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One-dimensional composition profiles of Fe, Cr, Ni, Mo, Mn, Ti, Nb, C, Si, and P across SD 1 and SD 2 are shown in (a) and (d), respectively, and (b) and (e) show the same at higher magnification (12×). These elemental compositions were obtained along the arrow of 4 nm width shown in the insets in (c) and (f).

train

S0167577X14001256-389

measeval

You are an expert at extracting quantity, units and their related context from text. Given a paragraph below identify each quantity and its related unit and related context, i.e. the measured entity and measured property if they exist.

The 3DAP observations were performed using a Cameca Instruments Inc. laser-assisted local electrode 3DAP (LEAP-3000XHR). To reduce the probability of tip fracture during 3DAP evaporation of the atomic layers, we used field evaporation with a laser pulse instead of an electric field pulse. The 3DAP observation conditions were as follows: laser energy of 0.5–0.6 nJ, a laser-pulse repetition rate of 250 kHz, a DC bias voltage of 4–7 kV, and a specimen temperature of 55 K. The DC voltage was automatically controlled to keep a constant evaporation rate of 0.4% at constant energy of the laser pulse. The Ga+-irradiated regions by FIB around the top of the thinned tip were fractured before 3DAP observation at a DC voltage range of 2–4 kV. The computer program IVAS3.6.1 (Cameca Instruments Inc.) was used to analyze the data. Orientations of the screw dislocations were defined with high accuracy on the basis of {111} planes of stacking faults, which were observed while mapping the same atom. Details of the methods were explained in our previous paper [7].

train

S0167577X14001256-517

measeval

You are an expert at extracting quantity, units and their related context from text. Given a paragraph below identify each quantity and its related unit and related context, i.e. the measured entity and measured property if they exist.

For each of the 7 initial orientations, a case, numbered 4 in Table 2, was run using a 0.563 m square plate of thickness 0.025 m. The density of the plate was adjusted to ensure that at the mean horizontal wind flow, the Tachikawa number, K and Froude number Fr are the same as in the number 1 cases. The result is two sets of cases, A1 to G1 and A4 to G4, with the same set of initial orientations, aspect ratio and flow parameter but considerably lower thickness ratio, τ=t/L, and non-dimensionalised mass moment of inertia about the Z-axis, Δzz, in the A4 to G4 cases. Similarly a fifth case, numbered 5 in Table 2 is run for each initial orientation, and the plate's K, FrL, τ and Δzz are kept constant relative to cases numbered 4, but the width of the plate, B is increased to give a higher aspect ratio.

train

S0167610512002292-3187

measeval

You are an expert at extracting quantity, units and their related context from text. Given a paragraph below identify each quantity and its related unit and related context, i.e. the measured entity and measured property if they exist.

The results from three different simulations are presented here—one with a 1.0 kg plate, a second with a 6.35 kg plate (typical of a clay roofing tile), and a third with a 12 kg plate. The latter is rather heavy for a typical roof tile, but was used to test the range of applicability of the model. A uniform inflow condition is used, with the wind speed of 35 m/s (126 km/h) is used, which is within the range of full-scale failure wind speeds typically discussed by Visscher and Kopp (2007).

train

S0167610512002292-3305

measeval

You are an expert at extracting quantity, units and their related context from text. Given a paragraph below identify each quantity and its related unit and related context, i.e. the measured entity and measured property if they exist.

Fig. 8 shows the mean difference between wind speeds measured by the lidar and sonic anemometer against anemometer wind speed. The data was divided into bins of 1 m s−1. The error bars show the standard error of the data in each bin. The mean difference between the two instruments remains fairly constant, with the lidar overestimating the wind speed by between 0 and 0.5 m s−1. At wind speeds greater than 20 m s−1 the lidar appears to be overestimating the wind speed. Further observations would be required to determine whether this is an accurate reflection of the performance of this method at very high wind speeds.

train

S0167610513001001-1751

measeval

You are an expert at extracting quantity, units and their related context from text. Given a paragraph below identify each quantity and its related unit and related context, i.e. the measured entity and measured property if they exist.

θ=tan−1(w/U) against mean wind speed (gate midpoint=180 m). Median wind speed is 7.83 m s−1.

train

S0167610513001001-739

measeval

You are an expert at extracting quantity, units and their related context from text. Given a paragraph below identify each quantity and its related unit and related context, i.e. the measured entity and measured property if they exist.

At x=0.64 H (about two-third of the way into the street, Fig. 6d), a similar picture applies, but the core of the vortex is further up and there is now a strong flow in the lower part of the canyon towards the lee of the building. This would cause any material in the street canyon (which, for example, might have come from advection along the street from upstream) to be driven into the recirculation region.

train

S0167610513002729-1062

measeval

You are an expert at extracting quantity, units and their related context from text. Given a paragraph below identify each quantity and its related unit and related context, i.e. the measured entity and measured property if they exist.

The situation for the 45° case is more interesting (Fig. 9). Here the release is in an intersection and the flow is oblique. In this snapshot, at z=0.23 H the whole plume is blown into the canyon region between the cubes in the y-direction and none in the x-direction. Note that the flow is constantly changing and that this is literally a snapshot. In a different snapshot this might of course be different and on average the plume would be equally likely to be blown into the gap in the x-direction. A little further up, at z=0.52 H, we see that much of the material is now caught in the wake region. A little still comes from the horizontal location of the original source. Higher still, at z=0.80 H, most of the material is concentrated in the region between the cubes. Nothing comes from the horizontal location of the original source. The highest concentration is around the centre of the gap, but somewhat away from the mean location of the core of the recirculation behind the upstream cube. This indicates the possible release of material trapped further down in the recirculation. These visualisations suggest the idea that transfer from the original source location to the wake occurs predominantly at low levels, whereas the re-release of material occurs mainly at higher levels. It would be of interest to test this hypothesis quantitatively in future studies. Above the array, material appears to be coming from the wake region, which therefore acts as a ‘secondary source’.

train

S0167610513002729-1127

measeval

You are an expert at extracting quantity, units and their related context from text. Given a paragraph below identify each quantity and its related unit and related context, i.e. the measured entity and measured property if they exist.

Although each node has 18 cores, the intended use does not require any specific number of cores, merely (any) one to provide node control and some others to run the application. Indeed for cost purposes it is intended to use some flawed devices; yield estimates suggest that this may improve the usability of manufactured dice from 50% to around 80%. Based on the area use of the die the majority of flaws may be expected to be in local memories; these may leave a core degraded but still usable although the simplest action is still to shut it down.

train

S0167819113001051-1247

measeval

You are an expert at extracting quantity, units and their related context from text. Given a paragraph below identify each quantity and its related unit and related context, i.e. the measured entity and measured property if they exist.

As expected our design did not deadlock whereas a conventional unit deadlocked roughly 2% of the times that a glitch appears. This is very significant as a single deadlock has the potential to cripple a link permanently (until the whole system is rebooted). Given the communication-intensive application model supported by SpiNNaker this would mean a network becoming highly degraded very quickly if glitches appeared.

train

S0167819113001051-1550

measeval

You are an expert at extracting quantity, units and their related context from text. Given a paragraph below identify each quantity and its related unit and related context, i.e. the measured entity and measured property if they exist.

•SOC stocks decreased by 12.4% in Costa Rica and 0.13% in Nicaragua after establishment of coffee AFS.•SOC stocks increased in the top 10 cm of soil; greater reduction occurred at 20–40 cm.•Organic management caused a greater increase in 0–10 cm SOC but did not influence reduction at depth.•Shade type effects on SOC were smaller; no significant difference between shaded and unshaded coffee.•SOC stocks tend to converge on a level determined by site environment during establishment.

train

S0167880913001229-1021

measeval

You are an expert at extracting quantity, units and their related context from text. Given a paragraph below identify each quantity and its related unit and related context, i.e. the measured entity and measured property if they exist.

Organic management caused a greater increase in 0–10 cm SOC but did not influence reduction at depth.

train

S0167880913001229-1033

measeval

You are an expert at extracting quantity, units and their related context from text. Given a paragraph below identify each quantity and its related unit and related context, i.e. the measured entity and measured property if they exist.

There was a difference between the experiments in the two countries in the effects of main-plot (shade) and subplot (coffee management) treatments on total SOC stocks (Mg C ha−1). In Costa Rica the ANOVA showed significant (p < 0.01) overall effects of both on the change in SOC stock at 0–10 cm depth over the 9-year period. However, in deeper soil only the shade treatment effect remained significant and there was an additional significant (p < 0.01) effect of initial C concentration at the 20–40 cm depth. In contrast, in Nicaragua the ANOVA showed no significant effects of main-plot treatment or subplot treatment or of initial C concentration at any soil depth.

train

S0167880913001229-1225

measeval

You are an expert at extracting quantity, units and their related context from text. Given a paragraph below identify each quantity and its related unit and related context, i.e. the measured entity and measured property if they exist.

The difference between management treatments is likely to be due to the application of organic fertilisers (at up to 11.25 Mg ha−1 year−1), as no significant differences were found between these subplot treatments for total inputs of above-ground biomass to the soil in the form of senescent leaf litter and pruned material (p = 0.24). Further, there was a positive correlation between the mass of organic fertiliser inputs and changes in 0–10 cm depth SOC (r2 = 0.18, p < 0.01). Both conventional and organic managements showed a consistent decline in SOC stocks at the two lower soil depths with no significant between-treatment differences (Fig. 3). Changes in total 0–40 cm depth SOC stock showed no significant correlations with either pruning or organic fertiliser inputs.

train

S0167880913001229-1304

measeval

You are an expert at extracting quantity, units and their related context from text. Given a paragraph below identify each quantity and its related unit and related context, i.e. the measured entity and measured property if they exist.

Gibberellin levels are determined by genes that encode positive regulators such as GIBBERELLIN INSENSITIVE DWARF 1 (GID1) [27] or negative regulators such as GA-INSENSITIVE (GAI) and REPRESSOR OF GA-1 (RGA) [25]. Hybrid poplar (P. tremula × P. alba) over-expressing gai (mutant gene with a 51-bp in-frame deletion) had narrow compact crowns with shorter main stems and branches than the wild type. By contrast, those that expressed the wild-type form of the gene (GAI) had phenotypes that were not significantly different from the non-transgenic controls, except for early and high frequency of flowering (Table 1) [25]. DELLA proteins, which contain an N-terminal DELLA (asp-glu-leu-leu-ala) domain essential for GA-dependent proteasomal degradation, repress GA responses [28]. The GID1-GA complex down-regulates DELLA repressor proteins, consequently stimulating plant growth and development [29]. Hybrid aspen (P. tremula × P. tremuloides) over-expressing GID1 were about 40% taller than the wild type after nine weeks in the greenhouse [19].

train

S0168945213001805-3964

measeval

You are an expert at extracting quantity, units and their related context from text. Given a paragraph below identify each quantity and its related unit and related context, i.e. the measured entity and measured property if they exist.

RuBisCO evolved before the development of photosynthesis, under CO2 conditions that were much higher than current levels [87]. Hence, many plants flourish at higher CO2 concentrations [88] and warmer temperatures, so they might be expected to thrive in the future higher CO2 environment that has been predicted with continuing climate change. An eight-year study of a deciduous forest confirmed that carbon-enrichment increased net photosynthesis by 42–48% relative to controls [89]. Similarly, free-air enrichment by supplementary CO2 in field plots increased biomass yield by 15–27% in three poplar genotypes (P. alba, P. nigra, and Populus × euramericana) [90].

train

S0168945213001805-4454

measeval

You are an expert at extracting quantity, units and their related context from text. Given a paragraph below identify each quantity and its related unit and related context, i.e. the measured entity and measured property if they exist.

Improved photosynthesis increases sucrose production but this must be coupled with increased sucrose utilization, storage, or transport to sink tissues to avoid negative feedback regulation [102]. Increased downstream utilization of photosynthetic products has been shown to increase biomass yield [103]. Cellulose and hemicellulose account for ∼70% of wood [104] so over-expression of genes that promote cellulose production should have a significant impact on timber production.

train

S0168945213001805-4536

measeval

You are an expert at extracting quantity, units and their related context from text. Given a paragraph below identify each quantity and its related unit and related context, i.e. the measured entity and measured property if they exist.

Over-expression of master regulators for cold tolerance can produce cold-tolerant leaves and photosynthetic apparatus, including tolerance to photoinhibition in winter. Over-expression of two endogenous cold-binding factor/drought responsive element binding (CBF/DREB)1-like genes in rape (B. napus) increased freezing tolerance and improved photochemical efficiency and photosynthetic capacity. These transgenics were less affected by photoinhibition induced by low temperatures and high insolation [99]. Similarly, over-expression of two CBF/DREB genes from Eucalyptus gunnii, a species that can withstand winter temperatures down to −18 °C, improved drought and freezing tolerance of a cold-sensitive Eucalyptus hybrid (E. urophylla × E. grandis) [136]. Tropical E. grandis × E. urophylla expressing a stress-inducible rd29a promoter-CBF2 transcription factor cassette demonstrated stable tolerance to −8 °C in a variety of locations through multiple years with no significant loss in productivity [130].

train

S0168945213001805-4775

measeval

You are an expert at extracting quantity, units and their related context from text. Given a paragraph below identify each quantity and its related unit and related context, i.e. the measured entity and measured property if they exist.

Four-year-old wild-type cottonwood (P. trichocarpa) suffered significant defoliation at normal infestation levels of the leaf beetle (Chrysomela scripta). The wild-type trees had a net growth that was 13% less than those over-expressing the cry toxins from Bt. The trees producing the Cry3A toxin had very low feeding damage [165]. Eucalypts over-expressing a sequence-enhanced version of cry3Aa produced leaves that were toxic to three beetle species [166].

train

S0168945213001805-5026

measeval

You are an expert at extracting quantity, units and their related context from text. Given a paragraph below identify each quantity and its related unit and related context, i.e. the measured entity and measured property if they exist.

To increase reflectance of the HSQ film and to avoid light transmission and reflection from the metal substrate, we sputter coated cured HSQ samples with a thin film of gold/palladium (80/20) alloy. We used the Balzers SCD 004 sputter coater, operated with 0.06–0.07 mBar pressure of Argon. Samples have been processed for 240 s at 30 mA current. A silicon wafer is always included to examine the effect of sputtering on roughness.

train

S0169433213008933-689

measeval

You are an expert at extracting quantity, units and their related context from text. Given a paragraph below identify each quantity and its related unit and related context, i.e. the measured entity and measured property if they exist.

For late Quaternary records, most tephra horizons in sediment cores are dated by (linear) interpolation of 14C dates of carbonates, bulk sediment or organic remains. However, lakes are especially prone to a reservoir effect, due to dissolution of ancient carbonates and/or old organic matter that is washed into the lake from the catchment and incorporated into the sediment. Both phenomena can result in anomalous 14C ages and an offset from the real age of the dated material, which is not necessarily constant through time in the sediment section (Geyh et al., 1998; Yu et al., 2007). This offset from the real age can be of the order of several hundred or even more than a thousand years if bulk sediment or carbonates are dated, and can thus lead to misleading or erroneous age models if it is not taken into account (Geyh et al., 1998; Bertrand et al., 2012). Sediment sections spanning time intervals with multiple tephra layers could therefore easily be miscorrelated if the tephra is not adequately characterised to back up correlations. Appropriate tephra characterisation can potentially also help in evaluating the reservoir effect in a sediment section by providing a tie-point in the age model, provided the age of the tephra is well known from one or more independent sources (e.g., 14C dating on charcoal incorporated in terrestrial deposits, for example the well-constrained 3.00–3.05 ka cal BP Alpehué Pumice (So-A) eruption from Sollipulli; Supplementary Table 1; Naranjo et al., 1993b).

train

S027737911400050X-2401

measeval

You are an expert at extracting quantity, units and their related context from text. Given a paragraph below identify each quantity and its related unit and related context, i.e. the measured entity and measured property if they exist.

The water was ultrapure water obtained from a Milli-Q-system (Millipore Corporation, Bedford, MA, USA) and nitric acid (68 – 70%), hydrochloric acid (30%), ammonium carbonate (powder), hydrogen peroxide (30%) and formic acid (98%) were all from J. T. Baker (Deventer, Netherlands). In the arsenic speciation analysis arsenobetaine (AB) (Fluka Analytical, Italy), arsenic(III)oxide (As(III)) (Aldrich Chemistry, USA), dimethyl arsenic acid (DMA) (Chem Service, USA), monomethyl arsenic acid disodium salt (MMA) (Argus Chemicals, Italy) and arsenic(V) (As(V)) standard solution (Merck, Germany) were used.

train

S030881461301604X-1001

measeval

You are an expert at extracting quantity, units and their related context from text. Given a paragraph below identify each quantity and its related unit and related context, i.e. the measured entity and measured property if they exist.

Two stock solutions of each standard compound were made; for AB, As(III), DMA and MMA the concentrations were 100 mg/L and 1 mg/L and for As(V) the concentrations were 10 mg/L and 0.1 mg/L. The stock solutions were prepared in nitric acid (1%), with the exception of As(III), in which concentrated hydrochloric acid was used to promote its dissolution. The final standard concentrations for all compounds were 1, 5, 10, 20 and 50 μg/L in 1% nitric acid.

train

S030881461301604X-1002

measeval

You are an expert at extracting quantity, units and their related context from text. Given a paragraph below identify each quantity and its related unit and related context, i.e. the measured entity and measured property if they exist.

In upland areas of Great Britain, large tracts of non-native conifer plantations have been established on poor quality agricultural land. There is now considerable interest in the conversion of some of these plantations to a more natural woodland comprised of native tree species. We studied the tree regeneration and ground flora on 15 upland sites (altitudes ranging from 120 m to 380 m above sea level) that had been clearfelled of conifers. Regeneration of native tree species was successful where a clearcut site was adjacent to mature native trees, which acted as a seed source. Mean regeneration densities of native tree species on clearcut sites were typically greater than 1000 stems/ha, exceeding minimum recommended planting densities for the establishment of new native woodland. Whilst 10 native woody tree species were recorded, the regeneration was dominated by birch species. Regeneration densities were significantly higher on clearcut sites than on adjacent areas of unplanted moorland, probably due to the lack of a dense ground flora following the clearfelling operations. Our results indicate that where local native seed sources exist, clearfelling upland conifer plantation sites to allow natural regeneration has the potential to be an effective method of establishing native woodland.

train

S0378112713005288-1720

measeval

You are an expert at extracting quantity, units and their related context from text. Given a paragraph below identify each quantity and its related unit and related context, i.e. the measured entity and measured property if they exist.

Table 5 shows that the regeneration density of different site types (upland improved farmland or upland moorland). Site type (upland improved farmland or upland moorland) produced a significant variation in total regeneration densities (F(3, 8.9) = 4.1, p = 0.03). 20% of the total observed variation was due to variation between the different site types. The overall regeneration density on clearfelled upland moorland was significantly greater than on unplanted upland moorland (p < 0.01). However there was no significant difference between the regeneration density of clearfelled improved farmland and unplanted improved farmland (see Table 5). No significant difference in regeneration densities was found between brown earth and peaty gley soils (F(1, 3.95) = 1.75, p = n.s.).

train

S0378112713005288-1948

measeval

You are an expert at extracting quantity, units and their related context from text. Given a paragraph below identify each quantity and its related unit and related context, i.e. the measured entity and measured property if they exist.

Regeneration of oak and rowan was found to be significantly clumped although not significantly dependent on distance from the seed source. Rowan is primarily dispersed through ingestion by birds, particularly various thrush species (Raspe et al., 2000), while oak relies on hoarding by both birds and mammals but especially Garrulus glandarius (jay) and Apodemus sylvaticus (wood mouse) (Forget et al., 2004), both of which occur at the study sites. The distribution of regenerating saplings will therefore be partly controlled by the behaviour of the dispersing animal. Previous work in central Europe has demonstrated that the majority of oak regeneration occurs within 100 m of a seed source and declines rapidly at greater distances (Mirschel et al., 2011). However, our findings are in contrast to previous work carried out in lowland sites in the UK that found positive relationships between the number of oak seedlings and distance to parent trees but no significant effect for birch seedlings (Harmer et al., 2005), possibly indicating differences between the shelterwood examined by Harmer et al. (2005) and the more extensive clearfells that we considered.

train

S0378112713005288-2036

measeval

You are an expert at extracting quantity, units and their related context from text. Given a paragraph below identify each quantity and its related unit and related context, i.e. the measured entity and measured property if they exist.

We found that the dense layers of brash produced by windrowing significantly reduced the amount of natural regeneration. Windrows could be up to a metre high and several metres wide, producing a physical barrier that prevented seedling establishment and creating regions with little or no regeneration. While we might expect seedlings from larger seeded species like rowan (200,000 seeds weigh 1 kg) to have an advantage over seedlings from smaller seeded species such as birch (5.9 million seeds weigh 1 kg) in growing through brash (Leishman and Westoby, 1994) we found no significant difference between the proportion of rowan in windrows and interrows. Furthermore, previous studies have found that where grazing pressure is high, brash (Truscott et al., 2004) and coarse woody debris (Smit et al., 2012) can help protect seedlings from browsing. However, it is difficult to draw any conclusions from our study as only a single site (U15) recorded significant browsing. The low incidence of browsing at our study sites (grazing pressure was controlled) means that grazing is unlikely to limit regeneration (Palmer et al., 2004; Olesen and Madsen, 2008; Yamagawa et al., 2010).

train

S0378112713005288-2062

measeval

You are an expert at extracting quantity, units and their related context from text. Given a paragraph below identify each quantity and its related unit and related context, i.e. the measured entity and measured property if they exist.

Depth time-series and depth-averaged bed-parallel velocity time-series at x = 0.072 m for the 1.3 mm sand-rough beach; results from 50 individual events (grey) and ensemble-averaged result (black).

train

S0378383911001669-1088

measeval

You are an expert at extracting quantity, units and their related context from text. Given a paragraph below identify each quantity and its related unit and related context, i.e. the measured entity and measured property if they exist.

Depth time-series at all six measurement locations for the 1.3 mm sand-rough (-), the 5.4 mm gravel-rough (--) and the 8.4 mm gravel-rough (-.-.) beaches.

train

S0378383911001669-1112

measeval

You are an expert at extracting quantity, units and their related context from text. Given a paragraph below identify each quantity and its related unit and related context, i.e. the measured entity and measured property if they exist.

Flow depths were measured using Laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) (Sue et al., 2006). Fluorescent dye was added to the water, with a concentration of approximately 0.1 mg/l and illuminated by the Nd-YAG Laser. The emitted light from the fluorescent dye was recorded by a Kodak Megaplus ES1.0 b/w digital video camera fitted with a 50 mm fixed focal length lens and a Hasselblad orange filter. The camera was aligned with the 1:10 slope of the beach and rotated forwards so that the camera view was at all times above the free surface (Fig. 4).

train

S0378383911001669-1634

measeval

You are an expert at extracting quantity, units and their related context from text. Given a paragraph below identify each quantity and its related unit and related context, i.e. the measured entity and measured property if they exist.

The magnitudes of the friction factors for the two beaches are very similar over the majority of the swash cycle. This may be somewhat surprising since one would expect higher friction factors for the rougher beach. (For reference, friction factors calculated assuming steady and uniform flow and evaluated from the measured depths and velocities, with equivalent roughness of 1.3 mm and 8.4 mm, are consistently higher for the rougher beach by approximately 50%.) The fact that the friction factors are not very different in the present experiments suggests that the high flow unsteadiness and non-uniformity of swash have significant influence on the bed shear stress for a given instantaneous velocity. The boundary layer development is likely to play a significant role and its effect can be observed in the results during the uprush. At x = 0.072 m the boundary layer has developed to only a limited extent, so the friction factors for the two beaches are very close. Further up the slope, beyond x = 2.377 m, the friction factors are higher for the coarser 8.4 mm beach. The increase in friction factor as flow reversal is approached is consistent with cf behaviour in uniform, steady flow in that cf is increasing with decreasing Reynolds number and higher relative roughness. In contrast, cf behaviour during the early stage of the backwash is different from cf behaviour in uniform, steady flow in that cf is initially low, despite the Reynolds number being low and the relative roughness being high. Somewhat later, cf values for the 8.4 mm beach catch up on the values for the 1.3 mm beach and then become higher than the 1.3 mm beach values, but only for locations higher up the beach. At the two lowest locations on the beach cf values are surprisingly similar during the backwash. This means that the boundary layer development is not sufficient to explain cf behaviour throughout the whole swash cycle.

train

S0378383911001669-2260

measeval

You are an expert at extracting quantity, units and their related context from text. Given a paragraph below identify each quantity and its related unit and related context, i.e. the measured entity and measured property if they exist.

Surface and subsurface flow profiles as predicted by the model (shaded area) and measured in experiments (dark lines). Results for the 1.5 mm beach.

train

S0378383912000130-1048

measeval

You are an expert at extracting quantity, units and their related context from text. Given a paragraph below identify each quantity and its related unit and related context, i.e. the measured entity and measured property if they exist.

Surface and subsurface flow profiles as predicted by the model (shaded area) and measured in experiments (dark lines). Results for the 8.5 mm beach.

train

S0378383912000130-1054

measeval

You are an expert at extracting quantity, units and their related context from text. Given a paragraph below identify each quantity and its related unit and related context, i.e. the measured entity and measured property if they exist.

Time-series of model-predicted (solid lines) and experimentally-measured (dashed lines) hydraulic head, Hη, within the 8.5 mm beach at x = 1180 and 1980 mm.

train

S0378383912000130-1096

measeval

You are an expert at extracting quantity, units and their related context from text. Given a paragraph below identify each quantity and its related unit and related context, i.e. the measured entity and measured property if they exist.

The numerical model described in Section 2 is used to simulate the large-scale laboratory experiments presented in Steenhauer et al. (2011a). Fig. 5 illustrates the set-up in a Cartesian system with x and z coordinates in the horizontal and vertical directions respectively, and with the origin at the initial shoreline position. The experiments involved two beach materials with nominal sediment diameters of 1.5 mm and 8.5 mm. The dam-break set-up is simulated through a water reservoir with initial water depth in the reservoir 600 mm for experimental series R60PER015 of the 1.5 mm beach and experimental series R60PER085 of the 8.5 mm beach. An initial water level of 62 mm in front of the beach and a corresponding groundwater level of 62 mm within the beach were used in both cases. The initial shoreline position is defined through the initial water depth in front of the reservoir. The slope of the beach was 1:10. A detailed description of the experimental set-up, surface and subsurface measurements and results are presented in Steenhauer et al. (2011a).

train

S0378383912000130-3601

measeval

You are an expert at extracting quantity, units and their related context from text. Given a paragraph below identify each quantity and its related unit and related context, i.e. the measured entity and measured property if they exist.

The groundwater module was used only for the 8.5 mm beach, where the groundwater response was directly observed at bore arrival. In the 1.5 mm beach the groundwater levels were not affected during the swash event, because the wetting front did not reach the groundwater within the swash cycle, due to the low permeability of the beach. This means that the simulation for the 1.5 mm beach is carried out with a constant groundwater level equal to the initial groundwater level. All other modules were used for both beaches.

train

S0378383912000130-3662

measeval

You are an expert at extracting quantity, units and their related context from text. Given a paragraph below identify each quantity and its related unit and related context, i.e. the measured entity and measured property if they exist.

Vertical hydraulic gradients governing the rates of infiltration and exfiltration assess the exchange of water between the surface and the subsurface. Fig. 9 presents time-series of the hydraulic gradient at several cross-shore locations for the 1.5 mm and the 8.5 mm beaches. Note that the results are given relative to time t0, which is the bore arrival time at each cross-shore location, and only while the wetting front is still moving towards the groundwater table. Positive gradients are associated with infiltration.

train

S0378383912000130-3732

measeval

You are an expert at extracting quantity, units and their related context from text. Given a paragraph below identify each quantity and its related unit and related context, i.e. the measured entity and measured property if they exist.

For the 8.5 mm beach the modelling produces a reasonably accurate trend at x = 1980 mm, while at x = 2780 mm the model fails to predict the initial sharp rise and the decline at the later stages of the swash. In this case the discrepancy between experimental and numerical results is probably caused by the modelling, most likely by the limited capability of the groundwater module.

train

S0378383912000130-3745

measeval

You are an expert at extracting quantity, units and their related context from text. Given a paragraph below identify each quantity and its related unit and related context, i.e. the measured entity and measured property if they exist.

Overall the time-series of the hydraulic gradients display the steep increase at the time of bore arrival. For both beaches hydraulic gradients gradually decrease with time, as the saturated zone above the wetting front becomes thicker. Moreover, hydraulic gradients are significantly reduced by the build-up of pore-air pressure in the unsaturated region of the 1.5 mm beach (Steenhauer et al., 2011a). This pressure build-up is discussed in Section 3.3.

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S0378383912000130-3755

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You are an expert at extracting quantity, units and their related context from text. Given a paragraph below identify each quantity and its related unit and related context, i.e. the measured entity and measured property if they exist.

In contrast to the 1.5 mm beach, within the 8.5 mm beach infiltration was rapid, and the wetting front reached the groundwater level across the majority of the swash zone during the uprush. Groundwater response was hence simulated only in the case of the 8.5 mm beach and discussed in the following.

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S0378383912000130-3827

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You are an expert at extracting quantity, units and their related context from text. Given a paragraph below identify each quantity and its related unit and related context, i.e. the measured entity and measured property if they exist.

The numerical study shows that when the upwards-driven wetting front has reached the level of the bed surface of the 1.5 mm beach, a pathway is created to release the air, at a higher pressure than atmospheric pressure, entrapped within the beach. Entrapped air is then not only released through the unsaturated region of the beach beyond the shoreline position, but also through the additional flow paths created at the lower end of the beach, where the beach has returned to its initially unsaturated state.

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S0378383912000130-3907

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You are an expert at extracting quantity, units and their related context from text. Given a paragraph below identify each quantity and its related unit and related context, i.e. the measured entity and measured property if they exist.

Power spectra of surface elevation for a JONSWAP spectrum with fp = 0.5 Hz and Hp = 1.8 cm: comparison of the numerical results (solid line) with experimental data (dashed line).

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S0378383913001567-2462

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You are an expert at extracting quantity, units and their related context from text. Given a paragraph below identify each quantity and its related unit and related context, i.e. the measured entity and measured property if they exist.

Three different methods were used to recover sediment cores in 2010. The upper 0.8 m of sediments were recovered using a freeze-coring technique (Renberg and Hansson, 1993). This core recovers a thin (approximately 1 cm) vertical slab of relatively undisturbed sediment and was only used for correlation purposes. The freezing technique physically disturbs the micro-structure of unconsolidated sediments and paleomagnetic sub-samples were not obtained from it. Five cores for paleomagnetic measurements were recovered using a rod-operated fixed-piston corer described by Snowball and Sandgren (2002). This system recovers complete 4.8 m long cores of sediment in PVC tubes of either 60 or 63 mm internal diameter, although it is not oriented to a geographic azimuth for practical reasons. This system provided four overlapping cores for paleomagnetic reconstructions to a sediment depth of 8 m (GD0a, GP1, GP2 and GP4. GP3 failed due to an insecure piston). A cable operated Uwitec “Niederreiter” percussion piston corer (three metre long drives) was subsequently used to recover sediments to depth of approximately 11.8 m (drives GD1–GD4). Sandy sediment was recovered in the bottom of GD4, equivalent to a sediment depth between 11.8 m and 11.5 m and it proved impossible to penetrate through this material with the available equipment.

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S0921818113002245-1571

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You are an expert at extracting quantity, units and their related context from text. Given a paragraph below identify each quantity and its related unit and related context, i.e. the measured entity and measured property if they exist.

In general the sediment units (fine detritus gyttja) become lighter coloured towards the surface of the sequence. There are, however, distinct changes in magnetic susceptibility within GU-3, which also contains a distinct layer of clastic sediment (approximately 1 mm thick) with high magnetic susceptibility at depth of 5.16 m. Magnetic susceptibility remains variable in GU-2, which is a lighter brown fine detritus gyttja. The onset of liming within the catchment causes GU-1 to be characterised by thin layers of light coloured non-dissolved calcium carbonate. The magnetic susceptibility of the freeze-core was not determined.

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S0921818113002245-1752

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You are an expert at extracting quantity, units and their related context from text. Given a paragraph below identify each quantity and its related unit and related context, i.e. the measured entity and measured property if they exist.

Site location. The inset shows an outline map of Sweden and the approximate location of Gyltigesjön (circle) in the south. The coring location at the lakes deepest point of approximately 19 m is marked by the white circle. Large (small) arrows show major (minor) inflows and outflows. The bathymetry is based on Guhrén et al. (2003).

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S0921818113002245-859

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You are an expert at extracting quantity, units and their related context from text. Given a paragraph below identify each quantity and its related unit and related context, i.e. the measured entity and measured property if they exist.

Age–depth relationship and physical properties. The solid line in (a) shows the OxCal modelled age–depth relationship produced by integrating the radiocarbon wiggle-match of a series of 873 varves (Mellström et al., 2013) with a series of terrestrial macrofossil ages (labels 46–52.1.1). The dashed back line shows the approximate depths of an historically dated atmospheric lead isochron established in a nearby core by Guhrén et al. (2003). The sedimentation rate shown in (b) was calculated by interpolation between radiocarbon-dated levels, the AD 1850 lead pollution horizon (Guhrén et al., 2003) and the sediment surface. (c) Loss-on-ignition, which is relatively stable in the sediments above 10.5 m depth. The wet density of the discrete paleomagnetic samples is shown in (d).

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S0921818113002245-882

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You are an expert at extracting quantity, units and their related context from text. Given a paragraph below identify each quantity and its related unit and related context, i.e. the measured entity and measured property if they exist.

Human skin fibroblasts were cultured in DMEM medium (Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium, Gibco) supplemented with 10% (v/v) fetal calf serum (FCS), 2 mM l-glutamine, 50 μg/ml uridine, 110 μg/ml pyruvate, 10,000 U/ml penicillin G and 10,000 μg/ml streptomycin.

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S0925443913001385-1429

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You are an expert at extracting quantity, units and their related context from text. Given a paragraph below identify each quantity and its related unit and related context, i.e. the measured entity and measured property if they exist.

The steady state level of MRPL12 in the subject's fibroblasts was reduced to 30% of control value (Fig. 4A and B). The mt-LSU protein ICT1 was also decreased (~ 30% of control values) as was MRPL3 (by 37%) suggesting that a consequence of the MRPL12 mutation is a global defect in assembly of the large ribosomal subunit (mt-LSU). In order to estimate the effect of the MRPL12 mutation on assembly of the whole ribosome, we also tested three proteins of the small ribosomal subunit (SSU), MRPS18B, MRPS25 and DAP3. These were modestly decreased with levels of ~ 60–80% of control (Fig. 4A and B). Correspondingly, 16S and 12S rRNA levels were decreased by 35% and 22% respectively (Fig. 7A). Since porin indicated that there was no compensatory mitochondrial biogenesis and staining of the mitochondrial network with tetramethylrhodamine methyl ester showed no significant alteration in amount or distribution of mitochondria (AR and ZCL unpublished observation) we conclude that the MRPL12 mutation destabilizes the protein resulting in less mt-LSU and to a lesser extent of the small subunit.

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S0925443913001385-1638

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You are an expert at extracting quantity, units and their related context from text. Given a paragraph below identify each quantity and its related unit and related context, i.e. the measured entity and measured property if they exist.

In order to determine whether the MRPL12 mutation also induced changes in composition and assembly of the mitochondrial ribosomal large and small subunits, mitochondrial lysates from cultured fibroblasts (subject and control) were fractionated on isokinetic sucrose gradients (10–30%, as in Ref. [47]). If assembly of either the large subunit or the entire ribosome was affected then the distribution of individual ribosomal proteins would change within the gradient profile. On analysis MRPL12 from the patient was substantially decreased in all fractions but detectable in the fractions consistent with mt-LSU; however it was noticeably absent from the free pool (fractions 1 and 2, Fig. 5). This was in contrast to the control that exhibited a pool of free MRPL12, which has been reported to interact with POLRMT [56]. MRPL3 was also slightly reduced in subject cells but remained in fractions consistent with the large subunit. The MRPL12 mutation impacted more modestly on the small ribosomal subunit, with DAP3 apparently unaffected and MRPS18B found in lower amounts only in fractions 4 and 5 but otherwise with similar steady state levels and distribution profile compared to control. Since POLRMT and MRPL12 have been published as interactors, we analyzed both the steady state level and gradient distribution of POLRMT to see if these were affected by the MRPL12 mutation. Overall levels in the subject sample were decreased to 63% of control value (Fig. 5B) but distribution in the gradient appeared largely unaffected with the exception of fraction 11, where levels were lower than control (Fig. 5A bottom panels).

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S0925443913001385-1646

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You are an expert at extracting quantity, units and their related context from text. Given a paragraph below identify each quantity and its related unit and related context, i.e. the measured entity and measured property if they exist.

Mitochondrial protein synthesis. De novo synthesis of mitochondrial proteins was determined in patient (P) and control (C) fibroblasts under conditions that inhibited cytosolic translation [45]. In vivo incorporation of 35S-methionine/cysteine into mitochondrially encoded proteins was visualised by separation of cell lysate (50 μg) through SDS–PAGE, exposure of the dried gel to a PhosphorImage screen, followed by Storm and ImageQuant analysis (upper panel). To the right of the gel are the aligned densitometric profiles of the patient (lower trace) and control (upper trace). The gel was subsequently rehydrated and stained with Coomassie blue to confirm equal loading (lower panel).

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S0925443913001385-839

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You are an expert at extracting quantity, units and their related context from text. Given a paragraph below identify each quantity and its related unit and related context, i.e. the measured entity and measured property if they exist.

To study the effect of the FARS2 mutations on the steady state levels of mt-tRNAPhe, high resolution northern blotting was performed using total RNA extracted from patient myoblasts. The levels of mt-tRNAVal and mt-tRNALeu(UUR) were used as loading controls and the level of mt-tRNAPhe was assessed as a percentage relative to controls. We observed an approximately 54% reduction in the level of mt-tRNAPhe when compared with normal controls (Fig. 3D).

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S0925443913003037-1397

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You are an expert at extracting quantity, units and their related context from text. Given a paragraph below identify each quantity and its related unit and related context, i.e. the measured entity and measured property if they exist.

Cranial MRI performed at age 2.5 years.

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S0925443913003037-654

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You are an expert at extracting quantity, units and their related context from text. Given a paragraph below identify each quantity and its related unit and related context, i.e. the measured entity and measured property if they exist.

We have shown that inverted BHJ devices made with rapidly grown ZnO hole blocking layers using atmospheric atomic layer deposition (AALD) give device performances that are comparable with the best inverted P3HT:PCBM BHJ devices reported to date. Working devices with good, but lower performance were obtained without any post-annealing of the as-grown AALD ZnO. On the other hand, these unannealed AALD ZnO films are suitable for making flexible, plastic substrate solar cells. A compromise between device performance and suitability for making plastic substrate solar cells was achieved by post-annealing the ZnO films at 150 °C. The AALD ZnO fulfils the properties required for good hole blocking layers: the films are compact, have a high electron mobility, have up to 100% visible light transmittance, good blend wettability and very good device stability over time. In addition, the deposition process occurs under atmospheric conditions and has the potential to be implemented in a roll-to-roll process. AALD ZnO films are therefore highly suited as multifunctional components for inverted BHJ devices.

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S0927024813001955-1005

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You are an expert at extracting quantity, units and their related context from text. Given a paragraph below identify each quantity and its related unit and related context, i.e. the measured entity and measured property if they exist.

Comparison of the performance of ITO/AALD ZnO/P3HT:PCBM/MoO3/Ag devices with the 125 nm thick AALD ZnO film post-annealed at different temperatures for 1 h. The uncertainties represent the variation in the properties among multiple devices made with the same parameters. The devices were measured after one week of storage in the dark under ambient conditions.

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S0927024813001955-576

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You are an expert at extracting quantity, units and their related context from text. Given a paragraph below identify each quantity and its related unit and related context, i.e. the measured entity and measured property if they exist.

A thin ZnO (<200 nm) film grown by Atmospheric Atomic Layer Deposition (AALD) in a matter of minutes was studied as a hole-blocking layer in poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl):[6,6]-phenyl-C61-buyric acid methyl ester (P3HT:PCBM) based inverted solar cells. These AALD ZnO layers were compact, had a high electron mobility of 3.4+0.1 cm2/Vs, had up to 100% transmittance to visible light, and a good wettability for the blend. Despite the very rapid, open atmosphere growth method, the cell performance was comparable with some of the best inverted bulk heterojunction P3HT:PCBM cells in the literature. The performance was also maintained after 200 days of storage in air in the dark.

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S0927024813001955-679

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You are an expert at extracting quantity, units and their related context from text. Given a paragraph below identify each quantity and its related unit and related context, i.e. the measured entity and measured property if they exist.

The performance and morphology of vacuum co-deposited BHJs was studied through variation of four main parameters—active layer thickness, polymer–fullerene composition and post-production thermal annealing temperature and time. In order to see the effect of annealing on different PTh:C60 compositions, optimization of the annealing temperature and time had to be performed. A series of initial experiments indicated that BHJ with 80 vol% of C60 and a thickness of 70 nm lead to device characteristics comparable to the previously reported planar heterojunction devices (Jsc∼2–3 mA/cm2 and Voc∼0.40–0.45 V) [37]. This composition thus served as a good standard for optimization of the annealing parameters.

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S0927024813002420-1032

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You are an expert at extracting quantity, units and their related context from text. Given a paragraph below identify each quantity and its related unit and related context, i.e. the measured entity and measured property if they exist.

Vacuum-deposited PTh:C60 bulk heterojunctions with different donor–acceptor compositions were fabricated and the effect of post-production thermal annealing on their photovoltaic performance and morphology studied. We showed that co-deposition of blended mixtures leads to 60% higher photocurrents than in thickness-optimized PTh/C60 planar heterojunction counterparts [37]. Furthermore, by annealing the devices post-situ we improved their power conversion efficiency by as much as 80%, achieving performance comparable to PTh:PCBM equivalents processed in solution from thermo-cleavable precursors [52]. An enhanced photoresponse results from the favorable morphological development of PTh upon annealing, modestly larger grain sizes and increased crystallization of C60. In contrast to most small-molecule blends, annealing-induced phase separation does not lead to formation of microcrystals but rather to a controlled improvement of the donor–acceptor network. This is an inherent advantage of polymers over molecular systems.

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S0927024813002420-1202

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You are an expert at extracting quantity, units and their related context from text. Given a paragraph below identify each quantity and its related unit and related context, i.e. the measured entity and measured property if they exist.

Polythiophene (PTh) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (unknown Mw), poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS, Baytron P dispersion) from H.C. Starck and fullerene (C60, 99.9% pure) from MER Corporation. All the materials were used as received. PTh and C60 were deposited by vacuum thermal evaporation from separate tungsten boats (Leybold Optics) which were heated by a Xantrex XHR 7.5–80 DC Power Supply and TDK-Lambda Genesys 8–300 DC Power Supply, respectively. The evaporation was conducted in high vacuum ∼1×10−5 Torr at a temperature of 300±15 °C. The individual rate of PTh and C60 deposition was ∼0.5–5 Å/s depending on the BHJ composition. The average overall rate was approximately ∼1.5–3 Å/s. Due to the insolubility of PTh, no accurate direct measurement of the molecular weight could be made (nor was this value indicated by the manufacturer), however a combination of different techniques in our previous work [37] suggested that the evaporated PTh is near its effective conjugation length (20–25 monomer units, Eg≈2.0 eV), which corresponds to Mw~1500–2000 g mol−1.

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S0927024813002420-975

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You are an expert at extracting quantity, units and their related context from text. Given a paragraph below identify each quantity and its related unit and related context, i.e. the measured entity and measured property if they exist.

The energy yield delivered by different types of photovoltaic device is a key consideration in the selection of appropriate technologies for cheap photovoltaic electricity. The different technologies currently on the market, each have certain strengths and weaknesses when it comes to operating in different environments. There is a plethora of comparative tests on-going with sometimes contradictory results. This paper investigates device behaviour of contrasting thin film technologies, specifically a-Si and CIGS derivatives, and places this analysis into context with results reported by others. Specific consideration is given to the accuracy of module inter-comparisons, as most outdoor monitoring at this scale is conducted to compare devices against one another. It is shown that there are five main contributors to differences in energy delivery and the magnitude of these depends on the environments in which the devices are operated. The paper shows that two effects, typically not considered in inter-comparisons, dominate the reported energy delivery. Environmental influences such as light intensity, spectrum and operating temperature introduce performance variations typically in the range of 2–7% in the course of a year. However, most comparative tests are carried out only for short periods of time, in the order of months. Here, the power rating is a key factor and adds uncertainty for new technologies such as thin films often in the range of 10–15%. This dominates inter-comparisons looking at as-new, first-year energy yields, yet considering the life-time energy yield it is found that ageing causes up to 25% variation between different devices. The durability of devices and performance-maintenance is thus the most significant factor affecting energy delivery, a major determinant of electricity cost. The discussion is based on long-term measurements carried out in Loughborough, UK by the Centre for Renewable Energy Systems Technology (CREST) at Loughborough University.

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S0927024813002961-1051

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You are an expert at extracting quantity, units and their related context from text. Given a paragraph below identify each quantity and its related unit and related context, i.e. the measured entity and measured property if they exist.

There are several time-scales involved in performance variations of photovoltaic devices. In the short term, there is the direct influence of the environment as discussed in Section 4. In the mid-term there is the Staebler–Wronski effect for a-Si [48,49] or pre-conditioning for CIGS, which affects the annual energy prediction by less than 5% typically and are not further explored here. The effect for CIGS is slightly contradictory as there is no clarity of the time scales involved yet [4,50]. There are also long-term gradual degradation effects which affect all device technologies [51]. In many published discussions there are generalisations of technologies. It is shown below that such a general behaviour was not observed at CREST. The maximum power point data of all devices within an irradiance range of 650–750 W/m2 have been extracted and corrected to 700 W/m2 and 25 °C using bi-linear interpolation. These power values are annotated as P700. This particular irradiance level was chosen as there is a statistically significant number of data points in each month of the year and thus fewer outliers to affect the analysis. The result is shown in Fig. 9 (top graph). To contrast power and energy, the monthly performance ratios are also plotted (bottom graph)Table 2.

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S0927024813002961-1334

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You are an expert at extracting quantity, units and their related context from text. Given a paragraph below identify each quantity and its related unit and related context, i.e. the measured entity and measured property if they exist.

Minority carrier lifetime was measured using transient or quasi-steady-state photoconductance [38] methods, with a Sinton WCT-120 lifetime tester. The injection level range studied varied with the lifetime of the sample, but was usually in the range 1013 cm−3 to 1016 cm−3. It is our aim to determine the absolute lifetime associated with oxygen precipitation, so care was taken to prevent or factor out well-understood recombination processes. Boron–oxygen defects were eliminated by storing the samples in the dark after passivation, or by performing a 10 min pre-anneal at 200 °C [39] prior to lifetime measurement. The samples were subjected to ∼50 close-up flashes from the lifetime tester to dissociate FeB pairs [40], after which an initial lifetime measurement was made immediately. It is noted that the aggregated illumination time of the flashes of light used to dissociate the iron–boron pairs is very short (<20 ms), so any effect on the formation of boron–oxygen defects is kept to a minimum [39]. A second lifetime measurement was made more than 24 h later, which was sufficient time to reassociate the FeB pairs [19,34,41]. The two lifetime measurements are then analysed to give the concentration of iron that exists in FeB pairs using an established method [30,40,42]. This concentration is henceforth referred to as the bulk iron concentration, and excludes iron present in other forms such as iron silicide precipitates, or iron bound to, or precipitated at, oxide precipitates and any surrounding defects. The specific analysis approach used is described in a previous publication [19]. The essential feature is that SRH statistics (Eq. (1)) are used with the recombination parameters of Rein and Glunz [30] to determine the bulk iron concentration required to account for a lifetime change at a given injection level. For the results presented in this paper, the injection level used was 0.2p0. The bulk iron concentrations in the “uncontaminated” samples were always ≤1.5×1012 cm−3.

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S0927024813003036-2011

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You are an expert at extracting quantity, units and their related context from text. Given a paragraph below identify each quantity and its related unit and related context, i.e. the measured entity and measured property if they exist.

A method for preparing CdS nanoparticles within the porous confines of a mesoporous starch gel is described. This method utilises the combined colloidal and flexible chemical nature of a porous polysaccharide (i.e. starch) gel to limit CdS growth. The resulting hybrid gels can be dried to produce CdS/starch materials with high surface areas, predominantly mesoporous characteristics and scope for high CdS loading. The synthesis is conducted in aqueous alcoholic solutions without the need for expensive preparation techniques or additional protection/templating strategies. Materials were prepared at increasing CdS loadings on the starch gel, which confined nanoparticle growth and directed size/surface coverage, dispersion and UV–vis absorption profile. The resulting powders presented large mesopore domains with high volumes (pore diameters > 10 nm; Vmeso > 0.5 cm3 g−1) and surface areas (SBET > 170 m2 g−1), interestingly effectively increasing with CdS loading. The synthesised CdS nanoparticles were characterised in the 5–40 nm range of a cubic crystalline structure, increasing in size with loading. A complete surface coverage of the starch gel structure occurs at a CdS/starch ratio = 1 (w/w), allowing the synthesis of a unique mesoporous CdS/polysaccharide hybrid. The presented route is simple, green and in principle extendable to a wide range of QDs and polysaccharide gels, whereby the porous polysaccharide gel acts as the deposition point of Cd2+, directing and stabilising both the growth of the inorganic CdS phase and the expanded high surface area polysaccharide form.

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S0927775713009606-1074

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You are an expert at extracting quantity, units and their related context from text. Given a paragraph below identify each quantity and its related unit and related context, i.e. the measured entity and measured property if they exist.

Wide-angle diffraction patterns were acquired using a Bruker AXS D8 diffractometer with CuKα (λ = 1.5418 Å), over a 2θ range from 5° to 85°, using a step size of 0.1° and a counting time per step of 4 s. CdS particle size was calculated using the Scherrer equation, assuming a spherical particle morphology and using a Gaussian peak fitting procedure to determine the FWHM (i.e. K = 0.9).

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S0927775713009606-1216

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You are an expert at extracting quantity, units and their related context from text. Given a paragraph below identify each quantity and its related unit and related context, i.e. the measured entity and measured property if they exist.

It is important to note that the divalent cation Cd2+ has an ionic radius of 0.097 nm [22], which leads to a number of speculative points; (1) the diameter of the cation is smaller than the internal cavity of the amylose helix (double or single; ca. 0.4–1.0 nm), which itself is presumably flexible under the synthesis conditions to accommodate introduction of the Cd2+ into its hydrophobic cavity (perhaps occupying micropores (Table 1); (2) the diameter is also approximately the same length as the (OH) H-bonding distances (i.e. 0.19–0.21 nm) [23] between adjacent glucose residues that form the amylose helix (believed to be key to the formation of the porous polysaccharide phase); [15,24] consequently coordination of Cd2+ may stabilise an alternative metastable polysaccharide confirmation(s), gel state and in turn expanded surface properties. It is thought that at low loadings (e.g. CdS3), Cd2+ is adsorbed initially within the (smaller) pores of MS, leading to a nanoconfinement of the forming CdS phase. CdS will nucleate here presumably according to a pseudo-epitaxial growth, generating confined, amorphous nanoparticles or “seeds” (as indicated from XRD data). As CdS nanoparticles grow and fill the porous domains as loading increases, the polysaccharide structure remains flexible, particularly in the presence of water (or water/alcohol mixtures), and the hydrogen bond network may then rearrange accordingly to accommodate the inorganic phase. As the CdS clusters grow in size (and becoming increasingly crystalline) in the mesopores, the electrostatic repulsion increases the average pore size but with no reduction in surface area presumably as a consequence of an increased primary particle separation within the gel phase. This is an interesting observation and may lead to the synthesis of a variety of polysaccharide/inorganic hybrids and templated materials, as well as the potential to utilise ionic potential to direct textural properties of polysaccharide gels and associated porous xero- and aerogels.

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S0927775713009606-1361

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You are an expert at extracting quantity, units and their related context from text. Given a paragraph below identify each quantity and its related unit and related context, i.e. the measured entity and measured property if they exist.

In each sub-figures (a)–(f) of Fig. 4, the x-coordinate pertains to the ratio of the number of the inserted objects and original data, while the y-coordinate concerns the computational time. According to the experimental results as shown in Table 9 and Fig. 4, we find that the computational time of both static (Algorithm 1) and incremental (Algorithm 3) algorithms are increasing monotonically along with the increasing of insert ratios. It is easy to get the incremental algorithm is always faster than the static algorithm when the inserting ratio increases from 10% to 100% according to Fig. 4(a)–(e). In Fig. 4(f), we find the incremental algorithm is mush faster than the static algorithm when the inserting ratio is less than 85%, but slower than the static algorithm when the inserting ratio is more than 85%.

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S0950705113001895-23699

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You are an expert at extracting quantity, units and their related context from text. Given a paragraph below identify each quantity and its related unit and related context, i.e. the measured entity and measured property if they exist.

The following significance diagram displays the average rank of the classifiers at an 85% good, 15% bad class split:

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S095741741101342X-2624

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You are an expert at extracting quantity, units and their related context from text. Given a paragraph below identify each quantity and its related unit and related context, i.e. the measured entity and measured property if they exist.

AR comparison at an 85/15% split of good/bad observations.

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S095741741101342X-726

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You are an expert at extracting quantity, units and their related context from text. Given a paragraph below identify each quantity and its related unit and related context, i.e. the measured entity and measured property if they exist.

The generator efficiency, defined in Eq. (29), is presented in Fig. 13. Strategies A–C lead to similar generator efficiencies, the two major trends being that increased average wind speed causes a higher generator efficiency while a higher frequency of the wind speed reduces the generator efficiency. In the high wind speed case at low frequencies, the generator efficiency of the reference strategy is similar to that of the other strategies. However, the generator efficiency with the reference strategy is lower at high wind frequencies. This reduced efficiency is due to high resistive loss caused by the high generator torque during the rapid oscillations. In the low wind speed case at wind frequencies of 0.01–0.03 Hz, the generator efficiency is higher with the reference strategy than with the other strategies, since strategies A–C operate at too high rotational velocities and thereby increase the already dominant core loss. In the low wind speed case at wind frequencies above 0.003 Hz, the reference strategy causes a too low average tip speed ratio which reduces energy capture, see Figs. 10 and 11.

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S0960148113002048-3775

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You are an expert at extracting quantity, units and their related context from text. Given a paragraph below identify each quantity and its related unit and related context, i.e. the measured entity and measured property if they exist.

The boundary conditions were as follows. On the top, bottom and right boundaries a no-slip boundary condition was applied. On the left boundary a Dirichlet boundary condition enforced a sinusoidal in-/outflow velocity:u(x,y,t)=(−2sin(2πt/P)0),where P is the tidal period time. Due to the small basin size, a realistically long tidal period would lead to an excessively large tidal range. Therefore, the tidal period was defined to be P ≡ 10 min, which resulted in a tidal range of ±12 m. The simulation time was set to one full tidal period with a time step of Δt = 12 s. No spin up phase was applied, as its effect is assumed to be small due to the relatively short extent of the domain.

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S0960148113004989-3203

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You are an expert at extracting quantity, units and their related context from text. Given a paragraph below identify each quantity and its related unit and related context, i.e. the measured entity and measured property if they exist.

The domain of the third scenario is shown in Fig. 3c. First, only the layout problem is solved. For this test, inequality constraints were applied to enforce a minimum distance of 30 m between each turbine. The optimisation algorithm terminated after 56 iterations (55 gradient evaluations, 73 functional evaluations). The optimised farm layout extracts 40.6 MW, which corresponds to an increase of 31% compared to the initial layout (30.9 MW) (Fig. 8c). The optimised layout features a distinct ⋄-shaped alignment with an opening on the inflow facing side (Fig. 8b). Fig. 8d shows the velocity magnitude and suggests that this hole acts to trap and push the flow through the downstream turbines similar to the previous examples.

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S0960148113004989-3258

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You are an expert at extracting quantity, units and their related context from text. Given a paragraph below identify each quantity and its related unit and related context, i.e. the measured entity and measured property if they exist.

The final scenario (Fig. 3d) was solved with the non-stationary shallow water equations. The simulation time consisted of one P = 12 h sinusoidal period with a time step of Δt = 864 s. No spin up phase was applied, as its effect is assumed to be small due to the relatively short extent of the domain. Dirichlet boundary conditions on the left and right boundaries enforced the following sinusoidal in-/outflow velocity:u(x,y,t)=(−2sin(2πt/P)0).

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S0960148113004989-3277

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You are an expert at extracting quantity, units and their related context from text. Given a paragraph below identify each quantity and its related unit and related context, i.e. the measured entity and measured property if they exist.

The averaged power extracted during one cycle increased by 22% from 48.4 MW to 59.0 MW (Fig. 10e). Since the computational domain is symmetric and the simulation time covered one full period, the optimised layout is expected to be symmetric in the x-direction. The numerical solution, shown in Fig. 10b, indeed shows an almost symmetric result. The turbine alignment consists of two distorted ∨ shapes whose open ends face the in/-outflow boundaries. Similar to the previous example, an interpretation of this alignment is to divert the stream towards the corner of the ∨ where turbines can extract large amounts of power. An additional row of turbines can be seen parallel to the bottom of the domain. These turbines are positioned to capture energy from the flow passing along the boundary.

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S0960148113004989-3327

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You are an expert at extracting quantity, units and their related context from text. Given a paragraph below identify each quantity and its related unit and related context, i.e. the measured entity and measured property if they exist.

Operating efficiency: sub-optimal control systems, misaligned components and electrical losses within the farm are found to reduce output by 2% in well-performing field installations relative to the turbine's supplied power curve [30];

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You are an expert at extracting quantity, units and their related context from text. Given a paragraph below identify each quantity and its related unit and related context, i.e. the measured entity and measured property if they exist.

The combined average of these measures is −0.43 ± 0.05 percentage points per year, giving −1.6 ± 0.2% annual degradation. The similarity of results from different methods gives us confidence that the underlying trend is robust: the decline in load factor with age is neither an artefact of systematic variation in wind speeds nor of the continual improvement in technology. Questions do however remain as to the exact form of this degradation, for example whether it is linear, quadratic or logarithmic with age; or how degradation rates are changing over time and whether they will be lower in the future. Access to data from more farms, and a more detailed wind resource assessment for each site will be fundamental to furthering our understanding of these issues.

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You are an expert at extracting quantity, units and their related context from text. Given a paragraph below identify each quantity and its related unit and related context, i.e. the measured entity and measured property if they exist.

This could have significant policy implications for the desirability of investing in wind power, as argued in a recent report by Hughes for the Renewable Energy Foundation (REF) [1]. That report suggested that the load factors of wind farms in the UK have declined by 5–13% per year, normalising for month-by-month variations in wind speeds. These findings could represent a significant hurdle for the wind industry, but they require replication.

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S0960148113005727-904

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You are an expert at extracting quantity, units and their related context from text. Given a paragraph below identify each quantity and its related unit and related context, i.e. the measured entity and measured property if they exist.

KSS is a multisystem disorder defined clinically by the triad of PEO and pigmentary retinopathy with onset before the age of 20 years plus at least one of: cardiac conduction block; cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) protein concentration greater than 0.1 g/L; cerebellar ataxia [76–80]. Frequent additional signs include sensorineural hearing loss, renal tubular acidosis, dementia, seizures, short stature and endocrine disturbance (diabetes mellitus, hypoparathyroidism and growth hormone deficiency). A progressive skeletal myopathy is also frequently seen. The most common magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings are cerebral and cerebellar atrophy with bilateral, often symmetrical, hyperintense lesions in the subcortical white matter, thalamus, basal ganglia and brainstem [81–83]. Interestingly, there appears to be little correlation between neurological deficits and the severity of the MRI features [84]. KSS is most commonly associated with single large-scale deletions of mtDNA [56]. We recently identified a case of KSS caused by nuclear genomic dysfunction due to mutations in RRM2B in a patient with multiple deletions of the mtDNA [85]. It is, therefore, possible for KSS to follow a Mendelian pattern of inheritance, although the majority of cases are sporadic.

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S0960896612001022-1223

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You are an expert at extracting quantity, units and their related context from text. Given a paragraph below identify each quantity and its related unit and related context, i.e. the measured entity and measured property if they exist.

To meet these challenges fertilizers recommendations to farmers become a common practice worldwide generally optimizing fertilizer doses to sustain a desired yield without a load to the environment. Consequently, soil P recommendation systems are widely used around the world to ensure good soil management and nutrient efficiency promoting agricultural sustainability. However recommendation systems differ considerably among countries. Not many systems can be found as peer reviewed literature; however a brief overview on those available is hereby given. Phosphorus recommendation systems are commonly used in Brazil, in a country where soils are generally nutrient poor. The Brazilian recommendation systems are based on quantitative analyses of soil input variables. The input variable consists of the following factors; cation exchange capacity (CEC), base saturation (BS), base sum, exchangeable aluminium (Al), calcium/magnesium (Ca/Mg), potassium (K) and P levels, sodium (Na) saturation and electrical conductivity. The output variable of the system is the amount of fertilizer to be applied. This is mainly based on 4 classes, low, medium, high to very high (Palhares et al., 2001). While Brazil follows a detailed set of variables when recommending P fertilizer levels, the agronomists at Kansas University – who, among other land grant Universities in the United States, provide single rate recommendation for nutrients such as P – are developing a fertilizer recommendation system that gives growers the flexibility to choose a soil management practice suitable for their needs. This flexibility included choosing from 2 systems, the “nutrient sufficiency recommendation system” which is developed to provide a 90–95% maximum yield for the year, and the “build maintenance fertility program” based soil test values over a planned period of time, usually 4–8 years, for both immediate crop needs and build up levels to a non-limiting value (Leikam et al., 2003). In West Africa, a framework to optimize soil fertility management in rice production is in use were the yield potential is estimated by an ecophysiological model based on weather conditions, cultivar species and sowing date. This yield potential is used as an input into a static model together with field specific data such as recovery efficiency of applied N, P and K, indigenous NPK supply and maximum NPK accumulation. Outputs of the framework include, required fertilizer doses to obtain different yield targets depending on yield potential and the soil nutrient supply (Haefele et al., 2003).

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S1161030113001950-923

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You are an expert at extracting quantity, units and their related context from text. Given a paragraph below identify each quantity and its related unit and related context, i.e. the measured entity and measured property if they exist.

Crystallite sizes were determined by a scanning electron microscope (LEO 1525 field emission scanning electron microscope, with a nominal resolution of 1.5 nm at 20 kV) equipped with a backscattering detector. For correlating the dilatometric length changes with modifications of microstructure, microscopy samples were prepared from the same part of the HPT disk as the dilatometric samples and subsequently annealed under identical conditions in the dilatometer up to predefined temperatures at a heating rate of 5 K/min, followed by rapid cooling to ambient temperature at a rate of about 30 K/min.

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S1359645413009816-2243

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You are an expert at extracting quantity, units and their related context from text. Given a paragraph below identify each quantity and its related unit and related context, i.e. the measured entity and measured property if they exist.

Only a few experimental data are available in the literature for grain boundary expansion, primarily for isolated grain boundaries with a distinct orientation relation. From high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, values for Au of eGB=(0.04–0.10)×10-10m (Ref. [22]) or eGB=0.12×10-10m (Ref. [23]) are reported. From measurements of the grain boundary contact angle in an Al tricrystal, a value eGB=0.64×10-10m is reported by Shvindlerman et al. [24] applying a thermodynamic model. For nanocrystalline Pd [25] and Fe [26], values of eGB=0.23×10-10m and 0.19×10-10m were determined from density measurements and modeling of grain growth kinetics, respectively. A number of computer simulations of grain boundaries [27–30] deal with the issue of grain boundary expansion. Here, however, the choice of the interatomic potentials was found to have a substantial influence on the numerical results [27]. Most recently, grain boundary expansion data have been reported from molecular dynamics simulations on Ni, eGB=(0.28–0.42)×10-10m for random high-angle grain boundaries [30] and eGB=(0.39–0.41)×10-10m (at T = 1200 K) for Σ5 grain boundaries [29]. Here, the matching of the data values with the data of the dilatometric studies of Cu and Ni is remarkable.

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S1359645413009816-2973

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You are an expert at extracting quantity, units and their related context from text. Given a paragraph below identify each quantity and its related unit and related context, i.e. the measured entity and measured property if they exist.

Our model consists of a two-dimensional square system, with pre-set side length of L = 1 m, containing N = 1000 discrete particles. The overall coverage of particles in the material is given by the number density, λ = N/L2 (fixed at 1000 m−2) and the area fraction, Af=λa¯, where a¯ is the mean cross-sectional area of a particle. Periodic boundary conditions are applied to the edges of the system to reduce finite size effects [22]. Our choice of units is irrelevant to the dispersion quality.

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S1359835X13001875-1359

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You are an expert at extracting quantity, units and their related context from text. Given a paragraph below identify each quantity and its related unit and related context, i.e. the measured entity and measured property if they exist.

Molar ratios of 100Ti/Al obtained from the suspended particles in the air. The data were collected during Asian Dust Storm (ADS) episodes and non-ADS periods in East China Sea and in Taipei. The collected particles include 2.5–10 μm (PM10) and less than 2.5 μm (PM2.5).

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You are an expert at extracting quantity, units and their related context from text. Given a paragraph below identify each quantity and its related unit and related context, i.e. the measured entity and measured property if they exist.

To deliberate the chirality of the supramolecular architecture, solid state circular dichroism spectra were measured in a KCl matrix for GMP ligand and the single-crystals of complex 1 (Fig. 3(b)). There is a red-shift in the solid state CD spectrum of GMP compared with its liquid CD spectrum. The negative band about the conformation of the sugar moiety has nearly disappeared. In solid-state, mutarotation is more difficult and the negative band at the 260 nm nearby can be detected which indicates that the GMP ligand is mainly β-anomers. In the spectrum of complex 1, the weak negative band at 215–225 nm indicates that the GMP exists as l-ribo [5], which is induced by the strong π–π and hydrogen bonding interaction. For solid samples, CD spectroscopy is highly sensitive to even a very small distortion from planarity of the aromatic chromophore [12]. The strong negative CE centered at 297 nm (θ ≈ − 10 mdeg) is due to the excitation coupling of π → π* transitions of the aromatic chromophores, including the intra- and intermolecular coupling of the guanine chromophores [13], which is consistent with the single crystal structure.

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S1387700313001822-661

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You are an expert at extracting quantity, units and their related context from text. Given a paragraph below identify each quantity and its related unit and related context, i.e. the measured entity and measured property if they exist.

Rate-capability of (a) NaFeO2 [12], (b) NaFe0.5Co0.5O2, and (c) NaCoO2 in Na cells. The cells were charged to 4.0 V at a rate of 12 mA g− 1 and then discharged at different rates; 1/20 (12 mA g− 1)–30C (7260 mA g− 1). The sample loading on Al foil was (a) 1.3 (b) 2.4, and (c) 2.2 mg cm− 2 as the active material.

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S1388248113001951-339

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You are an expert at extracting quantity, units and their related context from text. Given a paragraph below identify each quantity and its related unit and related context, i.e. the measured entity and measured property if they exist.

The results in Table 3 indicate that when there is no attack RED has no obvious influence on the normal TCP flows (ρna and rna are almost the same for DropTail and RED). However, when LDDoS attacks are present, RED significantly improves the throughput of normal TCP. Note that in this case, RED drops 25% packets, much more than the 7.6% from DropTail. In other words, when the aggregate rate of the LDDoS flows is very close to the bottleneck bandwidth of network, deploying RED is able to drop more attack packets while increasing the throughput of the normal TCP flows. Admittedly RED might also drop more legitimate packets than DropTail here, however it achieves a higher normal-TCP-flow throughput ρa than DropTail. The throughput ρa of normal TCP flows is considered to be more important than its drop ratio ra when a network is under an LDDoS attack.

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You are an expert at extracting quantity, units and their related context from text. Given a paragraph below identify each quantity and its related unit and related context, i.e. the measured entity and measured property if they exist.

Fig. 12 shows the results for the AWI LDDoS attack. Our CPR-based approach is still effective – the difference in the average CPR for normal TCP flows and LDDoS flows is evident. However, as Tb decreases (from 10 ms to 0.1 ms), the average CAS of the attack flows under the CAS-based approach also decreases. When Tb is around 0.5 ms, the average CAS of the normal TCP flows and the LDDoS flows is about the same.

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You are an expert at extracting quantity, units and their related context from text. Given a paragraph below identify each quantity and its related unit and related context, i.e. the measured entity and measured property if they exist.

Fig. 13 shows the results for the ARI LDDoS attack. Similar to previous results, our CPR-based approach is still effective whereas the effectiveness of the CAS-based approach decreases as Rb decreases (from 0.25 Mbps to 0.01 Mbps).

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You are an expert at extracting quantity, units and their related context from text. Given a paragraph below identify each quantity and its related unit and related context, i.e. the measured entity and measured property if they exist.

We recruited 147 patients from consanguineous pedigrees (parents of the proband were second cousins or more closely related) who were diagnosed with permanent diabetes before 6 months of age or were diagnosed with permanent diabetes before 9 months and had any additional clinical features that made a diagnosis of type 1 diabetes less likely. Informed consent was obtained from all participants or their parents, and institutional review board approval was received for this study.

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S1550413113004920-1509

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You are an expert at extracting quantity, units and their related context from text. Given a paragraph below identify each quantity and its related unit and related context, i.e. the measured entity and measured property if they exist.

Input to the modeling consisted of the compressional wave velocity (Vp), shear wave velocity (Vs), and density (ρ) near the injection well obtained from borehole logging data (Fig. 4). Vp and ρ were vertically averaged from the logs to remove high frequency fluctuations. Vs values from the well Ktzi202/2007 were vertically averaged over the main lithological units (Förster et al., 2010). The resulting Vs model was linearly interpolated to the injection well using the interpreted lithological horizons after Kling (2011). The input wavelet was extracted from the 3D seismic baseline data (Juhlin et al., 2007) (Fig. 4), yielding a dominant frequency of 40 Hz. Seismic modeling with the reflectivity method using the previously described Vp, Vs and density models as input parameters resulted in a synthetic trace corresponding to a 3D surface seismic baseline trace near the injection well (Fig. 4).

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S175058361300203X-1280

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You are an expert at extracting quantity, units and their related context from text. Given a paragraph below identify each quantity and its related unit and related context, i.e. the measured entity and measured property if they exist.

Next we apply the multi-phase fluid flow simulations of Lengler et al. (2010) to account for the lateral variability in the petrophysical properties of the storage formation at Ketzin. Lengler et al. (2010) performed simulations on multiple realizations of the Ketzin reservoir using a stochastic Monte Carlo approach in order to take into account the high degree of uncertainty in the reservoir characterization at the scale required for fluid flow simulations. In this paper, we use a similar approach, but this time to investigate the impact of the reservoir temperature on the fluid migration and, in turn, on the 4D seismic data. Hydrogeological studies at the Ketzin site (Norden et al., 2010) have shown that a 2D radially symmetric model of the upper part (33 m) of the Stuttgart Formation can be used to interpret the 3D data acquired near the injection well (Fig. 7). This model accounts for the presence of channel sandstones in the reservoir that are the most favorable for CO2 migration and contains effective porosities in the range of 20–25% (Förster et al., 2010). As known from core and log analysis of the injection well Ktzi201/2007 and the first observation well Ktzi200/2007, the reservoir is composed of two high porosity sandstone layers. These layers are separated by a thin strongly cemented sandstone layer (Norden et al., 2010). Since the thickness of this layer is in the decimeter range, it cannot be detected with the seismic wavelengths typically available from surface-seismic measurements. However, this layer is known to be a significant constraint to fluid migration due to its low permeability (Wiese et al., 2010).

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S175058361300203X-1483

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You are an expert at extracting quantity, units and their related context from text. Given a paragraph below identify each quantity and its related unit and related context, i.e. the measured entity and measured property if they exist.

It is well known that the seismic velocity in sandstones saturated with brine does not depend on temperatures in the range of 34–38 °C (e.g. Mavko, 2005). To demonstrate this we calculated the difference in Vp between both temperature scenarios present at the Ketzin site at the time of the 1st 3D seismic repeat campaign (Ivanova et al., 2012) using Gassmann's equations (1951) for 50% CO2 saturation. The resulting difference between the scenarios in Vp is less than 5 m/s. Considering the uncertainties (e.g. ±5% error in CO2 saturation) in the petrophysical experiments (Kummerow and Spangenberg, 2011; Ivanova et al., 2012) corresponding to ±70 m/s in Vp (Fig. 5), we did not take into account the Vp changes (Fig. 5, Eq. (1)) due to the different temperature scenarios (34 and 38 °C).

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S175058361300203X-1542

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You are an expert at extracting quantity, units and their related context from text. Given a paragraph below identify each quantity and its related unit and related context, i.e. the measured entity and measured property if they exist.

The resulting synthetic seismic differences (Fig. 8) of both the 34 °C and 38 °C options look very similar and also show some similarity to the real data, also shown in Fig. 8. The synthetic difference (repeat-base) seismograms from near the top of the reservoir agree reasonably well with the real difference seismograms (repeat-base) for the Ktzi201/2007 and Ktzi200/2007 wells reported by Ivanova et al. (2012). However, obvious disagreements are found at the Ktzi202/2007 well, which may be due to the fact that the velocity model used at this location is not sufficiently correct. Seismic amplitude differences between the 38 °C and 34 °C scenarios correspond to less than 1% of the amplitude values of the baseline (Fig. 8). Since the normalized root mean square (NRMS) differences in the 3D time-lapse data are greater than 10% (Kashubin et al., 2011) these temperature effects in the reservoir will not be resolvable with surface seismic methods at the Ketzin site.

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S175058361300203X-1556

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You are an expert at extracting quantity, units and their related context from text. Given a paragraph below identify each quantity and its related unit and related context, i.e. the measured entity and measured property if they exist.

By integrating seismic modeling and multiphase fluid flow simulations, we have estimated the impact of the reservoir temperature on the 4D seismic data from Ketzin. We studied two cases, one where the injection was performed at 34 °C and the other at 38 °C. Results from the multiphase fluid flow simulations show that the difference between the two cases is small for the CO2 migration. Likewise, the temperature does not affect significantly the seismic amplitude response, although the CO2 density is considerably lower for the higher temperature case. The difference in CO2 density between 34 °C and 38 °C decreases with decreasing pressure and, therefore, with increasing distance from the injection well. Therefore, the modeled time-lapse seismic differences for the two temperature scenarios is minor regarding the qualitative analysis of the 4D seismic data from the Ketzin CO2 storage site (Fig. 8).

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S175058361300203X-1638

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You are an expert at extracting quantity, units and their related context from text. Given a paragraph below identify each quantity and its related unit and related context, i.e. the measured entity and measured property if they exist.

An additional uncertainty arises from saturation profiling, which discerns between pores filled with brine and pores filled with CO2 above a poorly constrained level of saturation (Arts et al., 2004). It follows from the commonly used Gassmann equation (Gassmann, 1951) that: (a) very low saturations of less than a few percent are undetectable; (b) a strong correlation emerges as the gas saturation increases from a few percent to around thirty percent; and (c) for saturations much above thirty percent, it is difficult to distinguish between moderate and high saturations. It follows that the 80% gas saturation that is commonly assumed for the Sleipner plume, while reasonable (Chadwick et al., 2005; Bickle et al., 2007), remains uncertain (Lumley, 2008). If the 80% assumption represents a reasonable upper limit to the mean saturation for the plume, the lower limit could be as low as 40%, halving mass balance estimates premised on the widely assumed high-saturation value.

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S1750583613004192-1267

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You are an expert at extracting quantity, units and their related context from text. Given a paragraph below identify each quantity and its related unit and related context, i.e. the measured entity and measured property if they exist.

The Sleipner plume profile, viewed from the southeast, circa July 2002. The figure shows the distribution of injected CO2 after 5 Mt of injected CO2 (Bickle et al., 2007). The nine plume layers are well defined aerially, having ponded beneath intra-formational shales within the Utsira Sand. The uncertainty relating to layer thickness is high. The ninth layer first appeared in 1999, indicating that the CO2 has migrated approximately 220 m vertically from the injection point (IP) at 1012 mbsl in 3 years. The left panel is a regional stratigraphic column: MSL, Mean Sea Level; SWI, Sediment Water Interface; The Nordland Group extends from the caprock to seafloor, and is subdivided into three seals: US, Upper Seal (Pleistocene); MS, Middle Seal (Upper Pliocene); LS, Lower Seal (Upper Pliocene); Utsira, storage site (Middle Miocene–Early Pliocene); HG, Hordland Group (Early Miocene).

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You are an expert at extracting quantity, units and their related context from text. Given a paragraph below identify each quantity and its related unit and related context, i.e. the measured entity and measured property if they exist.

It has not been reported whether the significantly simplified E8 medium is sufficient to support the survival and proliferation of undifferentiated hPSCs in suspension culture. Thus our studies began by establishing a static suspension culture condition in E8 medium for serial passaging and expansion of hiPSCs. BC1 cells cultured on E8 feeder-free conditions (E8-Matrigel or E8-VNT-N) for at least 3 passages were seeded as a single cell suspension in E8 medium supplemented with Y27632 on the first day (Watanabe et al., 2007). The cells survived and formed convex dish-shaped aggregates within 24 h due to the gravity force (Fig. 1a). The size of the cell aggregates gradually increased corresponding to the cell number along the culture period. BC1 cells expanded in static suspension in E8 medium with an average rate of 3.7 ± 0.9 fold per passage, 3.7 × 106 fold increase in total with > 99% of the cells being TRA-1–60+ after 13 passages (Fig. 1b,c). We also examined the differentiation potential of expanded cells, using the spin-EB method (Ng et al., 2008, 2005; Yu et al., 2008). We found that under the hematopoiesis-inducing condition, leukocyte-like cells emerged around day 10 (Fig. 1d) with 46.8% ± 1.6% of the cells becoming CD34+CD45+ HPCs (Fig. 1e). These results indicate that undifferentiated hiPSCs can be expanded in suspension in E8 medium supplemented with one-day treatment of Y27632, and retain their differentiation potential.

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You are an expert at extracting quantity, units and their related context from text. Given a paragraph below identify each quantity and its related unit and related context, i.e. the measured entity and measured property if they exist.

BC1 and TNC1 hiPSCs cultured in spinner flasks for more than 10 passages were tested for their pluripotency by in vitro and in vivo differentiation methods. For in vitro assay, by simply replacing the entire E8 medium with differentiation medium of day-2 spinner flask suspension culture, BC1 and TNC1 aggregates transformed into EBs and started spontaneous differentiation under the stimulation of 10% serum (Supplementary Fig. S4). After 8 days in spinner flask followed by 4 days on gelatin-coated tissue culture plates in differentiation medium, cells of all three germ layers could be detected by immunofluorescent staining of specific markers (Fig. 5a). In contrast, undifferentiated hiPSCs on day 0 showed negative staining of all germ markers (data not shown). For in vivo assay, BC1 and TNC1 harvested from suspension culture in spinner flasks were injected into immune-deficient mice and were able to form teratomas containing cells of all germ layers, including glandular epithelium, chondrocytes, and neural rosettes (Fig. 5b). Directed hematopoietic differentiation potential was also tested as previously described (Fig. 5c). Differentiating BC1 and TNC1 cells contained 43.57% ± 4.35% (n = 3) and 43.22% ± 7.13% (n = 3) CD34+CD45+ HPCs on day 14 of differentiation, respectively. The CFU assay measuring hematopoietic progenitors showed that hiPSCs cultured in spinner flasks were able to generate colonies of different hematopoietic cell lineages. The total number of CFUs was comparable or significantly larger (P = 0.0307, n = 3) than cells cultured in parallel in adhesion cultures (Fig. 5d).

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S1873506113001116-1369

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You are an expert at extracting quantity, units and their related context from text. Given a paragraph below identify each quantity and its related unit and related context, i.e. the measured entity and measured property if they exist.

Serial passaging of hiPSCs in static suspension in E8 medium. (a) Light microscope image of aggregates after 48 h post-inoculation of single suspension BC1 cells in ultra-low attachment plates. (b) BC1 cells cultured in E8 medium, expanded in static suspension culture for 13 passages (45 days, n = 3). (c) Flow cytometry plots (n = 3) of TRA-1–60 expression in hiPSCs after 13 passages in static suspension. (d) Light microscope image of HPC-like single suspending cells emerging around a spin-EB on day 14. (e) Flow cytometry plots (n = 2) of CD34 and CD45 expression in day-14 spin EBs. NC = negative control. Scale bars = 200 μm.

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S1873506113001116-710

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You are an expert at extracting quantity, units and their related context from text. Given a paragraph below identify each quantity and its related unit and related context, i.e. the measured entity and measured property if they exist.

Large-scale production of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) by robust and economic methods has been one of the major challenges for translational realization of hiPSC technology. Here we demonstrate a scalable culture system for hiPSC expansion using the E8 chemically defined and xeno-free medium under either adherent or suspension conditions. To optimize suspension conditions guided by a computational simulation, we developed a method to efficiently expand hiPSCs as undifferentiated aggregates in spinner flasks. Serial passaging of two different hiPSC lines in the spinner flasks using the E8 medium preserved their normal karyotype and expression of undifferentiated state markers of TRA-1–60, SSEA4, OCT4, and NANOG. The hiPSCs cultured in spinner flasks for more than 10 passages not only could be remained pluripotent as indicated by in vitro and in vivo assays, but also could be efficiently induced toward mesodermal and hematopoietic differentiation. Furthermore, we established a xeno-free protocol of single-cell cryopreservation and recovery for the scalable production of hiPSCs in spinner flasks. This system is the first to enable an efficient scale-up bioprocess in completely xeno-free condition for the expansion and cryopreservation of hiPSCs with the quantity and quality compliant for clinical applications.

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S1873506113001116-978

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You are an expert at extracting quantity, units and their related context from text. Given a paragraph below identify each quantity and its related unit and related context, i.e. the measured entity and measured property if they exist.

The differentiation medium was changed to fresh medium 48 h before the assay. Albumin secretion was measured by the central clinical laboratory at Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.

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S1873506114000075-1132

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You are an expert at extracting quantity, units and their related context from text. Given a paragraph below identify each quantity and its related unit and related context, i.e. the measured entity and measured property if they exist.

For cell differentiation, FAP-specific iPS cells were cultured with serial changes of media as shown in Fig. 3A. To test whether FAP-specific iPS cells can differentiate into hepatocyte-like cells, we analyzed several markers via real-time PCR analysis on Day 5 (D5), D13 and D20 differentiated FAP-specific iPS cells (Fig. 3B). A decrease in expression of the pluripotency marker Oct3/4 was accompanied by differentiation of FAP-specific iPS cells. Expression of the endoderm marker Sox17 was observed on D5 differentiation and decreased gradually after the medium was changed to hepatic differentiation medium on D7 (Fig. 3B). The hepatic progenitor marker AFP and the mature hepatocyte marker ALB were obviously expressed on D13 and D20. In addition, immunocytochemical analyses showed Sox17 expression on D5, both HNF-4α and AFP expression on D13, and ALB cytoplasmic staining on D20 (Fig. 3C). Quantitative imaging analysis revealed that approximately 78 ± 0.6% of cells were Sox17-positive on D5 and approximately 88 ± 1.1% of cells were AFP-positive on D13 and approximately 29 ± 0.9% of cells were ALB-positive on D20 (Fig. 3D). The ALB secretion in the media of differentiated FAP-specific iPS cells on D20 was approximately 20 μg/ml (Fig. 3E). Moreover, these D20 differentiated FAP-specific iPS cells were also periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)-positive, indicating cytoplasmic glycogen storage (Fig. 3F). These results clearly indicated that FAP-specific iPS cells had the potential to differentiate into hepatocyte-like cells.

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S1873506114000075-1242

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You are an expert at extracting quantity, units and their related context from text. Given a paragraph below identify each quantity and its related unit and related context, i.e. the measured entity and measured property if they exist.