwards Canadian women's national inline hockey team players Dartmouth Big Green women's ice hockey players Ice hockey people from Ontario Ice hockey players at the 2002 Winter Olympics Ice hockey players at the 2006 Winter Olympics Ice hockey players at the 2010 Winter Olympics Medalists at the 2002 Winter Olympics Medalists at the 2006 Winter Olympics Medalists at the 2010 Winter Olympics Mississauga Chiefs players Olympic gold medalists for Canada Olympic ice hockey players of Canada Olympic medalists in ice hockey Sportspeople from Toronto

4042092

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinschgau

Vinschgau

The Vinschgau, Vintschgau () or Vinschgau Valley ( ; ; ; medieval toponym: Finsgowe) is the upper part of the Adige or Etsch river valley, in the western part of the province of South Tyrol, Italy. Etymology The German name Vinschgau, like Italian Val Venosta, is derived from the Celtic (Rhaetian) Venostes tribes mentioned on the ancient Tropaeum Alpium. A Frankish Gau was established under Charlemagne in 772; it was first mentioned in a 1077 deed, when King Henry IV of Germany granted the estates of Schlanders in pago Finsgowe to Bishop Altwin of Brixen. Geography The Vinschgau Valley runs in a west-east orientation, from the Merano basin at Partschins up the Adige river to Reschen Pass in the northwest. The Ötztal Alps in the north, part of the Alpine crest, separate it from the upper Inn Valley. The Adige valley is further confined by the Sesvenna Alps in the west and the Ortler Alps in the south. It comprises several side valleys, such as the Suldental, the Matscher Tal, or the Schnalstal. Due to the insular location within the Central Eastern Alps, a rather warm climate and a lack of rain (400mm per year), fields, meadows and apple orchards are irrigated. Viticulture is also common. According to the 2001 census, 96.51% of the population of the valley speak German, 3.41% Italian and 0.08% Ladin as first language. Subdivision The Vinschgau District (; ) was established in 1962. The district covers the largest part of the Vinschgau region and its side valleys, in which 13 municipalities cooperate: Kastelbell-Tschars (Castelbello-Ciardes) Graun im Vinschgau (Curon Venosta) Glurns (Glorenza) Latsch (Laces) Laas (Lasa) Mals (Malles Venosta) Martell (Martello) Prad am Stilfser Joch (Prato allo Stelvio) Schlanders (Silandro) Schluderns (Sluderno) Schnals (Senales) Stilfs (Stelvio) Taufers im Münstertal (Tubre) The municipalities of Naturns (Naturno), Plaus and Partschins (Parcines) geographically belong to the lower Vinschgau region, though politically they are affiliated with the neighbouring Burggrafenamt district. References External links Vinschgau District Districts of South Tyrol

4042099

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle%20Skating%20Club

Seattle Skating Club

The Seattle Skating Club is a figure skating club and non-profit organization based in Mountlake Terrace, Washington. Notable skaters from the club include 1983 World Champion Rosalynn Sumners and the pair skating teams of Karol and Peter Kennedy and Cynthia and Ronald Kauffman, who each won multiple titles at the U.S. Figure Skating Championships. External links Seattle Skating Club web site Figure skating clubs in the United States Sports in Seattle

4042105

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acer%20tataricum

Acer tataricum

Acer tataricum, the Tatar maple or Tatarian maple, is a species of maple widespread across central and southeastern Europe and temperate Asia, from Austria and Turkey east as far as Japan and the Russian Far East. The species is named after the Tatar peoples of southern Russia; the tree's name is similarly commonly also misspelled "Tartar" or "Tartarian" in English. Description Acer tataricum is a deciduous spreading shrub or small tree growing to tall, with a short trunk up to diameter and slender branches. The bark is thin, pale brown, and smooth at first but becoming shallowly fissured on old plants. The leaves are opposite and simple, broadly ovate, long and broad, unlobed or with three or five shallow lobes, and matte green above; the leaf margin is coarsely and irregularly toothed; the leaf petiole is slender, often pink-tinged, long. The flowers are whitish-green, diameter, produced in spreading panicles in spring as the leaves open. The fruit is a paired reddish samara, long with a wing, maturing in late summer to early autumn. Taxonomy Subspecies subspecies accepted by the Plant List maintained by Kew Gardens in London. Acer tataricum subsp. aidzuense (Franch.) P.C.DeJong Acer tataricum subsp. ginnala (Maxim.) Wesm. Japan, Korea, Mongolia, eastern Russia, northeastern and central China Acer tataricum subsp. semenovii (Regel & Herder) A.E.Murray - Tibet, Afghanistan, southern Russia, Iran Acer tataricum subsp. tataricum - Caucasus, Turkey, Austria, Hungary, Romania, Serbia, Ukraine Acer tataricum subsp. theiferum (W.P.Fang) Y.S.Chen & P.C.de Jong - China Acer tataricum is related to Acer ginnala (Amur maple) from northeastern Asia; this is treated as a subspecies of Tatar maple (Acer tataricum subsp. ginnala) by some botanists but not by others. They differ conspicuously in the glossy, deeply lobed leaves of A. ginnala, compared to the matte, unlobed or only shallowly lobed leaves of A. tataricum. Gallery Cultivation and uses Tatar maple is occasionally grown as an ornamental plant in gardens throughout Europe and also in North America. In Russia, it is valued in farmland shelterbelts. It is locally naturalised in eastern North America. References External links photo of herbarium specimen at Missouri Botanical Garden tataricum Trees of Europe Trees of Asia Flora of Central Asia Flora of Eastern Asia Flora of Eastern Europe Flora of Western Asia Flora of temperate Asia Plants described in 1753 Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus

4042106

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourist%20Trophy%20%28video%20game%29

Tourist Trophy (video game)

is a 2006 motorcycle racing video game. It was designed by Polyphony Digital, the developers of the popular Gran Turismo auto racing series. Tourist Trophy is one of only four titles for the PlayStation 2 that is capable of 1080i output, another being Gran Turismo 4, the game engine of which is also used by Tourist Trophy. Tourist Trophy was first released in China on January 26, 2006, then in Japan on February 2, 2006. The North American version was officially released on April 4, 2006 with seven extra motorcycles, new riding gear, seven bonus background music tracks, enhanced visual effects, an exclusive "Semi-Pro Mode", and bike profiles. The game was launched in Australia on June 1, 2006, and in Europe the next day. The PAL version offered two additional motorcycles and five new BGM tracks from European artists Infadels, Vitalic and Hystereo. Gameplay TT Mode License School Tourist Trophy's core "Race Event" mode requires licenses, obtained after completing riding lessons on various circuits using various motorcycles. There are four licenses to unlock, and each following license is progressively more difficult to obtain and allows the player to unlock faster motorcycles in Challenge Mode upon completion. Challenge Mode Unlike the Gran Turismo games, Tourist Trophy does not contain a currency system. The player must obtain licenses in order to complete short races in "Challenge Mode", which award motorcycles to add to their garage. Motorcycles won by the player are used and tuned to compete in championships, and are unlocked for use in the game's Arcade mode. Tourist Trophy has 135 motorcycles with engine displacements from 124 cc to 1670 cc, including both road and race versions, from years 1961 through 2005. Dedicated racing bikes exist as semi-licensed "RacingModified" versions of street bikes, as well as five official fully licensed 2005 Suzuka 8 Hours endurance bikes. Motorcycles from many major manufacturers, as well as two specialized Japanese tuners, Moriwaki and Yoshimura, are included; bikes from the latter two can only be obtained as prizes in Race Events. 37 different track layouts are present in the game, including 22 original courses, the Tsukuba Circuit motorcycle layout, and two versions of Fuji Speedway as it appeared in the 1980s and 1990s. The motorcycle selection covers a broad range of modern motorcycles, including scooters, enduros, motards, sports bikes and naked bikes, as well as any respective "RacingModified" versions. For "RacingModified" bikes, a racing number from 5 through 99 can be selected—numbers 1 through 4 must be won in Race Events. Race Event Race Events are championships that consist of multiple races. Winning all races within a championship will award the player with new motorcycles and riding gear, and finishing an entire championship will grant the player's motorcycle a special racing number depending on their overall position. Prize bikes include "RacingModified" variants unavailable in Challenge Mode, and a classic racing motorcycle, the 1961 Honda RC162. Completing all 22 Race Events initially available will unlock a bonus 23rd Race Event. Completing the game will unlock an ending cinematic and add the "Clover Crown" ending theme to the "Music Theater". Riding Gear A feature exclusive to Tourist Trophy is "Riding Gear" (named "Closet" in the Asian editions). The player can unlock and collect 186 different riding accessories for their rider, including different helmets, gloves, boots or shoes, pants, jackets, and one-piece racing suits commercially available from more than a dozen manufacturers (Simpson, Vanson Leathers, Alpinestars, Arai, Shoei, Kushitani, RS Taichi, Dainese, AGV, Lewis Leathers, Bell, SPIDI, and XPD). Up to four different combinations can be saved, including two racing suits and two street riding outfits. The Suzuka 8 Hours racing motorcycles have their own respective racing suits, which can only be used with said bikes selected. The player cannot use any other riding gear with these motorcycles. Riding Form The "Riding Form" option is available in both Arcade Mode and TT Mode. Before an Arcade Mode race, the user can choose among four Riding Form presets: "Lean Body", "Neutral", "Lean Bike" and "Motard/Dirt". Lean Body focuses on quick cornering, Neutral focuses on handling, and Lean Bike prioritizes slow cornering. The Motard/Dirt form with one leg out in turns is dedicated to enduro and naked bike riding; however, the user is free to use it on all bikes. This mode is named after the mode in Gran Turismo games. In TT Mode, the user can enter the Garage Riding Form settings with up to four fully customizable forms to save. They are saved as "Form A", "Form B", "Form C" and "Motard/Dirt". Each one has eleven unique parameters and four presets: "Neutral", "Lean Body", "Lean Bike" and "Motard/Dirt" from which to choose. The adjustable parameters are as follows: "Head Roll Angle" dictates how far to the side the rider's head turns in corners. "Head Pitch Angle" dictates how far up or down the rider's head is positioned. "Lateral Slide" determines how far the rider's hips slide towards the inside of a turn. Increasing this value raises cornering speed at the cost of stability and responsiveness (as a result of the change in center of mass). "Vertical Slide" dictates how much the rider tucks their body in towards the bike in corners. "Body Lean (Full Bank)" dictates the extent to which the rider leans into corners. "Torso Roll Angle" determines how far the rider's torso leans into corners. Decreasing this value results in increased responsiveness at the cost of stability. "Torso Yaw Angle" determines how far the rider's torso twists toward corners. Decreasing this value results in increased responsiveness. "Arm Angle" determines how far in or out the rider's elbows are positioned. Decreasing this value results in increased cornering speed (due to lower drag) at the cost of responsiveness. "Seat Position (Forward/Back)" determines how far forward or back the rider sits, influencing their posture and the extent to which they tuck. "Leg Angle" works much the same as the "Arm Angle" setting; a high value offers increased responsiveness while sacrificing cornering speed. "Body Lean (Upright)" dictates the extent to which the rider tucks on straights. An increased value results in lower drag, and thus higher acceleration and top speed. Gameplay settings Tourist Trophy's default setting is "Normal". Using the Normal setting, the player can perform maneuvers such as wheelies and stoppies on powerful-enough bikes. These possibilities are disabled with the "Professional" setting. Enabling "Professional" over the arcade-oriented "Normal" will enhance the simulation aspect and difficulty level of the game. The "Professional" setting is intended to allow a more realistic experience, with manual tucking and separate front and rear brake controls instead of the default double-brake system. The in-between "Semi-Pro Mode" is an exclusive feature of the North American edition. Other options augmenting difficulty are "Strict Judgment"—a 10-second slowdown penalty for shortcuts as seen in Gran Turismo 4—and a "Best Line" display. Other features Photo Mode and Best Shot Pre-generated photos can be taken from a race replay and saved on a PS2 memory card or a connected USB flash drive, like in Gran Turismo 4. This function is known in the game as "Best Shot". Using various replay angles from different parts of the course as a digital camera, the game is able to produce a selection of screenshots with variable compression (Normal, Fine, or Super Fine) and size (up to 1280 x 960 px @ 72 dpi). Outside of Best Shot, the game's Photo Mode allows the player to take a photo at a particular moment in a replay; its parameters are almost fully adjustable, giving the player the opportunity to compose their own photographs. The user can choose to save the photo to the PS2 memory card or a USB flash drive, print it with a USB-compatible Epson printer, or display it in-game using the "Musical Diaporama" feature. Saved game screenshots can be exchanged with friends or published to the Internet. Formatting the USB device in Photo Mode or Best Shot will create the "DCIM/100PDITT" folder, allowing Tourist Trophy to store, upload and download game picture files generated under the form "IMG_00X.JPG". Standard USB 2.0 flash drives (including MP3 players and mobile phones) can be used to manage game JPEG files instead of the official I-O Data model. Replay/ghost files A memory card or USB flash drive can store Tourist Trophy replay/ghost files downloaded from either the official game website or elsewhere online, and can be used to exchange files with another USB device. Once the files are in the flash drive, the user can upload them from within the game in order to compete with a ghost (in "Time Attack" mode) or to watch a replay (in the "Replay Theater"). Each file can be used as a Replay or as a Ghost. Formatting the USB device from Theater Mode will create the "PDI" folder, allowing Tourist Trophy to store, upload and download files generated under the name "replay.dat". Standard third-party USB devices are also compatible with such files. Development Polyphony Digital reused the physics engine, graphical user interface design, and all but one circuit from Gran Turismo 4. However, the number of NPC opponents was reduced from five in existing Gran Turismo games to only three. Tourist Trophy also uses the License School feature that was popularized by the Gran Turismo series, as well as the Photo Mode introduced in Gran Turismo 4. The B-spec mode, which appeared in Gran Turismo 4, is absent in Tourist Trophy. While wet, dirt, and reverse racing conditions and tracks such as the Circuit de la Sarthe were removed, a unique course was recreated specifically for Tourist Trophy. The Circuit de la Comunitat Valenciana Ricardo Tormo is an official track appearing in the Superbike World Championship and MotoGP, which sees extensive use as a test circuit during the off season. It reappeared in Gran Turismo (PSP) due to its presence in Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters and the World Touring Car Championship, but did not appear in Gran Turismo 5. Polyphony ostensibly planned to add this track to Gran Turismo 5 (as it remains unused within the game's files), but it was left out for unknown reasons. Original soundtrack The Tourist Trophy original game soundtrack was released on March 15, 2006 by For Life Music Entertainment. Track listing Composed by: Sun Paulo and Makoto Performed by: Sun Paulo, Quadra, Makoto, KASAI and Mitsuo Okada "I against a speed" (Short Mix) – 3:14 "Discommunication" (Short Mix) – 3:32 "Who I am?" (Short Mix) – 3:46 "Forest" (Short Mix) – 8:00 "Fiber Optics" (Sun Paulo Remix) – 11:10 "Five Silver Rings" – 2:36 "Mystery" – 2:20 "Low Sky" – 2:30 "Mind Visions" – 2:31 "Introduction" – 2:34 "Far West" – 2:45 "Blue on Black" – 2:52 "Your Soul" – 2:23 "Take Your Soul" – 2:04 "Inside My Love" – 2:07 "Peaces of Mind" – 2:32 "OKINAWA WIND" – 3:00 "BRAZILIAN WIND" – 3:02 "CALIFORNIA WIND" – 3:32 "Digital Mononoke Beat PT.1" – 3:09 "Digital Mononoke Beat PT.2" – 2:49 Reception In October 2003, Sony Computer Entertainment's announcement of a Polyphony-developed motorcycle racing game generated excitement among Gran Turismo fans, and the debut of Tourist Trophy at the 2005 Tokyo Game Show was met with good reviews. The game received "average" reviews according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. In Japan, Famitsu gave it a score of all four eights for a total of 32 out of 40. The game won IGN's award for Best PS2 Simulation of 2006. Possible sequel In 2015, when asked about the possibility of a sequel to Tourist Trophy, Kazunori Yamauchi said: "I am aware that the game is expected by many fans, so I can't deny a Tourist Trophy 2". While such a sequel has not yet come to fruition, Yamauchi later admitted in an interview in 2018 that it was "still [in] the back of his mind". References External links Tourist Trophy official website, Global 2006 video games Gran Turismo (series) Motorcycle video games PlayStation 2 games PlayStation 2-only games Sony Interactive Entertainment games Racing simulators Multiplayer and single-player video games Video games developed in Japan Video games set in Hong Kong

4042112

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMDR

SMDR

SMDR may refer to: Simple Metadata Registry, a way of describing metadata Station Messaging Detail Record, a way to record telecommunications system activity, also known as Call detail record or CDR Prince Rogers Nelson song title, SMDR is an abbreviation for "Sex, Music, Drugs, Romance".

4042116

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Ross%20Roach

John Ross Roach

John Ross Roach (June 23, 1900 – July 9, 1973) was a Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender who played in the National Hockey League between 1921 and 1935. His nicknames were "Little Napoleon", "The Housecleaner", and "The Port Perry Cucumber". Playing career Roach was born in Port Perry, Ontario. He won a Stanley Cup in 1922. Roach was one of only six goalies in the NHL to captain his team when he was with the Toronto St. Patricks during the 1924–25 season. He was a First Team All-Star during the 1932–33 NHL season. Roach was known for his acrobatic style of goaltending. In the 2009 book 100 Ranger Greats, the authors ranked Roach at No. 64 all-time of the 901 New York Rangers who had played during the team's first 82 seasons. Career statistics Regular season and playoffs References External links 1900 births 1973 deaths Canadian ice hockey goaltenders Detroit Olympics (IHL) players Detroit Red Wings players Ice hockey people from Ontario New York Rangers players National Hockey League goaltender captains People from Scugog Stanley Cup champions Syracuse Stars (IHL) players Toronto Maple Leafs players Toronto St. Pats players

4042119

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/130P/McNaught%E2%80%93Hughes

130P/McNaught–Hughes

130P/McNaught–Hughes is a periodic comet in the Solar System. It takes 6.65 years to orbit the Sun and is 4.2 km in diameter. References External links Orbital simulation from JPL (Java) / Horizons Ephemeris 130P at Kronk's Cometography 130P/McNaught-Hughes – Seiichi Yoshida @ aerith.net Lightcurve (Artyom Novichonok) Periodic comets 0130 Comets in 2011 Comets in 2018 19910930

4042123

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Before%20There%20Were%20Slackers%20There%20Were...

Before There Were Slackers There Were...

Before There Were Slackers There Were... is a collection of recordings from 1992, 1994, and 1995 by The Slackers under the pseudonym, The Nods. Despite common misconception, the band was already known as The Slackers when this material was recorded and several of the tracks had previously appeared on their demo tapes. The pseudonym was used due to the album being self-released during the time that the Slackers were first signed to Hellcat Records. Track listing "Trash" – 3:20 "All I Ever Wanted" – 3:50 "You Don't Know I..." – 2:39 "Ray-Gun Sally" – 3:02 "Dead Girl" – 3:36 "Gasoline" – 2:47 "Dear Bossman" – 3:03 "Andre" – 2:58 "Sleep Outside" – 3:36 "Bed Bug" – 3:26 "Red Onions" – 2:36 "Rude Boy" – 4:22 "Sister Sister" – 2:26 "Greedy Girl" – 4:26 "Tarantula" – 2:41 "Yuk-Yah" – 5:36 1999 compilation albums The Slackers compilation albums

4042136

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark%20Lindsay

Mark Lindsay

Mark Lindsay (born March 9, 1942) is an American musician, best known as the lead singer of Paul Revere & the Raiders. Early life Lindsay was born in Eugene, Oregon, and was the second of eight children of George and Esther Ellis Lindsay. The family moved to Idaho when he was young, where he attended Wilder High School. Career Lindsay began performing at age 15 with local bands that played local venues. He was tapped to sing in a band, Freddy Chapman and the Idaho Playboys, after he won a local talent contest. After Chapman left the area, Lindsay saw the other band members and a new member, Paul Revere Dick, playing at a local I.O.O.F. Hall. He persuaded the band to allow him to sing a few songs with them. The next day, he was working at McClure Bakery in Caldwell, Idaho, when Paul Revere came in to buy supplies for a hamburger restaurant that he owned. This chance meeting began their professional relationship. The Downbeats Lindsay became lead singer and saxophone player in a band with Revere and several others. He suggested they call themselves "The Downbeats" after a magazine with the same title. They made some demo tapes in 1960 in Boise, Idaho, and signed with a record company called Gardena Records. The group scored their first national hit with the piano/guitar instrumental "Like, Long Hair" which peaked at No. 38 in the Billboard charts on April 17, 1961. After changing personnel a few more times, the band recorded the song "Louie, Louie" about the same time that a rival Pacific Northwest band, The Kingsmen, recorded the song. The Kingsmen version was the one that charted nationally, but Mark and his bandmates also were gaining attention. Paul Revere & the Raiders Around the time "Louie, Louie" was recorded, they decided to use Paul Revere's name as a gimmick and bill themselves as "Paul Revere & the Raiders". They began to dress in Revolutionary War-style outfits. Mark Lindsay carried the theme a bit further by growing his hair out and pulling it back into a ponytail, which became his signature look. Lindsay and the group caught the attention of Dick Clark, who was developing Where the Action Is, an afternoon show for the teen market. Clark hired the group as regular performers, and the group soon became very successful. Lindsay's lanky stature and good looks, as well as his excellent singing voice, quickly gained him immense popularity; he became one of the premier American teen idols of the 1960s. Lindsay soon started working not only as the singer of the group, but also as a composer and producer. The Raiders were the first rock group signed by Columbia Records and were produced by Terry Melcher, the son of actress and singer Doris Day. Lindsay and Melcher became friends and shared a house for a while. The house later became infamous as the site of the horrific murders of actress Sharon Tate and others, committed by members of Charles Manson's "family." Television By 1968 Lindsay had completely taken over the writing and producing tasks for the group. Paul Revere & the Raiders had a revolving cast of band members, with only Revere and Lindsay remaining in the group since its inception. Where the Action Is had passed into television history. Dick Clark had created another show, Happening '68, which was to be hosted by Revere and Lindsay, and was to feature the group. The group itself was featured prominently in this show, whereas in Where the Action Is, the entire group was part of an ensemble of other musical performers. Happening '68 premiered in January 1968. The show was so popular that the group also hosted a daily version over the summer of 1968, called It's Happening. Happening '68 survived into 1969, at which point the name of the show became Happening. The show was canceled in October 1969. By this time, like many other groups, Mark Lindsay and his bandmates were trying to maintain their success, but also were exploring other opportunities. Lindsay began to record solo records and to produce records for his bandmate, Freddy Weller, who went on to have his own solo success in the country music genre. Lindsay had some success with such songs as "Arizona" (1969, Billboard #10), which sold over one million copies and was awarded a gold disc; and "Silver Bird" (Billboard #25) in 1970. Lindsay recorded "Indian Reservation", a song written by John Loudermilk and made into a Hot 100 top 20 hit by Don Fardon years earlier. It was intended to be a solo recording for Lindsay, but for marketing purposes, the decision was made to release the song under the simple band name of "Raiders" with just Lindsay & Revere appearing on the track along with L.A. session players from the Wrecking Crew, and the song was retitled with a subtitle, "Indian Reservation (The Lament of the Cherokee Reservation Indian)". On the Hot 100, the record reached No. 1, whereas the highest position that Paul Revere & the Raiders had ever reached was No. 4. Lindsay continued to chart solo singles throughout 1970-71: "Miss America" (#44 - May 1970), "And the Grass Won't Pay No Mind" (#44 - November 1970), "Problem Child" (#80 - January 1971), "Been Too Long on the Road" (#98 - June 1971) and "Are You Old Enough" (#87 - October 1971). Lindsay kept his profile up by appearing on The Carpenters television variety show Make Your Own Kind of Music, as well as singing the themes to films Something Big (1971) and "Jody", the theme from Santee (1973 - credited to The Raiders). By the mid-seventies the group no longer sold as many records as they once had, and both Lindsay and the Raiders lost their Columbia contract. Lindsay officially left the group in 1975 when he and Paul Revere apparently had different visions for the group and their own individual pursuits. He did make a few more appearances in 1976 for some Bicentennial performances as well as a Dick Clark produced reunion with his Action era bandmates in 1977. After the Raiders According to a Rolling Stone interview (conducted in 1985), Lindsay left The Raiders because "there was a contractual thing I didn't agree with, and I just stopped." Lindsay continued to record solo singles for a few years (for Warner Bros., Elka and Greedy Records) before retiring from performing to serve as head of A&R for United Artists Records. He contributed to the recordings of artists such as Gerry Rafferty (on "Baker Street"), Kenny Rogers, and others. His accomplishments also included composing jingles for commercials (including Baskin-Robbins, Datsun, Kodak, Pontiac, and Levi's) and scores for motion pictures. He contributed both his voice and his musical compositions to advertisements for companies such as Yamaha, which used the music from "Silver Bird" as the background to one of its commercials. He also composed music for the movies For Pete's Sake and The Love Machine, sung by Barbra Streisand and Dionne Warwick, respectively, and for a 1982 documentary, The Killing of America, as well as a song for the movie Savage Streets. In 1980 he dubbed a voice and co-wrote the musical score (with W. Michael Lewis) for the American version of the Japanese movie Shogun Assassin. Lindsay made some appearances in 1985 in conjunction with the centennial of the Statue of Liberty, the Legends for Liberty tour (backed by the sixties rock band Spirit), and began to tour on his own again. In 1989 he quietly began recording at Kiva Studios (now House of Blues Studios of Memphis) in Memphis, Tennessee with friend Michael Bradley. Although the album Looking for Shelter was not picked up for national release, Lindsay made the album available for fans through his website in 2003. In the early nineties he met the group, The Chesterfield Kings in Rochester, New York, on one of his tours, and later collaborated with them, performing on their recording of "Where Do We Go From Here?" He also appeared in a cameo in their film, Where is the Chesterfield King? (2000). Lindsay's next official solo release was Video Dreams in 1996. This effort was warmly received and Lindsay began an even more aggressive touring schedule. Video Dreams had originally started as a duet album with Carla Olson. Lindsay previously dueted with Olson on "Ups and Downs", included on her 1994 album Reap The Whirlwind. Olson co-produced the original sessions with Lindsay and brought in Danny Federici and Eric Johnson, as well as songs written by two friends of hers, Scott Kempner of the Del Lords and Michael Nold. A disagreement about the album's direction led to the album becoming a solo album by Lindsay, though the song selection remained the same, with only one song added that had not originally been recorded with Olson. He followed this release with a holiday record (Twas the Night Before Christmas (2000)) and Live at Rick's Cafe (1999) (not a live album, but a collection of pre-rock standards). In 2003 he had announced he would retire from touring, but he later reconsidered. A recording of his first "farewell" show was released in 2004 (The Last Midnight Ride). He currently does some touring, but as of January 7, 2006, he was heard on a webcast every Saturday night on the website of KISN radio from 7 p.m. to 12 a.m. PST, titled "Mark After Dark." On November 11, 2006, "Mark After Dark" switched to FM webcast "K-Hits 106-7" KLTH Saturday nights 7 p.m. to 11 p.m. PST. On March 10, 2007, the program "Mark After Dark" changed its name to "Mark Lindsay's Rock & Roll Cafe" to refer to Lindsay's restaurant, which opened to the public in Portland, Oregon, on August 27, 2007. The restaurant included a remote studio where Lindsay did his radio show in front of restaurant guests and can be seen from the street and sidewalk. The studio was also used at times by other K-Hits air personalities. On September 21, 2007, a federal lawsuit was filed against the new restaurant for the restaurant's allegedly unauthorized use of various trademarks owned by the Yaw family, who had operated Yaw's Top Notch Restaurants in the Portland area for many years. On May 12, 2008, "Mark Lindsay's Rock & Roll Cafe" announced its closure. Lindsay's recording of Treat Her Right with Los Straitjackets in 2001 was cited by Stephen King in his column for Entertainment Weekly in May 2008. "This remake of Roy Head's 1965 soul hit smokes. And Mark Lindsay sounds so good you just gotta wonder where he was all those years." During the summers of 2010–2013, Lindsay had a heavy touring schedule throughout the U.S. as part of the Happy Together: 25th Anniversary Tour, along with Flo & Eddie of The Turtles, The Grass Roots, The Buckinghams, and 'Monkees' member Micky Dolenz (2010 and 2013 only). In 2013, Lindsay recorded an album of new material on the Bongo Boy Records label entitled, "Life Out Loud." Lindsay was on the national tour of the "Happy Together" tours of 2015, 2016, and 2018, and will be on the upcoming "Happy Together" tour of 2020. In 2022, “Silver Bird” figures prominently in the Netflix movie The Gray Man starring Ryan Gosling. Personal life Lindsay married his second wife, Deborah (née Brandt) on July 29, 1989, in McCall, Idaho, after his first marriage, to Jaime Zygon, ended in the early 1980s, and now resides in Maine downeast near Machias. Discography Albums Arizona (Columbia) 1969, US 36 Silverbird (Columbia) 1970, US 82 You've Got A Friend (Columbia) 1971, US 180 Shogun Assassin (soundtrack) (w/ Michael Lewis)(import) 1980 The Best of Mark Lindsay (Columbia) 1984 Looking for Shelter (marklindsaysounds.com) 1989; 2003 Video Dreams (alala music) 1996 This album was originally a duet project with Carla Olson. Rumors of an eventual release of the Carla / Mark version of the album known as Revenge continue. Live at Rick's Cafe (alala music) 1999 Twas the Night Before Christmas (alala music) 2000 The Last Midnight Ride (marklindsaysounds.com) 2004 Mark Lindsay: The Complete Columbia Singles (Real Gone Music) 2012 Like Nothing That You've Seen - Single (Bongo Boy Records) 2013 Show Me The Love - Single (Bongo Boy Records) 2013 Life Out Loud (Bongo Boy Records) 2013 Singles "First Hymn from Grand Terrace" (Columbia) 1969, US BB 81, US AC 24 "Arizona" (Columbia) 1969, US BB 10, US AC 16, RIAA Gold "Miss America (Columbia) 1970, US BB 44, US AC 20 "Silver Bird" (Columbia) 1970, US BB 25, US AC 7 "And the Grass Won't Pay No Mind" (Columbia) 1970, US BB 44, US AC 5; Canada RPM 34, AC 14 "Problem Child" (Columbia) 1971, US BB 80, US AC 35 "Been Too Long on the Road" (Columbia) 1971, US BB 98 "Are You Old Enough" (Columbia) 1971, US BB 87 "Something Big" (Columbia) 1972, US AC 36 "Photograph" (Columbia) 1975, US RW 113 "Sing Your Own Song" (Greedy) 1976, US CB 103, US AC 22 Production credits Singles "Tighter"/"Young Enough to Cry" (1967), Marlin - The Unknowns, single "Birds of a Feather"/"To Know Her is to Love Her" (1969), Columbia Records - single/Keith Allison "First Hymn from Grand Terrace" (1969), Columbia Records "Everybody"/"Wednesday's Child" (1969), Columbia Records - single/Keith Allison "Arizona" (1970), Columbia Records "Miss America"/"Small Town Woman" (1970), Columbia Records "Silver Bird" (1970), Columbia Records "And the Grass Won't Pay No Mind" (1970), Columbia Records "Song Seller"/"A Simple Song" (1972), Columbia Records - The Raiders, single "Love Music"/"Goodbye No. 9" (1973), Columbia Records - The Raiders, single "(If I Had it to Do All Over Again, I'd Do It) All Over You"/"Seaboard Line Boogie" (1974), CBS - The Raiders "Sing Your Own Song" (1976), Greedy - Mark Lindsay, single w/Perry Botkin, Jr. "Oklahoma"/"Oklahoma" (1977), Capitol Records - w/Terry Melcher "Sing Me High (Sing Me Low)"/"Flips-Eyed" (1977), Warner Bros. - Mark Lindsay, single "Little Ladies of the Night"/"Flips-Eyed" (1977), Warner Bros. Records - Mark Lindsay, single "Tobacco Road" (1977), United Artists - Ritchie Lecea, exec. producer, single "Theme from Mork and Mindy"/"Disco Kicks" (1979), Ariola - Cake, w/Perry Botkin, Jr., single "Disco Kicks" (1981), J & D - The Original Mass, w/Perry Botkin, Jr., 12-inch single Albums Something Happening (1968), Columbia Records - Paul Revere & the Raiders Hard and Heavy (With Marshmallow) (1969), Columbia Records - /Paul Revere & the Raiders Alias Pink Puzz (1969), Columbia Records - Paul Revere & the Raiders Games People Play (1969), Columbia Records - Freddy Weller Listen to the Young Folks (1970), Columbia Records - Freddy Weller, 3 tracks Collage (1970), Columbia Records - The Raiders Indian Reservation (1971), Columbia Records - The Raiders You've Got a Friend (1971), Columbia Records - Mark Lindsay, all but two tracks Country Wine (1972), Columbia Records - The Raiders Boy from New York City (1979), United Artists - Michael Christian, w/Perry Botkin, Jr. Lifeline (1979), United Artists - Paul Balfour, w/Perry Botkin, Jr. Shogun Assassin Soundtrack (1980), Toshiba - Wonderland Philharmonic unreleased Paul Revere & the Raiders album w/vocalist Michael Bradley (1982) Looking for Shelter (1990), marklindsaysounds.com - Mark Lindsay, w/Michael Bradley Video Dreams (1996), alala - Mark Lindsay Live at Rick's Cafe (1999), alala - Mark Lindsay, w/W. Michael Lewis Twas the Night Before Christmas (2000), marklindsaysounds.com - Mark Lindsay, w/W. Michael Lewis The Last Midnight Ride (2004), marklindsaysounds.com - Mark Lindsay FilmographyShogun Assassin (1980)The Killing of America'' (1982) References External links Mark Lindsay's MySpace Page Official Website 1942 births Living people Musicians from Eugene, Oregon Musicians from Portland, Oregon American rock singers American rock songwriters American male singer-songwriters People from Wilder, Idaho American male saxophonists American multi-instrumentalists Singer-songwriters from Oregon 21st-century American saxophonists 21st-century American male musicians Singer-songwriters from Idaho Paul Revere & the Raiders members

4042148

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Know-Nothing%20Riots%20of%201856

Know-Nothing Riots of 1856

The Know-Nothing Riots of 1856 occurred in Baltimore between September and November of that year. The Know-Nothing Party gained traction in Baltimore as native-born residents disliked the growing immigrant population. Local street gangs became divided on political grounds, with the Know-Nothing affiliated gangs clashing with Democrat affiliated gangs. The partisans were involved in widespread violence at the polls and across Baltimore during municipal and national elections that year. The Know Nothing Party platform The Know-Nothing Party originated in New York in 1844, when the American Republican Party officially split from the American Whig Party. The Know-Nothing Party's central policies were nativist, or hostile to immigrants. Nativists feared that the immigrants would use their voting power to elect unsuitable politicians, given the generalization that immigrants were aligned with radical political groups and typically worked in low paying jobs. Know-Nothing policies were highly anti-Catholic, as Know-Nothings feared that Catholics were more loyal to the church than the government. Irish Catholics were the main targets of nativist discrimination in the nineteenth century. Origins of the Know-Nothing Party in Baltimore, Maryland The Know-Nothing Party gained traction in Baltimore as the population of immigrants grew during the 1850s, and immigrants competed with native-born Americans for jobs. In 1850, twenty percent of Baltimore's population were immigrants, and by 1854, immigrants made up about 1/4 of the total population. Historian Jean H. Baker argues that sixty percent of the state population were Methodists who often associated Catholicism with stereotypes of immoral behavior among immigrants,. The Party's first meeting in Baltimore took place August 18, 1853 with about 5,000 in attendance. The party's central policies called for secularization of public schools, complete separation of church and state, freedom of speech, and regulating immigration. The first Know-Nothing candidate elected into office in Baltimore was Mayor Samuel Hinks in 1855. Geography of politics in Maryland In the 1850s, ethnic groups often separated themselves into "territories" that neither native born or immigrants dared to cross. The Lexington Market area was predominantly Democratic while Know-Nothings generally lived in the Federal Hill area in Baltimore By 1857 Know-Nothings dominated cities in eastern and western Maryland. The cities of St. Michaels and St. Fredericks, with larger immigrant populations, were heavily Know-Nothing, showing hostility between native-born and immigrants that lived in the same place. Predominantly Democrat areas were higher in Catholic and immigrant populations, such as Leonardtown. Violence in Baltimore The formation of Baltimore street gangs Baltimore street gangs formed in the early 19th century but became more formally organized around the 1830s. The New Market Fire Company became notorious in Baltimore, often feuding with the gang called the Rip Raps. Street gangs in Baltimore developed connections with politicians from opposing political parties in the 1830s. The founding members of the Plug Uglies street gang were strongly nativist. General violence Baltimore was given the nickname "Mob-Town" because of a longer history of rioting and a poorly staffed police force that did little to stop the violence. Historian Jean H. Baker argues that violence regularly broke out in Baltimore on days when men did not have to work, and riots were very likely to break out during weekend activities such sporting events and festivals. Historian David Grimsted argues that there was at least one large riot yearly between local fire companies in Baltimore 1856-1861, and the tolerance for this violence by political figures was "but a step to the election riots that disgraced Baltimore." Election violence Violence on election days was especially common in nineteenth century Baltimore, as polling places were located in predominantly native-born districts, so immigrants travelling to these polling places were often targeted by nativist rivals. Historian Jean H. Baker argues that both Democrats and Know-Nothings in Baltimore used "press, pamphlet, and political speech," to promote violence in the name of political gains. 1856 Election riots September 12th riot September 12, 1856, on the celebration of Baltimore's founding, local Know-Nothing associated gangs the Blood Tubs, the Wampanoags, and the Rip Raps raided a tavern and fired shots. Two people were killed, and around twenty were injured. This riot solidified Baltimore's reputation of lawlessness in nationwide newspaper coverage. Municipal election riot on October 8th The days leading up to the municipal election on October 8, were already marked by violence between the Democrats and Know-Nothings. A riot ensued on October 5, 1856, when Democrats tore down a Know-Nothing flag. The Democrats, trying to ward off the Know-Nothings, took cover in a nearby home and had a cannon. Police interfered, arresting several Democrats. The next day, October 6, 1856, a shootout ensued after Know-Nothings provoked Democrats on Baltimore Street. Know-Nothings also sacked a tavern owned by Democrat Sam McElwee in the Centre Market area. Know-Nothings were about to raid the Democrat "Empire House" but were apprehended by police. Know-Nothings fled from the police towards Jones' Falls, ending in a fifteen minute shootout on Holliday Street between the rival parties. Election day October 8, 1856 was marked with violence in twenty city wards in Baltimore. Democrats incited a riot in the eighth ward, nicknamed "The Irish Eighth," when Democrats tried to drive Know-Nothings out of the eighth ward's polls, and a shootout occurred on Monument Street. 3 Democrats were killed. The same day another riot took place when Know-Nothing affiliated Rip Raps plundered the Democratic New Market Fire Company firehouse in the Lexington Market Area. 2 Know-Nothings died in the crossfire. Historian Tracy Matthew Melton argues that the widespread riots of the day signified the deadliest outburst of violence in Baltimore history at that point. The partisans involved were overwhelmingly well-known fighting men with deep connections to the street violence of the fire companies. During the fighting at Lexington Market, Rip Raps specifically targeted the tavern owned by Petty Naff, the New Market's most notorious rowdy. Petty Naff was a target for Know-Nothing rivals as he led the New Market Fire Company. Naff was notorious in Baltimore for his history of conflict with the police, involvement in riots, assault charges, and his alleged connection to the murder of two men. National and state election riot November 4th National and state elections took place on November 4, 1856. Mayor Swann ordered the Maryland Light Division of Infantry to be on standby, but it was never put to action during the violence of that day, and Swann refused Governor Ligon's offering of military reinforcement. Tensions over whether or not the results of the election would be fairly polled resulted in election violence. In Baltimore's 6th ward, a mob fired a cannon at police. In the 2nd ward, Know-Nothings were thrown out of polling stations by Democrats, but Democrats were eventually curbed by Know-Nothings from the 4th ward who provided back-up. 67 people were injured and 17 died in the events of the riot. Know-Nothing Candidate for President Millard Fillmore was victorious in Baltimore, receiving 16,900 votes. Maryland was the only state in which Fillmore won votes in the electoral college. Response and continued violence Government response In the aftermath of the 1856 election riots, charges were pressed against only two men involved. Charges were dropped against one man and the other man was acquitted. Historian Tracy Matthew Melton argues that local street gangs' affiliation with the Know-Nothing or the Democratic parties allowed them to commit acts of violence without consequences. On December 1st, 1856, a bill was presented to the City Council that would strengthen the police force. The new force, led a Marshal, would consist of 397 men of the Mayor's choosing. All officers were to be given a fixed pay, a baton, a gun, and an official uniform. Baltimore would be separated into districts where police would surveil the streets at all times. The bill was approved by Mayor Swann on January 1, 1857 and went into effect March 1, 1857. In the city elections of 1857, officials hoped to better prepare to control instances of election violence. Governor Thomas Ligon ordered George H. Steuart's militia of over 3,000 men because he felt that local authorities did not adequately respond to violence. Ligon was met with criticism by Mayor Swann, who argued that it was unconstitutional for the governor to order a militia without seeking permission first. Local officials ruled that Ligon did not have legal grounds to call a militia and did not provide enough evidence to support the need for one. Mayor Swann instead ordered 200 special policeman to support the existing force on election day. Additionally, Mayor Swann reinforced the existing police force, adding 105 men. The strengthened police force proved to be ineffective, as policemen did little to interfere during outbreaks of violence during election. To prevent violence at the polls, the city wards were redrawn and the number of polling stations increased, but the two parties would freely relocate the polls themselves. The Democratic Party in Baltimore asked voters to submit evidence of voter suppression by Know-Nothings. Continued violence Election violence and fraud in Baltimore continued in the following years despite efforts to stop it. In the 1857 gubernatorial election, riots were not as common but voter suppression was employed by Know-Nothings. Know-Nothings would beat anyone who was not voting on a Know-Nothing Ballot, marked by a red stripe. Know-Nothing candidate Thomas Holliday Hicks was elected governor, and assured that he would "Never call on a militia the night before an election," like Governor Ligon did. See also 1856 United States presidential election Baltimore railroad strike of 1877 Baltimore riot of 1861 Samuel Hinks Know-Nothing Party Know-Nothing Riot List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States Presidential Election of 1856 Thomas Swann Xenophobia in the United States Notes References 1856 in Maryland 1856 riots 1856 in the United States Riot of 1856 Political riots in the United States Riots and civil disorder in Baltimore

4042157

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raptor%20rehabilitation

Raptor rehabilitation

Raptor rehabilitation is a field of veterinary medicine dealing with care for sick or injured birds of prey, with the goal of returning them to the wild. Since raptors are highly specialized predatory birds, special skills, facilities, equipment, veterinary practices and husbandry methods are necessary. Raptor rehabilitators often use falconry techniques or gain assistance from falconers to exercise the birds prior to their release, as their muscles often atrophy during their convalescence. In the United States, a license is required to possess any bird which falls under the Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918 (MBTA), and so the rehabilitators are under loose scrutiny from their state wildlife management authority as well as the United States Fish and Wildlife Service. Raptors that cannot be released back into the wild are sometimes used for education or transferred to licensed falconers. Some states require that birds that cannot be placed or released be euthanized. Most states do not allow rehabilitators to keep raptors under their rehabilitation permit for more than a few months. No funds for raptor rehabilitation are provided by the U.S. government, though it claims ownership of all raptors protected by the MBTA. How raptors become injured The most common ways that a raptor may become sick or injured are lead poisoning, electrocution, and collisions. Birds that have been poisoned may require treatment and rehabilitation if the amount of lead in their blood is greater than 0.4 parts per million. Raptors that have been electrocuted usually do not survive the initial electrocution, so rehabilitation is not possible. Raptors that experience collisions, with cars, windows, or barbed wire, often have broken bones that require rehabilitation. Rehabilitating a raptor Using physiotherapy to rehabilitate raptors after surgery Two case studies, one involving a black hawk eagle and the other a roadside hawk, have shown that physiotherapy may allow for the shortest recovery time for Raptors that have experienced collisions and required surgery. The rehabilitation process for a raptor that requires surgery begins two weeks after the surgery. The first therapies the birds should receive are contrast therapies and passive mobility therapies. Contrast therapy is applied by alternating hot and cold water packs on the affected area. The purpose of this therapy is to decrease swelling and pain in the affected area, this therapy should occur four times a week for two weeks. Passive range of motion therapy involves manually forcing movements similar to the movements the affected joint would experience in the wild. This movement helps to loosen the joints and improves the range of motion in the affected area; the bird should be stretched four times a week for four weeks. Four weeks after surgery the raptor should begin isometric resistance and stabilization exercises. The isometric resistance routine involves manually applying resistance when the bird moves the affected area, this is done to increase the strength of the affected area. As the bird gains strength, the amount of resistance should be increased, the raptor should perform these exercises until fully recovered. The first stabilization exercise that the bird should complete is to balance on a rotating perch. When the birds perch is rotated it must use the muscles and joints in the affected area to maintain its balance on the perch, this improves the birds strength and posture. When exercising the perch should be rotated clockwise, counterclockwise, left, and right. For the second stabilization exercise the raptor should be placed on an inflatable plastic cushion, with a mat on top to prevent popping. The bird will slide on top of the cushion and will be forced to use the affected area to maintain balance, increasing its strength. The raptor should perform these stabilization exercises until fully recovered. Release of rehabilitated raptors Raptors that have undergone rehabilitation and treatment are assessed on whether they are fit to be released back into the wild depending on flight quality (i.e., flight symmetry, lack of excessive panting, and the ability to gain altitude from the ground), and their ability to catch live prey; eagles and vultures are exceptions. Except for threatened and endangered species, post-release monitoring is not common due to its costly and time-consuming nature. If monitored, it is done through telemetry tracking such as GPS and tagging of the bird. References Bird health

4042166

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9j%C3%A0%20Vu%20%28company%29

Déjà Vu (company)

Deja Vu Services, Inc., is an American company that operates nearly 200 strip clubs in the United States, United Kingdom, Australia, France, Canada, and Mexico. It also operates a large chain of adult retail stores, adult websites, adult production studios, gay bars, nightclubs, sports bars, karaoke bars, restaurants, and has substantial real estate holdings. As the largest strip club operator in the world, it is also one of the largest adult businesses in history. Its flagship locations in Las Vegas and Tijuana are the largest adult nightclubs in the World. The company is headquartered in Henderson, Nevada, a Las Vegas suburb. It was founded by Harry Mohney, who opened his first Deja Vu Showgirls club in Lake City, WA, in 1985 with partners Larry Flynt and Roger Forbes. Deja Vu had a humble beginning when Mohney secured employment in the early 1960s as a projectionist at a drive-in movie theater in Durand, Michigan, later converting the failing enterprise into the infamous "Durand Dirties" drive-in porn theater. The company quickly grew to over 300 adult theaters and stores nationally. Mohney pioneered the concept of the modern strip club in 1971, opening various "go-go" bars in the Midwest. An elusive man often referred to as the "Howard Hughes of Porn," Mohney was the largest distributor of pornography from the late '60s to the mid '90s, grossing nearly $1 billion in the distribution business between 1970 and 1998. That business largely concluded with Mohney serving three years in federal prison for tax-related crimes. While he was indicted over 100 times, this was the only charge that ever resulted in a conviction. While Deja Vu's clubs operate under nearly 30 brand names, many are called Deja Vu Showgirls, Little Darlings, Dream Girls, Larry Flynt's HUSTLER Club, or HUSTLER's Barely Legal Club. Mohney's long-time friend, Larry Flynt, licenses Deja Vu the brand names for the HUSTLER Clubs and HUSTLER Hollywood stores, but is not involved in their operations. Deja Vu has monopolies or near-monopolies in many areas, including San Francisco, Washington State, and Tijuana, Mexico. The clubs typically aim for a clean and upscale atmosphere and offer fully nude or topless stage dancing as well as lap dances. Deja Vu clubs are widely known for hosting industry-wide contests, including Showgirl of the Year, Pole Princess, and Showgirl Spectacular. Its publicity stunts and charity events at various clubs often garner international media attention. Legal filings have indicated that Deja Vu’s affiliated entities have “ownership or controlling interest” in the real estate of more than 60% of the licensed adult entertainment clubs and stores in California.  Its other noteworthy real estate holdings include most of Bourbon Street in New Orleans and a large portion of the real estate zoned for adult entertainment in many major cities in Minnesota, Florida, and Ohio. Deja Vu's operation also includes a large chain of adult retail stores with nearly 60 locations. Those businesses also operate under a variety of trade names, including HUSTLER Hollywood, The Love Boutique, Adult Emporium, and Pleasure Emporium. They sell adult merchandise such as sex toys, lingerie, DVDs, etc., with most also featuring adult theaters and arcades. Deja Vu's Erotic Heritage Museum in Las Vegas is a non-profit educational museum that features the world's largest collection of historical erotica, sexual artifacts, antique sexual devices, and one-of-a-kind exhibits, with nearly 30,000 feet of exhibition and education space. Its grand patron is Harry Mohney, with many items borrowed from his expansive personal collection. While Deja Vu does not publicize all of its assets, various newspaper articles and legal filings have disclosed investment in an array of companies, including various adult video production studios and websites, popular gay bars like The Gay 90's, renowned nightclubs like The World-Famous Cat's Meow, and even national restaurant chains like Dick's Last Resort. The company is also known for having operated various businesses that set various landmark First Amendment Supreme Court decisions, including Miller v. California, Marks v. United States, City of Los Angeles v. Alameda Books, Inc., and Barnes v. Glen Theater, Inc. Awards 1998 Exotic Dancer Award – Club Chain of the Year 1999 Exotic Dancer Award – Club of the Year (Midwest) – Lansing, Michigan 1999 Exotic Dancer Award – Club of the Year (Southwest) – Ontario, California 1999 Exotic Dancer Award – Industry Innovator of the Year – Harry Mohney 2000 Exotic Dancer Award – Club Chain of the Year 2001 Exotic Dancer Award – Club Chain of the Year 2001 Exotic Dancer Award – Club of the Year (Northwest) – Seattle, Washington 2002 Exotic Dancer Award – Club Chain of the Year 2003 Exotic Dancer Hall of Fame – Harry Mohney 2004 Exotic Dancer Award – Club Chain of the Year 2006 Exotic Dancer Award – Club Chain of the Year 2008 Exotic Dancer Award – Club Chain of the Year 2008 Exotic Dancer Award – General Manager of the Year – Sherry Cooper (Industry, California) 2008 Exotic Dancer Hall of Fame – Jim St. John 2008 FSC Legacy Award – Harry Mohney 2009 Exotic Dancer Award – Club Chain of the Year 2010 Exotic Dancer Award – Club Chain of the Year 2011 Exotic Dancer Award – Club of the Year (Southeast) – Nashville, Tennessee 2012 Exotic Dancer Award – Club Chain of the Year 2013 Exotic Dancer Award – Club of the Year (Midwest) – Lansing, Michigan 2013 Exotic Dancer Award – Club of the Year (Northeast) – New York, New York 2013 Exotic Dancer Award – Club of the Year (West) – San Francisco, California 2013 Exotic Dancer Award – General Manager of the Year – Ken DeGori (San Francisco, California) 2013 Exotic Dancer Award – DJ of the Year – Jon Harmon (San Francisco, California) 2014 Exotic Dancer Award – Club of the Year (East) – Lexington, Kentucky 2014 Exotic Dancer Award – Club of the Year (West) – San Francisco, California 2015 Exotic Dancer Hall of Fame – Joe Carouba 2015 Exotic Dancer Award – Club of the Year (East) – Baltimore, Maryland 2015 Exotic Dancer Award – Club of the Year (Central) – Washington Park, Illinois 2015 Exotic Dancer Award – Club Employee of the Year – Ashely Sponsler (San Francisco, California) 2015 Exotic Dancer Award – DJ of the Year – Jay Crowley (San Francisco, California) 2016 Exotic Dancer Award – Club of the Year (West) – San Francisco, California 2016 Exotic Dancer Award – Club of the Year (Southwest) – San Francisco, California 2017 Exotic Dancer Award – Club of the Year (Central) – Dallas, Texas 2017 Exotic Dancer Award – Club of the Year (West) – Las Vegas, Nevada 2018 Exotic Dancer Award – Club Chain of the Year 2019 Exotic Dancer Award – Club of the Year (South) – Nashville, Tennessee 2019 Exotic Dancer Award – Club of the Year (Central) – Dallas, Texas See also List of strip clubs References Sources Sex Trade Workers Organize, by Rebecca Kavoussi Stripping, a First Hand Account Collection of newspaper articles about Harry Mohney Battle of the Peeps, by Jay Allen Sanford Justice for Strippers, SFist, 2005-12-12 External links Deja Vu Website Strip clubs Entertainment companies of the United States Companies based in Las Vegas Adult entertainment companies

4042167

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%2450

$50

There are many $50 banknotes, bills, or coins, including: Australian fifty-dollar note Canadian fifty-dollar bill New Zealand fifty-dollar note United States fifty-dollar bill Nicaraguan fifty-cordoba note Hong Kong fifty-dollar note, One of the banknotes of the Hong Kong dollar One of the banknotes of Zimbabwe Other currencies that issue $50 banknotes, bills, or coins are:

4042168

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colloquy

Colloquy

Colloquy may refer to: Colloquy (religious), a meeting to settle differences of doctrine or dogma Colloquy (company), a loyalty marketing company based in Milford, Ohio Colloquy (law), a legal term Colloquy (IRC client), an IRC client for Mac OS X and iOS See also Northwestern University Law Review Colloquy, the online companion of the Northwestern University Law Review

4042170

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew%20Surman

Andrew Surman

Andrew Ronald Edward Surman (born 20 August 1986) is a former professional footballer who played as a midfielder. He made over 100 appearances for both Southampton and AFC Bournemouth. Surman also played for Wolverhampton Wanderers, Walsall, Norwich City and Milton Keynes Dons over the course of a 17-year professional career. Club career Early career Surman was born in Johannesburg, South Africa, where his parents had moved to from Britain, whilst his father worked for an insurance company. His parents returned to the city of Southampton in 1995, and he joined Tyro League club Hedge End Rangers, where he was spotted by Southampton club scouts and invited to join the Saints academy. He attended St. Mary's College in Bitterne and captained the football team. Southampton Surman was the youngest player ever to play for the Saints Reserves until Theo Walcott took his record. He scored on his league debut when on loan to Walsall during the 2004–05 season, and, when he rejoined the Saints at the beginning of the 2005–06 season, he performed well on their pre-season tour of Scotland. He then enjoyed a successful loan spell with AFC Bournemouth between August 2005 and January 2006, playing in every league match for the team, and scoring six goals. He might have figured in Southampton's FA Cup tie against Milton Keynes Dons, but was cup-tied, having played earlier in the season for Bournemouth against Tamworth. Surman made his full team debut for Southampton on 25 January 2006 under new manager George Burley at home to Crystal Palace, and in the next league match scored his first Southampton goal in a 2–1 defeat against Plymouth Argyle. On 17 February 2007, he scored a hat-trick (two strikes from outside the penalty box and a penalty) in the 5–2 victory over Barnsley. He became a vital part of the Southampton first team over the 2006–07 season, and was a part of their unsuccessful play-off bid, losing on penalties to Derby County after a 4–4 aggregate draw, where his great strike was not enough to take Saints to Wembley. Wolverhampton Wanderers Surman joined newly promoted Premier League side Wolverhampton Wanderers in a three-year deal, plus another year's option, for a fee worth around £1.2 million on 1 July 2009. Following his move to Wolves, Surman expressed his sadness of leaving Southampton and described the club's plight as "unbelievable". Surman made his debut on 18 August 2009 against Wigan Athletic, coming on for Greg Halford. He made his first Premier League start on 21 November 2009 against Chelsea, but struggled to hold down a first team place, making just nine appearances in total for the club. Norwich City Surman signed for newly promoted Championship side Norwich City on 22 June 2010 in a three-year deal for an undisclosed fee. He made his debut on 6 August 2010 in the 3–2 defeat to Watford at Carrow Road. After an impressive start to his Norwich City career, he sustained a knee injury in training, two days before the 2–1 victory over Barnsley on 11 September 2010. He returned to action against Leeds United on 20 November in a 1–1 draw. He was subbed on 60 minutes. He suffered a re-occurrence of the injury in the 4–1 victory over Ipswich Town which sidelined him until February 2011. To improve his fitness, Surman played 65 minutes in the Norfolk Senior Cup match against Dereham. He made three appearances off the bench for the first team before making his first start in the 2–0 victory over Barnsley, playing the full 90 minutes. He scored his first goal for Norwich in a 3–1 win against Bristol City. On 15 April 2011, Surman scored the winning goal in a 2–1 win over Nottingham Forest. The following week, Surman scored the opener in the 5–1 win over Ipswich at Portman Road on 21 April 2011. At the end of the season, Norwich City was promoted to the Premier League after a six-year absent. Surman played in three out of the opening four Premier League fixtures before losing his place, with manager Paul Lambert choosing to play a 4–2–3–1 formation, with Surman as an unused substitute, before returning to the starting line-up at the end of November. On 20 December 2011, he scored the opening goal against Wolves with a header in a 2–2 draw. On 14 January 2012, he scored the opening goal against West Bromwich Albion with a left-footed shot in a 2–1 win. On 4 February, he scored the opening goal against Bolton Wanderers with a right-footed shot in a 2–0 win. Surman believes that making more appearances in the Premier League is making him produce the best performances of his career. On 14 April 2012, he scored the only goal in the match for Norwich in a 6–1 defeat by Manchester City. After the match, Surman said that the defeat to Manchester City would turn things around to winning ways for Norwich by the end of the season. After Norwich survived in the Premier League, Surman signed a new three-year deal which will keep him at the club until 2015, saying, "It feels great. It's an honour for me to sign another contract at Norwich City. I've really enjoyed my time here and I'm looking forward to another three years at the club, It has been amazing. Everyone keeps talking about these last three years at the club, winning two promotions and then staying in the Premier League." After starting the new season in the team, Surman was ruled out of first team action from October until the New Year after suffering a knee injury in training. AFC Bournemouth On 31 July 2013, Bournemouth completed the signing of Surman on a one-year loan deal. Surman played a vital role in Bournemouth's first team in the 2013–14 season, making 35 appearances for the club. On 1 September 2014, he completed a permanent move to the club. On 2 May 2015, Surman was part of the Bournemouth team which won the Championship title and promotion to the Premier League. In Bournemouth's debut season and Surman's return to the Premier League, Surman was only one of three players (the other two being Wes Morgan and Kasper Schmeichel of Leicester City) to achieve playing every minute of every Premier League match. Although not scoring any goals that season, he received critical acclaim from manager Eddie Howe for his consistency. On 4 March 2017, Surman was sent off for two bookable offences in a 1–1 draw against Manchester United, the second being for a push on Zlatan Ibrahimović after the latter had elbowed Tyrone Mings. On 15 September 2017, he scored his first Premier League goal for Bournemouth in 64 Premier League appearances, in a 2–1 victory against Brighton. In July 2020, he was released by Bournemouth. Milton Keynes Dons On 17 November 2020, Surman signed a short-term deal with League One club Milton Keynes Dons. He made his debut on 21 November 2020 in a 3–1 home defeat to Hull City. On 14 January 2021, his contract was extended until the end of the season. On 20 February 2021, Surman scored his first goal for the club in a 4–3 home win over Northampton Town. Retirement In July 2021, Milton Keynes Dons manager Russell Martin reported that Surman was yet to sign a new contract with the club and was likely to retire as a player. His retirement was seemingly confirmed by Bournemouth manager Scott Parker on 31 July 2021 in comments published in Bournemouth's match-day programme ahead of their EFL Cup first round fixture with MK Dons. Parker said of Surman: "He was a really talented midfielder and I wish him and his family all the best as they move into the next stage of their lives." International career Although qualified to play for South Africa, he was selected for the England under-21 national team for the European Championship qualifiers away to Montenegro on 7 September and Bulgaria on 11 September. In the match against Montenegro, he came on as a second-half substitute and scored the final goal in a 3–0 victory, tapping the ball home in stoppage time from a knock-down by former Saints' trainee Dexter Blackstock. In September 2012, Surman said that he had been "approached" to see if he was interested to play for South Africa. Though he declined, he said it was a "great honour to be approached". He went on to say that he has put any international ambitions "on the back burner" as he needs to concentrate fully on club matters and his family. He explained that "it would be a lot, especially with the African Nations Cup, to be travelling around the world". In July 2017, he told the Daily Echo: "I have never ruled out playing for South Africa but my priority has always been my club football. The past two or three years have been hugely important for me. If I had gone to play international football things might not have worked out the same way. I was really honoured to be called up and it certainly was not something I turned up my nose at. I really, seriously, considered it. But I have a young family and international football is a big commitment." Personal life In April 2015, Surman's wife gave birth to the couple's third child. Career statistics Honours Norwich City Football League Championship runner-up: 2010–11 AFC Bournemouth Football League Championship: 2014–15 References External links Andrew Surman profile at the AFC Bournemouth website 1986 births Living people Sportspeople from Johannesburg South African soccer players English footballers England under-21 international footballers Association football midfielders Southampton F.C. players Walsall F.C. players Milton Keynes Dons F.C. players AFC Bournemouth players Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C. players Norwich City F.C. players English Football League players Premier League players White South African people South African people of British descent People educated at St Mary's College, Southampton

4042174

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%2410

$10

There are many $10 banknotes, bills or coins, including: Australian ten-dollar note Canadian ten-dollar note Nicaraguan ten-cordoba note United States ten-dollar bill Hong Kong ten-dollar note Hong Kong ten-dollar coin One of the Namibian dollars One of the banknotes of Zimbabwe Other currencies that issue $10 banknotes, bills or coins are:

4042180

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%245

$5

There are many $5 banknotes, bills or coins, including: Australian five-dollar note Canadian five-dollar note New Zealand five-dollar note United States five-dollar bill Hong Kong five-dollar coin Hong Kong five-dollar note Other currencies that issue $5 banknotes, bills or coins are: See also "5 dols", a 2018 song by Christine and the Queens, simultaneously released in English as "5 Dollars"

4042187

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroline%20Ouellette

Caroline Ouellette

Caroline Ouellette (born May 25, 1979) is a Canadian retired ice hockey player and current associate head coach of the Concordia Stingers women's ice hockey program. She was a member of the Canadian national women's ice hockey team and a member of Canadiennes de Montreal in the Canadian Women's Hockey League. Among her many accomplishments are four Olympic gold medals, 12 IIHF Women's World Championship medals (six gold, six silver), 12 Four Nations Cup medals (eight gold, four silver) and four Clarkson Cup championships. Ouellette is in the Top 10 in all-time NCAA scoring with 229 career points. She is a member of the Triple Gold Club (not officially recognized by the IIHF for women) as one of only three women to win the Clarkson Cup, an Olympic gold medal and an IIHF Women's World Championship gold medal. Along with teammates Jayna Hefford and Hayley Wickenheiser, Ouellette is one of only five athletes to win gold in four consecutive Olympic games. Nicknamed Caro by her teammates, she started playing hockey at the age of nine. She is the co-founder of athletichub.com, which helps student-athletes navigate the recruitment process, and an ambassador for Right to Play and Carrément Rose. Ouellette retired as a player from Canada's national women's team on September 25, 2018. In 2023, she will be inducted into the IIHF Hall of Fame. Playing career Ouellette played for Team Quebec at the 1995 Canada Winter Games, and won gold for Canada's Under 18 team in 1997. When the Canadian Under 19 women's hockey team was founded on May 15, 1996, Ouellette was one of the played name to the team. One of her teammates was future Olympic speed skater Cindy Klassen. The head coach was Daniele Sauvageau Ouellette represented Team Quebec at the 1998 Esso women's hockey nationals. She scored a goal and two assists in the bronze medal game, as Team Quebec was awarded the Maureen McTeer Trophy. During the 2011 IIHF Eight Nations Tournament, Ouellette assisted on all three goals as Canada defeated Finland by a 3–2 tally in round robin play. In the gold medal game of the 2011 Four Nations Cup, Ouellette notched a goal in a 4–3 loss. Ouellette has taken part in 3 Olympic Games, 9 World Championships and 9 Four Nations Cups. In 157 international games with Team Canada, Ouellette has racked up 169 points. In a game versus Russia at the 2012 IIHF Women's World Championship, Ouellette logged three assists in a 14–1 victory. Ouellette would score the game-winning goal in overtime versus the United States in the final game at the 2012 IIHF Women's World Championship, as Canada claimed the gold medal. NCAA Ouellette attended the University of Minnesota Duluth and played for the Minnesota–Duluth Bulldogs women's ice hockey program. Ouellette set an NCAA record for most shorthanded goals in one game with 2. This was accomplished on November 14, 2003 versus North Dakota. In the 2004–05 season, Ouellette was a factor on more than 60 percent of goals scored by the Bulldogs. Among the top nine scorers on the Bulldogs, she had nine penalties, which were the fewest. Throughout her NCAA career, she never had double digits in penalties. By season's end, she was one of three finalists for the Patty Kazmaier Award. Ouellette is ranked third in all-time leading scoring in Bulldogs history and was named to the WCHA All-Decade team in 2009. She joined the national team in 1999 and has won four world championships (1999, 2000, 2001 and 2004) and four Olympic gold medals with the team (2002, 2006, 2010 and 2014). CWHL During the 2000–01 NWHL season, Ouellette played with the Montreal Wingstar and finished third in league scoring with 53 points. She would also spend one season competing with the Minnesota Whitecaps in the former Western Women's Hockey League. In 2008–09, Ouellette joined the Montreal Stars. She won CWHL Top Scorer of the Month honours in November (tying the league record with 19 points in just six games) and December. At year's end, she was named CWHL Most Valuable Player. By winning a third gold medal in women's Olympic hockey, she became the Bulldog hockey player with the most gold medals. By winning the 2009 Clarkson Cup, Ouellette became an unofficial member of the Triple Gold Club (the accomplishment by women is not yet officially recognized by the IIHF), as she became one of only three women (at the time) to win the Clarkson Cup, a gold medal in ice hockey at the 2002 Winter Olympics, and a gold medal at the IIHF World Women's Championships. In 2010–11, Ouellette won the Angela James Bowl as the CWHL's scoring leader with 68 points. She also became the first two-winner of the league's Most Valuable Player award. In the championship game of the 2011 Clarkson Cup, Ouellette led all scorers with three points (one goal, two assists). On December 11, 2016, Ouellette logged a pair of assists, eclipsing the 300-point mark. Of note, Ouellette became the first player in the history of the CWHL to reach this plateau. Coaching career For the 2007–2008 season, Ouellette was an assistant coach with the University of Minnesota Duluth women's hockey team alongside American Olympic ice hockey player Julie Chu. With Hockey Canada, she was an assistant coach for the Women's National Under-18 Team for a three-game series vs. the US in August 2008. She joined the coaching staff of the Concordia Stingers women's ice hockey program in the autumn of 2012. Personal life Ouellette graduated from the University of Minnesota Duluth in 2005 with a degree in criminology and women's studies, and she graduated from the National Police Academy in Quebec in 2000. She played for Quebec in softball at the 1997 Summer Canada Games. On September 11, 2010, the Centre Etienne Desmarteau in Montreal, named one of the two rinks in the arena in Ouellette's honour. Caroline Ouellette is involved in raising funds for the Quebec Breast Cancer Foundation, a disease has affected the Ouellette family. On January 21, 2011, Ouellette, along with University of Minnesota Duluth Bulldog alumni Jenny Potter and Maria Rooth, took part in a ceremonial faceoff to mark the first ever game at Amsoil Arena at her alma mater in Duluth. She participated in various festivities commemorating the 2012 NHL All-Star Game in Ottawa, Ontario. Said festivities included an interview (along with a fan question and answer period) at the Sirius XM Stage at the Scotiabank NHL Fan Fair, the Energizer Night Skate at the Ottawa Rink of Dreams (relocated from the Rideau Canal), and attended the Molson Canadian NHL All-Star Skills Competition on Saturday, January 28, 2012. On April 17, 2012, Ouellette (along with Meghan Agosta, Gillian Apps, Courtney Birchard, and head coach Dan Church) took part in the opening faceoff of the playoff game between the Ottawa Senators and the New York Rangers at ScotiaBank Place. Ouellette is married to American hockey player and Olympic silver-medalist Julie Chu. Ouellette and Chu announced the birth of their daughter Liv in November 2017. They welcomed their second child, Tessa, in May 2021. Career statistics Regular season and playoffs International Awards and honours Hockey Canada 2019 Hockey Canada Female Breakthrough Award Isobel Gathorne-Hardy Award, 2013 CWHL Clarkson Cup Top Forward, 2009 Clarkson Cup Top Scorer, 2009 CWHL Most Valuable Player, 2008–09 and 2010–11 CWHL First All-Star Team, 2008–09 Angela James Bowl, 2010–11 NCAA Caroline Ouellette, 2003 NCAA Division I Women's Ice Hockey Tournament Most Valuable Player Caroline Ouellette, NCAA leader, 2003–04 season, Points per game, 2.38 Caroline Ouellette, NCAA leader, 2003–04 season, Assists per game, 1.47 February 7, 2005: Caroline Ouellette became the third Minnesota Duluth player to be named a Patty Kazmaier Top-10 Finalist for two straight seasons. March 3, 2005: Caroline Ouellette is named UMD's first ever WCHA Student-Athlete of the Year, while also earning a spot on the All-WCHA First Team. In addition, she is named to the WCHA All-Academic Team. March 6, 2005: Caroline Ouellette is named to the WCHA All-Tournament Team. March 14, 2005: Caroline Ouellette becomes the second Bulldog to be named a Patty Kazmaier Top-3 Finalist. March 23, 2005: Caroline Ouellette is honored with the USCHO.com Sportsmanship Award and a Second Team selection. March 28, 2005: Caroline Ouellette is named a CCM All-America First Team selection for the second straight season. National honours In 2019, she was appointed as an Officer of the Order of Canada. This will give her the Post Nominal Letters "OC" for Life. In 2023, she will be inducted into the IIHF Hall of Fame. References External links Caroline Ouellette website Live The Dream, Caroline Ouellette, Life After the World Championships for Ouellette Interview de Caroline Ouellette à la revue Elle Québec 1979 births Living people Angela James Bowl winners Canadian women's ice hockey forwards Clarkson Cup champions French Quebecers Ice hockey people from Montreal Ice hockey players at the 2002 Winter Olympics Ice hockey players at the 2006 Winter Olympics Ice hockey players at the 2010 Winter Olympics Ice hockey players at the 2014 Winter Olympics LGBT ice hockey players Medalists at the 2002 Winter Olympics Medalists at the 2006 Winter Olympics Medalists at the 2010 Winter Olympics Medalists at the 2014 Winter Olympics Minnesota Duluth Bulldogs women's ice hockey players Les Canadiennes de Montreal players Olympic gold medalists for Canada Olympic ice hockey players of Canada Olympic medalists in ice hockey Officers of the Order of Canada LGBT sportspeople from Canada 21st-century LGBT people

4042228

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Understanding%20New%20Jersey%20%26%20Living%20in%20Sin

Understanding New Jersey & Living in Sin

Understanding New Jersey & Living in Sin is the first solo, acoustic album from The Slackers' keyboardist/lead singer Vic Ruggiero. It was released in the US in 2001. In 2006 it was released in Germany/Europe by Moanin'. The reissued version reverses the order of the albums and, as a result, was retitled Living in Sin & Understanding New Jersey A personal album expressing Vic's feelings over his mother's continued declining health, various relationships with women- see liner notes for name specifics, and his own battle with the demons of minor fame and alcohol. An album that captures Vic's desire to emulate both Jack Kerouac and Bob Dylan. Track listing Understanding New Jersey & Living in Sin Papa Told Me (2:54) Intro (0:40) Sole Are Fish for Boots (3:30) Out of My Window (4:56) Sunday (4:26) Tree City, USA (1:41) This (2:31) Neatly (3:21) I Didn't Think (2:42) To Redeem (2:43) Junkie Parents (2:50) Emelia (2:02) A New Reflection (4:32) 23rd and 2nd (3:28) Monday (2:38) Jimmy (2:56) My Question (4:00) Do You Good (2:12) The Cat (2:44) Living in Sin & Understanding New Jersey Emelia (2:02) A New Reflection (4:32) 23rd and 2nd (3:28) Monday (2:38) Jimmy (2:56) My Question (4:00) Do You Good (2:12) The Cat (2:44) Papa Told Me (2:54) Intro (0:40) Sole Are Fish for Boots (3:30) Out of My Window (4:56) Sunday (4:26) Tree City, USA (1:41) This (2:31) Neatly (3:21) I Didn't Think (2:42) To Redeem (2:43) Junkie Parents (2:50) 2001 debut albums Vic Ruggiero albums

4042234

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WTCM

WTCM

WTCM may refer to: WTCM (AM), a radio station (580 AM) licensed to Traverse City, Michigan, United States WTCM-FM, a radio station (103.5 FM) licensed to Traverse City, Michigan, United States SIRRIS, knowledge centre for the technology industry in Belgium, formerly known as CRIF-WTCM

4042245

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow%20Airport%20%28disambiguation%29

Glasgow Airport (disambiguation)

Glasgow Airport is the primary airport serving Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom. Glasgow Airport may also refer to: Canada Rodney (New Glasgow) Airport, in Rodney, Ontario United Kingdom Glasgow Prestwick Airport, in South Ayrshire, a secondary airport serving Glasgow, Scotland Glasgow (Renfrew) Airport, also known as RAF Renfrew, the predecessor of Glasgow International Airport Glasgow Seaplane Terminal, in Glasgow, Scotland United States Glasgow Airport (Montana), also known as Wokal Field, in Glasgow, Montana Glasgow Air Force Base, a former United States Air Force base near Glasgow, Montana Glasgow Industrial Airport, a private airport located on the site of the former Glasgow Air Force Base near Glasgow, Montana Glasgow Municipal Airport, in Kentucky

4042248

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albertus%20%28typeface%29

Albertus (typeface)

Albertus is a glyphic serif display typeface designed by Berthold Wolpe in the period 1932 to 1940 for the British branch of the printing company Monotype. Wolpe named the font after Albertus Magnus, the thirteenth-century German philosopher and theologian. Wolpe studied as a metal engraver, and Albertus was modelled to resemble letters carved into bronze. The face began as titling capitals. Eventually a lowercase roman was added, and later a strongly cursive, narrow italic. Albertus has slight glyphic serifs. It is available in light and italic varieties. The project began in 1932. Titling caps were released first, and the Monotype Recorder of summer 1935 presented the capitals as an advance showing. Other characters and a lower case were added by 1940. Albertus has remained popular since its release and since the end of mass use of metal type phototypesetting and digital versions have been released. Characteristics In the uppercase "M" the middle strokes descend only partway, not reaching the baseline, in the default version. The uppercase "U" has a stem on the right side. Figures are lining. In the metal type period, Albertus was offered with alternate characters, including a non-descending 'J' that stops at the baseline, an 'M' that reaches the baseline, and a different ampersand, similar to that used on Dwiggins' Metro. Wolpe later designed Pegasus, a spiky serif design intended to complement Albertus with more body text-oriented proportions. It was less popular and had faded in popularity by the end of the metal type period, although Matthew Carter digitised it and added a bold and italic in 1980 as part of a commemorative exhibition project on Wolpe's work. Use Albertus is used for the street name signs in the City of London, City of London Corporation and London Borough of Lambeth (where Wolpe resided until his death in 1989). Wolpe frequently used it in book jackets he designed for the London publisher Faber and Faber. It has also been used in many other publications. Outside of publications an adapted version of Albertus is particularly known for its use in surreal British Television series The Prisoner (1967–68), where it was used for all signage in the show's surreal prison village setting, as well as for the series' logo. The key adaptations were the removal of the dots from 'i's and 'j's and an uncial-style 'e'. It is also used for the title card on the American television series How to Get Away with Murder and was the typeface for Electronic Arts from 1999-2006. It is also known for its use by director John Carpenter in the opening credits of several of his films, including Escape from New York, The Thing, Big Trouble in Little China, Prince of Darkness, and They Live. British band Coldplay used the Albertus Medium variant on the album covers and subsequent single releases associated with their first three albums, Parachutes, A Rush of Blood to the Head, and X&Y. Premier League team Liverpool F.C. uses the font in the club's brand, ranging from their crest, media, memorabilia and fashion products. Major League Soccer team Charlotte Football Club uses the font in their brand, including their crest and logotype. Australian drum and bass band Pendulum used the Albertus Medium variant on the artwork for "Propane Nightmares", "Granite", "Showdown", and "The Other Side". Uncharted uses the Albertus medium variant in of all the releases. Resident Evil: Welcome to Raccoon City uses the font in the film, a tribute to John Carpenter. Digitisations Monotype released an updated digital version of Albertus, named Albertus Nova, in 2017. It was digitised by Toshi Omagari as part of a Berthold Wolpe Collection series that included Pegasus and three other Wolpe typefaces. Monotype promoted the digitisation with an exhibition at the Type Museum in London. Omagari added a number of alternates, including metal type alternates, an 'A' based on Wolpe's lettering and an uncial 'e' used in the production design of The Prisoner. Monotype's previous digital version is also available and Albertus digitisations have also been sold by Adobe, Bitstream, Fontsite, SoftMaker and others. Bitstream's version is called Flareserif 821. URW++ released a lookalike version known as A028 for free for use with Ghostscript and TeX. Featuring medium and extra-bold weights but no italics, A028 is widely available on Linux systems and other open source environments. See also Carter Sans (2011), by Matthew Carter and influenced by Albertus References Blackwell, Lewis. 20th Century Type. Yale University Press: 2004. . Fiedl, Frederich, Nicholas Ott and Bernard Stein. Typography: An Encyclopedic Survey of Type Design and Techniques Through History. Black Dog & Leventhal: 1998. . Jaspert, W. Pincus, W. Turner Berry and A.F. Johnson. The Encyclopædia of Type Faces. Blandford Press Lts.: 1953, 1983. . Macmillan, Neil. An A–Z of Type Designers. Yale University Press: 2006. . Williams, Owen Berthold Wolpe and His Typeface Albertus Letter Arts Review, Vol 20 No 1, 2006 External links Albertus Pro Albertus at Monotype Albertus Font Family - by Berthold Wolpe A028: an open-source digitisation of regular and bold roman styles Incised typefaces Letterpress typefaces Photocomposition typefaces Digital typefaces Monotype typefaces Display typefaces Typefaces and fonts introduced in the 1930s

4042252

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lomaland

Lomaland

Lomaland was a Theosophical community located in Point Loma in San Diego, California from 1900 to 1942. Theosophical Society leader Katherine Tingley founded it in 1900 as a school, cultural center, and residential facility for her followers. The American headquarters of the Theosophical Society Pasadena was also situated there. The facility was important to the growing city of San Diego for its cultural offerings, and it left a lasting legacy in its campus (now Point Loma Nazarene University) which still retains many of the unique architectural features of the original Lomaland. The residents of Lomaland also transformed their Point Loma neighborhood by planting so many trees, orchards and shrubs that the formerly barren neighborhood is now known as the "Wooded Area". Led by Katherine Tingley, the group came to Point Loma to establish a community that would model the philosophical and humanitarian goals of Theosophy. The "White City" envisioned by Tingley was to be located on the extreme western edge of the North American continent but oriented toward India, the spiritual center of Theosophical beliefs. The blend of new world confidence, Victorian morality, a love of antiquity, and Indian spirituality created a unique community that found its expression in architecture that is still visible on the campus of Point Loma Nazarene University. History of the Point Loma site Gottfried de Purucker visited Point Loma in 1894, and in 1896 he met Katherine Tingley in Geneva where he spoke about the place. In 1897 Tingley bought a piece of land at Point Loma, and in February 1897 she laid the first stone for a School for the Revival of the Lost Mysteries of Antiquity (SRLMA). In 1899 Tingley moved to Lomaland, and in 1900 Universal Brotherhood and Theosophical Society (UBTS) also established their headquarters there. Agricultural experimentation was essential to the Lomaland community's desire to be self-sufficient in all respects, and the group imported and tried many different types of plants and trees including avocados, oranges, and other fruit. Katherine Tingley's goal was to serve fresh fruits and vegetables at Lomaland every day of the year. In summer 1900, the educational arm of Lomaland, a Raja yoga school, was opened up. In 1901 followed an open air Greek theatre, a temple, in 1914 a college, and by 1919 a theosophical university. Many other buildings were established including a hotel, a theatre, a textile factory, a joinery, a bakery, a publishing house, and more. Vegetable and fruit gardens were planted. Around 60 percent of the community was female, and notable for this time, the same percentage was also represented in executive positions. "Raja Yoga" meant divine union, and the educational goals of the school involved not only the intellect, but also moral and spiritual development. The Raja Yoga Academy was a boarding school; over 300 students lived together in group homes that were known as "Lotus Houses." Children from poor families could go to school without paying any charges. The students also played classical dramas, as well as those of Shakespeare. Each student had to learn to play at least one instrument, so that after 1905 the first school orchestra of the United States could hold weekly concerts and go on tour. A theosophical university was established in 1919. It offered courses in the humanities and in science, and was accredited by the state of California. In 1942 the university was relocated to Covina. The publishing house changed its name several times, it was called The Theosophical publishing company, Aryan theosophical press, or Theosophical university press. In 1942 Lomaland was sold, and the Theosophical Society moved to Covina, near Los Angeles. Historic buildings At its height, the community consisted of at least five or six dozen buildings, some quite distinctive. By 1900, the campus was dominated by the imposing Academy Building and the adjoining Temple of Peace. Both buildings were constructed in the Theosophical vernacular that included a flattened arch motif and whimsical references to antiquity. The buildings were topped by amethyst domes, which were lighted at night and could be seen offshore. The entrance to the Temple of Peace was dominated by two massive carved doors that symbolized the Theosophical Principles of spiritual enlightenment and human potential. These doors are currently located in the archives of the San Diego Historical Society. The sculptor, Reginald Machell, was educated in England, but moved to Lomaland with the community in 1899. The interior furnishings he carved for the Academy Building were influenced by the Symbolist style popular in Europe at that time. Machell also supervised the woodworking school at Point Loma. Agricultural experimentation was essential to the Lomaland community's desire to be self-sufficient in all respects. Lomaland had public buildings for the entire community and several private homes. The home of Albert Spalding, the sporting goods tycoon, was built in 1901. The building combines late-Victorian wooden architecture with historical motifs such as the modified Corinthian column (now shaped like a papyrus leaf) and flattened arches. The amethyst dome was restored by a team of scholars led by Dr. Dwayne Little of the department of history and political science at San Diego State University in 1983. The first Greek theater in North America was built on this site in 1901. It was used for sporting events and theatrical performances. Tessellated pavement and stoa were added in 1909. The theatre was the site of a number of productions of Greek and Shakespearean dramas. Cabrillo Hall, which served as the International Center Headquarters, and the Brotherhood Headquarters (also called "Wachere Crest" and "Laurel Crest"), was completed in 1909. It served as office for the Theosophical Society and as a residence for Katherine Tingley after 1909. It was originally located on the west side of Pepper Tree Lane but was moved in the early 2000's to the east side. Cabrillo Hall is currently the home of the Communication Studies department. The reception area was housed in a rectangular building known as the Executive Building. This multi-purpose structure was originally located just southwest of the Academy Building. It served a variety of functions that included telephone and mail services; in 1908 it was used as a display center for the Woman's Exchange and Mart. The unusual truss design in the interior of the building emphasized the square and the circle, which were symbolic of heaven and earth. After the Theosophical Society Lomaland dissolved in the aftermath of the Great Depression of the 1930s and the death of Katherine Tingley in 1929. In 1942, the campus was sold to Coronado developer George W. Wood. The Theosophical Society staff and remaining students moved to Covina. Wood planned to use the buildings and site to create a 5,000 population housing district (after using the property for temporary war housing during World War II.) However, due to limitations in the property transfer agreement and the dangerous condition of many of the buildings on the site, he was allowed to move in only 300 patrons. After Wood died, Dwight Standord helped purchase the property for the struggling Balboa University, a deal which was finalized on September 15, 1950. That same year, Balboa University became affiliated with the Southern California Methodist Conference, changed its name to California Western University and relocated to Lomaland. In 1960, the Cal Western law school moved from its downtown location to Rohr Hall at Point Loma to join the rest of the school. The law school received accreditation from the American Bar Association in 1962. In 1968, California Western University changed its name to United States International University (USIU). The law school, however, retained the name Cal Western. In 1973, the law school relocated from its Point Loma location to the current downtown campus and Pasadena College moved to Point Loma to replace it. USIU moved to Scripps Ranch and in 2001 it merged with California School of Professional Psychology to form Alliant International University. Pasadena College was renamed Point Loma College, then Point Loma Nazarene University, and remains at that location. See also Alliant International University California Western School of Law Point Loma Nazarene University Rosicrucian Egyptian Museum Theosophical Society Point Loma - Blavatskyhouse References Further reading Ashcraft, W. Michael, The Dawn of the New Cycle: Point Loma Theosophists and American Culture. The University of Tennessee Press, 2002. Gafford, George N.: Odyssey of a Law School. Mountain N' Air Books, La Crescenta, CA, 2001. Greenwalt, Emmett A.: California utopia, Point Loma, 1897–1942. Point Loma Publications, San Diego 1978 Greenwalt, Emmett A.: City of glass, the theosophical invasion of Point Loma. Cabrillo Historical Association, San Diego 1981 Greenwalt, Emmett A.: The Point Loma community in California, 1897–1942, a theosophical experiment. AMS Press, New York 1979; Streissguth, Thomas: Utopian visionaries. Oliver Press, Minneapolis 1999; Whiting, Lilian: Katherine Tingley, theosophist and humanitarian. Aryan Theosophical Press, Point Loma 1919 Whiting, Lilian: Katherine Tingley und ihr Râja-Yoga-System der Erziehung. Buchhandlung für Universale Bruderschaft und Theosophie, Nürnberg o.J. (ca. 1920) External links Iverson and Helen Harris Papers MSS 130. Special Collections & Archives, UC San Diego Library. Katherine Tingley gewidmete Sonderausgabe der Zeitschrift Sunrise mit mehreren Artikeln über Lomaland (pdf-Dokument, 3100 kB) German Gottfried de Purucker gewidmete Sonderausgabe der Zeitschrift Sunrise mit mehreren Artikeln über Lomaland (pdf-Dokument, 824 kB) German Artikel über Katherine Tingley und Lomaland in der Zeitschrift Das Forum (pdf-Dokument, 666 kB) German Lomaland theatre Lomaland by Iverson L. Harris Art and Theosophy in Lomaland Gender-Studies in Lomaland Lomaland Interview about Lomaland History of Lomaland with pictures Theosophical Society Point Loma, San Diego History of San Diego Utopian communities in California Populated places established in 1897 1897 establishments in California 1942 disestablishments in California Landmarks in San Diego Point Loma Nazarene University

4042253

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral%20medicine

Oral medicine

An oral medicine or stomatology doctor (or stomatologist) has received additional specialized training and experience in the diagnosis and management of oral mucosal abnormalities (growths, ulcers, infection, allergies, immune-mediated and autoimmune disorders) including oral cancer, salivary gland disorders, temporomandibular disorders (e.g.: problems with the TMJ) and facial pain (due to musculoskeletal or neurologic conditions), taste and smell disorders; and recognition of the oral manifestations of systemic and infectious diseases. It lies at the interface between medicine and dentistry. An oral medicine doctor is trained to diagnose and manage patients with disorders of the orofacial region, essentially as a "physician of the mouth." History The importance of the mouth in medicine has been recognized since the earliest known medical writings. For example, Hippocrates, Galen and others considered the tongue to be a "barometer" of health, and emphasized the diagnostic and prognostic importance of the tongue. However, oral medicine as a specialization is a relatively new subject area. It used to be termed "stomatology" (-stomato- + -ology). In some institutions, it is termed "oral medicine and oral diagnosis". American physician and dentist, Thomas E Bond authored the first book on oral and maxillofacial pathology in 1848, entitled "A Practical Treatise on Dental Medicine". The term "oral medicine" was not used again until 1868. Jonathan Hutchinson is also considered the father of oral medicine by some. Oral medicine grew from a group of New York dentists (primarily periodontists), who were interested in the interactions between medicine and dentistry in the 1940s. Before becoming its own specialty in the United States, oral medicine was historically once a subset of the specialty of periodontics, with many periodontists achieving board certification in oral medicine as well as periodontics. Scope Oral medicine is concerned with clinical diagnosis and non-surgical management of non-dental pathologies affecting the orofacial region (the mouth and the lower face). Many systemic diseases have signs or symptoms that manifest in the orofacial region. Pathologically, the mouth may be affected by many cutaneous and gastrointestinal conditions. There is also the unique situation of hard tissues penetrating the epithelial continuity (hair and nails are intra-epithelial tissues). The biofilm that covers teeth therefore causes unique pathologic entities known as plaque-induced diseases. Example conditions that oral medicine is concerned with are lichen planus, Behçet's disease and pemphigus vulgaris. Moreover, it involves the diagnosis and follow-up of pre-malignant lesions of the oral cavity, such as leukoplakias or erythroplakias and of chronic and acute pain conditions such as paroxysmal neuralgias, continuous neuralgias, myofascial pain, atypical facial pain, autonomic cephalalgias, headaches and migraines. Another aspect of the field is managing the dental and oral condition of medically compromised patients such as cancer patients with related oral mucositis, bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaws or oral pathology related to radiation therapy. Additionally, it is involved in the diagnosis and management of dry mouth conditions (such as Sjögren's syndrome) and non-dental chronic orofacial pain, such as burning mouth syndrome, trigeminal neuralgia and temporomandibular joint disorder. Lumps and swellings of the mouth Types of lumps and swelling It is not uncommon for an individual to experience a lump/swelling in the oral environment. The overall presentation is highly variable and the progression of these lesions can also differ, for example: development of a lesion into a bulla or a malignant neoplasm. Lumps and swellings can occur due to a variety of conditions, both benign and malignant such as: Normal variation lesions Pterygoid hamulus: This is a hook-shaped structure protruding postero-laterally from the inferior boundary of the medial plate of the pterygoid process Parotid papillae: This is the exiting duct from the parotid gland which is commonly found adjacent to the upper second molar on the buccal mucosa Lingual papillae: Seen covering the dorsum of the tongue Inflammatory Abscess: An abscess is a painful collection of pus, usually caused by a bacterial infection Cellulitis: Commonly due to a bacterial infection spreading to the deeper layers of the skin leading to a multitude of complications Cysts: A cyst is an epithelial lined sac of tissue that has either fluid or semi-fluid content inside Sialadenitis: Infection of the salivary glands Pyogenic granuloma: Is a relatively common, tumor-like, exuberant tissue response to localized irritation or trauma Chronic granulomatous disorders Orofacial granulomatosis: This is an uncommon condition but is seen to be increasing in prevalence. This condition presents with facial/labial swellings commonly accompanied with angular stomatitis or cracked lips, ulcers, mucosal tags, cobblestone mucosea or gingival swellings Crohn's disease: This is a disease affecting the bowel but commonly has oral lesions associated. Examples of some oral presentations are: raised gingival lesions, hyperplastic folds/cobble-stone mucosa, ulcers, facial swelling and/or angular cheilitis Sarcoidosis: Sarcoidosis is a multi-system condition which may lead to gingival enlargement or salivary gland swelling which may result in xerostomia Developmental Unerupted teeth Odontogenic cysts Eruption cysts Haemangioma Lymphangioma Palatal tori and mandibular tori: formation of new bone upon the surface of a present bone Lingual thyroid: this is an abnormal mass of ectopic thyroid tissue seen at the base of tongue Traumatic Denture-induced hyperplasia Epulis Fibroepithelial polyp Haematoma Mucocele Surgical emphysema Hormonal Pregenancy epulis Oral contraceptive pill gingivitis Metabolic Amyloidosis Drugs Phenytoin Calcium channel blockers Ciclosporin Allergy Angioedema Infective HPV Fibro-osseous Cherubism Fibrous dysplasia Paget's disease Neoplasms Carcinoma Leukeamia Lymphoma Myeloma Odontogenic tumours Minor salivary gland tumours So as seen above the list is extensive and by no means is this a complete and comprehensive representation of all the possible lumps/swellings that can occur in the mouth as to the means of acquiring a swelling in the mouth. When considering what a lump might be caused by the site of which it has appeared can be of significance. Below are some examples of swellings/lumps which usually are present as specific locations in the oral cavity: Gingiva Congenital hyperplasia Abscesses Pyogenic granuloma Neoplastic Pregnancy epulis Drug-induced hyperplasia Angioedema Papilloma/warts Palate Torus palatinus Abscesses Unerupted teeth Pleomorphic adenomas/salivary neoplasms Invasive carcinoma from maxillary sinus Kaposi’s sarcoma Developmental swellings associated with Paget's disease FOM Most commonly salivary calculi and denture-induced hyperplasia Mucocele Ranula Mandibular tori Tongue and buccal mucosa Congenital haemangioma Congenital macroglossia Mucocele Vesiculobullous lesions Ulcers Hyperplasia Diagnosis of the cause of a lump or swelling If there is any suspect or unknown reason as to why a lump has arisen In an individuals mouth it is important to establish when this first was noticed and the accompanied symptoms if any. On examination ensure that there is not an obvious cause to the swelling/lump via a thorough: medical, social, dental and family history, followed by an oral examination. Whilst examining the suspected lesion there are some diagnostic aids to note which can be used to formulate a provisional diagnosis. There are many factors taken into consideration in this diagnosis, such as: The anatomical position & symmetry Midline associated lesions tend to be of a developmental origin (e.g. torus palatinus) Bilateral lesions tend to be benign (e.g. sialosis, diabetes etc.) Consider associations with surrounding anatomical structures Malignant lesions are usually unilateral Size and shape Diagrams or photographs are usually recorded alongside the actual measurement of the lesion Colour Brown and black pigmentation may occur from a variety of aetiologies s such as: tattoo, naeuvus, melanoma Purple or red pigmentation may occur due to conditions such as: haemangioma, kaposi's sarcoma or a giant cell lesion Temperature If the lesion is warm it is thought an inflammatory cause is most likely (e.g. abscess or haemangioma) Tenderness If a lesion is significantly tender on palpation the origin is usually thought to be inflammatory Discharge Are there any secretions associated with the lesion upon palpation or spontaneously occurring Movement The lesion should be tested to determine whether it is attached to adjacent structures or the overlying mucosa Consistency Carcinoma is usually suggested by a hard/indurated consistency If a lesion is palpated and a crackling, ‘egg shell’ sound occurs this tends to be a swelling overlying a bony cyst Surface texture Abnormal vascular changes suggests neoplasm Malignant lesions tend to be nodular and may ulcerate Papillomas are usually comparative to a wart-like appearance Ulceration Squamous cell carcinoma is an example of a malignancy which can present with superficial ulceration Margin Malignant lesions tend to have an ill-defined margin Benign lesions tend to have a clearly defined margin Number of lesions Multiple lesions might suggest an infective or developmental aetiology Investigations Once the surrounding tissues and the immediate management of any lumps/swellings are taken care of, an image of the full extent of the lesion is needed. This is done to establish what the lump/swelling is associated with and to ensure that any damaging probability is kept to a minimum. There are a variety of imaging technique options which are chosen based on the lesion: size, location, growth pattern etc. Some examples of images used are: DPT, Scintigraphy, Sialography, Computed Tomography, Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Ultrasound. As described some lumps or swellings can be in close relation to anatomical structures. Commonly, Teeth are associated in a lesion which brings about the question – “are they still vital?” In order to clarify, any tooth that is associated with a lump or swelling is vitality tested, examined for any pathology or restorative deficiencies in order to determine the long term prognosis of this tooth and how this might affect treatment of the lump/swelling at hand. Alongside any radiographs which may be justified, Blood tests may be needed in order to obtain a definitive diagnosis if there is a suspicion of potential blood dyscrasias or any endocrinopathy involvement. Finally, a particularly vital means of diagnosis is a biopsy. These tend to be regularly done in the cases of singular, chronic lesions and are carried out in an urgent manner as lesions of this category have a significant malignant potential. The indications to carry out a biopsy include: Lesions that have neoplastic or premalignant features or are enlarging Persistent lesions that are of uncertain aetiology Persistent lesions that are failing to respond to treatment Once a small piece of tissue is removed for the biopsy, it is then microscopically histopathologically examined. Training and practice Australia Australian programs are accredited by the Australian Dental Council (ADC). They are three years in length and culminate with either a master's degree (MDS) or a Doctor of Clinical Dentistry degree (DClinDent). Fellowship can then be obtained with the Royal Australasian College of Dental Surgeons, FRACDS (Oral Med) and or the Royal College of Pathologists of Australasia, FRCP. Canada Canadian programs are accredited by the Canadian Commission on Dental Accreditation (CDAC). They are a minimum of three years in length and usually culminate with a master's (MSc) degree. Currently, only the University of Toronto, the University of Alberta, and the University of British Columbia offer programs leading to the specialty. Most residents combine oral medicine programs with oral and maxillofacial pathology programs leading to a dual specialty. Graduates are then eligible to sit for the Fellowship exams with the Royal College of Dentists of Canada (FRCD(C)). India Indian programs are accredited by the Dental Council of India (DCI).Oral Medicine is in conjunction with oral radiology in India and it is taught in both graduate and post graduate levels as Oral Medicine and Radiology. They are three years in length and culminate with a master's degree (MDS) in Oral Medicine and Radiology. New Zealand New Zealand has traditionally followed the UK system of dual training (dentistry and medicine) as a requisite for specialty practice; the University of Otago Faculty of Dentistry currently offers a 5-year intercalated clinical doctorate/medical degree (DClinDent/MBChB) program. On 9 July 2013, the dental council of New Zealand proposed that the prescribed qualifications for oral medicine be changed to include the new DClinDent in addition to a medical degree, with no requirement for a standard dental degree. United Kingdom In the UK, oral medicine is one of the 13 specialties of dentistry recognized by the General Dental Council (GDC). The GDC defines oral medicine as: "[concerned with] oral health care of patients with chronic recurrent and medically related disorders of the mouth and with their diagnosis and non-surgical management." Unlike many other countries, oral medicine physicians in the UK do not usually partake in the dental management of their patients. Some UK oral medicine specialists have dual qualification with both medical and dental degrees. However, in 2010 the GDC approved a new curriculum for oral medicine, and a medical degree is no longer a prerequisite for entry into specialist training. Specialist training is normally 5 years, although this may be reduced to a minimum of 3 years in recognition of previous training, such as a medical degree. In the UK, oral medicine is one of the smallest dental specialties. According to the GDC, as of December 2014 there were 69 clinicians registered as specialists in oral medicine. As of 2012, there were 16 oral medicine units across the UK, mostly based in dental teaching hospitals, and around 40 practising consultants. The British & Irish Society for Oral Medicine has suggested that there are not enough oral medicine specialists, and that there should be one consultant per million population. Competition for the few training posts is keen, although new posts are being created and the number of trainees increased. United States The American Dental Association (CODA) accredited programs are a minimum of two years in length. Oral medicine, is an American Dental Association recognized speciality, and many oral medicine specialists fulfil a very important role by teaching at dental schools and graduate programs to ensure dentists and other dental specialists receive excellent training in medical topics pertinent to the dental practice. The ADA has recently started a dental practice parameters for world-class quality services. See also Oral and maxillofacial surgery Oral surgery Periodontology Tooth pathology References External links British & Irish Society for Oral Medicine American Academy of Oral Medicine Oral Medicine Society of Australia and New Zealand International Academy of Oral Medicine European Association of Oral Medicine Indian Academy of Oral Medicine and Radiology Oral and maxillofacial surgery Dentistry branches Dentistry education

4042260

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angie%20%28album%29

Angie (album)

Angie is the debut album by American R&B singer Angela Bofill. It was produced by the GRP Records label heads Dave Grusin and Larry Rosen. It was released in 1978 on the GRP label; a digitally remastered version was released on Buddah Records in 2001. Reception The album was heralded as a mild success, popularizing on some of the themes of the times. The song "This Time I'll Be Sweeter" charted fairly well on the U.S R&B front. Being the first of her kind to do so, Bofill's sophisticated vocals would prove to have an effect on the jazz, Latin and urban contemporary music audiences of the time. Track listing All tracks composed by Angela Bofill; except where noted. "Under the Moon and Over the Sky" - 5:45 "This Time I'll Be Sweeter" - (Gwen Guthrie, Patrick Grant) 4:21 "Baby, I Need Your Love" - 4:14 "Rough Times" - (Ashford & Simpson) 4:41 "The Only Thing I Would Wish For" - 4:26 "Summer Days" - (Timothy Blixseth) 5:09 "Share Your Love" - (Derrik Hoitsma) 5:14 "Children of the World United" - 5:51 Personnel Angela Bofill - lead and backing vocals Dave Grusin - electric piano, piano, percussion Eric Gale - electric guitar Buddy Williams, Steve Gadd - drums Dave Valentin - flute, bass guitar Richard Resnicoff - acoustic guitar George Young - alto saxophone on "Share Your World" Ralph MacDonald - Roger Squitero - percussion Eddie Daniels, George Young, Howard Johnson, Jim Pugh, Irvin "Marky" Markowitz, Marvin Stamm, Michael Brecker, Phil Bodner, Walt Levinsky - horns Barry Finclair, Charles Libove, Charles McCracken, Diana Halprin, Emanuel Vardi, Harry Cykman, John Pintavalle, Jonathan Abramowitz, Lamar Alsop, Matthew Raimondi, Max Ellen, Paul Gershman, Richard Sortomme - strings Arthur Woodley, Cheryl Freeman, Clara Antoine, Dance Theater of Harlem Choral Ensemble, Irma LaGuerre, Lorraine Baucum, Raj McIntyre, Stacy Gaines, Sylvia Bhourne, Wilbur Archie - choir David Nadien - concertmaster Gwen Guthrie, Patti Austin, Vivian Cherry - backing vocals "This album is dedicated to my little nephew Pas and to all the children of the world. . .that they grow up knowing the true meaning of love." Covers and samples Chilean hip hop band Makiza samples "The Only Thing I Would Wish For" in the song "La Rosa de los Vientos". American rapper Smoke DZA samples "Under the Moon and Over the Sky" on the track "Pass Off," from the album Dream. Zone. Achieve. Charts Singles References External links Angela Bofill - Angie at Discogs 1978 debut albums Albums produced by Dave Grusin Albums recorded at Electric Lady Studios Angela Bofill albums GRP Records albums

4042267

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Final%20Countdown%20Tour%201986

The Final Countdown Tour 1986

The Final Countdown Tour 1986 is a concert video released by the Swedish hard rock band Europe. It features footage from a concert filmed at Solnahallen in Solna, Sweden on May 26, 1986. It was first released on VHS in Japan in 1986, and was released on DVD and CD in 2004. A remastered edition, entitled The Final Countdown Tour 1986: Live in Sweden - 20th Anniversary Edition, was released on DVD on October 4, 2006 to mark the 20th anniversary of the album The Final Countdown. Track listing "The Final Countdown" "Ninja" "Carrie" "On the Loose" "Cherokee" "Time Has Come" "Open Your Heart" "Stormwind" "Rock the Night" Personnel Joey Tempest – lead vocals, acoustic guitars John Norum – lead & rhythm guitars, backing vocals John Levén – bass guitar Mic Michaeli – keyboards, backing vocals Ian Haugland – drums, backing vocals Europe (band) video albums 1986 live albums Live video albums 1986 video albums

4042270

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steering%20ratio

Steering ratio

Steering ratio refers to the ratio between the turn of the steering wheel (in degrees) or handlebars and the turn of the wheels (in degrees). The steering ratio is the ratio of the number of degrees of turn of the steering wheel to the number of degrees the wheel(s) turn as a result. In motorcycles, delta tricycles and bicycles, the steering ratio is always 1:1, because the steering wheel is fixed to the front wheel. A steering ratio of x:y means that a turn of the steering wheel x degree(s) causes the wheel(s) to turn y degree(s). In most passenger cars, the ratio is between 12:1 and 20:1. For example, if one complete turn of the steering wheel, 360 degrees, causes the inner & outer wheel to turn 30 and 45 degrees respectively, the ratio is then 360:75 = 4.8:1 ~ 5:1 A higher steering ratio means that the steering wheel is turned more to get the wheels turning, but it will be easier to turn the steering wheel. A lower steering ratio means that the steering wheel is turned less to get the wheels turning, but it will be harder to turn the steering wheel. Larger and heavier vehicles will often have a higher steering ratio, which will make the steering wheel easier to turn. If a truck had a low steering ratio, it would be very hard to turn the steering wheel. In normal and lighter cars, the wheels are easier to turn, so the steering ratio doesn't have to be as high. In race cars the ratio is typically very low, because the vehicle must respond to steering input much faster than in normal cars. The steering wheel is therefore harder to turn. Variable-ratio steering Variable-ratio steering is a system that uses different ratios on the rack in a rack and pinion steering system. At the center of the rack, the space between the teeth are smaller and the space becomes larger as the pinion moves down the rack. In the middle of the rack there is a higher ratio and the ratio becomes lower as the steering wheel is turned towards lock. That makes the steering less sensitive when the steering wheel is close to its center position and makes it harder for the driver to over steer at high speeds. As the steering wheel is turned towards lock, the wheels begin to react more to steering input. Steering quickener A steering quickener is used to modify the steering ratio of factory-installed steering system, which in turn modifies the response time and overall handling of vehicle. When a steering quickener is employed in an automobile, the driver of the automobile can turn the steering wheel a smaller degree compared to a factory-installed steering system without a steering quickener, to turn the vehicle through same distance. On the other hand, the steering effort needed will greatly increase. If the automobile is equipped with power steering, overloading the power steering pump can also be a concern. References Engineering ratios Automotive steering technologies Motorcycle dynamics

4042282

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ki%20Tissa

Ki Tissa

Ki Tisa, Ki Tissa, Ki Thissa, or Ki Sisa ( — Hebrew for "when you take," the sixth and seventh words, and first distinctive words in the parashah) is the 21st weekly Torah portion () in the annual Jewish cycle of Torah reading and the ninth in the Book of Exodus. The parashah tells of building the Tabernacle, the incident of the Golden calf, the request of Moses for God to reveal God's Attributes, and how Moses became radiant. The parashah constitutes . The parashah is the longest of the weekly Torah portions in the book of Exodus (although not the longest in the Torah, which is Naso), and is made up of 7,424 Hebrew letters, 2,002 Hebrew words, 139 verses, and 245 lines in a Torah scroll (Sefer Torah). Jews read it on the 21st Sabbath after Simchat Torah, in the Hebrew month of Adar, corresponding to February or March in the secular calendar. Jews also read the first part of the parashah, , regarding the half-shekel head tax, as the maftir Torah reading on the special Sabbath Shabbat Shekalim (as on March 1, 2014, when was read along with parashah Pekudei). Jews also read parts of the parashah addressing the intercession of Moses and God's mercy, and , as the Torah readings on the fast days of the Tenth of Tevet, the Fast of Esther, the Seventeenth of Tammuz, and the Fast of Gedaliah, and for the afternoon () prayer service on Tisha B'Av. Jews read another part of the parashah, , which addresses the Three Pilgrim Festivals (), as the initial Torah reading on the third intermediate day (Chol HaMoed) of Passover. And Jews read a larger selection from the same part of the parashah, , as the initial Torah reading on a Sabbath that falls on one of the intermediate days of Passover or Sukkot. Readings In traditional Sabbath Torah reading, the parashah is divided into seven readings (, aliyot). In the Masoretic Text of the Tanakh (Hebrew Bible), Parashat Ki Tisa has ten "open portion" (, ) divisions (roughly equivalent to paragraphs, often abbreviated with the Hebrew letter (peh)). Parashat Ki Tisa has several further subdivisions, called "closed portion" (, ) divisions (abbreviated with the Hebrew letter ()) within the open portion divisions. The first three open portion divisions divide the long first reading (), and the next three open portion divisions divide the long second reading. The seventh open portion corresponds to the short third reading, and the eighth open portion corresponds to the short fourth reading. The ninth open portion spans the fifth and sixth readings. And the tenth open portion begins in the seventh reading. Closed portion divisions further divide the first and second readings, and conclude the seventh reading. First reading — Exodus 30:11–31:17 In the long first reading (), God instructed Moses that when he took a census of the Israelites, each person 20 years old or older, regardless of wealth, should give a half-shekel offering. God told Moses to assign the proceeds to the service of the Tent of Meeting. The first open portion () ends here. In the continuation of the reading, God told Moses to place a copper laver (, ) between the Tent of Meeting and the altar (, ), so that Aaron and the priests could wash their hands and feet in water when they entered the Tent of Meeting or approached the altar to burn a sacrifice, so that they would not die. The second open portion () ends here. In the continuation of the reading, God directed Moses to make a sacred anointing oil from choice spices — myrrh, cinnamon, cassia — and olive oil. God told Moses to use it to anoint the Tent of Meeting, the furnishings of the Tabernacle, and the priests. God told Moses to warn the Israelites not to copy the sacred anointing oil's recipe for lay purposes, at pain of exile. A closed portion () ends here. In the continuation of the reading, God directed Moses make sacred incense from herbs — stacte, onycha, galbanum, and frankincense — to burn in the Tent of Meeting. As with the anointing oil, God warned against making incense from the same recipe for lay purposes. Another closed portion () ends here with the end of chapter . As the reading continues in chapter , God informed Moses that God had endowed Bezalel of the Tribe of Judah with divine skill in every kind of craft. God assigned to him Oholiab of the Tribe of Dan and granted skill to all who are skillful, that they might make the furnishings of the Tabernacle, the priests' vestments, the anointing oil, and the incense. The third open portion () ends here. In the continuation of the reading, God told Moses to admonish the Israelites nevertheless to keep the Sabbath, on pain of death. The first reading () and a closed portion () end here. Second reading — Exodus 31:18–33:11 In the long second reading (), God gave Moses two stone tablets inscribed by the finger of God. Meanwhile, the people became impatient for the return of Moses, and implored Aaron to make them a god. Aaron told them to bring him their gold earrings, and he cast them in a mold and made a molten golden calf. They exclaimed, "This is your god, O Israel, who brought you out of the land of Egypt!" Aaron built an altar before the calf, and announced a festival of the Lord. The people offered sacrifices, ate, drank, and danced. The fourth open portion () ends here. In the continuation of the reading, God told Moses what the people had done, saying "let Me be, that My anger may blaze forth against them and that I may destroy them, and make of you a great nation." But Moses implored God not to do so, lest the Egyptians say that God delivered the people only to kill them off in the mountains. Moses called on God to remember Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, and God's oath to make their offspring as numerous as the stars, and God renounced the planned punishment. The fifth open portion () ends here. In the continuation of the reading, Moses descended the mountain bearing the two Tablets. Joshua told Moses, "There is a cry of war in the camp," but Moses answered, "It is the sound of song that I hear!" When Moses saw the calf and the dancing, he became enraged and shattered the Tablets at the foot of the mountain. He burned the calf, ground it to powder, strewed it upon the water, and made the Israelites drink it. When Moses asked Aaron how he committed such a great sin, Aaron replied that the people asked him to make a god, so he hurled their gold into the fire, "and out came this calf!" Seeing that Aaron had let the people get out of control, Moses stood in the camp gate and called, "Whoever is for the Lord, come here!" All the Levites rallied to Moses, and at his instruction killed 3,000 people, including brother, neighbor, and kin. Moses went back to God and asked for God either to forgive the Israelites or kill Moses too, but God insisted on punishing only the sinners, which God did by means of a plague. A closed portion () ends here with the end of chapter . As the reading continues in chapter , God dispatched Moses and the people to the Promised Land, but God decided not to go in their midst, for fear of destroying them on the way. Upon hearing this, the Israelites went into mourning. Now Moses would pitch the Tent of Meeting outside the camp, and Moses would enter to speak to God, face to face. The second reading () and the sixth open portion () end here. Third reading — Exodus 33:12–16 In the short third reading (), Moses asked God whom God would send with Moses to lead the people. Moses further asked God to let him know God's ways, that Moses might know God and continue in God's favor. And God agreed to lead the Israelites. Moses asked God not to make the Israelites move unless God were to go in the lead. The third reading () and the seventh open portion () end here. Fourth reading — Exodus 33:17–23 In the short fourth reading (), God agreed to lead them. Moses asked God to let him behold God's Presence. God agreed to make all God's goodness pass before Moses and to proclaim God's name and nature, but God explained that no human could see God's face and live. God instructed Moses to station himself on a rock, where God would cover him with God's hand until God had passed, at which point Moses could see God's back. The fourth reading () and the eighth open portion () end here with the end of chapter . Fifth reading — Exodus 34:1–9 In the fifth reading (), in chapter , God directed Moses to carve two stone tablets like the ones that Moses shattered, so that God might inscribe upon them the words that were on the first Tablets, and Moses did so. God came down in a cloud and proclaimed: "The Lord! The Lord! A God compassionate and gracious, slow to anger, abounding in kindness and faithfulness, extending kindness to the thousandth generation, forgiving iniquity, transgression, and sin; yet He does not remit all punishment, but visits the iniquity of parents upon children and children's children, upon the third and fourth generations." Moses bowed low and asked God to accompany the people in their midst, to pardon the people's iniquity, and to take them for God's own. The fifth reading () ends here. Sixth reading — Exodus 34:10–26 In the sixth reading (), God replied by making a covenant to work unprecedented wonders and to drive out the peoples of the Promised Land. God warned Moses against making a covenant with them, lest they become a snare and induce the Israelites' children to lust after their gods. God commanded that the Israelites not make molten gods, that they consecrate or redeem every first-born, that they observe the Sabbath, that they observe the Three Pilgrim Festivals, that they not offer sacrifices with anything leavened, that they not leave the Passover lamb lying until morning, that they bring choice first fruits to the house of the Lord, and that they not boil a kid in its mother's milk. The sixth reading () and the ninth open portion () end here. Seventh reading — Exodus 34:27–35 In the seventh reading (), Moses stayed with God 40 days and 40 nights, ate no bread, drank no water, and wrote down on the Tablets the terms of the covenant. As Moses came down from the mountain bearing the two Tablets, the skin of his face was radiant, and the Israelites shrank from him. Moses called them near and instructed them concerning all that God had commanded. In the maftir () reading of that concludes the parashah, when Moses finished speaking, he put a veil over his face. Whenever Moses spoke with God, Moses would take his veil off. And when he came out, he would tell the Israelites what he had been commanded, and then Moses would then put the veil back over his face again. The parashah and the final closed portion () end here with the end of chapter . Readings according to the triennial cycle Jews who read the Torah according to the triennial cycle of Torah reading read the parashah according to the following schedule: In ancient parallels The parashah has parallels in these ancient sources: Exodus chapter 31 Noting that Sargon of Akkad was the first to use a seven-day week, Gregory Aldrete speculated that the Israelites may have adopted the idea from the Akkadian Empire. Exodus chapter 33 and 17, 13:5, and 33:3, , and 14:8, and , 11:9, 26:9 and 15, 27:3, and 31:20 describe the Land of Israel as a land flowing "with milk and honey." Similarly, the Middle Egyptian (early second millennium BCE) tale of Sinuhe Palestine described the Land of Israel or, as the Egyptian tale called it, the land of Yaa: "It was a good land called Yaa. Figs were in it and grapes. It had more wine than water. Abundant was its honey, plentiful its oil. All kind of fruit were on its trees. Barley was there and emmer, and no end of cattle of all kinds." In inner-Biblical interpretation The parashah has parallels or is discussed in these Biblical sources: Exodus chapters 25–39 This is the pattern of instruction and construction of the Tabernacle and its furnishings: The Priestly story of the Tabernacle in echoes the Priestly story of creation in . As the creation story unfolds in seven days, the instructions about the Tabernacle unfold in seven speeches. In both creation and Tabernacle accounts, the text notes the completion of the task. In both creation and Tabernacle, the work done is seen to be good. In both creation and Tabernacle, when the work is finished, God takes an action in acknowledgement. In both creation and Tabernacle, when the work is finished, a blessing is invoked. And in both creation and Tabernacle, God declares something "holy." Martin Buber and others noted that the language used to describe the building of the Tabernacle parallels that used in the story of creation. Jeffrey Tigay noted that the lampstand held seven candles, Aaron wore seven sacral vestments, the account of the building of the Tabernacle alludes to the creation account, and the Tabernacle was completed on New Year's Day. And Carol Meyers noted that and list seven kinds of substances — metals, yarn, skins, wood, oil, spices, and gemstones — signifying the totality of supplies. Exodus chapter 31 2 Chronicles reports that the bronze altar, which reports Bezalel made, still stood before the Tabernacle in Solomon's time, and Solomon sacrificed a thousand burnt offerings on it. The Sabbath refers to the Sabbath. Commentators note that the Hebrew Bible repeats the commandment to observe the Sabbath 12 times. reports that on the seventh day of Creation, God finished God’s work, rested, and blessed and hallowed the seventh day. The Sabbath is one of the Ten Commandments. commands that one remember the Sabbath day, keep it holy, and not do any manner of work or cause anyone under one’s control to work, for in six days God made heaven and earth and rested on the seventh day, blessed the Sabbath, and hallowed it. commands that one observe the Sabbath day, keep it holy, and not do any manner of work or cause anyone under one’s control to work — so that one’s subordinates might also rest — and remember that the Israelites were servants in the land of Egypt, and God brought them out with a mighty hand and by an outstretched arm. In the incident of the manna (, ) in , Moses told the Israelites that the Sabbath is a solemn rest day; prior to the Sabbath one should cook what one would cook, and lay up food for the Sabbath. And God told Moses to let no one go out of one’s place on the seventh day. In , just before giving Moses the second Tablets of Stone, God commanded that the Israelites keep and observe the Sabbath throughout their generations, as a sign between God and the children of Israel forever, for in six days God made heaven and earth, and on the seventh day God rested. In , just before issuing the instructions for the Tabernacle, Moses again told the Israelites that no one should work on the Sabbath, specifying that one must not kindle fire on the Sabbath. In , God told Moses to repeat the Sabbath commandment to the people, calling the Sabbath a holy convocation. The prophet Isaiah taught in that iniquity is inconsistent with the Sabbath. In , the prophet taught that if people turn away from pursuing or speaking of business on the Sabbath and call the Sabbath a delight, then God will make them ride upon the high places of the earth and will feed them with the heritage of Jacob. And in , the prophet taught that in times to come, from one Sabbath to another, all people will come to worship God. The prophet Jeremiah taught in that the fate of Jerusalem depended on whether the people abstained from work on the Sabbath, refraining from carrying burdens outside their houses and through the city gates. The prophet Ezekiel told in how God gave the Israelites God’s Sabbaths, to be a sign between God and them, but the Israelites rebelled against God by profaning the Sabbaths, provoking God to pour out God’s fury upon them, but God stayed God’s hand. In , Nehemiah told how he saw some treading winepresses on the Sabbath, and others bringing all manner of burdens into Jerusalem on the Sabbath day, so when it began to be dark before the Sabbath, he commanded that the city gates be shut and not opened till after the Sabbath and directed the Levites to keep the gates to sanctify the Sabbath. Exodus chapter 32 The report of that "the people assembled" (, ) is echoed in , which opens, "And Moses assembled" (, ). 1 Kings reports a parallel story of golden calves. King Jeroboam of the northern Kingdom of Israel made two calves of gold out of a desire to prevent the kingdom from returning to allegiance to the house of David and the southern Kingdom of Judah. In , the people said of the Golden Calf, "This is your god, O Israel, that brought you up out of the land of Egypt." Similarly, in , Jeroboam told the people of his golden calves, "You have gone up long enough to Jerusalem; behold your gods, O Israel, that brought you up out of the land of Egypt." Jeroboam set up one of the calves in Bethel, and the other in Dan, and the people went to worship before the calf in Dan. Jeroboam made houses of high places, and made priests from people who were not Levites. He ordained a feast like Sukkot on the fifteenth day of the eighth month (a month after the real Sukkot), and he went up to the altar at Bethel to sacrifice to the golden calves that he had made, and he installed his priests there. In and , Moses called on God to "remember" God's covenant with Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob to deliver the Israelites from God's wrath after the incident of the Golden Calf. Similarly, God remembered Noah to deliver him from the flood in ; God promised to remember God's covenant not to destroy the Earth again by flood in ; God remembered Abraham to deliver Lot from the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah in ; God remembered Rachel to deliver her from childlessness in ; God remembered God's covenant with Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob to deliver the Israelites from Egyptian bondage in and ; God promised to "remember" God's covenant with Jacob, Isaac, and Abraham to deliver the Israelites and the Land of Israel in ; the Israelites were to blow upon their trumpets to be remembered and delivered from their enemies in ; Samson called on God to deliver him from the Philistines in ; Hannah prayed for God to remember her and deliver her from childlessness in 1 Samuel and God remembered Hannah's prayer to deliver her from childlessness in ; Hezekiah called on God to remember Hezekiah's faithfulness to deliver him from sickness in and ; Jeremiah called on God to remember God's covenant with the Israelites to not condemn them in ; Jeremiah called on God to remember him and think of him, and avenge him of his persecutors in ; God promises to remember God's covenant with the Israelites and establish an everlasting covenant in ; God remembers the cry of the humble in Zion to avenge them in Psalm ; David called upon God to remember God's compassion and mercy in ; Asaph called on God to remember God's congregation to deliver them from their enemies in ; God remembered that the Israelites were only human in ; Ethan the Ezrahite called on God to remember how short Ethan's life was in ; God remembers that humans are but dust in ; God remembers God's covenant with Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob in ; God remembers God's word to Abraham to deliver the Israelites to the Land of Israel in ; the Psalmist calls on God to remember him to favor God's people, to think of him at God's salvation, that he might behold the prosperity of God's people in ; God remembered God's covenant and repented according to God's mercy to deliver the Israelites in the wake of their rebellion and iniquity in ; the Psalmist calls on God to remember God's word to God's servant to give him hope in ; God remembered us in our low estate to deliver us from our adversaries in ; Job called on God to remember him to deliver him from God's wrath in ; Nehemiah prayed to God to remember God's promise to Moses to deliver the Israelites from exile in ; and Nehemiah prayed to God to remember him to deliver him for good in . Exodus chapter 34 William Propp found variants or citations of (the Attributes of God) in ; ; ; ; ; ; ; , ; ; ; ; ; ; ; and , as if the words were known to all. James Limburg asked whether the Book of Jonah might be a Midrash on a text like . Benjamin Sommer read and to teach that God punishes children for their parents' sins as a sign of mercy to the parents: When sinning parents repent, God defers their punishment to their offspring. Sommer argued that other Biblical writers, engaging in inner-Biblical interpretation, rejected that notion in , , and . Sommer argued that , for example, quoted , which was already an authoritative and holy text, but revised the morally troubling part: Where taught that God punishes sin for generations, maintained that God does not contend forever. Sommer argued that and similarly quoted with revision. Sommer asserted that , , and do not try to tell us how to read ; that is, they do not argue that somehow means something other than what it seems to say. Rather, they repeat while also disagreeing with part of it. Passover refers to the Festival of Passover, calling it "the Feast of Unleavened Bread." In the Hebrew Bible, Passover is called: "Passover" (, ); "The Feast of Unleavened Bread" (, ); and "A holy convocation" or "a solemn assembly" (, ). Some explain the double nomenclature of "Passover" and "Feast of Unleavened Bread" as referring to two separate feasts that the Israelites combined sometime between the Exodus and when the Biblical text became settled. and indicate that the dedication of the firstborn also became associated with the festival. Some believe that the "Feast of Unleavened Bread" was an agricultural festival at which the Israelites celebrated the beginning of the grain harvest. Moses may have had this festival in mind when in and he petitioned Pharaoh to let the Israelites go to celebrate a feast in the wilderness. "Passover," on the other hand, was associated with a thanksgiving sacrifice of a lamb, also called "the Passover," "the Passover lamb," or "the Passover offering." , , and and 5, and direct "Passover" to take place on the evening of the fourteenth of Aviv (Nisan in the Hebrew calendar after the Babylonian captivity). , , , and confirm that practice. , , and , , and direct the "Feast of Unleavened Bread" to take place over seven days and and direct that it begin on the fifteenth of the month. Some believe that the proximity of the dates of the two festivals led to their confusion and merger. and 27 link the word "Passover" (, ) to God's act to "pass over" (, ) the Israelites' houses in the plague of the firstborn. In the Torah, the consolidated Passover and Feast of Unleavened Bread thus commemorate the Israelites' liberation from Egypt. The Hebrew Bible frequently notes the Israelites' observance of Passover at turning points in their history. reports God's direction to the Israelites to observe Passover in the wilderness of Sinai on the anniversary of their liberation from Egypt. reports that upon entering the Promised Land, the Israelites kept the Passover on the plains of Jericho and ate unleavened cakes and parched corn, produce of the land, the next day. reports that King Josiah commanded the Israelites to keep the Passover in Jerusalem as part of Josiah's reforms, but also notes that the Israelites had not kept such a Passover from the days of the Biblical judges nor in all the days of the kings of Israel or the kings of Judah, calling into question the observance of even Kings David and Solomon. The more reverent , however, reports that Solomon offered sacrifices on the festivals, including the Feast of Unleavened Bread. And reports King Hezekiah's observance of a second Passover anew, as sufficient numbers of neither the priests nor the people were prepared to do so before then. And reports that the Israelites returned from the Babylonian captivity observed Passover, ate the Passover lamb, and kept the Feast of Unleavened Bread seven days with joy. Shavuot refers to the Festival of Shavuot. In the Hebrew Bible, Shavuot is called: The Feast of Weeks (, ); The Day of the First-fruits (, ); The Feast of Harvest (, ); and A holy convocation (, ). associates Shavuot with the first-fruits (, ) of the wheat harvest. In turn, set out the ceremony for the bringing of the first fruits. To arrive at the correct date, instructs counting seven weeks from the day after the day of rest of Passover, the day that they brought the sheaf of barley for waving. Similarly, directs counting seven weeks from when they first put the sickle to the standing barley. sets out a course of offerings for the fiftieth day, including a meal-offering of two loaves made from fine flour from the first-fruits of the harvest; burnt-offerings of seven lambs, one bullock, and two rams; a sin-offering of a goat; and a peace-offering of two lambs. Similarly, sets out a course of offerings including a meal-offering; burnt-offerings of two bullocks, one ram, and seven lambs; and one goat to make atonement. directs a freewill-offering in relation to God's blessing. and ordain a holy convocation in which the Israelites were not to work. reports that Solomon offered burnt-offerings on the Feast of Weeks. Sukkot And refers to the Festival of Sukkot, calling it "the Feast of Ingathering." In the Hebrew Bible, Sukkot is called: "The Feast of Tabernacles (or Booths)"; "The Feast of Ingathering"; "The Feast" or "the festival"; "The Feast of the Lord"; "The festival of the seventh month"; and "A holy convocation" or "a sacred occasion." Sukkot's agricultural origin is evident from the name "The Feast of Ingathering," from the ceremonies accompanying it, and from the season and occasion of its celebration: "At the end of the year when you gather in your labors out of the field"; "after you have gathered in from your threshing-floor and from your winepress." It was a thanksgiving for the fruit harvest. And in what may explain the festival's name, Isaiah reports that grape harvesters kept booths in their vineyards. Coming as it did at the completion of the harvest, Sukkot was regarded as a general thanksgiving for the bounty of nature in the year that had passed. Sukkot became one of the most important feasts in Judaism, as indicated by its designation as "the Feast of the Lord" or simply "the Feast." Perhaps because of its wide attendance, Sukkot became the appropriate time for important state ceremonies. Moses instructed the children of Israel to gather for a reading of the Law during Sukkot every seventh year. King Solomon dedicated the Temple in Jerusalem on Sukkot. And Sukkot was the first sacred occasion observed after the resumption of sacrifices in Jerusalem after the Babylonian captivity. In the time of Nehemiah, after the Babylonian captivity, the Israelites celebrated Sukkot by making and dwelling in booths, a practice of which Nehemiah reports: "the Israelites had not done so from the days of Joshua." In a practice related to that of the Four Species, Nehemiah also reports that the Israelites found in the Law the commandment that they "go out to the mountains and bring leafy branches of olive trees, pine trees, myrtles, palms and [other] leafy trees to make booths." In , God told Moses to command the people: "On the first day you shall take the product of trees, branches of palm trees, boughs of leafy trees, and willows of the brook," and "You shall live in booths seven days; all citizens in Israel shall live in booths, in order that future generations may know that I made the Israelite people live in booths when I brought them out of the land of Egypt." The book of Numbers, however, indicates that while in the wilderness, the Israelites dwelt in tents. Some secular scholars consider (the commandments regarding booths and the four species) to be an insertion by a later redactor. King Jeroboam of the northern Kingdom of Israel, whom describes as practicing "his evil way," celebrated a festival on the fifteenth day of the eighth month, one month after Sukkot, "in imitation of the festival in Judah." "While Jeroboam was standing on the altar to present the offering, the man of God, at the command of the Lord, cried out against the altar" in disapproval. According to the prophet Zechariah, in the messianic era, Sukkot will become a universal festival, and all nations will make pilgrimages annually to Jerusalem to celebrate the feast there. Milk In three separate places — and and — the Torah prohibits boiling a kid in its mother's milk. In early nonrabbinic interpretation The parashah is discussed in these early nonrabbinic sources: Exodus chapter 31 Josephus taught that when the Israelites brought together the materials with great diligence, Moses set architects over the works by the command of God. And these were the very same people that the people themselves would have chosen, had the election been allowed to them: Bezalel, the son of Uri, of the tribe of Judah, the grandson of Miriam, the sister of Moses, and Oholiab, file son of Ahisamach, of the tribe of Dan. told how in the 2nd century BCE, many followers of the pious Jewish priest Mattathias rebelled against the Seleucid king Antiochus IV Epiphanes. Antiochus’s soldiers attacked a group of them on the Sabbath, and when the Pietists failed to defend themselves so as to honor the Sabbath (commanded in, among other places, ), a thousand died. reported that when Mattathias and his friends heard, they reasoned that if they did not fight on the Sabbath, they would soon be destroyed. So they decided that they would fight against anyone who attacked them on the Sabbath. In classical rabbinic interpretation The parashah is discussed in these rabbinic sources from the era of the Mishnah and the Talmud: Exodus chapter 30 The Rabbis taught in a Baraita that upon entering a barn to measure the new grain one should recite the blessing, "May it be Your will O Lord, our God, that You may send blessing upon the work of our hands." Once one has begun to measure, one should say, "Blessed be the One who sends blessing into this heap." If, however, one first measured the grain and then recited the blessing, then prayer is in vain, because blessing is not to be found in anything that has been already weighed or measured or numbered, but only in a thing hidden from sight. Rabbi Abbahu taught that Moses asked God how Israel would be exalted, and God replied in the words of (about collecting the half-shekel tax), "When you raise them up," teaching that collecting contributions from the people elevates them. Rabbi Eleazar taught that God told David that David called God an inciter, but God would make David stumble over a thing that even school-children knew, namely, that which says, "When you take the sum of the children of Israel according to their number, then shall they give every man a ransom for his soul into the Lord . . . that there be no plague among them." Forthwith, as reports, "Satan stood up against Israel," and as reports, "He stirred up David against them saying, 'Go, number Israel.'" And when David did number them, he took no ransom from them, and as reports, "So the Lord sent a pestilence upon Israel from the morning even to the time appointed." The Gemara asked what meant by "the time appointed." Samuel the elder, the son-in-law of Rabbi Hanina, answered in the name of Rabbi Hanina: From the time of slaughtering the continual offering (at dawn) until the time of sprinkling the blood. Rabbi Joḥanan said it meant at midday. Reading the continuation of , "And He said to the Angel that destroyed the people, 'It is enough (, rav),'" Rabbi Eleazar taught that God told the Angel to take a great man (, rav) from among them, through whose death many sins could be expiated. So Abishai son of Zeruiah then died, and he was individually equal in worth to the greater part of the Sanhedrin. Reading , "And as he was about to destroy, the Lord beheld, and He repented," the Gemara ask what God beheld. Rav said God beheld Jacob, as reports, "And Jacob said when he beheld them." Samuel said that God beheld the ashes of the ram of Isaac, as says, "God will see for Himself the lamb." Rabbi Isaac Nappaha taught that God saw the atonement money that reports God required Moses to collect. For in , God said, "And you shall take the atonement money from the children of Israel, and shalt appoint it for the service of the tent of meeting, that it may be a memorial for the children of Israel before the Lord, to make atonement for your souls.'" (Thus God said that at some future time, the money would provide atonement.) Alternatively, Rabbi Joḥanan taught that God saw the Temple. For explained the meaning of the name that Abraham gave to the mountain where Abraham nearly sacrificed Isaac to be, "In the mount where the Lord is seen." (Solomon later built the Temple on that mountain, and God saw the merit of the sacrifices there.) Rabbi Jacob bar Iddi and Rabbi Samuel bar Naḥmani differed on the matter. One said that God saw the atonement money that reports God required Moses to collect from the Israelites, while the other said that God saw the Temple. The Gemara concluded that the more likely view was that God saw the Temple, as can be read to say, "As it will be said on that day, 'in the mount where the Lord is seen.'" The first four chapters of Tractate Shekalim in the Mishnah, Tosefta, Jerusalem Talmud, and Babylonian Talmud interpreted the law of the half-shekel head tax commanded by . Reading , "This they shall give . . . half a shekel for an offering to the Lord," to indicate that God pointed with God's finger, Rabbi Ishmael said that each of the five fingers of God's right hand appertain to the mystery of Redemption. Rabbi Ishmael said that God showed the little finger of the hand to Noah, pointing out how to make the Ark, as in , God says, "And this is how you shall make it." With the second finger, next to the little one, God smote the Egyptians with the ten plagues, as ( in the KJV) says, "The magicians said to Pharaoh, 'This is the finger of God.'" With the middle finger, God wrote the Tablets of the Law, as says, "And He gave to Moses, when He had made an end of communing with him . . . tables of stone, written with the finger of God." With the index finger, God showed Moses what the children of Israel should give for the redemption of their souls, as says, "This they shall give . . . half a shekel for an offering to the Lord." With the thumb and all the hand, God will in the future smite God's enemies (who Rabbi Ishmael identified as the children of Esau and Ishmael), as says, "Let your hand be lifted up above your adversaries, and let all your enemies be cut off." A Midrash taught that God considers studying the sanctuary’s structure as equivalent to rebuilding it. The Mishnah taught that any sacrifice performed by a priest who had not washed his hands and feet at the laver as required by was invalid. Rabbi Jose the son of Rabbi Hanina taught that a priest was not permitted to wash in a laver that did not contain enough water to wash four priests, for says, "That Moses and Aaron and his sons might wash their hands and their feet thereat." ("His sons" implies at least two priests, and adding Moses and Aaron makes four.) The Mishnah reported that the High Priest Ben Katin made 12 spigots for the laver, where there had been two before. Ben Katin also made a machine for the laver, so that its water would not become unfit by remaining overnight. A Baraita taught that Josiah hid away the anointing oil referred to in , the Ark referred to in , the jar of manna referred to in , Aaron's rod with its almonds and blossoms referred to in , and the coffer that the Philistines sent the Israelites as a gift along with the Ark and concerning which the priests said in , "And put the jewels of gold, which you returned Him for a guilt offering, in a coffer by the side thereof [of the Ark]; and send it away that it may go." Having observed that predicted, "The Lord will bring you and your king . . . to a nation that you have not known," Josiah ordered the Ark hidden away, as reports, "And he [Josiah] said to the Levites who taught all Israel, that were holy to the Lord, 'Put the Holy Ark into the house that Solomon the son of David, King of Israel, built; there shall no more be a burden upon your shoulders; now serve the Lord your God and his people Israel.'" Rabbi Eleazar deduced that Josiah hid the anointing oil and the other objects at the same time as the Ark from the common use of the expressions "there" in with regard to the manna and "there" in with regard to the Ark, "to be kept" in with regard to the manna and "to be kept" in with regard to Aaron's rod, and "generations" in with regard to the manna and "generations" in with regard to the anointing oil. The Mishnah counted compounding anointing oil in the formula prescribed in and using such sacred anointing oil in a way prohibited by as 2 among 36 transgressions in the Torah punishable with excision (, ). The Mishnah taught that for these transgressions, one was liable to excision if one violated the commandment willfully. If one violated the commandment in error, one was liable to a sin offering. If there was a doubt whether one had violated the commandment, one was liable to a suspensive guilt offering, except, taught Rabbi Meir, in the case of one who defiled the Temple or its consecrated things, in which case one was liable to a sliding-scale sacrifice (according to the means of the transgressor, as provided in ). Rabbi Judah taught that many miracles attended the anointing oil that Moses made in the wilderness. There were originally only 12 (about a gallon) of the oil. Much of it must have been absorbed in the mixing pot, much must have been absorbed in the roots of the spices used, and much of it must have evaporated during cooking. Yet it was used to anoint the Tabernacle and its vessels, Aaron and his sons throughout the seven days of the consecration, and subsequent High Priests and kings. The Gemara deduced from , "This (, ) shall be a holy anointing oil unto Me throughout your generations," that 12 existed. The Gemara calculated the numerical value of the Hebrew letters in the word , ("this") to be 12 (employing Gematria, where equals 7 and equals 5), indicating that 12 logs of the oil were preserved throughout time. Exodus chapter 31 Rabbi Joḥanan taught that God proclaims three things for God's Self: famine, plenty, and a good leader. shows that God proclaims famine, when it says: "The Lord has called for a famine." shows that God proclaims plenty, when it says: "I will call for the corn and will increase it." And shows that God proclaims a good leader, when it says: "And the Lord spoke to Moses, saying, 'See I have called by name Bezalel, the son of Uri.'" Rabbi Isaac taught that we cannot appoint a leader over a community without first consulting the people, as says: "And Moses said to the children of Israel: 'See, the Lord has called by name Bezalel, the son of Uri.'" Rabbi Isaac taught that God asked Moses whether Moses considered Bezalel suitable. Moses replied that if God thought Bezalel suitable, surely Moses must also. God told Moses that, all the same, Moses should go and consult the people. Moses then asked the Israelites whether they considered Bezalel suitable. They replied that if God and Moses considered Bezalel suitable, then surely they had to, as well. Rabbi Samuel bar Naḥmani said in the name of Rabbi Joḥanan that Bezalel (, whose name can be read , , "in the shadow of God") was so called because of his wisdom. When God told Moses (in ) to tell Bezalel to make a tabernacle, an ark, and vessels, Moses reversed the order and told Bezalel to make an ark, vessels, and a tabernacle. Bezalel replied to Moses that as a rule, one first builds a house and then brings vessels into it, but Moses directed to make an ark, vessels, and a tabernacle. Bezalel asked where he would put the vessels. And Bezalel asked whether God had told Moses to make a tabernacle, an ark, and vessels. Moses replied that perhaps Bezalel had been in the shadow of God (, ) and had thus come to know this. Rav Judah taught in the name of Rav that indicated that God endowed Bezalel with the same attribute that God used in creating the universe. Rav Judah said in the name of Rav that Bezalel knew how to combine the letters by which God created the heavens and earth. For says (about Bezalel), "And He has filled him with the spirit of God, in wisdom and in understanding, and in knowledge," and says (about creation), "The Lord by wisdom founded the earth; by understanding He established the heavens," and says, "By His knowledge the depths were broken up." Rabbi Tanḥuma taught in the name of Rav Huna that even the things that Bezalel did not hear from Moses he conceived of on his own exactly as they were told to Moses from Sinai. Rabbi Tanḥuma said in the name of Rav Huna that one can deduce this from the words of , "And Bezalel the son of Uri, the son of Hur, of the tribe of Judah, made all that the Lord commanded Moses." For does not say, "that Moses commanded him," but, "that the Lord commanded Moses." And the Agadat Shir ha-Shirim taught that Bezalel and Oholiab went up Mount Sinai, where the heavenly Sanctuary was shown to them. Tractate Shabbat in the Mishnah, Tosefta, Jerusalem Talmud, and Babylonian Talmud interpreted the laws of the Sabbath in and 29; (20:8–11 in the NJPS); ; ; ; ; ; ; and (5:12 in the NJPS). Reading the words "everyone who profanes [the Sabbath] shall surely be put to death" in (in which the verb for death is doubled), Samuel deduced that the Torah decreed many deaths for desecrating the Sabbath. The Gemara posited that perhaps refers to willful desecration. The Gemara answered that is not needed to teach that willful transgression of the Sabbath is a capital crime, for says, "Whoever does any work therein shall be put to death." The Gemara concluded that thus must apply to an unwitting offender, and in that context, the words "shall surely be put to death" mean that the inadvertent Sabbath violator will "die" monetarily because of the violator's need to bring costly sacrifices. The Sifra taught that the incidents of the blasphemer in and the wood gatherer in happened at the same time, but the Israelites did not leave the blasphemer with the wood gatherer, for they knew that the wood gatherer was going to be executed, as directed, "those who profane it [the Sabbath] shall be put to death." But they did not know the correct form of death penalty for him, for God had not yet been specified what to do to him, as says, "for it had not [yet] been specified what should be done to him." With regard to the blasphemer, the Sifra read , "until the decision of the Lord should be made clear to them," to indicate that they did not know whether or not the blasphemer was to be executed. (And if they placed the blasphemer together with the wood gatherer, it might have caused the blasphemer unnecessary fear, as he might have concluded that he was on death row. Therefore, they held the two separately.) A Midrash asked to which commandment refers when it says, "For if you shall diligently keep all this commandment that I command you, to do it, to love the Lord your God, to walk in all His ways, and to cleave to Him, then will the Lord drive out all these nations from before you, and you shall dispossess nations greater and mightier than yourselves." Rabbi Levi said that "this commandment" refers to the recitation of the Shema (), but the Rabbis said that it refers to the Sabbath, which is equal to all the precepts of the Torah. The Alphabet of Rabbi Akiva taught that when God was giving Israel the Torah, God told them that if they accepted the Torah and observed God's commandments, then God would give them for eternity a most precious thing that God possessed — the World To Come. When Israel asked to see in this world an example of the World To Come, God replied that the Sabbath is an example of the World To Come. The Mishnah taught that the two Tablets of the Ten Commandments that God gave Moses in were among ten things that God created on the eve of the first Sabbath at twilight. Rabbi Meir taught that the stone Tablets that God gave Moses in were each 6 handbreadths long, 6 handbreadths wide, and 3 handbreadths thick. Rabbi Simeon ben Lakish (Resh Lakish) taught that the Torah that God gave Moses was of white fire and its writing of black fire. It was itself fire and it was hewn out of fire and completely formed of fire and given in fire, as says, "At His right hand was a fiery law to them." Rabbi Samuel bar Nahman taught that when God passed the two Tablets to Moses (as reported in ), the Tablets conveyed to Moses a lustrous appearance (as reported in ). Rabbi Eleazar taught that from the words of , "tablets (, ) of stone," one may learn that if one regards one's cheeks (, ) as stone that is not easily worn away (constantly speaking words of Torah, regardless of the strain on one's facial muscles), one's learning will be preserved, but otherwise it will not. Reading "the finger of God" in , Rabbi Ishmael said that each of the five fingers of God's right hand appertain to the mystery of Redemption. Rabbi Ishmael said that God wrote the Tablets of the Law with the middle finger, as says, "And He gave to Moses, when He had made an end of communing with him . . . tables of stone, written with the finger of God." Exodus chapter 32 A Baraita taught that because of God's displeasure with the Israelites, the north wind did not blow on them in any of the 40 years during which they wandered in the wilderness. Rabbi Tanḥum bar Hanilai taught that Aaron made the Golden Calf in as a compromise with the people's demand in to "make us a god who shall go before us." Rabbi Benjamin bar Japhet, reporting Rabbi Eleazar, interpreted the words of , "And when Aaron saw it, he built an altar before it," to mean that Aaron saw (his nephew) Hur lying slain before him and thought that if he did not obey the people, they would kill him as well. ( mentions that Moses appointed Hur to share the leadership of the people with Aaron, but after Moses descended from Mount Sinai, Hur's name does not appear again.) Aaron thought that the people would then fulfill the words of , "Shall the Priest and the Prophet be slain in the Sanctuary of God?" and the people would then never find forgiveness. Aaron thought it better to let the people worship the Golden Calf, for which they might yet find forgiveness through repentance. And thus Rabbi Tanḥum bar Hanilai concluded that it was in reference to Aaron's decision-making in this incident that can be read to mean, "He who praises one who makes a compromise blasphemes God." The Sages told that Aaron really intended to delay the people until Moses came down, but when Moses saw Aaron beating the Golden Calf into shape with a hammer, Moses thought that Aaron was participating in the sin and was incensed with him. So God told Moses that God knew that Aaron's intentions were good. The Midrash compared it to a prince who became mentally unstable and started digging to undermine his father's house. His tutor told him not to weary himself but to let him dig. When the king saw it, he said that he knew the tutor's intentions were good, and declared that the tutor would rule over the palace. Similarly, when the Israelites told Aaron in , "Make us a god," Aaron replied in , "Break off the golden rings that are in the ears of your wives, of your sons, and of your daughters, and bring them to me." And Aaron told them that since he was a priest, they should let him make it and sacrifice to it, all with the intention of delaying them until Moses could come down. So God told Aaron that God knew Aaron's intention, and that only Aaron would have sovereignty over the sacrifices that the Israelites would bring. Hence in , God told Moses, "And bring near Aaron your brother, and his sons with him, from among the children of Israel, that they may minister to Me in the priest's office." The Midrash told that God told this to Moses several months later in the Tabernacle itself when Moses was about to consecrate Aaron to his office. Rabbi Levi compared it to the friend of a king who was a member of the imperial cabinet and a judge. When the king was about to appoint a palace governor, he told his friend that he intended to appoint the friend's brother. So God made Moses superintendent of the palace, as reports, "My servant Moses is . . . is trusted in all My house," and God made Moses a judge, as reports, "Moses sat to judge the people." And when God was about to appoint a High Priest, God notified Moses that it would be his brother Aaron. A Midrash noted that in the incident of the Golden Calf, in , Aaron told them, "Break off the golden rings that are in the ears of your wives," but the women refused to participate, as indicates when it says, "And all the people broke off the golden rings that were in their ears." Similarly, the Midrash noted that says that in the incident of the spies, "the men . . . when they returned, made all the congregation to murmur against him." The Midrash explained that that is why the report of about the daughters of Zelophehad follows immediately after the report of about the death of the wilderness generation. The Midrash noted that says, "there was not left a man of them, save Caleb the son of Jephunneh," because the men had been unwilling to enter the Land. But the Midrash taught that says, "then drew near the daughters of Zelophehad," to show that the women still sought an inheritance in the Land. The Midrash taught that in that generation, the women built up fences that the men broke down. The Pirke De-Rabbi Eliezer expounded on the exchange between God and Moses in after the sin of the Golden Calf. The Pirke De-Rabbi Eliezer told that after the incident of the Golden Calf, God told Moses that the Israelites had forgotten God's might and had made an idol. Moses replied to God that while the Israelites had not yet sinned, God had called them "My people," as in , God had said, "And I will bring forth My hosts, My people." But Moses noted that once the Israelites had sinned, God told Moses (in ), "Go, get down, for your people have corrupted themselves." Moses told God that the Israelites were indeed God's people, and God's inheritance, as reports Moses saying, "Yet they are Your people and Your inheritance." Did the prayer of Moses in change God's harsh decree? On this subject, Rabbi Abbahu interpreted David's last words, as reported in , where David reported that God told him, "Ruler over man shall be the righteous, even he that rules through the fear of God." Rabbi Abbahu read to teach that God rules humankind, but the righteous rule God, for God makes a decree, and the righteous may through their prayer annul it. Rava employed to interpret , which says: "And Moses besought () the Lord his God" in connection with the incident of the Golden Calf. Rava noted that uses the term "besought" (), while uses the similar term "break" () in connection with vows. Transferring the use of to , Rava reasoned that meant that Moses stood in prayer before God until Moses annulled for God God's vow to destroy Israel, for a master had taught that while people cannot break their vows, others may annul their vows for them. Similarly, Rabbi Berekiah taught in the name of Rabbi Helbo in the name of Rabbi Isaac that Moses absolved God of God's vow. When the Israelites made the Golden Calf, Moses began to persuade God to forgive them, but God explained to Moses that God had already taken an oath in that "he who sacrifices to the gods . . . shall be utterly destroyed," and God could not retract an oath. Moses responded by asking whether God had not granted Moses the power to annul oaths in by saying, "When a man vows a vow to the Lord, or swears an oath to bind his soul with a bond, he shall not break his word," implying that while he himself could not break his word, a scholar could absolve his vow. So Moses wrapped himself in his cloak and adopted the posture of a sage, and God stood before Moses as one asking for the annulment of a vow. The Gemara deduced from the example of Moses in . that one should seek an interceding frame of mind before praying. Rav Huna and Rav Hisda were discussing how long to wait between recitations of the Amidah prayer if one erred in the first reciting and needed to repeat the prayer. One said: long enough for the person praying to fall into a suppliant frame of mind, citing the words "And I supplicated the Lord" in . The other said: long enough to fall into an interceding frame of mind, citing the words "And Moses interceded" in . A Midrash compared Noah to Moses and found Moses superior. While Noah was worthy to be delivered from the generation of the Flood, he saved only himself and his family, and had insufficient strength to deliver his generation. Moses, however, saved both himself and his generation when they were condemned to destruction after the sin of the Golden Calf, as reports, "And the Lord repented of the evil that He said He would do to His people." The Midrash compared the cases to two ships in danger on the high seas, on board of which were two pilots. One saved himself but not his ship, and the other saved both himself and his ship. Interpreting on the "tablets that were written on both their sides," Rav Chisda said that the writing of the Tablets was cut completely through the Tablets, so that it could be read from either side. Thus the letters mem and samekh, which each form a complete polygon, left some of the stone Tablets in the middle of those letters standing in the air where they were held stable only by a miracle. Rabbi Samuel bar Nahman told that when the Israelites exclaimed, "This is your God, O Israel" in , Moses was just then descending from Mount Sinai. Joshua told Moses (in ), "There is a noise of war in the camp." But Moses retorted (in ), "It is not the voice of them that shout for mastery; neither is it the voice of them that cry for being overcome, but the noise of them that sing do I hear." Rabbi Samuel bar Nahman interpreted the words, "but the noise of them that sing do I hear," to mean that Moses heard the noise of reproach and blasphemy. The men of the Great Assembly noted that reports, "They had made a molten calf, and said: 'This is your God that brought you up out of Egypt.'" That would be sufficient provocation, but continues, "And wrought great provocations." The men of the Great Assembly thus concluded that demonstrates that in addition to making the Golden Calf, on that occasion the Israelites also uttered reproaches and blasphemy. A Midrash explained why Moses broke the stone Tablets. When the Israelites committed the sin of the Golden Calf, God sat in judgment to condemn them, as says, "Let Me alone, that I may destroy them," but God had not yet condemned them. So Moses took the Tablets from God to appease God's wrath. The Midrash compared the act of Moses to that of a king's marriage-broker. The king sent the broker to secure a wife for the king, but while the broker was on the road, the woman corrupted herself with another man. The broker (who was entirely innocent) took the marriage document that the king had given the broker to seal the marriage and tore it, reasoning that it would be better for the woman to be judged as an unmarried woman than as a wife. Rabbi Eleazar taught that one could learn from the words of , "carved on the tablets," that if the first two Tablets had not been broken, the Torah would have remained carved forever, and the Torah would never have been forgotten in Israel. Rav Aha bar Jacob said that no nation or tongue would have had any power over Israel, as one can read the word "carved" (, ) in as "freedom" (, ). (Thus, for the sake of the original two Tablets, Israel would have remained forever free.) A Baraita taught that when Moses broke the Tablets in , it was one of three actions that Moses took based on his own understanding with which God then agreed. The Gemara explained that Moses reasoned that if the Passover lamb, which was just one of the 613 commandments, was prohibited by to aliens, then certainly the whole Torah should be prohibited to the Israelites, who had acted as apostates with the Golden Calf. The Gemara deduced God's approval from God's mention of Moses' breaking the Tablets in . Resh Lakish interpreted this to mean that God gave Moses strength because he broke the Tablets. A Midrash taught that in recompense for Moses having grown angry and breaking the first set of Tablets in , God imposed on Moses the job of carving the second set of two Tablets in . The Rabbis taught that and bear out Ecclesiastes , "A time to cast away stones, and a time to gather stones together." The Rabbis taught that refers to Moses. For there was a time for Moses to cast away the Tablets in , and a time for him to restore them to Israel in . Reading the report of that Moses "took the calf . . . ground it to powder, and sprinkled it on the water, and made the children of Israel drink it," the Sages interpreted that Moses meant to test the Israelites much as the procedure of tested a wife accused of adultery (). The Rabbis taught that through the word "this," Aaron became degraded, as it is said in , "And Aaron said: '. . . I cast it into the fire, and there came out this calf,'" and through the word "this," Aaron was also elevated, as it is said in , "This is the offering of Aaron and of his sons, which they shall offer to the Lord on the day when he is anointed" to become High Priest. A Midrash noted that Israel sinned with fire in making the Golden Calf, as says, "And I cast it into the fire, and there came out this calf." And then Bezalel came and healed the wound (and the construction of the Tabernacle made atonement for the sins of the people in making the Golden Calf). The Midrash likened it to the words of , "Behold, I have created the smith who blows the fire of coals." The Midrash taught that Bezalel was the smith whom God had created to address the fire. And the Midrash likened it to the case of a doctor's disciple who applied a plaster to a wound and healed it. When people began to praise him, his teacher, the doctor, said that they should praise the doctor, for he taught the disciple. Similarly, when everybody said that Bezalel had constructed the Tabernacle through his knowledge and understanding, God said that it was God who created him and taught him, as says, "Behold, I have created the smith." Thus Moses said in , "see, the Lord has called by name Bezalel." Rav Nahman bar Isaac derived from the words "if not, blot me, I pray, out of Your book that You have written" in that three books are opened in heaven on Rosh Hashanah. Rav Kruspedai said in the name of Rabbi Joḥanan that on Rosh Hashanah, three books are opened in Heaven — one for the thoroughly wicked, one for the thoroughly righteous, and one for those in between. The thoroughly righteous are immediately inscribed definitively in the book of life. The thoroughly wicked are immediately inscribed definitively in the book of death. And the fate of those in between is suspended from Rosh Hashanah to Yom Kippur. If they deserve well, then they are inscribed in the book of life; if they do not deserve well, then they are inscribed in the book of death. Rabbi Abin said that tells us this when it says, "Let them be blotted out of the book of the living, and not be written with the righteous." "Let them be blotted out from the book" refers to the book of the wicked. "Of the living" refers to the book of the righteous. "And not be written with the righteous" refers to the book of those in between. Rav Nahman bar Isaac derived this from , where Moses told God, "if not, blot me, I pray, out of Your book that You have written." "Blot me, I pray" refers to the book of the wicked. "Out of Your book" refers to the book of the righteous. "That you have written" refers to the book of those in between. A Baraita taught that the House of Shammai said that there will be three groups at the Day of Judgment — one of thoroughly righteous, one of thoroughly wicked, and one of those in between. The thoroughly righteous will immediately be inscribed definitively as entitled to everlasting life; the thoroughly wicked will immediately be inscribed definitively as doomed to Gehinnom, as says, "And many of them who sleep in the dust of the earth shall awake, some to everlasting life and some to reproaches and everlasting abhorrence." Those in between will go down to Gehinnom and scream and rise again, as says, "And I will bring the third part through the fire, and will refine them as silver is refined, and will try them as gold is tried. They shall call on My name and I will answer them." Of them, Hannah said in , "The Lord kills and makes alive, He brings down to the grave and brings up." Reading the description of God in as "abundant in kindness," the House of Hillel taught that God inclines the scales towards grace (so that those in between do not have to descend to Gehinnom), and of them David said in , "I love that the Lord should hear my voice and my supplication . . . The cords of death compassed me, and the straits of the netherworld got hold upon me," and on their behalf David composed the conclusion of , "I was brought low and He saved me." Exodus chapter 33 Reading , Rabbi Simlai taught that when the Israelites gave precedence to "we will do" over "we will hear," 600,000 ministering angels came and set two crowns on each Israelite man, one as a reward for "we will do" and the other as a reward for "we will hearken." But as soon as the Israelites committed the sin of the Golden Calf, 1.2 million destroying angels descended and removed the crowns, as it is said in , "And the children of Israel stripped themselves of their ornaments from mount Horeb." The Gemara reported a number of Rabbis' reports of how the Land of Israel did indeed flow with "milk and honey," as described in and 17, , and , , and , and , , and 15, , and . Once when Rami bar Ezekiel visited Bnei Brak, he saw goats grazing under fig trees while honey was flowing from the figs, and milk dripped from the goats mingling with the fig honey, causing him to remark that it was indeed a land flowing with milk and honey. Rabbi Jacob ben Dostai said that it is about three miles from Lod to Ono, and once he rose up early in the morning and waded all that way up to his ankles in fig honey. Resh Lakish said that he saw the flow of the milk and honey of Sepphoris extend over an area of sixteen miles by sixteen miles. Rabbah bar Bar Hana said that he saw the flow of the milk and honey in all the Land of Israel and the total area was equal to an area of twenty-two parasangs by six parasangs. Rav Judah taught in the name of Rav that as Moses was dying, Joshua quoted back to Moses the report of about how Joshua stood by the side of Moses all the time. Rav Judah reported in the name of Rav that when Moses was dying, he invited Joshua to ask him about any doubts that Joshua might have. Joshua replied by asking Moses whether Joshua had ever left Moses for an hour and gone elsewhere. Joshua asked Moses whether Moses had not written in , "The Lord would speak to Moses face to face, as one man speaks to another. . . . But his servant Joshua the son of Nun departed not out of the Tabernacle." Joshua's words wounded Moses, and immediately the strength of Moses waned, and Joshua forgot 300 laws, and 700 doubts concerning laws arose in Joshua's mind. The Israelites then arose to kill Joshua (unless he could resolve these doubts). God then told Joshua that it was not possible to tell him the answers (for, as tells, the Torah is not in Heaven). Instead, God then directed Joshua to occupy the Israelites' attention in war, as reports. Rabbi Samuel bar Naḥmani taught in the name of Rabbi Jonathan that the report of helped to illuminate the words of as a blessing. Ben Damah the son of Rabbi Ishmael's sister once asked Rabbi Ishmael whether one who had studied the whole Torah might learn Greek wisdom. Rabbi Ishmael replied by reading to Ben Damah , "This book of the law shall not depart out of your mouth, but you shall meditate therein day and night." And then Rabbi Ishmael told Ben Damah to go find a time that is neither day nor night and learn Greek wisdom then. Rabbi Samuel bar Naḥmani, however, taught in the name of Rabbi Jonathan that is neither duty nor command, but a blessing. For God saw that the words of the Torah were most precious to Joshua, as says, "The Lord would speak to Moses face to face, as one man speaks to another. And he would then return to the camp. His minister Joshua, the son of Nun, a young man, departed not out of the tent." So God told Joshua that since the words of the Torah were so precious to him, God assured Joshua (in the words of ) that "this book of the law shall not depart out of your mouth." A Baraita was taught in the School of Rabbi Ishmael, however, that one should not consider the words of the Torah as a debt that one should desire to discharge, for one is not at liberty to desist from them. A Midrash taught that , "And he who waits on his master shall be honored," alludes to Joshua, for Joshua ministered to Moses day and night, as reported by , which says, "Joshua departed not out of the Tent," and , which says, "Joshua . . . said: 'My lord Moses, shut them in.'" Consequently, God honored Joshua by saying of Joshua in "He shall stand before Eleazar the priest, who shall inquire for him by the judgment of the Urim." And because Joshua served his master Moses, Joshua attained the privilege of receiving the Holy Spirit, as reports, "Now it came to pass after the death of Moses . . . that the Lord spoke to Joshua, the minister of Moses." The Midrash taught that there was no need for to state, "the minister of Moses," so the purpose of the statement "the minister of Moses" was to explain that Joshua was awarded the privilege of prophecy because he was the minister of Moses. Rav Nachman taught that the angel of whom God spoke in was Metatron (). Rav Nahman warned that one who is as skilled in refuting heretics as Rav Idit should do so, but others should not. Once a heretic asked Rav Idit why says, "And to Moses He said, 'Come up to the Lord,'" when surely God should have said, "Come up to Me." Rav Idit replied that it was the angel Metatron who said that, and that Metatron's name is similar to that of his Master (and indeed the gematria (numerical value of the Hebrew letters) of Metatron () equals that of Shadai (), God's name in and elsewhere) for says, "for my name is in him." But if so, the heretic retorted, we should worship Metatron. Rav Idit replied that also says, "Be not rebellious against him," by which God meant, "Do not exchange Me for him" (as the word for "rebel," (, ) derives from the same root as the word "exchange"). The heretic then asked why then says, "he will not pardon your transgression." Rav Idit answered that indeed Metatron has no authority to forgive sins, and the Israelites would not accept him even as a messenger, for reports that Moses told God, "If Your Presence does not go with me, do not carry us up from here." A Baraita taught in the name of Rabbi Joshua ben Korhah that God told Moses that when God wanted to be seen at the burning bush, Moses did not want to see God's face; Moses hid his face in , for he was afraid to look upon God. And then in , when Moses wanted to see God, God did not want to be seen; in , God said, "You cannot see My face." But Rabbi Samuel bar Naḥmani said in the name of Rabbi Jonathan that in compensation for three pious acts that Moses did at the burning bush, he was privileged to obtain three rewards. In reward for hiding his face in , his face shone in . In reward his fear of God in , the Israelites were afraid to come near him in . In reward for his reticence "to look upon God," he beheld the similitude of God in . The Pirke De-Rabbi Eliezer told what happened in after Moses asked to behold God's Presence in . Moses foretold that he would behold God's Glory and make atonement for the Israelites' iniquities on Yom Kippur. On that day, Moses asked God (in the words of ) "Show me, I pray, Your Glory." God told Moses that Moses was not able to see God's Glory lest he die, as reports God said, "men shall not see Me and live," but for the sake of God's oath to Moses, God agreed to do as Moses asked. God instructed Moses to stand at the entrance of a cave, and God would cause all God's angels to pass before Moses. God told Moses to stand his ground, and not to fear, as reports, "And He said, I will make all My Goodness pass before you." God told Moses that when he heard the Name that God had spoken to him, then Moses would know that God was before him, as reports. The ministering angels complained that they served before God day and night, and they were unable to see God's Glory, but this man Moses born of woman desired to see God's Glory. The angels arose in wrath and excitement to kill Moses, and he came near to death. God intervened in a cloud to protect Moses, as reports, "And the Lord descended in the cloud." God protected Moses with the hollow of God's hand so that he would not die, as reports, "And it shall come to pass, while My Glory passes by, that I will put you in a cleft of the rock, and I will cover you with My hand." When God had passed by, God removed the hollow of God's hand from Moses, and he saw traces of the , as says, "And I will take away My hand, and you shall see my back." Moses began to cry with a loud voice, and Moses said the words of "O Lord, O Lord, a God full of compassion and gracious . . . ." Moses asked God to pardon the iniquities of the people in connection with the Golden Calf. God told Moses that if he had asked God then to pardon the iniquities of all Israel, even to the end of all generations, God would have done so, as it was the appropriate time. But Moses had asked for pardon with reference to the Golden Calf, so God told Moses that it would be according to his words, as says, "And the Lord said, 'I have pardoned according to your word.'" Rabbi Jose ben Halafta employed to help explain how God can be called "the Place." Reading the words, "And he lighted upon the place," in to mean, "And he met the Divine Presence ()," Rav Huna asked in Rabbi Ammi's name why assigns to God the name "the Place." Rav Huna explained that it is because God is the Place of the world (the world is contained in God, and not God in the world). Rabbi Jose ben Halafta taught that we do not know whether God is the place of God's world or whether God's world is God's place, but from , which says, "Behold, there is a place with Me," it follows that God is the place of God's world, but God's world is not God's place. Rabbi Isaac taught that reading , "The eternal God is a dwelling place," one cannot know whether God is the dwelling-place of God's world or whether God's world is God's dwelling-place. But reading , "Lord, You have been our dwelling-place," it follows that God is the dwelling-place of God's world, but God's world is not God's dwelling-place. And Rabbi Abba ben Judan taught that God is like a warrior riding a horse with the warrior's robes flowing over on both sides of the horse. The horse is subsidiary to the rider, but the rider is not subsidiary to the horse. Thus says, "You ride upon Your horses, upon Your chariots of victory." Exodus chapter 34 Rabban Joḥanan ben Zakkai explained why God carved the first two Tablets but instructed Moses to carve the second two in . Rabban Joḥanan ben Zakkai compared it to the case of a king who took a wife and paid for the paper for the marriage contract, the scribe, and the wedding dress. But when he saw her cavorting with one of his servants, he became angry with her and sent her away. Her agent came to the king and argued that she had been raised among servants and was thus familiar with them. The king told the agent that if he wished that the king should become reconciled with her, the agent should pay for the paper and the scribe for a new wedding contract and the king would sign it. Similarly, when Moses spoke to God after the Israelites committed the sin of the Golden Calf, Moses argued that God knew that God had brought the Israelites out of Egypt, a house of idolatry. God answered that if Moses desired that God should become reconciled with the Israelites, then Moses would have to bring the Tablets at his own expense, and God would append God's signature, as God says in , "And I will write upon the tablets." In , Moses foretold that "A prophet will the Lord your God raise up for you . . . like me," and Rabbi Joḥanan thus taught that prophets would have to be, like Moses, strong, wealthy, wise, and meek. Strong, for says of Moses, "he spread the tent over the tabernacle," and a Master taught that Moses himself spread it, and reports, "Ten cubits shall be the length of a board." Similarly, the strength of Moses can be derived from , in which Moses reports, "And I took the two tablets, and cast them out of my two hands, and broke them," and it was taught that the Tablets were six handbreadths in length, six in breadth, and three in thickness. Wealthy, as reports God's instruction to Moses, "Carve yourself two tablets of stone," and the Rabbis interpreted the verse to teach that the chips would belong to Moses. Wise, for Rav and Samuel both said that 50 gates of understanding were created in the world, and all but one were given to Moses, for said of Moses, "You have made him a little lower than God." Meek, for reports, "Now the man Moses was very meek." The Sifre taught that shows Attributes of God that people should emulate. enjoins people "to love the Lord your God, to walk in all His ways." The Sifre taught that to walk in God's ways means to be, in the words of , "merciful and gracious." The Jerusalem Talmud saw God's Attribute of forgiveness in . The Jerusalem Talmud taught that if, on the Day of Judgment, the greater part of one's record consists of honorable deeds, one will inherit the Garden of Eden, but if the greater part consists of transgressions, one will inherit Gehenna. If the record is evenly balanced, Rabbi Yosé ben Ḥaninah read not to say "forgives sins," but rather "forgives [a] sin." That is to say, God tears up one document recording a sin, so that one's honorable deeds then will outweigh one's sins and one can inherit the Garden of Eden. Reading , "To You, O Lord, belongs steadfast love. For You requite a person according to his work," Rabbi Eleazar argued that does not say "his deed," but "like his deed," teaching that if a person is lacking in good deeds, God will give the person one of God's own, so that the person's merits will outweigh the person's sins. The Jerusalem Talmud noted that this is consistent with Rabbi Eleazar's reading of the words "abounding in steadfast love" in . Rabbi Eleazar read to teach that God tips the scale in favor of mercy so that a person can inherit the Garden of Eden. The Babylonian Talmud reconciled apparent inconsistencies in God's Attributes in . Rav Huna contrasted the description of God in two parts of . Rav Huna asked how, in the words of , God could be simultaneously "righteous in all His ways," and "gracious in all His works" — how can God be simultaneously just and merciful? At first, God is righteous, and in the end, gracious (when God sees that the world cannot endure strict justice). Similarly, Rabbi Eleazar contrasted two Attributes reported in . Rabbi Eleazar asked how it could be simultaneously true that, in the words of , "to You, O Lord, belongs mercy," and "for You render to every man according to his work." At first, God "render[s] to every man according to his work," but at the end, "to You, O Lord, belongs mercy." Similarly, Ilfi (or others say Ilfa) contrasted two Attributes. reports that God is "abundant in goodness," and then says, "and in truth." Ilfi asked how both could be true. At first, God exhibits "truth," and at the end, "abundant . . . goodness." Rabbi Joḥanan said that were it not written in , it would be impossible to say such a thing took place. But teaches that God drew a prayer shawl around God's self like the leader of congregational prayers and showed Moses the order of prayer. God told Moses that whenever Israel sins, they should recite the passage in containing God's 13 Attributes, and God would forgive them. The Gemara interpreted the words "The Lord, the Lord" in to teach that God is the Eternal (exhibiting mercy) before humans sin and the same after they sin and repent. Rav Judah interpreted the words "a God merciful and gracious" in to teach that with the 13 Attributes, God made a covenant that Jews will not be turned away empty-handed when they recite the Attributes, for soon thereafter, in , God says, "Behold I make a covenant." A Baraita reported that Rabbi Elazar said that one cannot read "absolve" in to apply to all transgressions, as "will not absolve" is also stated in , as well. Rabbi Elazar resolved the apparent contradiction by teaching that God absolves those who repent and does not absolve those who do not repent. Therefore, both "repentance" and "absolve" were mentioned at Mount Sinai. Reading the Attribute "long-suffering" (, ) in , Rabbi Ḥaggai (or some say Rabbi Samuel bar Naḥmani) asked why it says , , using a plural form (meaning "faces" or "countenances") rather than , , using the singular form. The Rabbi answered that this means that God is long-suffering in two ways: God is long-suffering toward the righteous, that is, God delays payment of their reward (until the World To Come); and God is also long-suffering toward the wicked, that is, God does not punish them immediately (waiting until the World To Come). The Pirke De-Rabbi Eliezer told that God spoke to the Torah the words of , "Let us make man in our image, after our likeness." The Torah answered that the man whom God sought to create would be limited in days and full of anger, and would come into the power of sin. Unless God would be long-suffering with him, the Torah continued, it would be well for man not to come into the world. God asked the Torah whether it was for nothing that God is called (echoing ) "slow to anger" and "abounding in love." God then set about making man. Expanding on , "And God said to Moses . . . ," Rabbi Abba bar Memel taught that in response to the request of Moses to know God's Name, God told Moses that God is called according to God's work — sometimes Scripture calls God "Almighty God," "Lord of Hosts," "God," or "Lord." When God judges created beings, Scripture calls God "God," and when God wages war against the wicked, Scripture calls God "Lord of Hosts" (as in and ). When God suspends judgment for a person's sins, Scripture calls God "El Shadday" ("Almighty God"), and when God is merciful towards the world, Scripture calls God "Adonai" ("Lord"), for "Adonai" refers to the Attribute of Mercy, as says: "The Lord, the Lord (Adonai, Adonai), God, merciful and gracious." Hence in , God said "'I Am That I Am' in virtue of My deeds." In a Baraita, the House of Shammai taught that on the great Day of Judgment at the end of days, people will be divided into three groups: wholly righteous people, wholly wicked people, and middling people. The House of Hillel taught that the God Whom describes as "abundant in kindness" will tilt the scales in favor of kindness, so that middling people will not have to pass through Gehenna. Rabbi Jose interpreted the words "forgiving iniquity and transgression and sin; and that will by no means clear the guilty" in to teach that a person who sins once, twice, or even three times is forgiven, but one who sins four times is not forgiven. Rabbi Jose cited for support , where God says, "for three transgressions of Israel," God would not reverse God's forgiveness, and , which says, "God does these things twice, yea thrice, with a man." A Baraita taught that when Moses ascended to receive the Torah from God, Moses found God writing "longsuffering" among the words with which describes God. Moses asked God whether God meant longsuffering with the righteous, to which God replied that God is longsuffering even with the wicked. Moses exclaimed that God could let the wicked perish, but God cautioned Moses that Moses would come to desire God's longsuffering for the wicked. Later, when the Israelites sinned at the incident of the spies, God reminded Moses that he had suggested that God be longsuffering only with the righteous, to which Moses recounted that God had promised to be longsuffering even with the wicked. And that is why Moses in cited to God that God is "slow to anger." The Seder Olam Rabbah taught that Moses descended from Mount Sinai on the 10th of Tishrei — Yom Kippur — and announced that God had shown the Israelites God's pleasure, as says, "You will forgive our crimes and sins and let us inherit," and after that, all the Israelites presented themselves in the assembly that Moses called in , and Moses commanded them to build the Tabernacle. Tractate Beitzah in the Mishnah, Tosefta, Jerusalem Talmud, and Babylonian Talmud interpreted the laws common to all of the festivals in , 43–49; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; and ; . Tractate Bekhorot in the Mishnah, Tosefta, and Talmud interpreted the laws of the firstborn in , 12–13; ; and ; and and . Elsewhere, the Mishnah interpreted to allow money in exchange for redemption of a first-born son to be given to any priest (, ); that if a person weaves the hair of a firstborn donkey into a sack, the sack must be burned; that they did not redeem with the firstborn of a donkey an animal that falls within both wild and domestic categories (a ); and that one was prohibited to derive benefit in any quantity at all from an unredeemed firstborn donkey. And elsewhere, the Mishnah taught that before the Israelites constructed the Tabernacle, the firstborns performed sacrificial services, but after the Israelites constructed the Tabernacle, the Priests (, ) performed the services. Reading , "And every firstborn of a donkey you shall redeem with a lamb," and , "and the firstborn of a donkey you shall redeem with a lamb," the Mishnah noted that the Torah states this law twice, and deduced that one is therefore not obligated under this law unless both the animal that gives birth is a donkey and the animal born is a donkey. The Mishnah thus concluded that a cow that gave birth to a calf like a donkey and a donkey that gave birth to a foal like a horse are exempt from their offspring being considered a firstborn. Rabbi Akiva interpreted to prohibit plowing prior to the Sabbatical year () that would reap benefits in the Sabbatical year and to prohibit reaping in the year after the Sabbatical year produce that grew in the Sabbatical year. Rabbi Ishamel argued, however, that applied to the Sabbath, and limited its prohibition to plowing and reaping not elsewhere required by commandment. Tractate Sukkah in the Mishnah, Tosefta, Jerusalem Talmud, and Babylonian Talmud interpreted the laws of Sukkot in ; and ; ; ; and ; and . Tractate Pesachim in the Mishnah, Tosefta, Jerusalem Talmud, and Babylonian Talmud interpreted the laws of the Passover in , 43–49; ; ; ; ; ; 28:16–25; and . The Mishnah noted differences between the first Passover in , 43–49; ; ; ; ; ; 28:16–25; and . and the second Passover in . The Mishnah taught that the prohibitions of that "seven days shall there be no leaven found in your houses" and of that "no leaven shall be seen in all your territory" applied to the first Passover; while at the second Passover, one could have both leavened and unleavened bread in one's house. And the Mishnah taught that for the first Passover, one was required to recite the Hallel () when the Passover lamb was eaten; while the second Passover did not require the reciting of Hallel when the Passover lamb was eaten. But both the first and second Passovers required the reciting of Hallel when the Passover lambs were offered, and both Passover lambs were eaten roasted with unleavened bread and bitter herbs. And both the first and second Passovers took precedence over the Sabbath. The Mishnah taught that they buried meat that had mixed with milk in violation of and and . Rabbi Simeon ben Yoḥai taught that because the generation of the Flood transgressed the Torah that God gave humanity after Moses had stayed on the mountain for 40 days and 40 nights (as reported in and and , 18, 25, and ), God announced in that God would "cause it to rain upon the earth 40 days and 40 nights." In medieval Jewish interpretation The parashah is discussed in these medieval Jewish sources: Exodus chapter 32 Rashi reported an interpretation by Rabbi Moshe ha-Darshan that since the Levites were submitted in atonement for the firstborn who had practiced idolatry when they worshipped the Golden Calf (in ), and calls idol worship "sacrifices to the dead," and in Moses called one afflicted with tzaraat "as one dead," and required those afflicted with tzaraat to shave, therefore God required the Levites to shave as well. The compared Moses to Noah and found Moses superior. For when God told Moses in , "Now therefore let me alone, that My anger may grow hot against them, and that I may consume them; and I will make of you a great nation," Moses immediately asked whether he could possibly abandon Israel for his own advantage. Moses protested that the world would say that he had killed Israel and did to them as Noah did to his generation. For when God bade Noah to save himself and his household from the Flood, Noah did not intercede on behalf of his generation, but let them perish. It is for this reason that Scripture names the waters of the Flood after Noah, as says, "For this is as the waters of Noah to me." Thus, Moses sought mercy for his people, and God indeed showed them mercy. Reading "The Lord spoke . . . in the Sinai Desert . . . on the first of the month . . . 'Take a census,'" Rashi taught that God counted the Israelites often because they were dear to God. When they left Egypt, God counted them in ; when many fell because of the sin of the Golden Calf, God counted them in to know the number who survived; when God came to cause the Divine Presence to rest among them, God counted them. On the first of Nisan, the Tabernacle was erected, and on the first of Iyar, God counted them. Baḥya ibn Paquda taught that because God showed special goodness to the Israelites among the peoples, taking them out of Egypt and bringing them to the land of Canaan, God put them under an obligation of service, beyond the universal service expected of all peoples. This consists in obedience to commandments that have their basis in revelation alone, beyond moral duties called for by reason. Baḥya taught that whoever assumed service for the glory of God was favored by God with special bounties, and God held them to an obligation of additional service beside the service due from others. Baḥya cited as an example when Moses said in , "'Whoever is on the Lord's side? Let him come to me.' And all the descendants of Levi gathered themselves together to him." God then showed the Levites additional favor and chose from among them Aaron and his sons to be priests. God charged the Levites with particular precepts in addition to those God gave to the rest of the nation, and promised them a great reward in the life hereafter. Exodus chapter 34 Rashi taught that it was on the first day of Elul that God told Moses, in the words of , "In the morning you shall ascend Mount Sinai," to receive the second tablets, and Moses spent 40 days there, as reported in , "And I remained upon the mountain just as the first days." And on Yom Kippur, God was placated toward Israel and told Moses, in the words of , "I have forgiven, as you have spoken." Rabbeinu Tam identified the Thirteen Attributes of God in as follows: (1) , : mercy before one sins; (2) , : mercy after one has sinned; (3) , : power in mercy; (4) , : compassionate; (5) , VeḤanun: and gracious; (6) : slow to anger; (7) : and abundant in kindness; (8) : and truth; (9) : preserver of kindness for thousands of generations; (10) : forgiving iniquity; (11) , : and willful sin; (12) , : and error; (13) , : and pardoning. Reading God's description of God's attributes in , Baḥya ibn Paquda argued we can see that God possesses these attributes from the evidence of God's deeds towards God's creations and from the wisdom and power that God's deeds reflect. But Baḥya cautioned that one must be careful not to take descriptions of God's attributes literally or in a physical sense. Rather, one must know that they are metaphors, geared to what we are capable of grasping with our powers of understanding, because of our urgent need to know God. But God is infinitely greater and loftier than all of these attributes. Interpreting the Attributes of God in , Judah Halevi argued that all characterizations of God, except for the four-letter Name of God, the Tetragrammaton, are predicates and attributive descriptions, derived from the way God's actions affect the world. People call God "merciful" if God improves the condition of someone whom people pity. People attribute to God "mercy" and "compassion," although Halevi saw these Attributes as weaknesses of the soul and a quick movement of nature. Halevi argued that this cannot actually be applied to God, who is a just Judge, ordaining poverty for one and wealth to another. God's nature, Halevi argued, remains unaffected, having no sympathy for one, nor anger for another. God decides according to law, making some people happy and others miserable. God appears to people, as we observe God's actions, sometimes (in the words of ) as a "merciful and compassionate God," and sometimes (in the words of ) as "a jealous and revengeful God," while in reality God never changes. Halevi divided all Attributes (apart from the Tetragrammaton) into three classes: creative, relative, and negative. And he identified as creative Attributes those derived from God's effect on the world, such as making poor and rich, lifting up or casting down, "merciful and compassionate," "jealous and revengeful," "strong and almighty," and the like. Similarly, Maimonides equated knowledge of God's Attributes with knowledge of God's works. Because in , God taught Moses Attributes that refer solely to God's works, Maimonides inferred that God had promised to give Moses a knowledge of God's works. Maimonides thus concluded that the ways that Moses wished to know, and which God taught him, were God's actions. Maimonides equated these with what the Sages called "Attributes" (, ), noting that the Talmud spoke of the 13 "Attributes" of God. And the Mishnah also used the term in reference to man, saying, for example, "There are four different sorts (, ) among those who go to the house of learning," and, "There are four different traits (, ) among those who give charity." Maimonides argued that the Sages did not mean that God really possesses Attributes, but that God performs actions similar to human actions that in humans flow from certain Attributes and certain mental dispositions, whereas God has no such dispositions. Although Moses was shown all God's goodness, that is, all God's works, mentions only the 13 Attributes, because they include those acts of God that refer to the creation and the government of mankind, and to know these acts was the principal object of the prayer of Moses. Maimonides found evidence for this in the conclusion of the prayer of Moses in , "that I may know You, that I may find grace in Your sight, and consider that this nation is Your people." That is, Moses sought understanding of God's ways in governing the Israelites, so that Moses might act similarly. Maimonides concluded that "the ways" used in the Bible are identical with the "Attributes" used in the Mishnah, denoting the acts emanating from God in reference to the universe. The , however, found in God's Attributes components of God's essential Name. In the , Rabbi Simeon taught from the Book of Mystery that the Divine Name has both a revealed and a concealed form. In its revealed form, it is written as the four-letter Name of God, the Tetragrammaton, but in its undisclosed form it is written in other letters, and this undisclosed form represents the most Recondite of all. In the , Rabbi Judah taught that even the revealed form of the Name is hidden under other letters (as the name ADoNaY, , is hidden within ADNY, ) in order to screen the most Recondite of all. In the letters of God's Name are concealed 22 Attributes of Mercy, namely, the 13 Attributes of God in and nine Attributes of the Mikroprosopus, the lesser revealed aspect of God. They all combine in one composite Name. When people were more reverent, the priests openly enunciated the Name in the hearing of all, but after irreverence became widespread, the Name became concealed under other letters. At the time when the Name was disclosed, the priest would concentrate his mind on its deep and inner meaning, and he would utter the Name in such a way as to accord with that meaning. But when irreverence became common in the world, he would conceal all within the written letters. The taught that Moses uttered the 22 letters in two sections, first in in the Attributes of God, and second in , when he uttered nine Attributes of Mercy that are inherent in the Mikroprosopus, and which are radiated from the light of God. All this the priest combined together when he spread forth his hands to bless the people pursuant to , so that all the worlds received God's blessings. It is for this reason that says simply "saying" (, ), instead of the imperative form "say" (, ), in a reference to the hidden letters within the words of the Priestly Blessing. The word , has in its letters the numerical value of 248 minus one ( equals 1; equals 40; equals 6; equals 200; and 1 + 40 + 6 + 200 = 247), equal to the number of a man's bodily parts, excepting the one part on which all the rest depend. All these parts thus receive the Priestly Blessing as expressed in the three verses of . In modern interpretation The parashah is discussed in these modern sources: Exodus chapter 30 reports that "the shekel is twenty gerahs." This table translates units of weight used in the Bible into their modern equivalents: Exodus chapter 31 Noting that commands the Israelites to observe the Sabbath at the end of the instructions for the Tabernacle and then commands the Israelites to observe the Sabbath just before the account of the Tabernacle's construction, Gunther Plaut concluded that the Sabbath was the bridge that connected the building of the Tabernacle with its deeper purpose. Nahum Sarna noted that the injunction to observe the Sabbath in is practically repeated verbatim in , with an addition not to kindle fire on the Sabbath. In 1950, the Committee on Jewish Law and Standards of Conservative Judaism ruled: "Refraining from the use of a motor vehicle is an important aid in the maintenance of the Sabbath spirit of repose. Such restraint aids, moreover, in keeping the members of the family together on the Sabbath. However where a family resides beyond reasonable walking distance from the synagogue, the use of a motor vehicle for the purpose of synagogue attendance shall in no wise be construed as a violation of the Sabbath but, on the contrary, such attendance shall be deemed an expression of loyalty to our faith. . . . [I]n the spirit of a living and developing Halachah responsive to the changing needs of our people, we declare it to be permitted to use electric lights on the Sabbath for the purpose of enhancing the enjoyment of the Sabbath, or reducing personal discomfort in the performance of a mitzvah." Exodus chapter 33 Nathan MacDonald reported some dispute over the exact meaning of the description of the Land of Israel as a "land flowing with milk and honey," as in and 17, 13:5, and 33:3, , and 14:8, and , 11:9, 26:9 and 15, 27:3, and 31:20. MacDonald wrote that the term for milk (, ) could easily be the word for "fat" (, ), and the word for honey (, ) could indicate not bees' honey but a sweet syrup made from fruit. The expression evoked a general sense of the bounty of the land and suggested an ecological richness exhibited in a number of ways, not just with milk and honey. MacDonald noted that the expression was always used to describe a land that the people of Israel had not yet experienced, and thus characterized it as always a future expectation. Everett Fox noted that "glory" (, ) and "stubbornness" (, kaved lev) are leading words throughout the book of Exodus that give it a sense of unity. Similarly, Propp identified the root — connoting heaviness, glory, wealth, and firmness — as a recurring theme in Exodus: Moses suffered from a heavy mouth in and heavy arms in ; Pharaoh had firmness of heart in ; , 28; , 34; and ; Pharaoh made Israel's labor heavy in ; God in response sent heavy plagues in ; , 18, 24; and , so that God might be glorified over Pharaoh in , 17, and 18; and the book culminates with the descent of God's fiery Glory, described as a "heavy cloud," first upon Sinai and later upon the Tabernacle in ; ; ; , 22; and . Exodus chapter 34 Propp reported a common scholarly view that contains the Yahwist's (J) Covenant and that the revelation of God's Name in corresponds to the comparable scenes from the Elohist (E) in and the Priestly source (P) in . Propp thus argued that is one long, full Name for God. Propp speculated that might have been God's revelation of a chant that Israelites could use in future crises to remind God of God's transgenerational mercy. Richard Elliott Friedman observed that the Yahwist's formula in emphasizes the merciful — mercy, grace, and kindness — over the just side of God. In contrast, Friedman noted, the Priestly source never uses these or several other related words, emphasizing rather the just side of God. Friedman argued that this then is an important example of the pervasive way in which the Bible became more than the sum of its parts when the Redactor combined the sources, bringing the two sides together in a new balance in the final version of the Torah, conveying a picture of God Who is torn between justice and mercy, which Friedman argued has been a central element of the conception of God in Judaism and Christianity ever since. The Chofetz Chaim told a parable to explain the teaching of Rav Judah (see "In classical rabbinic interpretation": "Exodus chapter 34" above) that God would not turn Jews away empty-handed when they recite the 13 Attributes of God in . The Chofetz Chaim told that there was once a wealthy businessman whose poor nephew pleaded with him for a job. The businessman gave the nephew a job, and wrote out a list of tasks describing the nephew's responsibilities. The businessman exhorted the nephew to review the list every day. After a while, the businessman summoned his nephew to ask him what he was doing for the business. The nephew said that he had done everything that the businessman had asked. The businessman pressed the nephew for details. The nephew replied that every day, he recited the list of tasks that the businessman gave him and remembered the list by heart. The businessman asked whether the nephew had done any of the tasks. The nephew answered sheepishly that he thought that since his uncle was the boss, it would be enough for him simply to repeat the list aloud. The businessman called the nephew a fool and explained that the list was only to remind the nephew what to do. Similarly, taught the Chofetz Chaim, the 13 Attributes, while given to Jews to be recited as a prayer, are fundamentally guidelines for how to walk in God's ways. Phyllis Trible noted that the adjective "merciful" (, ), used in as one of God's Attributes, is tied to the noun "womb" or "uterus" (, ). Trible wrote that the Hebrew noun for "compassion" or "mercy" (, rahamim) thus connotes both a "mode of being and the locus of that mode," as in the Hebrew the concrete meaning of "womb" expanded to encompass the abstractions of "compassion," "mercy," and "love," the verb "to show mercy" (, ), and the adjective "merciful" (, ). Julius Wellhausen conceived of early Israelite religion as linked to nature's annual cycle and believed that Scripture only later connected the festivals to historical events like the Exodus from Egypt. James Kugel reported that modern scholars generally agreed that Passover reflects two originally separate holidays arising out of the annual harvest cycle. One Festival involved the sacrificing and eating of an animal from the flock, the sacrifice, which arose among shepherds who sacrificed in the light of the full moon of the month that marked the vernal equinox and the end of winter (as directed in ) to bring Divine favor for a safe and prosperous summer for the rest of the flock. The shepherds slaughtered the animal at home, as the rite also stipulated that some of the animal's blood be daubed on the doorposts and lintel of the house (as directed in ) to ward off evil. The rite prescribed that no bone be broken (as directed in ) so as not to bring evil on the flock from which the sacrifice came. Scholars suggest that the name derived from the verb that means "hop" (as in and 26), and theorize that the holiday may originally have involved some sort of ritual "hopping." A second Festival — the Festival of Unleavened Bread — involved farmers eating unleavened barley bread for seven days when the winter's barley crop had reached maturity and was ready for harvest. Farmers observed this Festival with a trip to a local sanctuary (as in and ). Modern scholars believe that the absence of yeast in the bread indicated purity (as in ). The listing of Festivals in and appear to provide evidence for the independent existence of the Festival of Unleavened Bread. Modern scholars suggest that the farmers' Festival of Unleavened Bread and the shepherds' Passover later merged into a single festival, Passover moved from the home to the Temple, and the combined festival was explicitly connected to the Exodus (as in ). Commandments According to Sefer ha-Chinuch, there are 4 positive and 5 negative commandments in the parashah: To give a half shekel annually A Kohen must wash his hands and feet before service. To prepare the anointing oil Not to anoint a stranger with anointing oil Not to reproduce the anointing oil Not to reproduce the incense formula Not to eat or drink anything from an offering to an idol To let the land lie fallow in the Sabbatical year Not to cook meat and milk together Maimonides, however, attributed to this parashah only the following 4 positive and 3 negative commandments: To give a half shekel annually A Kohen must wash his hands and feet before service. To prepare the anointing oil Not to reproduce the anointing oil Not to anoint a stranger with anointing oil Not to reproduce the incense formula To let the land lie fallow in the Sabbatical year In the liturgy Some Jews read the descriptions of the laver in and Aaron's incense offerings in and after the Sabbath morning blessings. Some Jews sing of the Sabbath's holiness, reflecting , as part of the Baruch El Elyon song () sung in connection with the Sabbath day meal. Most Jewish communities (except those who follow the practices of the Vilna Gaon, Chabad, and some Yemenites) recite the account of the Sabbath's significance in as the final reading concluding the blessings of the Shema before the punctuating half-Kaddish and the prayer in the Friday Sabbath evening (Maariv) prayer service. The exhortation to "observe" (, ושמרו) the Sabbath that this reading concludes reflects God's command in to "keep My Sabbaths," even to the exclusion of other apparently worthy causes. Again, Jews recite the account of the Sabbath's significance in as part of the paragraph of the prayer in the Sabbath morning (Shacharit) prayer service. And once again, many Jews recite the account of the Sabbath's significance in as part of the paragraph of the Kiddusha Rabba blessing for the Sabbath day meal. The second blessing before the addresses God about "your people" Israel, as Moses does in . Jews recite the account of how Moses brought down two Tablets of stone reported in as part of the prayer in the Sabbath morning (Shacharit) prayer service. Some Jews refer to the inscription on the two Tablets of stone reported in as they study Pirkei Avot chapter 5 on a Sabbath between Passover and Rosh Hashanah. And thereafter, some quote as they study Pirkei Avot chapter 6 on a succeeding Sabbath between Passover and Rosh Hashanah. God's characteristics of graciousness and compassion in are reflected in and in turn in the prayer in the morning () and afternoon (Mincha) prayer services. Similarly, Jews call on God's characteristic of forgiveness in with the words "forgive us, our Guide" in the weekday prayer in each of the three prayer services. And again, Jews cite God's characteristic of "steadfast lovingkindness ()" in in the section of the service for Shabbat. Jews recite three times the 13 Attributes of mercy in over and over again during Selichot prayers. And the custom of the Ari, accepted in most but not all communities, is to recite them after removing the Torah from the Ark on Passover, Shavuot, Rosh Hashanah, Yom Kippur, Sukkot, and Hoshana Rabbah. During the prayer in the Sabbath morning () prayer service, Jews refer to the "crown of splendor" that God placed on Moses in . The weekly maqam In the Weekly Maqam, Sephardi Jews each week base the songs of the services on the content of that week's parashah. For Parashat Ki Tisa, Sephardi Jews apply Maqam Hijaz, the maqam that expresses mourning and sorrow, as the parashah contains the episode of the Golden Calf, a sad and embarrassing episode in the history of the Israelite people. Haftarah Generally The haftarah for the parashah is: for Ashkenazi Jews: for Sephardi Jews (as well as some Ashenazic communities such as Frankfurt am Main): Connection to the Parashah Both the parashah and the haftarah in First Kings describe God's prophet confronting idolatry to restore worship of God, the parashah in Moses' anger at the Golden Calf, and the haftarah in the prophet Elijah's confrontation with the prophets of Baal. In both the parashah and the haftarah, the prophet was on a mountain; the prophet invoked the names of Abraham and Isaac in prayer to God; sound () is observed; the prophet called on the Israelites to choose between God and the false god; and God manifested God's choice. On Shabbat Parah When the parashah coincides with Shabbat Parah (the special Sabbath prior to Passover — as it does in 2021, 2023, 2026, and 2028), the haftarah is . On Shabbat Parah, the Sabbath of the red heifer, Jews read , which describes the rites of purification using the red heifer (). Similarly, the haftarah in Ezekiel also describes purification. In both the special reading and the haftarah in Ezekiel, sprinkled water cleansed the Israelites. Notes Further reading The parashah has parallels or is discussed in these sources: Biblical (20:5 in NJPS) (punishing children for fathers' sin); , 43–49 (Passover); (Passover); (three pilgrim festivals). (three pilgrim festivals). (drinking the accursed thing); (Passover); (Attributes of God; punishing children for fathers' sin); (sacrifices to another god; zealots kill apostates; zealots rewarded with priestly standing; plague as punishment; leader makes atonement); (Passover, Shavuot); (Sukkot). (5:9 in NJPS) (punishing children for fathers' sin); , 25–29 (Golden Calf); (second set of tablets); (three pilgrim festivals); (no capital punishment of children for fathers' sin); (Sukkot). (cult object from molten jewelry); (Sukkot). (Sukkot); (golden calves); (northern feast like Sukkot). (keeping the Sabbath); (universally-observed Sabbath). (31:29–30 in NJPS) (not punishing children for fathers' sin). (idols from molten jewelry); (not punishing children for fathers' sin); (Sukkot). (God's Attributes). (Sukkot). ("Show me Your ways"); ("Teach me Your way"); (cassia); (ransom to God); (God's book); (blot out of the book of the living); (God drove out the nations before them); (God drove out the nations before them); ("Teach me . . . Your way"); (holy anointing oil); (God's covert; God covering with God's limb); (Israel as God's inheritance); (God's rest); (God spoke to Moses from a cloud); ("The Lord is full of compassion and gracious, slow to anger, and plenteous in mercy"); (God's truth); ("Teach me . . . the way"); (anointing oil); (God's book); (God's Attributes); (God's separate treatment of Israel). (Sukkot). (Sukkot). (Sukkot); (Sukkot); (three Pilgrim festivals). Early nonrabbinic Philo. Allegorical Interpretation 2:15:54–55; 3: 15:46, 31:95, 32:101, 48:140–42; That the Worse Is Wont To Attack the Better 44:159–60; On the Posterity of Cain and His Exile 4:13, 5:15–16, 41:136, 46:158, 48:169; On the Giants 5:2–3, 12:53–55; On the Unchangeableness of God 24:109–10; Concerning Noah's Work as a Planter 6:26; On Drunkenness 15:66–67, 24:96; On the Migration of Abraham 2:7–8, 15:84–85, 31:170–71; Who Is the Heir of Divine Things? 4:19–20, 35:167–68, 38:186–39:189, 41:196; On Flight and Finding 17:88–90, 29:165; On the Change of Names 2:7–10, 17:108–09; On the Life of Moses 2:49:270–74; The Special Laws 3:22:124–27. Alexandria, Egypt, early 1st Century CE. In, e.g., The Works of Philo: Complete and Unabridged, New Updated Edition. Translated by Charles Duke Yonge, pages 43, 55, 61, 66, 129, 133, 145, 148–49, 153, 156, 167, 193, 212, 215, 253, 261, 269, 277, 290–92, 329, 336, 341, 350, 515, 606. Peabody, Massachusetts: Hendrickson Publishers, 1993. Romans 1st Century. ("I will have mercy on whom I have mercy"). Mark (Passover). Circa 70 CE. Matthew (Passover). Circa 70–100 CE. Luke (Passover). Circa 80–150 CE. John (Sukkot). Classical rabbinic Mishnah: Sheviit 1:1–4; Challah 4:9; Shabbat 1:1–24:5; Pesachim 1:1–10:9; Shekalim 1:1–4:9; Yoma 3:10; Sukkah 1:1–5:8; Beitzah 1:1–5:7; Megillah 3:4, 4:10; Avot 5:6, 13–14; Zevachim 2:1, 9:7; Menachot 9:2; Chullin 8:4; Bekhorot 1:1–7; Temurah 7:4; Keritot 1:1–2. Land of Israel, circa 200 CE. In, e.g., The Mishnah: A New Translation. Translated by Jacob Neusner, pages 68–69, 157, 179–208, 229–58, 269, 279–99, 321, 324, 686–88, 721, 751, 781, 788–89, 835–37. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1988. Tosefta: Challah 2:9; Shabbat 1:1–17:29; Pisha (Pesachim) 1:1–10:13; Shekalim 1:1–3:1; Kippurim (Yoma) 1:18, 2:1, 4:9, 13–14; Sukkah 1:1–4:28; Yom Tov (Beitzah) 1:1–4:11; Megillah 3:1, 36; Sotah 3:10, 6:6, 11; Bava Kamma 7:4; Sanhedrin 4:9, 13:3; Avodah Zarah 3:19, 4:6; Menachot 1:12, 7:1; Parah 4:4. Land of Israel, circa 250 CE. In, e.g., The Tosefta: Translated from the Hebrew, with a New Introduction. Translated by Jacob Neusner, volume 1, pages 339, 357–427, 471–539, 546, 548, 564–604, 644, 652, 700–01, 841, 856, 860; volume 2, pages 986–87, 1160, 1182, 1189, 1273, 1276, 1409, 1433, 1754. Peabody, Massachusetts: Hendrickson Publishers, 2002. Mekhilta According to Rabbi Ishmael 81:1. Land of Israel, late 4th Century. In, e.g., Mekhilta According to Rabbi Ishmael. Translated by Jacob Neusner, volume 2, pages 251–57. Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1988. Jerusalem Talmud: Peah 3a, 8a, 10a, 22b, 31b; Sheviit 1a, 4a; Bikkurim 1a, 23a; Shabbat 1a–113b; Eruvin 33b; Pesachim 1a–86a; Shekalim 1a–61b; Yoma 21b, 23b, 30a, 49b, 55a, 57a; Sukkah 1a–33b; Beitzah 1a–49b; Rosh Hashanah 7b; Taanit 10a, 22b, 26a; Megillah 33b, 40a; Chagigah 2b–3a, 4a, 8a, 19a; Yevamot 62a, 68a; Nedarim 9b, 12b; Nazir 25b; Sotah 39a, 40a; Kiddushin 24a; Sanhedrin 30a, 40b, 46a, 48b, 56b, 61a, 64a; Shevuot 21a; Avodah Zarah 19a, 25a, 26a; Horayot 13a–b. Tiberias, Land of Israel, circa 400 CE. In, e.g., Talmud Yerushalmi. Edited by Chaim Malinowitz, Yisroel Simcha Schorr, and Mordechai Marcus, volumes 3, 6a, 12–15, 17–27, 30, 33, 35, 37, 40, 44–46, 48–49. Brooklyn: Mesorah Publications, 2006–2020. And in, e.g., The Jerusalem Talmud: A Translation and Commentary. Edited by Jacob Neusner and translated by Jacob Neusner, Tzvee Zahavy, B. Barry Levy, and Edward Goldman. Peabody, Massachusetts: Hendrickson Publishers, 2009. Midrash Tanḥuma Ki Sisa. 5th–10th centuries. In, e.g., The Metsudah Midrash Tanchuma: Shemos II. Translated and annotated by Avrohom Davis, edited by Yaakov Y.H. Pupko, volume 4 (Shemos volume 2), pages 206–338. Monsey, New York: Eastern Book Press, 2004. Babylonian Talmud: Berakhot 7a–b, 10b, 30b, 32a–b, 55a, 62b, 63b; Shabbat 10b, 30a, 33a, 69b–70a, 86a, 87a, 89a, 119b, 132a; Eruvin 22a, 54a, 96a; Pesachim 2a–121b; Shekalim 2a–22b; Yoma 3b, 22a, 28a, 32b, 36b–37a, 43b, 45a, 66b, 85b–86b; Sukkah 2a–56b; Beitzah 2a–40b; Rosh Hashanah 9a, 16b, 17b; Taanit 8a, 21b, 27b, 28b; Megillah 6b, 10b, 15a–b, 19b, 25a–b, 29b–30a, 31a; Moed Katan 3b–4a, 9a, 15a, 16b, 18b; Chagigah 6b, 11b, 12b, 16a; Yevamot 6b–7a, 49b, 62a, 72a; Ketubot 30a, 31a, 34a, 106a; Nedarim 10b, 32a, 33a, 38a; Nazir 47a; Sotah 13b–14a; Gittin 60b; Kiddushin 17a, 29a–b, 33b; Bava Kamma 34b, 50a, 52b, 55a, 71a, 92a, 112a, 119a; Bava Batra 10b, 15a–b, 75a; Sanhedrin 7a, 13a, 27b, 35b, 38b, 56b, 60b, 63a, 74a, 78b, 83b, 102a, 108a, 110a, 111a; Makkot 8b, 11a, 12a, 13a, 14b, 23a–24a; Shevuot 10b, 15a, 39a; Avodah Zarah 8a, 10b, 44a, 53b; Horayot 4a–b, 6b, 11b; Zevachim 15b, 18a, 19b, 21a, 112b; Menachot 5b–6a, 21b, 35b, 36b, 53b, 72a, 84b, 87b–88a, 89a, 99b, 101b; Chullin 62b, 106b, 114a, 115a, 139b; Bekhorot 3a, 6a, 50a, 51b; Arakhin 4a, 15b, 16b; Temurah 14b, 16a; Keritot 2a, 3a, 5a–6b; Meilah 19a; Niddah 40a, 41a. Sasanian Empire, 6th Century. In, e.g., Talmud Bavli. Edited by Yisroel Simcha Schorr, Chaim Malinowitz, and Mordechai Marcus, 72 volumes. Brooklyn: Mesorah Publications, 2006. Medieval Exodus Rabbah 39:1–47:9. 10th Century. In, e.g., Midrash Rabbah: Exodus. Translated by Simon M. Lehrman, volume 3, pages 458–545. London: Soncino Press, 1939. Solomon ibn Gabirol. A Crown for the King, 26:322–23. Spain, 11th Century. Translated by David R. Slavitt, pages 42–43. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998. Rashi. Commentary. Exodus 30–34. Troyes, France, late 11th Century. In, e.g., Rashi. The Torah: With Rashi's Commentary Translated, Annotated, and Elucidated. Translated and annotated by Yisrael Isser Zvi Herczeg, volume 2, pages 423–86. Brooklyn: Mesorah Publications, 1994. Rashbam. Commentary on the Torah. Troyes, early 12th century. In, e.g., Rashbam's Commentary on Exodus: An Annotated Translation. Edited and translated by Martin I. Lockshin, pages 384–424. Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1997. Judah Halevi. Kuzari. 1:97; 2:2, 26, 80; 4:3, 15. Toledo, Spain, 1130–1140. In, e.g., Jehuda Halevi. Kuzari: An Argument for the Faith of Israel. Introduction by Henry Slonimsky, pages 68–69, 83, 105, 132, 211, 221–22. New York: Schocken, 1964. Abraham ibn Ezra. Commentary on the Torah. France, 1153. In, e.g., Ibn Ezra's Commentary on the Pentateuch: Exodus (Shemot). Translated and annotated by H. Norman Strickman and Arthur M. Silver, volume 2, pages 628–729. New York: Menorah Publishing Company, 1996. Maimonides. Guide for the Perplexed, part 1, chapters 4, 8, 15, 16, 18, 21, 37, 46, 48, 54, 64, 66; part 2, chapters 32, 45, 47; part 3, chapters 17, 24, 32, 41, 45, 48, 49, 51, 53. Cairo, Egypt, 1190. In, e.g., Moses Maimonides. The Guide for the Perplexed. Translated by Michael Friedländer, pages 3, 17, 21, 26–27, 30–31, 52–53, 61, 65, 75–76, 96, 98, 221, 245, 248, 287, 304, 323, 346, 358, 371, 380, 385, 392–93. New York: Dover Publications, 1956. Hezekiah ben Manoah. Hizkuni. France, circa 1240. In, e.g., Chizkiyahu ben Manoach. Chizkuni: Torah Commentary. Translated and annotated by Eliyahu Munk, volume 3, pages 611–44. Jerusalem: Ktav Publishers, 2013. Nachmanides. Commentary on the Torah. Jerusalem, circa 1270. In, e.g., Ramban (Nachmanides): Commentary on the Torah. Translated by Charles B. Chavel, volume 2, pages 510–94. New York: Shilo Publishing House, 1973. Zohar, part 2, pages 187b–193b. Spain, late 13th Century. In, e.g., The Zohar. Translated by Harry Sperling and Maurice Simon. 5 volumes. London: Soncino Press, 1934. Bahya ben Asher. Commentary on the Torah. Spain, early 14th century. In, e.g., Midrash Rabbeinu Bachya: Torah Commentary by Rabbi Bachya ben Asher. Translated and annotated by Eliyahu Munk, volume 4, pages 1311–417. Jerusalem: Lambda Publishers, 2003. Jacob ben Asher (Baal Ha-Turim). Commentary on the Torah. Early 14th century. In, e.g., Baal Haturim Chumash: Shemos/Exodus. Translated by Eliyahu Touger, edited and annotated by Avie Gold, volume 2, pages 881–927. Brooklyn: Mesorah Publications, 2000. Isaac ben Moses Arama. Akedat Yizhak (The Binding of Isaac). Late 15th century. In, e.g., Yitzchak Arama. Akeydat Yitzchak: Commentary of Rabbi Yitzchak Arama on the Torah. Translated and condensed by Eliyahu Munk, volume 1, pages 483–519. New York, Lambda Publishers, 2001. Modern Isaac Abravanel. Commentary on the Torah. Italy, between 1492–1509. In, e.g., Abarbanel: Selected Commentaries on the Torah: Volume 2: Shemos/Exodus. Translated and annotated by Israel Lazar, pages 369–403. Brooklyn: CreateSpace, 2015. Abraham Saba. Ẓeror ha-Mor (Bundle of Myrrh). Fez, Morocco, circa 1500. In, e.g., Tzror Hamor: Torah Commentary by Rabbi Avraham Sabba. Translated and annotated by Eliyahu Munk, volume 3, pages 1147–220. Jerusalem, Lambda Publishers, 2008. Niccolò Machiavelli. The Prince, chapter 6. Florence, Italy, 1532. Obadiah ben Jacob Sforno. Commentary on the Torah. Venice, 1567. In, e.g., Sforno: Commentary on the Torah. Translation and explanatory notes by Raphael Pelcovitz, pages 444–73. Brooklyn: Mesorah Publications, 1997. Moses Cordovero (the Ramak). Tomer Devorah (The Palm Tree of Deborah). Venice, 1588. In, e.g., Moshe Cordevero. The Palm Tree of Devorah. Translated by Moshe Miller. Southfield, Michigan: Targum Press, 1993. (advocating the imitation of God through the acquisition of the Divine Attributes of ). Moshe Alshich. Commentary on the Torah. Safed, circa 1593. In, e.g., Moshe Alshich. Midrash of Rabbi Moshe Alshich on the Torah. Translated and annotated by Eliyahu Munk, volume 2, pages 563–606. New York, Lambda Publishers, 2000. Shlomo Ephraim Luntschitz. Kli Yakar. Lublin, 1602. In, e.g., Kli Yakar: Shemos. Translated by Elihu Levine, volume 2, pages 273–344. Southfield, Michigan: Targum Press/Feldheim Publishers, 2007. Avraham Yehoshua Heschel. Commentaries on the Torah. Cracow, Poland, mid 17th century. Compiled as Chanukat HaTorah. Edited by Chanoch Henoch Erzohn. Piotrkow, Poland, 1900. In Avraham Yehoshua Heschel. Chanukas HaTorah: Mystical Insights of Rav Avraham Yehoshua Heschel on Chumash. Translated by Avraham Peretz Friedman, pages 191–98. Southfield, Michigan: Targum Press/Feldheim Publishers, 2004. Thomas Hobbes. Leviathan, 1:12; 3:34, 36, 40; 4:45; Review & Conclusion. England, 1651. Reprint edited by C. B. Macpherson, pages 181, 431, 437–38, 460–61, 503–04, 672, 676–77, 723. Harmondsworth, England: Penguin Classics, 1982. Chaim ibn Attar. Ohr ha-Chaim. Venice, 1742. In Chayim ben Attar. Or Hachayim: Commentary on the Torah. Translated by Eliyahu Munk, volume 2, pages 814–93. Brooklyn: Lambda Publishers, 1999. Yaakov Culi and Yitzchak Magriso. Me'am Lo'ez. Constantinople, 1746. In Jacob Culi and Yitzchak Magriso. The Torah Anthology: Me'am Lo'ez. Translated by Aryeh Kaplan, volume 9, pages 267–355. Jerusalem: Moznaim Publishing, 1990. And Yitzchak Magriso. The Torah Anthology: Me'am Lo'ez. Translated by Aryeh Kaplan, volume 10, pages 3–174. Jerusalem: Moznaim Publishing, 1991. Moses Mendelssohn. Jerusalem, § 2. Berlin, 1783. In Jerusalem: Or on Religious Power and Judaism. Translated by Allan Arkush; introduction and commentary by Alexander Altmann, pages 120, 122–23, 129. Hanover, N.H.: Brandeis University Press, 1983. Nachman of Breslov. Teachings. Bratslav, Ukraine, before 1811. In Rebbe Nachman's Torah: Breslov Insights into the Weekly Torah Reading: Exodus-Leviticus. Compiled by Chaim Kramer, edited by Y. Hall, pages 232–81. Jerusalem: Breslov Research Institute, 2011. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow The Jewish Cemetery at Newport. Boston, 1854. In Harold Bloom. American Religious Poems, pages 80–81. New York: Library of America, 2006. George Eliot. Adam Bede, chapters 30, 50. Edinburgh and London: William Blackwood and Sons, 1859. Reprinted, e.g., edited by Carol A. Martin, pages 297, 440. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008. (referring to the Haftarah's account in , Dinah writes Seth: "to seek a greater blessing elsewhere would be like laying a false offering on the altar and expecting the fire from heaven to kindle it." Echoing the report of that "Moses' anger waxed hot," Dinah tells Adam, "even the man Moses, the meekest of men, was wrathful sometimes."). Shlomo Ganzfried. Kitzur Shulchon Oruch, ch. 140. Hungary, 1864. Translated by Eliyahu Touger, volume 2, page 587. New York: Moznaim Publishing, 1991. Samson Raphael Hirsch. The Pentateuch: Exodus. Translated by Isaac Levy, volume 2, pages 576–664. Gateshead: Judaica Press, 2nd edition 1999. Originally published as Der Pentateuch uebersetzt und erklaert. Frankfurt, 1867–1878. Samuel David Luzzatto (Shadal). Commentary on the Torah. Padua, 1871. In, e.g., Samuel David Luzzatto. Torah Commentary. Translated and annotated by Eliyahu Munk, volume 3, pages 867–93. New York: Lambda Publishers, 2012. Emily Dickinson. Poem 1247 (To pile like Thunder to its close). Circa 1873. Poem 1260 (Because that you are going). Circa 1873. Poem 1719 (God is indeed a jealous God —). 19th Century. Poem 1733 (No man saw awe, nor to his house). 19th Century. In The Complete Poems of Emily Dickinson. Edited by Thomas H. Johnson, pages 547, 551–52, 698, 703. New York: Little, Brown & Co., 1960. Samson Raphael Hirsch. The Jewish Sabbath. Frankfurt, before 1889. Translated by Ben Josephussoro. 1911. Reprinted Lexington, Kentucky: CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2014. Yehudah Aryeh Leib Alter. Sefat Emet. Góra Kalwaria (Ger), Poland, before 1906. Excerpted in The Language of Truth: The Torah Commentary of Sefat Emet. Translated and interpreted by Arthur Green, pages 129–34. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1998. Reprinted 2012. Louis Ginzberg. Legends of the Jews, 3:119–44. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1911. Abraham Isaac Kook. The Moral Principles. The Lights of Holiness. Early 20th Century. In Abraham Isaac Kook: the Lights of Penitence, the Moral Principles, Lights of Holiness, Essays, Letters, and Poems. Translated by Ben Zion Bokser, pages 148, 207. Mahwah, New Jersey: Paulist Press 1978. Hermann Cohen. Religion of Reason: Out of the Sources of Judaism. Translated with an introduction by Simon Kaplan; introductory essays by Leo Strauss, pages 79–80, 94, 110, 169, 206, 209, 222, 395. New York: Ungar, 1972. Reprinted Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1995. Originally published as Religion der Vernunft aus den Quellen des Judentums. Leipzig: Gustav Fock, 1919. Alexander Alan Steinbach. Sabbath Queen: Fifty-four Bible Talks to the Young Based on Each Portion of the Pentateuch, pages 64–67. New York: Behrman's Jewish Book House, 1936. Benno Jacob. The Second Book of the Bible: Exodus. London, 1940. Translated by Walter Jacob, pages 828–1007. Hoboken, New Jersey: KTAV Publishing House, 1992. The Sabbath Anthology. Edited by Abraham E. Millgram. Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society, 1944; reprinted 2018. (). Morris Adler, Jacob B. Agus, and Theodore Friedman. "Responsum on the Sabbath." Proceedings of the Rabbinical Assembly, volume 14 (1950), pages 112–88. New York: Rabbinical Assembly of America, 1951. In Proceedings of the Committee on Jewish Law and Standards of the Conservative Movement 1927–1970, volume 3 (Responsa), pages 1109–34. Jerusalem: The Rabbinical Assembly and The Institute of Applied Hallakhah, 1997. Umberto Cassuto. A Commentary on the Book of Exodus. Jerusalem, 1951. Translated by Israel Abrahams, pages 392–451. Jerusalem: The Magnes Press, The Hebrew University, 1967. Abraham Joshua Heschel. The Sabbath. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1951. Reprinted 2005. Morris Adler. The World of the Talmud, pages 28–29, 50–51, 91–92. B'nai B'rith Hillel Foundations, 1958. Reprinted Kessinger Publishing, 2007. Robert C. Dentan, "The Literary Affinities of Exodus Xxxiv 6f." Vetus Testamentum, volume 13 (1963): pages 34–51. Jacob Liver. "The Half-Shekel Offering in Biblical and Post-Biblical Literature." The Harvard Theological Review, volume 56 (number 3) (1963): pages 173–98. Bob Dylan. Gates of Eden. Columbia Records, 1965. (Golden Calf). James Muilenburg. "The Intercession of the Covenant Mediator (Exodus 33:1a,12–17)." In Words and Meanings: Essays Presented to David Winton Thomas. Edited by Peter R. Ackroyd and Barnabas Lindars, pages 159–81. Cambridge: University Press, 1968. A. Carlebach. "Rabbinic References to Fiscus Judaicus." The Jewish Quarterly Review, New Series, volume 66 (number 1) (July 1975): pages 57–61. Peter C. Craigie. The Problem of War in the Old Testament, page 27. Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1978. Phyllis Trible. God and the Rhetoric of Sexuality, pages 31–59. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1978. (God's feminine merciful quality, or rachum). Elie Munk. The Call of the Torah: An Anthology of Interpretation and Commentary on the Five Books of Moses. Translated by E.S. Mazer, volume 2, pages 426–503. Brooklyn: Mesorah Publications, 1995. Originally published as La Voix de la Thora. Paris: Fondation Samuel et Odette Levy, 1981. Herbert C. Brichto. "The Worship of the Golden Calf: A Literary Analysis of a Fable on Idolatry." Hebrew Union College Annual, volume 54 (1983): pages 1–44. Jacob Milgrom. "'You Shall Not Boil a Kid in Its Mother's Milk': An archaeological myth destroyed." Bible Review, volume 1 (number 3) (Fall 1985): pages 48–55. Pinchas H. Peli. Torah Today: A Renewed Encounter with Scripture, pages 91–94. Washington, D.C.: B'nai B'rith Books, 1987. Mark S. Smith. The Early History of God: Yahweh and the Other Deities in Ancient Israel, pages xx, 10, 59, 69, 80–81, 101, 108, 112–13, 125, 134–35, 151, 162. New York: HarperSanFrancisco, 1990. Harvey J. Fields. A Torah Commentary for Our Times: Volume II: Exodus and Leviticus, pages 77–85. New York: UAHC Press, 1991. Nahum M. Sarna. The JPS Torah Commentary: Exodus: The Traditional Hebrew Text with the New JPS Translation, pages 195–222. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1991. Lawrence Kushner. God Was in This Place and I, I Did Not Know: Finding Self, Spirituality and Ultimate Meaning, pages 31–32, 41. Jewish Lights Publishing, 1993. (the Place; the Golden Calf). Nehama Leibowitz. New Studies in Shemot (Exodus), volume 2, pages 535–643. Jerusalem: Haomanim Press, 1993. Reprinted as New Studies in the Weekly Parasha. Lambda Publishers, 2010. Aaron Wildavsky. Assimilation versus Separation: Joseph the Administrator and the Politics of Religion in Biblical Israel, pages 3–4. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers, 1993. Walter Brueggemann. "The Book of Exodus." In The New Interpreter's Bible. Edited by Leander E. Keck, volume 1, pages 917–56. Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1994. Judith S. Antonelli. "The Golden Calf." In In the Image of God: A Feminist Commentary on the Torah, pages 213–20. Northvale, New Jersey: Jason Aronson, 1995. Ellen Frankel. The Five Books of Miriam: A Woman's Commentary on the Torah, pages 136–41. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1996. Marc Gellman. "Gluing the Broken Commandments Back Together." In God's Mailbox: More Stories About Stories in the Bible, pages 68–72. New York: Morrow Junior Books, 1996. W. Gunther Plaut. The Haftarah Commentary, pages 203–15. New York: UAHC Press, 1996. Sorel Goldberg Loeb and Barbara Binder Kadden. Teaching Torah: A Treasury of Insights and Activities, pages 140–47. Denver: A.R.E. Publishing, 1997. Robert Goodman. "Shabbat." In Teaching Jewish Holidays: History, Values, and Activities, pages 1–19. Denver: A.R.E. Publishing, 1997. Baruch J. Schwartz. "What Really Happened at Mount Sinai? Four biblical answers to one question." Bible Review, volume 13 (number 5) (October 1997). Mary Doria Russell. Children of God: A Novel, page 428. New York: Villard, 1998. (seeing only God's back). Susan Freeman. Teaching Jewish Virtues: Sacred Sources and Arts Activities, pages 85–101, 228–40. Springfield, New Jersey: A.R.E. Publishing, 1999. (, 34–35). Ellen Lippmann. "The Women Didn't Build the Golden Calf — or Did They?" In The Women's Torah Commentary: New Insights from Women Rabbis on the 54 Weekly Torah Portions. Edited by Elyse Goldstein, pages 164–71. Woodstock, Vermont: Jewish Lights Publishing, 2000. Exodus to Deuteronomy: A Feminist Companion to the Bible (Second Series). Edited by Athalya Brenner, pages 136–41. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 2000. Martin R. Hauge. The Descent from the Mountain: Narrative Patterns in Exodus 19–40. Sheffield: Journal for the Study of the Old Testament Press, 2001. Avivah Gottlieb Zornberg. The Particulars of Rapture: Reflections on Exodus, pages 398–460. New York: Doubleday, 2001. Lainie Blum Cogan and Judy Weiss. Teaching Haftarah: Background, Insights, and Strategies, pages 164–72. Denver: A.R.E. Publishing, 2002. Menachem Davis. The Schottenstein Edition Siddur for the Sabbath and Festivals with an Interlinear Translation, XXVII. Brooklyn: Mesorah Publications, 2002. (Sabbath as a source of holiness). Michael Fishbane. The JPS Bible Commentary: Haftarot, pages 128–34. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 2002. Katharine Doob Sakenfeld. The Meaning of Hesed in the Hebrew Bible: A New Inquiry. Wipf & Stock Publishers, 2002. Rodger Kamenetz. "The Broken Tablets." In The Lowercase Jew, page 40. Evanston, Illinois: Triquarterly Books, 2003. Alan Lew. This Is Real and You Are Completely Unprepared: The Days of Awe as a Journey of Transformation, pages 53–55, 136. Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 2003. Jack M. Sasson. "Should Cheeseburgers Be Kosher? A Different Interpretation of Five Hebrew Words." Bible Review, volume 19 (numbers 6) (December 2003): pages 40–43, 50–51. Robert Alter. The Five Books of Moses: A Translation with Commentary, pages 486–513. New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 2004. Karla M. Suomala. Moses and God in Dialogue: Exodus 32–34 in Postbiblical Literature. Peter Lang Inc., International Academic Publishers, 2004. Jeffrey H. Tigay. "Exodus." In The Jewish Study Bible. Edited by Adele Berlin and Marc Zvi Brettler, pages 179–91. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004. Jane Liddel-King. "The Golden Calf." European Judaism: A Journal for the New Europe, volume 38 (number 2) (autumn 2005): pages 142–46. Professors on the Parashah: Studies on the Weekly Torah Reading Edited by Leib Moscovitz, pages 145–49. Jerusalem: Urim Publications, 2005. W. Gunther Plaut. The Torah: A Modern Commentary: Revised Edition. Revised edition edited by David E.S. Stern, pages 581–610. New York: Union for Reform Judaism, 2006. William H.C. Propp. Exodus 19–40, volume 2A, pages 317–19, 358–71, 534–623. New York: Anchor Bible, 2006. Suzanne A. Brody. "Bloody Water." In Dancing in the White Spaces: The Yearly Torah Cycle and More Poems, page 83. Shelbyville, Kentucky: Wasteland Press, 2007. Esther Jungreis. Life Is a Test, pages 86, 98–99, 144–46, 208–09. Brooklyn: Shaar Press, 2007. James L. Kugel. How To Read the Bible: A Guide to Scripture, Then and Now, pages 30, 109, 151, 254–55, 257, 262, 281–84, 291, 315, 324–25, 404, 423, 439, 524–25, 606. New York: Free Press, 2007. Kenton L. Sparks. “‘Enūma Elish’ and Priestly Mimesis: Elite Emulation in Nascent Judaism.” Journal of Biblical Literature, volume 126 (2007): 637–42. (“Priestly Mimesis in the Tabernacle Narrative (Exodus 25–40)”). Pekka Lindqvist. Sin at Sinai: Early Judaism Encounters Exodus 32. Eisenbrauns, 2008. Dmitri Slivniak. "The Golden Calf Story: Constructively and Deconstructively." Journal for the Study of the Old Testament, volume 33 (number 1) (September 2008): pages 19–38. Gloria London. "Why Milk and Meat Don't Mix: A New Explanation for a Puzzling Kosher Law." Biblical Archaeology Review, volume 34 (number 6) (November/December 2008): pages 66–69. The Torah: A Women's Commentary. Edited by Tamara Cohn Eskenazi and Andrea L. Weiss, pages 495–520. New York: URJ Press, 2008. Thomas B. Dozeman. Commentary on Exodus, pages 663–756. Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 2009. Jonathan Goldstein. "The Golden Calf." In Ladies and Gentlemen, the Bible! pages 115–28. New York: Riverhead Books, 2009. Reuven Hammer. Entering Torah: Prefaces to the Weekly Torah Portion, pages 125–30. New York: Gefen Publishing House, 2009. Rebecca G.S. Idestrom. "Echoes of the Book of Exodus in Ezekiel." Journal for the Study of the Old Testament, volume 33 (number 4) (June 2009): pages 489–510. (Motifs from Exodus found in Ezekiel, including the call narrative, divine encounters, captivity, signs, plagues, judgment, redemption, tabernacle/temple, are considered.). Amichai Lau-Lavie. "Mounting Sinai: Parashat Ki Tisa (Exodus 30:11–34:35)." In Torah Queeries: Weekly Commentaries on the Hebrew Bible. Edited by Gregg Drinkwater, Joshua Lesser, and David Shneer; foreword by Judith Plaskow, pages 109–12. New York: New York University Press, 2009. Bruce Wells. "Exodus." In Zondervan Illustrated Bible Backgrounds Commentary. Edited by John H. Walton, volume 1, pages 257–64. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan, 2009. Julie Cadwallader-Staub. Joy. In Face to Face: A Poetry Collection. DreamSeeker Books, 2010. ("land of milk and honey"). Jonathan Sacks. Covenant & Conversation: A Weekly Reading of the Jewish Bible: Exodus: The Book of Redemption, pages 249–76. Jerusalem: Maggid Books, 2010. Stefan Schorch. "'A Young Goat in Its Mother's Milk'? Understanding an Ancient Prohibition." Vetus Testamentum, volume 60 (number 1) (2010): pages 116–30. Idan Dershowitz. "A Land Flowing with Fat and Honey." Vetus Testamentum, volume 60 (number 2) (2010): pages 172–76. Joe Lieberman and David Klinghoffer. The Gift of Rest: Rediscovering the Beauty of the Sabbath. New York: Howard Books, 2011. James W. Watts. "Aaron and the Golden Calf in the Rhetoric of the Pentateuch." Journal of Biblical Literature, volume 130 (number 3) (fall 2011): pages 417–30. William G. Dever. The Lives of Ordinary People in Ancient Israel: When Archaeology and the Bible Intersect, page 244. Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 2012. Shmuel Herzfeld. "Growing Our Congregation: The Numbers Game." In Fifty-Four Pick Up: Fifteen-Minute Inspirational Torah Lessons, pages 123–27. Jerusalem: Gefen Publishing House, 2012. Daniel S. Nevins. "The Use of Electrical and Electronic Devices on Shabbat." New York: Rabbinical Assembly, 2012. Torah MiEtzion: New Readings in Tanach: Shemot. Edited by Ezra Bick and Yaakov Beasley, pages 411–77. Jerusalem: Maggid Books, 2012. Adam Kirsch. "Ancient Laws for Modern Times: When is a tent just a tent and not like a bed or a hat? To update Jewish laws, the rabbis reasoned by analogy." Tablet Magazine. (February 26, 2013). (Shabbat). Adam Kirsch. "Leave the Jewish People Alone: Rabbis left enforcement of their Talmudic decrees to communal standards and voluntary commitment." Tablet Magazine. (March 5, 2013). (Shabbat). Adam Kirsch. "Written in the Stars (Or Not): To overcome fated lives, the Talmud's rabbis argued, perform virtuous acts according to Torah." Tablet Magazine. (March 12, 2013). (Shabbat). Adam Kirsch. "Navigating the Talmud's Alleys: The range of problems and the variety of answers in the study of Oral Law lead to new pathways of reasoning." Tablet Magazine. (March 18, 2013). (Shabbat). Amiel Ungar. "Tel Aviv and the Sabbath." The Jerusalem Report, volume 24 (number 8) (July 29, 2013): page 37. Martin Sieff. "The spirit of Elijah: Great leaders have replicated his courage against all odds." The Jerusalem Report, volume 24 (number 23) (February 24, 2014): page 48. Ester Bloom. "The Crazy New App for Using Your iPhone on Shabbos." Jewniverse. (October 1, 2014). Anthony R. Petterson. "The Flying Scroll That Will Not Acquit the Guilty: Exodus 34.7 in Zechariah 5.3." Journal for the Study of the Old Testament, volume 38 (number 3) (March 2014): pages 347–61. Jonathan Sacks. Lessons in Leadership: A Weekly Reading of the Jewish Bible, pages 105–09. New Milford, Connecticut: Maggid Books, 2015. "The Crazy New Invention for Using Electricity on Shabbat." Jewniverse. (April 21, 2015). "The Hittites: Between Tradition and History." Biblical Archaeology Review, volume 42 (number 2) (March/April 2016): pages 28–40, 68. Jean-Pierre Isbouts. Archaeology of the Bible: The Greatest Discoveries From Genesis to the Roman Era, page 120. Washington, D.C.: National Geographic, 2016. Jonathan Sacks. Essays on Ethics: A Weekly Reading of the Jewish Bible, pages 131–36. New Milford, Connecticut: Maggid Books, 2016. Kenneth Seeskin. Thinking about the Torah: A Philosopher Reads the Bible, pages 101–12. Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society, 2016. Shai Held. The Heart of Torah, Volume 1: Essays on the Weekly Torah Portion: Genesis and Exodus, pages 203–12. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 2017. Steven Levy and Sarah Levy. The JPS Rashi Discussion Torah Commentary, pages 65–67. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 2017. Joep Dubbink. “‘Don’t Stop Me Now!’ — Exod 32:10 and Yhwh’s Intention to Destroy His Own People.” In Viktor Ber, editor. Nomos and Violence: Dimensions in Bible and Theology. Vienna: LIT Verlag, 2019. External links Texts Masoretic text and 1917 JPS translation Hear the parashah chanted Hear the parashah read in Hebrew Commentaries Academy for Jewish Religion, California Academy for Jewish Religion, New York Aish.com Akhlah: The Jewish Children's Learning Network American Jewish University — Ziegler School of Rabbinic Studies Anshe Emes Synagogue, Los Angeles Ari Goldwag Ascent of Safed Bar-Ilan University Chabad.org eparsha.com G-dcast The Israel Koschitzky Virtual Beit Midrash Jewish Agency for Israel Jewish Theological Seminary Kabbala Online Mechon Hadar MyJewishLearning.com Ohr Sameach Orthodox Union OzTorah, Torah from Australia Oz Ve Shalom — Netivot Shalom Pardes from Jerusalem Professor James L. Kugel Professor Michael Carasik Rabbi Dov Linzer Rabbi Fabian Werbin Rabbi Jonathan Sacks RabbiShimon.com Rabbi Shlomo Riskin Rabbi Shmuel Herzfeld Rabbi Stan Levin Reconstructionist Judaism Sephardic Institute Shiur.com 613.org Jewish Torah Audio Talia Davis Tanach Study Center Teach613.org, Torah Education at Cherry Hill TheTorah.com Torah from Dixie Torah.org TorahVort.com Union for Reform Judaism United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism What's Bothering Rashi? Yeshivat Chovevei Torah Yeshiva University Weekly Torah readings in Adar Weekly Torah readings from Exodus

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suncadia%2C%20Washington

Suncadia, Washington

Suncadia is an unincorporated community and resort in Kittitas County, Washington, covering an area of 6,300 acres (25.5 km). It is located approximately 80 miles (130 km) east of Seattle in the Cascade Mountains between Roslyn, Cle Elum, and the Mountains to Sound Greenway section of Interstate 90. The resort was a joint undertaking between Jeld-Wen and managing partner Lowe Enterprises. The $1 billion project featured a 4-star rated mountain lodge with convention center facilities, a mountain springs themed spa, a sports center with indoor and outdoor swimming pools, an outdoor venue amphitheater/lake with winter ice skating, trails and recreational areas, 2,000 residential units, and three golf courses. The resort is also home to Swiftwater Cellars, a destination winery. A village center with restaurants and shops was to be completed by 2016. As of June 2019 this project has not been completed. Over 500 single-family homesites were sold in 2004, generating more than $125 million in gross revenue. The community's open space includes a corridor along the Cle Elum River, which remains open to the public under a partnership (called the Suncadia Conservancy) that also includes Washington's Department of Fish and Wildlife and the Yakama Nation. The interests of local citizens in aspects of the development that included the corridor were represented by RIDGE, a grassroots group. Suncadia, originally called "MountainStar," was built on former forest lands purchased in 1996 from Plum Creek Timber Company by Jeld-Wen's Trendwest Investments. References External links Official website RIDGE Records. 1923-2015. 9.31 cubic feet (9 boxes). At the Labor Archives of Washington, University of Washington Libraries Special Collections. Unincorporated communities in Washington (state) Unincorporated communities in Kittitas County, Washington

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vayakhel

Vayakhel

Vayakhel, Wayyaqhel, VaYakhel, Va-Yakhel, Vayak'hel, Vayak'heil, or Vayaqhel ( – Hebrew for "and he assembled," the first word in the parashah) is the 22nd weekly Torah portion (, parashah) in the annual Jewish cycle of Torah reading and the 10th in the Book of Exodus. The parashah tells of the making of the Tabernacle and its sacred vessels. It constitutes The parashah is made up of 6,181 Hebrew letters, 1,558 Hebrew words, 122 verses, and 211 lines in a Torah scroll (, Sefer Torah). Jews read it the 22nd Sabbath after Simchat Torah, generally in March or rarely in late February. The lunisolar Hebrew calendar contains up to 55 weeks, the exact number varying between 50 in common years and 54 or 55 in leap years. In leap years (for example, 2019, 2022, 2024, and 2027), parashah Vayakhel is read separately. In common years (for example, 2018, 2020, 2021, 2023, and 2026), parashah Vayakhel is usually combined with the next parashah, Pekudei, to help achieve the number of weekly readings needed (although in some non-leap years, such as 2025, they are not combined). Readings In traditional Sabbath Torah reading, the parashah is divided into seven readings, or , aliyot. First reading – Exodus 35:1–20 In the first reading (, aliyah), Moses convoked the Israelites to build the Tabernacle. Moses started by reminding them of God's commandment to keep the Sabbath of complete rest. Then Moses told them to collect gifts of materials from those whose heart so moved them – gifts of gold, silver, copper, colored yarns, fine linen, goats hair, tanned ram skins, acacia wood, olive oil, spices, lapis lazuli, and other stones. Moses invited all who were skilled to make the Tabernacle, its furnishings, and the priests' vestments. Second reading – Exodus 35:21–29 In the second reading (, aliyah), the Israelites brought the gifts that Moses requested. Third reading – Exodus 35:30–36:7 In the third reading (, aliyah), Moses announced that God had singled out Bezalel and Oholiab to endow them with the skills needed to construct the Tabernacle. And Moses called on them and all skilled persons to undertake the task. The Israelites brought more than was needed, so Moses proclaimed an end to the collection. Fourth reading – Exodus 36:8–19 In the fourth reading (, aliyah), the skilled workers fashioned the Tabernacle's curtains, loop, clasps, and coverings. Fifth reading – Exodus 36:20–37:16 In the long fifth reading (, aliyah), they made the Tabernacle's standing, gold clad, polished boards each with 2 tenons, and their 2 silver sockets, bars of acacia-wood overlaid with gold, rings of gold, veil of the covering, 4 pillars of acacia-wood overlaid with gold, screen for the door held by 5 gold clad pillars, and sockets of brass. Bezalel made the ark, cover, and 7 golden oil lamps pushed over against the golden lampstand which partially covers the table. Sixth reading – Exodus 37:17–29 In the sixth reading (, aliyah), Bezalel made menorah and incense altar. Seventh reading – Exodus 38:1–20 In the seventh reading (, aliyah), Bezalel made the altar for sacrifices, laver, and enclosure for the Tabernacle. Readings according to the triennial cycle Jews who read the Torah according to the triennial cycle of Torah reading may read the parashah according to a different schedule. In ancient parallels The parashah has parallels in these ancient sources: Exodus chapter 35 Noting that Sargon of Akkad was the first to use a seven-day week, Professor Gregory S. Aldrete of the University of Wisconsin–Green Bay speculated that the Israelites may have adopted the idea from the Akkadian Empire. Inner-biblical interpretation The parashah has parallels or is discussed in these Biblical sources: Exodus chapters 25–39 This is the pattern of instruction and construction of the Tabernacle and its furnishings: Exodus chapter 35 opens, "And Moses assembled" (, vayakhel Mosheh), in an echo of which says, "the people assembled" (, vayikahel ha'am). The Sabbath refers to the Sabbath. prohibits kindling fire on the Sabbath. reports that when the Israelites came upon a man gathering wood on the Sabbath (apparently with the intent to fuel a fire), they brought him before Moses, Aaron, and the community and placed him in custody, "because it had not been declared what should be done to him." Clearing up any uncertainty about whether the man had violated the law and what punishment should be given, God told Moses that the whole community was to pelt him with stones outside the camp, which they did. Commentators note that the Hebrew Bible repeats the commandment to observe the Sabbath 12 times. reports that on the seventh day of Creation, God finished God’s work, rested, and blessed and hallowed the seventh day. Observance of the Sabbath is one of the Ten Commandments. commands that one remember the Sabbath day, keep it holy, and not do any manner of work or cause anyone under one’s control to work, for in six days God made heaven and earth and rested on the seventh day, blessed the Sabbath, and hallowed it. commands that one observe the Sabbath day, keep it holy, and not do any manner of work or cause anyone under one’s control to work — so that one’s subordinates might also rest — and remember that the Israelites were servants in the land of Egypt, and God brought them out with a mighty hand and by an outstretched arm. In the incident of the manna (, man) in , Moses told the Israelites that the Sabbath is a solemn rest day; prior to the Sabbath one should cook what one would cook, and lay up food for the Sabbath. And God told Moses to let no one go out of one’s place on the seventh day. In , just before giving Moses the second Tablets of Stone, God commanded that the Israelites keep and observe the Sabbath throughout their generations, as a sign between God and the children of Israel forever, for in six days God made heaven and earth, and on the seventh day God rested. In , just before issuing the instructions for the Tabernacle, Moses again told the Israelites that no one should work on the Sabbath, specifying that one must not kindle fire on the Sabbath. In , God told Moses to repeat the Sabbath commandment to the people, calling the Sabbath a holy convocation. The prophet Isaiah taught in that iniquity is inconsistent with the Sabbath. In , the prophet taught that if people turn away from pursuing or speaking of business on the Sabbath and call the Sabbath a delight, then God will make them ride upon the high places of the earth and will feed them with the heritage of Jacob. And in , the prophet taught that in times to come, from one Sabbath to another, all people will come to worship God. The prophet Jeremiah taught in that the fate of Jerusalem depended on whether the people abstained from work on the Sabbath, refraining from carrying burdens outside their houses and through the city gates. The prophet Ezekiel told in how God gave the Israelites God’s Sabbaths, to be a sign between God and them, but the Israelites rebelled against God by profaning the Sabbaths, provoking God to pour out God’s fury upon them, but God stayed God’s hand. In , Nehemiah told how he saw some treading winepresses on the Sabbath, and others bringing all manner of burdens into Jerusalem on the Sabbath day, so when it began to be dark before the Sabbath, he commanded that the city gates be shut and not opened till after the Sabbath and directed the Levites to keep the gates to sanctify the Sabbath. Exodus chapter 38 2 Chronicles reports that the bronze altar, which reports Bezalel made, still stood before the Tabernacle in Solomon's time, and Solomon sacrificed a thousand burnt offerings on it. reports that Bezalel made the bronze laver and its base from "the mirrors of the serving women who did service at the door of the tent of meeting." 1 Samuel reports that Eli's sons "lay with the women who did service at the door of the tent of meeting." In early nonrabbinic interpretation The parashah has parallels or is discussed in these early nonrabbinic sources: Exodus chapter 35 1 Maccabees tells a story related to the Sabbath. told how in the 2nd century BCE, many followers of the pious Jewish priest Mattathias rebelled against the Seleucid king Antiochus IV Epiphanes. Antiochus’s soldiers attacked a group of them on the Sabbath, and when the Pietists failed to defend themselves so as to honor the Sabbath (commanded in, among other places, ), a thousand died. reported that when Mattathias and his friends heard, they reasoned that if they did not fight on the Sabbath, they would soon be destroyed. So they decided that they would fight against anyone who attacked them on the Sabbath. Josephus taught that when the Israelites brought together the materials with great diligence, Moses set architects over the works by the command of God. And these were the very same people that the people themselves would have chosen, had the election been allowed to them: Bezalel, the son of Uri, of the tribe of Judah, the grandson of Miriam, the sister of Moses, and Oholiab, file son of Ahisamach, of the tribe of Dan. Classical rabbinic interpretation The parashah is discussed in these rabbinic sources from the era of the Mishnah and the Talmud: Exodus chapter 35 The Seder Olam Rabbah taught that Moses descended from Mount Sinai on the 10th of Tishrei – Yom Kippur – and announced that God had shown the Israelites God's pleasure, as says, "You will forgive our crimes and sins and let us inherit," and after that, all the Israelites presented themselves in the assembly that Moses called in and Moses commanded them to build the Tabernacle. The Mekhilta According to Rabbi Ishmael taught that sets forth laws of Sabbath observance here because in God directed, "And let them make Me a sanctuary," and one might have understood that they could build the sanctuary both on weekdays and the Sabbath. The Mekhilta taught that God's direction in to "make Me a sanctuary" applied on all days other than the Sabbath. The Mekhilta posited that one might argue that since the Temple service occurs even on the Sabbath, then perhaps the preparation for the service, without which the priests could not perform the service, could occur even on the Sabbath. One might conclude that if the horn of the altar broke off or a knife became defective, one might repair them on the Sabbath. teaches, however, that even such work must be done only on weekdays, and not on the Sabbath. Rabbi Judah haNasi taught that the words "These are the words" in referred to the 39 labors that God taught Moses at Mount Sinai. Similarly, Rabbi Hanina bar Hama said that the labors forbidden on the Sabbath in correspond to the 39 labors necessary to construct the Tabernacle. Tractate Shabbat in the Mishnah, Tosefta, Jerusalem Talmud, and Babylonian Talmud interpreted the laws of the Sabbath in and 29; (20:8–11 in the NJPS); and (5:12 in the NJPS). The Mishnah taught that every act that violates the law of the Sabbath also violates the law of a festival, except that one may prepare food on a festival but not on the Sabbath. A Midrash asked to which commandment refers when it says, "For if you shall diligently keep all this commandment that I command you, to do it, to love the Lord your God, to walk in all His ways, and to cleave to Him, then will the Lord drive out all these nations from before you, and you shall dispossess nations greater and mightier than yourselves." Rabbi Levi said that "this commandment" refers to the recitation of the Shema (), but the Rabbis said that it refers to the Sabbath, which is equal to all the precepts of the Torah. The Alphabet of Rabbi Akiva taught that when God was giving Israel the Torah, God told them that if they accepted the Torah and observed God's commandments, then God would give them for eternity a most precious thing that God possessed — the World To Come. When Israel asked to see in this world an example of the World To Come, God replied that the Sabbath is an example of the World To Come. Reading the words "everyone who profanes [the Sabbath] shall surely be put to death" in (in which the verb for death is doubled), Samuel deduced that the Torah decreed many deaths for desecrating the Sabbath. The Gemara posited that perhaps refers to willful desecration. The Gemara answered that is not needed to teach that willful transgression of the Sabbath is a capital crime, for says, "Whoever does any work therein shall be put to death." The Gemara concluded that thus must apply to an unwitting offender, and in that context, the words "shall surely be put to death" mean that the inadvertent Sabbath violator will "die" monetarily because of the violator's need to bring costly sacrifices. A Baraita read the words "You shall kindle no fire throughout your habitations upon the Sabbath day" in to teach that only on the Sabbath is kindling fire prohibited, and one may kindle fire on a Festival day, including for purposes other than food preparation. Rav Huna and Rav Chisda reconciled the prohibition of kindling fire on the Sabbath in with the priests' sacrificial duties. The Mishnah taught that the priests could lower the Passover sacrifice into the oven just before nightfall (and leave it to roast on the Sabbath), and the priests could light the fire with chips in the pile in the Temple chamber of the hearth (just before nightfall). Interpreting this Mishnah, Rav Huna cited the prohibition of "You shall kindle no fire throughout your habitations." Rav Huna argued that since says only "throughout your habitations," the priests could kindle the pile in the Temple chamber of the hearth (even on the Sabbath). Rav Chisda demurred from Rav Huna's argument, as it would allow kindling even on the Sabbath. Rather, Rav Chisda taught that permits only the burning of the limbs and the fat (of animals sacrificed on Friday before nightfall). Rav Chisda explained that this burning was allowed because the priests were very particular (in their observance of the Sabbath and would not stoke the fire after nightfall). The Gemara told that Rav Joseph's wife used to kindle the Sabbath lights late (just before nightfall). Rav Joseph told her that it was taught in a Baraita that the words of "the pillar of cloud by day, and the pillar of fire by night, departed not," teach that the pillar of cloud overlapped the pillar of fire, and the pillar of fire overlapped the pillar of cloud. So she thought of lighting the Sabbath lights very early. But an elder told her that one may kindle when one chooses, provided that one does not light too early (as it would not evidently honor the Sabbath) or too late (later than just before nightfall). A Baraita taught that a disciple in the name of Rabbi Ishmael noted that the words "in all your dwellings" (, b'chol moshvoteichem) appear both in the phrase, "You shall kindle no fire throughout your habitations upon the Sabbath day," in and in the phrase, "these things shall be for a statute of judgment unto you throughout your generations in all your dwellings," in The Baraita reasoned from this similar usage that just as the law prohibits kindling fire at home, so the law also prohibits kindling fire in the furtherance of criminal justice. And thus, since some executions require kindling a fire, the Baraita taught that the law prohibits executions on the Sabbath. Rabbi Hama bar Hanina interpreted the words "the plaited (, serad) garments for ministering in the holy place" in to teach that but for the priestly garments described in (and the atonement achieved by the garments or the priests who wore them), no remnant (, sarid) of the Jews would have survived. Rabbi Levi read regarding "the middle bar in the midst of the boards, which shall pass through from end to end," calculated that the beam must have been 32 cubits in length, and asked where the Israelites would find such a beam in the desert. Rabbi Levi deduced that the Israelites had stored up the cedar to construct the Tabernacle since the days of Jacob. Thus reports, "And every man, with whom was found acacia-wood," not "with whom would be found acacia-wood." Rabbi Levi taught that the Israelites cut the trees down in Magdala of the Dyers near Tiberias and brought them with them to Egypt, and no knot or crack was found in them. The Rabbis taught in a Baraita that the Tabernacle's lower curtains were made of blue wool, purple wool, crimson wool, and fine linen, while the upper curtains that made the tent spread were made of goats' hair. And they taught that the upper curtains required greater skill than the lower, for says of the lower ones, "And all the women that were wise-hearted did spin with their hands," while says of the upper ones, "And all the women whose heart stirred them up in wisdom spun the goats." It was taught in Rabbi Nehemiah's name that the hair was washed on the goats and spun while still on the goats. Rabbi Isaac deduced from that we must not appoint a leader over a community without first consulting the community. In Moses said to the Israelites: "See, the Lord has called by name Bezalel, the son of Uri." Rabbi Isaac read to indicate that God asked Moses whether Moses considered Bezalel suitable. Moses replied that if God thought Bezalel suitable, then surely Moses would have to, as well. God told Moses nonetheless to go and consult the Israelites. Moses asked the Israelites whether they considered Bezalel suitable. And they replied that if God and Moses considered him suitable, surely they had to, as well. Rabbi Johanan taught that God proclaims three things for God's Self: famine, plenty, and a good leader. 2 Kings shows that God proclaims famine, when it says: "The Lord has called for a famine." shows that God proclaims plenty, when it says: "I will call for the corn and will increase it." And shows that God proclaims a good leader, when it says: "And the Lord spoke to Moses, saying, ‘See I have called by name Bezalel, the son of Uri.'" Rabbi Samuel bar Nahmani said in the name of Rabbi Johanan that Bezalel (, whose name can be read , betzel El, "in the shadow of God") was so called because of his wisdom. When God told Moses (in ) to tell Bezalel to make a tabernacle, an ark, and vessels, Moses reversed the order and told Bezalel to make an ark, vessels, and a tabernacle. Bezalel replied to Moses that as a rule, one first builds a house and then brings vessels into it, but Moses directed to make an ark, vessels, and a tabernacle. Bezalel asked where he would put the vessels. And Bezalel asked whether God had told Moses to make a tabernacle, an ark, and vessels. Moses replied that perhaps Bezalel had been in the shadow of God (, betzel El) and had thus come to know this. Rabbi Tanhuma taught in the name of Rav Huna that even the things that Bezalel did not hear from Moses he conceived of on his own exactly as they were told to Moses from Sinai. Rabbi Tanhuma said in the name of Rav Huna that one can deduce this from the words of "And Bezalel the son of Uri, the son of Hur, of the tribe of Judah, made all that the Lord commanded Moses." For does not say, "that Moses commanded him," but, "that the Lord commanded Moses." And the Agadat Shir ha-Shirim taught that Bezalel and Oholiab went up Mount Sinai, where the heavenly Sanctuary was shown to them. A Midrash interpreted in light of Ecclesiastes "A good name is better than precious oil." The Midrash taught that name of Bezalel was better than precious oil, as proclaims his fame when it says, "See, the Lord has called by name Bezalel." (God proclaimed the name of Bezalel as the Divine architect, while Moses proclaimed the priest as such by anointing with oil.) Reading the words, "see, the Lord has called by name Bezalel," in a Midrash explained that Israel sinned with fire in making the Golden Calf, as says, "And I cast it into the fire, and there came out this calf." And then Bezalel came and healed the wound (and the construction of the Tabernacle made atonement for the sins of the people in making the Golden Calf). The Midrash likened it to the words of "Behold, I have created the smith who blows the fire of coals." The Midrash taught that Bezalel was the smith whom God had created to address the fire. And the Midrash likened it to the case of a doctor's disciple who applied a plaster to a wound and healed it. When people began to praise him, his teacher, the doctor, said that they should praise the doctor, for he taught the disciple. Similarly, when everybody said that Bezalel had constructed the Tabernacle through his knowledge and understanding, God said that it was God who created him and taught him, as says, "Behold, I have created the smith." Thus Moses said in "see, the Lord has called by name Bezalel." identifies Bezalel's grandfather as Hur, whom either Rav or Samuel deduced was the son of Miriam and Caleb. A Midrash explained that mentions Hur because when the Israelites were about to serve the Golden Calf, Hur risked his life on God's behalf to prevent them from doing so, and they killed him. Whereupon God assured Hur that God would repay him for his sacrifice. The Midrash likened it to the case of a king whose legions rebelled against him, and his field marshal fought against the rebels, questioning how they could dare rebel against the king. In the end, the rebels killed the field marshal. The king reasoned that if the field marshal had given the king money, the king would have had to repay him. So even more so the king had an obligation to repay the field marshal when he gave his life on the king's behalf. The king rewarded the field marshal by ordaining that all his male offspring would become generals and officers. Similarly, when Israel made the Golden Calf, Hur gave his life for the glory of God. Thus God assured Hur that God would give all Hur's descendants a great name in the world. And thus says, "see, the Lord has called by name Bezalel, the son of Uri, the son of Hur." Rav Judah taught in the name of Rav that indicated that God endowed Bezalel with the same attribute that God used in creating the universe. Rav Judah said in the name of Rav that Bezalel knew how to combine the letters by which God created the heavens and earth. For says (about Bezalel), "And He has filled him with the spirit of God, in wisdom and in understanding, and in knowledge," and says (about creation), "The Lord by wisdom founded the earth; by understanding He established the heavens," and says, "By His knowledge the depths were broken up." Exodus chapter 36 Doing the math implied by and the Gemara deduced that in earlier generations, a boy of eight could father children. reports that "Bezalel, son of Uri, son of Hur, of the tribe of Judah, made all that the Lord had commanded Moses," when they built the Tabernacle. And reports that Caleb fathered the Hur who fathered Uri who fathered Bezalel. reports that "wise men . . . wrought all the work of the Sanctuary," so Bezalel must have been at least 13 years old to have been a man when he worked on the Tabernacle. A Baraita taught that Moses made the Tabernacle in the first year after the Exodus, and in the second, he erected it and sent out the spies, so the Gemara deduced that Bezalel must have been at least 14 years old when Moses sent out the spies, the year after Bezalel worked on the Tabernacle. And reports that Caleb said that he was 40 years old when Moses sent him to spy out the land. Thus, the Gemara deduced that Caleb was only 26 years older than his great-grandson Bezalel. Deducting two years for the three pregnancies needed to create the three intervening generations, the Gemara concluded that each of Caleb, Hur, and Uri must have conceived his son at the age of eight. Exodus chapter 37 A Midrash taught that the righteous learn from God's example in creating the world that in beginning any work they should start with light. Thus when God told Moses to build the Tabernacle, Bezalel pondered with what thing he should begin. He concluded that he had better start with the Ark (in which the Israelites would deposit the Torah, the light of the world). And thus commences the report of the construction of the Tabernacle's furnishings, "And Bezalel made the Ark." Similarly, a Midrash taught that when God told Moses to make the Tabernacle, he came to Bezalel and conveyed the command, and Bezalel asked what the purpose of the Tabernacle was. Moses replied that it was so that God might make God's Shechinah to dwell there and teach the Torah to Israel. Bezalel then asked where the Israelites would keep the Torah. Moses replied that when they had made the Tabernacle, they would then make the Ark. Then Bezalel said that since it would not be fitting for the Torah to be without a home, they should first make the Ark and then the Tabernacle. On that account, associates Bezalel's name with the Ark, saying, "And Bezalel made the Ark." Reading the words, "Bezalel made the Ark of acacia-wood," in a Midrash taught that God heals with the very thing with which God wounds. Thus, Israel sinned in Shittim (so called because of its many acacia trees), as says, "And Israel abode in Shittim, and the people began to commit harlotry with the daughters of Moab" (and also worshipped the Baal of Peor). But it was also through Shittim wood, or acacia-wood, that God healed the Israelites, for as reports, "Bezalel made the Ark of acacia-wood." A Baraita taught that Josiah hid away the Ark referred to in the anointing oil referred to in the jar of manna referred to in Aaron's rod with its almonds and blossoms referred to in and the coffer that the Philistines sent the Israelites as a gift along with the Ark and concerning which the priests said in "And put the jewels of gold, which you returned Him for a guilt offering, in a coffer by the side thereof [of the Ark]; and send it away that it may go." Having observed that predicted, "The Lord will bring you and your king . . . to a nation that you have not known," Josiah ordered the Ark hidden away, as reports, "And he [Josiah] said to the Levites who taught all Israel, that were holy to the Lord, ‘Put the Holy Ark into the house that Solomon the son of David, King of Israel, built; there shall no more be a burden upon your shoulders; now serve the Lord your God and his people Israel.’" Rabbi Eleazar deduced that Josiah hid the anointing oil and the other objects at the same time as the Ark from the common use of the expressions "there" in with regard to the manna and "there" in with regard to the Ark, "to be kept" in with regard to the manna and "to be kept" in with regard to Aaron's rod, and "generations" in with regard to the manna and "generations" in with regard to the anointing oil. Exodus chapter 38 A Midrash explained the mirrors of the women who "performed tasks" (, ha-tzovot) at the entrance of the Tent of Meeting in The Midrash told that when the Israelites were suffering hard labor in Egypt, Pharaoh decreed that they should not sleep at home or have sexual relations with their wives. Rabbi Shimon ben Halafta told that the Israelite women would go down to draw water from the river, whereupon God caused them to draw up small fish in their pitchers. The Israelite women would sell some of the fish, cook some of them, buy wine with the proceeds, and go out to the work fields to feed their husbands. After they had eaten, the Israelite women took their mirrors and looked into them together with their husbands. The wives would say that they were better looking than the husbands. The husbands would say that they were better looking. And in this way, they aroused their sexual desire and became fruitful and multiplied, as reports, "And the children of Israel were fruitful and swarmed and multiplied and became exceedingly mighty." It was through the use of these mirrors that the Israelites were able to continue to have children even under the demands of harsh labor. When God told Moses to make the Tabernacle, all of the men came to contribute. Some brought silver, some brought gold or brass, onyx, and other gems to be set. They readily brought everything. The women brought the mirrors and presented them to Moses. When Moses saw the mirrors, he was furious with the women, saying that whoever brought the mirrors should be punished, asking what possible use they could have in the Tabernacle. God told Moses not to look down on them, for it was those mirrors that raised up all of the hosts of children born in Egypt. God thus directed Moses to take them and make from them the washbasin and its base for the priests. In medieval Jewish interpretation The parashah is discussed in these medieval Jewish sources: Exodus chapter 35 In the Zohar, Rabbi Jose expounded on "And let every wise-hearted man among you come and make all that the Lord has commanded." Rabbi Jose taught that when God told Moses in "Get you wise men and men of discernment," Moses searched all of Israel but did not find men of discernment, and so in Moses said, "So I took the heads of your tribes, wise men, and full of knowledge," without mentioning men of discernment. Rabbi Jose deduced that the man of discernment (navan) is of a higher degree than the wise man (hacham), for even a pupil who gives new ideas to a teacher is called "wise." A wise man knows for himself as much as is required, but the man of discernment apprehends the whole, knowing both his own point of view and that of others. uses the term "wise-hearted" because the heart was seen to be the seat of wisdom. Rabbi Jose taught that the man of discernment apprehends the lower world and the upper world, his own being and the being of others. In modern interpretation The parashah is discussed in these modern sources: Exodus chapters 35–39 Noting that repeats material from the 19th century Romanian-Argentine explorer Julius Popper argued that was a later addition, and the Dutch Protestant theologian Abraham Kuenen and the German biblical scholar Julius Wellhausen agreed. But the mid-20th-century Italian-Israeli scholar Umberto Cassuto, formerly of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, argued that this conjecture was ignorant of ancient Eastern literary style. Cassuto noted that the theme of the founding and building of a shrine was a set literary type in early Eastern writings, and such passages often first recorded the divine utterance describing the plan for the sanctuary and then gave an account of the construction that repeated the description given in the divine communication. Cassuto cited the Ugaritic epic of King Keret, which tells that in a dream, the king received from the god El instructions for the offering of sacrifices, the mustering of an army, the organizing of a military campaign to the land of King Pabel, and the request that Pabel's daughter or granddaughter be given him as a wife. After the instructions, the epic repeats the instructions, varying only the verb forms to the past tense, adding or deleting a conjunction, substituting a synonym, or varying the sequence of words – exactly as does. Cassuto concluded that was thus not a later addition, but required where it is by the literary style. Professor James Kugel of Bar Ilan University wrote that the detailed account must have held a fascination for ancient Israelites who viewed the Tabernacle as highly significant, as the structure that allowed God to reside in the midst of humankind for the first time since the Garden of Eden. And the 20th century Reform Rabbi Gunther Plaut cautioned not to approach with modern stylistic prejudices, arguing that a person of the ancient Near East – who was primarily a listener, not a reader – found repetition a welcome way of supporting familiarity with the text, giving assurance that the tradition had been faithfully transmitted. Exodus chapter 35 Plaut noted that this important chapter in Israel's wilderness story – the order to construct the Tabernacle – begins in with the words "Moses then convoked" (, vayakheil Mosheh), heralding the conclusion of the cycle of apostasy and reconciliation that started in with a word with the same spelling and root, "the people gathered themselves" (, vayikheil ha-am). In the people assembled to rebel against God's desires in the incident of the Golden Calf, but in with an assembling (, vayakheil) that God approved, God demonstrated God's forgiving grace. Plaut noted that the command to observe the Sabbath in preceded the account of the Tabernacle's construction just as it had been commanded at the end of the original instructions in so the Sabbath was the bridge that connected the building of the Tabernacle with its deeper purpose. Professor Nahum Sarna, formerly of Brandeis University, wrote that the injunction to observe the Sabbath in practically repeats verbatim, with an addition not to kindle fire on the Sabbath. The wording of this prohibition led the Rabbis of the Talmud to understand that fire may not be kindled on the Sabbath itself but may be lit before the Sabbath if not refueled on the Sabbath. The Karaites rejected this interpretation and spent the day without lights (although some later adherents did accept the Rabbinic practice). Sarna wrote that it was probably to demonstrate opposition to the early Karaite view that the Rabbis mandated lighting candles on Friday nights, and to that end, the Geonim (the post-Talmudic heads of the Babylonian academies) instituted the recital of a blessing over them. Plaut argued that includes the words "throughout your settlements" to make clear that the injunction not to kindle fire on the Sabbath applied not only to the primary prohibition during the building of the Tabernacle, but also in general. Thus reporting a man gathering sticks on the Sabbath, recorded a violation of In 1950, the Committee on Jewish Law and Standards of Conservative Judaism ruled: “Refraining from the use of a motor vehicle is an important aid in the maintenance of the Sabbath spirit of repose. Such restraint aids, moreover, in keeping the members of the family together on the Sabbath. However where a family resides beyond reasonable walking distance from the synagogue, the use of a motor vehicle for the purpose of synagogue attendance shall in no wise be construed as a violation of the Sabbath but, on the contrary, such attendance shall be deemed an expression of loyalty to our faith. . . . [I]n the spirit of a living and developing Halachah responsive to the changing needs of our people, we declare it to be permitted to use electric lights on the Sabbath for the purpose of enhancing the enjoyment of the Sabbath, or reducing personal discomfort in the performance of a mitzvah.” Professor Carol Meyers of Duke University noted that both women and men provided the materials to which and refer, as and 29 make clear, including fabrics made and donated by women craftspersons (as indicated in ). Jeffrey Tigay, Professor Emeritus at the University of Pennsylvania, argued that the word , avodah, in translated as "service" in the New Jewish Publication Society translation (as well as in 3, 5; and ) is better rendered "labor" (referring to construction), as the materials contributed were for the construction of the Tabernacle, not for the worship that would be conducted there afterwards. Exodus chapter 37 speaks of "a talent of pure gold." This table translates units of weight used in the Bible into their modern equivalents: Commandments According to Maimonides and Sefer ha-Chinuch, there is one negative commandment in the parashah: The court must not inflict punishment on the Sabbath. Liturgy Following the Kabbalat Shabbat prayer service and prior to the Friday evening (Ma'ariv) service, Jews traditionally read rabbinic sources on the observance of the Sabbath, starting with Mishnah Shabbat 2:5. Mishnah Shabbat 2:5, in turn, interprets the laws of kindling lights in Haftarah Parashah Vayakhel When parashah Vayakhel is read alone, the haftarah is: for Ashkenazi Jews: for Sephardi Jews: Ashkenazi – 1 Kings 7:40–50 Both the parashah and the haftarah in report the leader's erection of the holy place, Moses' building of the Tabernacle in the parashah, and Solomon's building of the Temple in Jerusalem in the haftarah. Both the parashah and the haftarah note particular metals for the holy space. Sephardi – 1 Kings 7:13–26 Both the parashah and the haftarah note the skill (chokhmah), ability (tevunah), and knowledge (da‘at), of the artisan (Bezalel in the parashah, Hiram in the haftarah) in every craft (kol mela'khah). Shabbat Shekalim When Parashah Vayakhel coincides with the special Sabbath Shabbat Shekalim, (as it does in 2019), the haftarah is Parashah Vayakhel–Pekudei When parashah Vayakhel is combined with parashah Pekudei, the haftarah is: for Ashkenazi Jews: for Sephardi Jews: Shabbat HaChodesh When the parashah coincides with Shabbat HaChodesh ("Sabbath [of] the month," the special Sabbath preceding the Hebrew month of Nissan – as it does in 2013 and 2017), the haftarah is: for Ashkenazi Jews: for Sephardi Jews: On Shabbat HaChodesh, Jews read in which God commands that "This month [Nissan] shall be the beginning of months; it shall be the first month of the year," and in which God issued the commandments of Passover. Similarly, the haftarah in discusses Passover. In both the special reading and the haftarah, God instructs the Israelites to apply blood to doorposts. Shabbat Parah When the parashah coincides with Shabbat Parah (one of the special Sabbaths prior to Passover – as it does in 2018), the haftarah is: for Ashkenazi Jews: for Sephardi Jews: On Shabbat Parah, the Sabbath of the red heifer, Jews read which describes the rites of purification using the red heifer (parah adumah). Similarly, the haftarah in Ezekiel 36 also describes purification. In both the special reading and the haftarah in Ezekiel 36, sprinkled water cleansed the Israelites. Notes Further reading The parashah has parallels or is discussed in these sources: Ancient The Ba‘lu Myth. Ugarit, 2nd millennium BCE. In The Context of Scripture, Volume I: Canonical Compositions from the Biblical World, pages 260–61. Edited by William W. Hallo. Pilgrim Press, 1997. . (building of a palace for Ba'al). Biblical (keeping the Sabbath); (universally observed Sabbath). Psalms (washing, altar); (sacrifices); (cherubim); 11 (Tabernacle, courts); (courts); (God's sanctuary); (court of the Tabernacle); (God's sanctuary); (incense); (God's sanctuary). Early nonrabbinic Philo. Allegorical Interpretation 3:33:101; On the Migration of Abraham 17:97–98. Alexandria, Egypt, early 1st century CE. Reprinted in, e.g., The Works of Philo: Complete and Unabridged, New Updated Edition. Translated by Charles Duke Yonge, pages 61, 262. Peabody, Massachusetts: Hendrickson Publishers, 1993. . Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews 3:6:1–10:1. Circa 93–94. Reprinted in, e.g., The Works of Josephus: Complete and Unabridged, New Updated Edition. Translated by William Whiston, pages 85–95. Peabody, Massachusetts: Hendrickson Publishers, 1987. . Classical rabbinic Seder Olam Rabbah, chapter 6. 2nd century CE. Reprinted in, e.g., Seder Olam: The Rabbinic View of Biblical Chronology. Translated and with commentary by Heinrich W. Guggenheimer, pages 73–78. Lanham, Maryland: Jason Aronson, 1998. . Mishnah: Shabbat 1:1–24:5; Beitzah 5:2; Megillah 1:5. Land of Israel, circa 200 CE. Reprinted in, e.g., The Mishnah: A New Translation. Translated by Jacob Neusner, pages 179–208, 298, 317. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1988. . Tosefta Shabbat 1:1–17:29. Land of Israel, circa 250 CE. Reprinted in, e.g., The Tosefta: Translated from the Hebrew, with a New Introduction. Translated by Jacob Neusner, volume 1, pages 357–427. Peabody, Massachusetts: Hendrickson Publishers, 2002. . Mekhilta According to Rabbi Ishmael 82:1. Land of Israel, late 4th century. Reprinted in, e.g., Mekhilta According to Rabbi Ishmael. Translated by Jacob Neusner, volume 2, pages 258–62. Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1988. . Jerusalem Talmud: Terumot 31b; Shabbat 1a–113b; Shekalim 2a, 48b; Beitzah 47a; Nazir 21a, 25b–26a; Sotah 16b; Sanhedrin 27b; Shevuot 1b. Tiberias, Land of Israel, circa 400 CE. In, e.g., Talmud Yerushalmi. Edited by Chaim Malinowitz, Yisroel Simcha Schorr, and Mordechai Marcus, volumes 7, 13–15, 20, 23, 34–36, 44, 46. Brooklyn: Mesorah Publications, 2010–2020. And in, e.g., The Jerusalem Talmud: A Translation and Commentary. Edited by Jacob Neusner and translated by Jacob Neusner, Tzvee Zahavy, B. Barry Levy, and Edward Goldman. Peabody, Massachusetts: Hendrickson Publishers, 2009. Genesis Rabbah 94:4. Land of Israel, 5th century. Reprinted in, e.g., Midrash Rabbah: Genesis. Translated by Harry Freedman and Maurice Simon, volume 2, page 871. London: Soncino Press, 1939. . Midrash Tanhuma Vayakhel. 5th–10th centuries. Reprinted in, e.g., The Metsudah Midrash Tanchuma: Shemos II. Translated and annotated by Avrohom Davis; edited by Yaakov Y.H. Pupko, volume 4 (Shemos volume 2), pages 339–89. Monsey, New York: Eastern Book Press, 2004. Babylonian Talmud: Shabbat 20a, 49b, 70a, 74b, 96b; Eruvin 2b; Yoma 66b, 72b, 75a; Beitzah 4b, 36b; Rosh Hashanah 34a; Megillah 7b. Chagigah 10a–b; Yevamot 6b–7a, 33b; Sotah 3a; Kiddushin 37a; Bava Kamma 2a, 54a, 71a; Sanhedrin 35b, 69b; Makkot 21b; Shevuot 26b; Avodah Zarah 12b, 24a; Zevachim 59b; Bekhorot 41a. Babylonia, 6th century. Reprinted in, e.g., Talmud Bavli. Edited by Yisroel Simcha Schorr, Chaim Malinowitz, and Mordechai Marcus, 72 volumes. Brooklyn: Mesorah Pubs., 2006. Medieval Bede. Of the Tabernacle and Its Vessels, and of the Priestly Vestments. Monkwearmouth, England, 720s. Reprinted in Bede: On the Tabernacle. Translated with notes and introduction by Arthur G. Holder. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 1994. . Exodus Rabbah 48:1–50:5. 10th century. Reprinted in, e.g., Midrash Rabbah: Exodus. Translated by S. M. Lehrman, volume 3, pages 546–61. London: Soncino Press, 1939. . Solomon ibn Gabirol. A Crown for the King, 9:105–06. Spain, 11th century. Translated by David R. Slavitt, pages 14–15. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998. . Rashi. Commentary. Exodus 35–38. Troyes, France, late 11th century. Reprinted in, e.g., Rashi. The Torah: With Rashi's Commentary Translated, Annotated, and Elucidated. Translated and annotated by Yisrael Isser Zvi Herczeg, volume 2, pages 487–505. Brooklyn: Mesorah Publications, 1994. . Rashbam. Commentary on the Torah. Troyes, early 12th century. Reprinted in, e.g., Rashbam's Commentary on Exodus: An Annotated Translation. Edited and translated by Martin I. Lockshin, pages 425–29. Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1997. . Abraham ibn Ezra. Commentary on the Torah. France, 1153. Reprinted in, e.g., Ibn Ezra's Commentary on the Pentateuch: Exodus (Shemot). Translated and annotated by H. Norman Strickman and Arthur M. Silver, volume 2, pages 730–46. New York: Menorah Publishing Company, 1996. . Maimonides. The Guide for the Perplexed. Cairo, Egypt, 1190. Reprinted in, e.g., Moses Maimonides. The Guide for the Perplexed. Translated by Michael Friedländer, pages 29–31, 393, 397. New York: Dover Publications, 1956. . Hezekiah ben Manoah. Hizkuni. France, circa 1240. Reprinted in, e.g., Chizkiyahu ben Manoach. Chizkuni: Torah Commentary. Translated and annotated by Eliyahu Munk, volume 3, pages 645–50. Jerusalem: Ktav Publishers, 2013. . Nachmanides. Commentary on the Torah. Jerusalem, circa 1270. Reprinted in, e.g., Ramban (Nachmanides): Commentary on the Torah. Translated by Charles B. Chavel, volume 2, pages 595–608. New York: Shilo Publishing House, 1973. . Zohar 2:194b–220a. Spain, late 13th century. Bahya ben Asher. Commentary on the Torah. Spain, early 14th century. Reprinted in, e.g., Midrash Rabbeinu Bachya: Torah Commentary by Rabbi Bachya ben Asher. Translated and annotated by Eliyahu Munk, volume 4, pages 1418–38. Jerusalem: Lambda Publishers, 2003. . Jacob ben Asher (Baal Ha-Turim). Commentary on the Torah. Early 14th century. Reprinted in, e.g., Baal Haturim Chumash: Shemos/Exodus. Translated by Eliyahu Touger; edited and annotated by Avie Gold, volume 2, pages 929–57. Brooklyn: Mesorah Publications, 2000. . Isaac ben Moses Arama. Akedat Yizhak (The Binding of Isaac). Late 15th century. Reprinted in, e.g., Yitzchak Arama. Akeydat Yitzchak: Commentary of Rabbi Yitzchak Arama on the Torah. Translated and condensed by Eliyahu Munk, volume 1, pages 519–35. New York, Lambda Publishers, 2001. . Modern Isaac Abravanel. Commentary on the Torah. Italy, between 1492–1509. Reprinted in, e.g., Abarbanel: Selected Commentaries on the Torah: Volume 2: Shemos/Exodus. Translated and annotated by Israel Lazar, pages 404–20. Brooklyn: CreateSpace, 2015. . Abraham Saba. Ẓeror ha-Mor (Bundle of Myrrh). Fez, Morocco, circa 1500. Reprinted in, e.g., Tzror Hamor: Torah Commentary by Rabbi Avraham Sabba. Translated and annotated by Eliyahu Munk, volume 3, pages 1221–28. Jerusalem, Lambda Publishers, 2008. . Obadiah ben Jacob Sforno. Commentary on the Torah. Venice, 1567. Reprinted in, e.g., Sforno: Commentary on the Torah. Translation and explanatory notes by Raphael Pelcovitz, pages 474–85. Brooklyn: Mesorah Publications, 1997. . Moshe Alshich. Commentary on the Torah. Safed, circa 1593. Reprinted in, e.g., Moshe Alshich. Midrash of Rabbi Moshe Alshich on the Torah. Translated and annotated by Eliyahu Munk, volume 2, pages 607–14. New York, Lambda Publishers, 2000. . Shlomo Ephraim Luntschitz. Kli Yakar. Lublin, 1602. Reprinted in, e.g., Kli Yakar: Shemos. Translated by Elihu Levine, volume 2, pages 345–71. Southfield, Michigan: Targum Press/Feldheim Publishers, 2007. . Avraham Yehoshua Heschel. Commentaries on the Torah. Cracow, Poland, mid 17th century. Compiled as Chanukat HaTorah. Edited by Chanoch Henoch Erzohn. Piotrkow, Poland, 1900. Reprinted in Avraham Yehoshua Heschel. Chanukas HaTorah: Mystical Insights of Rav Avraham Yehoshua Heschel on Chumash. Translated by Avraham Peretz Friedman, pages 199–202. Southfield, Michigan: Targum Press/Feldheim Publishers, 2004. . Thomas Hobbes. Leviathan, 3:34. England, 1651. Reprint edited by C. B. Macpherson, page 431. Harmondsworth, England: Penguin Classics, 1982. . Edward Taylor. "18. Meditation. Heb. 13.10. Wee Have an Altar." In Preliminary Meditations: First Series. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Early 18th century. In Harold Bloom. American Religious Poems, pages 21–22. New York: Library of America, 2006. . Chaim ibn Attar. Ohr ha-Chaim. Venice, 1742. Reprinted in Chayim ben Attar. Or Hachayim: Commentary on the Torah. Translated by Eliyahu Munk, volume 2, pages 894–909. Brooklyn: Lambda Publishers, 1999. . Yitzchak Magriso. Me'am Lo'ez. Constantinople, 1746. Reprinted in Yitzchak Magriso. The Torah Anthology: Me'am Lo'ez. Translated by Aryeh Kaplan, volume 10, pages 175–248. Jerusalem: Moznaim Publishing, 1991. . Nachman of Breslov. Teachings. Bratslav, Ukraine, before 1811. Reprinted in Rebbe Nachman's Torah: Breslov Insights into the Weekly Torah Reading: Exodus-Leviticus. Compiled by Chaim Kramer; edited by Y. Hall, pages 282–91. Jerusalem: Breslov Research Institute, 2011. . George Eliot. Adam Bede, chapter 1. Edinburgh and London: William Blackwood and Sons, 1859. Reprinted, e.g., edited by Carol A. Martin, page 9. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008. (Paraphrasing Adam says “Why, it says as God put his sperrit into the workman as built the tabernacle, to make him do all the carved work and things as wanted a nice hand. And this is my way o’ looking at it: there's the sperrit o’ God in all things and all times — weekday as well as Sunday — and i’ the great works and inventions, and i’ the figuring and the mechanics.”). Samson Raphael Hirsch. The Pentateuch: Exodus. Translated by Isaac Levy, volume 2, pages 664–94. Gateshead: Judaica Press, 2nd edition 1999. . Originally published as Der Pentateuch uebersetzt und erklaert. Frankfurt, 1867–1878. Samuel David Luzzatto (Shadal). Commentary on the Torah. Padua, 1871. Reprinted in, e.g., Samuel David Luzzatto. Torah Commentary. Translated and annotated by Eliyahu Munk, volume 3, pages 894–95. New York: Lambda Publishers, 2012. . Samson Raphael Hirsch. The Jewish Sabbath. Frankfurt, before 1889. Translated by Ben Josephussoro. 1911. Reprinted Lexington, Kentucky: CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2014. . Yehudah Aryeh Leib Alter. Sefat Emet. Góra Kalwaria (Ger), Poland, before 1906. Excerpted in The Language of Truth: The Torah Commentary of Sefat Emet. Translated and interpreted by Arthur Green, pages 135–38. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1998. . Reprinted 2012. . Alexander Alan Steinbach. Sabbath Queen: Fifty-four Bible Talks to the Young Based on Each Portion of the Pentateuch, pages 68–70. New York: Behrman's Jewish Book House, 1936. Benno Jacob. The Second Book of the Bible: Exodus. London, 1940. Translated by Walter Jacob, pages 1007–31. Hoboken, New Jersey: KTAV Publishing House, 1992. The Sabbath Anthology. Edited by Abraham E. Millgram. Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society, 1944; reprinted 2018. (). Morris Adler, Jacob B. Agus, and Theodore Friedman. “Responsum on the Sabbath.” Proceedings of the Rabbinical Assembly, volume 14 (1950), pages 112–88. New York: Rabbinical Assembly of America, 1951. Reprinted in Proceedings of the Committee on Jewish Law and Standards of the Conservative Movement 1927–1970, volume 3 (Responsa), pages 1109–34. Jerusalem: The Rabbinical Assembly and The Institute of Applied Hallakhah, 1997. Umberto Cassuto. A Commentary on the Book of Exodus. Jerusalem, 1951. Translated by Israel Abrahams, pages 452–68. Jerusalem: The Magnes Press, The Hebrew University, 1967. Abraham Joshua Heschel. The Sabbath. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1951. Reprinted 2005. . Morris Adler. The World of the Talmud, pages 28–29. B'nai B'rith Hillel Foundations, 1958. Reprinted Kessinger Publishing, 2007. . Gerhard von Rad. "The Tent and the Ark." In The Problem of the Hexateuch and Other Essays, pages 103–24. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1966. LCCN 66-11432. Elie Munk. The Call of the Torah: An Anthology of Interpretation and Commentary on the Five Books of Moses. Translated by E.S. Mazer, volume 2, pages 505–29. Brooklyn: Mesorah Publications, 1995. . Originally published as La Voix de la Thora. Paris: Fondation Samuel et Odette Levy, 1981. Victor (Avigdor) Hurowitz. "The Priestly Account of Building the Tabernacle." Journal of the American Oriental Society, volume 105 (number 1) (January–March 1985): pages 21–30. Pinchas H. Peli. Torah Today: A Renewed Encounter with Scripture, pages 95–98. Washington, D.C.: B'nai B'rith Books, 1987. . Craig R. Koester. Dwelling of God: The Tabernacle in the Old Testament, Intertestamental Jewish Literature, and the New Testament. Washington: Catholic Biblical Association of America, 1989. . Harvey J. Fields. A Torah Commentary for Our Times: Volume II: Exodus and Leviticus, pages 86–94. New York: UAHC Press, 1991. . Nahum M. Sarna. The JPS Torah Commentary: Exodus: The Traditional Hebrew Text with the New JPS Translation, pages 222–31. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1991. . Nehama Leibowitz. New Studies in Shemot (Exodus), volume 2, pages 644–88. Jerusalem: Haomanim Press, 1993. Reprinted as New Studies in the Weekly Parasha. Lambda Publishers, 2010. . Walter Brueggemann. "The Book of Exodus." In The New Interpreter's Bible. Edited by Leander E. Keck, volume 1, pages 957–74. Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1994. . Judith S. Antonelli. "Women's Wisdom." In In the Image of God: A Feminist Commentary on the Torah, pages 221–30. Northvale, New Jersey: Jason Aronson, 1995. . Ellen Frankel. The Five Books of Miriam: A Woman’s Commentary on the Torah, pages 142–45. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1996. . W. Gunther Plaut. The Haftarah Commentary, pages 217–21. New York: UAHC Press, 1996. . Robert Goodman. "Shabbat." In Teaching Jewish Holidays: History, Values, and Activities, pages 1–19. Denver: A.R.E. Publishing, 1997. . Sorel Goldberg Loeb and Barbara Binder Kadden. Teaching Torah: A Treasury of Insights and Activities, pages 148–54. Denver: A.R.E. Publishing, 1997. Exodus to Deuteronomy: A Feminist Companion to the Bible (Second Series). Edited by Athalya Brenner, pages 34, 38–39. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 2000. Edward L. Greenstein. “Recovering ‘The Women Who Served at the Entrance.’” In Gershon Galil and Moshe Weinfeld, editors. Studies in Historical Geography and Biblical Historiography: Presented to Zecharia Kallai, pages 165–73. Leiden: Brill, 2000. Carol Meyers. “Women at the Entrance to the Tent of Meeting.” In Women in Scripture: A Dictionary of Named and Unnamed Women in the Hebrew Bible, the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books and New Testament. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2000. Nancy H. Wiener. "Of Women and Mirrors." In The Women's Torah Commentary: New Insights from Women Rabbis on the 54 Weekly Torah Portions. Edited by Elyse Goldstein, pages 172–78. Woodstock, Vermont: Jewish Lights Publishing, 2000. Martin R. Hauge. The Descent from the Mountain: Narrative Patterns in Exodus 19–40. Sheffield: Journal for the Study of the Old Testament Press, 2001. Avivah Gottlieb Zornberg. The Particulars of Rapture: Reflections on Exodus, pages 461–98. New York: Doubleday, 2001. . Lainie Blum Cogan and Judy Weiss. Teaching Haftarah: Background, Insights, and Strategies, pages 138–51. Denver: A.R.E. Publishing, 2002. . Michael Fishbane. The JPS Bible Commentary: Haftarot, pages 135–46. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 2002. . Alan Lew. This Is Real and You Are Completely Unprepared: The Days of Awe as a Journey of Transformation, pages 53–55. Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 2003. . Martha Lynn Wade. Consistency of Translation Techniques in the Tabernacle Accounts of Exodus in the Old Greek. Society of Biblical Literature, 2003. . Robert Alter. The Five Books of Moses: A Translation with Commentary, pages 514–25. New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 2004. . Jeffrey H. Tigay. "Exodus." In The Jewish Study Bible. Edited by Adele Berlin and Marc Zvi Brettler, pages 191–97. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004. . Professors on the Parashah: Studies on the Weekly Torah Reading Edited by Leib Moscovitz, pages 150–54. Jerusalem: Urim Publications, 2005. . W. Gunther Plaut. The Torah: A Modern Commentary: Revised Edition. Revised edition edited by David E.S. Stern, pages 611–26. New York: Union for Reform Judaism, 2006. . William H.C. Propp. Exodus 19–40, volume 2A, pages 624–722. New York: Anchor Bible, 2006. . Suzanne A. Brody. "Successful Campaign." In Dancing in the White Spaces: The Yearly Torah Cycle and More Poems, page 84. Shelbyville, Kentucky: Wasteland Press, 2007. James L. Kugel. How To Read the Bible: A Guide to Scripture, Then and Now, pages 289, 291, 486. New York: Free Press, 2007. Kenton L. Sparks. “‘Enūma Elish’ and Priestly Mimesis: Elite Emulation in Nascent Judaism.” Journal of Biblical Literature, volume 126 (2007): 637–42. (“Priestly Mimesis in the Tabernacle Narrative (Exodus 25–40)”). The Torah: A Women's Commentary. Edited by Tamara Cohn Eskenazi and Andrea L. Weiss, pages 521–44. New York: URJ Press, 2008. . Thomas B. Dozeman. Commentary on Exodus, pages 756–59. Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 2009. . Jill Hammer. "Listening to Heart-Wisdom: Parashat Vayakhel (Exodus 35:1–38:20)." In Torah Queeries: Weekly Commentaries on the Hebrew Bible. Edited by Gregg Drinkwater, Joshua Lesser, and David Shneer; foreword by Judith Plaskow, pages 113–16. New York: New York University Press, 2009. . Reuven Hammer. Entering Torah: Prefaces to the Weekly Torah Portion, pages 131–34. New York: Gefen Publishing House, 2009. . Rebecca G.S. Idestrom. "Echoes of the Book of Exodus in Ezekiel." Journal for the Study of the Old Testament, volume 33 (number 4) (June 2009): pages 489–510. (Motifs from Exodus found in Ezekiel, including the call narrative, divine encounters, captivity, signs, plagues, judgment, redemption, tabernacle/temple, are considered.). Bruce Wells. "Exodus." In Zondervan Illustrated Bible Backgrounds Commentary. Edited by John H. Walton, volume 1, pages 264–65. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan, 2009. . Jonathan Sacks. Covenant & Conversation: A Weekly Reading of the Jewish Bible: Exodus: The Book of Redemption, pages 277–301. Jerusalem: Maggid Books, 2010. . Joe Lieberman and David Klinghoffer. The Gift of Rest: Rediscovering the Beauty of the Sabbath. New York: Howard Books, 2011. . James W. Watts. "Aaron and the Golden Calf in the Rhetoric of the Pentateuch." Journal of Biblical Literature, volume 130 (number 3) (fall 2011): pages 417–30. William G. Dever. The Lives of Ordinary People in Ancient Israel: When Archaeology and the Bible Intersect, page 245. Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 2012. . Shmuel Herzfeld. "Inspirational Snapshots from Eretz Yisrael." In Fifty-Four Pick Up: Fifteen-Minute Inspirational Torah Lessons, pages 128–34. Jerusalem: Gefen Publishing House, 2012. . Daniel S. Nevins. "The Use of Electrical and Electronic Devices on Shabbat." New York: Rabbinical Assembly, 2012. Torah MiEtzion: New Readings in Tanach: Shemot. Edited by Ezra Bick and Yaakov Beasley, pages 480–530. Jerusalem: Maggid Books, 2012. . Michael B. Hundley. Gods in Dwellings: Temples and Divine Presence in the Ancient Near East. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 2013. . Adam Kirsch. "Ancient Laws for Modern Times: When is a tent just a tent and not like a bed or a hat? To update Jewish laws, the rabbis reasoned by analogy." Tablet Magazine. (February 26, 2013). (Shabbat). Adam Kirsch. "Leave the Jewish People Alone: Rabbis left enforcement of their Talmudic decrees to communal standards and voluntary commitment." Tablet Magazine. (March 5, 2013). (Shabbat). Adam Kirsch. "Written in the Stars (Or Not): To overcome fated lives, the Talmud's rabbis argued, perform virtuous acts according to Torah." Tablet Magazine. (March 12, 2013). (Shabbat). Adam Kirsch. "Navigating the Talmud's Alleys: The range of problems and the variety of answers in the study of Oral Law lead to new pathways of reasoning." Tablet Magazine. (March 18, 2013). (Shabbat). Amiel Ungar. "Tel Aviv and the Sabbath." The Jerusalem Report, volume 24 (number 8) (July 29, 2013): page 37. Amanda Terkel. "Glenn Grothman, Wisconsin GOP Senator, Fights for a Seven-Day Workweek." The Huffington Post. (January 3, 2014, updated January 23, 2014). (A Congressional candidate said, "Right now in Wisconsin, you're not supposed to work seven days in a row, which is a little ridiculous because all sorts of people want to work seven days a week."). Ester Bloom. "The Crazy New App For Using Your iPhone on Shabbos." Jewniverse. (October 1, 2014). Jonathan Sacks. Lessons in Leadership: A Weekly Reading of the Jewish Bible, pages 111–14. New Milford, Connecticut: Maggid Books, 2015. "The Crazy New Invention for Using Electricity on Shabbat." Jewniverse. (April 21, 2015). Raanan Eichler. "The Poles of the Ark: On the Ins and Outs of a Textual Contradiction." Journal of Biblical Literature, volume 135, number 4 (Winter 2016): pages 733–4. Jonathan Sacks. Essays on Ethics: A Weekly Reading of the Jewish Bible, pages 137–43. New Milford, Connecticut: Maggid Books, 2016. Shai Held. The Heart of Torah, Volume 1: Essays on the Weekly Torah Portion: Genesis and Exodus, pages 213–20. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 2017. Steven Levy and Sarah Levy. The JPS Rashi Discussion Torah Commentary, pages 68–70. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 2017. External links Texts Masoretic text and 1917 JPS translation Hear the parashah chanted Hear the parashah read in Hebrew Commentaries Academy for Jewish Religion, California Academy for Jewish Religion, New York Aish.com Akhlah: The Jewish Children's Learning Network Aleph Beta Academy American Jewish University - Ziegler School of Rabbinic Studies Anshe Emes Synagogue, Los Angeles Ari Goldwag Ascent of Safed Bar-Ilan University Chabad.org The Desert Tabernacle eparsha.com G-dcast The Israel Koschitzky Virtual Beit Midrash Jewish Agency for Israel Jewish Theological Seminary Kabbala Online Mechon Hadar Miriam Aflalo MyJewishLearning.com Ohr Sameach Orthodox Union OzTorah, Torah from Australia Oz Ve Shalom – Netivot Shalom Pardes from Jerusalem Professor James L. Kugel Professor Michael Carasik Rabbi Dov Linzer Rabbi Fabian Werbin Rabbi Jonathan Sacks Rabbi Shlomo Riskin Rabbi Shmuel Herzfeld Rabbi Stan Levin Reconstructionist Judaism Sephardic Institute Shiur.com 613.org Jewish Torah Audio Talia Davis Tanach Study Center TheTorah.com Teach613.org, Torah Education at Cherry Hill Torah from Dixie Torah.org TorahVort.com Union for Reform Judaism United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism What's Bothering Rashi? Yeshivat Chovevei Torah Yeshiva University Weekly Torah readings in Adar Weekly Torah readings from Exodus

4042293

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampar%2C%20Perak

Kampar, Perak

Kampar (Jawi: كمڤر, nicknamed Education City) is the largest town of the eponymous Kampar District, Perak, Malaysia. It is administered by the Kampar District Council (), formerly known as South Kinta District Council () from 1 September 1977 until 23 April 2009. Founded in 1887, the town lies within the Kinta Valley, an area rich with tin reserves. It was a tin mining town which boomed during the height of the tin mining industry. Many tin towns were established in the late 19th century, flourished in the 1900s, only to stagnate and decline after World War I, with the exception of an exhilarating boom in the 1920s. Most have closed down following the collapse of the industry, especially in the late 20th century. Kampar is 33 km south of the state capital Ipoh, well connected by both national highway 1 and railway. Geography Kampar is situated in the Kinta Valley, which was well known for its high tin ore reserves. Its vast surroundings as well as abandoned mining-ponds are suitable for fishing, which has become a major attraction for anglers around the country, especially from Kuala Lumpur. Kampar town can be broadly divided between the 'old town' and 'new town' areas. The old town consists of two main streets, Jalan Gopeng and Jalan Idris, of charming pre-war shop houses. The fronts of these shop houses still mostly resemble their original appearance. Commerce in the old town area mainly consists of coffee shops, goldsmiths and local retailers. The new town area mainly consists of new residential developments and some commerce servicing the burgeoning education industry in Kampar. On 21 May 2009, the Sultan of Perak declared Kampar as the state's 10th district. However, according to the residents, there is no new or old town. The 'new town' is just a residential estate with a few rows of shop-lots to cater for the growing number of university students. The term 'new town' originates from the Cantonese spoken dialect which refers to Taman Bandar Baru as new town. Whereas 'Taman' in Malaysia refers to a residential estate. History Based on Datuk Hashim Bin Sam Abdul Latiff's article, early settlements in Kampar relate to the historic event of the murder of the British Resident in Perak, JWW Birch, as Ngah Jabor who was one of the early settlers in Kampar was amongst those connected to murder, together with the others who include Maharaja Lela, Datuk Sagor, Si Putum and others. However, Ngah Jabor escaped sentence when Raja Idris (Dris), who later became Sultan of Perak in 1887 presided over the case involving those accused of Birch's murder in 1876. Raja Idris and Ngah Jabor have family ties and share milk mothers since as an infant, Raja Idris was taken care of by Ngah Jabor's mother, which is common amongst royal families to send their children to other families, particularly amongst the aristocrats, to feed. There is a possibility that between the years 1876 to 1886, Ngah Jabor went into hiding to equip him with spiritual skills and reappeared in public with a new identity as Mohamad Jabor. It is possible that during his hiding, he had opened a new settlement in Kampar to elude the British. Kampar had its share of war during the Japanese Occupation between 1941 and 1945. From December 30, 1941 to 2 January 1942 the Battle of Kampar occurred. An estimated 3000 British soldiers defended the Kampar area against over 6000 Japanese soldiers. The British Army inflicted serious casualties on the Japanese and only retreated when their flank and rear was threatened by Japanese seaborne landings on the coast south of their position. This battle was documented by the famous Kampar historian, Chye Kooi Loong. (See link below) Origin of name One plausible theory is that Kampar is named after the Kampar River (north of the current township). The river itself got its name from ethnic Malay immigrants from the Kampar Regency in Riau Province, Sumatra, Indonesia, who used the river to navigate upstream and the main source of ancestry of the local Malay populace. This predates the large-scale mining of tin in Kampar, so it is likely that the Cantonese words "kam pou" were derived from the word Kampar, rather than the other way around. Curiously, Kampar Regency in Sumatra was where the 1st Sultan of Perak (Sultan Mudzaffar Shah) was based before becoming Sultan of Perak in Perak (his highness was a son of the last Sultan of Malacca). The local Chinese community had the impression it came from the Cantonese word kam pou as it means "precious gold" (referring to the town's previously large tin reserves, because of the Chinese people also speak in Cantonese only, although there are two dialect groups of the local Chinese populace dominating this town, notably the main Cantonese majority along with the Hakkas, which constitute the two largest ethnicities of the local Chinese population). This is misleading as they were not aware of the history of the area and its historic relation to Kampar (Riau) as stated in the paragraph above. Aston Settlement Aston Settlement was a planned community composed of wooden houses in the northern suburbs of Kampar town. It was developed between 1935 and 1938, to "alleviate overcrowding" in Kampar's central business district. It was spearheaded, and named after, Arthur Vincent Aston, who became the first postwar British Adviser for Perak (1946–48) after the post of British Resident was abolished in 1945. Though not related, Aston Settlement bears a resemblance to the post-war New Villages established in the 1950s. Demographics In year 2010, the estimated population of Kampar district was 98,878 people. The majority of the Kampar's population is of 55.8% Chinese descent, 32.4% Malays, 11.4% Indian and others 0.2%. There is a large student population with the Tunku Abdul Rahman University College (TAR UC) and University Tunku Abdul Rahman (UTAR) in the new residential area (Taman Bandar Baru Kampar). Economy In the 19th and most of the 20th century, the economy of Kampar revolved around tin-mining. However, many tin-mining companies were forced out of business during the economic recession in the 1980s. Nevertheless, the town's economy recovered, slowly, by the end of the 1980s. Since the completion of the North–South Expressway, Kampar's status as a bustling town has declined rapidly. Travelers stopped frequenting the town as they chose the more convenient highway. The nearest exit from highway is in Gopeng and Tapah, which is convenient for travelers. The commercial and industrial sectors are the main driving forces of Kampar's economy. More recently, its economy has been further driven by the construction of the new Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman (UTAR) campus. Also, Kampar is known for its freshwater fishing spot as most of the surrounding area is covered by man-made lakes. Centuries old abandoned tin mines have turned into natural lakes. Tilapia, Pangasius, Kaloi, Tutu, Tongsan, Catfish, and many kinds of freshwater fish flourish abundantly in these lakes. Most of these lakes are also converted into fish farms, duck farms or other horticulture produce farms. Before Hypermarkets, the available supermarket in Kampar is the Minat Supermarket. It is located near the old kampar bus station(not used anymore). Daily consumables can also be obtained from the many Chinese retail shops located all over Kampar. Some are as good as small scale supermarkets with a modern shop design. Education Kampar is a centre of tertiary education for the campus of Tunku Abdul Rahman University College (TAR UC) and the new campus of Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman (UTAR). With an estimated combined capacity of more than 20,000 students, these two institutions are touted to be the two instruments that will restore the town to its former glory. Other private institution of higher learning would be Kolej Menara Jaya and Kolej Sri Ayu. Kampar is also served by various primary and secondary schools. Notable government schools in Kampar are: SMK Methodist ACS Kampar SK Methodist ACS Kampar Pei Yuan High School SMJK Pei Yuan SRJK (C) Pei Yuan SMK Kampar SRJK (C) Kampar Girls SRJK (C) Chung Hwa SRJK (T) Kampar SMK Seri Kampar SK De La Salle SMK Sentosa SK Kampar International schools: Westlake International School Transportation The Kampar town bus station (Terminal Pusat Perdagangan Kampar) serves local vicinity routes and long distance routes within the same building. This building is strategically located within 30m from the Kampar morning wet market. Local vicinity routes to/from Ipoh, Teluk Intan, Tapah, Malim Nawar etc are covered. Among the local bus companies that are operating in Kampar would be Perak Transit and Kinta Omnibus Company (Both serving routes north of Kampar all the way to Ipoh), Kamta Omnibus Company (serving routes south of Kampar to Tapah) and Hup Soon Omnibus Company (routes from Kampar to Teluk Intan). Long distance, intercity express buses serves Kampar and has routes to Butterworth, Singapore and Kuala Lumpur. They are located in the express bus station in the town area. Express bus companies from Terminal Bersepadu Selatan (TBS), Kuala Lumpur with direct links from Kuala Lumpur to Kampar are Perak Transit, Edaran, Super Ria, Konsortium and Parit Express. Ticket prices are around RM16-RM16.60 one way. The bus ride takes from Kuala Lumpur to Kampar will take about two and half hours. Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman (UTAR) and Tunku Abdul Rahman (TAR) college buses are also available for pickup service of their students around the vicinity. Taxis, which consists mostly of old E-Class Mercedes, are available around the local town bus station. Keretapi Tanah Melayu (KTM) has introduced a shuttle train between Ipoh and Kuala Lumpur Sentral that serves the Kampar railway station. It would take two and a half hours between Ipoh and Kuala Lumpur Sentral. The Kampar Train Station is located at the south-eastern part of town, in the vicinity of a housing estate known as Taman Melayu Jaya. Notable residents Datin Paduka Seri Endon Mahmood – late wife of ex Prime Minister of Malaysia, Abdullah Ahmad Badawi Eric Moo – a Taiwan-based singer, composer and producer, was born in a nearby suburb, Mambang Diawan. He has currently shifted his attention towards China. Olivia Lum – founder of water treatment company Hyflux in Singapore. Ejie Wahid – singer with 90's Malaysian pop group 'Freshies' Mark Chang Mun Kee – founder of JobStreet.com Datuk Seri Mohammad Nizar Jamaluddin – Former 10th Menteri Besar (Chief Minister) of the state of Perak Shahir AF8 – Champions of Akademi Fantasia 8's reality show in Astro television. Tan Sri Khoo Kay Kim – Malaysian historian, an emeritus professor in the History Department of the University of Malaya. He is one of the co-authors of Rukunegara. He is a highly regarded national academic for his views on local sports and socio-political issues Tan Sri Hew See Tong – started Bandar Baru Kampar or Kampar New Town, a former tin miner and an elected member of the Parliament for 3 terms from 1995 to 2008 for the Kampar constituency Chye Kooi Loong – world-renowned authority on the Battle of Kampar (historical battlefield site "Green Ridge") during World War 11, between the British and Japanese forces from Dec 30, 1941 to Jan 2, 1942. Tan Sri Lim Taik Choon - Born 1929 he was a child labourer in WW2. He later became an A class ambassador for Malaysia and went to Japan, Australia and even France. Mr Lim died in 2011 Politics (P70) Kampar is a Parliament seat under the Election Commission of Malaysia. Under this parliament seat, there are 3 state seats namely (N40) Malim Nawar, (N41) Keranji and (N42) Tualang Sekah. The parliament seat is a traditional fight between the Democratic Action Party (DAP) and Barisan Nasional (represented by Malaysian Chinese Association, MCA). The current member of parliament is Su Keong Siong from Democratic Action Party – Pakatan Rakyat. Food Kampar is famous for its food. For example, fish ball noodles, chicken biscuit, claypot chicken rice, prawn mee, rice noodles ("Lai Fun" in Cantonese), char kuay teow, wan tan mee, lor mai fan (glutinous rice), and ham kok chai (salty vegetable dumpling). Two types of food that made their way out of Kampar town itself and is synonymous with Kampar are chicken biscuit and fishball noodle. The Kampar chicken biscuit is so famous that it spawned a whole series of other 'chicken biscuit' brands. Other local cuisine includes the chee cheong fun (猪肠粉）, where curry is often the preferred condiment. Chee Cheong Fun is a noodle made from rice flour which is steamed into sheets and chopped up into noodle like slivers. In Kampar it is frequently served with 2 types of tofu, along with assorted fish balls or pig skin in curry. Chee cheong fun is commonly eaten for breakfast or supper where a couple of stores are set up at the local market. The Curry Chicken Bun (咖喱面包鸡 `Min pau kai' in Cantonese, Roti Kari Ayam [Bahasa]) is one of Kampar's most recognized food icon, it is famous for its original taste of curry, not very spicy but tasty. The curry chicken is wrapped beneath a layer of plastic and grease proof paper. The golden brown bread texture is soft and fluffy and combines well with the curry broth. which is often sought after by tourists. References External links Kampar Website Information Westlake International School Kampar Website Kampar District Mukims of Perak

4042299

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Iraqi

Al-Iraqi

Al-Iraqi (Arabic: , 'of/from Iraq'), may refer to: People born before 1900 Abū l-Qāsim al-ʿIrāqī al-Simāwī, 13th-century Muslim alchemist Zain al-Din al-'Iraqi (1325–1404), Shafi'i scholar and scholars of hadith Fakhr-al-Din Iraqi (1213–1289), or Al-'Iraqi, Persian Sufi master, poet and writer People born after 1900 Abdul Hadi al Iraqi (Nashwan Abdulrazaq Abdulbaqi, born 1961), alleged Al-Qaeda member Abdullah Abu Azzam al-Iraqi (died 2005), senior leader of Al-Qaeda in Iraq Abu Ayman al-Iraqi (Adnan Latif Hamid al-Suwaydawi al-Dulaymi, 1965–2014), ISIL commander Abu Ayoub al-Iraqi (fl. 1990s), a founder of Al-Qaeda Abu Hajer al-Iraqi (Mamdouh Mahmud Salim, born 1958), Sudanese co-founder of Al-Qaeda Abu Walid al-Iraqi (Khalid Duhham Al-Jawary, born c.1945), convicted terrorist Hatem Al Iraqi (born 1969), Iraqi songwriter and composer Shalash al-Iraqi (fl. 2005), the pseudonym of an Iraqi essayist and fiction writer See also Maqam al-iraqi, a genre of Arabic music Laraki (disambiguation)

4042305

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunoy

Brunoy

Brunoy () is a commune in the southeastern suburbs of Paris, Île-de-France, France. It is located from the center of Paris. The tenor Louis Nourrit (1780–1831) died in Brunoy. The city has a church Saint-Medard, richly decorated in the Louis XVI style. Organ Festival takes place each year in November. Brunoy is home to a branch of Yeshivas Tomchei Tmimim Lubavitch, which attracts hundreds of students from around the world, most notably from the United States of America and Israel. Population Inhabitants of Brunoy are known as Brunoyens in French. Transportation Brunoy is served by Brunoy station on Paris RER line D. Twin towns The town is twinned with the borough of Reigate and Banstead. References External links Official website Mayors of Essonne Association Communes of Essonne

4042328

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TriangleBoy

TriangleBoy

TriangleBoy is a proxying tool designed to allow users to get around firewalls and censorship, and anonymously visit web sites. The tool was created by Stephen Hsu, founder of SafeWeb, which later stopped support and distribution of the tool. The software was developed using seed money from the CIA, and TriangleBoy was supported in part by the Voice of America as a way for Chinese readers to be able to reach the VoA website while bypassing China's Great Firewall. References External links TriangleBoy whitepaper Internet Protocol based network software

4042337

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movement%20for%20Democracy%20and%20Justice%20in%20Chad

Movement for Democracy and Justice in Chad

Movement for Democracy and Justice in Chad (, abbreviated as MDJT) is a Chadian rebel group that tried to oust the government of the current Chadian president Idriss Déby from October 1998–2003. The movement was founded by Youssouf Togoïmi, Déby's former Defense Minister, and operated primarily in Bourkou-Ennedi-Tibesti and the Tibesti Mountains. Though MDJT fought mostly against the Chadian Military, they were accused of assassinating the President of an opposition party in 1999, but no evidence supports this claim. MDJT began negotiating with the Chadian government in January 2002 and signed a treaty giving amnesty to all MDJT rebels who stopped fighting. A MDJT remnant continued to fight to on a smaller scale until another agreement was signed in December 2003. This accord ensured high-ranking government positions for MDJT members. Togoïmi died in September 2002 in a Libyan hospital from injuries he had received a few days earlier when his truck hit a landmine. Togoïmi is buried in Libya. The movement was similar in where it got its members, the Chadian military, and goals, overthrow of President Déby, to the later Platform for Change, Unity and Democracy. See also Civil war in Chad (1998–2002) External links MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base Full text of the 'Peace Agreement between the Government of Chad and MDJT' signed in 2003, UN Peacemaker Full text of the 'Peace Agreement between the Government of Chad and MDJT' signed in 2002, UN Peacemaker Rebel groups in Chad

4042343

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swenson%20Gym

Swenson Gym

Reed K. Swenson Gym (originally Wildcat Gym) is a 1,200-seat gymnasium in the western United States, on the campus of Weber State University in Ogden, Utah. It is currently the home of Weber State Wildcats women's volleyball team of the Big Sky Conference. Built in 1962 as Weber State's primary indoor venue, it was succeeded by the new Dee Events Center in autumn 1977. All three teams (men's and women's basketball, volleyball) moved to the Dee, leaving the gym without a varsity tenant. It was renovated in 2006 to accommodate volleyball, with its seating capacity significantly reduced. It is named for Reed Knute Swenson (1903–1989), the head basketball coach at Weber from 1933 to 1957 and longtime athletic director. The gym hosted the inaugural Big Sky Conference men's basketball tournament in 1976; the host Wildcats lost the title game in double overtime to Boise State, with an attendance of 4,679. The final men's basketball game was on February 12, 1977, a twelve-point win over Gonzaga before 4,941; the Bulldogs were winless in fifteen annual attempts at Wildcat Gym, but did upset Weber State by a point a week later in Spokane to foil their title hopes. Two weeks later at the conference tournament in Pocatello, the 'Cats returned the favor with a one-point win over the Zags in the semifinals. References External links Weber State University Athletics: Swenson Gym Defunct college basketball venues in the United States Basketball venues in Utah Weber State Wildcats Sports venues in Ogden, Utah Sports venues completed in 1962 1962 establishments in Utah

4042354

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sui%20Cheemian

Sui Cheemian

Sui Cheemian, also spelt Sui Chimian, and less commonly as Sui Cheema, is a Cheema village in Punjab, Pakistan. It is a Union council of Gujar Khan Tehsil (a subdivision of Rawalpindi District). Sui Cheemian gets its name from the Cheema tribe of Jats, who make up the majority of the population. The population speaks pothwari and have a lax family and religious structure since the majority of the villagers follow Sufism.The village along with the town of Bewal is one of the most wealthiest rural places in Pakistan, the village has powerful and wealthy aristocratic lords and dukes known locally as lambardars who own extensive agricultural lands, and a state privileged status. The village is well developed with concrete roads, pavements and highways. the village is dotted with expensive mansions, with full air-conditioning systems which is almost exclusively only used by the elite and the rich in Pakistan, because of the electricity being so expensive in the country due to the shortfall of energy production in the country. The village is located at 33.370427,73.431581 with an altitude of 492 metres (1617 feet). See also Mohra Sandhu References Populated places in Gujar Khan Tehsil Union councils of Gujar Khan Tehsil

4042363

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%24100

$100

There are many $100 banknotes, bills or coins, including: Australian one-hundred-dollar note Canadian one-hundred-dollar note Nicaraguan one-hundred-cordoba note United States one-hundred-dollar bill One of the banknotes of the Hong Kong dollar One of the banknotes of the New Zealand dollar One of the Fifth series of the New Taiwan Dollar banknote One of the banknotes of Zimbabwe Other currencies that issue $100 banknotes, bills or coins are: Other meanings One Hundred Dollars, a Canadian alternative folk country band.

4042366

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shawnee%20Methodist%20Mission

Shawnee Methodist Mission

Shawnee Methodist Mission, also known as the Shawnee Mission, which later became the Shawnee Indian Manual Labor Boarding School, is located in Fairway, Kansas, United States. Designated as a National Historic Landmark in 1968, the Shawnee Methodist Mission is operated as a museum. The site is administered by the Kansas Historical Society as the Shawnee Indian Mission State Historic Site. The Shawnee Indian Manual Labor Boarding School served briefly as the second capitol of the Kansas Territory, when the legislature was controlled by pro-slavery advocates, holding that designation from July 16 to August 7, 1855. The Shawnee Methodist Mission is the origin of the Shawnee Mission name used by the United States Postal Service to refer to the Kansas City Metropolitan Area suburban communities in northeastern Johnson County. The Shawnee Mission School District serves those communities. History In July 1830, Shawnee Tribal leadership formally requested that the US government make arrangements to establish a mission on tribal lands for childhood education. Day schools were then established by several Christian denominations, with the first Methodist school established by missionaries in 1830 in Turner, Kansas to educate children of the Shawnee tribe of Native Americans who had been removed to Kansas. In June 1838, the Methodist Mission Society, led by Thomas Johnson, requested and received authorization and financial support from the U.S. government to build a large boarding school “mission,” consolidating the training of Indigenous children in manual trades from different tribes, thereby reducing costs through an economy of scale. In 1839, with approval of Shawnee leadership, Shawnee Indians and others labored to build and establish the school along with supporting infrastructure of almost 2000 acres in the heart of the Shawnee Reservation (currently in the City of Fairway in northeast Johnson County). A substantial portion of the construction costs were drawn from the Shawnee Tribe’s treaty funds. In addition, Shawnee treaty funds were used at this school to educate Shawnee children, even if they wanted to go to a different mission school on the tribe’s reservation. The site contained the three large buildings and thirteen smaller ones, with a maximum enrollment of nearly two hundred Indian boys and girls. Although the Shawnee Tribe was the only tribe that provided land for the school, the school was attended by children from all tribes in the region. The Shawnee Indian Manual Labor Boarding School was one of the first residential boarding schools established in the territory acquired by the United States in the Louisiana Purchase. For 23 years (1839-1862) it functioned as a boarding school for numerous indigenous children until the federal government ultimately revoked the Methodists’ education contract due to heavy criticism regarding how the school was being administered. The Shawnee The "Fish" Shawnee tribe was removed from its traditional Ohio home to the unorganized territories set aside for Native Americans (in the future state of Kansas) under the terms of the Treaty of St. Louis (1825). The mission was initially built on land near the American Shawnee Indian Tribe reserve in Turner by Reverend Thomas Johnson. He hoped to convert the recently relocated tribe to Christianity. During the 1830s, some of the Shawnees' most venerated men, including Tenskwatawa "the Shawnee Prophet", frequently visited at the mission. The Prophet was the younger brother of Tecumseh, who had led a war against the United States earlier in the century. Tenskwatawa led the Shawnee in Tecumseh's absence at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811. Following defeat in this battle, Tenskwatawa took his men to the British Canadian colonies. He was placed under virtual house arrest for years following the end of the War of 1812. Tenskwatawa was eventually allowed to return to the Shawnee to help them remove from Ohio to Kansas; he died in 1836 at his village (the present site of Kansas City, Kansas). The new mission The mission was located at its original site from 1830 to 1839. In 1839, the mission was moved and built at its present-day Johnson County location, where an Indian boarding school was opened there. From 1839 until its closure in 1862, the Shawnee Mission served as a manual training school for Native Americans, principally from the Shawnee and Delaware tribes. The Shawnee Mission also served as the second capital of the Kansas Territory. The capital was moved to the mission on July 16, 1855, after pro-slavery delegates to the Territorial Legislature voted to depart the first Territorial Capitol of Kansas at Pawnee. It served as territorial capital until August 8, when the seat of government became Lecompton. While the capital was located at Shawnee Mission, the legislature promulgated the controversial pro-slavery laws that sparked Bleeding Kansas violence. During the American Civil War, the site served as a camp for Union soldiers. Administration The Shawnee Mission was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1968. Gallery See also List of capitals in the United States List of National Historic Landmarks in Kansas References Further reading "Thomas Johnson's Story and the History of Fairway, Kansas". Joe H. Vaughan, Author, 2014. ISBN No. 978-63173-140-2. Two Trails Publishing Co., Inc., Independence, MO 64052. External links Official website Johnson County Museum, relocating and closed until June 10, 2017 Shawnee Indian Mission history 1975 photos of North, East, and West Buildings 1940 HABS photo collection from Library of Congress. (Historic American Buildings Survey) Churches completed in 1839 19th-century Methodist church buildings in the United States Pre-statehood history of Kansas Shawnee history Methodist churches in Kansas Museums in Johnson County, Kansas National Historic Landmarks in Kansas Properties of religious function on the National Register of Historic Places in Kansas Native American history of Kansas Former colonial and territorial capitals in the United States Kansas state historic sites History museums in Kansas Native American museums in Kansas 1830 establishments in Indian Territory Historic American Buildings Survey in Kansas National Register of Historic Places in Johnson County, Kansas Methodist missions Capitals of Kansas Capitols of Kansas

4042402

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rising%20in%20the%20East

Rising in the East

Rising in the East is a live DVD of Judas Priest, released on 15 November 2005, performing a concert in Tokyo's Nippon Budokan, filmed on 19 May 2005. It is the first straight-to-DVD release. Release In unconfirmed internet reports, the DVD was to be pushed back to January 2006 while other online retailers still listed its release for 15 November 2005. In addition, two different cover arts had surfaced with former website Play.com displaying a cover art unlike one displayed on Amazon. Information The band filmed two sold-out performances on 18 & 19 May 2005 in Tokyo in which the latter footage was used instead. Glenn Tipton explains that the band decided to film their performances at the Budokan "because it's a special venue. It's world-renowned. We thought it was an ideal choice. We filmed both nights but we ended up using the second night only for this DVD. We wanted it to be as live and as real as possible, and when you start taking from different shows there isn't continuity. We wanted it to be one show and that's exactly what it is." Rob Halford says that the display of Rising in the East to the fans "is the first time seeing us reunited for a full-length show in the DVD format. I think the DVD compounds all the great things that Priest fans and metal fans all around the world love about the band. Priest is still a powerful, physical, full-on experience in the live domain. What this DVD is intended to do is give longtime Priest fans another great memory to add to their collection, and it's also an opportunity for new Priest fans to explore all the great things we're achieving three decades later." Track listing Encores Personnel Rob Halford – vocals K.K. Downing – electric guitar Glenn Tipton – guitar Ian Hill – bass guitar Scott Travis – drums Sales and certifications |- References External links [ Rising in the East] at Allmusic Judas Priest video albums 2005 video albums Live video albums 2005 live albums

4042410

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montgeron

Montgeron

Montgeron () is a commune in the southeastern suburbs of Paris, France. It is northeast part of the Department of Essonne. It is located from the center of Paris. The café Au Reveil Matin at 22 Avenue Jean Jaurès was the departure point of the first Tour de France in 1903. Montgeron was also the starting point of the 21st (and last) stage of the 2017 Tour de France. Geography Climate Situated in the region of Île-de-France, Montgeron has an oceanic climate, with cool winters and mild summers, and has more precipitation than others in the central parts. The mean temperature is around 10.8 °C, with a maximum of 15.2 °C and a minimum of 6.4 °C. However, the actual temperatures recorded are 24.5 °C in July at the maximum and 0.7 °C in January at the minimum, but the records registered the maximum temperature of 38.2 °C on 1 July 1952 and the minimum temperature of -19.6 °C on 17 January 1985. Due to the lower urban density between Paris and its suburbs, a difference of one to two degrees Celsius is felt strongly. The amount of sunshine is comparable to the average of the regions of the north of the Loire with 1,798 hours per year. Precipitation is also distributed over the year, with a total of 598.3 millimeters of rain and an approximate average of fifty millimeters per month. Transport Although Montgeron is away from the course of the Seine, major axes of communication cross at Montgeron, most of them inherited from before. It was crossed by the old National Road 6 (N6) but now the road takes a detour to the west of the city center; the route is now occupied by the Departemental Road 50 (D50). The road D50 intersects the east-west running Departemental Road 31 (D31), which the latter leads to the neighboring commune of Yerres. The new portion of N6 shares its northern part with the Departemental Road 448 (D448) which the latter follows the river Seine south to Corbeil-Essonnes. Recent development and heavy traffic have made access to the city center much more difficult, which accentuates commercial desertification. Since 1849, the Paris-Marseille railway passes through the northeast of Montgeron, now served by the Montgeron-Crosne station on the Paris RER line D. The rail link is complemented by several bus lines, including the Noctilien Line N134 ensuring services during the night(click this reference for the French Wikipedia:), line 91.09 of the Albatrans bus network, line 191-100 of the Mobilien network, lines A, E, P, Q and V of the STRAV bus network, and lines IV and 501 of the Seine Sénart Bus network have stops in Montgeron. The town is located eight kilometers south-east of Paris-Orly airport and thirty-four kilometers south of Paris-Charles-de-Gaulle airport. Leisure and business aviation will be oriented towards the Melun-Villaroche air base, ultimately transformed into a tourism and business airport, located nineteen kilometers to the southeast. Politics The mayor of Montgeron is Sylvie Carillon from The Republicans, starting from April 16, 2020. The commune of Montgeron is located in Essonne's 8th constituency, which includes Montgeron, Yerres, Brunoy, and Vigneux-sur-Seine. Their member of the National Assembly has been Nicolas Dupont-Aignan, the president of Debout la France, since 1997. He was first elected in 1997, followed by getting reelected in 2002, 2007, 2012, and 2017. Intercommunality and Cantons Montgeron is located inside the Communauté d'agglomération Val d'Yerres Val de Seine, which also includes Boussy-Saint-Antoine, Brunoy, Crosne, Draveil, Épinay-sous-Sénart, Quincy-sous-Sénart, Vigneux-sur-Seine, and Yerres. Montgeron, like Brunoy, is divided between two cantons. The Canton of Vigneux-sur-Seine includes the communes of Vigneux-sur-Seine, Crosne and the northern part of Montgeron. The Canton of Draveil includes the communes of Draveil, Soisy-sur-Seine, Saint-Germain-lès-Corbeil, Étiolles, and the southern part of Montgeron. The dividing line goes from the territorial limit of the municipality of Yerres, to the Avenue de la République (departmental road 50), Rue des Bois, Place de l'Europe, Avenue de la Grange, Avenue Charles-de-Gaulle, Rue de Mainville, Rue de la Croix-Saint-Marc, Rue des Plantes, Rue Édouard-Branly, Rue de la Garenne, Rue de la Belle-Aimée, Chemin du Dessus-du-Luet to n ° 117, then to the right of n ° 117 of Chemin du Dessus-du-Luet straight to National Road 6, Rue des Saules, Rue des Jacinthes, up to the territorial limit of the municipality of Vigneux-sur-Seine. Twin Towns Eschborn, Hesse, Germany starting from 1985. Magog, Quebec, Canada starting from 1986. Póvoa de Varzim, Norte, Portugal starting from 1986. Viernau, Thuringia, Germany starting from 1992. Populations and Society Demographics In 2017, the town had 23,775 inhabitants, an increase of 2.12% compared to 2012 (Essonne: + 4.74%, France excluding Mayotte: + 2.36%). Placed on the important road from Paris to Melun at the edge of the Sénart Forest, Montgeron was a town already counting more than eight hundred and fifty people at the time of the first census of people in 1793. A period of chaotic evolution ensued with a growth to nearly nine hundred inhabitants in 1800 and a decrease until 1851. The milestone of nine hundred residents was reached in 1831 and that of the thousand residents ten years later. From 1856, following the arrival of the railway, a period of constant progress began, only briefly interrupted by the losses due to the Franco-Prussian War of 1870, the milestone of two thousand inhabitants being crossed in 1896. At During the twentieth century, the two world conflicts did not prevent the local population explosion, driven by massive urbanization which allowed the town to have nearly four thousand five hundred inhabitants in 1921 and more than ten thousand in 1946. This the figure doubled in the following twelve years and reached the historic peak of twenty-three thousand seven hundred eighty-six in 1975. The urban rehabilitation operations and the decline in enthusiasm for this town made it lose two thousand people in fifteen years before it returned to demographic growth from 1999, again negative in view of the 2007 figures establishing the Montgeron population to twenty-two thousand nine hundred twenty-nine people. Immigration has little impact on this demographic development since only 7.6% of the municipal population was foreign in 1999. In that year, the largest communities were distributed between 3.2% of the total for Portuguese population, 0.9% for Algerians, 0.5% for Moroccans, 0.4% for Turks and Italians, 0.3% for Tunisians and 0.2% for Spaniards. Inhabitants of Montgeron are known as Montgeronnais. Facilities There is a library called Médiathèque du Carré d'Art, a post office, and the Avenue de la République has restaurants and shops. Famous People in Montgeron The local school (J-C Gatinot) was decorated by painter Maurice Boitel. The engraver Paul-Marcel Dammann (1885–1939) was born and died in Montgeron. References External links Official website Land use (IAURIF) Mayors of Essonne Association Communes of Essonne

4042422

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%242

$2

$2 primarily refers to banknotes, bills or coins, including: Currency Australian two dollar coin, which replaced Australian 2 dollar note Toonie, the Canadian two-dollar coin, which replaced Canadian two-dollar bill United States two-dollar bill, a current denomination of U.S. currency (although not often used) Hong Kong two-dollar coin, the third-highest denomination coin of the Hong Kong dollar New Zealand two-dollar coin, which replaced the two-dollar banknote Other currencies with $2 banknotes, bills or coins are: Bahamian dollar Barbadian dollar Belize dollar Bermudian dollar Cook Islands dollar Fijian dollar Samoan tālā Singapore dollar Solomon Islands dollar Tuvaluan dollar Tongan paanga Argentine peso Mexican peso Uruguayan peso Brazilian real Other uses $2, a formal parameter in some programming languages

4042424

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esher%20Report

Esher Report

The Esher Report of 1904, chaired by Lord Esher, recommended radical reform of the British Army, such as the creation of an Army Council, General Staff and Chief of the General Staff and the abolition of the Commander-in-Chief of the Forces. The change to the character of the Army has endured. Background The Second Boer War of 1899-1902 exposed weakness and inefficiency in the British Army and demonstrated how isolated Britain was from the rest of the world. The war had been won only by leaving Britain defenceless on land. In 1900, Imperial Germany began to build a battlefleet and industrial growth had already made it overtake Britain's economic lead in Europe. The Elgin Commission had already advocated some changes in administration. Under Hugh Oakeley Arnold-Forster at the War Office the Report of the War Office (Reconstitution) Committee was set up to look into reform of the Army. It was chaired by Lord Esher, who had been a member of the Elgin Commission, as had two other members; Admiral Sir John Fisher (former Second Sea Lord and Navy reformer), and Colonel Sir George Clarke. The Esher Report was published, successively, in February and March 1904. Conclusions The Committee took evidence in private and its Report was in three parts. It analysed the complex arrangements and inefficiencies of the Army administration and made three main recommendations: an Army Council modelled on the Board of Admiralty. It was designed as a single collective body to analyse and decide upon issues connected to policy and so end the confusion of the responsibilities of the Secretary of State for War, the Adjutant-General and the Quartermaster General. The War Secretary was to have the same power as the First Lord of the Admiralty and all military topics submitted to the Crown would go through him. That would increase civil and parliamentary control over the Army. Also recommended was that the Council would be made up of seven members. These were to be the Secretary of State for War, the First Military Member (with responsibility for operations and military policy), the Second Military Member (with responsibility for recruitment and discipline), the Third Military Member (with responsibility for supply and transport), the Fourth Military Member (with responsibility for armaments and fortifications), a Civil Member (who would be the Parliamentary Under-Secretary with responsibility for civil business other than finance) and another Civil Member (the Financial Secretary). It was recommended that this Council should meet frequently and decide matters by majority vote. a General Staff with its Chief having the responsibility for preparing the Army for war. The post of Commander-in-Chief of the Forces was to be abolished. The duties of the General Staff were to be shared by a Director of Military Operations, a Director of Staff Duties and a Director of Military Training. the War Office was to be radically reorganised on rational grounds. The British Army had previously grown since 1660 by not grand design but piecemeal additions and reforms. The administration inside the War Office was to be divided between the Chief of the General Staff, the Adjutant-General, the Quartermaster-General and the Master-General of the Ordnance. The Adjutant-General was given overall responsibility for the welfare and maintenance of the soldiers. Under him would be a Director of Recruiting and Organisation, a Director of Personal Services, a Director-General of Medical Services and a Director of Auxiliary Services. The previous office of Judge-Advocate-General was to be replaced with a Judge-Advocate with more limited power. Apart from manufacture, all parts of the process of material supply would be put under the Quartermaster-General. His department subordinates would be a Director of Transport and Remounts, a Director of Movements and Quartering, a Director of Supplies and Clothing and an Equipment and Ordnance Stores. The Master-General of the Ordnance's subordinates would be a Director of Artillery, a Naval Adviser and a Director of Fortifications and Works. That rationalisation was recommended by the Report to be implemented throughout the Army. The Report also claimed that policy and administration had become too centralised in the War Office, to the detriment of initiative. Administrative districts were recommended to be responsible for organisation to leave commanders of field units free to train for war. Publication King Edward VII welcomed the Report and successfully urged the Arthur James Balfour's government to accept its recommendations. However, some in the Army were wary of its recommendations, one opponent being Lord Kitchener. Richard Haldane, who became War Secretary for Henry Campbell-Bannerman's government in 1905, implemented many of its recommendations between 1906 and 1909. Among his advisers was General Sir Gerard Ellison, who was also Secretary of the Esher Committee. The recommendations were to form the basis of Army reform for the next 60 years. The military historian Correlli Barnett wrote that the Esher Report's importance "and its consequences can hardly be exaggerated.... Without the Esher Report... it is inconceivable that the mammoth British military efforts of two world wars could have been possible, let alone so generally successful." References Sources Reports of the United Kingdom government 1904 in the United Kingdom 20th-century history of the British Army

4042430

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20S.%20Thomas

Charles S. Thomas

Charles Spalding Thomas (December 6, 1849June 24, 1934) was a United States senator from Colorado. Born in Darien, Georgia, he attended private schools in Georgia and Connecticut, and served briefly in the Confederate Army. Biography Thomas graduated from the law department of the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor in 1871, and was admitted to the bar the same year. He moved to Colorado and began to practice in Denver, where he was a city attorney in 1875 and 1876. He was a member of the Democratic National Committee from 1884 to 1896, and was an unsuccessful candidate for election to the United States House of Representatives in 1884, to the Senate in 1888 and 1895, and to the governorship in 1894. Thomas served as the 11th Governor of Colorado from 1899 to 1901. In 1897, Colorado had abolished the death penalty, but Thomas considered lynching an understandable substitute. In 1900, when a lynch mob murdered Calvin Kimblern, Thomas called it "a natural outburst of indignation of the people of Pueblo" and blamed the lack of a death penalty for the murder. Six months later, a mob surrounded Denver's jail seeking to lynch 15-year-old Preston Porter. Thomas was informed but declined to intervene. "As a matter of fact, hanging is too good for that man," he told reporters. The spirit of the lynch law is with the people, and will remain in them just as long as the Anglo-Saxon exists." After Porter was burned alive by a mob, when Thomas was asked to comment on the lynching, he said, "My opinion is that there is one less negro in the world." Colorado reinstated the death penalty soon thereafter. In 1913, Thomas was elected as a Democrat to the United States Senate in 1912 to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Charles J. Hughes, Jr.; in 1914, he was narrowly reelected to a full term in the face of split opposition. Thomas served from January 15, 1913, to March 3, 1921, and was the last Confederate veteran to serve in the Senate. In 1920, he was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection on the Nationalist ticket, receiving only 3% of the vote. In the Sixty-third and Sixty-fourth Congresses, Thomas was chairman of the Committee on Woman Suffrage, and a member of the Committee on Coast Defenses (Sixty-fifth Congress) and the Committee on Pacific Railroads (Sixty-sixth Congress). He resumed the practice of law in Denver, where he died on June 24, 1934; his remains were cremated and his ashes were scattered in the mountains. Notes References Governor Charles S. Thomas Collection at the Colorado State Archives Retrieved on 18 April 2008. External links |- |- |- |- |- 1849 births 1934 deaths Colorado lawyers Confederate States Army soldiers Democratic Party governors of Colorado Democratic Party United States senators from Colorado People from Darien, Georgia People of Georgia (U.S. state) in the American Civil War University of Michigan Law School alumni

4042447

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa%20LaCroix

Lisa LaCroix

Lisa LaCroix is a Canadian actress and fashion model who began her career in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. After training as an actor in New York City's Circle in the Square Theatre School, she returned to Toronto, and starred in numerous Canadian and American television shows and movies. In 1996, she moved to Los Angeles to focus on American television acting. In 2000, LaCroix became interested in the Human Potential Movement, studied to be a business coach, moved to the San Francisco Bay Area and began a private practice training and coaching business people in 2001. She cofounded Paragon Strategies in 2004 with two other trainers from San Francisco, which presently serves various businesses worldwide in optimizing their employee satisfaction and productivity. Her father is the photographer and jazz musician Pat LaCroix. Her sister is singer/songwriter, Dana LaCroix. Filmography Divided Loyalties (1989) E.N.G. The Dancer and the Dance (1990) TV Episode .... Nancy Chou Another Pretty Face (1992) TV Episode .... Kelly Longstreet Psychic (1992) .... Susi Family Passions (1993) TV Series .... Anita Kung Fu: The Legend Continues - Shaman (1993) TV Episode .... Dancing Moon Dance Me Outside (1995) .... Illianna Rent-a-Kid (1995) (TV) .... Teresa Woolcot "The Rez" Episode #1.1 (1996) TV Episode .... Illianna Episode #1.6 (1996) TV Episode .... Illianna Ed McBain's 87th Precinct: Ice (1996) (TV) .... Judite PSI Factor: Chronicles of the Paranormal (1996) TV Series .... Dr. Natasha Constantine (1996–1999) Chicago Hope - Leggo My Ego (1997) TV Episode .... Lily Burroughs "Murder, She Wrote: South by Southwest" (1997) (TV) .... Pearl Sunrise Fargo (2003) (TV) External links http://movies2.nytimes.com/gst/movies/filmography.html?p_id=39819 Canadian film actresses Canadian television actresses Circle in the Square Theatre School alumni Life coaches Living people Year of birth missing (living people)

4042462

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer%20review%20%28disambiguation%29

Peer review (disambiguation)

Peer review may refer to: Clinical audit, a systematic review of healthcare against an explicit standard Clinical peer review, the process by which health care professionals evaluate each other's clinical performance Medical peer review, the process of refereeing healthcare practitioner decisions Peer review, the scholarly process of screening papers or grant applications Peer Review, a DLC for Portal 2 Peer Review (magazine), an academic magazine Physician peer review, the process by which physicians evaluate each other to promote better quality of care Scholarly peer review, the process of refereeing scholarly papers Sham peer review, the process of pseudo-review done for political purposes, often in healthcare Software peer review in software development Technical peer review in systems engineering More at :Category:Peer review See also Performance appraisal in the workplace

4042471

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banco

Banco

Banco may refer to: Places Banc (Barcelona Metro), also called Banco, a closed metro stop on the Barcelona metro Banco, Virginia, an unincorporated community Banco, West Virginia, an unincorporated community Banco National Park, a national park in Côte d'Ivoire Banko, Guinea, a town and sub-prefecture in the Dabola Prefecture in the Faranah Region Banko, Mali, a rural commune and village in the Cercle of Dioïla in the Koulikoro Region Banko, a town in the Sekyere Kumawu district og Ghaba Arts and architecture Banco (Banco del Mutuo Soccorso album), 1975 album by Italian progressive rock band Banco del Mutuo Soccorso Banco (Sir Michael Rocks album), 2014 album by American rapper Sir Michael Rocks Banco (novel), 1972 autobiography by Henri Charrière Banco architecture, a West African type of mudbrick, and the architecture made with it Banco (building material); fermented mud; made by fermenting mud with rice husks Banco (typeface), a decorative typeface Banko ware, a type of Japanese ceramics. Banco, an alternate Spanish spelling of bangka (boat) of the Philippines Banco, another name for the parlor game Bunco Banco, part of the nomenclature of the game known commonly as Baccarat Other Banco, a historical reference to the Bank of Sweden and Swedish coinage See also Banc

4042480

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Things%20of%20Science

Things of Science

Things of Science was an educational program launched by the nonprofit news syndicate Science Service in November 1940. The program consisted of a series of kits available by subscription and sent by mail monthly. The program continued until 1989. , there is no mention of the program or its archives on the website of the Society for Science & the Public, which succeeded the old Science Service organization. Each month, thousands of subscribers received a small blue box about the size of a videocassette containing some material such as nylon thread or dinosaur bones. The box contained a yellow booklet explaining the topic for that month, along with the pieces and supplies needed to cover the topic. Some kits would teach about a specific topic, such as coal, static electricity, mechanical linkages, nonwoven fabrics, electroplating, or optical illusions. Other kits would provide parts to build items such as a small spectrograph, telescope, or pinhole camera. In addition to the monthly subscription, some kits were available for individual purchase, such as a "soilless gardening" unit which provided seeds, plant food, and instructions in hydroponics. Some kits contained basic materials for simple experiments in psychology. The modest annual subscription price ($5 in the 1960s) covered the cost of printing and postage. The instructions were written by Science Service staff, and the kit materials were donated by various companies. The Things of Science Club was started by Watson Davis, editor-in-chief of Science Service, because editors served by the service often asked for samples of the things the syndicate wrote about. The initial focus of the program was newspaper editors, but it soon shifted to young people. By 1946 the Science Service estimated that half of its subscribers were school groups and science clubs, and the other half were individuals. Membership in the club was limited to a few thousand because some of the "things", such as dinosaur bones, were hard to come by. References External links Rediscovering Things of Science — includes a partial list of the kits Things of Science — scans of the instruction booklets for many of the kits Things of Science — article in Make magazine Society for Science & the Public Science education

4042517

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House%20of%20Keys%20constituencies

House of Keys constituencies

These are the constituencies used in the elections to the House of Keys, the lower house of the parliament of the Isle of Man. Constituencies from 2016 Constituencies from 1986–2011 The constituencies used for the 1986, 1991, 1996, 2001, 2006 and 2011 General Elections for the House of Keys were: 1986 changes Garff and Ayre became one seat constituencies, having previously each had two seats. Onchan constituency was created, having been previously part of Middle constituency. Middle constituency was created from the parishes of Marown (formerly part of Glenfaba constituency) and Braddan. Malew and Santon constituency was created from the parishes of Malew (formerly part of Rushen constituency), and Santon (formerly part of Middle constituency). 1867 to 2011 elections The original constituencies set out in the House of Keys Election Act 1866, providing for the House to be elected for the first time. These are shown below and were used for the 1867, 1875, and 1881 General Elections. The arrangements for elections between 1881 and 1903 are not currently shown in the table. The original constituencies were altered by the Redistribution Act 1893 as follows: These were used for the 1903, 1908, 1913 and 1919 General Elections. The same constituencies and distribution of seats were also used for the 1934, 1946 and 1951 elections and so are likely also to have been used for the 1924 and 1929 elections. The distribution of seats was changed for the 1956 election, and again for the 1986 election, as shown. (s) = sheading, (t) = town Further back in history, before democratic elections, each of the six sheadings was represented by four members. References External links Constituency maps and general election results Access to work & info of members of Tynwald Tynwald

4042526

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilemi%20Triangle

Ilemi Triangle

The Ilemi Triangle, sometimes called only Ilemi, is an area of disputed land in East Africa. Arbitrarily defined, it measures about . Named after Anuak chief Ilemi Akwon, the territory is claimed by South Sudan and Kenya. The territory also borders Ethiopia and, despite use and "trespass" into the triangle by border tribes from within Ethiopia, the Ethiopian government has never made any official claim on the Ilemi, and in fact agreed that the land was all Sudanese in the 1902, 1907, and 1972 treaties. Kenya now has de facto control of the area. The dispute arose from the 1914 treaty in which a straight parallel line was used to divide territories that were both part of the British Empire. However the Turkana people—nomadic herders continued to move to and from the border and traditionally grazed in the area. The perceived economic marginality of the land as well as decades of Sudanese conflicts are two factors that have delayed the resolution of the dispute. Peoples The nomadic Turkana move in the territory between South Sudan and Kenya and have been vulnerable to attacks from surrounding peoples. The other peoples in this area are the Didinga and Topasa in South Sudan, and the Nyangatom (Inyangatom) who move between South Sudan and Ethiopia, and the Dassanech who live east of the triangle in Ethiopia. These pastoral people have historically engaged in raids on livestock. While in the past they used traditional weapons, since the nineteenth century onwards the use of firearms has been common. History To the southeast of the Ilemi triangle, Ethiopian emperor Menelik laid claim to Lake Turkana and proposed a boundary with the British to run from the southern end of the lake eastward to the Indian Ocean, which was shifted northward when the British and Ethiopian governments signed a treaty in 1907, reaffirmed by a 1970 Ethiopia-Kenya treaty. The Ethiopia-Sudan boundary, the "Maud Line", was surveyed by Captain Philip Maud of the Royal Engineers in 1902–03. It was adopted by Anglo-Ethiopian Agreement treaty of December 6, 1907 between Ethiopia and British East Africa. Though vague on the precise details of where the Kenya-Sudan border was located, it clearly placed the entire Ilemi on the west side of the Ethiopia-Sudan line. In 1914 the Uganda-Sudan Boundary Commission agreement provided Sudan access to Lake Turkana via the now-dry Sanderson Gulf at the southeast corner of the Ilemi (at the time Lake Turkana was the border between the British territories of Uganda and Kenya). After World War I, the Ethiopians armed the Nyangatom and Dassanech peoples, whereby the traditional raids turned into battles where hundreds died. 1920s In 1928, Sudan agreed to allow Kenyan military units across the 1914 line to protect the Turkana against the Dassanech and Nyangatom, although it cost £30,000 per year. In 1929, Kenya began subsidising Sudan to occupy the territory, which it did not wish to continue because of the perceived useless nature of it. In 1931, it was Sudan that agreed to subsidise Kenya to occupy the territory. 1930s In 1931 the Red Line (the Glenday Line) was drawn to represent the northern boundary of Turkana grazing. "In a series of agreements from 1929 to 1934, the Governor-General of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan and the Governor of Kenya agreed that this Red Line should be accepted as the Turkana grazing boundary." After Italy invaded Ethiopia in 1936, Italy briefly claimed the area of the Ilemi triangle. A joint Kenya-Sudan survey team in 1938 demarcated the "Red Line" or "Wakefield Line", very close to the delimitation a few years earlier of this Red Line, marking the northern limit of grazing of Turkana. While Egypt and Britain agreed on this, Italy did not. The Dassanetch and Nyangatom had suffered because of the Italian occupation, and wished to recoup their losses by making a raid against the Turkana. Several hundred Turkana people were killed in a raid in July 1939 by the Nyangatom and Dassanech peoples. Italy gave up their claim on the Ilemi subsequently, and allowed the British to respond with a raid on the Inyangatom and Dassanech supported by the Royal Air Force. 1940s British troops of the King's African Rifles occupied Ilemi in 1941 after the East African Campaign during World War II. The King's African Rifles passed through Ilemi on their way to southwestern Ethiopia. In 1944 Britain's Foreign Office surveyed a "blue line" which was further northwest than the "red line". 1950s Sudan, in 1950, established their own patrol line even further northwest into Sudan up to the border with Ethiopia, where they prohibited Kenyan and Ethiopian pastoralists from moving north west of it, giving up policing and development to the area south east of it. However, that Kenya-Sudan agreement specified that this patrol line in no way affected sovereignty; that it was not an international boundary, and money continued to be paid to Kenya to patrol this Sudanese territory. There was fighting between 1949 and 1953 as Sudan attempted to keep the Nyangatom behind this line. After Sudanese independence in 1956, Sudan has not administered Ilemi or much of the southern part of the country due to the First Sudanese Civil War which began all over southern Sudan. 1960s and 1970s In 1967 President Jomo Kenyatta's administration had made overtures to the British in order to secure support for the cession of the Triangle to Kenya. The British were unresponsive and the results amounted to little. The matter was sidelined and successive Kenyan administrations have been seemingly willing to accept the territorial status quo and their de facto territorial control, even if the Kenyan influence did diminish after the relocation of the Sudan People's Liberation Army to Sudan in the 1980s–90s. In 1964 Kenya and Ethiopia reaffirmed their boundary, confirming Kenyan sovereignty to Namuruputh, which is just south of the southeastern point of the triangle. In 1972 a Sudan-Ethiopia boundary alteration did not solve the Ilemi issue because it did not involve Kenya, but did confirm that Ethiopia had no claim to the Ilemi Triangle. In 1978 Kenya began to publicly, unilaterally regard the Turkana grazing line of 1938 (Wakefield Line) as an international boundary between Kenya and Sudan. 1980s In 1986, Kenya began to widely circulate a new map which for the first time displayed the Ilemi Triangle as an integral part of its territory (no longer displaying the straight horizontal "Maud line"). 1990s to present In the 1990s, Ethiopia armed the Dassanech with Kalashnikov automatic rifles, perhaps in response to Kenyan government arming in 1978 of the Turkana. Beginning in the 1960s, many Kenyan maps have marked the Red Line as the official boundary of Kenya, rather than a dotted boundary which it had been previously. More recently, many Kenyan maps depict the 1950 patrol line, the furthest northwest, as the boundary. There was a question as to whether a secret agreement was broached between Kenya and South Sudan to allow Kenya to administer this territory, in return for support in the Sudanese Civil War. In recent decades, the countries involved have had other priorities, delaying a resolution to the issue. The recent discovery of oil in the region also complicates resolution. With the independence of South Sudan in 2011, the Sudanese claim to the Ilemi Triangle was transferred to the new national government in Juba. See also Halaib Triangle Al-Fashaga triangle Mandera triangle References Further reading Ilemi Triangle: Unfixed Bandit Frontier Claimed by Sudan, Kenya and Ethiopia; Author: Dr. Nene Mburu External links Scholarly Article about the Triangle by DR Nene Mburu Article in the Sudan Tribune suggesting that Kenya's claim is weak Ilemi Triangle, Robert O. Collins, University of California Territorial disputes of Ethiopia Territorial disputes of Kenya Territorial disputes of South Sudan Kenya–South Sudan border Ethiopia–South Sudan border Ethiopia–Kenya border Border tripoints

4042536

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahron%20Bregman

Ahron Bregman

Ahron "Ronnie" Bregman (, born 1958) is a UK-based political scientist of Israeli origin, as well as a writer and journalist, specialising on the Arab–Israeli conflict. Biography Bregman was born and raised in Israel. He served in the Israel Defense Forces and as an artillery officer participated in the 1978 Litani campaign and the 1982 Lebanon War. After the war he left the army to study international relations and political science at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. He also worked as a parliamentary assistant in the Knesset. After giving an interview in 1988 to the Haaretz newspaper declaring that he would refuse to serve as a military reservist in the Israeli-occupied territories, he left Israel and settled in England. There he joined the Department of War Studies, King's College London, and completed his PhD in 1994. Bregman is the writer of several books and articles on the Arab–Israeli conflict and Middle Eastern Affairs. Since 1994 he has been The Daily Telegraphs writer of obituaries, covering the Jewish world and Israel. A senior teaching fellow at the Department of War Studies and a journalist, Bregman lives in London. He has three children. Marwan Affair In 2002, Bregman claimed that the Egyptian Ashraf Marwan, the son-in-law of President Gamal Abdel Nasser, was a Mossad spy. According to Bregman, Marwan volunteered for the Mossad in 1970 but then proceeded to mislead the Israelis before the 1973 Yom Kippur War. Although Marwan insisted that Bregman's claim was "a stupid detective story", they became friends and Marwan made Bregman a consultant on his memoirs. On 27 June 2007, the day that Bregman and Marwan were due to meet up in central London, Marwan's body was discovered in a small rose garden, just under the balcony of his London flat. A police investigation failed to establish whether Marwan was pushed or jumped. In 2016, Bregman published a book titled The Spy who Fell to Earth on his relationship with Marwan. In December 2017, Salon Pictures purchased the rights to turn it into a feature documentary. The Bregman Collection, which includes papers and tapes related to the Marwan Affair, is kept at the Liddell Hart Archives, King's College London. A documentary about Ashraf Marwan and Bregman's work, The Spy Who Fell to Earth, came out on Netflix in April 2019. Productions Bregman is the author of several books, as well as being associate producer/consultant of two major television series. Books The Spy Who Fell to Earth: My Relationship with the Secret Agent Who Rocked the Middle East Living and Working in Israel Israel's Wars: A History since 1947 Israel and the Arabs: An Eyewitness Account of War and Peace in the Middle East The Fifty Years War: Israel and the Arabs (co-authored with Jihan El-Tahri, accompanying the below series) Israël et les Arabes: la guerre de cinquante ans (French) Israël en de Arabieren: De vijftigjarige oorlog (Dutch) اسرائيل والعرب : حرب الخمسين عاما (Arabic) 以色列史 (Chinese) Israel's Wars: 1947-93 A History of Israel Elusive Peace: How the Holy Land Defeated America (accompanying the below series) Warfare in the Middle East since 1945 (editor) Cursed Victory: A History of Israel and the Occupied Territories Television He was also an associate producer and academic consultant on two BBC television series: Israel and the Arabs: The Fifty Years War Israel and the Arabs: Elusive Peace References https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZQmGPqQrMwc External links 1958 births Living people Israeli journalists Israeli political scientists Alumni of King's College London Israeli political writers Hebrew University of Jerusalem Faculty of Social Sciences alumni Israeli emigrants to the United Kingdom Israeli military writers Collections of the Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives

4042542

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Punisher%20titles

List of Punisher titles

The Punisher has appeared in numerous comic book series since his first appearance in The Amazing Spider-Man #129 (February 1974), including a number of eponymous titles starting in the mid-1980s. Primary series Limited series One-shot and graphic novels Other versions Titles starring alternate versions of the Punisher. Collected editions The various series have been collected into individual volumes: Primary and ongoing series Limited series, one-shots and graphic novels References External links List of The Punisher comics issues at Sequart.com Punisher.nl Lists of comics by character Lists of comic book titles Lists of comics by Marvel Comics

4042556

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lossen%20rearrangement

Lossen rearrangement

The Lossen rearrangement is the conversion of a hydroxamate ester to an isocyanate. Typically O-acyl, sulfonyl, or phosphoryl O-derivative are employed. The isocyanate can be used further to generate ureas in the presence of amines or generate amines in the presence of H2O. Reaction mechanism The mechanism below begins with an O-acylated hydroxamic acid derivative that is treated with base to form an isocyanate that generates an amine and CO2 gas in the presence of H2O. The hydroxamic acid derivative is first converted to its conjugate base by abstraction of a hydrogen by a base. Spontaneous rearrangement releases a carboxylate anion to produce the isocyanate intermediate. The isocyanate is then hydrolyzed in the presence of H2O. Finally, the respective amine and CO2 are generated by abstraction of a proton with a base and decarboxylation. Hydroxamic acids are commonly synthesized from their corresponding esters. Historical references See also Curtius rearrangement Hofmann rearrangement Schmidt reaction Beckmann rearrangement Gabapentin References External links Rearrangement reactions Name reactions

4042564

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surya%20Kant

Surya Kant

Surya "Sury" Kant is Senior Advisor Tata Sons Private Limited. He was the Chairman of TCS North American operations based in New York City until March 2022. Tata Consultancy Services Limited (TCS) is the largest global information technology consulting and services company headquartered in India. In the 1990s, Kant was appointed the head of operations for TCS in the United Kingdom. Until 2005, he served as the Head of Operations for the India Northern Region of TCS and until 2020 served as the President of the North America, Europe and the UK operations. Kant is a frequent speaker at industry conferences and academic institutions. Kant served as an advisory board member of the British-American Business, and the past Chairman of the India Business Forum (IBF) of the Confederation of India (CII) in the US. He was a member of the Wall Street Journal (WSJ) CEO Council and a member of the Fortune CEO Initiative. He served on the Greater New York Red Cross Board from February 2020 to March 2022. He joined CECP (Chief Executives for Corporate Purpose) Board in May 2020 and in April 2022 was appointed as the Board Member Emeritus. References http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-02-20/news/47527116_1_tcs-uk-tata-consultancy-services-clients https://web.archive.org/web/20071020075314/http://www.consultingmag.com/articles/134/1/TCS-Keeps-Advisory-Work/TCS-Keeps-Advisory-Work.html http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-1599548,prtpage-1.cms http://www.informationweek.com/news/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=199200211 http://aparc.stanford.edu/events/4306 https://www.cnbc.com/id/15840232?play=1&video=1637170438 http://www.consultingmag.com/article/ART841627 http://www.leadersmag.com/issues/2019.3_Jul/ROB/LEADERS-Surya-Kant-Tata-Consultancy-Services-TCS.html Year of birth missing (living people) Living people Indian business executives Tata Consultancy Services people Delhi Technological University alumni

4042568

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circle%20in%20the%20Square%20Theatre%20School

Circle in the Square Theatre School

Circle in the Square Theatre School is a non-profit, tax exempt drama school associated with Circle in the Square Theatre; it is the only accredited conservatory attached to a Broadway theatre. It offers two 2-year full-time programs: a Professional Theatre Workshop, and a Professional Musical Theatre Workshop. The musical theatre program is unique in that it's identical to the acting program, except for additional musical classes. This gives the musical theatre students important, deep acting training so they can graduate as true, professional triple threats. There is also an option to earn a joint BFA in Theatre or Musical Theatre with Eckerd College in Florida. Additionally, Circle offers seven-week summer intensives for acting and musical theatre students. Circle in the Square Theatre School's primary objective is to train actors and singers for work in professional theatre, film, and television; it utilizes an eclectic curriculum to expose the students to various acting styles, methods, and techniques. Theodore Mann started the highly selective school in 1961 with 15 students in a Greenwich Village venue on Bleecker Street when Circle in the Square Theatre was an Off-Broadway venue. In 1972, it moved to its current Broadway location in the Paramount Plaza. Its student body is now approximately 75 students. Jacqueline Brookes, the Broadway actor, was a member of the faculty from 1973 until her death in April 2013. Circle in the Square Theatre School offers its students the rare opportunity to train and perform in the Broadway Theatre, and see the shows at Circle for free. Notable alumni The school site lists the following alumni. Mili Avital Kevin Bacon Elise Bauman John Bolger Lani Brockman Richard Brooks Woody Brown Greg Bryk Kevin Cahoon Rachel Chagall Sarah Clarke Ed Clements Viola Davis Shae D'lyn Benicio del Toro Lisa Edelstein Lisa Emery Linda Fiorentino Patrick Fischler Lady Gaga Amy Gaipa Barbara Garrick Gina Gershon Amanda Green Page Hannah Cecil Hoffman Philip Seymour Hoffman Winnie Holzman Felicity Huffman Rick Hurst Kristen Johnston Denis Jones Jonathan Judge-Russo Justin Kirk Michael E. Knight Jonathan LaPaglia Jill Larson Matthew Lillard Jessica Lundy Alec Mapa Andrew McCarthy John C. McGinley Idina Menzel Michelle Monaghan Kate O'Toole Ken Olin Nicole Ari Parker Steven Peterman Robert Picardo Michael Rispoli Thomas Sadoski Dahlia Salem Jana Schneider Molly Shannon Rondell Sheridan Zenobia Shroff Peter Stebbings Amy Stiller D. B. Sweeney Maura Tierney Nancy Travis Marco Zunino Arnetia Walker Kevin Weisman Kate Wetherhead John Whitesell References External links circlesquare.org Broadway theatre Drama schools in the United States Schools of the performing arts in the United States Educational institutions established in 1961 1961 establishments in New York City Organizations based in Manhattan 501(c)(3) organizations

4042576

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delilah%20%26%20Julius

Delilah & Julius

Delilah & Julius is a Canadian animated series targeted at children as well as teenagers and adults, and animated using Macromedia Flash technology. It premiered on Canada's Teletoon animation channel. Delilah and Julius was produced by Decode Entertainment and Collideascope Digital Productions. 52 episodes were produced. The series centers on a pair of highly trained young adults, Delilah and Julius, who were both orphaned children of special agents. Together, they graduated from the Academy, a training facility headed by Al, a free-spirited special agent who brought the duo together, and fight international crime and a myriad of villains as a pair of savvy, well-trained spies. Characters Main characters As a team, Delilah and Julius are both gifted musicians, masters of disguise, martial arts experts, and fluent in 20 languages. Still, they are both consummate professionals always seeking to improve their game. They seem to like each other, too. Delilah and Julius have had many "dates" like missions. Delilah Devonshire Delilah Devonshire has a very determined personality and is eager for truth. In fact, Delilah's greatest quality is her commitment to truth. It's also what gets her into trouble. She takes things seriously but she can break down easily in certain situations. Her spy parents went missing when she was only 5 and are presumed dead. Delilah does not believe this, however, and she is determined to find out anything she can about them and to prove the rumors wrong that her parents were double agents. Delilah's relationship with Julius is very important to her and she is very touchy and gets jealous when Julius flirts with other girls (especially Ice). She appreciates having a capable partner in Julius, and together they will stop at nothing to keep the villains from carrying out their evil plots on mankind. She believes in breaking her opponent down from the inside out. She gets inside the villain's head and she loves a new challenge. Delilah is strong-willed, inventive, resourceful, quick-thinking, and graceful. She is experienced in fencing, etiquette, and explosives, and always has time to learn something new that may be useful on a mission. Julius Chevalier Julius Chevalier is often flippant, but is very determined and has a passion for crime-fighting. Where Delilah is more goal-oriented, Julius is more spontaneous. He deals with situations as they happen and still manages to find the time to have fun. He enjoys surfing, poetry, safe cracking and yoga. His parents were killed in action when he was only four, and Julius would love to avenge their deaths. For now, he is comforted by the fact that they were considered two of the greatest spies of all time. Julius is a laid-back guy and a little cocky. This confidence allows him to act on the fly. He has a dash of James Bond in that he is not easily ruffled, thinks fast, and makes it all look easy. He has a good sense of humor and is very intuitive when it comes to the needs of his partner, Delilah. Beneath a nonchalant, arrogant exterior lies a sensitive and caring guy – especially towards Delilah. He is calm and resourceful under pressure but tends to be a bit careless when the pressure is off. He often tries to impress Delilah, and becomes extremely jealous and petty when she shows interest in other boys. It is proved in one episode that he is in love with Delilah as it is shown what he is dreaming about. The Academy Crew Alfred "Al" The director of the Academy, Al is always highly informed and gives Delilah and Julius their mission assignments. Al's not only their primary contact, guide, and teacher, but he is also a parental figure for Delilah and Julius. A free-spirited individual, Al talks like a mid-'70s Californian hippie. He is passionate about food and culture and has a unique sense of humour, but can also be serious, especially when it comes to keeping his students safe. Scarlett Vance Scarlett is the Academy's gadget guru. Like Al, Scarlett is prone to using anachronistic '70s expressions as well as cares a lot about her students. She is fully inventive and always coming up with new spy technology that keeps Delilah and Julius on head of their missions Buster "Nosey" A frequent partner of Delilah and Julius, he is a well-meaning, good-hearted goof with a reputation for being a stink magnet. It's not that he is really stinky, he is just inevitably drawn into very smelly situations on his missions. Nosey seems to be attracted to Zoe, a new member of the Academy. Ursula and Emmet Another one of Al's arranged spy teams, Ursula and Emmet are the rivals of Delilah and Julius who are jealous of their popularity and success. Ursula is also a double agent working undercover at the Academy for an unknown evil foe. Zoe Ling Zoe is the newest Chinese spy at the Academy. She likes to read comics and knows them all by enthusiasm. When Zoe first arrives at the Academy, she thinks Julius is cute. However, a relationship with Nosey is revealed throughout a few episodes. Zoe is a redhead and has a rather feisty personality which is the stereotypical attitude most redheads have. Her espionage skills are well-developed and the Academy Crew seems to trust this newcomer. Villains Dr. Dismay: Dr. Dismay is a young, handsome doctor bent on world domination who tries hard to break the stereotypical mold of a mad scientist. With his evil sidekick "Nurse" he tries to stop Delilah and Julius using his bad medication. Professor Dismay: An evil genius and father of Dr. Dismay. Dexter Jeremy Hook "DJ Hook": An internationally-known DJ tries to dominate the world. A big advantage for him is that he can hypnotize people with his music. Delilah and Julius can usually maneuver around it and stop the evil DJ. Ms. Deeds: The leader of a crime syndicate specializing in cybercrime. Ice: A master manipulator of earth science who also has her eyes on Julius. Wednesday Kertsfield: A young socialite who uses her money to try to take over the world. Conman: A master of disguise, he is behind some of the biggest scams ever committed against humanity. Nobody has ever seen his real face, not even any of his many kidnapping victims. Delilah and Julius uncovered his face, but instead of having a face the conman wore a permanent mask. Baguio Joe: A volatile weatherman who really controls the weather. Gilly Hippodrome: A mutant who hates normal-looking people. He is also the leader of a group of freaks masquerading as a circus, where he is the "Clown Prince". Ursula: Although a member of the academy, she is working as a double agent. Tibor: He is after the zero list and is also Julius' brother. Sunshine: Ice's twin sister and a villain with a fiery attitude Dollface and Roy: A woman who is part-robot, part-human, and wants to take over the world with her "husband", full-time robot, Roy. She wants the entire world to be of robots, and no humans at all. Evil Eye and Francis: Evil eye lost his eye while trying to escape from the police, and he believes that he lost it because of Delilah. Francis is his sidekick. Episodes Two seasons were produced, each consisting of 26 episodes. Each season includes a three-part finale, originally aired together under one title but later as separate episodes. "The Underground" is the pilot episode for the series. Series overview Season 1 (2005–06) Season 2 (2007–08) Production Development of the series began in early 2002, with 13 episodes budgeted at US$200,000–300,000 each. Originally, the show was aimed at the teenage girl demographic with a very different concept for the main characters, "a brawn-and-brains husband-and-wife team of self-made millionaires". By 2005, the first season had expanded to 26 episodes in production, with a budget of $1.2 million. At the time, the premise of the series involved the title characters "fighting crimes of conformity" around the world. Home video releases Delilah and Julius - The Complete First Season was released September 9, 2008. The DVD set contains the first 13 episodes in both English and French and has a run time of 290 minutes. Special features include character biographies, a spy gadget gallery, and the original English-language script for the pilot episode "The Underground". An official YouTube channel run by WildBrain Spark began uploading episodes on May 31, 2019. The full series has been released on CraveTV. Reception The series was one of the top-rated shows on the English-language Teletoon in May 2006, and the 10th most popular original production on the French-language Télétoon as of October 2007. The pilot episode was reviewed by the Edmonton Journal and The Sydney Morning Herald. Kidscreen compared the show to Totally Spies!, another Teletoon original, but with "a more sophisticated sense of humor focused on relationship-building" aiming for an older audience. Awards and nominations References External links Distribution website 2000s Canadian animated television series 2005 Canadian television series debuts 2008 Canadian television series endings Canadian children's animated action television series Canadian children's animated adventure television series Canadian children's animated science fiction television series Canadian flash animated television series English-language television shows Fictional couples Teletoon original programming Television series by DHX Media Television shows set in Nova Scotia

4042580

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transparent%20Armor%20Gun%20Shield

Transparent Armor Gun Shield

Built by BAE Systems, the Transparent Armor Gun shield, or TAGS, is a visually transparent protective gun shield for operators of vehicle-mounted machine guns. It borrows on the experience of the Israeli Defense Force in using such armor on a variety of vehicles. The shield is intended to provide protection for its user while maintaining visibility. It can be mounted on several models of armoured fighting vehicles (AFVs), including the M113, M1 Abrams and Stryker, as well as on the HMMWV. References External links BAE Systems press release Vehicle armour Armoured fighting vehicle equipment

4042584

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93United%20States%20relations

Germany–United States relations

Today, Germany and the United States are close and strong allies. In the mid and late 19th century, millions of Germans migrated to farms and industrial jobs in the United States, especially in the Midwest. Later, the two nations fought each other in World War I (1917-1918) and World War II (1941-1945). After 1945 the U.S., with the United Kingdom and France, occupied Western Germany and built a demilitarized democratic society. West Germany achieved independence in 1949. It joined NATO in 1955, with the caveat that its security policy and military development would remain closely tied to that of France, the UK and the United States. While West Germany was becoming closely integrated with the U.S. and NATO, East Germany became an Eastern Bloc satellite state closely tied to the Soviet Union and the Warsaw Pact. After communist rule ended in Eastern Europe amid the Revolutions of 1989 and the fall of the Berlin Wall, Germany was reunified. The reunified Federal Republic of Germany became a full member of the European Union (then European Community), NATO and one of the closest allies of the United States. In 2022 Germany is working with NATO and the European Union to defeat the Russian invasion of Ukraine. In the process Germany is sharply reducing its dependence on Russian oil and gas. Germany has the fourth-largest economy in the world, after the U.S., China and Japan. Today, both the countries enjoy a "special relationship". Overview Before 1800, the main factors in German-American relations were very large movements of immigrants from Germany to American states (especially Pennsylvania, the Midwest, and central Texas) throughout the 18th and the 19th centuries. There also was a significant movement of philosophical ideals that influenced American thinking. German achievements in public schooling and higher education greatly impressed American educators; the American education system was based on the Prussian education system. Thousands of American advanced students, especially scientists and historians, studied at elite German universities. There was little movement in the other direction: few Americans ever moved permanently to Germany, and few German intellectuals studied in America or moved to the United States before 1933. Economic relations were of minor importance before 1920. Diplomatic relations were friendly but of minor importance to either side before the 1870s. After the Unification of Germany in 1871, Germany became a major world power. Both nations built world-class navies and began imperialistic expansion around the world. That led to a small-scale conflict over the Samoan islands: the Second Samoan Civil War. A crisis in 1898, when Germany and the United States disputed over who should take control, was resolved with the Tripartite Convention in 1899 when the two nations divided up Samoa between them to end the conflict. After 1898, the US itself became much more involved in international diplomacy and found itself sometimes in disagreement but more often in agreement with Germany. In the early 20th century, the rise of the powerful German Navy and its role in Latin America and the Caribbean troubled American military strategists. Relations were sometimes tense, as in the Venezuelan crisis of 1902–03, but all incidents were peacefully resolved. The US tried to remain neutral in the First World War, but it provided far more trade and financial support to Britain and the Allies, which controlled the Atlantic routes. Germany worked to undermine American interests in Mexico. In 1917, the German offer of a military alliance against the US in the Zimmermann Telegram contributed to the American decision for war. German U-boat attacks on British shipping, especially the sinking of the passenger liner RMS Lusitania without allowing the civilian passengers to reach the lifeboats, outraged US public opinion. Germany agreed to US demands to stop such attacks but reversed its position in early 1917 to win the war quickly since it mistakenly thought that the US military was too weak to play a decisive role. The US public opposed the punitive 1919 Versailles Treaty, and both countries signed a separate peace treaty in 1921. In the 1920s, American diplomats and bankers provided major assistance to rebuilding the German economy. When Hitler and the Nazis took power in 1933, American public opinion was highly negative. Relations between the two nations turned sour after 1938. Large numbers of intellectuals, scientists, and artists found refuge from the Nazis into Britain and France. Germany declared war on the United States, but American immigration policy strictly limited the number of Jewish refugees. The US provided significant military and financial aid to the United Kingdom and France. Germany declared war on the United States in December 1941, and Washington made the defeat of Nazi Germany its highest priority, above even the Japanese Empire after it directly militarily attacked the United States in the Pearl Harbor bombing. The United States played a major role in the occupation and reconstruction of Germany after 1945. The US provided billions of dollars in aid by the Marshall Plan to rebuild the West German economy. The two nations relationship became very positive, in terms of democratic ideals, anti-communism, and high levels of economic trade. Today, the US is one of Germany's closest allies and partners outside of the European Union. The people of the two countries see each other as reliable allies but disagree on some key policy issues. Americans want Germany to play a more active military role, but Germans strongly disagree. History Relations between the United States and the different German states was generally friendly in the 19th century. Americans gave strong support to the revolutionary movements of 1848, and welcomed political refugees when that liberalizing revolution failed. The German countries supported the United States during the Civil War, and gave no support to the Confederacy. At the time tensions between the United States and France were very high, and Americans generally supported the Germans in their war against France in 1870–71. German immigration to the United States For over three centuries, immigration from Germany accounted for a large share of all American immigrants. As of the 2000 US Census, more than 20% of all Americans, and 25% of white Americans, claim German descent. German-Americans are an assimilated group which influences political life in the US as a whole. They are the most common self-reported ethnic group in the Northern United States, especially in the Midwest. In most of the South, German Americans are less common, with the exception of Texas. 1683–1848 The first records of German immigration date back to the 17th century and the foundation of Germantown, now part of Philadelphia, in 1683. Immigration from Germany reached its first peak between 1749 and 1754, when approximately 37,000 Germans came to North America. The main settlements were in Pennsylvania, where they are known as the Pennsylvania Dutch; nearby areas of upstate New York also attract the Germans in the colonial era. 1848–1914 In 1840-1914 about seven million Germans emigrated to the United States. Farmers who sold their land in Germany bought larger farms in the Middle West. Mechanics settled in the cities of Baltimore, Cincinnati, St. Louis, Chicago, Detroit and New York City. Few went to New England or the South, apart from a colony formed in Texas. By 1890 more than 40 percent of the population of the cities of Cleveland, Milwaukee, Hoboken and Cincinnati were of German origin. By the end of the 19th century, Germans formed the largest self-described ethnic group in the United States, with a strong German—speaking element. They were generally permanent settlers; few returned to Germany and few showed a loyalty to the mother country. Some were political refugees; others were avoiding the universal conscription. They generally spoke German language until the First World War in 1917, although the younger generation was bilingual. The failed German Revolutions of 1848 forced political refugees to flee. Those who came to the U.S. were called the Forty-Eighters. Many joined the new anti-slavery Republican Party, such as Carl Schurz, a nationally important politician. In the late 19th century Germans were active in the labor movement. Labor unions enabled skilled craftsmen to control their working conditions and to have a voice in American society. Since 1914 A combination of patriotism and anti-German sentiment along with civil strife during both world wars caused most German-Americans to cut their former ties and assimilate into mainstream American culture with disbanding of German cultural groups. There was a collapse in teaching the German language in schools and colleges. German-related placenames were changed. During the Third Reich (1933–1945) a wave of German Jews and other political anti-Nazi refugees left, but restrictive immigration policies blocked many of them from entering the U.S. Among those who did enter were Albert Einstein and Henry Kissinger. Today, German-Americans form the largest self-reported ancestry group in the United States, with California and Pennsylvania having the highest numbers with German ancestry. Education and culture German culture was an important inspiration for American thinkers before 1914. Philosophy The influential literary, political, and philosophical movement of Transcendentalism emerged in New England in the early 19th century. It centered around Ralph Waldo Emerson and derived from European Romanticism, German Biblical criticism, and the transcendental philosophy of Immanuel Kant and German idealism. In the late 19th century German Hegelianism was taught by Friedrich August Rauch as well as William T. Harris and the St. Louis Hegelians. It represented an extreme idealism in opposition to pragmatism. Education Upon becoming the secretary of education of Massachusetts in 1837, Horace Mann (1796–1859) worked to create a statewide system of professional teachers, based on the Prussian model of "common schools." Prussia was developing a system of education by which all students were entitled to the same content in their public classes. Mann initially focused on elementary education and on training teachers. The common-school movement quickly gained strength across the North. His crusading style attracted wide national support, providing a German roots for the school systems in most states. An important technique which Mann had learned in Prussia and introduced in Massachusetts in 1848 was to place students in grades by age. They progressed through the grades together, regardless of differences of aptitude. In addition, he used the lecture method common in European universities, which required students to receive professional instruction rather than teach one another. American adopted the German kindergarten. German immigrants brought gymnastics and physical education through the Turner movement. Over 15,000 American scholars and scientists studied at German universities before 1914; 8% were women. They returned with PhDs and built research-oriented universities based on the German model, such as Cornell, Johns Hopkins, Chicago and Stanford, and upgraded established schools like Harvard, Columbia and Wisconsin. Flush with dollars, they built research libraries overnight, often by purchasing major collections in Europe. Syracuse University purchased the research library of Germany's leading historian Leopold von Ranke (1795-1886). Music In the colonial era, the Pennsylvania German sects brought their love of music. Moravian music proved widely influential. In the mid to late late 19th century, Philadelphia, Boston, New York, Cincinnati, Chicago and other musically inclined cities created symphony orchestras which featured German classical music; prominent German conductors were hired, along with performers and teachers. Theodore Thomas (1835–1905) was the most influential figure, introducing modern European composers and orchestral technique to New York, Cincinnati and Chicago. In return, Matthias Hohne brought the harmonica to Germany in 1857, where hooty-tooty became popular. Science and medicine Samuel Hahnemann (1755–1843) was a German physician who created pseudoscientific system of alternative medicine called homeopathy. It was introduced to the United States in 1825 by Hans Birch Gram, a student of Hahnemann. It became popular in the U.S. well before it caught on in Germany. Physicians in Germany learned about narcotics for anesthesia from the U.S. Diplomacy and trade 1775 to 1870 During the American Revolution (1775–1783), King Frederick the Great of Prussia strongly hated the British. He favored the Kingdom of France and impeded Britain's war effort in subtle ways, such as blocking the passage of Hessian mercenaries. However, the importance of British trade and the risk of attack from Austria made him pursue a peace policy and maintain an official strict neutrality. After the war, direct trade was minimal. What existed ran between the American ports of Baltimore, Norfolk, and Philadelphia and the old Hanseatic League free cities of Bremen, Hamburg, and Lübeck grew steadily. Americans exported tobacco, rice, cotton, and imported textiles, metal products, colognes, brandies, and toiletries. The Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815) and increasing instability in the German Confederation states led to a decline in the modest trade between the United States and the Hanse cities. The level of trade never came close to matching the trade with Britain. It further declined because the US delayed a commercial treaty until 1827. US diplomacy was ineffective, but the commercial consuls, local businessmen, handled their work so well that the US successfully developed diplomatic ties with the Kingdom of Prussia. The Kingdom of Prussia under Friedrich Wilhelm III took the initiative in sending trade experts to Washington in 1834. The first permanent American diplomat came in 1835, when Henry Wheaton was sent to Prussia. The American secretary of state (foreign minister) said in 1835 that "not a single point of controversy exists between the two countries calling for adjustment; and that their commercial intercourse, based upon treaty stipulations, is conducted upon those liberal and enlightened principles of reciprocity... which are gradually making their way against the narrow prejudices and blighting influences of the prohibitive system." The German revolutions of 1848–1849 were celebrated in the U.S., which was the only major country to bestow diplomatic recognition on its short-lived National Assembly in Frankfort. When the revolution was crushed, thousands of activists fled to the United States. The most important were Carl Schurz, Franz Sigel and Friedrich Hecker. The exiled Germans became known as the Forty-Eighters. As the German element grew in Illinois, Abraham Lincoln worked to secure their support in the 1850s, including sponsoring a German language newspaper. However apart from the 48ers, most were Democrats During the American Civil War (1861–1865), all of the German states favored the northern Union but remained officially neutral. They did not support France's takeover of Mexico. Immigration flows continued and large numbers of immigrants and their sons enlisted in the Union Army. In St Louis, pro-Union German provided decisive support to suppress Confederate supporters. U.S. Consul General William Walton Murphy, based in Frankfurt on the Main, neutralized attempts by Confederates to borrow money. He solicited medical supplies, sold American bonds, facilitated German purchases of cotton seized by the U.S. Army, and promoted support for Lincoln's war goals in the German press. After the war Washington was neutral but favored Prussia in its wars against Denmark and Austria and felt that consolidation under Prussia was a good idea. Prussia was planning a major war against France and cultivated American support. After 1871 Washington was neutral in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–71, but public opinion favored the German cause. Relations with the new German Empire started on a high note. German men who immigrated to the U.S. then returned home were liable for military service, but that was a minor irritant and was largely resolved by treaties negotiated by American minister George Bancroft in 1868. In 1876, the German commissioner for the Centennial Exhibition in Philadelphia stated that the German armaments, machines, arts, and crafts on display were of inferior quality to British and American products. Germany industrialized rapidly under Chancellor Otto von Bismarck in 1870–1890, but its competition was more with Britain than with the US. It imported increasing amounts of American farm products, especially cotton, wheat and tobacco. Pork war and protectionism In the 1880s, ten European countries (Germany, Italy, Portugal, Greece, Spain, France, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, Romania, and Denmark) imposed a ban on importation of American pork. They pointed to vague reports of trichinosis that supposedly originated with American hogs. At issue was over 1.3 billion pounds of pork products in 1880, with a value of $100 million annually. European farmers were angry at cheap American food overrunning their home markets for wheat, pork, and beef; demanded for their governments to fight back; and called for a boycott. European manufacturing interests were also threatened by growing American industrial exports, and were angry at the high American tariff on imports from European factories. Chancellor Bismarck took a hard line, rejected the pro-trade German businessmen, and refused to join in scientific studies proposed by President Chester A. Arthur. American investigations reported that American pork was safe. Bismarck, because of his political base of German landowners, insisted on protection and ignored the leading German expert, Professor Rudolf Virchow, who condemned the embargo as unjustified. American public opinion grew angry at Berlin. President Grover Cleveland rejected retaliation, but it was threatened by his successor, Benjamin Harrison, who charged Whitelaw Reid, minister to France, and William Walter Phelps, minister to Germany, to end the boycott without delay. Harrison also persuaded Congress to enact the Meat Inspection Act of 1890 to guarantee the quality of the export product. President Harrison used his Agriculture Secretary Jeremiah McLain Rusk to threaten Berlin with retaliation by initiating an embargo against Germany's popular beet sugar. That proved decisive for Germany to relent in September 1891. Other nations soon followed, and the boycott was soon over. Samoan crisis Bismarck himself did not want colonies, but he reversed course in the face of public and elite opinion that favored imperialistic expansion around the world. In 1889, the US, Britain and Germany were locked in a petty dispute over control of the Samoan Islands, in the Pacific. The islands provided an ideal location for coaling stations needed by steamships in the South Pacific. The issue emerged in 1887 when the Germans tried to establish control over the island chain and President Cleveland responded by sending three naval vessels to defend the Samoan government. American and German warships faced off. Suddenly both sides were badly damaged by the 1889 Apia cyclone of March 15–17, 1889. The two powers and Britain agreed to meet in Berlin to resolve the crisis. Chancellor Bismarck decided to ignore the small issues involved and improve relations with Washington and London. The result was the Treaty of Berlin, which established a three-power protectorate in Samoa. The three powers agreed to Western Samoa's independence and neutrality. Historian George H. Ryden argues that President Harrison played a key role by taking a firm stand on every issue, which included the selection of the local ruler, the refusal to allow an indemnity for Germany, and the establishment of the three-power protectorate, a first for the U.S. A serious long-term result was an American distrust of Germany's foreign policy after Bismarck was forced to resign in 1890. When unrest continued, international tensions flared in 1899. Germany unilaterally pulled back the treaty and established a control over Western Samoa. It was seized by New Zealand in the First World War. Caribbean In the late 19th century, the Kaiserliche Marine (German Navy) sought to establish a coaling station somewhere in the Caribbean Sea area. Imperial Germany was rapidly building a blue-water navy, but coal-burning warships needed frequent refueling and so needed to operate within range of a coaling station. Preliminary plans were vetoed by Bismarck, who did not want to antagonize the US, but he was ousted in 1890 by the new emperor, Wilhelm II, and the Germans kept looking. Wilhelm did not publicly challenge Washington's Monroe Doctrine but his naval planners from 1890 to 1910 disliked it as a self-aggrandizing legal pretension and were even more concerned with the possible American canal at Panama, as it would lead to full American hegemony in the Caribbean. The stakes were laid out in the German war aims proposed by the German Navy in 1903: a "firm position in the West Indies," a "free hand in South America," and an official "revocation of the Monroe Doctrine" would provide a solid foundation for "our trade to the West Indies, Central and South America." By 1900, American "naval planners were obsessed with German designs in the Western Hemisphere and countered with energetic efforts to secure naval sites in the Caribbean." By 1904, German naval strategists had turned its attention to Mexico, where they hoped to establish a naval base in a Mexican port on the Caribbean Sea. They dropped that plan, but it became active again after 1911, the start of the Mexican Revolution and subsequent Mexican Civil War. Venezuelan crisis of 1902–1903 Venezuela defaulted on its foreign loan repayments in 1902, and Britain and Germany sent warships to blockade its ports and force repayment. Germany intended to land troops and occupy Venezuelan ports, but President Theodore Roosevelt got all sides to enter arbitration, which ended the crisis. In the short run in 1904 Roosevelt issued the Roosevelt Corollary, telling Europe when European nations had serious grievances in the Caribbean, the United States would intervene and resolve the crisis for them. Years later in 1916, when Roosevelt was energetically campaigning for the U.S. to enter World War I against Germany, he claimed that in 1903 he issued an ultimatum threatening war with Germany, forcing Berlin to back down. There is no record of any stern warning in the archives in Berlin or Washington, nor in the papers of any top American official dealing with foreign or military policy, nor anyone in Congress. No observer in Washington or Berlin had ever mentioned the supposed ultimatum. According to historian George Herring in 2011:No evidence has ever been discovered of a presidential ultimatum. Recent research concludes, on the contrary, that although the Germans behaved with their usual heavy-handedness, in general they followed Britain's lead. The British, in turn, went out of their way to avoid undermining their relations with the United States. Both nations accepted arbitration to extricate themselves from an untenable situation and stay on good terms with the United States. American images of Germany Before 1917 By 1900 American writers were criticizing German aggressiveness in foreign affairs, and warned against German militarism. Books on anti-German topics including politics, naval power, and diplomacy reached educated audiences. German-Americans stayed neutral and largely ignored Berlin; indeed many of them had left as young men to escape the German draft. The Venezuela episode of 1903 focused American media attention on Kaiser Wilhelm II, who was increasingly erratic and aggressive. The media highlighted his militarism and belligerent speeches and imperialistic goals. Meanwhile, London was becoming increasingly friendly toward Washington. However, when the U.S. was neutral in the First World War, Hollywood tried to be neutral. No one expected a war in 1914 until the July Crisis suddenly saw a major war between the Central Powers (Germany and Austria-Hungary) and the Allied (France, Britain and Russia), with smaller nations also involved. The US insisted on neutrality. President Woodrow Wilson's highest priority was to broker a peace and he used his trusted aide, Colonel House on numerous efforts. For example, on June 1, 1914, House met secretly with the Kaiser in his palace, proposing that Germany, the United States, and Britain unite to ensure peace and develop Third World countries. The Kaiser was mildly interested but Britain was in a major domestic crisis over Ireland and nothing developed. Apart from an Anglophile element of British descent, America public opinion at first echoed Wilson. The sentiment for neutrality was particularly strong among Irish Americans, German Americans, and Scandinavian Americans as well as poor white southern farmers, cultural leaders, Protestant churchmen, and women in general. The British argument that the Allies were defending civilization against a German militaristic onslaught gained support after reports of atrocities in Belgium in 1914. Outrage followed the sinking of the passenger liner RMS Lusitania in 1915. Americans increasingly came to see Germany as the aggressor who had to be stopped. Former President Roosevelt and many Republicans were war hawks, and demanded rapid American armament. Wilson insisted on neutrality and minimized wartime preparations to be able to negotiate for peace. After the Lusitania was sunk, with over 100 American passengers drowned, Wilson demanded that Imperial German Navy U-boats follow international law and allow passengers and crew to reach their lifeboats before ships were sunk. Germany reluctantly stopped sinking padenger liners. However, in January 1917, it decided that a massive infantry attack on the Western Front, coupled with a full-scale attack on all food shipments to Britain, would win the war at last. Berlin realized the resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare almost certainly meant war with the United States, but it calculated that the small American military would take years to mobilize and arrive, when Germany would have already won. Germany reached out to Mexico with the Zimmermann Telegram, offering a military alliance against the United States, hoping that Washington would divert most of its attention to attacking Mexico. London intercepted the telegram, the contents of which outraged American opinion. World War I: Democracy vs autocracy Wilson called on Congress to declare war on Germany in April 1917 in order to make the world "safe for democracy" and defeat militarism and autocracy. Washington expected to provide money, munitions, food, and raw materials but did not expect to send large troop contingents until it realized how weak the Allies were on the Western Front. After the collapse of Russia and its exit from the war in late 1917, Germany could reallocate 600,000 experienced troops to the Western Front. But by summer, American troops were arriving at the rate of 10,000 a day, every day, replacing all the Allied losses while the German Army shrank day by day until it finally collapsed in November 1918. On the home front, the German-American community quietly supported the American effort, but there was much unfounded suspicion otherwise. Germany was portrayed as a threat to American freedom and way of life. Inside Germany, the United States was treated as just another enemy and denounced as a false liberator that wanted to dominate Europe itself. As the war ended, however, the German people embraced Wilson's 14 points and promises of the just peace treaty. At the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, Wilson used his enormous prestige and co-operated with British Prime Minister David Lloyd George to block some of the harshest French demands against Germany in the Treaty of Versailles. Wilson devoted most of his strength to establishing the League of Nations, which he felt would end all wars. He also signed a treaty with France and Britain to guarantee American support to prevent Germany from invading France again. Wilson refused all compromises with the Republicans, who controlled Congress, and so the United States neither ratified the Treaty of Versailles nor joined the League of Nations. German dominance in chemicals and pharmaceuticals meant they controlled critical patents. The Congress abrogated the patents and licensed American companies to manufacture products such as Salvarsan, a major new German drug that could cure syphilis. In similar fashion the German drug company Bayer lost control of its patent—and its very high profits—on the world's most popular drug, aspirin. Interwar period 1920s Economic and diplomatic relations were positive during the 1920s. According to Frank Costigliola, Washington and Wall Street sought a prosperous and stable Europe; they felt success depended upon a prosperous Germany. Key players included officials Charles G. Dawes and Owen D. Young, Wall Street bankers, the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, and the first postwar ambassador, Alanson B. Houghton (1922–1925). New York banks played a major role in financing the rebuilding of the German economy. The policy worked after 1923, but depended upon a continuous flow of dollars. That flow largely ended with the start of the Great Depression in 1929. Washington rejected the harsh anti-German Versailles Treaty of 1920, and instead signed a new peace treaty that involved no punishment for Germany, and worked with Britain to create a viable Euro-Atlantic peace system. Ambassador Houghton believed that peace, European stability, and American prosperity depended upon a reconstruction of Europe's economy and political systems. He saw his role as promoting American political engagement with Europe. He overcame US opposition and lack of interest and quickly realized that the central issues of the day were all entangled in economics, especially war debts owed by the Allies to the United States, reparations owed by Germany to the Allies, worldwide inflation, and international trade and investment. Solutions, he believed, required new US policies and close co-operation with Britain and Germany. He was a leading promoter of the Dawes Plan. The high culture of Germany looked down upon American culture, The German right was suspicious of modernity, as represented by imported American ideas and tastes. However the younger German generation danced to American jazz. Hollywood had enormous influence on all age groups, with captions in German; after 1929 they flocked to sound films dubbed in German. Henry Ford's model of industrial efficiency attracted attention. German influence on American society and culture was limited after 1914. The flow of migration into the United States was small, and American scholars rarely attended German universities. The public generally ignored German culture. The American musical elite, according to Geoffrey S. Cahn, was sharply negative toward the atonal and serial compositions of Arnold Schoenberg, Alban Berg, and Paul Hindemith. They denounced it as dissonant and sterile. Nazi era 1933–41 Public opinion in the US was strongly hostile towards Nazi Germany and Adolf Hitler, but there was a strong aversion to war and to entanglement in European politics. President Franklin D. Roosevelt was preoccupied with implementing domestic New Deal policies to handle the Great Depression and was unfocused on foreign policy. The Roosevelt administration publicly hailed the Munich Agreement of 1938 for avoiding war but privately realized it was only a postponement that called for rapid rearming. Adolf Hitler in the 1920s expressed favorable views of the United States because of immigration restrictions and mistreatment of African-Americans and Native Americans. Historian Jens-Uwe Guettel denies there were any real links between American west and Nazi Germany's eastward expansion. He argues that Hitler rarely mentioned the American West or the extermination of Indians and "the Nazis did not use the settlement of western North America as a model for their occupation, colonization and extermination policies." After he gained power in 1933 Hitler increasingly identified the United States as his main enemy, and became convinced that Jews controlled Roosevelt. According to Jeffrey Herf, "Nazi attitudes towards FDR and the United States went from dubious assertions of common interests, during the New Deal, to growing hostility and then rage." Formal relations were cool until November 1938 and then turned very cold. The key event was American revulsion against Kristallnacht, the nationwide German assault on Jews and their institutions on 9–10 November 1938. Religious groups which had been pacifistic also turned hostile. While the total flow of refugees from Germany to the US was relatively small during the 1930s, many intellectuals escaped and resettled in the United States. Many were Jewish, including Albert Einstein and Henry Kissinger, but Washington's restrictions on immigration kept out most of the Jews who wanted to come. . Catholic universities were strengthened by the arrival of German Catholic intellectuals in exile, such as Waldemar Gurian at the University of Notre Dame. The American major film studios, with the exception of Warner Bros. Pictures which had a strongly anti-Nazi policy, censored and edited films so that they could be exported to Germany. World War II When World War II began with the German invasion of Poland in September 1939, the US was officially neutral until December 11, 1941, when Germany declared war on the US and Washington followed suit. Roosevelt's foreign policy had strongly favored Britain and France over Germany in 1939 to 1941. In 1940–1941, before the US entered the war officially, there was a massive buildup of American armaments, as well as the first peacetime draft for young men. Public opinion was bitterly divided, with isolationism strong at first but growing weaker month by month. German-Americans rarely supported Nazi Germany, but most called for American neutrality, as they had done in 1914–1917. The attack on Pearl Harbor evoked strong pro-American patriotic sentiments among German Americans, few of whom by then had contacts with distant relatives in the old country. Roosevelt was determined to avoid the mistakes made during the First World War. He made deliberate efforts to suppress anti-German-American sentiments. Private companies sometimes refused to hire any non-citizen, or American citizens of German or Italian ancestry. This threatened the morale of loyal Americans. Roosevelt considered this "stupid" and "unjust". In June 1941 he issued Executive Order 8802 and set up the Fair Employment Practice Committee, which also protected Blacks, Jews and other minorities. President Roosevelt sought out Americans of German ancestry for top war jobs, including General Dwight D. Eisenhower, Admiral Chester W. Nimitz, and General Carl Andrew Spaatz. He appointed Republican Wendell Willkie as a personal representative; Willkie, the son of German immigrants, had been his Republican opponent in the 1940 election. German Americans who had fluent German language skills were an important asset to wartime intelligence, and they served as translators and as spies for the United States. The US played a central role in the defeat of the Axis powers and Hitler was bitterly anti-American. Berlin attacked American participation with extensive propaganda value. The notorious "LIBERATORS" poster from 1944, shown here, was a revealing example. See [[Anti-Americanism#"Liberators" poster]] It depicts America as a monstrous, vicious war machine seeking to destroy European culture. The poster alludes to many negative aspects of American history, including the Ku Klux Klan, the oppression of Native Americans, and the lynching of blacks. The poster condemns American capitalism and says America is controlled by Jews. It shows American bombs destroying a helpless European village. Roosevelt was cautious about propaganda. The Nazis were targets, not the German people. In sharp contrast with 1917, atrocity stories were avoided. Cold War Following the defeat of the Third Reich, American forces were one of the occupation powers in postwar Germany. In parallel to denazification and "industrial disarmament" American citizens fraternized with Germans. The Berlin Airlift from 1948 to 1949 and the Marshall Plan (1948–1952) further improved the Germans' perception of Americans. West Germany The emergence of the Cold War made the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) the frontier of a democratic Western Europe and American military presence became an integral part in West German society. During the Cold War, West Germany developed into the largest economy in Europe and West German-US relations developed into a new transatlantic partnership. Germany and the US shared a large portion of their culture, established intensive global trade environment, and continued to co-operate on new high technologies. However, tensions remained between differing approaches on both sides of the Atlantic. The fall of the Berlin Wall and the subsequent German reunification marked a new era in German-American co-operation. East Germany Relations between the United States and East Germany were hostile. The United States followed Konrad Adenauer's Hallstein Doctrine, which declared that recognition of East Germany by any country would be treated as an unfriendly act by West Germany. Relations between the two German state thawed somewhat in the 1970s, as part of Détente between East and West and the 'Ostpolitik' policies of the Brandt government. United States recognized East Germany officially in September 1974, when Erich Honecker was the leader of the ruling Socialist Unity Party. To ward off the risk of internal dissent, General Secretary Erich Honecker enlarged the Stasi from 43,000 to 60,000 agents. East Germany imposed an official ideology that was reflected in all its media and all the schools. The official line stated that the United States had caused the breakup of the coalition against Adolf Hitler and had become the bulwark of reaction worldwide, with a heavy reliance on warmongering for the benefit of the "terrorist international of murderers on Wall Street." East Germans had a heroic role to play as a frontline against America. However few Germans believed it since had seen enough of the Soviets since 1945, and half-a-million Soviet soldiers were still stationed in East Germany with the Group of Soviet Forces in Germany as late as 1989. Furthermore, East Germans were exposed to information from relatives in the West, Radio Free Europe broadcasts from the United States, and the West German media. The official Communist media ridiculed the modernism and cosmopolitanism of American culture, and denigrated the features of the American way of life, especially jazz music and rock 'n roll. The East German regime relied heavily on its tight control of youth organizations to rally them, with scant success, against American popular culture. The older generations were more concerned with the poor quality of food, housing, and clothing, which stood in dramatic contrast to the prosperity of West Germany. Professionals in East Germany were watched for any sign of deviation from the party line; their privileges were at risk. The choice was to comply or to flee to West Germany, which was relatively easy before the crackdown and the Berlin Wall of 1961. Americans saw East Germany simply as a puppet of Moscow, with no independent possibilities. Reunification 1989-1990 President George H. W. Bush (1989–1993) played a large part by his constant support of unification, and several US historians argue that Bush had a significant role in ensuring the unified Germany committed to NATO. While Britain and France were wary of a re-unified Germany, Bush strongly supported West German Chancellor Helmut Kohl in pushing for rapid German reunification in 1990. Bush believed that a reunified Germany would serve U.S. interests, but he also saw reunification as providing a final symbolic end to World War II. After extensive negotiations, Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev agreed to allow a reunified Germany to be a part of NATO under the condition that the former territory of the German Democratic Republic would not be remiliterised, and Germany officially reunified in October 1990. This was a situation previously considered unthinkable, given the previous status of the Soviet Union, but it was made feasible by the time of the fall of the East German regime.Philip D. Zelikow, and Condoleezza Rice. Germany Unified and Europe Transformed: A Study in Statecraft (1995) excerpt Bush paid attention to domestic public opinion. Serious doubts about reunification were voiced by the Jewish-American and Polish-American communities—whose families had suffered immensely from Nazism. However, the largely positive public opinion towards German unification in the United States generally corresponded to the sentiments of the usually passive German-American community. Reunified Germany During the early 1990s, the reunified Germany was called a "partnership in leadership" as the US emerged as the world's sole superpower. Germany's effort to incorporate any major military actions into the European Union's slowly-progressing Common Security and Defence Policy did not meet the expectations of the U.S. during the Gulf War of 1990–1991. Since 2001 After the September 11 attacks in 2001, German-American political relations were strengthened in an effort to combat terrorism, and Germany sent troops to Afghanistan as part of the NATO force. Yet, discord continued over the Iraq War, when German Chancellor Gerhard Schröder and Foreign Minister Joschka Fischer made efforts to prevent war and did not join the US and the UK, which both led multinational force in Iraq.Joschka Fischer interviewed by Gero von Boehm; originally broadcast on 3Sat in 2010; version with English subtitles on YouTube Anti-Americanism rose to the surface after the attacks of 11 September 2001 as hostile German intellectuals argued there were ugly links between globalization, Americanization, and terrorism. In response to the 2013 mass surveillance disclosures, in which it was revealed that the NSA may have wiretapped major German instutions, including the phone line of Chancellor Merkel, Germany cancelled the 1968 intelligence sharing agreement with the US and UK. Longstanding close relations with the United States flourished especially under the Obama Administration (2009–2017). In 2016 President Barack Obama hailed Chancellor Angela Merkel as his “closest international partner.” However relations worsened dramatically during the Trump administration (2017–2021), especially regarding NATO funding, trade, tariffs, and Germany's energy dependence upon the Russian Federation.Stefan Theil, "Berlin's Balancing Act: Merkel Needs Trump-But Also Needs to Keep Her Distance." Foreign Affairs 96 (2017): 9–16. In May 2017, Merkel met Donald Trump, the paternal grandson of German immigrants. His statements that the U.S. had been taken advantage of in trade deals during previous administrations had already strained relations with several EU countries and other American allies. Without mentioning Trump specifically, Merkel said after a NATO summit "The times when we could completely rely on others are, to an extent, over," This came after Trump had said "The Germans are bad, very bad" and "See the millions of cars they are selling to the U.S. Terrible. We will stop this." In 2021 talks and meetings with Merkel and other European leaders, President Joe Biden spoke of bilateral relations, bolstering transatlantic relations through NATO and the European Union, and closely coordinating on key issues, such as Iran, China, Russia, Afghanistan, climate change, the COVID-19 pandemic and multilateral organizations. In early February 2021, Biden froze the Trump administration's withdrawal of 9,500 troops from U.S. military bases in Germany. Biden's freeze was welcomed by Berlin, which said that the move "serves European and transatlantic security and hence is in our mutual interest." Merkel met Biden in Washington on July 15, 2021, with an agenda covering COVID-19 pandemic, global warming and economic issues. Trump's opposition to the $11 billion Nord Stream 2 gas pipeline remains an unresolved issue under Biden. Perceptions and values in the two countries The exploits of gunslingers on the American frontier played a major role in American folklore, fiction and film. The same stories became immensely popular in Germany, which produced its own novels and films about the American frontier. Karl May (1842–1912) was a German writer best known for his adventure novels set in the American Old West. His main protagonists are Winnetou and Old Shatterhand.Christopher Frayling, Spaghetti Westerns: Cowboys and Europeans from Karl May to Sergio Leone (2006) The German fascination with Native Americans dates to the early 19th century, with a volumous literature. Typical writings focus on "Indianness" and authenticity. Germany and the US are civil societies. Germany's philosophical heritage and American spirit for "freedom" interlock to a central aspect of Western culture and Western civilization. Even though developed under different geographical settings, the Age of Enlightenment is fundamental to the self-esteem and understanding of both nations. The American-led invasion of Iraq changed the perception of the US in Germany significantly. A 2013 BBC World Service poll shows found that 35% find American influence to be positive while 39% view it to be negative. Both countries differ in many key areas, such as energy and military intervention. A survey conducted on behalf of the German embassy in 2007 showed that Americans continued to regard Germany's failure to support the war in Iraq as the main irritant in relations between the two nations. The issue was of declining importance, however, and Americans still considered Germany to be their fourth most important international partner behind the United Kingdom, Canada and Japan. Americans considered economic cooperation to be the most positive aspect of US-German relations with a much smaller role played by Germany in U.S. politics. Among the nations of Western Europe, German public perception of the US is unusual in that it has continually fluctuated back and forth from fairly positive in 2002 (60%), to considerably negative in 2007 (30%), back to mildly positive in 2012 (52%), and back to considerably negative in 2017 (35%) reflecting the sharply polarized and mixed feelings of the German people for the United States. According to findings from the Pew Research Center and Körber-Stiftung in 2021 Americans considered Germany to be their fifth most important foreign policy partner, while Germans in turn regarded the US as their most important partner. Hostilities and tensions German observers took a keen interest in American race relations, especially the inferior status of Blacks in the South. Visitors stressed the incongruity of American democratic ideals and the system of segregation prevalent before 1965. While musical connoisseurs deplored the low state of classical music in America, dixieland black jazz music became popular with youth in Berlin and other cities in the 1920s. Germans came to appreciate country music in the 1950s. During World War I, German compositions were dropped from the classical music repertoire temporarily. Dr. Karl Muck, conductor of the Boston Symphony Orchestra, was arrested and deported in 1919. The Metropolitan Opera in New York City restored Wagner's "Ring cycle" in 1924. In the postwar era 1945–1970, as the United States helped rebuild West Germany, anti-Americanism was weak. However, in the late 1960s, West Germany's youth contrasted the images of Woodstock—which they liked—and Vietnam—which they hated. Young rebels turned to violence to destroy the foundations of a society that backed American cultural imperialism. Anti-Americanism reappeared among intellectuals after the attacks on 11 September 2001 because some of them linked globalization, Americanization, and terrorism. The War in Iraq in 2003 was highly unpopular at all levels of German society. During the Cold War, anti-Americanism was the official government policy in East Germany, and pro-American dissenters were punished. In West Germany, anti-Americanism was the common position on the left, but a majority of the population held positive views towards the United States. Germany's refusal to support the American-led invasion of Iraq in 2003 was often seen in the United States itself as a manifestation of anti-Americanism. Anti-Americanism had been muted on the right since 1945, but reemerged in the 21st century especially in the Alternative for Germany (AfD) party that began in opposition to European Union, and now has become both anti-American and anti-immigrant. Annoyance or distrust of the Americans was heightened in 2013 by revelations of American spying on top German officials, including Chancellor Angela Merkel. Military relations History German-American military relations began in the American Revolution when German troops fought on both sides. Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben, a former Captain in the Prussian Army, was appointed Inspector General of the Continental Army and played the major role in training American soldiers to the best European standards. Von Steuben is considered to be one of the founding fathers of the United States Army. Another German that served during the American Revolution was Major General Johann de Kalb, who served under Horatio Gates at the Battle of Camden and died as a result of several wounds he sustained during the fighting. About 30,000 German mercenaries fought for the British, with 17,000 hired from Hesse, about one in four of the adult male population of the principality. The Hessians fought under their own officers under British command. Leopold Philip de Heister, Wilhelm von Knyphausen, and Baron Friedrich Wilhelm von Lossberg were the principal generals who commanded these troops with Frederick Christian Arnold, Freiherr von Jungkenn as the senior German officer. German Americans have been very influential in the American military. Some notable figures include Brigadier General August Kautz, Major General Franz Sigel, General of the Armies John J. Pershing, General of the Army Dwight D. Eisenhower, Fleet Admiral Chester Nimitz, and General Norman Schwarzkopf, Jr. Today The United States established a permanent military presence in Germany at the end of the Second World War that continued throughout the Cold War, with a peak level of over 274,000 U.S. troops stationed in Germany in 1962, and was drawn down in the early 21st century. The last American tanks were withdrawn from Germany in 2013, but they returned the following year to address a gap in multinational training opportunities. The U.S. had 35,000 American troops in Germany in 2017. Germany and the United States are joint NATO members. Both nations have cooperated closely in the War on Terror, for which Germany provided more troops than any other nation. Germany hosts the headquarters of the US Africa Command and the Ramstein Air Base, a U.S. Air Force base. The two nations had opposing public policy positions in the War in Iraq; Germany blocked US efforts to secure UN resolutions in the buildup to war, but Germany quietly supported some US interests in southwest Asia. German soldiers operated military biological and chemical cleanup equipment at Camp Doha in Kuwait; German Navy ships secured sea lanes to deter attacks by Al Qaeda on U.S. Forces and equipment in the Persian Gulf; and soldiers from Germany's Bundeswehr deployed all across southern Germany to US military bases to conduct force protection duties in place of German-based U.S. Soldiers who were deployed to the Iraq War. The latter mission lasted from 2002 until 2006, by which time nearly all these Bundeswehr were demobilized. U.S. soldiers wounded in Iraq received medical treatment at the Landstuhl Regional Medical Center, a US military hospital located in Rheinland Pfalz. In March 2019, Trump was reportedly drafting a demand several countries, including Germany, to pay the United States 150% of the cost of the American troops deployed on their soil. The proposed demand was criticized by experts. Douglas Lute, a retired general and former US ambassador to NATO, said that Trump was using "a misinformed narrative that these facilities are there for the benefits of those countries. The truth is they're there and we maintain them because they're in our interest." In a sharp deterioration of relations, in summer 2020, Washington announced plans to significantly cut the number of US military personnel stationed in Germany, from 34,500 to 25,000. Members of the German government criticized the move, calling it "unacceptable" and stating that current US-German relations are "complicated." President Trump told reporters that US troops: are there to protect Germany, right? And Germany is supposed to pay for it....Germany’s not paying for it. We don’t want to be the suckers any more. The United States has been taken advantage of for 25 years, both on trade and on the military. So we’re reducing the force because they’re not paying their bills. As of August 2020, the plan was to move 11,900 troops out of Germany and reassign them elsewhere in Europe, either immediately or after first returning them to the United States for a while. The movement is estimated to cost billions of dollars. In February 2021 President Biden decided to freeze the withdrawal of the troops initiated by his predecessor for further review of the troop deployment around the world. Economic relations Economic relations between Germany and the United States are average. The Transatlantic Economic Partnership between the US and the EU, which was launched in 2007 on Germany's initiative, and the subsequently created Transatlantic Economic Council open up additional opportunities. The US is Germany's principal trading partner outside the EU and Germany is the US's most important trading partner in Europe. In terms of the total volume of U.S. bilateral trade (imports and exports), Germany remains in fourth place, behind Canada, China and Mexico. The US ranks fourth among Germany's trading partners, after the Netherlands, China and France. At the end of 2013, bilateral trade was worth $162 billion. Germany and the US are important to each other as investment destinations. At the end of 2012, bilateral investment was worth $320 billion, German direct investment in the US amounting to $266billion and U.S. direct investment in Germany $121 billion. At the end of 2012, US direct investment in Germany stood at approximately $121 billion, an increase of nearly 14% over the previous year (approximately $106 billion). During the same period, German direct investment in the US amounted to some $199 billion, below the previous year's level (approximately $215 billion). Germany is the second largest foreign investor in the US, only after the United Kingdom, and ranks third as a destination for US foreign direct investment. In 2019 the United States Senate announced intention of passing controversial legislation which threatened to place sanctions on German or European Union companies which work to complete a petrol-chemical pipeline between Germany and Russia. Cultural relations Karl May was a prolific German writer who specialized in writing Westerns. Although he visited America only once towards the end of his life, May was well known for his series of frontier novels, which provided Germans with an imaginary view of America. Notable German-American architects, artist, musicians and writers include: Josef Albers, artist and educator Albert Bierstadt, known for his lavish, sweeping landscapes of the American West Philip K. Dick, writer Walter Gropius, architect Albert Kahn, architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, architect Paul Hindemith, composer Philip Johnson, architect Otto Klemperer, conductor Henry Miller, writer Les Paul, guitarist Carl Schurz, politician and writer Dr. Seuss, writer and illustrator Alfred Stieglitz, photographer Kurt Vonnegut, writer German takes third place after Spanish and French among the foreign languages taught at American secondary schools, colleges and universities. Conversely, nearly half of the German population can speak English well. A German-American Friendship Garden was built in Washington, DC, and stands as a symbol of the positive and co-operative relations between the United States and the Federal Republic of Germany. It is on the historic axis between the White House and the Washington Monument on the National Mall, the garden borders Constitution Avenue between 15th and 17th Streets, where an estimated seven million visitors pass each year. The garden features plants native to both Germany and the United States and provides seating and cooling fountains. Commissioned to commemorate the 300th anniversary of German immigration to America, the garden was dedicated on November 15, 1988. Research and academia Following the Nazi rise to power in 1933, and in particular the passing of the Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service which removed opponents and persons with one Jewish grandparent from government positions (including academia), hundreds of physicists and other academics fled Germany and many came to the United States. James Franck and Albert Einstein were among the more notable scientists who ended up in the United States. Many of the physicists who fled were subsequently instrumental in the wartime Manhattan Project to develop the nuclear bomb. Following the World War II, some of these academics returned to Germany but many remained in the United States.The Forgotten Women Scientists Who Fled the Holocaust for the United States, Lorraine Boissoneault, Smithsonianmag, 9 November 2017 After WWII and during the Cold War, Operation Paperclip was a secret United States Joint Intelligence Objectives Agency (JIOA) program in which more than 1,600 German scientists, engineers, and technicians (many of whom were formerly registered members of the Nazi Party and some of whom had leadership roles in the Nazi Party), including Wernher von Braun's rocket team, were recruited and brought to the United States for government employment from post-Nazi Germany. Wernher von Braun, who built the German V-2 rockets, and his team of scientists came to the United States and were central in building the American space exploration program. Researchers at German and American universities run various exchange programs and projects, and focus on space exploration, the International Space Station, environmental technology, and medical science. Import cooperations are also in the fields of biochemistry, engineering, information and communication technologies and life sciences (networks through: Bacatec, DAAD). The United States and Germany signed a bilateral Agreement on Science and Technology Cooperation in February 2010. American cultural institutions in Germany In the postwar era, a number of institutions, devoted to highlighting American culture and society in Germany, were established and are in existence today, especially in the south of Germany, the area of the former U.S. Occupied Zone. They offer English courses as well as cultural programs. Resident diplomatic missions Resident diplomatic missions of Germany in the United States Washington, D.C. (Embassy) Atlanta (Consulate-General) Boston (Consulate-General) Chicago (Consulate-General) Houston (Consulate-General) Los Angeles (Consulate-General) Miami (Consulate-General) New York City (Consulate-General) San Francisco (Consulate-General) Resident diplomatic missions of the United States in Germany Berlin (Embassy) Düsseldorf (Consulate-General) Frankfurt (Consulate-General) Hamburg (Consulate-General) Leipzig (Consulate-General) Munich (Consulate-General) See also German Americans German interest in the Caribbean German language in the United States German Parliamentary Committee investigation of the NSA spying scandal History of German foreign policy Timeline of United States diplomatic history History of United States foreign policy Notable organizations American Academy in Berlin Atlantik-Brücke German Marshall Fund References Bibliography Adam, Thomas, ed. Germany and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History (3 vol ABC-CLIO, 2005), 1300pp of articles by experts excerpt Barclay, David E., and Elisabeth Glaser-Schmidt, eds. Transatlantic Images and Perceptions: Germany and America since 1776 (Cambridge UP, 1997) excerpt. Bailey, Thomas A. A Diplomatic History of the American People (10th edition 1980) online free to borrow. Gatzke, Hans W. Germany and the United States: A "Special Relationship?" (Harvard UP, 1980); popular history of diplomatic relations. Herring, George. From colony to superpower: U.S. foreign relations since 1776 (2011) Jonas, Manfred. The United States and Germany: a diplomatic history (Cornell UP, 1985), a standard scholarly survey. excerpt Meyer, Heinz-Dieter. The design of the university: German, American, and “world class”. (Routledge, 2016). Trefousse, Hans Louis, ed. Germany and America: essays on problems of international relations and immigration (Brooklyn College Press, 1980), essays by scholars. 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History of Education Quarterly 16#3 (1976): 321–341. in JSTOR Dippel, Horst. Germany and the American Revolution, 1770–1800 (1977), Showed a deep intellectual impact on Germany of the American Revolution. Doerries, Reinhard R. "Imperial Berlin and Washington: New Light on Germany's Foreign Policy and America's Entry into World War I." Central European History 11.1 (1978): 23–49. online. Doerries, Reinhard R. Imperial Challenge: Ambassador Count Bernstorff and German-American Relations, 1908–1917 (1989). Faust, Albert Bernhardt. The German Element in the United States with Special Reference to Its Political, Moral, Social, and Educational Influence. 2 vol (1909). vol. 1, vol. 2 Flanagan, Jason C. "Woodrow Wilson's" Rhetorical Restructuring": The Transformation of the American Self and the Construction of the German Enemy." Rhetoric & Public Affairs 7.2 (2004): 115-148. online Gazley, John Gerow. American Opinion of German Unification, 1848–1871 (1926). Noonan online Gienow-Hecht, Jessica C. E. "Trumpeting Down the Walls of Jericho: The Politics of Art, Music and Emotion in German-American Relations, 1870–1920," Journal of Social History (2003) 36#3 online Haworth, Paul Leland. "Frederick the Great and the American Revolution" American Historical Review (1904) 9#3 pp. 460–478 open access in JSTOR, Frederick hated England but kept Prussia neutral. Herwig, Holger H. Politics of frustration: the United States in German naval planning, 1889–1941 (1976). Holthaus, Leonie. "The liberal internationalist self and the construction of an undemocratic German other at the beginning of the twentieth century." in Prussians, Nazis and Peaceniks (Manchester UP, 2020). Jones, Kenneth Paul, ed. U.S. Diplomats in Europe, 1919–41 (ABC-CLIO. 1981) scholarly essays coiver the Ruhr crisis, Dawes Plan, Young Plan, and Nazi Germany. online Junker, Detlef. The Manichaean Trap: American Perceptions of the German Empire, 1871–1945 (German Historical Institute, 1995). Keim, Jeannette. Forty years of German-American political relations (1919) online, Comprehensive analysis of major issues, including tariff, China, Monroe Doctrine. Kennedy, Paul. Samoan Tangle: A Study in Anglo-German-American Relations 1878–1900 (1974). Kennedy, Paul. The Rise of the Anglo-German Antagonism: 1860–1914 (1980) Leab, Daniel J. "Screen Images of the 'Other' in Wilhelmine Germany and the United States, 1890–1918." Film History 9#1 (1997): 49–70. in JSTOR Lingelbach, William E. "Saxon-American Relations, 1778–1828." American Historical Review 17#3 (1912): 517–539. online Link, Arthur S. Wilson: The Struggle for Neutrality, 1914–1915 (1960). vol 3 of his biography of Woodrow Wilson; vol 4 and 5 cover 1915–1917. Marin, Séverine Antigone. "Personalized Competition: Theodore Roosevelt and Kaiser Wilhelm in German-American Relations." in Hans Krabbendam and John Thompson eds. America’s Transatlantic Turn (Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 2012) pp. 121–140. Maurer, John H. "American naval concentration and the German battle fleet, 1900–1918." Journal of Strategic Studies 6#2 (1983): 147–181. Mitchell, Nancy. The danger of dreams: German and American imperialism in Latin America (1999). Mustafa, Sam A. Merchants and Migrations: Germans and Americans in Connection, 1776–1835 (2001). Oehling, Richard A. "Germans in Hollywood Films: The Changing Image, 1914-1939." Film & History 3.2 (1973): 1-26. Oren, Ido. "The subjectivity of the 'democratic' peace: changing US perceptions of imperial Germany." International Security 20.2 (1995): 147–184. online Parsons, James Russell. Prussian schools through American eyes ; a report to the New York state Department of public instruction (1891) online Pochmann, Henry A. German Culture in America: Philosophical and Literary Influences 1600–1900 (1957). 890pp; comprehensive review of German influence on Americans esp 19th century. online Reeves, Jesse S. "The Prussian-American Treaties" American Journal of International Law (1917) vol. 11 online Röhrs, Hermann. The Classical German Concept of the University and Its Influence on Higher Education in the United States (Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 1995). Schoonover, Thomas. Germany in Central America: Competitive Imperialism, 1821–1929(1998) online Schröder, Hans-Jürgen, ed. Confrontation and cooperation: Germany and the United States in the era of World War I, 1900–1924 (1993). Schwabe, Klaus "Anti-Americanism within the German Right, 1917–1933," Amerikastudien/American Studies (1976) 21#1 pp 89–108. Schwabe, Klaus. Woodrow Wilson, Revolutionary Germany, and Peacemaking, 1918–1919, University of North Carolina Press, 1985. Shippee, Lester Burrell. "German-American Relations, 1890-1914." Journal of Modern History 8.4 (1936): 479–488. online, focus on trade wars. Sides, Ashley. What Americans Said about Saxony, and what this Says about Them: Interpreting Travel Writings of the Ticknors and Other Privileged Americans, 1800—1850 (MA Thesis, University of Texas at Arlington, 2008). online Singer, Sandra L. Adventures abroad : North American women at German-speaking universities, 1868-1915 (2003) online Small, Melvin. "The United States and the German 'Threat' to the Hemisphere, 1905–1914." The Americas 28#3 (1972): 252–270. Says there was no threat because Germany accepted the Monroe Doctrine. Trommler, Frank. "The Lusitania Effect: America's Mobilization against Germany in World War I." German Studies Review (2009): 241–266. online Vagts, Alfred. Deutschland und die Vereinigten Staaten in der Weltpolitik (2 vols.) (New York: Dornan, 1935), a major study of 2000 pages that was never translated. Vagts, Alfred. "Hopes and Fears of an American-German War, 1870–1915 I." Political Science Quarterly 54#4 (1939): 514–535. in JSTOR Vagts, Alfred. "Hopes and Fears of an American-German War, 1870–1915 II." Political Science Quarterly 55#1 (1940): 53–76. in JSTOR Wittke, Carl. Refugees of Revolution: The German Forty-Eighters in America (1952). at archive.org Wittke, Carl. "American Germans in Two World Wars." Wisconsin Magazine of History (1943): 6–16. online Zacharasiewicz, Waldemar. Images of Germany in American literature (2007). 1933–1941 Bell, Leland V. "The Failure of Nazism in America: The German American Bund, 1936–1941." Political Science Quarterly 85#4 (1970): 585–599. in JSTOR Dallek Robert. Roosevelt and American Foreign Policy (Oxford University Press, 1979) Fischer, Klaus P. Hitler & America (2011) online Freidel, Frank. "FDR vs. Hitler: American Foreign Policy, 1933-1941" Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society. Vol. 99 (1987), pp. 25–43 online. Frye, Alton. Nazi Germany and the American Hemisphere, 1933–1941 (1967). Haag, John. "Gone With the Wind in Nazi Germany." Georgia Historical Quarterly 73#2 (1989): 278–304. in JSTOR Heilbut, Anthony. Exiled in Paradise: German Refugee Artists and Intellectuals in America from the 1930s to the Present (1983). Margolick, David. Beyond Glory: Joe Louis vs. Max Schmeling and a World on the Brink. (2005), world heavyweight boxing championship. Nagorski, Andrew. Hitlerland: American Eyewitnesses to the Nazi Rise to Power (2012). Norden, Margaret K. "American Editorial Response to the Rise of Adolf Hitler: A Preliminary Consideration." American Jewish Historical Quarterly 59#3 (1970): 290–301. in JSTOR Offner, Arnold A. American Appeasement: United States Foreign Policy and Germany, 1933–1938 (Harvard University Press, 1969) online edition Pederson, William D. ed. A Companion to Franklin D. Roosevelt (2011) online pp 636–52, FDR's policies Rosenbaum, Robert A. Waking to Danger: Americans and Nazi Germany, 1933–1941 (2010) online Sandeen, Eric J. 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A History of West Germany Vol 1: From Shadow to Substance, 1945–1963 (1989); A History of West Germany Vol 2: Democracy and Its Discontents 1963–1988 (1989), the standard scholarly history in English Blumenau, Bernhard, 'German Foreign Policy and the 'German Problem' During and After the Cold War: Changes and Continuities'. in: B Blumenau, J Hanhimäki & B Zanchetta (eds), New Perspectives on the End of the Cold War: Unexpected Transformations? Ch. 5. London: Routledge, 2018. . Brady, Steven J. Eisenhower and Adenauer: Alliance maintenance under pressure, 1953–1960 (Rowman & Littlefield, 2009). online review Casey, Stephen, Cautious Crusade: Franklin D. Roosevelt, American Public Opinion, and the War against Nazi Germany (2004) Clark, Claudia. Dear Barack: The Extraordinary Partnership of Barack Obama and Angela Merkel (2021) Costigliola, Frank. "An 'Arm around the Shoulder': The United States, NATO and German Reunification, 1989-90." Contemporary European History (1994) pp: 87–110. online Costigliola, Frank. "Lyndon B. Johnson, Germany, and ‘The End of the Cold War.’." in Lyndon Johnson Confronts the World: American Foreign Policy, 1963–1968 (1963) pp: 173-210. Gimbel John F. American Occupation of Germany (Stanford UP, 1968) Granieri, Ronald J. The Ambivalent Alliance: Konrad Adenauer, the CDU/CSU, and the West, 1949-1966 (Berghahn Books, 2003). Hanrieder Wolfram. West German Foreign Policy, 1949–1979 (Westview, 1980) Höhn, Maria H. GIs and Frèauleins: The German-American Encounter in 1950s West Germany (U of North Carolina Press, 2002) Immerfall, Stefan. Safeguarding German-American Relations in the New Century: Understanding and Accepting Mutual Differences (2006) Ingimundarson, Valur. "The Eisenhower Administration, the Adenauer Government, and the Political Uses of the East German Uprising in 1953." Diplomatic History 20.3 (1996): 381–410. online Ingimundarson, Valur. "Containing the Offensive: The 'Chief of the Cold War' and the Eisenhower Administration's German Policy." Presidential Studies Quarterly 27.3 (1997): 480–495. online Junker, Detlef, et al. eds. The United States and Germany in the Era of the Cold War, 1945–1968: A Handbook, Vol. 1: 1945–1968; (2004) excerpt and text search; Vol. 2: 1968–1990 (2004) excerpt and text search, comprehensive coverage. Kefferputz, Roderick and Jeremy Stern. "The United States, Germany, and World Order: New Priorities for a Changing Alliance." Atlantic Council: Issue Brief (2021) online Kuklick, Bruce. American Policy and the Division of Germany: The Clash with Russia over Reparations (Cornell University Press, 1972) Langenbacher, Eric, and Ruth Wittlinger. "The End of Memory? German-American Relations under Donald Trump." German Politics 27.2 (2018): 174–192. Large, David Clay. Germans to the Front: West German Rearmament in the Adenauer Era (U of North Carolina Press, 1996). Ninkovich, Frank. Germany and the United States: The Transformation of the German Question since 1945 (1988) Nolan, Mary. "Anti-Americanism and Americanization in Germany." Politics & Society (2005) 33#1 pp 88–122. Pells, Richard. Not like Us: How Europeans Have Loved, Hated and Transformed American Culture since World War II (1997) online Pettersson, Lucas. "Changing images of the USA in German media discourse during four American presidencies." International Journal of Cultural Studies (2011) 14#1 pp 35–51. Poiger, Uta G. Jazz, Rock, and Rebels Cold War Politics and American Culture in a Divided Germany (2000) Pommerin, Reiner. The American Impact on Postwar Germany (Berghahn Books, 1995) * Smith, Gaddis. American Diplomacy During the Second World War, 1941-1945 (1965) online Smith Jean E. Lucius D. Clay (1990), scholarly biography excerpt Smyser, William R. Restive Partners: Washington and Bonn Diverge (Routledge, 2019). excerpt Spohr, Kristina. "Precluded or precedent-setting? The 'NATO enlargement question' in the triangular Bonn-Washington-Moscow diplomacy of 1990–1991." Journal of Cold War Studies 14.4 (2012): 4-54. online Stephan, Alexander, ed. Americanization and anti-Americanism: the German encounter with American culture after 1945 (Berghahn Books, 2013). Szabo, Stephen F. "Different Approaches to Russia: The German–American–Russian Strategic Triangle." German Politics 27.2 (2018): 230–243, regarding the Cold War Historiography and memory Adams, Willi Paul. "American History Abroad: Personal Reflections on the Conditions of Scholarship in West Germany." Reviews in American History 14.4 (1986): 557–568. online Depkat, Volker. "Introduction: American History/ies in Germany: Assessments, Transformations, Perspectives." Amerikastudien/American Studies (2009): 337–343. in JSTOR Doerries, Reinhard R. "The Unknown Republic: American History at German Universities." Amerikastudien/American Studies (2005): 99–125. in JSTOR Fiebig-von Hase, Ragnhild, and Ursula Lehmkuhl, eds. Enemy images in American history (Berghahn Books, 1998). Gassert, Philipp. "Writing about the (American) past, thinking of the (German) present: The history of US foreign relations in Germany." Amerikastudien/American Studies (2009): 345–382. in JSTOR Gassert, Philipp. "The Study of U.S. History in Germany." European Contributions to American Studies (2007), Vol. 66, pp 117–132. Schröder, Hans-Jürgen. "Twentieth-Century German-American Relations: Historiography and Research Perspectives" in Frank Trommler, Joseph McVeigh eds., America and the Germans, Volume 2: An Assessment of a Three-Hundred Year History--The Relationship in the Twentieth Century (1985) online Sielke, Sabine. "Theorizing American Studies: German Interventions into an Ongoing Debate." European journal of American studies 1.1-1 (2006) online Stelzel, Philipp. "Working toward a common goal? American views on German historiography and German-American scholarly relations during the 1960s." Central European History 41.4 (2008): 639–671. online Strunz, Gisela. American Studies oder Amerikanistik?: Die deutsche Amerikawissenchaft und die Hoffnung auf Erneuerung der Hochschulen und der politischen Kultur nach 1945 (Springer-Verlag, 2013). Tuttle, William M. "American higher education and the Nazis: the case of James B. Conant and Harvard University's" diplomatic relations" with Germany." American Studies 20.1 (1979): 49-70. online Wilhelm, Cornelia. "Nazi Propaganda and the Uses of the Past: Heinz Kloss and the Making of a" German America"." Amerikastudien/American Studies'' (2002): 55–83. online External links U.S. Embassy and Consulates in Germany List of U.S. Embassy and Consulates in Germany German Missions in the United States List of German Embassy and Consulates General in the United States "A Guide to the United States’ History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations, by Country, since 1776: Germany". United States Department of State. Retrieved June 1, 2017. American Chamber of Commerce in Germany AICGS American Institute for Contemporary German Studies in Washington, D.C. American Council on Germany Atlantische Akademie Rheinland-Pfalz e.V. The Atlantic Times German reports on USA DAAD New York, for Germans studying in USA United States Bilateral relations of the United States

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Guang'an

Guang'an () is a prefecture-level city in eastern Sichuan province. It is most famous as the birthplace of China's former paramount leader Deng Xiaoping. Guang'an lies between the hills of central Sichuan and the gorges area of the east.Guang'an is the only "Sichuan Chongqing Cooperation Demonstration Zone" in Sichuan and the nearest prefecture level city from the main city of Chongqing. It has been incorporated into the 1 hour economic circle of Chongqing. Because of its strategic location, it is called the "Gateway to Eastern Sichuan". Its population as of 2020 census was 3,254,883, of whom 976,370 lived in the built-up (or metro) area made of 2 urban districts. Geography and climate Guang'an is located on a gradually rising section along the edge of the Sichuan Basin. The area is . The eastern part of Guang'an is mountainous, the central part hilly, and the western part is relatively flat. The elevation ranges from only 185 to 1704 meters above sea-level. The main rivers are the Qu through the center of the area and the Jialing through the west. The climate is temperate and the weather is monsoonal. The average temperature is . Winters are mild and summers are hot. The average rainfall is between . The frost-free period lasts 310–324 days. Winter and spring have relatively little rain while in summer there are heavy rain showers. Autumns have almost constant rain and light wind. Administration Guang'an city has 1 (sub)city, 3 counties, 87 towns, and 2886 villages within it, a total population of 3,205,476 in 2010 census. None of the districts are urban in character as of 2010, nevertheless, large scale dense urban building projects and even urban rapid transit are nearing completion as of 2019, remaking the urbanscape entirely, and 2010 census data relegated to dated and unreliable. Transport The city lies on the north-south China National Highway 212. A , seven station monorail is under construction as part of the planned two line Guang'an Metro. The first line was due to open in 2020 but testing has been delayed and as of June 2021 the line is still now open. Economy Guang'an's economy is natural resource based. Mineral resources are plentiful and the soil is ideal for agriculture. Tourism Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping's birthplace and former residence museum is located in Paifang village () in Xiexing town (). Guang'an also has beautiful natural scenery including many mountains and gorges designated as parks. References Cities in Sichuan Prefecture-level divisions of Sichuan

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory%20Game

Memory Game

Memory Game (sometimes referred to as Joe Garagiola's Memory Game) was an American television game show that aired on NBC. The series – hosted by Joe Garagiola – ran from February 15 to July 30, 1971. The show's creator and packager was Merv Griffin, and its announcer was Johnny Olson (his only announcing job for Merv Griffin Productions). Gameplay Five contestants, all women and one of them a returning champion (or designate), competed and were spotted $50 at the start of the game. Before each round, they were each given a booklet containing the questions and answers to be used in that round. The time they had to study the material varied per round. Once the study time period elapsed, the show's assistants collected the booklets and Garagiola began asking questions at random from the booklet. The champion – who was seated in the number 1 position – could elect to answer or call out an opponent's number (2 through 5). That player could answer or call any of her opponents to answer, and so on until a "time's up" buzzer sounded. At that time, the active player at that moment had to answer. A correct answer was worth $5, a wrong answer lost that amount. Play continued in this fashion until all the questions were exhausted. Subsequent rounds were played with increased stakes ($10 in Round 2, $20 in Round 3 and all future rounds). The winner at the end of the show won a $1,000 bonus and returned the next day to meet new challengers. If a contestant stayed on for three days, she retired undefeated and won a new car. Broadcast history Memory Game was one of eight shows NBC attempted to program in the 1:30 PM (12:30 Central) time slot between 1968 and 1975; like most of the others, CBS' As the World Turns and ABC's Let's Make a Deal (formerly seen on NBC) soundly defeated it in the ratings. Three weeks after this show's cancellation, NBC moved Garagiola to another daytime game, Sale of the Century, which he hosted for the rest of its original run. Three on a Match, hosted by Bill Cullen, replaced Memory Game on the NBC schedule. Production According to The Encyclopedia of Daytime Television by Wesley Hyatt, Griffin did not identify his production company on the end credits of the program. The talk-show host and entertainment mogul never gave any explanation for his decision. Episode status Much like other NBC games of the era, most episodes of Memory Game are believed to have been wiped as per network practices. Five episodes are known to exist at the UCLA Film and Television Archive. Audio of the premiere episode from February 15, 1971, was posted to You Tube in December 2022. References External links Memory Game entry at Internet Movie Database. NBC original programming American game shows 1970s American game shows 1971 American television series debuts 1971 American television series endings Television series by Merv Griffin Enterprises Television series by Sony Pictures Television Television series created by Merv Griffin Memory games

4042604

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tributyltin

Tributyltin

Tributyltin (TBT) is an umbrella term for a class of organotin compounds which contain the (C4H9)3Sn group, with a prominent example being tributyltin oxide. For 40 years TBT was used as a biocide in anti-fouling paint, commonly known as bottom paint, applied to the hulls of oceangoing vessels. Bottom paint improves ship performance and durability as it reduces the rate of biofouling, the growth of organisms on the ship's hull. The TBT slowly leaches out into the marine environment where it is highly toxic toward nontarget organisms. TBT toxicity can lead to biomagnification or bioaccumulation within such nontarget organisms like invertebrates, vertebrates, and a variety of mammals. TBT is also an obesogen. After it led to collapse of local populations of organisms, TBT was banned. Chemical properties TBT, or tributyltin, tributylstannyl or tributyl stannic hydride compounds are organotin compounds. They have three butyl groups covalently bonded to a tin(IV) centre. A general formula for these compounds is (n-C4H9)3Sn-X. The “X”, typically occurs in three forms, each an electronegative compound bound to a chloride, hydroxide, or a carboxylate. TBT is also known to be an endocrine disrupting compound, which influences biological activities such as growth, reproduction and other physiological processes. TBT compounds have a low water solubility, a property that is ideal for antifouling agents. The toxicity of TBT prevents the growth of algae, barnacles, molluscs and other organisms on ships hulls. When introduced into a marine or aquatic environment, TBT adheres to bed sediments. TBT has a low Log Kow of 3.19 – 3.84 in distilled water and 3.54 for sea water, this makes TBT moderately hydrophobic. TBT compounds have a high fat solubility and tend to absorb more readily to organic matter in soils or sediment. The bioaccumulation of TBT in organisms such as molluscs, oysters and dolphins, have extreme effects on their reproductive systems, central nervous systems and endocrine systems. However, the adsorption of TBT to sediments is reversible and depends on pH level in the body of water. TBT has a half-life of one or two weeks in marine water. When it accumulates in sediments its half life is about 2 years. TBT often bonds to suspended material and sediments, where it can remain and be released for up to 30 years. Studies have shown that 95% of TBT can be released from the sediments back into the aquatic environment. This absorption process can complicate quantification of TBT in an environment, since its concentration in the water is not representative of its availability. Uses Tributyltin (TBT) compounds are biocides. TBT's antifouling properties were discovered in the 1950s in the Netherlands by van der Kerk and coworkers. It prevents microorganisms from settling on the hull of a ship and poisons the organisms that end up settling. By the mid 1960s, it had become the most popular anti-fouling paint around the globe. TBT was mixed into paints to extend the life of antifouling coatings and ships were able to continue operations for a longer time frame. The paints ensured fuel efficiency and delayed costly ship repairs. It is also relatively inexpensive. TBT is also an ingredient in some disinfectants, for example in combination with quaternary ammonium compounds. Additionally, TBT has been used in the fertilizer, textile, and wood industries. It has antifungal properties that make it useful for both the production of textiles and wood preservation, and in the creation of biocides for paired use with fertilizers. Another use of TBT is that they were used as stabilizers in compounds like polyvinyl chlorides. Due to this usage of TBT, there are a variety of consumer products where traces of TBT can be found, like in textile fabrics, plastic polymers, silicon, and many more. Toxicity The effects of antifouling paint go beyond the organisms that it is intended to kill. By poisoning barnacles, algae, and other organisms at the bottom of the food chain, the bioaccumulation of TBT increases over time affecting more and more of the bottom feeders of the aquatic food web environment, which are mainly invertebrates and are affected by TBT. There is a slight biomagnification of TPT that has been demonstrated in the lower part of the marine food chain (i.e., planktonic organisms, invertebrates, and fishes). However, the biomagnification of TBT into larger marine animals such as marine mammals is debatable. Toxic effects in some species occur at 1 nano-gram per liter of water. Air pollution from TBT has not been noticed or considered significant enough to effect the environment. In the water, photodegradation and microorganisms can break down TBT and leach into the soil sediments. Bioaccumulation and biomagnification As TBT is most often used as a biofouling agent, it bioaccumulates in marine wildlife such as molluscs, with levels being higher in organisms and sediments in and around areas of high maritime activity, such as ports and harbours. The bioaccumulation increases over time, leading to a biomagnification in organisms higher up the food chain, although the biomagnification is not that considerable in size. As TBT can remain in the environment for up to 30 years due to often bonding to suspended material and sediments, it can remain in an ecosystem for a very long time. This means that bioaccumulation readily occurs in marine environments, which can lead to very high amounts of TBT being accumulated, especially in smaller organisms at the bottom of the food chain, which in turn has various health effects. Invertebrates Exposure to organotin compounds causes the development of male accessory sex organs in female prosobranch gastropods. This phenomenon has been termed imposex. TBT has been shown to affect invertebrate development. Marine snails, such as the dog whelk (Nucella lapillus), has often been used as an indicator species. In gastropods, the normal process of accessory sex organ development is retinoid dependent, as has been proven by the effect 9cisRA has on male penises. TBTs mimic the endogenous ligand of Retinoid X Receptor (9cisRA), and thus activates the signalling cascades that are retinoid acid dependent, promoting female penis growth. There have been many theories as to why molluscs are affected by TBT. For example, previous literature has stated that TBT would cause the inhibition of aromatase which would lead to an increase in testosterone and therefore, causing imposex. It was theorized that TBT disrupts endocrine system by inhibiting cytochrome P450 molecule. Among its myriad functions, P450 converts androgen, which has male-hormone properties, into oestrogen, which has female hormone properties. It was theorized that the high concentration of androgen lead to the masculinization of females. Another indicator species is Chironomus riparius, a species of non-biting midge, which has been used to test the effects of TBT on development and reproduction at sublethal concentrations found in marine environments. Higher concentrations of TBT were found to increase the female population and the results are interesting because unlike the masculinization of the stengoglassan gastropods, feminization was present. Vertebrates Vertebrates become affected by the waters contaminated with TBT, as well as by consuming organisms that have already been poisoned. Oryzias latipes, commonly called Japanese rice fish, has been used as a model vertebrate organism to test for effects of TBT at developmental stages of the embryo. It was observed that developmental rate was slowed by TBT in a concentration-related manner and that tail abnormalities occurred. Illustrating the infiltration of TBT in the food chain, one study showed that most samples of skipjack tuna tested positive for presence of TBT. Tuna from waters around developing Asian nations had particularly high levels of TBT. Regulation of TBT is not enforced in Asia as rigorously as in Europe or US. Studies have shown that TBT is detrimental to the immune system. Research shows that TBT reduces resistance to infection in fish which live on the seabed and are exposed to high levels of TBT. These areas tend to have silty sediment like harbours and estuaries. TBT compounds have been described to interfere with glucocorticoid metabolism in the liver by inhibiting the activity of the enzyme 11beta-hydroxysteroiddehydrogenase type 2, which converts cortisol to cortisone. Mammals TBT can enter the diet of humans and other mammals such as whales, dolphins, dugongs, and sea otters. As of 2008 high levels of tributyltin have been detected in the livers of sea otters (Enhydra lutris) and stranded bottlenose dolphins. Otters dying of infectious causes tended to have higher levels of tissue butyltins than those dying of trauma or other causes. It was also reported by scientists that sea otters typically stay near boats and closed off marinas, which may have led to these organisms experiencing higher levels of butyltins. TBT has been shown to lead to immunosuppression in sea-otters and dolphins. TBT has also been linked to hearing loss in mammalian top predators such as toothed whales. In rats, the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis can be affected by TBT. In the pituitary and adrenal glands, there have been findings of morphophysiological changes within rats affected by TBT. TBT can also affect humans as well. Humans can be exposed to these compounds and potentially experience headaches, fatigue, respiratory issues, and more. Long-term exposure can also lead to damage of some internal organs such as the kidneys and liver. Regulation Bans on TBT on boats less than 25 metres long first started in the 1980s. In 1990, the Marine Environment Protection Committee adopted Resolution MEPC 46(30), which recommended that the Government eliminate the use of TBT-containing antifouling paints on smaller vessels. This resolution was intended to be a temporary restriction until the International Maritime Organization could implement a ban of TBT anti-fouling agents for ships. Several countries followed and in 1997, Japan banned the production of TBT-based anti-fouling paints. The IMO began to use an Assembly resolution in 1999 that essentially wanted the MPEC to fix the severe environmental effects of the anti-fouling systems. This led to a worldwide ban on organotin compound applications on ships starting in 2003. In 2008, organotin compounds acting as biocide like TBT compounds were banned entirely in anti-fouling paint and included in the Rotterdam Convention and have been banned by the International Convention on the Control of Harmful Anti-fouling Systems on Ships of the International Maritime Organization. It states that ships cannot bear organotin compounds on their hulls or external parts or surfaces, unless there is a coating that forms a barrier so that organotin compounds cannot leach out to reduce exposure by allowing recovery to occur. Violations of the ban on TBT Although the ban on TBT use was proved to be effective on reducing the negative effects on the environment, some people that supplied them were still producing and selling them to other countries for a profit. Even though banned by some international agencies like the International Maritime Organization, TBT anti-fouling paints are still used in countries with poor regulation enforcement to this day, with the Caribbean being a prime example. U.S. Violations In November 2018, the US Department of Justice announced that three people they had charged and arrested in New Jersey for manufacturing and selling tributyltin based marine paint had pleaded guilty. The sentencing of these people was scheduled for February 2019. See also Triphenyltin Organotin chemistry Biomimetic antifouling coating References External links Newcastle University Biofouling Group "Ambient Aquatic Life Water Quality Criteria for Tributyltin (TBT)" United States Environmental Protection Agency, December 2003 Pesticides Endocrine disruptors Organotin compounds

4042609

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean%20and%20Environmentally%20Safe%20Advanced%20Reactor

Clean and Environmentally Safe Advanced Reactor

The Clean and Environmentally Safe Advanced Reactor (CAESAR) is a nuclear reactor concept created by Claudio Filippone, the Director of the Center for Advanced Energy Concepts at the University of Maryland, College Park and head of the ongoing CAESAR Project. The concept's key element is the use of steam as a moderator, making it a type of reduced moderation water reactor. Because the density of steam may be controlled very precisely, Filippone claims it can be used to fine-tune neutron fluxes to ensure that neutrons are moving with an optimal energy profile to split nuclei – in other words, cause fission. The CAESAR reactor design exploits the fact that the fission products and daughter isotopes produced via nuclear reactions also decay to produce additional delayed neutrons. Filippone claims that unlike light water-cooled fission reactors, where fission occurring in enriched fuel rods moderated by liquid-water coolant ultimately creates a Maxwellian thermal neutron flux profile, the neutron energy profile from delayed neutrons varies widely. In a conventional reactor, he theorizes, the moderator slows these neutrons down so that they cannot contribute to the reaction; has a comparatively large cross-section for neutrons at high energies. Filippone maintains that when steam is used as the moderator, the average neutron energy is increased from that of a liquid water-moderated reactor such that the delayed neutrons persist until they hit another nucleus. The resulting extremely high neutron economy, he claims, will make it possible to maintain a self-sustaining reaction in fuel rods of pure , once the reactor has been started by enriched fuel. Skeptics , however point out that it is generally believed that a controlled, sustained chain reaction is not possible with . Starting in the 1930s Physicists have used the Six factor formula and its derivative Four factor formula to calculate the behavior of nuclear chain reactions inside a mass of fissile material. Based on these calculations even an infinitely large mass of pure U-238 is incapable of sustaining a chain reaction with only its own neutron production, some level of fissile enrichment is always required. It can undergo fission when impacted by an energetic neutron with over 1 MeV of kinetic energy. But the high-energy neutrons produced by fission (after quickly losing energy by inelastic scattering), are not, themselves, sufficient to induce enough successive fissions in to create a critical system (one in which the number of neutrons created by fission is equal to the number absorbed). Instead, bombarding with neutrons below the 1 MeV fission threshold causes it to absorb them without fissioning (becoming ) and decay by beta emission to (which is itself fissile). The energy of delayed neutrons is so low that contribution to fission is almost 0.0000, requiring some fissile material to keep the reactor safely under prompt criticality: (e.g. in natural uranium and preferably also some moderator, possibly outside the extra-fast core). See also Nuclear fission Nuclear reactor physics Nuclear power Nuclear power plant Future energy development Energy amplifier Nuclear waste Supercritical water reactor References External links The Clean And Environmentally Safe Advanced Reactor (CAESAR) Project Hail, Caesar Economist article Putting Nuclear Waste to Work Popular Mechanics article from 1998 describing a related reactor design (NPTRE) proposed by Dr. Filippone. A Second Caesar to Change the Course of History? Article from University of Maryland newsletter. Nuclear power reactor types Pseudoscience

4042611

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X.28

X.28

X.28 is an ITU-T standard specifying the interface between asynchronous character-mode data terminal equipment (DTE), such as computer terminals, and a Packet Assembler/Disassembler (PAD) that connects the DTE to a packet switched network such as an X.25 network. External links X.28 standard at ITU site ITU-T recommendations ITU-T X Series Recommendations

4042615

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moluccella

Moluccella

Moluccella is a genus of annual and short-lived perennial plants native to Central + southwestern Asia and the Mediterranean. They are tall, upright, branched plants to 1 meter or more with toothed leaves and small white fragrant flowers. Species Moluccella aucheri (Boiss.) Scheen - Iran, Pakistan Moluccella bucharica (B.Fedtsch.) Ryding - Uzbekistan Moluccella fedtschenkoana (Kudr.) Ryding - Uzbekistan and Tajikistan Moluccella laevis L. - Bells of Ireland - Turkmenistan, Iran, Iraq, Caucasus, Cyprus, Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, Turkey; naturalized in scattered locations in Europe, Africa, and North America Moluccella olgae (Regel) Ryding - Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan Moluccella otostegioides Prain - Pakistan Moluccella sogdiana (Kudr.) Ryding - Uzbekistan, Tajikistan Moluccella spinosa L. - Mediterranean from Spain + Algeria to Turkey + Palestine Cultivation Marginally frost hardy, these plants prefer full sun and moderately fertile, moist but well-drained soil. Propagation is from seed. References Lamiaceae Lamiaceae genera Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus

4042620

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim%20Moon-soo%20%28politician%29

Kim Moon-soo (politician)

Kim Moon-soo (Hangul: 김문수; born August 27, 1951) is a Korean conservative politician and the 32nd Governor of Gyeonggi Province in South Korea. A former labor activist, he began his career in politics when he participated in the foundation of the People’s Party in 1990. He was elected to the 15th National Assembly at Sosa-gu, Bucheon, as a candidate for the New Korea Party. After continuing to serve as a member of the assembly in the 16th and the 17th National Assemblies, he became the 4th Governor of Gyeonggi Province to be elected by popular vote in 2006. Early life and education Born in 1951, Kim is the third son in his family, and has three brothers and three sisters. After graduating from Yeongcheon Elementary School in Gyeongsangbuk-do, he moved to Daegu Metropolitan City without his family, where he attended Gyeongbuk Middle School and Gyeongbuk High School. In 1970, Kim Moon-Soo entered the Department of Business Administration, in the College of Business at Seoul National University, but was expelled in 1971 allegedly for participating in the October 15 nationwide student protests. In 1974, he was expelled from university again due to his involvement in the National Democratic Youth and Students Union case. He reentered the Department of Business Administration at Seoul National University in 1994, and two years later graduated from university, 25 years after his initial acceptance in 1970. Career Labor movement In 1974, he served as the assistant cloth cutter at a fabric plant in Cheonggyecheon, acquiring national engineer’s licenses for environmental management and safety management in 1977. He was elected as the Dorco Labor Union Leader of the Federation of Korean Metal Workers Trade Unions in 1978. He was arrested and tortured by the dictatorial government in 1980, but his indictment was suspended so that he could serve for Dorco again. Kim served as the secretary of the Jun Tae-Il Memorial Society in 1985, and was arrested again for participating in the Incheon May 3 Protest for Constitutional Amendment for Direct Election System in 1986 when he served as the a member of the direction committee for Seoul Confederation of Labor Movement. He was tortured and was imprisoned for two and a half years. Politics In 1990, Kim Moon-Soo participated in the foundation of the Popular Party, and served as chair of the Labor Relations Committee. That same year, he ran in 1992 election as candidate No. 3, but was defeated. After joining the Democratic Liberal Party in 1994, he ran for the 15th general election as a candidate for New Korea Party in 1996, and was elected. (Sosa-gu, Bucheon) Following his election, Kim Moon-Soo served as a member of the legislature, focusing on labor and environmental issues, as well as on transportation in the Seoul metropolitan area and childcare. Re-elected to the 16th and the 17th National Assemblies, Kim served for three consecutive terms as a member of the National Assembly. He served as the deputy floor leader for the Grand National Party. After retiring from the National Assembly in 2006 to run for local government, Kim was elected Governor of Gyeonggi Province, taking office as the 4th Governor elected by public vote in July 2006. In April 2012, Kim Moon-Soo declared his presidential candidacy in the primary election of the Saenuri Party. In announcing his candidacy, Kim asserted that the nomination of Park Geun-hye should not be viewed as axiomatic, despite a decade of preparation for the campaign on her part. Profile Academic Background Graduated from College of Business, Seoul National University as a major in business administration / Ph. D. Career Information(Source: Cyworld Mini Homepage) 1996~2004 Member of the 15th and 16th National Assembly Member of Environment and Labor Committee, Executive Committee, Budget and Account Committee, and Special Committee on Economic Reform and Unemployment Deputy floor leader, deputy secretary general, and chair of the Planning Committee of the Grand National Party, 2004~2006 Member of the 17th National Assembly 2006~present Governor of Gyeonggi Province Awards and citations 2009. 4.16 Selected by Korea Manifesto as the No. 1 among the leaders of the 4th local governments elected by popular vote in the category of fulfillment of public pledge 2007. 9. 5 Won the 5th Forbes Korea Excellence Award in the category of Public Innovations (Forbes Korea & Korean Society for Quality Management) 2007. 8. 6 Selected by Korea Manifesto as No. 1 among the leaders of the 4th local governments elected by popular vote in the category of fulfillment of public pledges Publications Statements of Appeal of Ten Prisoners of Conscience in the 1980s (1987) Report on Workers’ Rights in 1992 (1993) Innovation Tasks 20 (co-author, 1994) A Necktie Still Does Not Suit Me (1995) National Assemblymen Are the Servants of the Citizens Mr. President, Why Don’t You Take the Subway of Hell? (1996) My Way, My Dream (2006) I Dream of Freedom in Gyeonggi Province, a Prison of Regulations (2008) Footnotes External links 1951 births Members of the National Assembly (South Korea) Living people Seoul National University alumni Liberty Korea Party politicians South Korean presidential candidates, 2012 South Korean Roman Catholics Kyeongbuk High School alumni Governors of Gyeonggi Province

4042621

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chip%20Foose

Chip Foose

Chip Foose (born October 13, 1963) is an American automobile designer, artist, and star of Velocity's reality television series Overhaulin'. Life and career Foose began working on automobiles at age seven for his father's company, Project Design, in Santa Barbara, California. Encouraged by Ford and Preston Tucker designer Alex Tremulis, Foose started to attend the Art Center College of Design in 1982; however, he dropped out after two years due to financial difficulties. After working for four years at Clenet Coachworks, Foose returned to the Art Center to complete his education. After graduating in 1990, Foose worked full-time for Sterenberger Design and part-time for Boyd Coddington. In 1993, Foose resigned from Sterenberger to work for J Mays at Ford; however, Coddington was able to convince Foose to work for him, instead. Working for Coddington full-time, Foose eventually became the president of Coddington's company, Hot Rods by Boyd. While working for Coddington, Foose designed many of Coddington's well known creations such as Boydster and Boydster II. In 1998, with Hot Rods by Boyd facing bankruptcy (due to the failure of Boyds Wheels), Foose left his position and with his wife Lynne started his own automotive and product design company. He first set up in Orange, California, where, as his first project car, he rebuilt Boydster II for Chuck Svatos as the 0032 roadster, which went on to win the America's Most Beautiful Roadster (AMBR) trophy. By 2000, he had established Foose Design in Huntington Beach, California. Foose's departure from Boyd's was not amicable; in a 2006 interview, Foose stated, "Boyd has chosen to not have any relations with me, since I stopped working at his shop." One of the main reasons for the bitter relationship is claimed to be Foose retained many of the talented builders formerly employed by Coddington; Mike and Charley left Coddington's business shortly after Foose had established his shop. Foose gained more exposure in 2003 as a result of a TLC documentary on his design and creation of a modified 2002 Ford Thunderbird called Speedbird, and due to his work building Ron Whiteside's 2003 Ridler-winning '34 3-window. In 2004, the TLC program Overhaulin' debuted, with Foose as the star. At the 2005 Specialty Equipment Market Association (SEMA) show, a unique 1969 Foose-designed Camaro convertible was displayed, to be produced in a 300 car run by Unique Performance of Dallas Texas. Press releases announced UP would also be handling the marketing of Foose's other custom car lines, including Hemisfear, along with Foose's 2006 Mustang Stallion. Foose also designed a paint scheme for 4-time NASCAR Sprint Cup Champion Jeff Gordon to promote DuPont's Hot Hues paint line. Foose has since severed ties with DuPont and now promotes the BASF Glasurit paint line exclusively. In November 2007, Foose officially severed ties to Unique Performance following police action against UP for alleged illegal activities. In 2006, Foose launched a line of die cast replicas of many of his famous designs partnering with the makers of Johnny Lightning in the creation of JL Full Throttle. This company produced copies of many of Foose's famous, award-winning designs, including Grand Master and Impression. In 2002, Foose won the coveted Ridler Award at the 50th Anniversary Show of the Detroit Autorama with Bob and Wes Rydell's 35 Chevy Master, otherwise known as the "Grandmaster". Impression subsequently won the prestigious Ridler prize. Also replicated were a number of cars from "Overhaulin'". Announced at the SEMA show in 2006 was a pact between Foose and Ford to produce Foose designed Ford vehicles, the first of which was shown at the 2007 New York Auto Show. In 2007, Foose began limited production (50 vehicles in total) of Hemisfear. Also known as the Foose Coupe, Hemisfear was designed by Foose in 1990, during his time at the Art Center, and publicly unveiled at the SEMA trade show in November 2006. An earlier design drawing of Hemisfear inspired the Plymouth Prowler. The 2007 Hemisfear was commissioned by a new die cast model car company JL Full Throttle which had partnered with Foose to build both the scale and 1:1 Hemisfear. A Foose coupe was sold along with a design consultation with Foose at the Barrett-Jackson car auction in Palm Beach, Florida at the end of March 2007. The first Foose Coupe Supercar was auctioned for $340,000; sold to Atlanta vintage car dealer and avid car collector Roger Burgess. Foose was retained as design consultant to provide architects with unique styling elements for the exterior and interior of the $275 million expansion of Detroit's MotorCity Casino, anticipated to be complete by the end of 2007. Foose helped to start the Ridemakerz customizable toy cars business in 2007. As of 2010, Foose continues to operate Foose Design and provide design consultations to the Big Three automakers. Overhaulin' was canceled at the end of 2009, though reruns still air on Discovery Turbo. Shortly following the launch of the channel Velocity, it was announced that the show would return in the fourth quarter of 2012. Charity work Foose serves as the vice chairman of the Progeria Research Foundation's California Chapter. His youngest sister died of Hutchinson–Gilford progeria syndrome. He has also taken part in numerous children's charities such as Childhelp and Victory Junction Gang Camp. He was named grand marshal of SEMA's Show N' Shine public car show for children's charities. Awards and honors In November 1997, Foose became the youngest person to be inducted into the Hot Rod Hall of Fame. Additionally, Foose was inducted into the Darryl Starbird Rod & Custom Car Museum Hall of Fame in 2002, the Grand National Roadster Show Hall of Fame in 2003, the Detroit Autorama "Circle of Champions" Hall of Fame in 2012, and the San Francisco Rod and Custom Motorcycle Hall of Fame in 2005. Foose has also won the following awards for his work: Ridler Award in 2002, 2003, 2005 and 2015. Most Beautiful Roadster Award in 1995, 1996, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2006, and 2014. Some of these cars were designed by Foose and completed by other builders such as Troy Trepanier, Barry White, and Bobby Alloway. The Goodguys Street Rod of the Year Award in the years 1990, 1991, 1995, 1997, 1999, 2001 and 2010. Diecast Hall of Fame Inductee 2009. Best Hot Rod at Bilsport Performance Show 2011. Best Custom Car - 1954 Chevrolet "Cool Air" NACE Expo 2014 Notes External links Foose Design Official Website Overhaulin' Official Website Official Diecast Hall of Fame Website American automobile designers Living people 1963 births Vehicle modification people People from Santa Barbara, California

4042627

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward%20O.%20Wolcott

Edward O. Wolcott

Edward Oliver Wolcott (March 26, 1848 – March 1, 1905) was an American politician during the 1890s, who served for 12 years as a Senator from the state of Colorado. Early life Wolcott was born on March 26, 1848 in Longmeadow, Massachusetts. He was one of eleven children born to Harriet Amanda ( Pope) Wolcott and Samuel Wolcott, D.D., a Congregationalist minister, missionary, and writer of hymns. Among his siblings were Anna Wolcott Vaile, an educator who established the Wolcott School for Girls. A native of Hampden County, Massachusetts, Wolcott moved to Ohio as a boy. He was a descendant of Oliver Wolcott, signer of the United States Declaration of Independence. He graduated from Yale College before attending Harvard Law School, from where he graduated in 1875. Career He served in the 150th Ohio Volunteer Infantry during the American Civil War. He enlisted at age 16. Legal and political career After graduating from Harvard Law School in 1875, he moved to Colorado where he set up a law practice. In the late 1890s and early 1900s, one of the partners in his practice was Charles W. Waterman, later a United States senator. From 1876 to 1879 he served as a district attorney in Colorado. In 1879, Wolcott moved to Denver, where he began his political career as a Colorado state senator (1879–1882). In 1889, he was chosen to represent Colorado in the U.S. Senate, as a member of the Republican Party. When he entered Congress, he was the youngest member of the Senate. He was reelected in 1895, and was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1901, 1902 and 1903. While in Washington, D.C., Wolcott was a leading advocate for the coinage of silver. In 1897, President McKinley named him chairman of the commission sent to Europe to report on international bimetallism. He was a popular host and guest in Washington society. He was chairman of the Committee on Civil Service and Retrenchment (51st and 52nd Congresses), and the Committee on Post Office and Post Roads (54th through 56th Congresses). In 1900, Wolcott was denied renomination to the Senate, which ended his political career. He once again took up the practice of law in Colorado, and maintained that practice until his death. Personal life In 1890, Wolcott was married to Frances Esther (née Metcalfe) Bass (1851–1933) by The Rev. Francis Lobdell at St. Paul's Cathedral in Buffalo, New York. Frances, the widow of U.S. Representative Lyman K. Bass, was the daughter of James Harvey Metcalfe and Erzelia Frances ( Stetson) Metcalfe of Buffalo. From her first marriage, she was the mother of Lyman M. Bass, the U.S. Attorney for the Western District of New York. They later divorced in 1899. Wolcott died on March 1, 1905 while he was on vacation in Monte Carlo. Wolcott's remains were cremated in Paris, and the ashes were interred at Woodlawn Cemetery in New York City. Legacy The town of Wolcott in Eagle County, Colorado is named after him. It was originally known as Bussells, but was changed to Wolcott in his honor. References External links 1848 births 1905 deaths People from Longmeadow, Massachusetts Republican Party United States senators from Colorado Republican Party Colorado state senators Colorado lawyers Union Army soldiers People of Ohio in the American Civil War Politicians from Denver Harvard Law School alumni 19th-century American politicians 20th-century American lawyers 19th-century American lawyers

4042667

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Know-Nothing%20Riot

Know-Nothing Riot

The term Know-Nothing Riot has been used to refer to a number of political uprisings of the Nativist American Know Nothing Party in the United States of America during the mid-19th century. These anti-immigrant and anti-Catholic protests culminated into riots in Philadelphia in 1844, St. Louis in 1854, Cincinnati and Louisville in 1855, Baltimore in 1856, Washington, D.C. and New York in 1857, and New Orleans in 1858. Know-Nothing Riots (1844-1858) Philadelphia Riot St. Louis Riot Cincinnati Riot The Election Day Riots of 1855 occurred in Cincinnati between April 2-7, 1855. The election was between James J. Faran, the Democratic contender and editor of the Cincinnati Enquirer, and James D. Taylor, rabid nativist editor of the Cincinnati Times. Rumors of illegal voting, ballot-box stuffing, and naturalized voters preventing native-born citizens from voting sparked the events. Louisville Riot See Bloody Monday. Baltimore Riot See Know-Nothing Riots of 1856 Washington D.C. Riot Know-Nothing associated gang, the Plug Uglies, had travelled to Washington D.C. from Baltimore on June 1, 1857 in an attempt to prevent German and Irish immigrants from voting in the local election. The Plug Uglies linked up with allied members of the Rip Raps and the Chunkers and moved to Mount Vernon Square to harass anti-Know Nothing voters. They then returned to the square armed with pistols, clubs, bricks, and other weapons and charged into the crowd of voters. A brutal fight broke out which the police were unable to stop and by noon, President Buchanan had called out two companies of Marines to stop the riot. By the time the Marines arrived at Mount Vernon Square, the Know-Nothings had set up a barricade and were armed with a cannon they had taken from the Navy Yard. Archibald Henderson, Commandant of the Marine Corps, marched up to the cannon and placed his body in front of it so it could not be aimed at his men. This allowed the Marines to advance on their position, but a fire fight soon broke out. 8 People were killed by the end of the day and many more were injured. New York Riot New Orleans Riot The New Orleans Know-Nothing group began as a local movement in 1858 to reduce what residents considered a high rate of crime and violence in the city, primarily among Irish and German immigrants, who were among the poorest classes. A secret Vigilance Committee was formed to monitor their activities, and in particular to prevent disruption of upcoming municipal elections. On the night of June 2, 1858, armed men under the command of Capt. J.K. Duncan, an officer in the United States Army, marched to Jackson Square and occupied the court rooms in The Cabildo. For the next five days, a standoff existed between the Vigilance Committee and members of the Native American Party. On June 7, the elections were held and the Native American candidate, Gerard Stith, defeated the Democratic Party candidate, P.G.T. Beauregard. The Vigilance Committee disbanded with no further violence. Notable Know Nothing criminal gang rioters American Guards (New York City) Atlantic Guards (New York City) Blood Tubs (Baltimore and Philadelphia) Bowery Boys (New York City) Killers (Philadelphia) O'Connell Guards (New York City) Plug Uglies (Baltimore, Philadelphia, and New York City) Rip Raps (Baltimore) Roach Guards (New York City) Shifflers (Philadelphia) See also History of St. Louis Know-Nothing Riot of 1856 List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States References Sources 1854 in the United States 1857 in the United States 1858 in Louisiana 1854 riots 1858 riots Riots and civil disorder in Missouri Riots and civil disorder in Louisiana Political riots in the United States 1857 in Washington, D.C. 1854 in Missouri Crimes in New Orleans June 1857 events June 1858 events 19th century in New Orleans Riot

4042674

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry%20Knechtel

Larry Knechtel

Lawrence William Knechtel (August 4, 1940 – August 20, 2009) was an American keyboard player and bassist who was a member of the Wrecking Crew, a collection of Los Angeles-based session musicians who worked with such renowned artists as Simon & Garfunkel, Duane Eddy, the Beach Boys, the Mamas & the Papas, the Monkees, the Partridge Family, Billy Joel, the Doors, the Grass Roots, Jerry Garcia, and Elvis Presley, and as a member of the 1970s band Bread. Biography Born in Bell, California, in 1940, Knechtel began his musical education with piano lessons. In 1957, he joined the Los Angeles-based rock and roll band Kip Tyler and the Flips. In August 1959, he joined instrumentalist Duane Eddy as a member of his band the Rebels. After four years on the road with the band, and continuing to work with Eddy in the recording studio, Knechtel became part of the Los Angeles session musician scene, working with Phil Spector as a pianist to help create Spector's famous "Wall of Sound". Knechtel became a prominent member of session musicians the Wrecking Crew, performing on many hit songs of the period and earning him entry into the Musicians Hall of Fame and Museum in 2007. During his time with the Wrecking Crew, he recorded the album The In Harmonica, playing harmonica under the name "Larry Nelson", with backing by other Wrecking Crew members. In 1970 Knechtel won a Grammy Award for his piano work on "Bridge over Troubled Water" by Simon and Garfunkel. He also played the piano on Johnny Rivers' 1972 hit "Rockin' Pneumonia and the Boogie Woogie Flu". Knechtel joined soft rock band Bread in 1971 after the departure of Robb Royer and remained with the band until their split in 1973. He rejoined the band for subsequent comebacks and reunions. Knechtel was proficient on other musical instruments, notably the harmonica, guitar, and bass, which can be heard on "Mr. Tambourine Man" by the Byrds, "Stoney End" by Barbra Streisand, "If I Can Dream" by Elvis Presley, and the Doors' debut album. In 1971, he joined the band Bread, where his contributions included bass, keyboards, and the guitar solo on the hit single "The Guitar Man". He also played on sessions for Nancy Sinatra. During the late 1980s, Knechtel moved to Nashville, where he was signed to a solo recording contract. He released two solo albums in quick succession, Mountain Moods (1989) and Urban Gypsy (1990). In later years, Knechtel lived in semi-retirement in Yakima, Washington, until his death. He had, however, worked with record producer Rick Rubin, contributing keyboards to albums by Neil Diamond, Arlen Roth and the Dixie Chicks, touring with Elvis Costello and with the Dixie Chicks in support of their Grammy Award-winning album Taking the Long Way. During this time Knechtel contributed guest spots on many recordings for dozens of Northwest artists including Wayman Chapman, Ken Stringfellow (Posies, R.E.M., Big Star), Quakers On Probation, Dimestore Mystery, Elba, Animals at Night, Zera Marvel, Colin Spring, Lesley Rostron & Lovejunkie, and his son, Lonnie Knechtel. Knechtel died on August 20, 2009, in Yakima Valley Memorial Hospital, Washington, at the age of 69 of an apparent heart attack. Awards and recognition In 2007 Knechtel, along with the other members of the Wrecking Crew, was inducted into the Musicians Hall of Fame and Museum in Nashville, Tennessee. Discography Solo discography The In Harmonica (1965, as Larry Nelson) Mountain Moods (1989) Urban Gypsy (1990) Session work With The Everly Brothers • Beat & Soul ( Warner Brothers ,1965) With the Byrds Mr. Tambourine Man (Columbia, 1965) "Glory, Glory" on the album Byrdmaniax (1971) With the We Three Trio The We Three Trio (Mainstream S/6055,56055, 1965) With Barbra Streisand Stoney End (Columbia Records, 1971) Barbra Joan Streisand (Columbia Records, 1971) With the Beach Boys Pet Sounds (Capitol, 1966) With The Doors The Doors (Elektra, 1967) With Elvis Presley Elvis Presley (RCA, 1968) With Cher Stars (Warner Bros. Records, 1975) With the Dameans Walk to the Gloryland (RCA, 1971)With Simon & Garfunkel Sounds of Silence (Columbia Records, 1966) Bookends (Columbia, 1968) Bridge over Troubled Water (Columbia, 1970)With Solomon Burke Electronic Magnetism (MGM Records, 1971)With the Mamas and the Papas Deliver (Dunhill, Feb. 1967) The Papas & The Mamas (Dunhill, 1968)With Emitt Rhodes The American Dreams (A&M Records, 1970)With Elvis Costello Mighty Like a Rose (Warner Bros. Records, 1991) Kojak Variety (Warner Bros. Records, 1995)With Paul Simon Paul Simon (Columbia Records, 1972)With Chet Baker Blood, Chet and Tears (Verve, 1970)With Dave Mason Alone Together (Blue Thumb/Harvest, 1970)With Nancy Sinatra Sugar (Reprise Records, 1966)With Albert Hammond Albert Hammond (Mums Records, 1974)With Howard Roberts Antelope Freeway (Impulse!, 1971)With Cass Elliott Dream a Little Dream (Dunhill Records, 1968) Bubblegum, Lemonade, and... Something for Mama (Dunhill Records, 1969)With Evie Sands Any Way That You Want Me (Rev-Ola, 1970)With Thelma Houston Sunshower (Dunhill Records, 1969) I've Got the Music in Me (Sheffield Lab Records, 1975)With Glen Campbell Reunion: The Songs of Jimmy Webb (Capitol Records, 1974) Unconditional Love (Liberty Records, 1991)With Jerry Garcia Reflections (Round Records, 1976)With Peter Allen I Could Have Been a Sailor (A&M Records, 1979)With Harry Nilsson Harry (RCA Victor, 1969)With Dan Hill If Dreams Had Wings (Epic Records, 1980)With Barry Mann Survivor (RCA Victor, 1975)With Lalo Schifrin Rock Requiem (Verve, 1971)With Roy Orbison King of Hearts (Virgin Records, 1992)With Jimmy Webb El Mirage (Atlantic Records, 1977)With José Feliciano 10 to 23 (RCA Victor, 1969) Compartments (RCA Victor, 1973)With Jackie DeShannon New Arrangement (Columbia Records, 1975)With Brian Cadd Yesterdaydreams (Capitol Records, 1978)With Ron Davies Silent Song Through the Land (A&M Records, 1970)With Bobby Darin If I Were a Carpenter (Atlantic Records, 1966)With Art Garfunkel Angel Clare (Columbia Records, 1973) Fate for Breakfast (Columbia Records, 1979) Scissors Cut (Columbia Records, 1981)With Stephen Bishop Careless (ABC Records, 1976)With David Clayton-Thomas David Clayton-Thomas (Columbia Records, 1972)With Jackie Lomax Is This What You Want? (Apple Records, 1969)With Billy Joel Cold Spring Harbor (Columbia Records, 1971) Streetlife Serenade (Columbia Records, 1974)With Barry McGuire Seeds (Myrrh, 1973) Lighten Up (Myrrh, 1974)With Paul Young The Crossing (Columbia Records, 1993)With Dolly Parton 9 to 5 and Odd Jobs (RCA Records, 1980)With Al Kooper Easy Does It (Columbia Records, 1970)With Johnny Rivers Changes (Imperial Records, 1966) Whisky Á Go-Go Revisited (Sunset Records, 1967) Rewind (Imperial Records, 1967) Realization (Imperial Records, 1968) Slim Slo Slider (Imperial Records, 1970) Home Grown (United Artists Records, 1970) L.A. Reggae (United Artists Records, 1972) Blue Suede Shoes (United Artists Records, 1973) New Lovers and Old Friends (Epic Records, 1975) Wild Night (United Artists Records, 1977) Not a Through Street (CBS, 1983)With John Denver The Flower That Shattered the Stone (Windstar Records, 1990)With Chet Atkins Read My Licks (Columbia, 1994)With Helen Reddy Helen Reddy (Capitol Records, 1971)With Joan Baez Diamonds & Rust (A&M Records, 1975) Gulf Winds (A&M Records, 1976) Blowin' Away (Portrait Records, 1977)With Arlen Roth Toolin' Around (Blue Plate, 1993, Aquinnah, 2015)With Neil Diamond''' Tap Root Manuscript (Uni Records, 1970) Beautiful Noise (Columbia Records, 1976) Lovescape (Columbia Records, 1991) 12 Songs'' (Columbia Records, 2005) References External links List of Larry Knechtel's session contributions 1940 births 2009 deaths People from Bell, California Guitarists from Los Angeles American session musicians American rock guitarists American male bass guitarists American rock pianists American male pianists American rock keyboardists American harmonica players American male guitarists American multi-instrumentalists American rock bass guitarists The Wrecking Crew (music) members Grammy Award winners 20th-century American bass guitarists 20th-century American pianists American male organists American harpsichordists Harmonium players 20th-century organists 20th-century American male musicians 21st-century American keyboardists 21st-century American male musicians 20th-century American keyboardists 20th-century classical musicians American organists

4042684

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSX%20Reality%20Synthesizer

RSX Reality Synthesizer

The RSX 'Reality Synthesizer' is a proprietary graphics processing unit (GPU) codeveloped by Nvidia and Sony for the PlayStation 3 game console. It is a GPU based on the Nvidia 7800GTX graphics processor and, according to Nvidia, is a G70/G71 (previously known as NV47) hybrid architecture with some modifications. The RSX has separate vertex and pixel shader pipelines. The GPU makes use of 256 MB GDDR3 RAM clocked at 650 MHz with an effective transmission rate of 1.3 GHz and up to 224 MB of the 3.2 GHz XDR main memory via the CPU (480 MB max). Although it carries the majority of the graphics processing, the Cell Broadband Engine, the console's CPU, is also used complementarily for some graphics-related computational loads of the console. Specifications Unless otherwise noted, the following specifications are based on a press release by Sony at the E3 2005 conference, slides from the same conference, and slides from a Sony presentation at the 2006 Game Developer's Conference. 550 MHz Pixel shader clock / 500 MHz Vertex shader clock on 90 nm process (shrunk to 65 nm in 2008 and to 40 nm in 2010), 300+ million transistors Based on NV47 (Nvidia GeForce 7800 architecture) Little Endian 24 texture filtering units (TF) and 8 vertex texture addressing units (TA) 24 filtered samples per clock Maximum Texel fillrate: 13.2 Gigatexels per second (24 textures * 550 MHz) 32 unfiltered texture samples per clock (8 TA * 4 texture samples) 8 render output units (ROPs) / pixel rendering pipelines Peak pixel fillrate (theoretical): 4.4 Gigapixel per second Maximum Z-buffering sample rate: 8.8 Gigasamples per second (2 Z-samples * 8 ROPs * 550 MHz) Maximum dot product operations: 51 billion per second (combined with Cell CPU) 128-bit pixel precision offers High Dynamic Range rendering 256 MB GDDR3 RAM at 650 MHz 128-bit memory bus width 20.8 GB/s read and write bandwidth Cell FlexIO bus interface Rambus XDR Memory interface bus width: 56bit out of 64bit (serial) 20 GB/s read to the Cell and XDR memory 15 GB/s write to the Cell and XDR memory 576 KB texture cache (96 KB per quad of pixel pipelines) Support for PSGL (OpenGL ES 1.1 + Nvidia Cg) Support for S3 Texture Compression Other features: Support for Bilinear, trilinear, anisotropic, quincunx texture filtering, quincunx antialiasing, up to 4xMSAA, SSAA, Alpha to Coverage and Alphakill. Model numbers 90nm: CXD2971AGB CXD2971DGB CXD2971GB CXD2971-1GB CXD297BGB 65nm: CXD2982 CXD2982GB CXD2991GB CXD2991BGB CXD2991GGB CXD2991CGB CXD2991EGB 40nm: CXD5300AGB CXD5300A1GB CXD5301DGB CXD5302DGB CXD5302A1GB Local GDDR3 physical memory structure Total Memory 256MB 2 Partitions (128MB) 64bit bus per partition 8 Banks per partition (16MB) 4096 Pages per bank (4KB) -> 12bit Row Address Memory block in a page -> 9bit Column Address Minimum access granularity = 8 bytes -> same as buswidth between RSX <> GDDR RSX memory map Although the RSX has 256MB of GDDR3 RAM, not all of it is usable. The last 4MB is reserved for keeping track of the RSX internal state and issued commands. The 4MB of GPU Data contains RAMIN, RAMHT, RAMFC, DMA Objects, Graphic Objects, and the Graphic Context. The following is a breakdown of the address within 256MB of the RSX. Besides local GDDR3 memory, main XDR memory can be accessed by RSX too, which is limited to either: 0MB - 256MB (0x00000000 - 0x0FFFFFFF) -or- 0MB - 512MB (0x00000000 - 0x1FFFFFFF) Speed, bandwidth and latency System bandwidth (theoretical maximum): Cell to/from 256MB XDR : 25.6 GB/s Cell to RSX (IOIFO): 20GB/s (practical : 15.8GB/s @ packetsize 128B) Cell from RSX (IOIFI) : 15GB/s (practical : 11.9GB/s @ packetsize 128B) RSX to/from 256MB GDDR3 : 20.8GB/s (@ 650 MHz) Because of the aforementioned layout of the communication path between the different chips, and the latency and bandwidth differences between the various components, there are different access speeds depending on the direction of the access in relation to the source and destination. The following is a chart showing the speed of reads and writes to the GDDR3 and XDR memory from the viewpoint of the Cell and RSX. Note that these are measured speeds (rather than calculated speeds) and they should be worse if RSX and GDDR3 access are involved because these figures were measured when the RSX was clocked at 550Mhz and the GDDR3 memory was clocked at 700Mhz. The shipped PS3 has the RSX clocked in at 500Mhz (front and back end, although the pixel shaders run separately inside at 550Mhz). In addition, the GDDR3 memory was also clocked lower at 650Mhz. Speed table Because of the very slow Cell Read speed from the 256MB GDDR3 memory, it is more efficient for the Cell to work in XDR and then have the RSX pull data from XDR and write to GDDR3 for output to the HDMI display. This is why extra texture lookup instructions were included in the RSX to allow loading data from XDR memory (as opposed to the local GDDR3 memory). RSX libraries The RSX is dedicated to 3D graphics, and developers are able to use different API libraries to access its features. The easiest way is to use high level PSGL, which is basically OpenGL|ES with programmable pipeline added in, however this is unpopular due to the performance overhead on a relatively weak console CPU. At a lower level developers can use LibGCM, which is an API that builds RSX command buffers at a lower level. (PSGL is actually implemented on top of LibGCM). This is done by setting up commands (via FIFO Context) and DMA Objects and issuing them to the RSX via DMA calls. Differences with the G70 architecture The RSX 'Reality Synthesizer' is based on the G70 architecture, but features a few changes to the core. The biggest difference between the two chips is the way the memory bandwidth works. The G70 only supports rendering to local memory, while the RSX is able to render to both system and local memory. Since rendering from system memory has a much higher latency compared to rendering from local memory, the chip's architecture had to be modified to avoid a performance penalty. This was achieved by enlarging the chip size to accommodate larger buffers and caches in order to keep the graphics pipeline full. The result was that the RSX only has 60% of the local memory bandwidth of the G70, making it necessary for developers to use the system memory in order to achieve performance targets. Other RSX features/differences include: More shader instructions Extra texture lookup logic (helps RSX transport data from XDR) Fast vector normalize Press releases Sony staff were quoted in PlayStation Magazine saying that the "RSX shares a lot of inner workings with NVIDIA 7800 which is based on G70 architecture." Since the G70 is capable of carrying out 136 shader operations per clock cycle, the RSX was expected to feature the same number of parallel pixel and vertex shader pipelines as the G70, which contains 24 pixel and 8 vertex pipelines. Nvidia CEO Jen-Hsun Huang stated during Sony's pre-show press conference at E3 2005 that the RSX is twice as powerful as the GeForce 6800 Ultra. See also Xenos - GPU used in the Xbox 360 Cell Broadband Engine - CPU used in the PlayStation 3 References Nvidia graphics processors PlayStation 3 Sony semiconductors

4042685

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unexplained%20Canada

Unexplained Canada

Unexplained Canada is a show that aired on Space, a Canadian cable television station. It was a six-part series coming from many different perspectives of historical/social mysteries. It was hosted by John Robert Colombo and premiered January 2006. The show was produced by KarowPrime Films in Canada. External links Show's website CTV Sci-Fi Channel original programming 2000s Canadian documentary television series 2006 Canadian television series debuts

4042688

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20E.%20Galer

Robert E. Galer

Brigadier General Robert Edward Galer (24 October 1913 – 27 June 2005) was a naval aviator in the United States Marine Corps who received the Medal of Honor for heroism in aerial combat during the Battle of Guadalcanal in World War II. He went on to command Marine Aircraft Group 12 during the Korean War and retired a few years after in 1957. Early life Robert Galer was born in Seattle, Washington, on 24 October 1913. He attended the University of Washington and was a brother of the Alpha Upsilon chapter of the Phi Kappa Sigma fraternity and an All-American in basketball. He graduated with a Bachelor of Science degree in commercial engineering in 1935, at which time he received an ROTC commission and began elimination flight training at the Naval Reserve Aviation Base, Seattle. Marine Corps career In June 1936, he began his Aviation Cadet flight training at the Naval Air Station Pensacola, Florida, and was commissioned a second lieutenant in the United States Marine Corps on 1 July 1936. Following his designation as a Naval Aviator in April 1937, he was transferred to the 1st Marine Brigade in Quantico, Virginia, for duty with Aircraft One. In July of the same year, he was assigned to a course of instruction at the Basic School in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Following the completion of his studies in June 1938, he was ordered to the New York Navy Yard, but shortly thereafter was transferred to the Virgin Islands, where he served with Marine Scouting Squadron 3 (VMS-3) at Bourne Field, St. Thomas. He was promoted to first lieutenant in July 1939. World War II and after First Lieutenant Galer returned to the continental United States in June 1940 and in July reported to the 2nd Marine Aircraft Wing in San Diego, California, and was assigned to Marine Fighting Squadron 2 (VMF-2). On 29 August 1940, Galer ditched a Grumman F3F-2, BuNo 0976, c/n 374, off the coast of San Diego while attempting a landing on the . (The fighter was rediscovered by a navy submarine in June 1988 and recovered on 5 April 1991. It was restored at the San Diego Aerospace Museum). In January 1941, he was ordered to Hawaii and promoted to captain in March 1941. Galer was serving at the Marine Corps Air Station Ewa, Oahu, with Marine Fighting Squadron 211 (VMF-211) when the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941. In May 1942, Galer assumed command of Marine Fighting Squadron 224 (VMF-224) and on 30 August 1942 led the squadron to Guadalcanal, where they became part of the Cactus Air Force. It was while in command of VMF-224 that Galer would be credited with 11 confirmed victories and be awarded the Medal of Honor and a rare British Distinguished Flying Cross for the same acts of heroism. Following the presentation of the Medal of Honor by President Franklin D. Roosevelt at the White House on 24 March 1943, Major Galer was ordered to Marine Corps Air Station Miramar, where he served as assistant operations officer. He was grounded because his superiors did not want to risk losing a Medal of Honor recipient; he had been shot down three times during the war (and once more in the Korean War). Shortly after being promoted to the rank of lieutenant colonel in November 1943, he was ordered to return to the Hawaiian Islands, where he became chief of staff, Marine Air, Hawaiian Area. In May 1944, Lieutenant Colonel Galer was named as operations officer, 3rd Marine Aircraft Wing. He served as an observer during the Palau Islands and Iwo Jima campaigns while on temporary duty from the 3rd Marine Aircraft Wing. His next assignment found him as training officer of Provisional Air Support Command, Fleet Marine Force, Pacific. He again returned to the United States in June 1945 and reported to the Marine Barracks, Naval Air Training Base, Corpus Christi, Texas, in July as officer in charge of a cadet regiment. He remained in that capacity until August 1947, at which time he was assigned as a student at the Armed Forces Staff College in Norfolk, Virginia. In June 1948, he reported to the 2nd Marine Aircraft Wing, at the Marine Corps Air Station Cherry Point, North Carolina, where he served as operations and training officer. He joined Headquarters Squadron-2 at that station in April 1949 and was transferred on 26 April 1950 to the Naval Air Station San Diego, California. He served there as Marine planning officer and, later, as assistant chief of staff for plans, on the staff of the commander, air force, U.S. Pacific Fleet. During his assignment, he was promoted to colonel in March 1951. Korean War Colonel Galer sailed in March 1952 for Korea, where he saw duty as assistant chief of staff, G-4 (Supply), of the 1st Marine Aircraft Wing until the following May. He was then named commanding officer of Marine Aircraft Group 12 (MAG-12), and, for extraordinary achievement on 11 July 1952, was awarded a Gold Star in lieu of a second Distinguished Flying Cross. According to the citation accompanying this medal, he "led a maximum effort strike of Marine attack aircraft against a heavily defended industrial area in the North Korean capital city of Pyongyang." Colonel Galer was also awarded the Legion of Merit with Combat "V" for his service in Korea. On 5 August 1952, he was shot down behind enemy lines by anti-aircraft fire while leading a flight of 31 warplanes against targets near the North Korean port city of Wonsan. He later admitted he "did a dumb thing": After completing the mission, "I went back to take a picture. And this anti-aircraft gun, he nailed me." He was later rescued by a HO3S-1 helicopter flown by 1st Lieutenant E. J. McCutcheon. After a period of hospitalization, he returned to duty at Marine Corps Air Station El Toro, California, in October 1952, as assistant chief of staff, G-1 (Personnel), and later, G-3 (Operations), of Aircraft, Fleet Marine Force, Pacific. He was enrolled as a student in the Air War College, Maxwell Air Force Base, Montgomery, Alabama, in July 1953. Upon graduation from the college the following June, he was transferred to Headquarters Marine Corps, Washington, D.C., where he became assistant director, Guided Missiles Division, Bureau of Aeronautics, Department of the Navy. He served in that capacity until January 1956, when he became acting director. The following June he was awarded a master's degree in engineering administration from The George Washington University, Washington, D.C. For exceptionally meritorious service in combat, he was advanced to brigadier general upon his retirement on 31 July 1957. Civilian life and death He worked as vice president of the conglomerate Ling-Temco-Vought and later as an executive with Bright & Co. Brigadier General Galer died of a stroke on 27 June 2005 in Dallas, Texas. He was survived by his second wife, Sharon Alexander Galer, four children and six grandchildren. Education University of Washington, B.S., Commercial Engineering, 1935 Armed Forces Staff College, 1948 Air War College, 1954 George Washington University, M.S., Engineering Administration, 1956 Medals and decorations A complete list of Brig. Gen. Galer's medals and decorations include: Medal of Honor citation Citation The President of the United States in the name of the Congress takes pleasure in presenting the MEDAL OF HONOR to for service as set forth in the following CITATION:<blockquote> Citation: For conspicuous heroism and courage above and beyond the call of duty as leader of a marine fighter squadron in aerial combat with enemy Japanese forces in the Solomon Islands area. Leading his squadron repeatedly in daring and aggressive raids against Japanese aerial forces, vastly superior in numbers, Maj. Galer availed himself of every favorable attack opportunity, individually shooting down 11 enemy bomber and fighter aircraft over a period of 29 days. Though suffering the extreme physical strain attendant upon protracted fighter operations at an altitude above 25,000 feet, the squadron under his zealous and inspiring leadership shot down a total of 27 Japanese planes. His superb airmanship, his outstanding skill and personal valor reflect great credit upon Maj. Galer's gallant fighting spirit and upon the U.S. Naval Service. University of Washington Medal of Honor Memorial At the University of Washington in February 2006, a resolution recommending a memorial be erected to honor fighter ace and alumnus Pappy Boyington for his service during World War II was raised and defeated during a meeting of the student senate. Some people did not believe the resolution's sponsor had fully addressed the financial and logistical problems of installing a memorial, and some were questioning the widely held assumption that all warriors and acts of war are automatically worthy of memorialization. The story was picked up by some blogs and conservative news outlets, focusing on two statements made by student senators during the meeting.<ref>Flickinger, Christopher. "Marines Not Welcome at University of Washington" , Human Events ", February 20, 2006.</ref> One student senator, Ashley Miller, said that the UW already had many monuments to "rich, white men" (Boyington claimed partial Sioux ancestry and was not rich); another, Jill Edwards, questioned whether the UW should memorialize a person who killed others, summarized in the minutes as saying "she didn't believe a member of the Marine Corps was an example of the sort of person UW wanted to produce." After its defeat, a new version of the original resolution was submitted that called for a memorial to all eight UW alumni who received the Medal of Honor after attending the school."A Resolution Calling a Memorial for UW Alumni awarded the Medal of Honor" , Resolution R-12-16, Associated Students of the University of Washington Student Senate, submitted 02/17/2006. On April 4, 2006, the resolution passed by a vote of 64 to 14 with several abstentions, on a roll call vote. The University of Washington Medal of Honor memorial was constructed at the south end of Memorial Way (17th Ave NE), north of Red Square, in the interior of a traffic circle between Parrington and Kane Halls (). Privately funded, it was completed in time for a Veterans Day dedication in November 2009. In addition to Greg Boyington, it honors Deming Bronson, Bruce Crandall, Robert Galer, John Hawk, Robert Leisy, William Nakamura, and Archie Van Winkle. Ordinary individuals facing extraordinary circumstances with courage and selflessness answer the call and change the course of destiny. Medal of Honor See also List of Medal of Honor recipients List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War II Notes References External links Lacitis, Erik. "Obituary: Robert Galer, hero just doing his job", Seattle Times'', July 1, 2005. Accessed March 19, 2006 1913 births 2005 deaths All-American college men's basketball players American Korean War pilots United States Marine Corps personnel of World War II United States Marine Corps personnel of the Korean War American men's basketball players American World War II flying aces Aviators from Washington (state) George Washington University School of Engineering and Applied Science alumni Military personnel from Seattle Recipients of the Air Medal Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United Kingdom) Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United States) Recipients of the Legion of Merit Shot-down aviators United States Marine Corps generals United States Marine Corps Medal of Honor recipients United States Marine Corps pilots of World War II United States Naval Aviators University of Washington College of Engineering alumni Washington Huskies men's basketball players World War II recipients of the Medal of Honor

4042697

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banco%20%28typeface%29

Banco (typeface)

Banco is an inclined titling typeface. It was designed by Roger Excoffon for the Fonderie Olive foundry in 1951. Excoffon did not design a matching lower case alphabet for the capitals. This font is most famously used as the typeface for Thrasher Magazine. See also Samples of display typefaces Display typefaces Letterpress typefaces Photocomposition typefaces Digital typefaces Typefaces and fonts introduced in 1951 Typefaces designed by Roger Excoffon Fonderie Olive typefaces

4042706

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciscan%20Health%20Lafayette%20Central

Franciscan Health Lafayette Central

Franciscan Health Lafayette Central, previously known as St. Elizabeth Central, is a 155-bed hospital in Lafayette, Indiana, United States, and part of the Franciscan Health hospital system. Previously known as the St. Elizabeth Medical Center, the hospital was renamed in 2009 during the construction of St. Elizabeth East. In the 1980s it was known as St. Elizabeth Hospital. It is home to the St. Elizabeth School of Nursing, the only hospital-based nursing school in the state of Indiana. History St. Elizabeth's St. Elizabeth Hospital opened when six members of the Sisters of St. Francis of Perpetual Adoration came from Germany in 1875 in order to care for the sick in Lafayette, Indiana. The hospital opened in 1876 and was expanded in 1885. St. Elizabeth School of Nursing was launched in 1897 to train members of the order. By 1937, the community’s need for nurses had grown so great that the school began admitting lay students. The building also housed St. Francis High School and St. Francis College. A second wing was added to the hospital in 1921. In 1974, the sisters of the eastern province incorporated their healthcare ministry under the name of the Sisters of St. Francis Health Services, Inc.. In 1998, operation of Lafayette Home Hospital and St. Elizabeth Hospital merged under an equal partnership known as Greater Lafayette Health Services (GLHS). Each hospital retained its long-established identity and traditions. In 2003, the Sisters of St. Francis Health Services became the sole owners of the non-profit corporation, its two hospitals, and related patient care facilities, retaining the name Greater Lafayette Health Services. Greater Lafayette Health Services announced, in late 2005, plans to close Home Hospital, and construct a new facility to replace it on the city's southeast side, with St. Elizabeth Medical Center remaining open for critical patient care. Work on the new facility commenced in late 2006, with occupation planned to occur in December 2009. In 2007, the GLHS name was changed to St. Elizabeth Regional Health, and later to Franciscan St. Elizabeth Health. St. Elizabeth Central In June 2009, the hospital was renamed St. Elizabeth Central (formally Franciscan St. Elizabeth Health - Lafayette Central) as part of the expanded reuse plan for the facility. The St. Elizabeth Central name was chosen to distinguish the location from the new eastside location. Franciscan Health Lafayette Central The acute medical units, intensive care and emergency departments subsequently relocated to the system's Franciscan Health Lafayette East location. In September 2016, Franciscan Alliance adopted the new name Franciscan Health and renamed the hospital to Franciscan Health Lafayette Central. The site no longer offers hospital services. The nursing school moved across the street in 2017, part of the ongoing consolidation. Today, the Lafayette Central campus is home to the Healthy Living Center, Community Education, St. Elizabeth School of Nursing and more. Chapel St. Francis Chapel at St. Elizabeth's has Eucharistic Adoration, 24 hours a day, seven days a week. Masses are held Monday through Friday at 7:00 AM, and at 9:00 AM on Saturdays, Sundays, and Holy Days. References External links Franciscan Health Hospitals in Indiana Buildings and structures in Lafayette, Indiana

4042710

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girls%20on%20Film%20%28novel%29

Girls on Film (novel)

Girls on Film is the second novel in the A-List series by Zoey Dean. It was published in April 2004 through the Poppy imprint at Little, Brown Books for Young Readers. Plot summary After rejecting Ben, Anna tries to focus on her studies at Beverly Hills High. She and Sam partner up on an English project to create a short film based on The Great Gatsby. They agree to film their project at V's, an exclusive spa and resort in the Ojai desert. Anna writes the screenplay, which impresses Sam and she begins to develop a crush on Anna, much to her confusion. At school, Adam asks Anna out on a date and she agrees, in hopes of getting over Ben, who continues to send grand romantic gestures. Anna's older sister Susan arrives in Los Angeles and takes up residence at the Beverly Hills Hotel. Anna is concerned, especially since Susan claims to have checked out of rehab early but Susan brushes off her concerns. Susan meets Cammie, Dee, and Sam at the hotel and they all agree to join Sam and Anna at V's for the weekend. Anna meets with her father's girlfriend, Margaret Cunningham, at her new entertainment agency that she co-founded with Clark Sheppard, Cammie's father. Anna accepts an after-school internship with Margaret and her first assignment is to escort a screenwriter to an upcoming industry party. When Margaret learns that Susan knows the screenwriter, she encourages Anna to bring Susan to the party as well. Ben runs into Anna and Adam while they are on a date and he pretends his visiting cousin is also his date, which backfires. His cousin encourages Ben to go after Anna. Separately, Anna tells Sam and Susan that she only sees Adam as a friend and can't stop thinking about Ben. They encourage Anna to call Ben from the spa, which she does, but she immediately regrets it. Unbeknownst to Anna, Cammie also calls Ben and invites him to the spa but she is annoyed that he is only interested in seeing Anna. At V's, Ben arrives and interrupts their filming. The group find themselves locked in a sauna and Susan encourages the group to admit their secrets to each other, namely that Dee is pregnant with Ben's baby. Sam reveals that Dee asked to borrow a tampon, proving the claim false. Anna calls the group out for being cruel to each other and she calls out Ben for being unable to be honest with her over the real reason he abandoned her on the boat. Back in Los Angeles, Cammie convinces Susan to break her sobriety and she shows up drunk at the industry party, embarrassing herself and Anna. Sam, who had been filming the party, pretends that Susan's outburst is all part of the short film and helps Anna take Susan home. At Anna's house, Sam realizes she confused her crush with admiration of Anna and she encourages Anna to go on a getaway to clear her head from her family troubles. She secretly informs Ben where to find Anna. Jonathan arrives and he and Susan have a big confrontation over her addiction. She admits that she was kicked out of rehab and she is angry with their father for successfully bribing an ex-boyfriend to stay away from her. Anna tells Sam and Jonathan to work out their problems instead of putting her in the middle. She heads to Santa Barbara where she runs into Ben. He admits the real reason he left her on the boat: his father is a compulsive gambler and threatened to kill himself after he got into heavy debt and Ben was embarrassed to admit his dysfunctional family to her. Anna forgives him and the two finally have sex. Reviews Girls on Film received mostly positive reviews. Of it, Kirkus wrote, "this guilty pleasure of a read again offers girls the fun of peeking through a chink in the gated walls of the rich, the beautiful, and the mean."School Library Journal criticized the plot, saying, "Though the issues and scenes are current, the book reads like fantasy as this much intrigue would wear out even the most devious, superficial girl-on-the-go" but noted that it was "[i]rresistible mind candy that teens will devour." References American young adult novels 2004 American novels

4042720

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost%20Paradise%20%28album%29

Lost Paradise (album)

Lost Paradise is the debut album by British heavy metal band Paradise Lost. Released in February 1990 by Peaceville Records, it features the band's early death-doom style. The album was re-issued in 2003 and included three bonus tracks. The tracks "Our Saviour" and "Frozen Illusion" were rerecorded in other Paradise Lost albums Tragic Illusion 25 and Medusa. Track listing Personnel Paradise Lost Nick Holmes – vocals Gregor Mackintosh – lead guitar Aaron Aedy – rhythm guitar Stephen Edmondson – bass Matthew Archer – drums Production Duncan Fegredo – cover art Paul "Hammy" Halmshaw – producer Pat Grogan – engineering Porl Medlock – photography Kay Field – female vocals Credits The album was recorded at The Academy in winter 1989. It was engineered by Pat Grogan and produced by Hammy. Female vocals on "Breeding Fear" were performed by Kay Field. Kay Field appears courtesy of Major Records. The song "Internal Torment II" also appears on the Peaceville Records compilation Vile Vibes. All Songs composed by Holmes/Mackintosh and Published by Vile Music (Zomba Music Publishers Ltd.). The cover illustration was done by Duncan Fegredo of Exploding Head Designs in 1989. Photography was done by Porl A. Medlock. References Paradise Lost (band) albums 1990 debut albums Peaceville Records albums

4042722

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blonde%20Ambition%20%28novel%29

Blonde Ambition (novel)

Blonde Ambition is the third novel in the A-List series by Zoey Dean. It was published in September 2004. Plot summary Ben and Anna are now officially together but their reunion is interrupted when Jonathan, Anna's father, calls back Anna to bid farewell to her sister Susan, who has decided to enroll back into rehab. Anna. Anna considers their farewell to be intimate and is surprised when Ben tags along though she does not voice her displeasure. Back at Apex, Margaret informs Anna that leaving an industry party to take a drunk Susan home was unacceptable and is about to fire her when Clark Sheppard intervenes. He takes Anna as his intern and assigns her to work on the new hit soap opera Hermosa Beach. Anna meets the young and charming co-executive producer Danny Bluestone and enjoys working on a TV set, despite the unfamiliar terms and erratic actors. Ben gets jealous of Anna spending time with Danny and the Percys' driver Django and Anna becomes concerned that Ben is neglecting his studies at Princeton. After a heart to heart, the two break up again and Ben reluctantly returns to Princeton. Meanwhile, Cammie feels increasingly deserted by her friends: Dee is enamored with her new boyfriend Stevie while Sam seems to be showing interest in Adam Flood. To further her dismay, her step-mother announces that her daughter, Mia, will be moving in. Cammie initially hates Mia, a secretive fourteen-year-old Valley girl, but takes her out shopping in order to not feel alone. Cammie kisses Adam at a party in an attempt to punish Sam but is pleasantly surprised at their chemistry. She follows Adam to a Beck concert and the two are invited to a rave afterwards. Cammie and Adam kiss again but are interrupted by Dee who nonchalantly mentions she invited Mia along with her as well. Cammie's protective instincts kick in and the three go find Mia at the party and take her home. Cammie reveals to Adam that even though she doesn't like Mia, Mia reminds her of how she acted after her mom died. Cammie mentions that she wishes that she had a big sister to keep her from making stupid choices. However, the next day, Cammie becomes frustrated at Mia's self-destructive attitude and decides she can't be Mia's rescuer. Meanwhile, Adam tells Cammie that they should slow down their relationship because he still has feelings for Anna. Enraged, Cammie leaks sensitive information about Hermosa Beach to the press under Anna's name. Clark fires Anna and forbids anyone from work associating with her. Anna tries to explain to Danny her side of the story but he sadly tells her that he can't been seen with her or else he will lose his career. Sam helps Anna realize the true culprit and their plot for revenge comes to fruition at Cammie's 18th birthday party, where Cammie's credit and debit cards are publicly declined by the party planner and her BMW is towed. At home, Clark reveals that he knows Cammie was the true leak, thanks to Mia who collaborated with Sam and Anna to clear Anna's name. In the morning, Adam shows up to comfort Cammie and the two go on a quiet date to the park while Clark half-heartedly apologizes to Anna for the mistake and offers her job back. Anna politely declines and then surprises Danny at his office. He leaves work early for her and the two go on a date. 2004 American novels American young adult novels Little, Brown and Company books

4042727

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monardella

Monardella

Monardella is a genus of approximately 40 species of annual and perennial plants native to western North America from British Columbia to northwestern Mexico. They are grown for their highly aromatic foliage, which in some species is used for herbal teas. The two-lipped, tubular flowers are formed in terminal clusters and are most usually red, pink, or purple. Monardella is a taxonomic patronym honoring the Spanish botanist Nicolás Monardes. Plants in this genus are commonly known as wildmints, coyote mints or monardellas. Systematics The genus comprises the following species. Monardella antonina Hardham - California Monardella arizonica Epling - Arizona Monardella australis Abrams - southern California Monardella beneolens Shevock, Ertter & Jokerst - southern California Monardella boydii A.C.Sanders & Elvin - southern California Monardella breweri A.Gray - California, Nevada, Arizona, Baja California Monardella candicans Benth. - San Joaquín Valley of California Monardella douglasii Benth. - San Francisco Bay area of California Monardella eplingii Elvin et al. - Arizona Monardella eremicola A.C.Sanders & Elvin - southern California Monardella exilis (A.Gray) Greene - southern California, Arizona Monardella follettii (Jeps.) Jokerst - northern Sierra Nevada in California Monardella frutescens (Hoover) Jokerst - California Monardella hypoleuca A.Gray - southern California, Baja California Monardella lagunensis M.E.Jones - Baja California Sur Monardella lanceolata A.Gray - California †Monardella leucocephala A.Gray - Merced & Stanislaus counties in California but believed to be extinct Monardella linoides A.Gray - California, Arizona, Nevada, Baja California Monardella macrantha A.Gray - California, Baja California Monardella mojavensis Elvin & A.C.Sanders - Mohave Desert of southeastern California & southern Nevada Monardella nana A.Gray - California, Baja California Monardella odoratissima Benth. - mountain wildmint, mountain coyote mint or mountain pennyroyal - much of western North America from British Columbia south to southern California & New Mexico Monardella palmeri A.Gray - Santa Lucia Mountains of west-central California †Monardella pringlei A.Gray - Mohave Desert of southeastern California but believed to be extinct Monardella purpurea Howell - Oregon, California Monardella robisonii Epling ex Munz - Mohave Desert of southeastern California Monardella saxicola I.M.Johnst. - southeastern California Monardella sheltonii Torr. ex Durand - Oregon, California Monardella sinuata Elvin & A.C.Sanders - coastal central California Monardella siskiyouensis Hardham - northern California Monardella stebbinsii Hardham & Bartel - Plumas County in northern California Monardella stoneana Elvin & A.C.Sanders - San Diego County in California, Baja California Monardella × subglabra (Hoover) Hardham - California (M. purpurea × M. villosa) Monardella thymifolia Greene - Cedros Island in Baja California Monardella undulata Benth. - coastal central California Monardella venosa (Torr.) A.C.Sanders & Elvin - central California Monardella villosa Benth. - (common) coyote mint - Oregon, California Monardella viminea Greene - San Diego County in southern California Monardella viridis Jeps. - northern San Francisco Bay area of California (Sonoma, Napa, Solano, & Lake Counties) Horticulture and ecology Most like a sunny, sharply drained site and can be attractive in a rock garden or pot in the alpine house if smaller species are selected. The taller ones can be used at the front of a dry sunny border. They have reasonable frost resistance, but resent dampness in winter. Propagate from seed or summer cuttings of perennial species, or by division of clumps. Monardella is a nectar plant for many Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths), including the endangered Myrtle's silverspot (Speyeria zerene myrtleae). Several species are rare California endemics; two, the Merced monardella (M. leucocephala) and Pringle's monardella (M. pringlei), have not been seen in many decades and are presumed extinct. Notes References External links USDA Plants Profile: Monardella Calflora Database: Monardella Lamiaceae genera Flora of North America Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus