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[ "Jane Goodall", "Jane Goodall Institute" ]

[ "Institute of Health Technology, Rajshahi or I.H.T Rajshahi is one of the government medical institutes in Rajshahi, Bangladesh. In 1976, it started with only 75 students.\n\nHistory\nIn 1976, a paramedical institute was established in Laxmipur district of Rajshahi for people of Rajshahi. It was established at the three Faculty (Pharmacy, Lab-medicine and Radiography) . Gradually increased the number of faculty. It has nearly 1050 students currently studying in 7 faculties. At first its name was \"paramedical\". From 12 July 1989 the institute changed the name. Students are admitted to the BSc course from 2009 to 2010 when the course was started. BSc courses in two faculties (BSc in Medical Technology Laboratory and BSc in physiotherapy) started functioning with 60 students.\n\nBuildings\n\nLaboratory\nIn Institute of Health Technology, Rajshahi, All departments have a different laboratory. According to the department work is to be performed in a variety of experiments.\n\nLibrary\nInstitute of Health Technology, Rajshahi have an enriched library.\n\nPublications\nAt I.H.T Rajshahi, Anniversary & the popular periodicals are published regularly. All the students and teachers at the institute can write.\n\nCourses\n\nDiploma \n Diploma in Dentistry\n Diploma in Laboratory Medicine\n Diploma in Pharmacy\n Diploma in Physiotherapy\n Diploma in Radiotherapy\n Diploma in Radiology & imaging \n Diploma in Sanitary inspector ship training\n\nBSc \n BSc in Medical technology (Laboratory)\n BSc in Physiotherapy\n\nReferences\n\n \n\nPharmacy schools\nEducational institutions established in 1976\n1976 establishments in Bangladesh", "Eqrem Çabej University is a university in the Albanian town of Gjirokastër, named after Eqrem Çabej. It is one of nine SIFE accredited universities in Albania. It was created as a University with the name of “Eqrem Çabej” with decision of the Albanian Government nr. 414, dated 12 November 1991, on the basis of the Higher Institute of Pedagogy that was already established in 1971. It is the most important teaching and scientific institute of Southern Albania.\n\nUniversity level courses in Gjirokastra had already started in 1968 when a branch of the business school of the University of Tirana had started to operate. One year later, in 1969 started the Agronomy School as a branch of the Agricultural University of Tirana, which lasted 10 years. Also, in 1969 started the Pedagogical Institute and the branch of the Academy of Physical and Sports Education Vojo Kushi which operated for 5 years.\n\nOn the basis of this experience in 1971 started its operations the Higher Pedagogical Institute. In 1980 the Biology-Chemistry School, branch of the University of Tirana was opened. In 1986 started to operate the Albanian Language School of Higher Pedagogy.\n\nSee also\nList of universities in Albania\nQuality Assurance Agency of Higher Education\nList of colleges and universities\nList of colleges and universities by country\nBalkan Universities Network\n\nNotes and references\n\nUniversities in Albania\nEducational institutions established in 1968\nGovernment entities of Albania\nBuildings and structures in Gjirokastër" ]

[ "Dame Jane Morris Goodall (; born Valerie Jane Morris-Goodall on 3 April 1934), formerly Baroness Jane van Lawick-Goodall, is an English primatologist and anthropologist. Seen as the world's foremost expert on chimpanzees, Goodall is best known for her 60-year study of social and family interactions of wild chimpanzees since she first went to Gombe Stream National Park in Tanzania in 1960, where she witnessed human-like behaviours amongst chimpanzees, including armed conflict.", "Seen as the world's foremost expert on chimpanzees, Goodall is best known for her 60-year study of social and family interactions of wild chimpanzees since she first went to Gombe Stream National Park in Tanzania in 1960, where she witnessed human-like behaviours amongst chimpanzees, including armed conflict. In April 2002, she was named a UN Messenger of Peace.", "In April 2002, she was named a UN Messenger of Peace. Goodall is an honorary member of the World Future Council.", "Goodall is an honorary member of the World Future Council. Early years Valerie Jane Morris-Goodall was born in 1934 in Hampstead, London, to businessman Mortimer Herbert Morris-Goodall (1907–2001) and Margaret Myfanwe Joseph (1906–2000), a novelist from Milford Haven, Pembrokeshire, who wrote under the name Vanne Morris-Goodall.", "Early years Valerie Jane Morris-Goodall was born in 1934 in Hampstead, London, to businessman Mortimer Herbert Morris-Goodall (1907–2001) and Margaret Myfanwe Joseph (1906–2000), a novelist from Milford Haven, Pembrokeshire, who wrote under the name Vanne Morris-Goodall. The family later moved to Bournemouth, and Goodall attended Uplands School, an independent school in nearby Poole.", "The family later moved to Bournemouth, and Goodall attended Uplands School, an independent school in nearby Poole. As a child, as an alternative to a teddy bear, Goodall's father gave her a stuffed chimpanzee named Jubilee.", "As a child, as an alternative to a teddy bear, Goodall's father gave her a stuffed chimpanzee named Jubilee. Goodall has said her fondness for this figure started her early love of animals, commenting, \"My mother's friends were horrified by this toy, thinking it would frighten me and give me nightmares.\"", "Goodall has said her fondness for this figure started her early love of animals, commenting, \"My mother's friends were horrified by this toy, thinking it would frighten me and give me nightmares.\" Today, Jubilee still sits on Goodall's dresser in London.", "Today, Jubilee still sits on Goodall's dresser in London. Africa Goodall had always been drawn to animals and Africa, which brought her to the farm of a friend in the Kenya highlands in 1957.", "Africa Goodall had always been drawn to animals and Africa, which brought her to the farm of a friend in the Kenya highlands in 1957. From there, she obtained work as a secretary, and acting on her friend's advice, she telephoned Louis Leakey, the Kenyan archaeologist and palaeontologist, with no other thought than to make an appointment to discuss animals.", "From there, she obtained work as a secretary, and acting on her friend's advice, she telephoned Louis Leakey, the Kenyan archaeologist and palaeontologist, with no other thought than to make an appointment to discuss animals. Leakey, believing that the study of existing great apes could provide indications of the behaviour of early hominids, was looking for a chimpanzee researcher, though he kept the idea to himself.", "Leakey, believing that the study of existing great apes could provide indications of the behaviour of early hominids, was looking for a chimpanzee researcher, though he kept the idea to himself. Instead, he proposed that Goodall work for him as a secretary.", "Instead, he proposed that Goodall work for him as a secretary. After obtaining approval from his co-researcher and wife, British paleoanthropologist Mary Leakey, Louis sent Goodall to Olduvai Gorge in Tanganyika (present-day Tanzania), where he laid out his plans.", "After obtaining approval from his co-researcher and wife, British paleoanthropologist Mary Leakey, Louis sent Goodall to Olduvai Gorge in Tanganyika (present-day Tanzania), where he laid out his plans. In 1958, Leakey sent Goodall to London to study primate behaviour with Osman Hill and primate anatomy with John Napier.", "In 1958, Leakey sent Goodall to London to study primate behaviour with Osman Hill and primate anatomy with John Napier. Leakey raised funds, and on 14 July 1960, Goodall went to Gombe Stream National Park, becoming the first of what would come to be called The Trimates.", "Leakey raised funds, and on 14 July 1960, Goodall went to Gombe Stream National Park, becoming the first of what would come to be called The Trimates. She was accompanied by her mother, whose presence was necessary to satisfy the requirements of David Anstey, chief warden, who was concerned for their safety.", "She was accompanied by her mother, whose presence was necessary to satisfy the requirements of David Anstey, chief warden, who was concerned for their safety. Goodall credits her mother with encouraging her to pursue a career in primatology, a male-dominated field at the time.", "Goodall credits her mother with encouraging her to pursue a career in primatology, a male-dominated field at the time. Goodall has stated that women were not accepted in the field when she started her research in the late 1950s.", "Goodall has stated that women were not accepted in the field when she started her research in the late 1950s. Today, the field of primatology is made up almost evenly of men and women, in part thanks to the trailblazing of Goodall and her encouragement of young women to join the field.", "Today, the field of primatology is made up almost evenly of men and women, in part thanks to the trailblazing of Goodall and her encouragement of young women to join the field. Leakey arranged funding, and in 1962 he sent Goodall, who had no degree, to the University of Cambridge.", "Leakey arranged funding, and in 1962 he sent Goodall, who had no degree, to the University of Cambridge. She went to Newnham College, Cambridge, where she obtained a PhD in ethology. She was the eighth person to be allowed to study for a PhD there without first having obtained a Bachelor's degree.", "She was the eighth person to be allowed to study for a PhD there without first having obtained a Bachelor's degree. Her thesis was completed in 1966 under the supervision of Robert Hinde on the Behaviour of free-living chimpanzees, detailing her first five years of study at the Gombe Reserve.", "Her thesis was completed in 1966 under the supervision of Robert Hinde on the Behaviour of free-living chimpanzees, detailing her first five years of study at the Gombe Reserve. On 19 June 2006 the Open University of Tanzania awarded her an honorary Doctor of Science degree.", "On 19 June 2006 the Open University of Tanzania awarded her an honorary Doctor of Science degree. Work Research at Gombe Stream National Park Goodall is best known for her study of chimpanzee social and family life. She began studying the Kasakela chimpanzee community in Gombe Stream National Park, Tanzania, in 1960.", "She began studying the Kasakela chimpanzee community in Gombe Stream National Park, Tanzania, in 1960. Instead of numbering the chimpanzees she observed, she gave them names such as Fifi and David Greybeard and observed them to have unique and individual personalities, an unconventional idea at the time.", "Instead of numbering the chimpanzees she observed, she gave them names such as Fifi and David Greybeard and observed them to have unique and individual personalities, an unconventional idea at the time. She found that \"it isn't only human beings who have personality, who are capable of rational thought [and] emotions like joy and sorrow.\"", "She found that \"it isn't only human beings who have personality, who are capable of rational thought [and] emotions like joy and sorrow.\" She also observed behaviours such as hugs, kisses, pats on the back, and even tickling, what we consider \"human\" actions.", "She also observed behaviours such as hugs, kisses, pats on the back, and even tickling, what we consider \"human\" actions. Goodall insists that these gestures are evidence of \"the close, supportive, affectionate bonds that develop between family members and other individuals within a community, which can persist throughout a life span of more than 50 years.\"", "Goodall insists that these gestures are evidence of \"the close, supportive, affectionate bonds that develop between family members and other individuals within a community, which can persist throughout a life span of more than 50 years.\" These findings suggest that similarities between humans and chimpanzees exist in more than genes alone and can be seen in emotion, intelligence, and family and social relationships.", "These findings suggest that similarities between humans and chimpanzees exist in more than genes alone and can be seen in emotion, intelligence, and family and social relationships. Goodall's research at Gombe Stream is best known to the scientific community for challenging two long-standing beliefs of the day: that only humans could construct and use tools, and that chimpanzees were vegetarians.", "Goodall's research at Gombe Stream is best known to the scientific community for challenging two long-standing beliefs of the day: that only humans could construct and use tools, and that chimpanzees were vegetarians. While observing one chimpanzee feeding at a termite mound, she watched him repeatedly place stalks of grass into termite holes, then remove them from the hole covered with clinging termites, effectively \"fishing\" for termites.", "While observing one chimpanzee feeding at a termite mound, she watched him repeatedly place stalks of grass into termite holes, then remove them from the hole covered with clinging termites, effectively \"fishing\" for termites. The chimpanzees would also take twigs from trees and strip off the leaves to make the twig more effective, a form of object modification that is the rudimentary beginnings of toolmaking.", "The chimpanzees would also take twigs from trees and strip off the leaves to make the twig more effective, a form of object modification that is the rudimentary beginnings of toolmaking. Humans had long distinguished themselves from the rest of the animal kingdom as \"Man the Toolmaker\".", "Humans had long distinguished themselves from the rest of the animal kingdom as \"Man the Toolmaker\". In response to Goodall's revolutionary findings, Louis Leakey wrote, \"We must now redefine man, redefine tool, or accept chimpanzees as human!\"", "In response to Goodall's revolutionary findings, Louis Leakey wrote, \"We must now redefine man, redefine tool, or accept chimpanzees as human!\" In contrast to the peaceful and affectionate behaviours she observed, Goodall also found an aggressive side of chimpanzee nature at Gombe Stream.", "In contrast to the peaceful and affectionate behaviours she observed, Goodall also found an aggressive side of chimpanzee nature at Gombe Stream. She discovered that chimpanzees will systematically hunt and eat smaller primates such as colobus monkeys.", "She discovered that chimpanzees will systematically hunt and eat smaller primates such as colobus monkeys. Goodall watched a hunting group isolate a colobus monkey high in a tree and block all possible exits; then one chimpanzee climbed up and captured and killed the colobus.", "Goodall watched a hunting group isolate a colobus monkey high in a tree and block all possible exits; then one chimpanzee climbed up and captured and killed the colobus. The others then each took parts of the carcass, sharing with other members of the troop in response to begging behaviours.", "The others then each took parts of the carcass, sharing with other members of the troop in response to begging behaviours. The chimpanzees at Gombe kill and eat as much as one-third of the colobus population in the park each year. This alone was a major scientific find that challenged previous conceptions of chimpanzee diet and behaviour.", "This alone was a major scientific find that challenged previous conceptions of chimpanzee diet and behaviour. Goodall also observed the tendency for aggression and violence within chimpanzee troops. Goodall observed dominant females deliberately killing the young of other females in the troop to maintain their dominance, sometimes going as far as cannibalism.", "Goodall observed dominant females deliberately killing the young of other females in the troop to maintain their dominance, sometimes going as far as cannibalism. She says of this revelation, \"During the first ten years of the study I had believed […] that the Gombe chimpanzees were, for the most part, rather nicer than human beings.", "She says of this revelation, \"During the first ten years of the study I had believed […] that the Gombe chimpanzees were, for the most part, rather nicer than human beings. […] Then suddenly we found that chimpanzees could be brutal—that they, like us, had a darker side to their nature.\"", "[…] Then suddenly we found that chimpanzees could be brutal—that they, like us, had a darker side to their nature.\" She described the 1974–1978 Gombe Chimpanzee War in her 1990 memoir, Through a Window: My Thirty Years with the Chimpanzees of Gombe.", "She described the 1974–1978 Gombe Chimpanzee War in her 1990 memoir, Through a Window: My Thirty Years with the Chimpanzees of Gombe. Her findings revolutionised contemporary knowledge of chimpanzee behaviour and were further evidence of the social similarities between humans and chimpanzees, albeit in a much darker manner.", "Her findings revolutionised contemporary knowledge of chimpanzee behaviour and were further evidence of the social similarities between humans and chimpanzees, albeit in a much darker manner. Goodall also set herself apart from the traditional conventions of the time by naming the animals in her studies of primates instead of assigning each a number.", "Goodall also set herself apart from the traditional conventions of the time by naming the animals in her studies of primates instead of assigning each a number. Numbering was a nearly universal practice at the time and was thought to be important in the removal of oneself from the potential for emotional attachment to the subject being studied.", "Numbering was a nearly universal practice at the time and was thought to be important in the removal of oneself from the potential for emotional attachment to the subject being studied. Setting herself apart from other researchers also led her to develop a close bond with the chimpanzees and to become, to this day, the only human ever accepted into chimpanzee society.", "Setting herself apart from other researchers also led her to develop a close bond with the chimpanzees and to become, to this day, the only human ever accepted into chimpanzee society. She was the lowest-ranking member of a troop for a period of 22 months.", "She was the lowest-ranking member of a troop for a period of 22 months. Among those whom Goodall named during her years in Gombe were: David Greybeard, a grey-chinned male who first warmed up to Goodall; Goliath, a friend of David Greybeard, originally the alpha male named for his bold nature; Mike, who through his cunning and improvisation displaced Goliath as the alpha male; Humphrey, a big, strong, bullysome male; Gigi, a large, sterile female who delighted in being the \"aunt\" of any young chimps or humans; Mr. McGregor, a belligerent older male; Flo, a motherly, high-ranking female with a bulbous nose and ragged ears, and her children; Figan, Faben, Freud, Fifi, and Flint; Frodo, Fifi's second-oldest child, an aggressive male who would frequently attack Jane and ultimately forced her to leave the troop when he became alpha male.", "Among those whom Goodall named during her years in Gombe were: David Greybeard, a grey-chinned male who first warmed up to Goodall; Goliath, a friend of David Greybeard, originally the alpha male named for his bold nature; Mike, who through his cunning and improvisation displaced Goliath as the alpha male; Humphrey, a big, strong, bullysome male; Gigi, a large, sterile female who delighted in being the \"aunt\" of any young chimps or humans; Mr. McGregor, a belligerent older male; Flo, a motherly, high-ranking female with a bulbous nose and ragged ears, and her children; Figan, Faben, Freud, Fifi, and Flint; Frodo, Fifi's second-oldest child, an aggressive male who would frequently attack Jane and ultimately forced her to leave the troop when he became alpha male. Jane Goodall Institute In 1977, Goodall established the Jane Goodall Institute (JGI), which supports the Gombe research, and she is a global leader in the effort to protect chimpanzees and their habitats.", "Jane Goodall Institute In 1977, Goodall established the Jane Goodall Institute (JGI), which supports the Gombe research, and she is a global leader in the effort to protect chimpanzees and their habitats. With nineteen offices around the world, the JGI is widely recognised for community-centred conservation and development programs in Africa.", "With nineteen offices around the world, the JGI is widely recognised for community-centred conservation and development programs in Africa. Its global youth program, Roots & Shoots, began in 1991 when a group of 16 local teenagers met with Goodall on her back porch in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.", "Its global youth program, Roots & Shoots, began in 1991 when a group of 16 local teenagers met with Goodall on her back porch in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. They were eager to discuss a range of problems they knew about from first-hand experience that caused them deep concern.", "They were eager to discuss a range of problems they knew about from first-hand experience that caused them deep concern. The organisation now has over 10,000 groups in over 100 countries. In 1992, Goodall founded the Tchimpounga Chimpanzee Rehabilatation Centre in the Republic of Congo to care for chimpanzees orphaned due to bush-meat trade.", "In 1992, Goodall founded the Tchimpounga Chimpanzee Rehabilatation Centre in the Republic of Congo to care for chimpanzees orphaned due to bush-meat trade. The rehabilitation houses over a hundred chimps over its three islands.", "The rehabilitation houses over a hundred chimps over its three islands. In 1994, Goodall founded the Lake Tanganyika Catchment Reforestation and Education (TACARE or \"Take Care\") pilot project to protect chimpanzees' habitat from deforestation by reforesting hills around Gombe while simultaneously educating neighbouring communities on sustainability and agriculture training.", "In 1994, Goodall founded the Lake Tanganyika Catchment Reforestation and Education (TACARE or \"Take Care\") pilot project to protect chimpanzees' habitat from deforestation by reforesting hills around Gombe while simultaneously educating neighbouring communities on sustainability and agriculture training. The TACARE project also supports young girls by offering them access to reproductive health education and through scholarships to finance their college tuition.", "The TACARE project also supports young girls by offering them access to reproductive health education and through scholarships to finance their college tuition. Owing to an overflow of handwritten notes, photographs, and data piling up at Jane's home in Dar es Salaam in the mid-1990s, the Jane Goodall Institute's Center for Primate Studies was created at the University of Minnesota to house and organise this data.", "Owing to an overflow of handwritten notes, photographs, and data piling up at Jane's home in Dar es Salaam in the mid-1990s, the Jane Goodall Institute's Center for Primate Studies was created at the University of Minnesota to house and organise this data. Currently all of the original Jane Goodall archives reside there and have been digitised, analysed, and placed in an online database.", "Currently all of the original Jane Goodall archives reside there and have been digitised, analysed, and placed in an online database. On 17 March 2011, Duke University spokesman Karl Bates announced that the archives will move to Duke, with Anne E. Pusey, Duke's chairman of evolutionary anthropology, overseeing the collection.", "On 17 March 2011, Duke University spokesman Karl Bates announced that the archives will move to Duke, with Anne E. Pusey, Duke's chairman of evolutionary anthropology, overseeing the collection. Pusey, who managed the archives in Minnesota and worked with Goodall in Tanzania, had worked at Duke for a year.", "Pusey, who managed the archives in Minnesota and worked with Goodall in Tanzania, had worked at Duke for a year. In 2018 and 2020, Goodall partnered with friend, CEO Michael Cammarata on two natural product lines from Schmidt's Naturals and Neptune Wellness Solutions. Five percent of every sale benefited the Jane Goodall Institute.", "Five percent of every sale benefited the Jane Goodall Institute. Today, Goodall devotes virtually all of her time to advocacy on behalf of chimpanzees and the environment, travelling nearly 300 days a year. Goodall is also on the advisory council for the world's largest chimpanzee sanctuary outside of Africa, Save the Chimps in Fort Pierce, Florida.", "Goodall is also on the advisory council for the world's largest chimpanzee sanctuary outside of Africa, Save the Chimps in Fort Pierce, Florida. Activism Goodall credits the 1986 Understanding Chimpanzees conference, hosted by the Chicago Academy of Sciences, with shifting her focus from observation of chimpanzees to a broader and more intense concern with animal-human conservation.", "Activism Goodall credits the 1986 Understanding Chimpanzees conference, hosted by the Chicago Academy of Sciences, with shifting her focus from observation of chimpanzees to a broader and more intense concern with animal-human conservation. She is the former president of Advocates for Animals, an organisation based in Edinburgh, Scotland, that campaigns against the use of animals in medical research, zoos, farming and sport.", "She is the former president of Advocates for Animals, an organisation based in Edinburgh, Scotland, that campaigns against the use of animals in medical research, zoos, farming and sport. Goodall is a vegetarian and advocates the diet for ethical, environmental, and health reasons.", "Goodall is a vegetarian and advocates the diet for ethical, environmental, and health reasons. In The Inner World of Farm Animals (2009), Goodall writes that farm animals are \"far more aware and intelligent than we ever imagined and, despite having been bred as domestic slaves, they are individual beings in their own right.", "In The Inner World of Farm Animals (2009), Goodall writes that farm animals are \"far more aware and intelligent than we ever imagined and, despite having been bred as domestic slaves, they are individual beings in their own right. As such, they deserve our respect. And our help.", "And our help. And our help. Who will plead for them if we are silent?\" Goodall has also said: \"Thousands of people who say they 'love' animals sit down once or twice a day to enjoy the flesh of creatures who have been treated so with little respect and kindness just to make more meat.\"", "Goodall has also said: \"Thousands of people who say they 'love' animals sit down once or twice a day to enjoy the flesh of creatures who have been treated so with little respect and kindness just to make more meat.\" In 2021, Goodall became a vegan and authored a cookbook titled Eat Meat Less.", "In 2021, Goodall became a vegan and authored a cookbook titled Eat Meat Less. Goodall is an outspoken environmental advocate, speaking on the effects of climate change on endangered species such as chimpanzees.", "Goodall is an outspoken environmental advocate, speaking on the effects of climate change on endangered species such as chimpanzees. Goodall, alongside her foundation, collaborated with NASA to use satellite imagery from the Landsat series to remedy the effects of deforestation on chimpanzees and local communities in Western Africa by offering the villagers information on how to reduce activity and preserve their environment.", "Goodall, alongside her foundation, collaborated with NASA to use satellite imagery from the Landsat series to remedy the effects of deforestation on chimpanzees and local communities in Western Africa by offering the villagers information on how to reduce activity and preserve their environment. In 2000, to ensure the safe and ethical treatment of animals during ethological studies, Goodall, alongside Professor Mark Bekoff, founded the organization Ethologists for the Ethical Treatment of Animals.", "In 2000, to ensure the safe and ethical treatment of animals during ethological studies, Goodall, alongside Professor Mark Bekoff, founded the organization Ethologists for the Ethical Treatment of Animals. In April 2008, Goodall gave a lecture entitled \"Reason for Hope\" at the University of San Diego's Joan B. Kroc Institute for Peace & Justice Distinguished Lecture Series.", "In April 2008, Goodall gave a lecture entitled \"Reason for Hope\" at the University of San Diego's Joan B. Kroc Institute for Peace & Justice Distinguished Lecture Series. In 2008, Goodall demanded the European Union end the use of medical research on animals and ensure more funding for alternative methods of medical research.", "In 2008, Goodall demanded the European Union end the use of medical research on animals and ensure more funding for alternative methods of medical research. In May 2008, Goodall controversially described Edinburgh Zoo's new primate enclosure as a \"wonderful facility\" where monkeys \"are probably better off [than those] living in the wild in an area like Budongo, where one in six gets caught in a wire snare, and countries like Congo, where chimpanzees, monkeys and gorillas are shot for food commercially.\"", "In May 2008, Goodall controversially described Edinburgh Zoo's new primate enclosure as a \"wonderful facility\" where monkeys \"are probably better off [than those] living in the wild in an area like Budongo, where one in six gets caught in a wire snare, and countries like Congo, where chimpanzees, monkeys and gorillas are shot for food commercially.\" This was in conflict with Advocates for Animals' position on captive animals.", "This was in conflict with Advocates for Animals' position on captive animals. In June 2008, Goodall confirmed that she had resigned the presidency of the organisation which she had held since 1998, citing her busy schedule and explaining, \"I just don't have time for them.\"", "In June 2008, Goodall confirmed that she had resigned the presidency of the organisation which she had held since 1998, citing her busy schedule and explaining, \"I just don't have time for them.\" Goodall is a patron of population concern charity Population Matters and is currently an ambassador for Disneynature.", "Goodall is a patron of population concern charity Population Matters and is currently an ambassador for Disneynature. In 2010, Goodall, through JGI, formed a coalition with a number of organizations such as the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) and the Humane Society of the United States (HSUS) and petitioned to list all chimpanzees, including those that are captive, as endangered.", "In 2010, Goodall, through JGI, formed a coalition with a number of organizations such as the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) and the Humane Society of the United States (HSUS) and petitioned to list all chimpanzees, including those that are captive, as endangered. In 2015, the U.S.", "In 2015, the U.S. In 2015, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service(FWS) announced that they would accept this rule and that all chimpanzees would be classified as endangered. In 2011, Goodall became a patron of Australian animal protection group Voiceless, the animal protection institute.", "In 2011, Goodall became a patron of Australian animal protection group Voiceless, the animal protection institute. \"I have for decades been concerned about factory farming, in part because of the tremendous harm inflicted on the environment, but also because of the shocking ongoing cruelty perpetuated on millions of sentient beings.\"", "\"I have for decades been concerned about factory farming, in part because of the tremendous harm inflicted on the environment, but also because of the shocking ongoing cruelty perpetuated on millions of sentient beings.\" In 2012, Goodall took on the role of challenger for the Engage in Conservation Challenge with the DO School, formerly known as the D&F Academy.", "In 2012, Goodall took on the role of challenger for the Engage in Conservation Challenge with the DO School, formerly known as the D&F Academy. She worked with a group of aspiring social entrepreneurs to create a workshop to engage young people in conserving biodiversity, and to tackle a perceived global lack of awareness of the issue.", "She worked with a group of aspiring social entrepreneurs to create a workshop to engage young people in conserving biodiversity, and to tackle a perceived global lack of awareness of the issue. In 2014, Goodall wrote to Air France executives, criticizing the airline's continued transport of monkeys to laboratories.", "In 2014, Goodall wrote to Air France executives, criticizing the airline's continued transport of monkeys to laboratories. Goodall called the practice \"cruel\" and \"traumatic\" for the monkeys involved.", "Goodall called the practice \"cruel\" and \"traumatic\" for the monkeys involved. The same year, Goodall also wrote to the National Institutes of Health (NIH) to criticize maternal deprivation experiments on baby monkeys in NIH laboratories.", "The same year, Goodall also wrote to the National Institutes of Health (NIH) to criticize maternal deprivation experiments on baby monkeys in NIH laboratories. Prior to the 2015 UK general election, she was one of several celebrities who endorsed the parliamentary candidacy of the Green Party's Caroline Lucas.", "Prior to the 2015 UK general election, she was one of several celebrities who endorsed the parliamentary candidacy of the Green Party's Caroline Lucas. Goodall is a critic of fox hunting and was among more than 20 high-profile people who signed a letter to Members of Parliament in 2015 opposing Conservative prime minister David Cameron's plan to amend the Hunting Act 2004.", "Goodall is a critic of fox hunting and was among more than 20 high-profile people who signed a letter to Members of Parliament in 2015 opposing Conservative prime minister David Cameron's plan to amend the Hunting Act 2004. During August 2019, Goodall was honoured for her contributions to science with a bronze sculpture in midtown Manhattan alongside nine other women, part of the \"Statues for Equality\" project.", "During August 2019, Goodall was honoured for her contributions to science with a bronze sculpture in midtown Manhattan alongside nine other women, part of the \"Statues for Equality\" project. In 2020, continuing her organization's work on the environment, Goodall vowed to plant 5 million trees, part of the 1 trillion tree initiative founded by the World Economic Forum.", "In 2020, continuing her organization's work on the environment, Goodall vowed to plant 5 million trees, part of the 1 trillion tree initiative founded by the World Economic Forum. In February 2021, Jane Goodall and more than 140 scientists called on the EU Commission to abolish caging of farm animals. Personal life Goodall has married twice.", "Personal life Goodall has married twice. On 28 March 1964, she married a Dutch nobleman, wildlife photographer Baron Hugo van Lawick, at Chelsea Old Church, London, and became known during their marriage as Baroness Jane van Lawick-Goodall. The couple had a son, Hugo Eric Louis (born 1967); they divorced in 1974.", "The couple had a son, Hugo Eric Louis (born 1967); they divorced in 1974. The following year, she married Derek Bryceson, a member of Tanzania's parliament and the director of that country's national parks. He died of cancer in October 1980.", "He died of cancer in October 1980. Owing to his position in the Tanzanian government as head of the country's national park system, Bryceson could protect Goodall's research project and implement an embargo on tourism at Gombe. Goodall has stated that dogs are her favourite animal.", "Goodall has stated that dogs are her favourite animal. Goodall suffers from prosopagnosia, which makes it difficult to recognize familiar faces. Religion and spirituality Goodall was raised in a Christian congregationalist family. As a young woman, she took night classes in Theosophy.", "As a young woman, she took night classes in Theosophy. Her family were occasional churchgoers, but Goodall began attending more regularly as a teenager when the church appointed a new minister, Trevor Davies. \"He was highly intelligent and his sermons were powerful and thought-provoking... I could have listened to his voice for hours...", "I could have listened to his voice for hours... I fell madly in love with him... Suddenly, no one had to encourage me to go to church. Indeed, there were never enough services for my liking.\"", "Indeed, there were never enough services for my liking.\" Of her later discovery of the atheism and agnosticism of many of her scientific colleagues, Goodall wrote that \"[f]ortunately, by the time I got to Cambridge I was twenty-seven years old and my beliefs had already moulded so that I was not influenced by these opinions.\"", "Of her later discovery of the atheism and agnosticism of many of her scientific colleagues, Goodall wrote that \"[f]ortunately, by the time I got to Cambridge I was twenty-seven years old and my beliefs had already moulded so that I was not influenced by these opinions.\" In her 1999 book Reason for Hope: A Spiritual Journey, Goodall describes the implications of a mystical experience she had at Notre Dame Cathedral in 1977: \"Since I cannot believe that this was the result of chance, I have to admit anti-chance.", "In her 1999 book Reason for Hope: A Spiritual Journey, Goodall describes the implications of a mystical experience she had at Notre Dame Cathedral in 1977: \"Since I cannot believe that this was the result of chance, I have to admit anti-chance. And so I must believe in a guiding power in the universe – in other words, I must believe in God.\"", "And so I must believe in a guiding power in the universe – in other words, I must believe in God.\" When asked if she believes in God, Goodall said in September 2010: \"I don't have any idea of who or what God is. But I do believe in some great spiritual power.", "But I do believe in some great spiritual power. I feel it particularly when I'm out in nature. It's just something that's bigger and stronger than what I am or what anybody is. I feel it. And it's enough for me.\"", "And it's enough for me.\" When asked in the same year if she still considers herself a Christian, Goodall told the Guardian \"I suppose so; I was raised as a Christian.\"", "When asked in the same year if she still considers herself a Christian, Goodall told the Guardian \"I suppose so; I was raised as a Christian.\" In her foreword to the 2017 book The Intelligence of the Cosmos by Ervin Laszlo, a philosopher of science who advocates quantum consciousness theory, Goodall wrote: \"we must accept that there is an Intelligence driving the process [of evolution], that the Universe and life on Earth are inspired and in-formed by an unknown and unknowable Creator, a Supreme Being, a Great Spiritual Power.\"", "In her foreword to the 2017 book The Intelligence of the Cosmos by Ervin Laszlo, a philosopher of science who advocates quantum consciousness theory, Goodall wrote: \"we must accept that there is an Intelligence driving the process [of evolution], that the Universe and life on Earth are inspired and in-formed by an unknown and unknowable Creator, a Supreme Being, a Great Spiritual Power.\" Criticism Goodall used unconventional practices in her study; for example, naming individuals instead of numbering them.", "Criticism Goodall used unconventional practices in her study; for example, naming individuals instead of numbering them. At the time, numbering was used to prevent emotional attachment and loss of objectivity.", "At the time, numbering was used to prevent emotional attachment and loss of objectivity. Goodall wrote in 1993: \"When, in the early 1960s, I brazenly used such words as 'childhood', 'adolescence', 'motivation', 'excitement', and 'mood' I was much criticised.", "Goodall wrote in 1993: \"When, in the early 1960s, I brazenly used such words as 'childhood', 'adolescence', 'motivation', 'excitement', and 'mood' I was much criticised. Even worse was my crime of suggesting that chimpanzees had 'personalities'.", "Even worse was my crime of suggesting that chimpanzees had 'personalities'. I was ascribing human characteristics to nonhuman animals and was thus guilty of that worst of ethological sins -anthropomorphism.\"", "I was ascribing human characteristics to nonhuman animals and was thus guilty of that worst of ethological sins -anthropomorphism.\" Many standard methods aim to avoid interference by observers, and in particular some believe that the use of feeding stations to attract Gombe chimpanzees has altered normal foraging and feeding patterns and social relationships.", "Many standard methods aim to avoid interference by observers, and in particular some believe that the use of feeding stations to attract Gombe chimpanzees has altered normal foraging and feeding patterns and social relationships. This argument is the focus of a book published by Margaret Power in 1991.", "This argument is the focus of a book published by Margaret Power in 1991. It has been suggested that higher levels of aggression and conflict with other chimpanzee groups in the area were due to the feeding, which could have created the \"wars\" between chimpanzee social groups described by Goodall, aspects of which she did not witness in the years before artificial feeding began at Gombe.", "It has been suggested that higher levels of aggression and conflict with other chimpanzee groups in the area were due to the feeding, which could have created the \"wars\" between chimpanzee social groups described by Goodall, aspects of which she did not witness in the years before artificial feeding began at Gombe. Thus, some regard Goodall's observations as distortions of normal chimpanzee behaviour.", "Thus, some regard Goodall's observations as distortions of normal chimpanzee behaviour. Goodall herself acknowledged that feeding contributed to aggression within and between groups, but maintained that the effect was limited to alteration of the intensity and not the nature of chimpanzee conflict, and further suggested that feeding was necessary for the study to be effective at all.", "Goodall herself acknowledged that feeding contributed to aggression within and between groups, but maintained that the effect was limited to alteration of the intensity and not the nature of chimpanzee conflict, and further suggested that feeding was necessary for the study to be effective at all. Craig Stanford of the Jane Goodall Research Institute at the University of Southern California states that researchers conducting studies with no artificial provisioning have a difficult time viewing any social behaviour of chimpanzees, especially those related to inter-group conflict.", "Craig Stanford of the Jane Goodall Research Institute at the University of Southern California states that researchers conducting studies with no artificial provisioning have a difficult time viewing any social behaviour of chimpanzees, especially those related to inter-group conflict. Some recent studies, such as those by Crickette Sanz in the Goualougo Triangle (Congo) and Christophe Boesch in the Taï National Park (Ivory Coast), have not shown the aggression observed in the Gombe studies.", "Some recent studies, such as those by Crickette Sanz in the Goualougo Triangle (Congo) and Christophe Boesch in the Taï National Park (Ivory Coast), have not shown the aggression observed in the Gombe studies. However, other primatologists disagree that the studies are flawed; for example, Jim Moore provides a critique of Margaret Powers' assertions and some studies of other chimpanzee groups have shown aggression similar to that in Gombe even in the absence of feeding.", "However, other primatologists disagree that the studies are flawed; for example, Jim Moore provides a critique of Margaret Powers' assertions and some studies of other chimpanzee groups have shown aggression similar to that in Gombe even in the absence of feeding. Plagiarism and Seeds of Hope On 22 March 2013, Hachette Book Group announced that Goodall's and co-author Gail Hudson's new book, Seeds of Hope, would not be released on 2 April as planned due to the discovery of plagiarised portions.", "Plagiarism and Seeds of Hope On 22 March 2013, Hachette Book Group announced that Goodall's and co-author Gail Hudson's new book, Seeds of Hope, would not be released on 2 April as planned due to the discovery of plagiarised portions. A reviewer for The Washington Post found unattributed sections that were copied from websites about organic tea, tobacco, an \"amateurish astrology site\", as well as from Wikipedia.", "A reviewer for The Washington Post found unattributed sections that were copied from websites about organic tea, tobacco, an \"amateurish astrology site\", as well as from Wikipedia. Goodall apologised and stated, \"It is important to me that the proper sources are credited, and I will be working diligently with my team to address all areas of concern.", "Goodall apologised and stated, \"It is important to me that the proper sources are credited, and I will be working diligently with my team to address all areas of concern. My goal is to ensure that when this book is released it is not only up to the highest of standards, but also that the focus be on the crucial messages it conveys.\"", "My goal is to ensure that when this book is released it is not only up to the highest of standards, but also that the focus be on the crucial messages it conveys.\" The book was released on 1 April 2014, after review and the addition of 57 pages of endnotes.", "The book was released on 1 April 2014, after review and the addition of 57 pages of endnotes. In popular culture Gary Larson cartoon incident One of Gary Larson's Far Side cartoons shows two chimpanzees grooming.", "In popular culture Gary Larson cartoon incident One of Gary Larson's Far Side cartoons shows two chimpanzees grooming. One finds a blonde human hair on the other and inquires, \"Conducting a little more 'research' with that Jane Goodall tramp?\"", "One finds a blonde human hair on the other and inquires, \"Conducting a little more 'research' with that Jane Goodall tramp?\" Goodall herself was in Africa at the time, and the Jane Goodall Institute thought this was in bad taste and had its lawyers draft a letter to Larson and his distribution syndicate in which they described the cartoon as an \"atrocity\".", "Goodall herself was in Africa at the time, and the Jane Goodall Institute thought this was in bad taste and had its lawyers draft a letter to Larson and his distribution syndicate in which they described the cartoon as an \"atrocity\". They were stymied by Goodall herself: When she returned and saw the cartoon, she stated that she found the cartoon amusing.", "They were stymied by Goodall herself: When she returned and saw the cartoon, she stated that she found the cartoon amusing. Since then, all profits from sales of a shirt featuring this cartoon go to the Jane Goodall Institute.", "Since then, all profits from sales of a shirt featuring this cartoon go to the Jane Goodall Institute. Goodall wrote a preface to The Far Side Gallery 5, detailing her version of the controversy, and the institute's letter was included next to the cartoon in the complete Far Side collection.", "Goodall wrote a preface to The Far Side Gallery 5, detailing her version of the controversy, and the institute's letter was included next to the cartoon in the complete Far Side collection. She praised Larson's creative ideas, which often compare and contrast the behaviour of humans and animals.", "She praised Larson's creative ideas, which often compare and contrast the behaviour of humans and animals. In 1988, when Larson visited Goodall's research facility in Tanzania, he was attacked by a chimpanzee named Frodo. Lego The Lego Group announced a set called 40530 Jane Goodall Tribute that will be released on 3 March 2022.", "Lego The Lego Group announced a set called 40530 Jane Goodall Tribute that will be released on 3 March 2022. Radio Four Today programme On December 31, 2021, Goodall was the guest editor of the BBC Radio Four Today programme. She chose Francis Collins to be presenter of Thought for the Day.", "She chose Francis Collins to be presenter of Thought for the Day. Awards and recognition Honours Goodall has received many honours for her environmental and humanitarian work, as well as others. She was named a Dame Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire in an Investiture held in Buckingham Palace in 2004.", "She was named a Dame Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire in an Investiture held in Buckingham Palace in 2004. In April 2002, Secretary-General Kofi Annan named Goodall a United Nations Messenger of Peace.", "In April 2002, Secretary-General Kofi Annan named Goodall a United Nations Messenger of Peace. Her other honours include the Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement, the French Legion of Honour, Medal of Tanzania, Japan's prestigious Kyoto Prize, the Benjamin Franklin Medal in Life Science, the Gandhi-King Award for Nonviolence and the Spanish Prince of Asturias Awards.", "Her other honours include the Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement, the French Legion of Honour, Medal of Tanzania, Japan's prestigious Kyoto Prize, the Benjamin Franklin Medal in Life Science, the Gandhi-King Award for Nonviolence and the Spanish Prince of Asturias Awards. She is also a member of the advisory board of BBC Wildlife magazine and a patron of Population Matters (formerly the Optimum Population Trust).", "She is also a member of the advisory board of BBC Wildlife magazine and a patron of Population Matters (formerly the Optimum Population Trust). She has received many tributes, honours, and awards from local governments, schools, institutions, and charities around the world.", "She has received many tributes, honours, and awards from local governments, schools, institutions, and charities around the world. Goodall is honoured by The Walt Disney Company with a plaque on the Tree of Life at Walt Disney World's Animal Kingdom theme park, alongside a carving of her beloved David Greybeard, the original chimpanzee that approached Goodall during her first year at Gombe.", "Goodall is honoured by The Walt Disney Company with a plaque on the Tree of Life at Walt Disney World's Animal Kingdom theme park, alongside a carving of her beloved David Greybeard, the original chimpanzee that approached Goodall during her first year at Gombe. In 2010, Dave Matthews and Tim Reynolds held a benefit concert at DAR Constitution Hall in Washington DC to commemorate Gombe 50: a global celebration of Jane Goodall's pioneering chimpanzee research and inspiring vision for our future.", "In 2010, Dave Matthews and Tim Reynolds held a benefit concert at DAR Constitution Hall in Washington DC to commemorate Gombe 50: a global celebration of Jane Goodall's pioneering chimpanzee research and inspiring vision for our future. Time magazine named Goodall as one of the 100 most influential people in the world in 2019.", "Time magazine named Goodall as one of the 100 most influential people in the world in 2019. In 2021, she received the Templeton Prize. Media Books 1969 My Friends the Wild Chimpanzees Washington, DC: National Geographic Society 1971 Innocent Killers (with H. van Lawick).", "Media Books 1969 My Friends the Wild Chimpanzees Washington, DC: National Geographic Society 1971 Innocent Killers (with H. van Lawick). Boston: Houghton Mifflin; London: Collins 1971 In the Shadow of Man Boston: Houghton Mifflin; London: Collins.", "Boston: Houghton Mifflin; London: Collins 1971 In the Shadow of Man Boston: Houghton Mifflin; London: Collins. Published in 48 languages 1986 The Chimpanzees of Gombe: Patterns of Behavior Boston: Bellknap Press of the Harvard University Press. Published also in Japanese and Russian. R.R.", "Published also in Japanese and Russian. R.R. R.R. Hawkins Award for the Outstanding Technical, Scientific or Medical book of 1986, to Bellknap Press of Harvard University Press, Boston.", "Hawkins Award for the Outstanding Technical, Scientific or Medical book of 1986, to Bellknap Press of Harvard University Press, Boston. The Wildlife Society (USA) Award for \"Outstanding Publication in Wildlife Ecology and Management\" 1990 Through a Window: 30 years observing the Gombe chimpanzees London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson; Boston: Houghton Mifflin.", "The Wildlife Society (USA) Award for \"Outstanding Publication in Wildlife Ecology and Management\" 1990 Through a Window: 30 years observing the Gombe chimpanzees London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson; Boston: Houghton Mifflin. Translated into more than 15 languages. 1991 Penguin edition, UK.", "1991 Penguin edition, UK. 1991 Penguin edition, UK. American Library Association \"Best\" list among Nine Notable Books (Nonfiction) for 1991 1991 Visions of Caliban (co-authored with Dale Peterson, PhD). Boston: Houghton Mifflin. New York Times \"Notable Book\" for 1993.", "New York Times \"Notable Book\" for 1993. Library Journal \"Best Sci-Tech Book\" for 1993 1999 Brutal Kinship (with Michael Nichols). New York: Aperture Foundation 1999 Reason For Hope; A Spiritual Journey (with Phillip Berman). New York: Warner Books, Inc.", "New York: Warner Books, Inc. Translated into Japanese and Portuguese 2000 40 Years At Gombe New York: Stewart, Tabori, and Chang 2000 Africa In My Blood (edited by Dale Peterson). New York: Houghton Mifflin Company 2001 Beyond Innocence: An Autobiography in Letters, the later years (edited by Dale Peterson).", "New York: Houghton Mifflin Company 2001 Beyond Innocence: An Autobiography in Letters, the later years (edited by Dale Peterson). New York: Houghton Mifflin Company 2002 The Ten Trusts: What We Must Do To Care for the Animals We Love (with Marc Bekoff).", "New York: Houghton Mifflin Company 2002 The Ten Trusts: What We Must Do To Care for the Animals We Love (with Marc Bekoff). San Francisco: Harper San Francisco 2005 Harvest for Hope: A Guide to Mindful Eating New York: Warner Books, Inc. 2009 Hope for Animals and Their World: How Endangered Species Are Being Rescued from the Brink Grand Central Publishing 2013 Seeds of Hope: Wisdom and Wonder from the World of Plants (with Gail Hudson) Grand Central Publishing 2021 The Book of Hope, with Douglas Abrams and Gail Hudson, Viking Children's books 1972 Grub: The Bush Baby (with H. van Lawick).", "San Francisco: Harper San Francisco 2005 Harvest for Hope: A Guide to Mindful Eating New York: Warner Books, Inc. 2009 Hope for Animals and Their World: How Endangered Species Are Being Rescued from the Brink Grand Central Publishing 2013 Seeds of Hope: Wisdom and Wonder from the World of Plants (with Gail Hudson) Grand Central Publishing 2021 The Book of Hope, with Douglas Abrams and Gail Hudson, Viking Children's books 1972 Grub: The Bush Baby (with H. van Lawick). Boston: Houghton Mifflin 1988 My Life with the Chimpanzees New York: Byron Preiss Visual Publications, Inc.", "Boston: Houghton Mifflin 1988 My Life with the Chimpanzees New York: Byron Preiss Visual Publications, Inc. Translated into French, Japanese and Chinese.", "Translated into French, Japanese and Chinese. Parenting's Reading-Magic Award for \"Outstanding Book for Children,\" 1989 1989 The Chimpanzee Family Book Saxonville, MA: Picture Book Studio; Munich: Neugebauer Press; London: Picture Book Studio. Translated into more than 15 languages, including Japanese and Swahili.", "Translated into more than 15 languages, including Japanese and Swahili. The UNICEF Award for the best children's book of 1989. Austrian state prize for best children's book of 1990.", "Austrian state prize for best children's book of 1990. 1989 Jane Goodall's Animal World: Chimps New York: Macmillan 1989 Animal Family Series: Chimpanzee Family; Lion Family; Elephant Family; Zebra Family; Giraffe Family; Baboon Family; Hyena Family; Wildebeest Family Toronto: Madison Marketing Ltd 1994 With Love New York / London: North-South Books.", "1989 Jane Goodall's Animal World: Chimps New York: Macmillan 1989 Animal Family Series: Chimpanzee Family; Lion Family; Elephant Family; Zebra Family; Giraffe Family; Baboon Family; Hyena Family; Wildebeest Family Toronto: Madison Marketing Ltd 1994 With Love New York / London: North-South Books. Translated into German, French, Italian, and Japanese 1999 Dr. White (illustrated by Julie Litty).", "Translated into German, French, Italian, and Japanese 1999 Dr. White (illustrated by Julie Litty). New York: North-South Books 2000 The Eagle & the Wren (illustrated by Alexander Reichstein).", "New York: North-South Books 2000 The Eagle & the Wren (illustrated by Alexander Reichstein). New York: North-South Books 2001 Chimpanzees I Love: Saving Their World and Ours New York: Scholastic Press 2002 (Foreword) \"Slowly, Slowly, Slowly,\" Said the Sloth by Eric Carle.", "New York: North-South Books 2001 Chimpanzees I Love: Saving Their World and Ours New York: Scholastic Press 2002 (Foreword) \"Slowly, Slowly, Slowly,\" Said the Sloth by Eric Carle. Philomel Books 2004 Rickie and Henri: A True Story (with Alan Marks) Penguin Young Readers Group Films Goodall is the subject of more than 40 films: 1965 Miss Goodall and the Wild Chimpanzees National Geographic Society 1973 Jane Goodall and the World of Animal Behavior: The Wild Dogs of Africa with Hugo van Lawick 1975 Miss Goodall: The Hyena Story The World of Animal Behavior Series 16mm 1979 version for DiscoVision, not released for LaserDisc 1976 Lions of the Serengeti an episode of The World About Us on BBC2 1984 Among the Wild Chimpanzees National Geographic Special 1988 People of the Forest with Hugo van Lawick 1990 Chimpanzee Alert in the Nature Watch Series, Central Television 1990 The Life and Legend of Jane Goodall National Geographic Society.", "Philomel Books 2004 Rickie and Henri: A True Story (with Alan Marks) Penguin Young Readers Group Films Goodall is the subject of more than 40 films: 1965 Miss Goodall and the Wild Chimpanzees National Geographic Society 1973 Jane Goodall and the World of Animal Behavior: The Wild Dogs of Africa with Hugo van Lawick 1975 Miss Goodall: The Hyena Story The World of Animal Behavior Series 16mm 1979 version for DiscoVision, not released for LaserDisc 1976 Lions of the Serengeti an episode of The World About Us on BBC2 1984 Among the Wild Chimpanzees National Geographic Special 1988 People of the Forest with Hugo van Lawick 1990 Chimpanzee Alert in the Nature Watch Series, Central Television 1990 The Life and Legend of Jane Goodall National Geographic Society. 1990 The Gombe Chimpanzees Bavarian Television 1995 Fifi's Boys for the Natural World series for the BBC 1996 Chimpanzee Diary for BBC2 Animal Zone 1997 Animal Minds for BBC Goodall voiced herself in the animated TV series The Wild Thornberrys.", "1990 The Gombe Chimpanzees Bavarian Television 1995 Fifi's Boys for the Natural World series for the BBC 1996 Chimpanzee Diary for BBC2 Animal Zone 1997 Animal Minds for BBC Goodall voiced herself in the animated TV series The Wild Thornberrys. 2000 Jane Goodall: Reason For Hope PBS special produced by KTCA 2001 2002 Jane Goodall's Wild Chimpanzees (IMAX format), in collaboration with Science North 2005 Jane Goodall's Return to Gombe for Animal Planet 2006 Chimps, So Like Us HBO film nominated for 1990 Academy Award 2007 When Animals Talk We Should Listen theatrical documentary feature co-produced by Animal Planet 2010 Jane's Journey theatrical documentary feature co-produced by Animal Planet 2012 Chimpanzee theatrical nature documentary feature co-produced by Disneynature 2017 Jane biographical documentary film National Geographic Studios, in association with Public Road Productions.", "2000 Jane Goodall: Reason For Hope PBS special produced by KTCA 2001 2002 Jane Goodall's Wild Chimpanzees (IMAX format), in collaboration with Science North 2005 Jane Goodall's Return to Gombe for Animal Planet 2006 Chimps, So Like Us HBO film nominated for 1990 Academy Award 2007 When Animals Talk We Should Listen theatrical documentary feature co-produced by Animal Planet 2010 Jane's Journey theatrical documentary feature co-produced by Animal Planet 2012 Chimpanzee theatrical nature documentary feature co-produced by Disneynature 2017 Jane biographical documentary film National Geographic Studios, in association with Public Road Productions. The film is directed and written by Brett Morgen, music by Philip Glass 2018 Zayed's Antarctic Lights Dr Jane featured in the Environment Agency-Abu Dhabi film that screened on National Geographic-Abu Dhabi and won a World Medal at the New York Film and TV Awards.", "The film is directed and written by Brett Morgen, music by Philip Glass 2018 Zayed's Antarctic Lights Dr Jane featured in the Environment Agency-Abu Dhabi film that screened on National Geographic-Abu Dhabi and won a World Medal at the New York Film and TV Awards. 2020 Jane Goodall: The Hope, biographical documentary film, National Geographic Studios, produced by Lucky 8 Panel discussions 2021 On 28 January 2021, Jane Goodall took part in a panel event of international experts called Climate Change: Why should we care?, organised by the Science Museum Group See also Animal Faith USC Jane Goodall Research Center Nonhuman Rights Project Dian Fossey, the trimate who studied gorillas until her murder Birutė Galdikas, the trimate who dedicated herself to orangutan study Steven M. Wise Washoe List of animal rights advocates Timeline of women in science References External links The Jane Goodall Institute official website Jane Goodall at Discover Magazine Jane Goodall interviewed by Alyssa McDonald in July 2010 for the New Statesman Jane Goodall – Overpopulation in the Developing World at Fora TV Lecture transcript and video of Goodall's speech at the Joan B. Kroc Institute for Peace & Justice at the University of San Diego, April 2008 Jane Goodall extended film interview with transcripts for the 'Why Are We Here?'", "2020 Jane Goodall: The Hope, biographical documentary film, National Geographic Studios, produced by Lucky 8 Panel discussions 2021 On 28 January 2021, Jane Goodall took part in a panel event of international experts called Climate Change: Why should we care?, organised by the Science Museum Group See also Animal Faith USC Jane Goodall Research Center Nonhuman Rights Project Dian Fossey, the trimate who studied gorillas until her murder Birutė Galdikas, the trimate who dedicated herself to orangutan study Steven M. Wise Washoe List of animal rights advocates Timeline of women in science References External links The Jane Goodall Institute official website Jane Goodall at Discover Magazine Jane Goodall interviewed by Alyssa McDonald in July 2010 for the New Statesman Jane Goodall – Overpopulation in the Developing World at Fora TV Lecture transcript and video of Goodall's speech at the Joan B. Kroc Institute for Peace & Justice at the University of San Diego, April 2008 Jane Goodall extended film interview with transcripts for the 'Why Are We Here?' documentary series.", "documentary series. documentary series. A Conversation with Jane Goodall (audio interview) \"On Being\" radio interview with Krista Tippett, broadcast August 2020 1934 births 20th-century anthropologists 20th-century British biologists 20th-century British women scientists 20th-century English scientists 21st-century anthropologists 21st-century British biologists 21st-century British women scientists 21st-century English scientists Living people Alumni of Newnham College, Cambridge Alumni of Darwin College, Cambridge Fellows of Darwin College, Cambridge Articles containing video clips Baronesses of the Netherlands Benjamin Franklin Medal (Franklin Institute) laureates British people of Welsh descent British women anthropologists Conservation biologists Dames Commander of the Order of the British Empire English anthropologists English cookbook writers English women biologists Ethologists Kyoto laureates in Basic Sciences Members of the European Academy of Sciences and Arts Members of the Society of Woman Geographers Officiers of the Légion d'honneur Recipients of the President's Medal (British Academy) Templeton Prize laureates People from Hampstead People involved in plagiarism controversies Primatologists Scientists from London Sustainability advocates United Nations Messengers of Peace University of Southern California faculty Vegan cookbook writers Veganism activists Women ethologists Women founders Writers about Africa" ]

[ "Jane Goodall", "Jane Goodall Institute", "When was the institute started?", "In 1977," ]

[ "The Instituto de Arqueología Amazónica (IAA, Amazon Archaeology Institute) is a non-profit research center organisation affiliated to the National Institute of Culture of Peru\n\nThe present director is Dr. Federico Kauffmann Doig, and is operated in combination with the Center Studi Ricerche Ligabue (Italy), whose director is the anthropologist and paleontologist Dr . Giancarlo Ligabue,\n\nThese centers have the purpose of investigating the history behind the Amazonian Peruvian Andes.\n\nExternal links \nInstituto de Arqueología Amazónica\n\nArchaeological research institutes\nResearch institutes in Peru\nUpper Amazon", "The Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and Ocean (JISAO) has existed since 1977 for the purpose of fostering research collaboration between National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research (OAR) and the University of Washington (UW). Dr. John K. Horne is the current director.\n\nIt is one of 16 NOAA Cooperative Institutes (CIs).\n\nThe JISAO research themes are:\n Climate research and impacts\n Marine ecosystems\n Environmental chemistry\n Ocean and coastal observations\n Seafloor processes\n Protection and restoration of marine resources\n Tsunami observations and modeling\n\nReferences\n\nOffice of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research\nResearch institutes in the United States\nOceanographic organizations\nMeteorological research institutes" ]

[ "Dame Jane Morris Goodall (; born Valerie Jane Morris-Goodall on 3 April 1934), formerly Baroness Jane van Lawick-Goodall, is an English primatologist and anthropologist. Seen as the world's foremost expert on chimpanzees, Goodall is best known for her 60-year study of social and family interactions of wild chimpanzees since she first went to Gombe Stream National Park in Tanzania in 1960, where she witnessed human-like behaviours amongst chimpanzees, including armed conflict.", "Seen as the world's foremost expert on chimpanzees, Goodall is best known for her 60-year study of social and family interactions of wild chimpanzees since she first went to Gombe Stream National Park in Tanzania in 1960, where she witnessed human-like behaviours amongst chimpanzees, including armed conflict. In April 2002, she was named a UN Messenger of Peace.", "In April 2002, she was named a UN Messenger of Peace. Goodall is an honorary member of the World Future Council.", "Goodall is an honorary member of the World Future Council. Early years Valerie Jane Morris-Goodall was born in 1934 in Hampstead, London, to businessman Mortimer Herbert Morris-Goodall (1907–2001) and Margaret Myfanwe Joseph (1906–2000), a novelist from Milford Haven, Pembrokeshire, who wrote under the name Vanne Morris-Goodall.", "Early years Valerie Jane Morris-Goodall was born in 1934 in Hampstead, London, to businessman Mortimer Herbert Morris-Goodall (1907–2001) and Margaret Myfanwe Joseph (1906–2000), a novelist from Milford Haven, Pembrokeshire, who wrote under the name Vanne Morris-Goodall. The family later moved to Bournemouth, and Goodall attended Uplands School, an independent school in nearby Poole.", "The family later moved to Bournemouth, and Goodall attended Uplands School, an independent school in nearby Poole. As a child, as an alternative to a teddy bear, Goodall's father gave her a stuffed chimpanzee named Jubilee.", "As a child, as an alternative to a teddy bear, Goodall's father gave her a stuffed chimpanzee named Jubilee. Goodall has said her fondness for this figure started her early love of animals, commenting, \"My mother's friends were horrified by this toy, thinking it would frighten me and give me nightmares.\"", "Goodall has said her fondness for this figure started her early love of animals, commenting, \"My mother's friends were horrified by this toy, thinking it would frighten me and give me nightmares.\" Today, Jubilee still sits on Goodall's dresser in London.", "Today, Jubilee still sits on Goodall's dresser in London. Africa Goodall had always been drawn to animals and Africa, which brought her to the farm of a friend in the Kenya highlands in 1957.", "Africa Goodall had always been drawn to animals and Africa, which brought her to the farm of a friend in the Kenya highlands in 1957. From there, she obtained work as a secretary, and acting on her friend's advice, she telephoned Louis Leakey, the Kenyan archaeologist and palaeontologist, with no other thought than to make an appointment to discuss animals.", "From there, she obtained work as a secretary, and acting on her friend's advice, she telephoned Louis Leakey, the Kenyan archaeologist and palaeontologist, with no other thought than to make an appointment to discuss animals. Leakey, believing that the study of existing great apes could provide indications of the behaviour of early hominids, was looking for a chimpanzee researcher, though he kept the idea to himself.", "Leakey, believing that the study of existing great apes could provide indications of the behaviour of early hominids, was looking for a chimpanzee researcher, though he kept the idea to himself. Instead, he proposed that Goodall work for him as a secretary.", "Instead, he proposed that Goodall work for him as a secretary. After obtaining approval from his co-researcher and wife, British paleoanthropologist Mary Leakey, Louis sent Goodall to Olduvai Gorge in Tanganyika (present-day Tanzania), where he laid out his plans.", "After obtaining approval from his co-researcher and wife, British paleoanthropologist Mary Leakey, Louis sent Goodall to Olduvai Gorge in Tanganyika (present-day Tanzania), where he laid out his plans. In 1958, Leakey sent Goodall to London to study primate behaviour with Osman Hill and primate anatomy with John Napier.", "In 1958, Leakey sent Goodall to London to study primate behaviour with Osman Hill and primate anatomy with John Napier. Leakey raised funds, and on 14 July 1960, Goodall went to Gombe Stream National Park, becoming the first of what would come to be called The Trimates.", "Leakey raised funds, and on 14 July 1960, Goodall went to Gombe Stream National Park, becoming the first of what would come to be called The Trimates. She was accompanied by her mother, whose presence was necessary to satisfy the requirements of David Anstey, chief warden, who was concerned for their safety.", "She was accompanied by her mother, whose presence was necessary to satisfy the requirements of David Anstey, chief warden, who was concerned for their safety. Goodall credits her mother with encouraging her to pursue a career in primatology, a male-dominated field at the time.", "Goodall credits her mother with encouraging her to pursue a career in primatology, a male-dominated field at the time. Goodall has stated that women were not accepted in the field when she started her research in the late 1950s.", "Goodall has stated that women were not accepted in the field when she started her research in the late 1950s. Today, the field of primatology is made up almost evenly of men and women, in part thanks to the trailblazing of Goodall and her encouragement of young women to join the field.", "Today, the field of primatology is made up almost evenly of men and women, in part thanks to the trailblazing of Goodall and her encouragement of young women to join the field. Leakey arranged funding, and in 1962 he sent Goodall, who had no degree, to the University of Cambridge.", "Leakey arranged funding, and in 1962 he sent Goodall, who had no degree, to the University of Cambridge. She went to Newnham College, Cambridge, where she obtained a PhD in ethology. She was the eighth person to be allowed to study for a PhD there without first having obtained a Bachelor's degree.", "She was the eighth person to be allowed to study for a PhD there without first having obtained a Bachelor's degree. Her thesis was completed in 1966 under the supervision of Robert Hinde on the Behaviour of free-living chimpanzees, detailing her first five years of study at the Gombe Reserve.", "Her thesis was completed in 1966 under the supervision of Robert Hinde on the Behaviour of free-living chimpanzees, detailing her first five years of study at the Gombe Reserve. On 19 June 2006 the Open University of Tanzania awarded her an honorary Doctor of Science degree.", "On 19 June 2006 the Open University of Tanzania awarded her an honorary Doctor of Science degree. Work Research at Gombe Stream National Park Goodall is best known for her study of chimpanzee social and family life. She began studying the Kasakela chimpanzee community in Gombe Stream National Park, Tanzania, in 1960.", "She began studying the Kasakela chimpanzee community in Gombe Stream National Park, Tanzania, in 1960. Instead of numbering the chimpanzees she observed, she gave them names such as Fifi and David Greybeard and observed them to have unique and individual personalities, an unconventional idea at the time.", "Instead of numbering the chimpanzees she observed, she gave them names such as Fifi and David Greybeard and observed them to have unique and individual personalities, an unconventional idea at the time. She found that \"it isn't only human beings who have personality, who are capable of rational thought [and] emotions like joy and sorrow.\"", "She found that \"it isn't only human beings who have personality, who are capable of rational thought [and] emotions like joy and sorrow.\" She also observed behaviours such as hugs, kisses, pats on the back, and even tickling, what we consider \"human\" actions.", "She also observed behaviours such as hugs, kisses, pats on the back, and even tickling, what we consider \"human\" actions. Goodall insists that these gestures are evidence of \"the close, supportive, affectionate bonds that develop between family members and other individuals within a community, which can persist throughout a life span of more than 50 years.\"", "Goodall insists that these gestures are evidence of \"the close, supportive, affectionate bonds that develop between family members and other individuals within a community, which can persist throughout a life span of more than 50 years.\" These findings suggest that similarities between humans and chimpanzees exist in more than genes alone and can be seen in emotion, intelligence, and family and social relationships.", "These findings suggest that similarities between humans and chimpanzees exist in more than genes alone and can be seen in emotion, intelligence, and family and social relationships. Goodall's research at Gombe Stream is best known to the scientific community for challenging two long-standing beliefs of the day: that only humans could construct and use tools, and that chimpanzees were vegetarians.", "Goodall's research at Gombe Stream is best known to the scientific community for challenging two long-standing beliefs of the day: that only humans could construct and use tools, and that chimpanzees were vegetarians. While observing one chimpanzee feeding at a termite mound, she watched him repeatedly place stalks of grass into termite holes, then remove them from the hole covered with clinging termites, effectively \"fishing\" for termites.", "While observing one chimpanzee feeding at a termite mound, she watched him repeatedly place stalks of grass into termite holes, then remove them from the hole covered with clinging termites, effectively \"fishing\" for termites. The chimpanzees would also take twigs from trees and strip off the leaves to make the twig more effective, a form of object modification that is the rudimentary beginnings of toolmaking.", "The chimpanzees would also take twigs from trees and strip off the leaves to make the twig more effective, a form of object modification that is the rudimentary beginnings of toolmaking. Humans had long distinguished themselves from the rest of the animal kingdom as \"Man the Toolmaker\".", "Humans had long distinguished themselves from the rest of the animal kingdom as \"Man the Toolmaker\". In response to Goodall's revolutionary findings, Louis Leakey wrote, \"We must now redefine man, redefine tool, or accept chimpanzees as human!\"", "In response to Goodall's revolutionary findings, Louis Leakey wrote, \"We must now redefine man, redefine tool, or accept chimpanzees as human!\" In contrast to the peaceful and affectionate behaviours she observed, Goodall also found an aggressive side of chimpanzee nature at Gombe Stream.", "In contrast to the peaceful and affectionate behaviours she observed, Goodall also found an aggressive side of chimpanzee nature at Gombe Stream. She discovered that chimpanzees will systematically hunt and eat smaller primates such as colobus monkeys.", "She discovered that chimpanzees will systematically hunt and eat smaller primates such as colobus monkeys. Goodall watched a hunting group isolate a colobus monkey high in a tree and block all possible exits; then one chimpanzee climbed up and captured and killed the colobus.", "Goodall watched a hunting group isolate a colobus monkey high in a tree and block all possible exits; then one chimpanzee climbed up and captured and killed the colobus. The others then each took parts of the carcass, sharing with other members of the troop in response to begging behaviours.", "The others then each took parts of the carcass, sharing with other members of the troop in response to begging behaviours. The chimpanzees at Gombe kill and eat as much as one-third of the colobus population in the park each year. This alone was a major scientific find that challenged previous conceptions of chimpanzee diet and behaviour.", "This alone was a major scientific find that challenged previous conceptions of chimpanzee diet and behaviour. Goodall also observed the tendency for aggression and violence within chimpanzee troops. Goodall observed dominant females deliberately killing the young of other females in the troop to maintain their dominance, sometimes going as far as cannibalism.", "Goodall observed dominant females deliberately killing the young of other females in the troop to maintain their dominance, sometimes going as far as cannibalism. She says of this revelation, \"During the first ten years of the study I had believed […] that the Gombe chimpanzees were, for the most part, rather nicer than human beings.", "She says of this revelation, \"During the first ten years of the study I had believed […] that the Gombe chimpanzees were, for the most part, rather nicer than human beings. […] Then suddenly we found that chimpanzees could be brutal—that they, like us, had a darker side to their nature.\"", "[…] Then suddenly we found that chimpanzees could be brutal—that they, like us, had a darker side to their nature.\" She described the 1974–1978 Gombe Chimpanzee War in her 1990 memoir, Through a Window: My Thirty Years with the Chimpanzees of Gombe.", "She described the 1974–1978 Gombe Chimpanzee War in her 1990 memoir, Through a Window: My Thirty Years with the Chimpanzees of Gombe. Her findings revolutionised contemporary knowledge of chimpanzee behaviour and were further evidence of the social similarities between humans and chimpanzees, albeit in a much darker manner.", "Her findings revolutionised contemporary knowledge of chimpanzee behaviour and were further evidence of the social similarities between humans and chimpanzees, albeit in a much darker manner. Goodall also set herself apart from the traditional conventions of the time by naming the animals in her studies of primates instead of assigning each a number.", "Goodall also set herself apart from the traditional conventions of the time by naming the animals in her studies of primates instead of assigning each a number. Numbering was a nearly universal practice at the time and was thought to be important in the removal of oneself from the potential for emotional attachment to the subject being studied.", "Numbering was a nearly universal practice at the time and was thought to be important in the removal of oneself from the potential for emotional attachment to the subject being studied. Setting herself apart from other researchers also led her to develop a close bond with the chimpanzees and to become, to this day, the only human ever accepted into chimpanzee society.", "Setting herself apart from other researchers also led her to develop a close bond with the chimpanzees and to become, to this day, the only human ever accepted into chimpanzee society. She was the lowest-ranking member of a troop for a period of 22 months.", "She was the lowest-ranking member of a troop for a period of 22 months. Among those whom Goodall named during her years in Gombe were: David Greybeard, a grey-chinned male who first warmed up to Goodall; Goliath, a friend of David Greybeard, originally the alpha male named for his bold nature; Mike, who through his cunning and improvisation displaced Goliath as the alpha male; Humphrey, a big, strong, bullysome male; Gigi, a large, sterile female who delighted in being the \"aunt\" of any young chimps or humans; Mr. McGregor, a belligerent older male; Flo, a motherly, high-ranking female with a bulbous nose and ragged ears, and her children; Figan, Faben, Freud, Fifi, and Flint; Frodo, Fifi's second-oldest child, an aggressive male who would frequently attack Jane and ultimately forced her to leave the troop when he became alpha male.", "Among those whom Goodall named during her years in Gombe were: David Greybeard, a grey-chinned male who first warmed up to Goodall; Goliath, a friend of David Greybeard, originally the alpha male named for his bold nature; Mike, who through his cunning and improvisation displaced Goliath as the alpha male; Humphrey, a big, strong, bullysome male; Gigi, a large, sterile female who delighted in being the \"aunt\" of any young chimps or humans; Mr. McGregor, a belligerent older male; Flo, a motherly, high-ranking female with a bulbous nose and ragged ears, and her children; Figan, Faben, Freud, Fifi, and Flint; Frodo, Fifi's second-oldest child, an aggressive male who would frequently attack Jane and ultimately forced her to leave the troop when he became alpha male. Jane Goodall Institute In 1977, Goodall established the Jane Goodall Institute (JGI), which supports the Gombe research, and she is a global leader in the effort to protect chimpanzees and their habitats.", "Jane Goodall Institute In 1977, Goodall established the Jane Goodall Institute (JGI), which supports the Gombe research, and she is a global leader in the effort to protect chimpanzees and their habitats. With nineteen offices around the world, the JGI is widely recognised for community-centred conservation and development programs in Africa.", "With nineteen offices around the world, the JGI is widely recognised for community-centred conservation and development programs in Africa. Its global youth program, Roots & Shoots, began in 1991 when a group of 16 local teenagers met with Goodall on her back porch in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.", "Its global youth program, Roots & Shoots, began in 1991 when a group of 16 local teenagers met with Goodall on her back porch in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. They were eager to discuss a range of problems they knew about from first-hand experience that caused them deep concern.", "They were eager to discuss a range of problems they knew about from first-hand experience that caused them deep concern. The organisation now has over 10,000 groups in over 100 countries. In 1992, Goodall founded the Tchimpounga Chimpanzee Rehabilatation Centre in the Republic of Congo to care for chimpanzees orphaned due to bush-meat trade.", "In 1992, Goodall founded the Tchimpounga Chimpanzee Rehabilatation Centre in the Republic of Congo to care for chimpanzees orphaned due to bush-meat trade. The rehabilitation houses over a hundred chimps over its three islands.", "The rehabilitation houses over a hundred chimps over its three islands. In 1994, Goodall founded the Lake Tanganyika Catchment Reforestation and Education (TACARE or \"Take Care\") pilot project to protect chimpanzees' habitat from deforestation by reforesting hills around Gombe while simultaneously educating neighbouring communities on sustainability and agriculture training.", "In 1994, Goodall founded the Lake Tanganyika Catchment Reforestation and Education (TACARE or \"Take Care\") pilot project to protect chimpanzees' habitat from deforestation by reforesting hills around Gombe while simultaneously educating neighbouring communities on sustainability and agriculture training. The TACARE project also supports young girls by offering them access to reproductive health education and through scholarships to finance their college tuition.", "The TACARE project also supports young girls by offering them access to reproductive health education and through scholarships to finance their college tuition. Owing to an overflow of handwritten notes, photographs, and data piling up at Jane's home in Dar es Salaam in the mid-1990s, the Jane Goodall Institute's Center for Primate Studies was created at the University of Minnesota to house and organise this data.", "Owing to an overflow of handwritten notes, photographs, and data piling up at Jane's home in Dar es Salaam in the mid-1990s, the Jane Goodall Institute's Center for Primate Studies was created at the University of Minnesota to house and organise this data. Currently all of the original Jane Goodall archives reside there and have been digitised, analysed, and placed in an online database.", "Currently all of the original Jane Goodall archives reside there and have been digitised, analysed, and placed in an online database. On 17 March 2011, Duke University spokesman Karl Bates announced that the archives will move to Duke, with Anne E. Pusey, Duke's chairman of evolutionary anthropology, overseeing the collection.", "On 17 March 2011, Duke University spokesman Karl Bates announced that the archives will move to Duke, with Anne E. Pusey, Duke's chairman of evolutionary anthropology, overseeing the collection. Pusey, who managed the archives in Minnesota and worked with Goodall in Tanzania, had worked at Duke for a year.", "Pusey, who managed the archives in Minnesota and worked with Goodall in Tanzania, had worked at Duke for a year. In 2018 and 2020, Goodall partnered with friend, CEO Michael Cammarata on two natural product lines from Schmidt's Naturals and Neptune Wellness Solutions. Five percent of every sale benefited the Jane Goodall Institute.", "Five percent of every sale benefited the Jane Goodall Institute. Today, Goodall devotes virtually all of her time to advocacy on behalf of chimpanzees and the environment, travelling nearly 300 days a year. Goodall is also on the advisory council for the world's largest chimpanzee sanctuary outside of Africa, Save the Chimps in Fort Pierce, Florida.", "Goodall is also on the advisory council for the world's largest chimpanzee sanctuary outside of Africa, Save the Chimps in Fort Pierce, Florida. Activism Goodall credits the 1986 Understanding Chimpanzees conference, hosted by the Chicago Academy of Sciences, with shifting her focus from observation of chimpanzees to a broader and more intense concern with animal-human conservation.", "Activism Goodall credits the 1986 Understanding Chimpanzees conference, hosted by the Chicago Academy of Sciences, with shifting her focus from observation of chimpanzees to a broader and more intense concern with animal-human conservation. She is the former president of Advocates for Animals, an organisation based in Edinburgh, Scotland, that campaigns against the use of animals in medical research, zoos, farming and sport.", "She is the former president of Advocates for Animals, an organisation based in Edinburgh, Scotland, that campaigns against the use of animals in medical research, zoos, farming and sport. Goodall is a vegetarian and advocates the diet for ethical, environmental, and health reasons.", "Goodall is a vegetarian and advocates the diet for ethical, environmental, and health reasons. In The Inner World of Farm Animals (2009), Goodall writes that farm animals are \"far more aware and intelligent than we ever imagined and, despite having been bred as domestic slaves, they are individual beings in their own right.", "In The Inner World of Farm Animals (2009), Goodall writes that farm animals are \"far more aware and intelligent than we ever imagined and, despite having been bred as domestic slaves, they are individual beings in their own right. As such, they deserve our respect. And our help.", "And our help. And our help. Who will plead for them if we are silent?\" Goodall has also said: \"Thousands of people who say they 'love' animals sit down once or twice a day to enjoy the flesh of creatures who have been treated so with little respect and kindness just to make more meat.\"", "Goodall has also said: \"Thousands of people who say they 'love' animals sit down once or twice a day to enjoy the flesh of creatures who have been treated so with little respect and kindness just to make more meat.\" In 2021, Goodall became a vegan and authored a cookbook titled Eat Meat Less.", "In 2021, Goodall became a vegan and authored a cookbook titled Eat Meat Less. Goodall is an outspoken environmental advocate, speaking on the effects of climate change on endangered species such as chimpanzees.", "Goodall is an outspoken environmental advocate, speaking on the effects of climate change on endangered species such as chimpanzees. Goodall, alongside her foundation, collaborated with NASA to use satellite imagery from the Landsat series to remedy the effects of deforestation on chimpanzees and local communities in Western Africa by offering the villagers information on how to reduce activity and preserve their environment.", "Goodall, alongside her foundation, collaborated with NASA to use satellite imagery from the Landsat series to remedy the effects of deforestation on chimpanzees and local communities in Western Africa by offering the villagers information on how to reduce activity and preserve their environment. In 2000, to ensure the safe and ethical treatment of animals during ethological studies, Goodall, alongside Professor Mark Bekoff, founded the organization Ethologists for the Ethical Treatment of Animals.", "In 2000, to ensure the safe and ethical treatment of animals during ethological studies, Goodall, alongside Professor Mark Bekoff, founded the organization Ethologists for the Ethical Treatment of Animals. In April 2008, Goodall gave a lecture entitled \"Reason for Hope\" at the University of San Diego's Joan B. Kroc Institute for Peace & Justice Distinguished Lecture Series.", "In April 2008, Goodall gave a lecture entitled \"Reason for Hope\" at the University of San Diego's Joan B. Kroc Institute for Peace & Justice Distinguished Lecture Series. In 2008, Goodall demanded the European Union end the use of medical research on animals and ensure more funding for alternative methods of medical research.", "In 2008, Goodall demanded the European Union end the use of medical research on animals and ensure more funding for alternative methods of medical research. In May 2008, Goodall controversially described Edinburgh Zoo's new primate enclosure as a \"wonderful facility\" where monkeys \"are probably better off [than those] living in the wild in an area like Budongo, where one in six gets caught in a wire snare, and countries like Congo, where chimpanzees, monkeys and gorillas are shot for food commercially.\"", "In May 2008, Goodall controversially described Edinburgh Zoo's new primate enclosure as a \"wonderful facility\" where monkeys \"are probably better off [than those] living in the wild in an area like Budongo, where one in six gets caught in a wire snare, and countries like Congo, where chimpanzees, monkeys and gorillas are shot for food commercially.\" This was in conflict with Advocates for Animals' position on captive animals.", "This was in conflict with Advocates for Animals' position on captive animals. In June 2008, Goodall confirmed that she had resigned the presidency of the organisation which she had held since 1998, citing her busy schedule and explaining, \"I just don't have time for them.\"", "In June 2008, Goodall confirmed that she had resigned the presidency of the organisation which she had held since 1998, citing her busy schedule and explaining, \"I just don't have time for them.\" Goodall is a patron of population concern charity Population Matters and is currently an ambassador for Disneynature.", "Goodall is a patron of population concern charity Population Matters and is currently an ambassador for Disneynature. In 2010, Goodall, through JGI, formed a coalition with a number of organizations such as the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) and the Humane Society of the United States (HSUS) and petitioned to list all chimpanzees, including those that are captive, as endangered.", "In 2010, Goodall, through JGI, formed a coalition with a number of organizations such as the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) and the Humane Society of the United States (HSUS) and petitioned to list all chimpanzees, including those that are captive, as endangered. In 2015, the U.S.", "In 2015, the U.S. In 2015, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service(FWS) announced that they would accept this rule and that all chimpanzees would be classified as endangered. In 2011, Goodall became a patron of Australian animal protection group Voiceless, the animal protection institute.", "In 2011, Goodall became a patron of Australian animal protection group Voiceless, the animal protection institute. \"I have for decades been concerned about factory farming, in part because of the tremendous harm inflicted on the environment, but also because of the shocking ongoing cruelty perpetuated on millions of sentient beings.\"", "\"I have for decades been concerned about factory farming, in part because of the tremendous harm inflicted on the environment, but also because of the shocking ongoing cruelty perpetuated on millions of sentient beings.\" In 2012, Goodall took on the role of challenger for the Engage in Conservation Challenge with the DO School, formerly known as the D&F Academy.", "In 2012, Goodall took on the role of challenger for the Engage in Conservation Challenge with the DO School, formerly known as the D&F Academy. She worked with a group of aspiring social entrepreneurs to create a workshop to engage young people in conserving biodiversity, and to tackle a perceived global lack of awareness of the issue.", "She worked with a group of aspiring social entrepreneurs to create a workshop to engage young people in conserving biodiversity, and to tackle a perceived global lack of awareness of the issue. In 2014, Goodall wrote to Air France executives, criticizing the airline's continued transport of monkeys to laboratories.", "In 2014, Goodall wrote to Air France executives, criticizing the airline's continued transport of monkeys to laboratories. Goodall called the practice \"cruel\" and \"traumatic\" for the monkeys involved.", "Goodall called the practice \"cruel\" and \"traumatic\" for the monkeys involved. The same year, Goodall also wrote to the National Institutes of Health (NIH) to criticize maternal deprivation experiments on baby monkeys in NIH laboratories.", "The same year, Goodall also wrote to the National Institutes of Health (NIH) to criticize maternal deprivation experiments on baby monkeys in NIH laboratories. Prior to the 2015 UK general election, she was one of several celebrities who endorsed the parliamentary candidacy of the Green Party's Caroline Lucas.", "Prior to the 2015 UK general election, she was one of several celebrities who endorsed the parliamentary candidacy of the Green Party's Caroline Lucas. Goodall is a critic of fox hunting and was among more than 20 high-profile people who signed a letter to Members of Parliament in 2015 opposing Conservative prime minister David Cameron's plan to amend the Hunting Act 2004.", "Goodall is a critic of fox hunting and was among more than 20 high-profile people who signed a letter to Members of Parliament in 2015 opposing Conservative prime minister David Cameron's plan to amend the Hunting Act 2004. During August 2019, Goodall was honoured for her contributions to science with a bronze sculpture in midtown Manhattan alongside nine other women, part of the \"Statues for Equality\" project.", "During August 2019, Goodall was honoured for her contributions to science with a bronze sculpture in midtown Manhattan alongside nine other women, part of the \"Statues for Equality\" project. In 2020, continuing her organization's work on the environment, Goodall vowed to plant 5 million trees, part of the 1 trillion tree initiative founded by the World Economic Forum.", "In 2020, continuing her organization's work on the environment, Goodall vowed to plant 5 million trees, part of the 1 trillion tree initiative founded by the World Economic Forum. In February 2021, Jane Goodall and more than 140 scientists called on the EU Commission to abolish caging of farm animals. Personal life Goodall has married twice.", "Personal life Goodall has married twice. On 28 March 1964, she married a Dutch nobleman, wildlife photographer Baron Hugo van Lawick, at Chelsea Old Church, London, and became known during their marriage as Baroness Jane van Lawick-Goodall. The couple had a son, Hugo Eric Louis (born 1967); they divorced in 1974.", "The couple had a son, Hugo Eric Louis (born 1967); they divorced in 1974. The following year, she married Derek Bryceson, a member of Tanzania's parliament and the director of that country's national parks. He died of cancer in October 1980.", "He died of cancer in October 1980. Owing to his position in the Tanzanian government as head of the country's national park system, Bryceson could protect Goodall's research project and implement an embargo on tourism at Gombe. Goodall has stated that dogs are her favourite animal.", "Goodall has stated that dogs are her favourite animal. Goodall suffers from prosopagnosia, which makes it difficult to recognize familiar faces. Religion and spirituality Goodall was raised in a Christian congregationalist family. As a young woman, she took night classes in Theosophy.", "As a young woman, she took night classes in Theosophy. Her family were occasional churchgoers, but Goodall began attending more regularly as a teenager when the church appointed a new minister, Trevor Davies. \"He was highly intelligent and his sermons were powerful and thought-provoking... I could have listened to his voice for hours...", "I could have listened to his voice for hours... I fell madly in love with him... Suddenly, no one had to encourage me to go to church. Indeed, there were never enough services for my liking.\"", "Indeed, there were never enough services for my liking.\" Of her later discovery of the atheism and agnosticism of many of her scientific colleagues, Goodall wrote that \"[f]ortunately, by the time I got to Cambridge I was twenty-seven years old and my beliefs had already moulded so that I was not influenced by these opinions.\"", "Of her later discovery of the atheism and agnosticism of many of her scientific colleagues, Goodall wrote that \"[f]ortunately, by the time I got to Cambridge I was twenty-seven years old and my beliefs had already moulded so that I was not influenced by these opinions.\" In her 1999 book Reason for Hope: A Spiritual Journey, Goodall describes the implications of a mystical experience she had at Notre Dame Cathedral in 1977: \"Since I cannot believe that this was the result of chance, I have to admit anti-chance.", "In her 1999 book Reason for Hope: A Spiritual Journey, Goodall describes the implications of a mystical experience she had at Notre Dame Cathedral in 1977: \"Since I cannot believe that this was the result of chance, I have to admit anti-chance. And so I must believe in a guiding power in the universe – in other words, I must believe in God.\"", "And so I must believe in a guiding power in the universe – in other words, I must believe in God.\" When asked if she believes in God, Goodall said in September 2010: \"I don't have any idea of who or what God is. But I do believe in some great spiritual power.", "But I do believe in some great spiritual power. I feel it particularly when I'm out in nature. It's just something that's bigger and stronger than what I am or what anybody is. I feel it. And it's enough for me.\"", "And it's enough for me.\" When asked in the same year if she still considers herself a Christian, Goodall told the Guardian \"I suppose so; I was raised as a Christian.\"", "When asked in the same year if she still considers herself a Christian, Goodall told the Guardian \"I suppose so; I was raised as a Christian.\" In her foreword to the 2017 book The Intelligence of the Cosmos by Ervin Laszlo, a philosopher of science who advocates quantum consciousness theory, Goodall wrote: \"we must accept that there is an Intelligence driving the process [of evolution], that the Universe and life on Earth are inspired and in-formed by an unknown and unknowable Creator, a Supreme Being, a Great Spiritual Power.\"", "In her foreword to the 2017 book The Intelligence of the Cosmos by Ervin Laszlo, a philosopher of science who advocates quantum consciousness theory, Goodall wrote: \"we must accept that there is an Intelligence driving the process [of evolution], that the Universe and life on Earth are inspired and in-formed by an unknown and unknowable Creator, a Supreme Being, a Great Spiritual Power.\" Criticism Goodall used unconventional practices in her study; for example, naming individuals instead of numbering them.", "Criticism Goodall used unconventional practices in her study; for example, naming individuals instead of numbering them. At the time, numbering was used to prevent emotional attachment and loss of objectivity.", "At the time, numbering was used to prevent emotional attachment and loss of objectivity. Goodall wrote in 1993: \"When, in the early 1960s, I brazenly used such words as 'childhood', 'adolescence', 'motivation', 'excitement', and 'mood' I was much criticised.", "Goodall wrote in 1993: \"When, in the early 1960s, I brazenly used such words as 'childhood', 'adolescence', 'motivation', 'excitement', and 'mood' I was much criticised. Even worse was my crime of suggesting that chimpanzees had 'personalities'.", "Even worse was my crime of suggesting that chimpanzees had 'personalities'. I was ascribing human characteristics to nonhuman animals and was thus guilty of that worst of ethological sins -anthropomorphism.\"", "I was ascribing human characteristics to nonhuman animals and was thus guilty of that worst of ethological sins -anthropomorphism.\" Many standard methods aim to avoid interference by observers, and in particular some believe that the use of feeding stations to attract Gombe chimpanzees has altered normal foraging and feeding patterns and social relationships.", "Many standard methods aim to avoid interference by observers, and in particular some believe that the use of feeding stations to attract Gombe chimpanzees has altered normal foraging and feeding patterns and social relationships. This argument is the focus of a book published by Margaret Power in 1991.", "This argument is the focus of a book published by Margaret Power in 1991. It has been suggested that higher levels of aggression and conflict with other chimpanzee groups in the area were due to the feeding, which could have created the \"wars\" between chimpanzee social groups described by Goodall, aspects of which she did not witness in the years before artificial feeding began at Gombe.", "It has been suggested that higher levels of aggression and conflict with other chimpanzee groups in the area were due to the feeding, which could have created the \"wars\" between chimpanzee social groups described by Goodall, aspects of which she did not witness in the years before artificial feeding began at Gombe. Thus, some regard Goodall's observations as distortions of normal chimpanzee behaviour.", "Thus, some regard Goodall's observations as distortions of normal chimpanzee behaviour. Goodall herself acknowledged that feeding contributed to aggression within and between groups, but maintained that the effect was limited to alteration of the intensity and not the nature of chimpanzee conflict, and further suggested that feeding was necessary for the study to be effective at all.", "Goodall herself acknowledged that feeding contributed to aggression within and between groups, but maintained that the effect was limited to alteration of the intensity and not the nature of chimpanzee conflict, and further suggested that feeding was necessary for the study to be effective at all. Craig Stanford of the Jane Goodall Research Institute at the University of Southern California states that researchers conducting studies with no artificial provisioning have a difficult time viewing any social behaviour of chimpanzees, especially those related to inter-group conflict.", "Craig Stanford of the Jane Goodall Research Institute at the University of Southern California states that researchers conducting studies with no artificial provisioning have a difficult time viewing any social behaviour of chimpanzees, especially those related to inter-group conflict. Some recent studies, such as those by Crickette Sanz in the Goualougo Triangle (Congo) and Christophe Boesch in the Taï National Park (Ivory Coast), have not shown the aggression observed in the Gombe studies.", "Some recent studies, such as those by Crickette Sanz in the Goualougo Triangle (Congo) and Christophe Boesch in the Taï National Park (Ivory Coast), have not shown the aggression observed in the Gombe studies. However, other primatologists disagree that the studies are flawed; for example, Jim Moore provides a critique of Margaret Powers' assertions and some studies of other chimpanzee groups have shown aggression similar to that in Gombe even in the absence of feeding.", "However, other primatologists disagree that the studies are flawed; for example, Jim Moore provides a critique of Margaret Powers' assertions and some studies of other chimpanzee groups have shown aggression similar to that in Gombe even in the absence of feeding. Plagiarism and Seeds of Hope On 22 March 2013, Hachette Book Group announced that Goodall's and co-author Gail Hudson's new book, Seeds of Hope, would not be released on 2 April as planned due to the discovery of plagiarised portions.", "Plagiarism and Seeds of Hope On 22 March 2013, Hachette Book Group announced that Goodall's and co-author Gail Hudson's new book, Seeds of Hope, would not be released on 2 April as planned due to the discovery of plagiarised portions. A reviewer for The Washington Post found unattributed sections that were copied from websites about organic tea, tobacco, an \"amateurish astrology site\", as well as from Wikipedia.", "A reviewer for The Washington Post found unattributed sections that were copied from websites about organic tea, tobacco, an \"amateurish astrology site\", as well as from Wikipedia. Goodall apologised and stated, \"It is important to me that the proper sources are credited, and I will be working diligently with my team to address all areas of concern.", "Goodall apologised and stated, \"It is important to me that the proper sources are credited, and I will be working diligently with my team to address all areas of concern. My goal is to ensure that when this book is released it is not only up to the highest of standards, but also that the focus be on the crucial messages it conveys.\"", "My goal is to ensure that when this book is released it is not only up to the highest of standards, but also that the focus be on the crucial messages it conveys.\" The book was released on 1 April 2014, after review and the addition of 57 pages of endnotes.", "The book was released on 1 April 2014, after review and the addition of 57 pages of endnotes. In popular culture Gary Larson cartoon incident One of Gary Larson's Far Side cartoons shows two chimpanzees grooming.", "In popular culture Gary Larson cartoon incident One of Gary Larson's Far Side cartoons shows two chimpanzees grooming. One finds a blonde human hair on the other and inquires, \"Conducting a little more 'research' with that Jane Goodall tramp?\"", "One finds a blonde human hair on the other and inquires, \"Conducting a little more 'research' with that Jane Goodall tramp?\" Goodall herself was in Africa at the time, and the Jane Goodall Institute thought this was in bad taste and had its lawyers draft a letter to Larson and his distribution syndicate in which they described the cartoon as an \"atrocity\".", "Goodall herself was in Africa at the time, and the Jane Goodall Institute thought this was in bad taste and had its lawyers draft a letter to Larson and his distribution syndicate in which they described the cartoon as an \"atrocity\". They were stymied by Goodall herself: When she returned and saw the cartoon, she stated that she found the cartoon amusing.", "They were stymied by Goodall herself: When she returned and saw the cartoon, she stated that she found the cartoon amusing. Since then, all profits from sales of a shirt featuring this cartoon go to the Jane Goodall Institute.", "Since then, all profits from sales of a shirt featuring this cartoon go to the Jane Goodall Institute. Goodall wrote a preface to The Far Side Gallery 5, detailing her version of the controversy, and the institute's letter was included next to the cartoon in the complete Far Side collection.", "Goodall wrote a preface to The Far Side Gallery 5, detailing her version of the controversy, and the institute's letter was included next to the cartoon in the complete Far Side collection. She praised Larson's creative ideas, which often compare and contrast the behaviour of humans and animals.", "She praised Larson's creative ideas, which often compare and contrast the behaviour of humans and animals. In 1988, when Larson visited Goodall's research facility in Tanzania, he was attacked by a chimpanzee named Frodo. Lego The Lego Group announced a set called 40530 Jane Goodall Tribute that will be released on 3 March 2022.", "Lego The Lego Group announced a set called 40530 Jane Goodall Tribute that will be released on 3 March 2022. Radio Four Today programme On December 31, 2021, Goodall was the guest editor of the BBC Radio Four Today programme. She chose Francis Collins to be presenter of Thought for the Day.", "She chose Francis Collins to be presenter of Thought for the Day. Awards and recognition Honours Goodall has received many honours for her environmental and humanitarian work, as well as others. She was named a Dame Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire in an Investiture held in Buckingham Palace in 2004.", "She was named a Dame Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire in an Investiture held in Buckingham Palace in 2004. In April 2002, Secretary-General Kofi Annan named Goodall a United Nations Messenger of Peace.", "In April 2002, Secretary-General Kofi Annan named Goodall a United Nations Messenger of Peace. Her other honours include the Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement, the French Legion of Honour, Medal of Tanzania, Japan's prestigious Kyoto Prize, the Benjamin Franklin Medal in Life Science, the Gandhi-King Award for Nonviolence and the Spanish Prince of Asturias Awards.", "Her other honours include the Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement, the French Legion of Honour, Medal of Tanzania, Japan's prestigious Kyoto Prize, the Benjamin Franklin Medal in Life Science, the Gandhi-King Award for Nonviolence and the Spanish Prince of Asturias Awards. She is also a member of the advisory board of BBC Wildlife magazine and a patron of Population Matters (formerly the Optimum Population Trust).", "She is also a member of the advisory board of BBC Wildlife magazine and a patron of Population Matters (formerly the Optimum Population Trust). She has received many tributes, honours, and awards from local governments, schools, institutions, and charities around the world.", "She has received many tributes, honours, and awards from local governments, schools, institutions, and charities around the world. Goodall is honoured by The Walt Disney Company with a plaque on the Tree of Life at Walt Disney World's Animal Kingdom theme park, alongside a carving of her beloved David Greybeard, the original chimpanzee that approached Goodall during her first year at Gombe.", "Goodall is honoured by The Walt Disney Company with a plaque on the Tree of Life at Walt Disney World's Animal Kingdom theme park, alongside a carving of her beloved David Greybeard, the original chimpanzee that approached Goodall during her first year at Gombe. In 2010, Dave Matthews and Tim Reynolds held a benefit concert at DAR Constitution Hall in Washington DC to commemorate Gombe 50: a global celebration of Jane Goodall's pioneering chimpanzee research and inspiring vision for our future.", "In 2010, Dave Matthews and Tim Reynolds held a benefit concert at DAR Constitution Hall in Washington DC to commemorate Gombe 50: a global celebration of Jane Goodall's pioneering chimpanzee research and inspiring vision for our future. Time magazine named Goodall as one of the 100 most influential people in the world in 2019.", "Time magazine named Goodall as one of the 100 most influential people in the world in 2019. In 2021, she received the Templeton Prize. Media Books 1969 My Friends the Wild Chimpanzees Washington, DC: National Geographic Society 1971 Innocent Killers (with H. van Lawick).", "Media Books 1969 My Friends the Wild Chimpanzees Washington, DC: National Geographic Society 1971 Innocent Killers (with H. van Lawick). Boston: Houghton Mifflin; London: Collins 1971 In the Shadow of Man Boston: Houghton Mifflin; London: Collins.", "Boston: Houghton Mifflin; London: Collins 1971 In the Shadow of Man Boston: Houghton Mifflin; London: Collins. Published in 48 languages 1986 The Chimpanzees of Gombe: Patterns of Behavior Boston: Bellknap Press of the Harvard University Press. Published also in Japanese and Russian. R.R.", "Published also in Japanese and Russian. R.R. R.R. Hawkins Award for the Outstanding Technical, Scientific or Medical book of 1986, to Bellknap Press of Harvard University Press, Boston.", "Hawkins Award for the Outstanding Technical, Scientific or Medical book of 1986, to Bellknap Press of Harvard University Press, Boston. The Wildlife Society (USA) Award for \"Outstanding Publication in Wildlife Ecology and Management\" 1990 Through a Window: 30 years observing the Gombe chimpanzees London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson; Boston: Houghton Mifflin.", "The Wildlife Society (USA) Award for \"Outstanding Publication in Wildlife Ecology and Management\" 1990 Through a Window: 30 years observing the Gombe chimpanzees London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson; Boston: Houghton Mifflin. Translated into more than 15 languages. 1991 Penguin edition, UK.", "1991 Penguin edition, UK. 1991 Penguin edition, UK. American Library Association \"Best\" list among Nine Notable Books (Nonfiction) for 1991 1991 Visions of Caliban (co-authored with Dale Peterson, PhD). Boston: Houghton Mifflin. New York Times \"Notable Book\" for 1993.", "New York Times \"Notable Book\" for 1993. Library Journal \"Best Sci-Tech Book\" for 1993 1999 Brutal Kinship (with Michael Nichols). New York: Aperture Foundation 1999 Reason For Hope; A Spiritual Journey (with Phillip Berman). New York: Warner Books, Inc.", "New York: Warner Books, Inc. Translated into Japanese and Portuguese 2000 40 Years At Gombe New York: Stewart, Tabori, and Chang 2000 Africa In My Blood (edited by Dale Peterson). New York: Houghton Mifflin Company 2001 Beyond Innocence: An Autobiography in Letters, the later years (edited by Dale Peterson).", "New York: Houghton Mifflin Company 2001 Beyond Innocence: An Autobiography in Letters, the later years (edited by Dale Peterson). New York: Houghton Mifflin Company 2002 The Ten Trusts: What We Must Do To Care for the Animals We Love (with Marc Bekoff).", "New York: Houghton Mifflin Company 2002 The Ten Trusts: What We Must Do To Care for the Animals We Love (with Marc Bekoff). San Francisco: Harper San Francisco 2005 Harvest for Hope: A Guide to Mindful Eating New York: Warner Books, Inc. 2009 Hope for Animals and Their World: How Endangered Species Are Being Rescued from the Brink Grand Central Publishing 2013 Seeds of Hope: Wisdom and Wonder from the World of Plants (with Gail Hudson) Grand Central Publishing 2021 The Book of Hope, with Douglas Abrams and Gail Hudson, Viking Children's books 1972 Grub: The Bush Baby (with H. van Lawick).", "San Francisco: Harper San Francisco 2005 Harvest for Hope: A Guide to Mindful Eating New York: Warner Books, Inc. 2009 Hope for Animals and Their World: How Endangered Species Are Being Rescued from the Brink Grand Central Publishing 2013 Seeds of Hope: Wisdom and Wonder from the World of Plants (with Gail Hudson) Grand Central Publishing 2021 The Book of Hope, with Douglas Abrams and Gail Hudson, Viking Children's books 1972 Grub: The Bush Baby (with H. van Lawick). Boston: Houghton Mifflin 1988 My Life with the Chimpanzees New York: Byron Preiss Visual Publications, Inc.", "Boston: Houghton Mifflin 1988 My Life with the Chimpanzees New York: Byron Preiss Visual Publications, Inc. Translated into French, Japanese and Chinese.", "Translated into French, Japanese and Chinese. Parenting's Reading-Magic Award for \"Outstanding Book for Children,\" 1989 1989 The Chimpanzee Family Book Saxonville, MA: Picture Book Studio; Munich: Neugebauer Press; London: Picture Book Studio. Translated into more than 15 languages, including Japanese and Swahili.", "Translated into more than 15 languages, including Japanese and Swahili. The UNICEF Award for the best children's book of 1989. Austrian state prize for best children's book of 1990.", "Austrian state prize for best children's book of 1990. 1989 Jane Goodall's Animal World: Chimps New York: Macmillan 1989 Animal Family Series: Chimpanzee Family; Lion Family; Elephant Family; Zebra Family; Giraffe Family; Baboon Family; Hyena Family; Wildebeest Family Toronto: Madison Marketing Ltd 1994 With Love New York / London: North-South Books.", "1989 Jane Goodall's Animal World: Chimps New York: Macmillan 1989 Animal Family Series: Chimpanzee Family; Lion Family; Elephant Family; Zebra Family; Giraffe Family; Baboon Family; Hyena Family; Wildebeest Family Toronto: Madison Marketing Ltd 1994 With Love New York / London: North-South Books. Translated into German, French, Italian, and Japanese 1999 Dr. White (illustrated by Julie Litty).", "Translated into German, French, Italian, and Japanese 1999 Dr. White (illustrated by Julie Litty). New York: North-South Books 2000 The Eagle & the Wren (illustrated by Alexander Reichstein).", "New York: North-South Books 2000 The Eagle & the Wren (illustrated by Alexander Reichstein). New York: North-South Books 2001 Chimpanzees I Love: Saving Their World and Ours New York: Scholastic Press 2002 (Foreword) \"Slowly, Slowly, Slowly,\" Said the Sloth by Eric Carle.", "New York: North-South Books 2001 Chimpanzees I Love: Saving Their World and Ours New York: Scholastic Press 2002 (Foreword) \"Slowly, Slowly, Slowly,\" Said the Sloth by Eric Carle. Philomel Books 2004 Rickie and Henri: A True Story (with Alan Marks) Penguin Young Readers Group Films Goodall is the subject of more than 40 films: 1965 Miss Goodall and the Wild Chimpanzees National Geographic Society 1973 Jane Goodall and the World of Animal Behavior: The Wild Dogs of Africa with Hugo van Lawick 1975 Miss Goodall: The Hyena Story The World of Animal Behavior Series 16mm 1979 version for DiscoVision, not released for LaserDisc 1976 Lions of the Serengeti an episode of The World About Us on BBC2 1984 Among the Wild Chimpanzees National Geographic Special 1988 People of the Forest with Hugo van Lawick 1990 Chimpanzee Alert in the Nature Watch Series, Central Television 1990 The Life and Legend of Jane Goodall National Geographic Society.", "Philomel Books 2004 Rickie and Henri: A True Story (with Alan Marks) Penguin Young Readers Group Films Goodall is the subject of more than 40 films: 1965 Miss Goodall and the Wild Chimpanzees National Geographic Society 1973 Jane Goodall and the World of Animal Behavior: The Wild Dogs of Africa with Hugo van Lawick 1975 Miss Goodall: The Hyena Story The World of Animal Behavior Series 16mm 1979 version for DiscoVision, not released for LaserDisc 1976 Lions of the Serengeti an episode of The World About Us on BBC2 1984 Among the Wild Chimpanzees National Geographic Special 1988 People of the Forest with Hugo van Lawick 1990 Chimpanzee Alert in the Nature Watch Series, Central Television 1990 The Life and Legend of Jane Goodall National Geographic Society. 1990 The Gombe Chimpanzees Bavarian Television 1995 Fifi's Boys for the Natural World series for the BBC 1996 Chimpanzee Diary for BBC2 Animal Zone 1997 Animal Minds for BBC Goodall voiced herself in the animated TV series The Wild Thornberrys.", "1990 The Gombe Chimpanzees Bavarian Television 1995 Fifi's Boys for the Natural World series for the BBC 1996 Chimpanzee Diary for BBC2 Animal Zone 1997 Animal Minds for BBC Goodall voiced herself in the animated TV series The Wild Thornberrys. 2000 Jane Goodall: Reason For Hope PBS special produced by KTCA 2001 2002 Jane Goodall's Wild Chimpanzees (IMAX format), in collaboration with Science North 2005 Jane Goodall's Return to Gombe for Animal Planet 2006 Chimps, So Like Us HBO film nominated for 1990 Academy Award 2007 When Animals Talk We Should Listen theatrical documentary feature co-produced by Animal Planet 2010 Jane's Journey theatrical documentary feature co-produced by Animal Planet 2012 Chimpanzee theatrical nature documentary feature co-produced by Disneynature 2017 Jane biographical documentary film National Geographic Studios, in association with Public Road Productions.", "2000 Jane Goodall: Reason For Hope PBS special produced by KTCA 2001 2002 Jane Goodall's Wild Chimpanzees (IMAX format), in collaboration with Science North 2005 Jane Goodall's Return to Gombe for Animal Planet 2006 Chimps, So Like Us HBO film nominated for 1990 Academy Award 2007 When Animals Talk We Should Listen theatrical documentary feature co-produced by Animal Planet 2010 Jane's Journey theatrical documentary feature co-produced by Animal Planet 2012 Chimpanzee theatrical nature documentary feature co-produced by Disneynature 2017 Jane biographical documentary film National Geographic Studios, in association with Public Road Productions. The film is directed and written by Brett Morgen, music by Philip Glass 2018 Zayed's Antarctic Lights Dr Jane featured in the Environment Agency-Abu Dhabi film that screened on National Geographic-Abu Dhabi and won a World Medal at the New York Film and TV Awards.", "The film is directed and written by Brett Morgen, music by Philip Glass 2018 Zayed's Antarctic Lights Dr Jane featured in the Environment Agency-Abu Dhabi film that screened on National Geographic-Abu Dhabi and won a World Medal at the New York Film and TV Awards. 2020 Jane Goodall: The Hope, biographical documentary film, National Geographic Studios, produced by Lucky 8 Panel discussions 2021 On 28 January 2021, Jane Goodall took part in a panel event of international experts called Climate Change: Why should we care?, organised by the Science Museum Group See also Animal Faith USC Jane Goodall Research Center Nonhuman Rights Project Dian Fossey, the trimate who studied gorillas until her murder Birutė Galdikas, the trimate who dedicated herself to orangutan study Steven M. Wise Washoe List of animal rights advocates Timeline of women in science References External links The Jane Goodall Institute official website Jane Goodall at Discover Magazine Jane Goodall interviewed by Alyssa McDonald in July 2010 for the New Statesman Jane Goodall – Overpopulation in the Developing World at Fora TV Lecture transcript and video of Goodall's speech at the Joan B. Kroc Institute for Peace & Justice at the University of San Diego, April 2008 Jane Goodall extended film interview with transcripts for the 'Why Are We Here?'", "2020 Jane Goodall: The Hope, biographical documentary film, National Geographic Studios, produced by Lucky 8 Panel discussions 2021 On 28 January 2021, Jane Goodall took part in a panel event of international experts called Climate Change: Why should we care?, organised by the Science Museum Group See also Animal Faith USC Jane Goodall Research Center Nonhuman Rights Project Dian Fossey, the trimate who studied gorillas until her murder Birutė Galdikas, the trimate who dedicated herself to orangutan study Steven M. Wise Washoe List of animal rights advocates Timeline of women in science References External links The Jane Goodall Institute official website Jane Goodall at Discover Magazine Jane Goodall interviewed by Alyssa McDonald in July 2010 for the New Statesman Jane Goodall – Overpopulation in the Developing World at Fora TV Lecture transcript and video of Goodall's speech at the Joan B. Kroc Institute for Peace & Justice at the University of San Diego, April 2008 Jane Goodall extended film interview with transcripts for the 'Why Are We Here?' documentary series.", "documentary series. documentary series. A Conversation with Jane Goodall (audio interview) \"On Being\" radio interview with Krista Tippett, broadcast August 2020 1934 births 20th-century anthropologists 20th-century British biologists 20th-century British women scientists 20th-century English scientists 21st-century anthropologists 21st-century British biologists 21st-century British women scientists 21st-century English scientists Living people Alumni of Newnham College, Cambridge Alumni of Darwin College, Cambridge Fellows of Darwin College, Cambridge Articles containing video clips Baronesses of the Netherlands Benjamin Franklin Medal (Franklin Institute) laureates British people of Welsh descent British women anthropologists Conservation biologists Dames Commander of the Order of the British Empire English anthropologists English cookbook writers English women biologists Ethologists Kyoto laureates in Basic Sciences Members of the European Academy of Sciences and Arts Members of the Society of Woman Geographers Officiers of the Légion d'honneur Recipients of the President's Medal (British Academy) Templeton Prize laureates People from Hampstead People involved in plagiarism controversies Primatologists Scientists from London Sustainability advocates United Nations Messengers of Peace University of Southern California faculty Vegan cookbook writers Veganism activists Women ethologists Women founders Writers about Africa" ]

[ "Jane Goodall", "Jane Goodall Institute", "When was the institute started?", "In 1977,", "What is the institutes purpose?", "), which supports the Gombe research, and she is a global leader in the effort to protect chimpanzees and their habitats." ]

[ "Melody Hernandez (born 30 October 1990) is an Australian gymnastics competitor training at the Australian Institute of Sport. She is of the top gymnasts in Australia, her highlight when she made the Australian team for the 2006 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships in Aarhus, Denmark. In 2007, Melody placed 4th overall in the Australian Championships, after 3 top-ranked Australian gymnasts, one of which placed 5th overall at the 2006 world championships. After suffering a horrible injury on both her legs in 2005, Melody came back strongly and is currently still going strong, hoping to make the 2008 Beijing Olympics Team.\n\nExternal links\nGymnastics Australia profile\n\nAustralian female artistic gymnasts\nLiving people\n1990 births", "Vammen is a village in Viborg Municipality in central Jutland, Denmark. It is located north-east of Viborg. Vammen Church, which still has its original walls, has a history going back to the Romanesque period. As of 1 January 2021, Vammen has a population of 563.\n\nNotable people \n Sophie Zahrtmann (1841 in Vammen – 1925) a Danish deaconess and nurse; became Sister Superior of the Danish Deaconess Institute\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nVammen local website (in Danish)\n\nTowns and settlements in Viborg Municipality\nViborg Municipality" ]

[ "Dame Jane Morris Goodall (; born Valerie Jane Morris-Goodall on 3 April 1934), formerly Baroness Jane van Lawick-Goodall, is an English primatologist and anthropologist. Seen as the world's foremost expert on chimpanzees, Goodall is best known for her 60-year study of social and family interactions of wild chimpanzees since she first went to Gombe Stream National Park in Tanzania in 1960, where she witnessed human-like behaviours amongst chimpanzees, including armed conflict.", "Seen as the world's foremost expert on chimpanzees, Goodall is best known for her 60-year study of social and family interactions of wild chimpanzees since she first went to Gombe Stream National Park in Tanzania in 1960, where she witnessed human-like behaviours amongst chimpanzees, including armed conflict. In April 2002, she was named a UN Messenger of Peace.", "In April 2002, she was named a UN Messenger of Peace. Goodall is an honorary member of the World Future Council.", "Goodall is an honorary member of the World Future Council. Early years Valerie Jane Morris-Goodall was born in 1934 in Hampstead, London, to businessman Mortimer Herbert Morris-Goodall (1907–2001) and Margaret Myfanwe Joseph (1906–2000), a novelist from Milford Haven, Pembrokeshire, who wrote under the name Vanne Morris-Goodall.", "Early years Valerie Jane Morris-Goodall was born in 1934 in Hampstead, London, to businessman Mortimer Herbert Morris-Goodall (1907–2001) and Margaret Myfanwe Joseph (1906–2000), a novelist from Milford Haven, Pembrokeshire, who wrote under the name Vanne Morris-Goodall. The family later moved to Bournemouth, and Goodall attended Uplands School, an independent school in nearby Poole.", "The family later moved to Bournemouth, and Goodall attended Uplands School, an independent school in nearby Poole. As a child, as an alternative to a teddy bear, Goodall's father gave her a stuffed chimpanzee named Jubilee.", "As a child, as an alternative to a teddy bear, Goodall's father gave her a stuffed chimpanzee named Jubilee. Goodall has said her fondness for this figure started her early love of animals, commenting, \"My mother's friends were horrified by this toy, thinking it would frighten me and give me nightmares.\"", "Goodall has said her fondness for this figure started her early love of animals, commenting, \"My mother's friends were horrified by this toy, thinking it would frighten me and give me nightmares.\" Today, Jubilee still sits on Goodall's dresser in London.", "Today, Jubilee still sits on Goodall's dresser in London. Africa Goodall had always been drawn to animals and Africa, which brought her to the farm of a friend in the Kenya highlands in 1957.", "Africa Goodall had always been drawn to animals and Africa, which brought her to the farm of a friend in the Kenya highlands in 1957. From there, she obtained work as a secretary, and acting on her friend's advice, she telephoned Louis Leakey, the Kenyan archaeologist and palaeontologist, with no other thought than to make an appointment to discuss animals.", "From there, she obtained work as a secretary, and acting on her friend's advice, she telephoned Louis Leakey, the Kenyan archaeologist and palaeontologist, with no other thought than to make an appointment to discuss animals. Leakey, believing that the study of existing great apes could provide indications of the behaviour of early hominids, was looking for a chimpanzee researcher, though he kept the idea to himself.", "Leakey, believing that the study of existing great apes could provide indications of the behaviour of early hominids, was looking for a chimpanzee researcher, though he kept the idea to himself. Instead, he proposed that Goodall work for him as a secretary.", "Instead, he proposed that Goodall work for him as a secretary. After obtaining approval from his co-researcher and wife, British paleoanthropologist Mary Leakey, Louis sent Goodall to Olduvai Gorge in Tanganyika (present-day Tanzania), where he laid out his plans.", "After obtaining approval from his co-researcher and wife, British paleoanthropologist Mary Leakey, Louis sent Goodall to Olduvai Gorge in Tanganyika (present-day Tanzania), where he laid out his plans. In 1958, Leakey sent Goodall to London to study primate behaviour with Osman Hill and primate anatomy with John Napier.", "In 1958, Leakey sent Goodall to London to study primate behaviour with Osman Hill and primate anatomy with John Napier. Leakey raised funds, and on 14 July 1960, Goodall went to Gombe Stream National Park, becoming the first of what would come to be called The Trimates.", "Leakey raised funds, and on 14 July 1960, Goodall went to Gombe Stream National Park, becoming the first of what would come to be called The Trimates. She was accompanied by her mother, whose presence was necessary to satisfy the requirements of David Anstey, chief warden, who was concerned for their safety.", "She was accompanied by her mother, whose presence was necessary to satisfy the requirements of David Anstey, chief warden, who was concerned for their safety. Goodall credits her mother with encouraging her to pursue a career in primatology, a male-dominated field at the time.", "Goodall credits her mother with encouraging her to pursue a career in primatology, a male-dominated field at the time. Goodall has stated that women were not accepted in the field when she started her research in the late 1950s.", "Goodall has stated that women were not accepted in the field when she started her research in the late 1950s. Today, the field of primatology is made up almost evenly of men and women, in part thanks to the trailblazing of Goodall and her encouragement of young women to join the field.", "Today, the field of primatology is made up almost evenly of men and women, in part thanks to the trailblazing of Goodall and her encouragement of young women to join the field. Leakey arranged funding, and in 1962 he sent Goodall, who had no degree, to the University of Cambridge.", "Leakey arranged funding, and in 1962 he sent Goodall, who had no degree, to the University of Cambridge. She went to Newnham College, Cambridge, where she obtained a PhD in ethology. She was the eighth person to be allowed to study for a PhD there without first having obtained a Bachelor's degree.", "She was the eighth person to be allowed to study for a PhD there without first having obtained a Bachelor's degree. Her thesis was completed in 1966 under the supervision of Robert Hinde on the Behaviour of free-living chimpanzees, detailing her first five years of study at the Gombe Reserve.", "Her thesis was completed in 1966 under the supervision of Robert Hinde on the Behaviour of free-living chimpanzees, detailing her first five years of study at the Gombe Reserve. On 19 June 2006 the Open University of Tanzania awarded her an honorary Doctor of Science degree.", "On 19 June 2006 the Open University of Tanzania awarded her an honorary Doctor of Science degree. Work Research at Gombe Stream National Park Goodall is best known for her study of chimpanzee social and family life. She began studying the Kasakela chimpanzee community in Gombe Stream National Park, Tanzania, in 1960.", "She began studying the Kasakela chimpanzee community in Gombe Stream National Park, Tanzania, in 1960. Instead of numbering the chimpanzees she observed, she gave them names such as Fifi and David Greybeard and observed them to have unique and individual personalities, an unconventional idea at the time.", "Instead of numbering the chimpanzees she observed, she gave them names such as Fifi and David Greybeard and observed them to have unique and individual personalities, an unconventional idea at the time. She found that \"it isn't only human beings who have personality, who are capable of rational thought [and] emotions like joy and sorrow.\"", "She found that \"it isn't only human beings who have personality, who are capable of rational thought [and] emotions like joy and sorrow.\" She also observed behaviours such as hugs, kisses, pats on the back, and even tickling, what we consider \"human\" actions.", "She also observed behaviours such as hugs, kisses, pats on the back, and even tickling, what we consider \"human\" actions. Goodall insists that these gestures are evidence of \"the close, supportive, affectionate bonds that develop between family members and other individuals within a community, which can persist throughout a life span of more than 50 years.\"", "Goodall insists that these gestures are evidence of \"the close, supportive, affectionate bonds that develop between family members and other individuals within a community, which can persist throughout a life span of more than 50 years.\" These findings suggest that similarities between humans and chimpanzees exist in more than genes alone and can be seen in emotion, intelligence, and family and social relationships.", "These findings suggest that similarities between humans and chimpanzees exist in more than genes alone and can be seen in emotion, intelligence, and family and social relationships. Goodall's research at Gombe Stream is best known to the scientific community for challenging two long-standing beliefs of the day: that only humans could construct and use tools, and that chimpanzees were vegetarians.", "Goodall's research at Gombe Stream is best known to the scientific community for challenging two long-standing beliefs of the day: that only humans could construct and use tools, and that chimpanzees were vegetarians. While observing one chimpanzee feeding at a termite mound, she watched him repeatedly place stalks of grass into termite holes, then remove them from the hole covered with clinging termites, effectively \"fishing\" for termites.", "While observing one chimpanzee feeding at a termite mound, she watched him repeatedly place stalks of grass into termite holes, then remove them from the hole covered with clinging termites, effectively \"fishing\" for termites. The chimpanzees would also take twigs from trees and strip off the leaves to make the twig more effective, a form of object modification that is the rudimentary beginnings of toolmaking.", "The chimpanzees would also take twigs from trees and strip off the leaves to make the twig more effective, a form of object modification that is the rudimentary beginnings of toolmaking. Humans had long distinguished themselves from the rest of the animal kingdom as \"Man the Toolmaker\".", "Humans had long distinguished themselves from the rest of the animal kingdom as \"Man the Toolmaker\". In response to Goodall's revolutionary findings, Louis Leakey wrote, \"We must now redefine man, redefine tool, or accept chimpanzees as human!\"", "In response to Goodall's revolutionary findings, Louis Leakey wrote, \"We must now redefine man, redefine tool, or accept chimpanzees as human!\" In contrast to the peaceful and affectionate behaviours she observed, Goodall also found an aggressive side of chimpanzee nature at Gombe Stream.", "In contrast to the peaceful and affectionate behaviours she observed, Goodall also found an aggressive side of chimpanzee nature at Gombe Stream. She discovered that chimpanzees will systematically hunt and eat smaller primates such as colobus monkeys.", "She discovered that chimpanzees will systematically hunt and eat smaller primates such as colobus monkeys. Goodall watched a hunting group isolate a colobus monkey high in a tree and block all possible exits; then one chimpanzee climbed up and captured and killed the colobus.", "Goodall watched a hunting group isolate a colobus monkey high in a tree and block all possible exits; then one chimpanzee climbed up and captured and killed the colobus. The others then each took parts of the carcass, sharing with other members of the troop in response to begging behaviours.", "The others then each took parts of the carcass, sharing with other members of the troop in response to begging behaviours. The chimpanzees at Gombe kill and eat as much as one-third of the colobus population in the park each year. This alone was a major scientific find that challenged previous conceptions of chimpanzee diet and behaviour.", "This alone was a major scientific find that challenged previous conceptions of chimpanzee diet and behaviour. Goodall also observed the tendency for aggression and violence within chimpanzee troops. Goodall observed dominant females deliberately killing the young of other females in the troop to maintain their dominance, sometimes going as far as cannibalism.", "Goodall observed dominant females deliberately killing the young of other females in the troop to maintain their dominance, sometimes going as far as cannibalism. She says of this revelation, \"During the first ten years of the study I had believed […] that the Gombe chimpanzees were, for the most part, rather nicer than human beings.", "She says of this revelation, \"During the first ten years of the study I had believed […] that the Gombe chimpanzees were, for the most part, rather nicer than human beings. […] Then suddenly we found that chimpanzees could be brutal—that they, like us, had a darker side to their nature.\"", "[…] Then suddenly we found that chimpanzees could be brutal—that they, like us, had a darker side to their nature.\" She described the 1974–1978 Gombe Chimpanzee War in her 1990 memoir, Through a Window: My Thirty Years with the Chimpanzees of Gombe.", "She described the 1974–1978 Gombe Chimpanzee War in her 1990 memoir, Through a Window: My Thirty Years with the Chimpanzees of Gombe. Her findings revolutionised contemporary knowledge of chimpanzee behaviour and were further evidence of the social similarities between humans and chimpanzees, albeit in a much darker manner.", "Her findings revolutionised contemporary knowledge of chimpanzee behaviour and were further evidence of the social similarities between humans and chimpanzees, albeit in a much darker manner. Goodall also set herself apart from the traditional conventions of the time by naming the animals in her studies of primates instead of assigning each a number.", "Goodall also set herself apart from the traditional conventions of the time by naming the animals in her studies of primates instead of assigning each a number. Numbering was a nearly universal practice at the time and was thought to be important in the removal of oneself from the potential for emotional attachment to the subject being studied.", "Numbering was a nearly universal practice at the time and was thought to be important in the removal of oneself from the potential for emotional attachment to the subject being studied. Setting herself apart from other researchers also led her to develop a close bond with the chimpanzees and to become, to this day, the only human ever accepted into chimpanzee society.", "Setting herself apart from other researchers also led her to develop a close bond with the chimpanzees and to become, to this day, the only human ever accepted into chimpanzee society. She was the lowest-ranking member of a troop for a period of 22 months.", "She was the lowest-ranking member of a troop for a period of 22 months. Among those whom Goodall named during her years in Gombe were: David Greybeard, a grey-chinned male who first warmed up to Goodall; Goliath, a friend of David Greybeard, originally the alpha male named for his bold nature; Mike, who through his cunning and improvisation displaced Goliath as the alpha male; Humphrey, a big, strong, bullysome male; Gigi, a large, sterile female who delighted in being the \"aunt\" of any young chimps or humans; Mr. McGregor, a belligerent older male; Flo, a motherly, high-ranking female with a bulbous nose and ragged ears, and her children; Figan, Faben, Freud, Fifi, and Flint; Frodo, Fifi's second-oldest child, an aggressive male who would frequently attack Jane and ultimately forced her to leave the troop when he became alpha male.", "Among those whom Goodall named during her years in Gombe were: David Greybeard, a grey-chinned male who first warmed up to Goodall; Goliath, a friend of David Greybeard, originally the alpha male named for his bold nature; Mike, who through his cunning and improvisation displaced Goliath as the alpha male; Humphrey, a big, strong, bullysome male; Gigi, a large, sterile female who delighted in being the \"aunt\" of any young chimps or humans; Mr. McGregor, a belligerent older male; Flo, a motherly, high-ranking female with a bulbous nose and ragged ears, and her children; Figan, Faben, Freud, Fifi, and Flint; Frodo, Fifi's second-oldest child, an aggressive male who would frequently attack Jane and ultimately forced her to leave the troop when he became alpha male. Jane Goodall Institute In 1977, Goodall established the Jane Goodall Institute (JGI), which supports the Gombe research, and she is a global leader in the effort to protect chimpanzees and their habitats.", "Jane Goodall Institute In 1977, Goodall established the Jane Goodall Institute (JGI), which supports the Gombe research, and she is a global leader in the effort to protect chimpanzees and their habitats. With nineteen offices around the world, the JGI is widely recognised for community-centred conservation and development programs in Africa.", "With nineteen offices around the world, the JGI is widely recognised for community-centred conservation and development programs in Africa. Its global youth program, Roots & Shoots, began in 1991 when a group of 16 local teenagers met with Goodall on her back porch in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.", "Its global youth program, Roots & Shoots, began in 1991 when a group of 16 local teenagers met with Goodall on her back porch in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. They were eager to discuss a range of problems they knew about from first-hand experience that caused them deep concern.", "They were eager to discuss a range of problems they knew about from first-hand experience that caused them deep concern. The organisation now has over 10,000 groups in over 100 countries. In 1992, Goodall founded the Tchimpounga Chimpanzee Rehabilatation Centre in the Republic of Congo to care for chimpanzees orphaned due to bush-meat trade.", "In 1992, Goodall founded the Tchimpounga Chimpanzee Rehabilatation Centre in the Republic of Congo to care for chimpanzees orphaned due to bush-meat trade. The rehabilitation houses over a hundred chimps over its three islands.", "The rehabilitation houses over a hundred chimps over its three islands. In 1994, Goodall founded the Lake Tanganyika Catchment Reforestation and Education (TACARE or \"Take Care\") pilot project to protect chimpanzees' habitat from deforestation by reforesting hills around Gombe while simultaneously educating neighbouring communities on sustainability and agriculture training.", "In 1994, Goodall founded the Lake Tanganyika Catchment Reforestation and Education (TACARE or \"Take Care\") pilot project to protect chimpanzees' habitat from deforestation by reforesting hills around Gombe while simultaneously educating neighbouring communities on sustainability and agriculture training. The TACARE project also supports young girls by offering them access to reproductive health education and through scholarships to finance their college tuition.", "The TACARE project also supports young girls by offering them access to reproductive health education and through scholarships to finance their college tuition. Owing to an overflow of handwritten notes, photographs, and data piling up at Jane's home in Dar es Salaam in the mid-1990s, the Jane Goodall Institute's Center for Primate Studies was created at the University of Minnesota to house and organise this data.", "Owing to an overflow of handwritten notes, photographs, and data piling up at Jane's home in Dar es Salaam in the mid-1990s, the Jane Goodall Institute's Center for Primate Studies was created at the University of Minnesota to house and organise this data. Currently all of the original Jane Goodall archives reside there and have been digitised, analysed, and placed in an online database.", "Currently all of the original Jane Goodall archives reside there and have been digitised, analysed, and placed in an online database. On 17 March 2011, Duke University spokesman Karl Bates announced that the archives will move to Duke, with Anne E. Pusey, Duke's chairman of evolutionary anthropology, overseeing the collection.", "On 17 March 2011, Duke University spokesman Karl Bates announced that the archives will move to Duke, with Anne E. Pusey, Duke's chairman of evolutionary anthropology, overseeing the collection. Pusey, who managed the archives in Minnesota and worked with Goodall in Tanzania, had worked at Duke for a year.", "Pusey, who managed the archives in Minnesota and worked with Goodall in Tanzania, had worked at Duke for a year. In 2018 and 2020, Goodall partnered with friend, CEO Michael Cammarata on two natural product lines from Schmidt's Naturals and Neptune Wellness Solutions. Five percent of every sale benefited the Jane Goodall Institute.", "Five percent of every sale benefited the Jane Goodall Institute. Today, Goodall devotes virtually all of her time to advocacy on behalf of chimpanzees and the environment, travelling nearly 300 days a year. Goodall is also on the advisory council for the world's largest chimpanzee sanctuary outside of Africa, Save the Chimps in Fort Pierce, Florida.", "Goodall is also on the advisory council for the world's largest chimpanzee sanctuary outside of Africa, Save the Chimps in Fort Pierce, Florida. Activism Goodall credits the 1986 Understanding Chimpanzees conference, hosted by the Chicago Academy of Sciences, with shifting her focus from observation of chimpanzees to a broader and more intense concern with animal-human conservation.", "Activism Goodall credits the 1986 Understanding Chimpanzees conference, hosted by the Chicago Academy of Sciences, with shifting her focus from observation of chimpanzees to a broader and more intense concern with animal-human conservation. She is the former president of Advocates for Animals, an organisation based in Edinburgh, Scotland, that campaigns against the use of animals in medical research, zoos, farming and sport.", "She is the former president of Advocates for Animals, an organisation based in Edinburgh, Scotland, that campaigns against the use of animals in medical research, zoos, farming and sport. Goodall is a vegetarian and advocates the diet for ethical, environmental, and health reasons.", "Goodall is a vegetarian and advocates the diet for ethical, environmental, and health reasons. In The Inner World of Farm Animals (2009), Goodall writes that farm animals are \"far more aware and intelligent than we ever imagined and, despite having been bred as domestic slaves, they are individual beings in their own right.", "In The Inner World of Farm Animals (2009), Goodall writes that farm animals are \"far more aware and intelligent than we ever imagined and, despite having been bred as domestic slaves, they are individual beings in their own right. As such, they deserve our respect. And our help.", "And our help. And our help. Who will plead for them if we are silent?\" Goodall has also said: \"Thousands of people who say they 'love' animals sit down once or twice a day to enjoy the flesh of creatures who have been treated so with little respect and kindness just to make more meat.\"", "Goodall has also said: \"Thousands of people who say they 'love' animals sit down once or twice a day to enjoy the flesh of creatures who have been treated so with little respect and kindness just to make more meat.\" In 2021, Goodall became a vegan and authored a cookbook titled Eat Meat Less.", "In 2021, Goodall became a vegan and authored a cookbook titled Eat Meat Less. Goodall is an outspoken environmental advocate, speaking on the effects of climate change on endangered species such as chimpanzees.", "Goodall is an outspoken environmental advocate, speaking on the effects of climate change on endangered species such as chimpanzees. Goodall, alongside her foundation, collaborated with NASA to use satellite imagery from the Landsat series to remedy the effects of deforestation on chimpanzees and local communities in Western Africa by offering the villagers information on how to reduce activity and preserve their environment.", "Goodall, alongside her foundation, collaborated with NASA to use satellite imagery from the Landsat series to remedy the effects of deforestation on chimpanzees and local communities in Western Africa by offering the villagers information on how to reduce activity and preserve their environment. In 2000, to ensure the safe and ethical treatment of animals during ethological studies, Goodall, alongside Professor Mark Bekoff, founded the organization Ethologists for the Ethical Treatment of Animals.", "In 2000, to ensure the safe and ethical treatment of animals during ethological studies, Goodall, alongside Professor Mark Bekoff, founded the organization Ethologists for the Ethical Treatment of Animals. In April 2008, Goodall gave a lecture entitled \"Reason for Hope\" at the University of San Diego's Joan B. Kroc Institute for Peace & Justice Distinguished Lecture Series.", "In April 2008, Goodall gave a lecture entitled \"Reason for Hope\" at the University of San Diego's Joan B. Kroc Institute for Peace & Justice Distinguished Lecture Series. In 2008, Goodall demanded the European Union end the use of medical research on animals and ensure more funding for alternative methods of medical research.", "In 2008, Goodall demanded the European Union end the use of medical research on animals and ensure more funding for alternative methods of medical research. In May 2008, Goodall controversially described Edinburgh Zoo's new primate enclosure as a \"wonderful facility\" where monkeys \"are probably better off [than those] living in the wild in an area like Budongo, where one in six gets caught in a wire snare, and countries like Congo, where chimpanzees, monkeys and gorillas are shot for food commercially.\"", "In May 2008, Goodall controversially described Edinburgh Zoo's new primate enclosure as a \"wonderful facility\" where monkeys \"are probably better off [than those] living in the wild in an area like Budongo, where one in six gets caught in a wire snare, and countries like Congo, where chimpanzees, monkeys and gorillas are shot for food commercially.\" This was in conflict with Advocates for Animals' position on captive animals.", "This was in conflict with Advocates for Animals' position on captive animals. In June 2008, Goodall confirmed that she had resigned the presidency of the organisation which she had held since 1998, citing her busy schedule and explaining, \"I just don't have time for them.\"", "In June 2008, Goodall confirmed that she had resigned the presidency of the organisation which she had held since 1998, citing her busy schedule and explaining, \"I just don't have time for them.\" Goodall is a patron of population concern charity Population Matters and is currently an ambassador for Disneynature.", "Goodall is a patron of population concern charity Population Matters and is currently an ambassador for Disneynature. In 2010, Goodall, through JGI, formed a coalition with a number of organizations such as the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) and the Humane Society of the United States (HSUS) and petitioned to list all chimpanzees, including those that are captive, as endangered.", "In 2010, Goodall, through JGI, formed a coalition with a number of organizations such as the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) and the Humane Society of the United States (HSUS) and petitioned to list all chimpanzees, including those that are captive, as endangered. In 2015, the U.S.", "In 2015, the U.S. In 2015, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service(FWS) announced that they would accept this rule and that all chimpanzees would be classified as endangered. In 2011, Goodall became a patron of Australian animal protection group Voiceless, the animal protection institute.", "In 2011, Goodall became a patron of Australian animal protection group Voiceless, the animal protection institute. \"I have for decades been concerned about factory farming, in part because of the tremendous harm inflicted on the environment, but also because of the shocking ongoing cruelty perpetuated on millions of sentient beings.\"", "\"I have for decades been concerned about factory farming, in part because of the tremendous harm inflicted on the environment, but also because of the shocking ongoing cruelty perpetuated on millions of sentient beings.\" In 2012, Goodall took on the role of challenger for the Engage in Conservation Challenge with the DO School, formerly known as the D&F Academy.", "In 2012, Goodall took on the role of challenger for the Engage in Conservation Challenge with the DO School, formerly known as the D&F Academy. She worked with a group of aspiring social entrepreneurs to create a workshop to engage young people in conserving biodiversity, and to tackle a perceived global lack of awareness of the issue.", "She worked with a group of aspiring social entrepreneurs to create a workshop to engage young people in conserving biodiversity, and to tackle a perceived global lack of awareness of the issue. In 2014, Goodall wrote to Air France executives, criticizing the airline's continued transport of monkeys to laboratories.", "In 2014, Goodall wrote to Air France executives, criticizing the airline's continued transport of monkeys to laboratories. Goodall called the practice \"cruel\" and \"traumatic\" for the monkeys involved.", "Goodall called the practice \"cruel\" and \"traumatic\" for the monkeys involved. The same year, Goodall also wrote to the National Institutes of Health (NIH) to criticize maternal deprivation experiments on baby monkeys in NIH laboratories.", "The same year, Goodall also wrote to the National Institutes of Health (NIH) to criticize maternal deprivation experiments on baby monkeys in NIH laboratories. Prior to the 2015 UK general election, she was one of several celebrities who endorsed the parliamentary candidacy of the Green Party's Caroline Lucas.", "Prior to the 2015 UK general election, she was one of several celebrities who endorsed the parliamentary candidacy of the Green Party's Caroline Lucas. Goodall is a critic of fox hunting and was among more than 20 high-profile people who signed a letter to Members of Parliament in 2015 opposing Conservative prime minister David Cameron's plan to amend the Hunting Act 2004.", "Goodall is a critic of fox hunting and was among more than 20 high-profile people who signed a letter to Members of Parliament in 2015 opposing Conservative prime minister David Cameron's plan to amend the Hunting Act 2004. During August 2019, Goodall was honoured for her contributions to science with a bronze sculpture in midtown Manhattan alongside nine other women, part of the \"Statues for Equality\" project.", "During August 2019, Goodall was honoured for her contributions to science with a bronze sculpture in midtown Manhattan alongside nine other women, part of the \"Statues for Equality\" project. In 2020, continuing her organization's work on the environment, Goodall vowed to plant 5 million trees, part of the 1 trillion tree initiative founded by the World Economic Forum.", "In 2020, continuing her organization's work on the environment, Goodall vowed to plant 5 million trees, part of the 1 trillion tree initiative founded by the World Economic Forum. In February 2021, Jane Goodall and more than 140 scientists called on the EU Commission to abolish caging of farm animals. Personal life Goodall has married twice.", "Personal life Goodall has married twice. On 28 March 1964, she married a Dutch nobleman, wildlife photographer Baron Hugo van Lawick, at Chelsea Old Church, London, and became known during their marriage as Baroness Jane van Lawick-Goodall. The couple had a son, Hugo Eric Louis (born 1967); they divorced in 1974.", "The couple had a son, Hugo Eric Louis (born 1967); they divorced in 1974. The following year, she married Derek Bryceson, a member of Tanzania's parliament and the director of that country's national parks. He died of cancer in October 1980.", "He died of cancer in October 1980. Owing to his position in the Tanzanian government as head of the country's national park system, Bryceson could protect Goodall's research project and implement an embargo on tourism at Gombe. Goodall has stated that dogs are her favourite animal.", "Goodall has stated that dogs are her favourite animal. Goodall suffers from prosopagnosia, which makes it difficult to recognize familiar faces. Religion and spirituality Goodall was raised in a Christian congregationalist family. As a young woman, she took night classes in Theosophy.", "As a young woman, she took night classes in Theosophy. Her family were occasional churchgoers, but Goodall began attending more regularly as a teenager when the church appointed a new minister, Trevor Davies. \"He was highly intelligent and his sermons were powerful and thought-provoking... I could have listened to his voice for hours...", "I could have listened to his voice for hours... I fell madly in love with him... Suddenly, no one had to encourage me to go to church. Indeed, there were never enough services for my liking.\"", "Indeed, there were never enough services for my liking.\" Of her later discovery of the atheism and agnosticism of many of her scientific colleagues, Goodall wrote that \"[f]ortunately, by the time I got to Cambridge I was twenty-seven years old and my beliefs had already moulded so that I was not influenced by these opinions.\"", "Of her later discovery of the atheism and agnosticism of many of her scientific colleagues, Goodall wrote that \"[f]ortunately, by the time I got to Cambridge I was twenty-seven years old and my beliefs had already moulded so that I was not influenced by these opinions.\" In her 1999 book Reason for Hope: A Spiritual Journey, Goodall describes the implications of a mystical experience she had at Notre Dame Cathedral in 1977: \"Since I cannot believe that this was the result of chance, I have to admit anti-chance.", "In her 1999 book Reason for Hope: A Spiritual Journey, Goodall describes the implications of a mystical experience she had at Notre Dame Cathedral in 1977: \"Since I cannot believe that this was the result of chance, I have to admit anti-chance. And so I must believe in a guiding power in the universe – in other words, I must believe in God.\"", "And so I must believe in a guiding power in the universe – in other words, I must believe in God.\" When asked if she believes in God, Goodall said in September 2010: \"I don't have any idea of who or what God is. But I do believe in some great spiritual power.", "But I do believe in some great spiritual power. I feel it particularly when I'm out in nature. It's just something that's bigger and stronger than what I am or what anybody is. I feel it. And it's enough for me.\"", "And it's enough for me.\" When asked in the same year if she still considers herself a Christian, Goodall told the Guardian \"I suppose so; I was raised as a Christian.\"", "When asked in the same year if she still considers herself a Christian, Goodall told the Guardian \"I suppose so; I was raised as a Christian.\" In her foreword to the 2017 book The Intelligence of the Cosmos by Ervin Laszlo, a philosopher of science who advocates quantum consciousness theory, Goodall wrote: \"we must accept that there is an Intelligence driving the process [of evolution], that the Universe and life on Earth are inspired and in-formed by an unknown and unknowable Creator, a Supreme Being, a Great Spiritual Power.\"", "In her foreword to the 2017 book The Intelligence of the Cosmos by Ervin Laszlo, a philosopher of science who advocates quantum consciousness theory, Goodall wrote: \"we must accept that there is an Intelligence driving the process [of evolution], that the Universe and life on Earth are inspired and in-formed by an unknown and unknowable Creator, a Supreme Being, a Great Spiritual Power.\" Criticism Goodall used unconventional practices in her study; for example, naming individuals instead of numbering them.", "Criticism Goodall used unconventional practices in her study; for example, naming individuals instead of numbering them. At the time, numbering was used to prevent emotional attachment and loss of objectivity.", "At the time, numbering was used to prevent emotional attachment and loss of objectivity. Goodall wrote in 1993: \"When, in the early 1960s, I brazenly used such words as 'childhood', 'adolescence', 'motivation', 'excitement', and 'mood' I was much criticised.", "Goodall wrote in 1993: \"When, in the early 1960s, I brazenly used such words as 'childhood', 'adolescence', 'motivation', 'excitement', and 'mood' I was much criticised. Even worse was my crime of suggesting that chimpanzees had 'personalities'.", "Even worse was my crime of suggesting that chimpanzees had 'personalities'. I was ascribing human characteristics to nonhuman animals and was thus guilty of that worst of ethological sins -anthropomorphism.\"", "I was ascribing human characteristics to nonhuman animals and was thus guilty of that worst of ethological sins -anthropomorphism.\" Many standard methods aim to avoid interference by observers, and in particular some believe that the use of feeding stations to attract Gombe chimpanzees has altered normal foraging and feeding patterns and social relationships.", "Many standard methods aim to avoid interference by observers, and in particular some believe that the use of feeding stations to attract Gombe chimpanzees has altered normal foraging and feeding patterns and social relationships. This argument is the focus of a book published by Margaret Power in 1991.", "This argument is the focus of a book published by Margaret Power in 1991. It has been suggested that higher levels of aggression and conflict with other chimpanzee groups in the area were due to the feeding, which could have created the \"wars\" between chimpanzee social groups described by Goodall, aspects of which she did not witness in the years before artificial feeding began at Gombe.", "It has been suggested that higher levels of aggression and conflict with other chimpanzee groups in the area were due to the feeding, which could have created the \"wars\" between chimpanzee social groups described by Goodall, aspects of which she did not witness in the years before artificial feeding began at Gombe. Thus, some regard Goodall's observations as distortions of normal chimpanzee behaviour.", "Thus, some regard Goodall's observations as distortions of normal chimpanzee behaviour. Goodall herself acknowledged that feeding contributed to aggression within and between groups, but maintained that the effect was limited to alteration of the intensity and not the nature of chimpanzee conflict, and further suggested that feeding was necessary for the study to be effective at all.", "Goodall herself acknowledged that feeding contributed to aggression within and between groups, but maintained that the effect was limited to alteration of the intensity and not the nature of chimpanzee conflict, and further suggested that feeding was necessary for the study to be effective at all. Craig Stanford of the Jane Goodall Research Institute at the University of Southern California states that researchers conducting studies with no artificial provisioning have a difficult time viewing any social behaviour of chimpanzees, especially those related to inter-group conflict.", "Craig Stanford of the Jane Goodall Research Institute at the University of Southern California states that researchers conducting studies with no artificial provisioning have a difficult time viewing any social behaviour of chimpanzees, especially those related to inter-group conflict. Some recent studies, such as those by Crickette Sanz in the Goualougo Triangle (Congo) and Christophe Boesch in the Taï National Park (Ivory Coast), have not shown the aggression observed in the Gombe studies.", "Some recent studies, such as those by Crickette Sanz in the Goualougo Triangle (Congo) and Christophe Boesch in the Taï National Park (Ivory Coast), have not shown the aggression observed in the Gombe studies. However, other primatologists disagree that the studies are flawed; for example, Jim Moore provides a critique of Margaret Powers' assertions and some studies of other chimpanzee groups have shown aggression similar to that in Gombe even in the absence of feeding.", "However, other primatologists disagree that the studies are flawed; for example, Jim Moore provides a critique of Margaret Powers' assertions and some studies of other chimpanzee groups have shown aggression similar to that in Gombe even in the absence of feeding. Plagiarism and Seeds of Hope On 22 March 2013, Hachette Book Group announced that Goodall's and co-author Gail Hudson's new book, Seeds of Hope, would not be released on 2 April as planned due to the discovery of plagiarised portions.", "Plagiarism and Seeds of Hope On 22 March 2013, Hachette Book Group announced that Goodall's and co-author Gail Hudson's new book, Seeds of Hope, would not be released on 2 April as planned due to the discovery of plagiarised portions. A reviewer for The Washington Post found unattributed sections that were copied from websites about organic tea, tobacco, an \"amateurish astrology site\", as well as from Wikipedia.", "A reviewer for The Washington Post found unattributed sections that were copied from websites about organic tea, tobacco, an \"amateurish astrology site\", as well as from Wikipedia. Goodall apologised and stated, \"It is important to me that the proper sources are credited, and I will be working diligently with my team to address all areas of concern.", "Goodall apologised and stated, \"It is important to me that the proper sources are credited, and I will be working diligently with my team to address all areas of concern. My goal is to ensure that when this book is released it is not only up to the highest of standards, but also that the focus be on the crucial messages it conveys.\"", "My goal is to ensure that when this book is released it is not only up to the highest of standards, but also that the focus be on the crucial messages it conveys.\" The book was released on 1 April 2014, after review and the addition of 57 pages of endnotes.", "The book was released on 1 April 2014, after review and the addition of 57 pages of endnotes. In popular culture Gary Larson cartoon incident One of Gary Larson's Far Side cartoons shows two chimpanzees grooming.", "In popular culture Gary Larson cartoon incident One of Gary Larson's Far Side cartoons shows two chimpanzees grooming. One finds a blonde human hair on the other and inquires, \"Conducting a little more 'research' with that Jane Goodall tramp?\"", "One finds a blonde human hair on the other and inquires, \"Conducting a little more 'research' with that Jane Goodall tramp?\" Goodall herself was in Africa at the time, and the Jane Goodall Institute thought this was in bad taste and had its lawyers draft a letter to Larson and his distribution syndicate in which they described the cartoon as an \"atrocity\".", "Goodall herself was in Africa at the time, and the Jane Goodall Institute thought this was in bad taste and had its lawyers draft a letter to Larson and his distribution syndicate in which they described the cartoon as an \"atrocity\". They were stymied by Goodall herself: When she returned and saw the cartoon, she stated that she found the cartoon amusing.", "They were stymied by Goodall herself: When she returned and saw the cartoon, she stated that she found the cartoon amusing. Since then, all profits from sales of a shirt featuring this cartoon go to the Jane Goodall Institute.", "Since then, all profits from sales of a shirt featuring this cartoon go to the Jane Goodall Institute. Goodall wrote a preface to The Far Side Gallery 5, detailing her version of the controversy, and the institute's letter was included next to the cartoon in the complete Far Side collection.", "Goodall wrote a preface to The Far Side Gallery 5, detailing her version of the controversy, and the institute's letter was included next to the cartoon in the complete Far Side collection. She praised Larson's creative ideas, which often compare and contrast the behaviour of humans and animals.", "She praised Larson's creative ideas, which often compare and contrast the behaviour of humans and animals. In 1988, when Larson visited Goodall's research facility in Tanzania, he was attacked by a chimpanzee named Frodo. Lego The Lego Group announced a set called 40530 Jane Goodall Tribute that will be released on 3 March 2022.", "Lego The Lego Group announced a set called 40530 Jane Goodall Tribute that will be released on 3 March 2022. Radio Four Today programme On December 31, 2021, Goodall was the guest editor of the BBC Radio Four Today programme. She chose Francis Collins to be presenter of Thought for the Day.", "She chose Francis Collins to be presenter of Thought for the Day. Awards and recognition Honours Goodall has received many honours for her environmental and humanitarian work, as well as others. She was named a Dame Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire in an Investiture held in Buckingham Palace in 2004.", "She was named a Dame Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire in an Investiture held in Buckingham Palace in 2004. In April 2002, Secretary-General Kofi Annan named Goodall a United Nations Messenger of Peace.", "In April 2002, Secretary-General Kofi Annan named Goodall a United Nations Messenger of Peace. Her other honours include the Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement, the French Legion of Honour, Medal of Tanzania, Japan's prestigious Kyoto Prize, the Benjamin Franklin Medal in Life Science, the Gandhi-King Award for Nonviolence and the Spanish Prince of Asturias Awards.", "Her other honours include the Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement, the French Legion of Honour, Medal of Tanzania, Japan's prestigious Kyoto Prize, the Benjamin Franklin Medal in Life Science, the Gandhi-King Award for Nonviolence and the Spanish Prince of Asturias Awards. She is also a member of the advisory board of BBC Wildlife magazine and a patron of Population Matters (formerly the Optimum Population Trust).", "She is also a member of the advisory board of BBC Wildlife magazine and a patron of Population Matters (formerly the Optimum Population Trust). She has received many tributes, honours, and awards from local governments, schools, institutions, and charities around the world.", "She has received many tributes, honours, and awards from local governments, schools, institutions, and charities around the world. Goodall is honoured by The Walt Disney Company with a plaque on the Tree of Life at Walt Disney World's Animal Kingdom theme park, alongside a carving of her beloved David Greybeard, the original chimpanzee that approached Goodall during her first year at Gombe.", "Goodall is honoured by The Walt Disney Company with a plaque on the Tree of Life at Walt Disney World's Animal Kingdom theme park, alongside a carving of her beloved David Greybeard, the original chimpanzee that approached Goodall during her first year at Gombe. In 2010, Dave Matthews and Tim Reynolds held a benefit concert at DAR Constitution Hall in Washington DC to commemorate Gombe 50: a global celebration of Jane Goodall's pioneering chimpanzee research and inspiring vision for our future.", "In 2010, Dave Matthews and Tim Reynolds held a benefit concert at DAR Constitution Hall in Washington DC to commemorate Gombe 50: a global celebration of Jane Goodall's pioneering chimpanzee research and inspiring vision for our future. Time magazine named Goodall as one of the 100 most influential people in the world in 2019.", "Time magazine named Goodall as one of the 100 most influential people in the world in 2019. In 2021, she received the Templeton Prize. Media Books 1969 My Friends the Wild Chimpanzees Washington, DC: National Geographic Society 1971 Innocent Killers (with H. van Lawick).", "Media Books 1969 My Friends the Wild Chimpanzees Washington, DC: National Geographic Society 1971 Innocent Killers (with H. van Lawick). Boston: Houghton Mifflin; London: Collins 1971 In the Shadow of Man Boston: Houghton Mifflin; London: Collins.", "Boston: Houghton Mifflin; London: Collins 1971 In the Shadow of Man Boston: Houghton Mifflin; London: Collins. Published in 48 languages 1986 The Chimpanzees of Gombe: Patterns of Behavior Boston: Bellknap Press of the Harvard University Press. Published also in Japanese and Russian. R.R.", "Published also in Japanese and Russian. R.R. R.R. Hawkins Award for the Outstanding Technical, Scientific or Medical book of 1986, to Bellknap Press of Harvard University Press, Boston.", "Hawkins Award for the Outstanding Technical, Scientific or Medical book of 1986, to Bellknap Press of Harvard University Press, Boston. The Wildlife Society (USA) Award for \"Outstanding Publication in Wildlife Ecology and Management\" 1990 Through a Window: 30 years observing the Gombe chimpanzees London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson; Boston: Houghton Mifflin.", "The Wildlife Society (USA) Award for \"Outstanding Publication in Wildlife Ecology and Management\" 1990 Through a Window: 30 years observing the Gombe chimpanzees London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson; Boston: Houghton Mifflin. Translated into more than 15 languages. 1991 Penguin edition, UK.", "1991 Penguin edition, UK. 1991 Penguin edition, UK. American Library Association \"Best\" list among Nine Notable Books (Nonfiction) for 1991 1991 Visions of Caliban (co-authored with Dale Peterson, PhD). Boston: Houghton Mifflin. New York Times \"Notable Book\" for 1993.", "New York Times \"Notable Book\" for 1993. Library Journal \"Best Sci-Tech Book\" for 1993 1999 Brutal Kinship (with Michael Nichols). New York: Aperture Foundation 1999 Reason For Hope; A Spiritual Journey (with Phillip Berman). New York: Warner Books, Inc.", "New York: Warner Books, Inc. Translated into Japanese and Portuguese 2000 40 Years At Gombe New York: Stewart, Tabori, and Chang 2000 Africa In My Blood (edited by Dale Peterson). New York: Houghton Mifflin Company 2001 Beyond Innocence: An Autobiography in Letters, the later years (edited by Dale Peterson).", "New York: Houghton Mifflin Company 2001 Beyond Innocence: An Autobiography in Letters, the later years (edited by Dale Peterson). New York: Houghton Mifflin Company 2002 The Ten Trusts: What We Must Do To Care for the Animals We Love (with Marc Bekoff).", "New York: Houghton Mifflin Company 2002 The Ten Trusts: What We Must Do To Care for the Animals We Love (with Marc Bekoff). San Francisco: Harper San Francisco 2005 Harvest for Hope: A Guide to Mindful Eating New York: Warner Books, Inc. 2009 Hope for Animals and Their World: How Endangered Species Are Being Rescued from the Brink Grand Central Publishing 2013 Seeds of Hope: Wisdom and Wonder from the World of Plants (with Gail Hudson) Grand Central Publishing 2021 The Book of Hope, with Douglas Abrams and Gail Hudson, Viking Children's books 1972 Grub: The Bush Baby (with H. van Lawick).", "San Francisco: Harper San Francisco 2005 Harvest for Hope: A Guide to Mindful Eating New York: Warner Books, Inc. 2009 Hope for Animals and Their World: How Endangered Species Are Being Rescued from the Brink Grand Central Publishing 2013 Seeds of Hope: Wisdom and Wonder from the World of Plants (with Gail Hudson) Grand Central Publishing 2021 The Book of Hope, with Douglas Abrams and Gail Hudson, Viking Children's books 1972 Grub: The Bush Baby (with H. van Lawick). Boston: Houghton Mifflin 1988 My Life with the Chimpanzees New York: Byron Preiss Visual Publications, Inc.", "Boston: Houghton Mifflin 1988 My Life with the Chimpanzees New York: Byron Preiss Visual Publications, Inc. Translated into French, Japanese and Chinese.", "Translated into French, Japanese and Chinese. Parenting's Reading-Magic Award for \"Outstanding Book for Children,\" 1989 1989 The Chimpanzee Family Book Saxonville, MA: Picture Book Studio; Munich: Neugebauer Press; London: Picture Book Studio. Translated into more than 15 languages, including Japanese and Swahili.", "Translated into more than 15 languages, including Japanese and Swahili. The UNICEF Award for the best children's book of 1989. Austrian state prize for best children's book of 1990.", "Austrian state prize for best children's book of 1990. 1989 Jane Goodall's Animal World: Chimps New York: Macmillan 1989 Animal Family Series: Chimpanzee Family; Lion Family; Elephant Family; Zebra Family; Giraffe Family; Baboon Family; Hyena Family; Wildebeest Family Toronto: Madison Marketing Ltd 1994 With Love New York / London: North-South Books.", "1989 Jane Goodall's Animal World: Chimps New York: Macmillan 1989 Animal Family Series: Chimpanzee Family; Lion Family; Elephant Family; Zebra Family; Giraffe Family; Baboon Family; Hyena Family; Wildebeest Family Toronto: Madison Marketing Ltd 1994 With Love New York / London: North-South Books. Translated into German, French, Italian, and Japanese 1999 Dr. White (illustrated by Julie Litty).", "Translated into German, French, Italian, and Japanese 1999 Dr. White (illustrated by Julie Litty). New York: North-South Books 2000 The Eagle & the Wren (illustrated by Alexander Reichstein).", "New York: North-South Books 2000 The Eagle & the Wren (illustrated by Alexander Reichstein). New York: North-South Books 2001 Chimpanzees I Love: Saving Their World and Ours New York: Scholastic Press 2002 (Foreword) \"Slowly, Slowly, Slowly,\" Said the Sloth by Eric Carle.", "New York: North-South Books 2001 Chimpanzees I Love: Saving Their World and Ours New York: Scholastic Press 2002 (Foreword) \"Slowly, Slowly, Slowly,\" Said the Sloth by Eric Carle. Philomel Books 2004 Rickie and Henri: A True Story (with Alan Marks) Penguin Young Readers Group Films Goodall is the subject of more than 40 films: 1965 Miss Goodall and the Wild Chimpanzees National Geographic Society 1973 Jane Goodall and the World of Animal Behavior: The Wild Dogs of Africa with Hugo van Lawick 1975 Miss Goodall: The Hyena Story The World of Animal Behavior Series 16mm 1979 version for DiscoVision, not released for LaserDisc 1976 Lions of the Serengeti an episode of The World About Us on BBC2 1984 Among the Wild Chimpanzees National Geographic Special 1988 People of the Forest with Hugo van Lawick 1990 Chimpanzee Alert in the Nature Watch Series, Central Television 1990 The Life and Legend of Jane Goodall National Geographic Society.", "Philomel Books 2004 Rickie and Henri: A True Story (with Alan Marks) Penguin Young Readers Group Films Goodall is the subject of more than 40 films: 1965 Miss Goodall and the Wild Chimpanzees National Geographic Society 1973 Jane Goodall and the World of Animal Behavior: The Wild Dogs of Africa with Hugo van Lawick 1975 Miss Goodall: The Hyena Story The World of Animal Behavior Series 16mm 1979 version for DiscoVision, not released for LaserDisc 1976 Lions of the Serengeti an episode of The World About Us on BBC2 1984 Among the Wild Chimpanzees National Geographic Special 1988 People of the Forest with Hugo van Lawick 1990 Chimpanzee Alert in the Nature Watch Series, Central Television 1990 The Life and Legend of Jane Goodall National Geographic Society. 1990 The Gombe Chimpanzees Bavarian Television 1995 Fifi's Boys for the Natural World series for the BBC 1996 Chimpanzee Diary for BBC2 Animal Zone 1997 Animal Minds for BBC Goodall voiced herself in the animated TV series The Wild Thornberrys.", "1990 The Gombe Chimpanzees Bavarian Television 1995 Fifi's Boys for the Natural World series for the BBC 1996 Chimpanzee Diary for BBC2 Animal Zone 1997 Animal Minds for BBC Goodall voiced herself in the animated TV series The Wild Thornberrys. 2000 Jane Goodall: Reason For Hope PBS special produced by KTCA 2001 2002 Jane Goodall's Wild Chimpanzees (IMAX format), in collaboration with Science North 2005 Jane Goodall's Return to Gombe for Animal Planet 2006 Chimps, So Like Us HBO film nominated for 1990 Academy Award 2007 When Animals Talk We Should Listen theatrical documentary feature co-produced by Animal Planet 2010 Jane's Journey theatrical documentary feature co-produced by Animal Planet 2012 Chimpanzee theatrical nature documentary feature co-produced by Disneynature 2017 Jane biographical documentary film National Geographic Studios, in association with Public Road Productions.", "2000 Jane Goodall: Reason For Hope PBS special produced by KTCA 2001 2002 Jane Goodall's Wild Chimpanzees (IMAX format), in collaboration with Science North 2005 Jane Goodall's Return to Gombe for Animal Planet 2006 Chimps, So Like Us HBO film nominated for 1990 Academy Award 2007 When Animals Talk We Should Listen theatrical documentary feature co-produced by Animal Planet 2010 Jane's Journey theatrical documentary feature co-produced by Animal Planet 2012 Chimpanzee theatrical nature documentary feature co-produced by Disneynature 2017 Jane biographical documentary film National Geographic Studios, in association with Public Road Productions. The film is directed and written by Brett Morgen, music by Philip Glass 2018 Zayed's Antarctic Lights Dr Jane featured in the Environment Agency-Abu Dhabi film that screened on National Geographic-Abu Dhabi and won a World Medal at the New York Film and TV Awards.", "The film is directed and written by Brett Morgen, music by Philip Glass 2018 Zayed's Antarctic Lights Dr Jane featured in the Environment Agency-Abu Dhabi film that screened on National Geographic-Abu Dhabi and won a World Medal at the New York Film and TV Awards. 2020 Jane Goodall: The Hope, biographical documentary film, National Geographic Studios, produced by Lucky 8 Panel discussions 2021 On 28 January 2021, Jane Goodall took part in a panel event of international experts called Climate Change: Why should we care?, organised by the Science Museum Group See also Animal Faith USC Jane Goodall Research Center Nonhuman Rights Project Dian Fossey, the trimate who studied gorillas until her murder Birutė Galdikas, the trimate who dedicated herself to orangutan study Steven M. Wise Washoe List of animal rights advocates Timeline of women in science References External links The Jane Goodall Institute official website Jane Goodall at Discover Magazine Jane Goodall interviewed by Alyssa McDonald in July 2010 for the New Statesman Jane Goodall – Overpopulation in the Developing World at Fora TV Lecture transcript and video of Goodall's speech at the Joan B. Kroc Institute for Peace & Justice at the University of San Diego, April 2008 Jane Goodall extended film interview with transcripts for the 'Why Are We Here?'", "2020 Jane Goodall: The Hope, biographical documentary film, National Geographic Studios, produced by Lucky 8 Panel discussions 2021 On 28 January 2021, Jane Goodall took part in a panel event of international experts called Climate Change: Why should we care?, organised by the Science Museum Group See also Animal Faith USC Jane Goodall Research Center Nonhuman Rights Project Dian Fossey, the trimate who studied gorillas until her murder Birutė Galdikas, the trimate who dedicated herself to orangutan study Steven M. Wise Washoe List of animal rights advocates Timeline of women in science References External links The Jane Goodall Institute official website Jane Goodall at Discover Magazine Jane Goodall interviewed by Alyssa McDonald in July 2010 for the New Statesman Jane Goodall – Overpopulation in the Developing World at Fora TV Lecture transcript and video of Goodall's speech at the Joan B. Kroc Institute for Peace & Justice at the University of San Diego, April 2008 Jane Goodall extended film interview with transcripts for the 'Why Are We Here?' documentary series.", "documentary series. documentary series. A Conversation with Jane Goodall (audio interview) \"On Being\" radio interview with Krista Tippett, broadcast August 2020 1934 births 20th-century anthropologists 20th-century British biologists 20th-century British women scientists 20th-century English scientists 21st-century anthropologists 21st-century British biologists 21st-century British women scientists 21st-century English scientists Living people Alumni of Newnham College, Cambridge Alumni of Darwin College, Cambridge Fellows of Darwin College, Cambridge Articles containing video clips Baronesses of the Netherlands Benjamin Franklin Medal (Franklin Institute) laureates British people of Welsh descent British women anthropologists Conservation biologists Dames Commander of the Order of the British Empire English anthropologists English cookbook writers English women biologists Ethologists Kyoto laureates in Basic Sciences Members of the European Academy of Sciences and Arts Members of the Society of Woman Geographers Officiers of the Légion d'honneur Recipients of the President's Medal (British Academy) Templeton Prize laureates People from Hampstead People involved in plagiarism controversies Primatologists Scientists from London Sustainability advocates United Nations Messengers of Peace University of Southern California faculty Vegan cookbook writers Veganism activists Women ethologists Women founders Writers about Africa" ]

[ "Jane Goodall", "Jane Goodall Institute", "When was the institute started?", "In 1977,", "What is the institutes purpose?", "), which supports the Gombe research, and she is a global leader in the effort to protect chimpanzees and their habitats.", "Is the institute still going?", "Today, Goodall devotes virtually all of her time to advocacy on behalf of chimpanzees and the environment, travelling nearly 300 days a year." ]

[ "Ade Adesina was born in Nigeria in 1980 and studied Fine Art at Gray’s School of Art, Aberdeen and continues to live and work in the city. He is known for his ecologically themed linocuts, woodcuts and etchings. Some of these are on a scale which pushes the limits of print making techniques. \n\nAdesina’s work combines global images: from his African heritage, travel experiences, architecture and the natural world, to create imagined scenarios. They are stories which pose questions about the human footprint on our planet and are a call to think about the way we live. \n\n‘I work in a very strange way. Every print, sculpture or painting owns a story; it is like reading a novel. There are different characters coming in at different chapters. I don’t find it interesting knowing where a piece of work is going to end before I begin. I can start on the earth and end on the moon. What I enjoy most includes not knowing what direction a piece of work is going.’ Ade Adesina \n\nAdesina has made collaborative work with many notable artists – Ian Burke, June Carey, Lennox Dunbar, David Mach, June Carey, Barry McGlashan, Florence Poirier Nkpa and Thomasz Wrobel.\n\nAdesina has held artist residencies at Eton College, Highland Print Studio, Glasgow print Studio and Grays School of Art. He is a Royal Scottish Academician and member of the Royal Glasgow Institute of the Arts.\n\nReferences\n\nLiving people\n\n1980 births\nNigerian artists\nScottish artists\nRoyal Scottish Academicians", "Quite Interesting Limited is a British research company, most notable for providing the research for the British television panel game QI (itself an abbreviation of Quite Interesting) and the Swedish version Intresseklubben, as well as other QI–related programmes and products. The company founder and chairman is John Lloyd, the creator and producer of QI, and host of the radio panel game The Museum of Curiosity, which also uses Quite Interesting Limited for its research. John Mitchinson is the company's director and also works as head of research for QI.\n\nAbout\nLloyd founded Quite Interesting Limited in 1999. It is claimed that the idea of founding the company came on Christmas Eve 1993. According to his profile on QI.com, \"he came to the sudden and alarming realisation that he didn't really know anything. Changing gear again, he started reading books for the first time since he was 17. To his horror, he discovered that he hadn't been paying attention and, with painful slowness, unearthed the closely guarded secret that the universe is astoundingly quite interesting.\"\n\nThe philosophy of the company is that it claims that there are four primal drives: food, sex, shelter and curiosity. Out of these, curiosity is supposedly the most important because, \"unlike the other three drives, it is what makes us uniquely human.\" The company claims that, \"Whatever is interesting we are interested in. Whatever is not interesting, we are even more interested in. Everything is interesting if looked at in the right way.\"\n\nThose who carry out research are known as the \"QI Elves\". Notable elves include Justin Pollard and Vitali Vitaliev. They are also responsible for helping to write the questions used on QI. People wishing to become elves are recommended to start by commenting on the forums of the QI website.\n\nProducts\n\nDVDs\n\nBooks\n\nReferences\n\nQI\nCompanies based in Oxford\nBritish companies established in 1999\nPrivately held companies of the United Kingdom" ]

[ "Dame Jane Morris Goodall (; born Valerie Jane Morris-Goodall on 3 April 1934), formerly Baroness Jane van Lawick-Goodall, is an English primatologist and anthropologist. Seen as the world's foremost expert on chimpanzees, Goodall is best known for her 60-year study of social and family interactions of wild chimpanzees since she first went to Gombe Stream National Park in Tanzania in 1960, where she witnessed human-like behaviours amongst chimpanzees, including armed conflict.", "Seen as the world's foremost expert on chimpanzees, Goodall is best known for her 60-year study of social and family interactions of wild chimpanzees since she first went to Gombe Stream National Park in Tanzania in 1960, where she witnessed human-like behaviours amongst chimpanzees, including armed conflict. In April 2002, she was named a UN Messenger of Peace.", "In April 2002, she was named a UN Messenger of Peace. Goodall is an honorary member of the World Future Council.", "Goodall is an honorary member of the World Future Council. Early years Valerie Jane Morris-Goodall was born in 1934 in Hampstead, London, to businessman Mortimer Herbert Morris-Goodall (1907–2001) and Margaret Myfanwe Joseph (1906–2000), a novelist from Milford Haven, Pembrokeshire, who wrote under the name Vanne Morris-Goodall.", "Early years Valerie Jane Morris-Goodall was born in 1934 in Hampstead, London, to businessman Mortimer Herbert Morris-Goodall (1907–2001) and Margaret Myfanwe Joseph (1906–2000), a novelist from Milford Haven, Pembrokeshire, who wrote under the name Vanne Morris-Goodall. The family later moved to Bournemouth, and Goodall attended Uplands School, an independent school in nearby Poole.", "The family later moved to Bournemouth, and Goodall attended Uplands School, an independent school in nearby Poole. As a child, as an alternative to a teddy bear, Goodall's father gave her a stuffed chimpanzee named Jubilee.", "As a child, as an alternative to a teddy bear, Goodall's father gave her a stuffed chimpanzee named Jubilee. Goodall has said her fondness for this figure started her early love of animals, commenting, \"My mother's friends were horrified by this toy, thinking it would frighten me and give me nightmares.\"", "Goodall has said her fondness for this figure started her early love of animals, commenting, \"My mother's friends were horrified by this toy, thinking it would frighten me and give me nightmares.\" Today, Jubilee still sits on Goodall's dresser in London.", "Today, Jubilee still sits on Goodall's dresser in London. Africa Goodall had always been drawn to animals and Africa, which brought her to the farm of a friend in the Kenya highlands in 1957.", "Africa Goodall had always been drawn to animals and Africa, which brought her to the farm of a friend in the Kenya highlands in 1957. From there, she obtained work as a secretary, and acting on her friend's advice, she telephoned Louis Leakey, the Kenyan archaeologist and palaeontologist, with no other thought than to make an appointment to discuss animals.", "From there, she obtained work as a secretary, and acting on her friend's advice, she telephoned Louis Leakey, the Kenyan archaeologist and palaeontologist, with no other thought than to make an appointment to discuss animals. Leakey, believing that the study of existing great apes could provide indications of the behaviour of early hominids, was looking for a chimpanzee researcher, though he kept the idea to himself.", "Leakey, believing that the study of existing great apes could provide indications of the behaviour of early hominids, was looking for a chimpanzee researcher, though he kept the idea to himself. Instead, he proposed that Goodall work for him as a secretary.", "Instead, he proposed that Goodall work for him as a secretary. After obtaining approval from his co-researcher and wife, British paleoanthropologist Mary Leakey, Louis sent Goodall to Olduvai Gorge in Tanganyika (present-day Tanzania), where he laid out his plans.", "After obtaining approval from his co-researcher and wife, British paleoanthropologist Mary Leakey, Louis sent Goodall to Olduvai Gorge in Tanganyika (present-day Tanzania), where he laid out his plans. In 1958, Leakey sent Goodall to London to study primate behaviour with Osman Hill and primate anatomy with John Napier.", "In 1958, Leakey sent Goodall to London to study primate behaviour with Osman Hill and primate anatomy with John Napier. Leakey raised funds, and on 14 July 1960, Goodall went to Gombe Stream National Park, becoming the first of what would come to be called The Trimates.", "Leakey raised funds, and on 14 July 1960, Goodall went to Gombe Stream National Park, becoming the first of what would come to be called The Trimates. She was accompanied by her mother, whose presence was necessary to satisfy the requirements of David Anstey, chief warden, who was concerned for their safety.", "She was accompanied by her mother, whose presence was necessary to satisfy the requirements of David Anstey, chief warden, who was concerned for their safety. Goodall credits her mother with encouraging her to pursue a career in primatology, a male-dominated field at the time.", "Goodall credits her mother with encouraging her to pursue a career in primatology, a male-dominated field at the time. Goodall has stated that women were not accepted in the field when she started her research in the late 1950s.", "Goodall has stated that women were not accepted in the field when she started her research in the late 1950s. Today, the field of primatology is made up almost evenly of men and women, in part thanks to the trailblazing of Goodall and her encouragement of young women to join the field.", "Today, the field of primatology is made up almost evenly of men and women, in part thanks to the trailblazing of Goodall and her encouragement of young women to join the field. Leakey arranged funding, and in 1962 he sent Goodall, who had no degree, to the University of Cambridge.", "Leakey arranged funding, and in 1962 he sent Goodall, who had no degree, to the University of Cambridge. She went to Newnham College, Cambridge, where she obtained a PhD in ethology. She was the eighth person to be allowed to study for a PhD there without first having obtained a Bachelor's degree.", "She was the eighth person to be allowed to study for a PhD there without first having obtained a Bachelor's degree. Her thesis was completed in 1966 under the supervision of Robert Hinde on the Behaviour of free-living chimpanzees, detailing her first five years of study at the Gombe Reserve.", "Her thesis was completed in 1966 under the supervision of Robert Hinde on the Behaviour of free-living chimpanzees, detailing her first five years of study at the Gombe Reserve. On 19 June 2006 the Open University of Tanzania awarded her an honorary Doctor of Science degree.", "On 19 June 2006 the Open University of Tanzania awarded her an honorary Doctor of Science degree. Work Research at Gombe Stream National Park Goodall is best known for her study of chimpanzee social and family life. She began studying the Kasakela chimpanzee community in Gombe Stream National Park, Tanzania, in 1960.", "She began studying the Kasakela chimpanzee community in Gombe Stream National Park, Tanzania, in 1960. Instead of numbering the chimpanzees she observed, she gave them names such as Fifi and David Greybeard and observed them to have unique and individual personalities, an unconventional idea at the time.", "Instead of numbering the chimpanzees she observed, she gave them names such as Fifi and David Greybeard and observed them to have unique and individual personalities, an unconventional idea at the time. She found that \"it isn't only human beings who have personality, who are capable of rational thought [and] emotions like joy and sorrow.\"", "She found that \"it isn't only human beings who have personality, who are capable of rational thought [and] emotions like joy and sorrow.\" She also observed behaviours such as hugs, kisses, pats on the back, and even tickling, what we consider \"human\" actions.", "She also observed behaviours such as hugs, kisses, pats on the back, and even tickling, what we consider \"human\" actions. Goodall insists that these gestures are evidence of \"the close, supportive, affectionate bonds that develop between family members and other individuals within a community, which can persist throughout a life span of more than 50 years.\"", "Goodall insists that these gestures are evidence of \"the close, supportive, affectionate bonds that develop between family members and other individuals within a community, which can persist throughout a life span of more than 50 years.\" These findings suggest that similarities between humans and chimpanzees exist in more than genes alone and can be seen in emotion, intelligence, and family and social relationships.", "These findings suggest that similarities between humans and chimpanzees exist in more than genes alone and can be seen in emotion, intelligence, and family and social relationships. Goodall's research at Gombe Stream is best known to the scientific community for challenging two long-standing beliefs of the day: that only humans could construct and use tools, and that chimpanzees were vegetarians.", "Goodall's research at Gombe Stream is best known to the scientific community for challenging two long-standing beliefs of the day: that only humans could construct and use tools, and that chimpanzees were vegetarians. While observing one chimpanzee feeding at a termite mound, she watched him repeatedly place stalks of grass into termite holes, then remove them from the hole covered with clinging termites, effectively \"fishing\" for termites.", "While observing one chimpanzee feeding at a termite mound, she watched him repeatedly place stalks of grass into termite holes, then remove them from the hole covered with clinging termites, effectively \"fishing\" for termites. The chimpanzees would also take twigs from trees and strip off the leaves to make the twig more effective, a form of object modification that is the rudimentary beginnings of toolmaking.", "The chimpanzees would also take twigs from trees and strip off the leaves to make the twig more effective, a form of object modification that is the rudimentary beginnings of toolmaking. Humans had long distinguished themselves from the rest of the animal kingdom as \"Man the Toolmaker\".", "Humans had long distinguished themselves from the rest of the animal kingdom as \"Man the Toolmaker\". In response to Goodall's revolutionary findings, Louis Leakey wrote, \"We must now redefine man, redefine tool, or accept chimpanzees as human!\"", "In response to Goodall's revolutionary findings, Louis Leakey wrote, \"We must now redefine man, redefine tool, or accept chimpanzees as human!\" In contrast to the peaceful and affectionate behaviours she observed, Goodall also found an aggressive side of chimpanzee nature at Gombe Stream.", "In contrast to the peaceful and affectionate behaviours she observed, Goodall also found an aggressive side of chimpanzee nature at Gombe Stream. She discovered that chimpanzees will systematically hunt and eat smaller primates such as colobus monkeys.", "She discovered that chimpanzees will systematically hunt and eat smaller primates such as colobus monkeys. Goodall watched a hunting group isolate a colobus monkey high in a tree and block all possible exits; then one chimpanzee climbed up and captured and killed the colobus.", "Goodall watched a hunting group isolate a colobus monkey high in a tree and block all possible exits; then one chimpanzee climbed up and captured and killed the colobus. The others then each took parts of the carcass, sharing with other members of the troop in response to begging behaviours.", "The others then each took parts of the carcass, sharing with other members of the troop in response to begging behaviours. The chimpanzees at Gombe kill and eat as much as one-third of the colobus population in the park each year. This alone was a major scientific find that challenged previous conceptions of chimpanzee diet and behaviour.", "This alone was a major scientific find that challenged previous conceptions of chimpanzee diet and behaviour. Goodall also observed the tendency for aggression and violence within chimpanzee troops. Goodall observed dominant females deliberately killing the young of other females in the troop to maintain their dominance, sometimes going as far as cannibalism.", "Goodall observed dominant females deliberately killing the young of other females in the troop to maintain their dominance, sometimes going as far as cannibalism. She says of this revelation, \"During the first ten years of the study I had believed […] that the Gombe chimpanzees were, for the most part, rather nicer than human beings.", "She says of this revelation, \"During the first ten years of the study I had believed […] that the Gombe chimpanzees were, for the most part, rather nicer than human beings. […] Then suddenly we found that chimpanzees could be brutal—that they, like us, had a darker side to their nature.\"", "[…] Then suddenly we found that chimpanzees could be brutal—that they, like us, had a darker side to their nature.\" She described the 1974–1978 Gombe Chimpanzee War in her 1990 memoir, Through a Window: My Thirty Years with the Chimpanzees of Gombe.", "She described the 1974–1978 Gombe Chimpanzee War in her 1990 memoir, Through a Window: My Thirty Years with the Chimpanzees of Gombe. Her findings revolutionised contemporary knowledge of chimpanzee behaviour and were further evidence of the social similarities between humans and chimpanzees, albeit in a much darker manner.", "Her findings revolutionised contemporary knowledge of chimpanzee behaviour and were further evidence of the social similarities between humans and chimpanzees, albeit in a much darker manner. Goodall also set herself apart from the traditional conventions of the time by naming the animals in her studies of primates instead of assigning each a number.", "Goodall also set herself apart from the traditional conventions of the time by naming the animals in her studies of primates instead of assigning each a number. Numbering was a nearly universal practice at the time and was thought to be important in the removal of oneself from the potential for emotional attachment to the subject being studied.", "Numbering was a nearly universal practice at the time and was thought to be important in the removal of oneself from the potential for emotional attachment to the subject being studied. Setting herself apart from other researchers also led her to develop a close bond with the chimpanzees and to become, to this day, the only human ever accepted into chimpanzee society.", "Setting herself apart from other researchers also led her to develop a close bond with the chimpanzees and to become, to this day, the only human ever accepted into chimpanzee society. She was the lowest-ranking member of a troop for a period of 22 months.", "She was the lowest-ranking member of a troop for a period of 22 months. Among those whom Goodall named during her years in Gombe were: David Greybeard, a grey-chinned male who first warmed up to Goodall; Goliath, a friend of David Greybeard, originally the alpha male named for his bold nature; Mike, who through his cunning and improvisation displaced Goliath as the alpha male; Humphrey, a big, strong, bullysome male; Gigi, a large, sterile female who delighted in being the \"aunt\" of any young chimps or humans; Mr. McGregor, a belligerent older male; Flo, a motherly, high-ranking female with a bulbous nose and ragged ears, and her children; Figan, Faben, Freud, Fifi, and Flint; Frodo, Fifi's second-oldest child, an aggressive male who would frequently attack Jane and ultimately forced her to leave the troop when he became alpha male.", "Among those whom Goodall named during her years in Gombe were: David Greybeard, a grey-chinned male who first warmed up to Goodall; Goliath, a friend of David Greybeard, originally the alpha male named for his bold nature; Mike, who through his cunning and improvisation displaced Goliath as the alpha male; Humphrey, a big, strong, bullysome male; Gigi, a large, sterile female who delighted in being the \"aunt\" of any young chimps or humans; Mr. McGregor, a belligerent older male; Flo, a motherly, high-ranking female with a bulbous nose and ragged ears, and her children; Figan, Faben, Freud, Fifi, and Flint; Frodo, Fifi's second-oldest child, an aggressive male who would frequently attack Jane and ultimately forced her to leave the troop when he became alpha male. Jane Goodall Institute In 1977, Goodall established the Jane Goodall Institute (JGI), which supports the Gombe research, and she is a global leader in the effort to protect chimpanzees and their habitats.", "Jane Goodall Institute In 1977, Goodall established the Jane Goodall Institute (JGI), which supports the Gombe research, and she is a global leader in the effort to protect chimpanzees and their habitats. With nineteen offices around the world, the JGI is widely recognised for community-centred conservation and development programs in Africa.", "With nineteen offices around the world, the JGI is widely recognised for community-centred conservation and development programs in Africa. Its global youth program, Roots & Shoots, began in 1991 when a group of 16 local teenagers met with Goodall on her back porch in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.", "Its global youth program, Roots & Shoots, began in 1991 when a group of 16 local teenagers met with Goodall on her back porch in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. They were eager to discuss a range of problems they knew about from first-hand experience that caused them deep concern.", "They were eager to discuss a range of problems they knew about from first-hand experience that caused them deep concern. The organisation now has over 10,000 groups in over 100 countries. In 1992, Goodall founded the Tchimpounga Chimpanzee Rehabilatation Centre in the Republic of Congo to care for chimpanzees orphaned due to bush-meat trade.", "In 1992, Goodall founded the Tchimpounga Chimpanzee Rehabilatation Centre in the Republic of Congo to care for chimpanzees orphaned due to bush-meat trade. The rehabilitation houses over a hundred chimps over its three islands.", "The rehabilitation houses over a hundred chimps over its three islands. In 1994, Goodall founded the Lake Tanganyika Catchment Reforestation and Education (TACARE or \"Take Care\") pilot project to protect chimpanzees' habitat from deforestation by reforesting hills around Gombe while simultaneously educating neighbouring communities on sustainability and agriculture training.", "In 1994, Goodall founded the Lake Tanganyika Catchment Reforestation and Education (TACARE or \"Take Care\") pilot project to protect chimpanzees' habitat from deforestation by reforesting hills around Gombe while simultaneously educating neighbouring communities on sustainability and agriculture training. The TACARE project also supports young girls by offering them access to reproductive health education and through scholarships to finance their college tuition.", "The TACARE project also supports young girls by offering them access to reproductive health education and through scholarships to finance their college tuition. Owing to an overflow of handwritten notes, photographs, and data piling up at Jane's home in Dar es Salaam in the mid-1990s, the Jane Goodall Institute's Center for Primate Studies was created at the University of Minnesota to house and organise this data.", "Owing to an overflow of handwritten notes, photographs, and data piling up at Jane's home in Dar es Salaam in the mid-1990s, the Jane Goodall Institute's Center for Primate Studies was created at the University of Minnesota to house and organise this data. Currently all of the original Jane Goodall archives reside there and have been digitised, analysed, and placed in an online database.", "Currently all of the original Jane Goodall archives reside there and have been digitised, analysed, and placed in an online database. On 17 March 2011, Duke University spokesman Karl Bates announced that the archives will move to Duke, with Anne E. Pusey, Duke's chairman of evolutionary anthropology, overseeing the collection.", "On 17 March 2011, Duke University spokesman Karl Bates announced that the archives will move to Duke, with Anne E. Pusey, Duke's chairman of evolutionary anthropology, overseeing the collection. Pusey, who managed the archives in Minnesota and worked with Goodall in Tanzania, had worked at Duke for a year.", "Pusey, who managed the archives in Minnesota and worked with Goodall in Tanzania, had worked at Duke for a year. In 2018 and 2020, Goodall partnered with friend, CEO Michael Cammarata on two natural product lines from Schmidt's Naturals and Neptune Wellness Solutions. Five percent of every sale benefited the Jane Goodall Institute.", "Five percent of every sale benefited the Jane Goodall Institute. Today, Goodall devotes virtually all of her time to advocacy on behalf of chimpanzees and the environment, travelling nearly 300 days a year. Goodall is also on the advisory council for the world's largest chimpanzee sanctuary outside of Africa, Save the Chimps in Fort Pierce, Florida.", "Goodall is also on the advisory council for the world's largest chimpanzee sanctuary outside of Africa, Save the Chimps in Fort Pierce, Florida. Activism Goodall credits the 1986 Understanding Chimpanzees conference, hosted by the Chicago Academy of Sciences, with shifting her focus from observation of chimpanzees to a broader and more intense concern with animal-human conservation.", "Activism Goodall credits the 1986 Understanding Chimpanzees conference, hosted by the Chicago Academy of Sciences, with shifting her focus from observation of chimpanzees to a broader and more intense concern with animal-human conservation. She is the former president of Advocates for Animals, an organisation based in Edinburgh, Scotland, that campaigns against the use of animals in medical research, zoos, farming and sport.", "She is the former president of Advocates for Animals, an organisation based in Edinburgh, Scotland, that campaigns against the use of animals in medical research, zoos, farming and sport. Goodall is a vegetarian and advocates the diet for ethical, environmental, and health reasons.", "Goodall is a vegetarian and advocates the diet for ethical, environmental, and health reasons. In The Inner World of Farm Animals (2009), Goodall writes that farm animals are \"far more aware and intelligent than we ever imagined and, despite having been bred as domestic slaves, they are individual beings in their own right.", "In The Inner World of Farm Animals (2009), Goodall writes that farm animals are \"far more aware and intelligent than we ever imagined and, despite having been bred as domestic slaves, they are individual beings in their own right. As such, they deserve our respect. And our help.", "And our help. And our help. Who will plead for them if we are silent?\" Goodall has also said: \"Thousands of people who say they 'love' animals sit down once or twice a day to enjoy the flesh of creatures who have been treated so with little respect and kindness just to make more meat.\"", "Goodall has also said: \"Thousands of people who say they 'love' animals sit down once or twice a day to enjoy the flesh of creatures who have been treated so with little respect and kindness just to make more meat.\" In 2021, Goodall became a vegan and authored a cookbook titled Eat Meat Less.", "In 2021, Goodall became a vegan and authored a cookbook titled Eat Meat Less. Goodall is an outspoken environmental advocate, speaking on the effects of climate change on endangered species such as chimpanzees.", "Goodall is an outspoken environmental advocate, speaking on the effects of climate change on endangered species such as chimpanzees. Goodall, alongside her foundation, collaborated with NASA to use satellite imagery from the Landsat series to remedy the effects of deforestation on chimpanzees and local communities in Western Africa by offering the villagers information on how to reduce activity and preserve their environment.", "Goodall, alongside her foundation, collaborated with NASA to use satellite imagery from the Landsat series to remedy the effects of deforestation on chimpanzees and local communities in Western Africa by offering the villagers information on how to reduce activity and preserve their environment. In 2000, to ensure the safe and ethical treatment of animals during ethological studies, Goodall, alongside Professor Mark Bekoff, founded the organization Ethologists for the Ethical Treatment of Animals.", "In 2000, to ensure the safe and ethical treatment of animals during ethological studies, Goodall, alongside Professor Mark Bekoff, founded the organization Ethologists for the Ethical Treatment of Animals. In April 2008, Goodall gave a lecture entitled \"Reason for Hope\" at the University of San Diego's Joan B. Kroc Institute for Peace & Justice Distinguished Lecture Series.", "In April 2008, Goodall gave a lecture entitled \"Reason for Hope\" at the University of San Diego's Joan B. Kroc Institute for Peace & Justice Distinguished Lecture Series. In 2008, Goodall demanded the European Union end the use of medical research on animals and ensure more funding for alternative methods of medical research.", "In 2008, Goodall demanded the European Union end the use of medical research on animals and ensure more funding for alternative methods of medical research. In May 2008, Goodall controversially described Edinburgh Zoo's new primate enclosure as a \"wonderful facility\" where monkeys \"are probably better off [than those] living in the wild in an area like Budongo, where one in six gets caught in a wire snare, and countries like Congo, where chimpanzees, monkeys and gorillas are shot for food commercially.\"", "In May 2008, Goodall controversially described Edinburgh Zoo's new primate enclosure as a \"wonderful facility\" where monkeys \"are probably better off [than those] living in the wild in an area like Budongo, where one in six gets caught in a wire snare, and countries like Congo, where chimpanzees, monkeys and gorillas are shot for food commercially.\" This was in conflict with Advocates for Animals' position on captive animals.", "This was in conflict with Advocates for Animals' position on captive animals. In June 2008, Goodall confirmed that she had resigned the presidency of the organisation which she had held since 1998, citing her busy schedule and explaining, \"I just don't have time for them.\"", "In June 2008, Goodall confirmed that she had resigned the presidency of the organisation which she had held since 1998, citing her busy schedule and explaining, \"I just don't have time for them.\" Goodall is a patron of population concern charity Population Matters and is currently an ambassador for Disneynature.", "Goodall is a patron of population concern charity Population Matters and is currently an ambassador for Disneynature. In 2010, Goodall, through JGI, formed a coalition with a number of organizations such as the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) and the Humane Society of the United States (HSUS) and petitioned to list all chimpanzees, including those that are captive, as endangered.", "In 2010, Goodall, through JGI, formed a coalition with a number of organizations such as the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) and the Humane Society of the United States (HSUS) and petitioned to list all chimpanzees, including those that are captive, as endangered. In 2015, the U.S.", "In 2015, the U.S. In 2015, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service(FWS) announced that they would accept this rule and that all chimpanzees would be classified as endangered. In 2011, Goodall became a patron of Australian animal protection group Voiceless, the animal protection institute.", "In 2011, Goodall became a patron of Australian animal protection group Voiceless, the animal protection institute. \"I have for decades been concerned about factory farming, in part because of the tremendous harm inflicted on the environment, but also because of the shocking ongoing cruelty perpetuated on millions of sentient beings.\"", "\"I have for decades been concerned about factory farming, in part because of the tremendous harm inflicted on the environment, but also because of the shocking ongoing cruelty perpetuated on millions of sentient beings.\" In 2012, Goodall took on the role of challenger for the Engage in Conservation Challenge with the DO School, formerly known as the D&F Academy.", "In 2012, Goodall took on the role of challenger for the Engage in Conservation Challenge with the DO School, formerly known as the D&F Academy. She worked with a group of aspiring social entrepreneurs to create a workshop to engage young people in conserving biodiversity, and to tackle a perceived global lack of awareness of the issue.", "She worked with a group of aspiring social entrepreneurs to create a workshop to engage young people in conserving biodiversity, and to tackle a perceived global lack of awareness of the issue. In 2014, Goodall wrote to Air France executives, criticizing the airline's continued transport of monkeys to laboratories.", "In 2014, Goodall wrote to Air France executives, criticizing the airline's continued transport of monkeys to laboratories. Goodall called the practice \"cruel\" and \"traumatic\" for the monkeys involved.", "Goodall called the practice \"cruel\" and \"traumatic\" for the monkeys involved. The same year, Goodall also wrote to the National Institutes of Health (NIH) to criticize maternal deprivation experiments on baby monkeys in NIH laboratories.", "The same year, Goodall also wrote to the National Institutes of Health (NIH) to criticize maternal deprivation experiments on baby monkeys in NIH laboratories. Prior to the 2015 UK general election, she was one of several celebrities who endorsed the parliamentary candidacy of the Green Party's Caroline Lucas.", "Prior to the 2015 UK general election, she was one of several celebrities who endorsed the parliamentary candidacy of the Green Party's Caroline Lucas. Goodall is a critic of fox hunting and was among more than 20 high-profile people who signed a letter to Members of Parliament in 2015 opposing Conservative prime minister David Cameron's plan to amend the Hunting Act 2004.", "Goodall is a critic of fox hunting and was among more than 20 high-profile people who signed a letter to Members of Parliament in 2015 opposing Conservative prime minister David Cameron's plan to amend the Hunting Act 2004. During August 2019, Goodall was honoured for her contributions to science with a bronze sculpture in midtown Manhattan alongside nine other women, part of the \"Statues for Equality\" project.", "During August 2019, Goodall was honoured for her contributions to science with a bronze sculpture in midtown Manhattan alongside nine other women, part of the \"Statues for Equality\" project. In 2020, continuing her organization's work on the environment, Goodall vowed to plant 5 million trees, part of the 1 trillion tree initiative founded by the World Economic Forum.", "In 2020, continuing her organization's work on the environment, Goodall vowed to plant 5 million trees, part of the 1 trillion tree initiative founded by the World Economic Forum. In February 2021, Jane Goodall and more than 140 scientists called on the EU Commission to abolish caging of farm animals. Personal life Goodall has married twice.", "Personal life Goodall has married twice. On 28 March 1964, she married a Dutch nobleman, wildlife photographer Baron Hugo van Lawick, at Chelsea Old Church, London, and became known during their marriage as Baroness Jane van Lawick-Goodall. The couple had a son, Hugo Eric Louis (born 1967); they divorced in 1974.", "The couple had a son, Hugo Eric Louis (born 1967); they divorced in 1974. The following year, she married Derek Bryceson, a member of Tanzania's parliament and the director of that country's national parks. He died of cancer in October 1980.", "He died of cancer in October 1980. Owing to his position in the Tanzanian government as head of the country's national park system, Bryceson could protect Goodall's research project and implement an embargo on tourism at Gombe. Goodall has stated that dogs are her favourite animal.", "Goodall has stated that dogs are her favourite animal. Goodall suffers from prosopagnosia, which makes it difficult to recognize familiar faces. Religion and spirituality Goodall was raised in a Christian congregationalist family. As a young woman, she took night classes in Theosophy.", "As a young woman, she took night classes in Theosophy. Her family were occasional churchgoers, but Goodall began attending more regularly as a teenager when the church appointed a new minister, Trevor Davies. \"He was highly intelligent and his sermons were powerful and thought-provoking... I could have listened to his voice for hours...", "I could have listened to his voice for hours... I fell madly in love with him... Suddenly, no one had to encourage me to go to church. Indeed, there were never enough services for my liking.\"", "Indeed, there were never enough services for my liking.\" Of her later discovery of the atheism and agnosticism of many of her scientific colleagues, Goodall wrote that \"[f]ortunately, by the time I got to Cambridge I was twenty-seven years old and my beliefs had already moulded so that I was not influenced by these opinions.\"", "Of her later discovery of the atheism and agnosticism of many of her scientific colleagues, Goodall wrote that \"[f]ortunately, by the time I got to Cambridge I was twenty-seven years old and my beliefs had already moulded so that I was not influenced by these opinions.\" In her 1999 book Reason for Hope: A Spiritual Journey, Goodall describes the implications of a mystical experience she had at Notre Dame Cathedral in 1977: \"Since I cannot believe that this was the result of chance, I have to admit anti-chance.", "In her 1999 book Reason for Hope: A Spiritual Journey, Goodall describes the implications of a mystical experience she had at Notre Dame Cathedral in 1977: \"Since I cannot believe that this was the result of chance, I have to admit anti-chance. And so I must believe in a guiding power in the universe – in other words, I must believe in God.\"", "And so I must believe in a guiding power in the universe – in other words, I must believe in God.\" When asked if she believes in God, Goodall said in September 2010: \"I don't have any idea of who or what God is. But I do believe in some great spiritual power.", "But I do believe in some great spiritual power. I feel it particularly when I'm out in nature. It's just something that's bigger and stronger than what I am or what anybody is. I feel it. And it's enough for me.\"", "And it's enough for me.\" When asked in the same year if she still considers herself a Christian, Goodall told the Guardian \"I suppose so; I was raised as a Christian.\"", "When asked in the same year if she still considers herself a Christian, Goodall told the Guardian \"I suppose so; I was raised as a Christian.\" In her foreword to the 2017 book The Intelligence of the Cosmos by Ervin Laszlo, a philosopher of science who advocates quantum consciousness theory, Goodall wrote: \"we must accept that there is an Intelligence driving the process [of evolution], that the Universe and life on Earth are inspired and in-formed by an unknown and unknowable Creator, a Supreme Being, a Great Spiritual Power.\"", "In her foreword to the 2017 book The Intelligence of the Cosmos by Ervin Laszlo, a philosopher of science who advocates quantum consciousness theory, Goodall wrote: \"we must accept that there is an Intelligence driving the process [of evolution], that the Universe and life on Earth are inspired and in-formed by an unknown and unknowable Creator, a Supreme Being, a Great Spiritual Power.\" Criticism Goodall used unconventional practices in her study; for example, naming individuals instead of numbering them.", "Criticism Goodall used unconventional practices in her study; for example, naming individuals instead of numbering them. At the time, numbering was used to prevent emotional attachment and loss of objectivity.", "At the time, numbering was used to prevent emotional attachment and loss of objectivity. Goodall wrote in 1993: \"When, in the early 1960s, I brazenly used such words as 'childhood', 'adolescence', 'motivation', 'excitement', and 'mood' I was much criticised.", "Goodall wrote in 1993: \"When, in the early 1960s, I brazenly used such words as 'childhood', 'adolescence', 'motivation', 'excitement', and 'mood' I was much criticised. Even worse was my crime of suggesting that chimpanzees had 'personalities'.", "Even worse was my crime of suggesting that chimpanzees had 'personalities'. I was ascribing human characteristics to nonhuman animals and was thus guilty of that worst of ethological sins -anthropomorphism.\"", "I was ascribing human characteristics to nonhuman animals and was thus guilty of that worst of ethological sins -anthropomorphism.\" Many standard methods aim to avoid interference by observers, and in particular some believe that the use of feeding stations to attract Gombe chimpanzees has altered normal foraging and feeding patterns and social relationships.", "Many standard methods aim to avoid interference by observers, and in particular some believe that the use of feeding stations to attract Gombe chimpanzees has altered normal foraging and feeding patterns and social relationships. This argument is the focus of a book published by Margaret Power in 1991.", "This argument is the focus of a book published by Margaret Power in 1991. It has been suggested that higher levels of aggression and conflict with other chimpanzee groups in the area were due to the feeding, which could have created the \"wars\" between chimpanzee social groups described by Goodall, aspects of which she did not witness in the years before artificial feeding began at Gombe.", "It has been suggested that higher levels of aggression and conflict with other chimpanzee groups in the area were due to the feeding, which could have created the \"wars\" between chimpanzee social groups described by Goodall, aspects of which she did not witness in the years before artificial feeding began at Gombe. Thus, some regard Goodall's observations as distortions of normal chimpanzee behaviour.", "Thus, some regard Goodall's observations as distortions of normal chimpanzee behaviour. Goodall herself acknowledged that feeding contributed to aggression within and between groups, but maintained that the effect was limited to alteration of the intensity and not the nature of chimpanzee conflict, and further suggested that feeding was necessary for the study to be effective at all.", "Goodall herself acknowledged that feeding contributed to aggression within and between groups, but maintained that the effect was limited to alteration of the intensity and not the nature of chimpanzee conflict, and further suggested that feeding was necessary for the study to be effective at all. Craig Stanford of the Jane Goodall Research Institute at the University of Southern California states that researchers conducting studies with no artificial provisioning have a difficult time viewing any social behaviour of chimpanzees, especially those related to inter-group conflict.", "Craig Stanford of the Jane Goodall Research Institute at the University of Southern California states that researchers conducting studies with no artificial provisioning have a difficult time viewing any social behaviour of chimpanzees, especially those related to inter-group conflict. Some recent studies, such as those by Crickette Sanz in the Goualougo Triangle (Congo) and Christophe Boesch in the Taï National Park (Ivory Coast), have not shown the aggression observed in the Gombe studies.", "Some recent studies, such as those by Crickette Sanz in the Goualougo Triangle (Congo) and Christophe Boesch in the Taï National Park (Ivory Coast), have not shown the aggression observed in the Gombe studies. However, other primatologists disagree that the studies are flawed; for example, Jim Moore provides a critique of Margaret Powers' assertions and some studies of other chimpanzee groups have shown aggression similar to that in Gombe even in the absence of feeding.", "However, other primatologists disagree that the studies are flawed; for example, Jim Moore provides a critique of Margaret Powers' assertions and some studies of other chimpanzee groups have shown aggression similar to that in Gombe even in the absence of feeding. Plagiarism and Seeds of Hope On 22 March 2013, Hachette Book Group announced that Goodall's and co-author Gail Hudson's new book, Seeds of Hope, would not be released on 2 April as planned due to the discovery of plagiarised portions.", "Plagiarism and Seeds of Hope On 22 March 2013, Hachette Book Group announced that Goodall's and co-author Gail Hudson's new book, Seeds of Hope, would not be released on 2 April as planned due to the discovery of plagiarised portions. A reviewer for The Washington Post found unattributed sections that were copied from websites about organic tea, tobacco, an \"amateurish astrology site\", as well as from Wikipedia.", "A reviewer for The Washington Post found unattributed sections that were copied from websites about organic tea, tobacco, an \"amateurish astrology site\", as well as from Wikipedia. Goodall apologised and stated, \"It is important to me that the proper sources are credited, and I will be working diligently with my team to address all areas of concern.", "Goodall apologised and stated, \"It is important to me that the proper sources are credited, and I will be working diligently with my team to address all areas of concern. My goal is to ensure that when this book is released it is not only up to the highest of standards, but also that the focus be on the crucial messages it conveys.\"", "My goal is to ensure that when this book is released it is not only up to the highest of standards, but also that the focus be on the crucial messages it conveys.\" The book was released on 1 April 2014, after review and the addition of 57 pages of endnotes.", "The book was released on 1 April 2014, after review and the addition of 57 pages of endnotes. In popular culture Gary Larson cartoon incident One of Gary Larson's Far Side cartoons shows two chimpanzees grooming.", "In popular culture Gary Larson cartoon incident One of Gary Larson's Far Side cartoons shows two chimpanzees grooming. One finds a blonde human hair on the other and inquires, \"Conducting a little more 'research' with that Jane Goodall tramp?\"", "One finds a blonde human hair on the other and inquires, \"Conducting a little more 'research' with that Jane Goodall tramp?\" Goodall herself was in Africa at the time, and the Jane Goodall Institute thought this was in bad taste and had its lawyers draft a letter to Larson and his distribution syndicate in which they described the cartoon as an \"atrocity\".", "Goodall herself was in Africa at the time, and the Jane Goodall Institute thought this was in bad taste and had its lawyers draft a letter to Larson and his distribution syndicate in which they described the cartoon as an \"atrocity\". They were stymied by Goodall herself: When she returned and saw the cartoon, she stated that she found the cartoon amusing.", "They were stymied by Goodall herself: When she returned and saw the cartoon, she stated that she found the cartoon amusing. Since then, all profits from sales of a shirt featuring this cartoon go to the Jane Goodall Institute.", "Since then, all profits from sales of a shirt featuring this cartoon go to the Jane Goodall Institute. Goodall wrote a preface to The Far Side Gallery 5, detailing her version of the controversy, and the institute's letter was included next to the cartoon in the complete Far Side collection.", "Goodall wrote a preface to The Far Side Gallery 5, detailing her version of the controversy, and the institute's letter was included next to the cartoon in the complete Far Side collection. She praised Larson's creative ideas, which often compare and contrast the behaviour of humans and animals.", "She praised Larson's creative ideas, which often compare and contrast the behaviour of humans and animals. In 1988, when Larson visited Goodall's research facility in Tanzania, he was attacked by a chimpanzee named Frodo. Lego The Lego Group announced a set called 40530 Jane Goodall Tribute that will be released on 3 March 2022.", "Lego The Lego Group announced a set called 40530 Jane Goodall Tribute that will be released on 3 March 2022. Radio Four Today programme On December 31, 2021, Goodall was the guest editor of the BBC Radio Four Today programme. She chose Francis Collins to be presenter of Thought for the Day.", "She chose Francis Collins to be presenter of Thought for the Day. Awards and recognition Honours Goodall has received many honours for her environmental and humanitarian work, as well as others. She was named a Dame Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire in an Investiture held in Buckingham Palace in 2004.", "She was named a Dame Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire in an Investiture held in Buckingham Palace in 2004. In April 2002, Secretary-General Kofi Annan named Goodall a United Nations Messenger of Peace.", "In April 2002, Secretary-General Kofi Annan named Goodall a United Nations Messenger of Peace. Her other honours include the Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement, the French Legion of Honour, Medal of Tanzania, Japan's prestigious Kyoto Prize, the Benjamin Franklin Medal in Life Science, the Gandhi-King Award for Nonviolence and the Spanish Prince of Asturias Awards.", "Her other honours include the Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement, the French Legion of Honour, Medal of Tanzania, Japan's prestigious Kyoto Prize, the Benjamin Franklin Medal in Life Science, the Gandhi-King Award for Nonviolence and the Spanish Prince of Asturias Awards. She is also a member of the advisory board of BBC Wildlife magazine and a patron of Population Matters (formerly the Optimum Population Trust).", "She is also a member of the advisory board of BBC Wildlife magazine and a patron of Population Matters (formerly the Optimum Population Trust). She has received many tributes, honours, and awards from local governments, schools, institutions, and charities around the world.", "She has received many tributes, honours, and awards from local governments, schools, institutions, and charities around the world. Goodall is honoured by The Walt Disney Company with a plaque on the Tree of Life at Walt Disney World's Animal Kingdom theme park, alongside a carving of her beloved David Greybeard, the original chimpanzee that approached Goodall during her first year at Gombe.", "Goodall is honoured by The Walt Disney Company with a plaque on the Tree of Life at Walt Disney World's Animal Kingdom theme park, alongside a carving of her beloved David Greybeard, the original chimpanzee that approached Goodall during her first year at Gombe. In 2010, Dave Matthews and Tim Reynolds held a benefit concert at DAR Constitution Hall in Washington DC to commemorate Gombe 50: a global celebration of Jane Goodall's pioneering chimpanzee research and inspiring vision for our future.", "In 2010, Dave Matthews and Tim Reynolds held a benefit concert at DAR Constitution Hall in Washington DC to commemorate Gombe 50: a global celebration of Jane Goodall's pioneering chimpanzee research and inspiring vision for our future. Time magazine named Goodall as one of the 100 most influential people in the world in 2019.", "Time magazine named Goodall as one of the 100 most influential people in the world in 2019. In 2021, she received the Templeton Prize. Media Books 1969 My Friends the Wild Chimpanzees Washington, DC: National Geographic Society 1971 Innocent Killers (with H. van Lawick).", "Media Books 1969 My Friends the Wild Chimpanzees Washington, DC: National Geographic Society 1971 Innocent Killers (with H. van Lawick). Boston: Houghton Mifflin; London: Collins 1971 In the Shadow of Man Boston: Houghton Mifflin; London: Collins.", "Boston: Houghton Mifflin; London: Collins 1971 In the Shadow of Man Boston: Houghton Mifflin; London: Collins. Published in 48 languages 1986 The Chimpanzees of Gombe: Patterns of Behavior Boston: Bellknap Press of the Harvard University Press. Published also in Japanese and Russian. R.R.", "Published also in Japanese and Russian. R.R. R.R. Hawkins Award for the Outstanding Technical, Scientific or Medical book of 1986, to Bellknap Press of Harvard University Press, Boston.", "Hawkins Award for the Outstanding Technical, Scientific or Medical book of 1986, to Bellknap Press of Harvard University Press, Boston. The Wildlife Society (USA) Award for \"Outstanding Publication in Wildlife Ecology and Management\" 1990 Through a Window: 30 years observing the Gombe chimpanzees London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson; Boston: Houghton Mifflin.", "The Wildlife Society (USA) Award for \"Outstanding Publication in Wildlife Ecology and Management\" 1990 Through a Window: 30 years observing the Gombe chimpanzees London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson; Boston: Houghton Mifflin. Translated into more than 15 languages. 1991 Penguin edition, UK.", "1991 Penguin edition, UK. 1991 Penguin edition, UK. American Library Association \"Best\" list among Nine Notable Books (Nonfiction) for 1991 1991 Visions of Caliban (co-authored with Dale Peterson, PhD). Boston: Houghton Mifflin. New York Times \"Notable Book\" for 1993.", "New York Times \"Notable Book\" for 1993. Library Journal \"Best Sci-Tech Book\" for 1993 1999 Brutal Kinship (with Michael Nichols). New York: Aperture Foundation 1999 Reason For Hope; A Spiritual Journey (with Phillip Berman). New York: Warner Books, Inc.", "New York: Warner Books, Inc. Translated into Japanese and Portuguese 2000 40 Years At Gombe New York: Stewart, Tabori, and Chang 2000 Africa In My Blood (edited by Dale Peterson). New York: Houghton Mifflin Company 2001 Beyond Innocence: An Autobiography in Letters, the later years (edited by Dale Peterson).", "New York: Houghton Mifflin Company 2001 Beyond Innocence: An Autobiography in Letters, the later years (edited by Dale Peterson). New York: Houghton Mifflin Company 2002 The Ten Trusts: What We Must Do To Care for the Animals We Love (with Marc Bekoff).", "New York: Houghton Mifflin Company 2002 The Ten Trusts: What We Must Do To Care for the Animals We Love (with Marc Bekoff). San Francisco: Harper San Francisco 2005 Harvest for Hope: A Guide to Mindful Eating New York: Warner Books, Inc. 2009 Hope for Animals and Their World: How Endangered Species Are Being Rescued from the Brink Grand Central Publishing 2013 Seeds of Hope: Wisdom and Wonder from the World of Plants (with Gail Hudson) Grand Central Publishing 2021 The Book of Hope, with Douglas Abrams and Gail Hudson, Viking Children's books 1972 Grub: The Bush Baby (with H. van Lawick).", "San Francisco: Harper San Francisco 2005 Harvest for Hope: A Guide to Mindful Eating New York: Warner Books, Inc. 2009 Hope for Animals and Their World: How Endangered Species Are Being Rescued from the Brink Grand Central Publishing 2013 Seeds of Hope: Wisdom and Wonder from the World of Plants (with Gail Hudson) Grand Central Publishing 2021 The Book of Hope, with Douglas Abrams and Gail Hudson, Viking Children's books 1972 Grub: The Bush Baby (with H. van Lawick). Boston: Houghton Mifflin 1988 My Life with the Chimpanzees New York: Byron Preiss Visual Publications, Inc.", "Boston: Houghton Mifflin 1988 My Life with the Chimpanzees New York: Byron Preiss Visual Publications, Inc. Translated into French, Japanese and Chinese.", "Translated into French, Japanese and Chinese. Parenting's Reading-Magic Award for \"Outstanding Book for Children,\" 1989 1989 The Chimpanzee Family Book Saxonville, MA: Picture Book Studio; Munich: Neugebauer Press; London: Picture Book Studio. Translated into more than 15 languages, including Japanese and Swahili.", "Translated into more than 15 languages, including Japanese and Swahili. The UNICEF Award for the best children's book of 1989. Austrian state prize for best children's book of 1990.", "Austrian state prize for best children's book of 1990. 1989 Jane Goodall's Animal World: Chimps New York: Macmillan 1989 Animal Family Series: Chimpanzee Family; Lion Family; Elephant Family; Zebra Family; Giraffe Family; Baboon Family; Hyena Family; Wildebeest Family Toronto: Madison Marketing Ltd 1994 With Love New York / London: North-South Books.", "1989 Jane Goodall's Animal World: Chimps New York: Macmillan 1989 Animal Family Series: Chimpanzee Family; Lion Family; Elephant Family; Zebra Family; Giraffe Family; Baboon Family; Hyena Family; Wildebeest Family Toronto: Madison Marketing Ltd 1994 With Love New York / London: North-South Books. Translated into German, French, Italian, and Japanese 1999 Dr. White (illustrated by Julie Litty).", "Translated into German, French, Italian, and Japanese 1999 Dr. White (illustrated by Julie Litty). New York: North-South Books 2000 The Eagle & the Wren (illustrated by Alexander Reichstein).", "New York: North-South Books 2000 The Eagle & the Wren (illustrated by Alexander Reichstein). New York: North-South Books 2001 Chimpanzees I Love: Saving Their World and Ours New York: Scholastic Press 2002 (Foreword) \"Slowly, Slowly, Slowly,\" Said the Sloth by Eric Carle.", "New York: North-South Books 2001 Chimpanzees I Love: Saving Their World and Ours New York: Scholastic Press 2002 (Foreword) \"Slowly, Slowly, Slowly,\" Said the Sloth by Eric Carle. Philomel Books 2004 Rickie and Henri: A True Story (with Alan Marks) Penguin Young Readers Group Films Goodall is the subject of more than 40 films: 1965 Miss Goodall and the Wild Chimpanzees National Geographic Society 1973 Jane Goodall and the World of Animal Behavior: The Wild Dogs of Africa with Hugo van Lawick 1975 Miss Goodall: The Hyena Story The World of Animal Behavior Series 16mm 1979 version for DiscoVision, not released for LaserDisc 1976 Lions of the Serengeti an episode of The World About Us on BBC2 1984 Among the Wild Chimpanzees National Geographic Special 1988 People of the Forest with Hugo van Lawick 1990 Chimpanzee Alert in the Nature Watch Series, Central Television 1990 The Life and Legend of Jane Goodall National Geographic Society.", "Philomel Books 2004 Rickie and Henri: A True Story (with Alan Marks) Penguin Young Readers Group Films Goodall is the subject of more than 40 films: 1965 Miss Goodall and the Wild Chimpanzees National Geographic Society 1973 Jane Goodall and the World of Animal Behavior: The Wild Dogs of Africa with Hugo van Lawick 1975 Miss Goodall: The Hyena Story The World of Animal Behavior Series 16mm 1979 version for DiscoVision, not released for LaserDisc 1976 Lions of the Serengeti an episode of The World About Us on BBC2 1984 Among the Wild Chimpanzees National Geographic Special 1988 People of the Forest with Hugo van Lawick 1990 Chimpanzee Alert in the Nature Watch Series, Central Television 1990 The Life and Legend of Jane Goodall National Geographic Society. 1990 The Gombe Chimpanzees Bavarian Television 1995 Fifi's Boys for the Natural World series for the BBC 1996 Chimpanzee Diary for BBC2 Animal Zone 1997 Animal Minds for BBC Goodall voiced herself in the animated TV series The Wild Thornberrys.", "1990 The Gombe Chimpanzees Bavarian Television 1995 Fifi's Boys for the Natural World series for the BBC 1996 Chimpanzee Diary for BBC2 Animal Zone 1997 Animal Minds for BBC Goodall voiced herself in the animated TV series The Wild Thornberrys. 2000 Jane Goodall: Reason For Hope PBS special produced by KTCA 2001 2002 Jane Goodall's Wild Chimpanzees (IMAX format), in collaboration with Science North 2005 Jane Goodall's Return to Gombe for Animal Planet 2006 Chimps, So Like Us HBO film nominated for 1990 Academy Award 2007 When Animals Talk We Should Listen theatrical documentary feature co-produced by Animal Planet 2010 Jane's Journey theatrical documentary feature co-produced by Animal Planet 2012 Chimpanzee theatrical nature documentary feature co-produced by Disneynature 2017 Jane biographical documentary film National Geographic Studios, in association with Public Road Productions.", "2000 Jane Goodall: Reason For Hope PBS special produced by KTCA 2001 2002 Jane Goodall's Wild Chimpanzees (IMAX format), in collaboration with Science North 2005 Jane Goodall's Return to Gombe for Animal Planet 2006 Chimps, So Like Us HBO film nominated for 1990 Academy Award 2007 When Animals Talk We Should Listen theatrical documentary feature co-produced by Animal Planet 2010 Jane's Journey theatrical documentary feature co-produced by Animal Planet 2012 Chimpanzee theatrical nature documentary feature co-produced by Disneynature 2017 Jane biographical documentary film National Geographic Studios, in association with Public Road Productions. The film is directed and written by Brett Morgen, music by Philip Glass 2018 Zayed's Antarctic Lights Dr Jane featured in the Environment Agency-Abu Dhabi film that screened on National Geographic-Abu Dhabi and won a World Medal at the New York Film and TV Awards.", "The film is directed and written by Brett Morgen, music by Philip Glass 2018 Zayed's Antarctic Lights Dr Jane featured in the Environment Agency-Abu Dhabi film that screened on National Geographic-Abu Dhabi and won a World Medal at the New York Film and TV Awards. 2020 Jane Goodall: The Hope, biographical documentary film, National Geographic Studios, produced by Lucky 8 Panel discussions 2021 On 28 January 2021, Jane Goodall took part in a panel event of international experts called Climate Change: Why should we care?, organised by the Science Museum Group See also Animal Faith USC Jane Goodall Research Center Nonhuman Rights Project Dian Fossey, the trimate who studied gorillas until her murder Birutė Galdikas, the trimate who dedicated herself to orangutan study Steven M. Wise Washoe List of animal rights advocates Timeline of women in science References External links The Jane Goodall Institute official website Jane Goodall at Discover Magazine Jane Goodall interviewed by Alyssa McDonald in July 2010 for the New Statesman Jane Goodall – Overpopulation in the Developing World at Fora TV Lecture transcript and video of Goodall's speech at the Joan B. Kroc Institute for Peace & Justice at the University of San Diego, April 2008 Jane Goodall extended film interview with transcripts for the 'Why Are We Here?'", "2020 Jane Goodall: The Hope, biographical documentary film, National Geographic Studios, produced by Lucky 8 Panel discussions 2021 On 28 January 2021, Jane Goodall took part in a panel event of international experts called Climate Change: Why should we care?, organised by the Science Museum Group See also Animal Faith USC Jane Goodall Research Center Nonhuman Rights Project Dian Fossey, the trimate who studied gorillas until her murder Birutė Galdikas, the trimate who dedicated herself to orangutan study Steven M. Wise Washoe List of animal rights advocates Timeline of women in science References External links The Jane Goodall Institute official website Jane Goodall at Discover Magazine Jane Goodall interviewed by Alyssa McDonald in July 2010 for the New Statesman Jane Goodall – Overpopulation in the Developing World at Fora TV Lecture transcript and video of Goodall's speech at the Joan B. Kroc Institute for Peace & Justice at the University of San Diego, April 2008 Jane Goodall extended film interview with transcripts for the 'Why Are We Here?' documentary series.", "documentary series. documentary series. A Conversation with Jane Goodall (audio interview) \"On Being\" radio interview with Krista Tippett, broadcast August 2020 1934 births 20th-century anthropologists 20th-century British biologists 20th-century British women scientists 20th-century English scientists 21st-century anthropologists 21st-century British biologists 21st-century British women scientists 21st-century English scientists Living people Alumni of Newnham College, Cambridge Alumni of Darwin College, Cambridge Fellows of Darwin College, Cambridge Articles containing video clips Baronesses of the Netherlands Benjamin Franklin Medal (Franklin Institute) laureates British people of Welsh descent British women anthropologists Conservation biologists Dames Commander of the Order of the British Empire English anthropologists English cookbook writers English women biologists Ethologists Kyoto laureates in Basic Sciences Members of the European Academy of Sciences and Arts Members of the Society of Woman Geographers Officiers of the Légion d'honneur Recipients of the President's Medal (British Academy) Templeton Prize laureates People from Hampstead People involved in plagiarism controversies Primatologists Scientists from London Sustainability advocates United Nations Messengers of Peace University of Southern California faculty Vegan cookbook writers Veganism activists Women ethologists Women founders Writers about Africa" ]

[ "Jane Goodall", "Jane Goodall Institute", "When was the institute started?", "In 1977,", "What is the institutes purpose?", "), which supports the Gombe research, and she is a global leader in the effort to protect chimpanzees and their habitats.", "Is the institute still going?", "Today, Goodall devotes virtually all of her time to advocacy on behalf of chimpanzees and the environment, travelling nearly 300 days a year.", "What is notable or interesting about the institute and the work it does?", "the JGI is widely recognised for community-centred conservation and development programs in Africa.", "How is the institute funded?", "I don't know." ]

[ "Sanju Surendran, is an Indian film director, screenwriter and producer. He is a graduate of Film and Television Institute of India where he was taught by film director Mani Kaul. Sanju worked briefly as a teacher of Film Direction and Screenwriting at the KR Narayanan National Institute of Visual Science and Arts, Kottayam, Kerala. His documentary on Kutiyattam, Kapila won the National award for the best documentary. Sanju’s first feature film, Aedan- Garden of Desire won Rajathachakoram award for the best debut director and the FIPRESCI award for the best Malayalam film.\n\nFilmography\n\nDirector\n\nProducer\n\nAwards and recognitions\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n \n\n21st-century Indian film directors\nIndian male screenwriters\nLiving people\nMalayalam film directors\nMalayalam screenwriters\nFilm directors from Kerala\nScreenwriters from Kerala\n21st-century Indian male writers\nYear of birth missing (living people)\n21st-century screenwriters", "R.D. Rajasekhar is an Indian cinematographer who predominantly works in films of Indian languages such as Tamil, Malayalam, Telugu and Hindi. He is a recipient of the Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Cinematographer.And film fare Award and SICA award also. He is the member of the Indian Society of Cinematographers (ISC).\n\nFilm career\n\nEarly career \nAfter graduating, Rajasekhar found work as a cameraman, assisting to Rajiv menon for about nine years in many advertisement films.\n\nFeature film \nRajasekhar's first dramatic Indian Tamil-language romance film titled Minnale. The camerawork of the advertisement films impressed his former colleague and frequent collaborator Gautham Vasudev Menon. The film was well received, and popular among youth; subsequently, Rajasekhar and Gautham vasudev menon teamed up again on Kaakha Kaakha (2003). The film was praised for its unique style of visuals and scenic views through his lens, which rajasekhar achieved through a process known as Bleach bypass, where the silver is retained in the print, creating a washed-outlook that reflected in films. Rajasekhar continues serving as cinematographer for films including Red (2002 film), Kaakha Kaakha, Manmadhan (film).\n\nIn 2005, Rajasekhar begin his long-term collaboration with the director AR Murugadoss, starting with the Ghajini (2005 film), earned him many recognitions and awards for the cinematography throughout Indian cinema. Director AR Murugadoss had been impressed with rajasekhar. For this murugadoss film Ghajini, Rajasekhar spent some two month fine tuning the look, autumnal yellow and desaturating the overall image. The film won Best Cinematographer award from Tamil Nadu State Film Awards in 2005 and nominated for Best Cinematographer in Filmfare Awards South.\n\nHis Malayalam debut film was 4 the People in 2004 and also in same year he made his debut in Telugu film Industry filmed called Gharshana. Again he reunited with director AR Murugadoss on the 2016 Hindi debut film Akira (2016 Hindi film), having previously worked on Ghajini (2005 film).\n\nAwards and recognitions \nHe had been nominated for Filmfare Awards South for Best Cinematographer in 2004, winning the Best Cinematographer on his first Filmfare Awards South in 2003 for Kaakha Kaakha. He also received award from prestigious Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Cinematographer for film Ghajini (2005 film). He shot Imaikkaa Nodigal (2018) won Best Cinematographer in SIIMA Award for Best Cinematographer - Tamil in the same year after the release.\n\nFilmography\n\nReferences\n\nTamil film cinematographers\nLiving people\nMalayalam film cinematographers\nFilmfare Awards South winners\nM.G.R. Government Film and Television Training Institute alumni\n21st-century Indian photographers\nTelugu film cinematographers\nPeople from Mayiladuthurai district\nCinematographers from Tamil Nadu\nYear of birth missing (living people)" ]

[ "Dame Jane Morris Goodall (; born Valerie Jane Morris-Goodall on 3 April 1934), formerly Baroness Jane van Lawick-Goodall, is an English primatologist and anthropologist. Seen as the world's foremost expert on chimpanzees, Goodall is best known for her 60-year study of social and family interactions of wild chimpanzees since she first went to Gombe Stream National Park in Tanzania in 1960, where she witnessed human-like behaviours amongst chimpanzees, including armed conflict.", "Seen as the world's foremost expert on chimpanzees, Goodall is best known for her 60-year study of social and family interactions of wild chimpanzees since she first went to Gombe Stream National Park in Tanzania in 1960, where she witnessed human-like behaviours amongst chimpanzees, including armed conflict. In April 2002, she was named a UN Messenger of Peace.", "In April 2002, she was named a UN Messenger of Peace. Goodall is an honorary member of the World Future Council.", "Goodall is an honorary member of the World Future Council. Early years Valerie Jane Morris-Goodall was born in 1934 in Hampstead, London, to businessman Mortimer Herbert Morris-Goodall (1907–2001) and Margaret Myfanwe Joseph (1906–2000), a novelist from Milford Haven, Pembrokeshire, who wrote under the name Vanne Morris-Goodall.", "Early years Valerie Jane Morris-Goodall was born in 1934 in Hampstead, London, to businessman Mortimer Herbert Morris-Goodall (1907–2001) and Margaret Myfanwe Joseph (1906–2000), a novelist from Milford Haven, Pembrokeshire, who wrote under the name Vanne Morris-Goodall. The family later moved to Bournemouth, and Goodall attended Uplands School, an independent school in nearby Poole.", "The family later moved to Bournemouth, and Goodall attended Uplands School, an independent school in nearby Poole. As a child, as an alternative to a teddy bear, Goodall's father gave her a stuffed chimpanzee named Jubilee.", "As a child, as an alternative to a teddy bear, Goodall's father gave her a stuffed chimpanzee named Jubilee. Goodall has said her fondness for this figure started her early love of animals, commenting, \"My mother's friends were horrified by this toy, thinking it would frighten me and give me nightmares.\"", "Goodall has said her fondness for this figure started her early love of animals, commenting, \"My mother's friends were horrified by this toy, thinking it would frighten me and give me nightmares.\" Today, Jubilee still sits on Goodall's dresser in London.", "Today, Jubilee still sits on Goodall's dresser in London. Africa Goodall had always been drawn to animals and Africa, which brought her to the farm of a friend in the Kenya highlands in 1957.", "Africa Goodall had always been drawn to animals and Africa, which brought her to the farm of a friend in the Kenya highlands in 1957. From there, she obtained work as a secretary, and acting on her friend's advice, she telephoned Louis Leakey, the Kenyan archaeologist and palaeontologist, with no other thought than to make an appointment to discuss animals.", "From there, she obtained work as a secretary, and acting on her friend's advice, she telephoned Louis Leakey, the Kenyan archaeologist and palaeontologist, with no other thought than to make an appointment to discuss animals. Leakey, believing that the study of existing great apes could provide indications of the behaviour of early hominids, was looking for a chimpanzee researcher, though he kept the idea to himself.", "Leakey, believing that the study of existing great apes could provide indications of the behaviour of early hominids, was looking for a chimpanzee researcher, though he kept the idea to himself. Instead, he proposed that Goodall work for him as a secretary.", "Instead, he proposed that Goodall work for him as a secretary. After obtaining approval from his co-researcher and wife, British paleoanthropologist Mary Leakey, Louis sent Goodall to Olduvai Gorge in Tanganyika (present-day Tanzania), where he laid out his plans.", "After obtaining approval from his co-researcher and wife, British paleoanthropologist Mary Leakey, Louis sent Goodall to Olduvai Gorge in Tanganyika (present-day Tanzania), where he laid out his plans. In 1958, Leakey sent Goodall to London to study primate behaviour with Osman Hill and primate anatomy with John Napier.", "In 1958, Leakey sent Goodall to London to study primate behaviour with Osman Hill and primate anatomy with John Napier. Leakey raised funds, and on 14 July 1960, Goodall went to Gombe Stream National Park, becoming the first of what would come to be called The Trimates.", "Leakey raised funds, and on 14 July 1960, Goodall went to Gombe Stream National Park, becoming the first of what would come to be called The Trimates. She was accompanied by her mother, whose presence was necessary to satisfy the requirements of David Anstey, chief warden, who was concerned for their safety.", "She was accompanied by her mother, whose presence was necessary to satisfy the requirements of David Anstey, chief warden, who was concerned for their safety. Goodall credits her mother with encouraging her to pursue a career in primatology, a male-dominated field at the time.", "Goodall credits her mother with encouraging her to pursue a career in primatology, a male-dominated field at the time. Goodall has stated that women were not accepted in the field when she started her research in the late 1950s.", "Goodall has stated that women were not accepted in the field when she started her research in the late 1950s. Today, the field of primatology is made up almost evenly of men and women, in part thanks to the trailblazing of Goodall and her encouragement of young women to join the field.", "Today, the field of primatology is made up almost evenly of men and women, in part thanks to the trailblazing of Goodall and her encouragement of young women to join the field. Leakey arranged funding, and in 1962 he sent Goodall, who had no degree, to the University of Cambridge.", "Leakey arranged funding, and in 1962 he sent Goodall, who had no degree, to the University of Cambridge. She went to Newnham College, Cambridge, where she obtained a PhD in ethology. She was the eighth person to be allowed to study for a PhD there without first having obtained a Bachelor's degree.", "She was the eighth person to be allowed to study for a PhD there without first having obtained a Bachelor's degree. Her thesis was completed in 1966 under the supervision of Robert Hinde on the Behaviour of free-living chimpanzees, detailing her first five years of study at the Gombe Reserve.", "Her thesis was completed in 1966 under the supervision of Robert Hinde on the Behaviour of free-living chimpanzees, detailing her first five years of study at the Gombe Reserve. On 19 June 2006 the Open University of Tanzania awarded her an honorary Doctor of Science degree.", "On 19 June 2006 the Open University of Tanzania awarded her an honorary Doctor of Science degree. Work Research at Gombe Stream National Park Goodall is best known for her study of chimpanzee social and family life. She began studying the Kasakela chimpanzee community in Gombe Stream National Park, Tanzania, in 1960.", "She began studying the Kasakela chimpanzee community in Gombe Stream National Park, Tanzania, in 1960. Instead of numbering the chimpanzees she observed, she gave them names such as Fifi and David Greybeard and observed them to have unique and individual personalities, an unconventional idea at the time.", "Instead of numbering the chimpanzees she observed, she gave them names such as Fifi and David Greybeard and observed them to have unique and individual personalities, an unconventional idea at the time. She found that \"it isn't only human beings who have personality, who are capable of rational thought [and] emotions like joy and sorrow.\"", "She found that \"it isn't only human beings who have personality, who are capable of rational thought [and] emotions like joy and sorrow.\" She also observed behaviours such as hugs, kisses, pats on the back, and even tickling, what we consider \"human\" actions.", "She also observed behaviours such as hugs, kisses, pats on the back, and even tickling, what we consider \"human\" actions. Goodall insists that these gestures are evidence of \"the close, supportive, affectionate bonds that develop between family members and other individuals within a community, which can persist throughout a life span of more than 50 years.\"", "Goodall insists that these gestures are evidence of \"the close, supportive, affectionate bonds that develop between family members and other individuals within a community, which can persist throughout a life span of more than 50 years.\" These findings suggest that similarities between humans and chimpanzees exist in more than genes alone and can be seen in emotion, intelligence, and family and social relationships.", "These findings suggest that similarities between humans and chimpanzees exist in more than genes alone and can be seen in emotion, intelligence, and family and social relationships. Goodall's research at Gombe Stream is best known to the scientific community for challenging two long-standing beliefs of the day: that only humans could construct and use tools, and that chimpanzees were vegetarians.", "Goodall's research at Gombe Stream is best known to the scientific community for challenging two long-standing beliefs of the day: that only humans could construct and use tools, and that chimpanzees were vegetarians. While observing one chimpanzee feeding at a termite mound, she watched him repeatedly place stalks of grass into termite holes, then remove them from the hole covered with clinging termites, effectively \"fishing\" for termites.", "While observing one chimpanzee feeding at a termite mound, she watched him repeatedly place stalks of grass into termite holes, then remove them from the hole covered with clinging termites, effectively \"fishing\" for termites. The chimpanzees would also take twigs from trees and strip off the leaves to make the twig more effective, a form of object modification that is the rudimentary beginnings of toolmaking.", "The chimpanzees would also take twigs from trees and strip off the leaves to make the twig more effective, a form of object modification that is the rudimentary beginnings of toolmaking. Humans had long distinguished themselves from the rest of the animal kingdom as \"Man the Toolmaker\".", "Humans had long distinguished themselves from the rest of the animal kingdom as \"Man the Toolmaker\". In response to Goodall's revolutionary findings, Louis Leakey wrote, \"We must now redefine man, redefine tool, or accept chimpanzees as human!\"", "In response to Goodall's revolutionary findings, Louis Leakey wrote, \"We must now redefine man, redefine tool, or accept chimpanzees as human!\" In contrast to the peaceful and affectionate behaviours she observed, Goodall also found an aggressive side of chimpanzee nature at Gombe Stream.", "In contrast to the peaceful and affectionate behaviours she observed, Goodall also found an aggressive side of chimpanzee nature at Gombe Stream. She discovered that chimpanzees will systematically hunt and eat smaller primates such as colobus monkeys.", "She discovered that chimpanzees will systematically hunt and eat smaller primates such as colobus monkeys. Goodall watched a hunting group isolate a colobus monkey high in a tree and block all possible exits; then one chimpanzee climbed up and captured and killed the colobus.", "Goodall watched a hunting group isolate a colobus monkey high in a tree and block all possible exits; then one chimpanzee climbed up and captured and killed the colobus. The others then each took parts of the carcass, sharing with other members of the troop in response to begging behaviours.", "The others then each took parts of the carcass, sharing with other members of the troop in response to begging behaviours. The chimpanzees at Gombe kill and eat as much as one-third of the colobus population in the park each year. This alone was a major scientific find that challenged previous conceptions of chimpanzee diet and behaviour.", "This alone was a major scientific find that challenged previous conceptions of chimpanzee diet and behaviour. Goodall also observed the tendency for aggression and violence within chimpanzee troops. Goodall observed dominant females deliberately killing the young of other females in the troop to maintain their dominance, sometimes going as far as cannibalism.", "Goodall observed dominant females deliberately killing the young of other females in the troop to maintain their dominance, sometimes going as far as cannibalism. She says of this revelation, \"During the first ten years of the study I had believed […] that the Gombe chimpanzees were, for the most part, rather nicer than human beings.", "She says of this revelation, \"During the first ten years of the study I had believed […] that the Gombe chimpanzees were, for the most part, rather nicer than human beings. […] Then suddenly we found that chimpanzees could be brutal—that they, like us, had a darker side to their nature.\"", "[…] Then suddenly we found that chimpanzees could be brutal—that they, like us, had a darker side to their nature.\" She described the 1974–1978 Gombe Chimpanzee War in her 1990 memoir, Through a Window: My Thirty Years with the Chimpanzees of Gombe.", "She described the 1974–1978 Gombe Chimpanzee War in her 1990 memoir, Through a Window: My Thirty Years with the Chimpanzees of Gombe. Her findings revolutionised contemporary knowledge of chimpanzee behaviour and were further evidence of the social similarities between humans and chimpanzees, albeit in a much darker manner.", "Her findings revolutionised contemporary knowledge of chimpanzee behaviour and were further evidence of the social similarities between humans and chimpanzees, albeit in a much darker manner. Goodall also set herself apart from the traditional conventions of the time by naming the animals in her studies of primates instead of assigning each a number.", "Goodall also set herself apart from the traditional conventions of the time by naming the animals in her studies of primates instead of assigning each a number. Numbering was a nearly universal practice at the time and was thought to be important in the removal of oneself from the potential for emotional attachment to the subject being studied.", "Numbering was a nearly universal practice at the time and was thought to be important in the removal of oneself from the potential for emotional attachment to the subject being studied. Setting herself apart from other researchers also led her to develop a close bond with the chimpanzees and to become, to this day, the only human ever accepted into chimpanzee society.", "Setting herself apart from other researchers also led her to develop a close bond with the chimpanzees and to become, to this day, the only human ever accepted into chimpanzee society. She was the lowest-ranking member of a troop for a period of 22 months.", "She was the lowest-ranking member of a troop for a period of 22 months. Among those whom Goodall named during her years in Gombe were: David Greybeard, a grey-chinned male who first warmed up to Goodall; Goliath, a friend of David Greybeard, originally the alpha male named for his bold nature; Mike, who through his cunning and improvisation displaced Goliath as the alpha male; Humphrey, a big, strong, bullysome male; Gigi, a large, sterile female who delighted in being the \"aunt\" of any young chimps or humans; Mr. McGregor, a belligerent older male; Flo, a motherly, high-ranking female with a bulbous nose and ragged ears, and her children; Figan, Faben, Freud, Fifi, and Flint; Frodo, Fifi's second-oldest child, an aggressive male who would frequently attack Jane and ultimately forced her to leave the troop when he became alpha male.", "Among those whom Goodall named during her years in Gombe were: David Greybeard, a grey-chinned male who first warmed up to Goodall; Goliath, a friend of David Greybeard, originally the alpha male named for his bold nature; Mike, who through his cunning and improvisation displaced Goliath as the alpha male; Humphrey, a big, strong, bullysome male; Gigi, a large, sterile female who delighted in being the \"aunt\" of any young chimps or humans; Mr. McGregor, a belligerent older male; Flo, a motherly, high-ranking female with a bulbous nose and ragged ears, and her children; Figan, Faben, Freud, Fifi, and Flint; Frodo, Fifi's second-oldest child, an aggressive male who would frequently attack Jane and ultimately forced her to leave the troop when he became alpha male. Jane Goodall Institute In 1977, Goodall established the Jane Goodall Institute (JGI), which supports the Gombe research, and she is a global leader in the effort to protect chimpanzees and their habitats.", "Jane Goodall Institute In 1977, Goodall established the Jane Goodall Institute (JGI), which supports the Gombe research, and she is a global leader in the effort to protect chimpanzees and their habitats. With nineteen offices around the world, the JGI is widely recognised for community-centred conservation and development programs in Africa.", "With nineteen offices around the world, the JGI is widely recognised for community-centred conservation and development programs in Africa. Its global youth program, Roots & Shoots, began in 1991 when a group of 16 local teenagers met with Goodall on her back porch in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.", "Its global youth program, Roots & Shoots, began in 1991 when a group of 16 local teenagers met with Goodall on her back porch in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. They were eager to discuss a range of problems they knew about from first-hand experience that caused them deep concern.", "They were eager to discuss a range of problems they knew about from first-hand experience that caused them deep concern. The organisation now has over 10,000 groups in over 100 countries. In 1992, Goodall founded the Tchimpounga Chimpanzee Rehabilatation Centre in the Republic of Congo to care for chimpanzees orphaned due to bush-meat trade.", "In 1992, Goodall founded the Tchimpounga Chimpanzee Rehabilatation Centre in the Republic of Congo to care for chimpanzees orphaned due to bush-meat trade. The rehabilitation houses over a hundred chimps over its three islands.", "The rehabilitation houses over a hundred chimps over its three islands. In 1994, Goodall founded the Lake Tanganyika Catchment Reforestation and Education (TACARE or \"Take Care\") pilot project to protect chimpanzees' habitat from deforestation by reforesting hills around Gombe while simultaneously educating neighbouring communities on sustainability and agriculture training.", "In 1994, Goodall founded the Lake Tanganyika Catchment Reforestation and Education (TACARE or \"Take Care\") pilot project to protect chimpanzees' habitat from deforestation by reforesting hills around Gombe while simultaneously educating neighbouring communities on sustainability and agriculture training. The TACARE project also supports young girls by offering them access to reproductive health education and through scholarships to finance their college tuition.", "The TACARE project also supports young girls by offering them access to reproductive health education and through scholarships to finance their college tuition. Owing to an overflow of handwritten notes, photographs, and data piling up at Jane's home in Dar es Salaam in the mid-1990s, the Jane Goodall Institute's Center for Primate Studies was created at the University of Minnesota to house and organise this data.", "Owing to an overflow of handwritten notes, photographs, and data piling up at Jane's home in Dar es Salaam in the mid-1990s, the Jane Goodall Institute's Center for Primate Studies was created at the University of Minnesota to house and organise this data. Currently all of the original Jane Goodall archives reside there and have been digitised, analysed, and placed in an online database.", "Currently all of the original Jane Goodall archives reside there and have been digitised, analysed, and placed in an online database. On 17 March 2011, Duke University spokesman Karl Bates announced that the archives will move to Duke, with Anne E. Pusey, Duke's chairman of evolutionary anthropology, overseeing the collection.", "On 17 March 2011, Duke University spokesman Karl Bates announced that the archives will move to Duke, with Anne E. Pusey, Duke's chairman of evolutionary anthropology, overseeing the collection. Pusey, who managed the archives in Minnesota and worked with Goodall in Tanzania, had worked at Duke for a year.", "Pusey, who managed the archives in Minnesota and worked with Goodall in Tanzania, had worked at Duke for a year. In 2018 and 2020, Goodall partnered with friend, CEO Michael Cammarata on two natural product lines from Schmidt's Naturals and Neptune Wellness Solutions. Five percent of every sale benefited the Jane Goodall Institute.", "Five percent of every sale benefited the Jane Goodall Institute. Today, Goodall devotes virtually all of her time to advocacy on behalf of chimpanzees and the environment, travelling nearly 300 days a year. Goodall is also on the advisory council for the world's largest chimpanzee sanctuary outside of Africa, Save the Chimps in Fort Pierce, Florida.", "Goodall is also on the advisory council for the world's largest chimpanzee sanctuary outside of Africa, Save the Chimps in Fort Pierce, Florida. Activism Goodall credits the 1986 Understanding Chimpanzees conference, hosted by the Chicago Academy of Sciences, with shifting her focus from observation of chimpanzees to a broader and more intense concern with animal-human conservation.", "Activism Goodall credits the 1986 Understanding Chimpanzees conference, hosted by the Chicago Academy of Sciences, with shifting her focus from observation of chimpanzees to a broader and more intense concern with animal-human conservation. She is the former president of Advocates for Animals, an organisation based in Edinburgh, Scotland, that campaigns against the use of animals in medical research, zoos, farming and sport.", "She is the former president of Advocates for Animals, an organisation based in Edinburgh, Scotland, that campaigns against the use of animals in medical research, zoos, farming and sport. Goodall is a vegetarian and advocates the diet for ethical, environmental, and health reasons.", "Goodall is a vegetarian and advocates the diet for ethical, environmental, and health reasons. In The Inner World of Farm Animals (2009), Goodall writes that farm animals are \"far more aware and intelligent than we ever imagined and, despite having been bred as domestic slaves, they are individual beings in their own right.", "In The Inner World of Farm Animals (2009), Goodall writes that farm animals are \"far more aware and intelligent than we ever imagined and, despite having been bred as domestic slaves, they are individual beings in their own right. As such, they deserve our respect. And our help.", "And our help. And our help. Who will plead for them if we are silent?\" Goodall has also said: \"Thousands of people who say they 'love' animals sit down once or twice a day to enjoy the flesh of creatures who have been treated so with little respect and kindness just to make more meat.\"", "Goodall has also said: \"Thousands of people who say they 'love' animals sit down once or twice a day to enjoy the flesh of creatures who have been treated so with little respect and kindness just to make more meat.\" In 2021, Goodall became a vegan and authored a cookbook titled Eat Meat Less.", "In 2021, Goodall became a vegan and authored a cookbook titled Eat Meat Less. Goodall is an outspoken environmental advocate, speaking on the effects of climate change on endangered species such as chimpanzees.", "Goodall is an outspoken environmental advocate, speaking on the effects of climate change on endangered species such as chimpanzees. Goodall, alongside her foundation, collaborated with NASA to use satellite imagery from the Landsat series to remedy the effects of deforestation on chimpanzees and local communities in Western Africa by offering the villagers information on how to reduce activity and preserve their environment.", "Goodall, alongside her foundation, collaborated with NASA to use satellite imagery from the Landsat series to remedy the effects of deforestation on chimpanzees and local communities in Western Africa by offering the villagers information on how to reduce activity and preserve their environment. In 2000, to ensure the safe and ethical treatment of animals during ethological studies, Goodall, alongside Professor Mark Bekoff, founded the organization Ethologists for the Ethical Treatment of Animals.", "In 2000, to ensure the safe and ethical treatment of animals during ethological studies, Goodall, alongside Professor Mark Bekoff, founded the organization Ethologists for the Ethical Treatment of Animals. In April 2008, Goodall gave a lecture entitled \"Reason for Hope\" at the University of San Diego's Joan B. Kroc Institute for Peace & Justice Distinguished Lecture Series.", "In April 2008, Goodall gave a lecture entitled \"Reason for Hope\" at the University of San Diego's Joan B. Kroc Institute for Peace & Justice Distinguished Lecture Series. In 2008, Goodall demanded the European Union end the use of medical research on animals and ensure more funding for alternative methods of medical research.", "In 2008, Goodall demanded the European Union end the use of medical research on animals and ensure more funding for alternative methods of medical research. In May 2008, Goodall controversially described Edinburgh Zoo's new primate enclosure as a \"wonderful facility\" where monkeys \"are probably better off [than those] living in the wild in an area like Budongo, where one in six gets caught in a wire snare, and countries like Congo, where chimpanzees, monkeys and gorillas are shot for food commercially.\"", "In May 2008, Goodall controversially described Edinburgh Zoo's new primate enclosure as a \"wonderful facility\" where monkeys \"are probably better off [than those] living in the wild in an area like Budongo, where one in six gets caught in a wire snare, and countries like Congo, where chimpanzees, monkeys and gorillas are shot for food commercially.\" This was in conflict with Advocates for Animals' position on captive animals.", "This was in conflict with Advocates for Animals' position on captive animals. In June 2008, Goodall confirmed that she had resigned the presidency of the organisation which she had held since 1998, citing her busy schedule and explaining, \"I just don't have time for them.\"", "In June 2008, Goodall confirmed that she had resigned the presidency of the organisation which she had held since 1998, citing her busy schedule and explaining, \"I just don't have time for them.\" Goodall is a patron of population concern charity Population Matters and is currently an ambassador for Disneynature.", "Goodall is a patron of population concern charity Population Matters and is currently an ambassador for Disneynature. In 2010, Goodall, through JGI, formed a coalition with a number of organizations such as the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) and the Humane Society of the United States (HSUS) and petitioned to list all chimpanzees, including those that are captive, as endangered.", "In 2010, Goodall, through JGI, formed a coalition with a number of organizations such as the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) and the Humane Society of the United States (HSUS) and petitioned to list all chimpanzees, including those that are captive, as endangered. In 2015, the U.S.", "In 2015, the U.S. In 2015, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service(FWS) announced that they would accept this rule and that all chimpanzees would be classified as endangered. In 2011, Goodall became a patron of Australian animal protection group Voiceless, the animal protection institute.", "In 2011, Goodall became a patron of Australian animal protection group Voiceless, the animal protection institute. \"I have for decades been concerned about factory farming, in part because of the tremendous harm inflicted on the environment, but also because of the shocking ongoing cruelty perpetuated on millions of sentient beings.\"", "\"I have for decades been concerned about factory farming, in part because of the tremendous harm inflicted on the environment, but also because of the shocking ongoing cruelty perpetuated on millions of sentient beings.\" In 2012, Goodall took on the role of challenger for the Engage in Conservation Challenge with the DO School, formerly known as the D&F Academy.", "In 2012, Goodall took on the role of challenger for the Engage in Conservation Challenge with the DO School, formerly known as the D&F Academy. She worked with a group of aspiring social entrepreneurs to create a workshop to engage young people in conserving biodiversity, and to tackle a perceived global lack of awareness of the issue.", "She worked with a group of aspiring social entrepreneurs to create a workshop to engage young people in conserving biodiversity, and to tackle a perceived global lack of awareness of the issue. In 2014, Goodall wrote to Air France executives, criticizing the airline's continued transport of monkeys to laboratories.", "In 2014, Goodall wrote to Air France executives, criticizing the airline's continued transport of monkeys to laboratories. Goodall called the practice \"cruel\" and \"traumatic\" for the monkeys involved.", "Goodall called the practice \"cruel\" and \"traumatic\" for the monkeys involved. The same year, Goodall also wrote to the National Institutes of Health (NIH) to criticize maternal deprivation experiments on baby monkeys in NIH laboratories.", "The same year, Goodall also wrote to the National Institutes of Health (NIH) to criticize maternal deprivation experiments on baby monkeys in NIH laboratories. Prior to the 2015 UK general election, she was one of several celebrities who endorsed the parliamentary candidacy of the Green Party's Caroline Lucas.", "Prior to the 2015 UK general election, she was one of several celebrities who endorsed the parliamentary candidacy of the Green Party's Caroline Lucas. Goodall is a critic of fox hunting and was among more than 20 high-profile people who signed a letter to Members of Parliament in 2015 opposing Conservative prime minister David Cameron's plan to amend the Hunting Act 2004.", "Goodall is a critic of fox hunting and was among more than 20 high-profile people who signed a letter to Members of Parliament in 2015 opposing Conservative prime minister David Cameron's plan to amend the Hunting Act 2004. During August 2019, Goodall was honoured for her contributions to science with a bronze sculpture in midtown Manhattan alongside nine other women, part of the \"Statues for Equality\" project.", "During August 2019, Goodall was honoured for her contributions to science with a bronze sculpture in midtown Manhattan alongside nine other women, part of the \"Statues for Equality\" project. In 2020, continuing her organization's work on the environment, Goodall vowed to plant 5 million trees, part of the 1 trillion tree initiative founded by the World Economic Forum.", "In 2020, continuing her organization's work on the environment, Goodall vowed to plant 5 million trees, part of the 1 trillion tree initiative founded by the World Economic Forum. In February 2021, Jane Goodall and more than 140 scientists called on the EU Commission to abolish caging of farm animals. Personal life Goodall has married twice.", "Personal life Goodall has married twice. On 28 March 1964, she married a Dutch nobleman, wildlife photographer Baron Hugo van Lawick, at Chelsea Old Church, London, and became known during their marriage as Baroness Jane van Lawick-Goodall. The couple had a son, Hugo Eric Louis (born 1967); they divorced in 1974.", "The couple had a son, Hugo Eric Louis (born 1967); they divorced in 1974. The following year, she married Derek Bryceson, a member of Tanzania's parliament and the director of that country's national parks. He died of cancer in October 1980.", "He died of cancer in October 1980. Owing to his position in the Tanzanian government as head of the country's national park system, Bryceson could protect Goodall's research project and implement an embargo on tourism at Gombe. Goodall has stated that dogs are her favourite animal.", "Goodall has stated that dogs are her favourite animal. Goodall suffers from prosopagnosia, which makes it difficult to recognize familiar faces. Religion and spirituality Goodall was raised in a Christian congregationalist family. As a young woman, she took night classes in Theosophy.", "As a young woman, she took night classes in Theosophy. Her family were occasional churchgoers, but Goodall began attending more regularly as a teenager when the church appointed a new minister, Trevor Davies. \"He was highly intelligent and his sermons were powerful and thought-provoking... I could have listened to his voice for hours...", "I could have listened to his voice for hours... I fell madly in love with him... Suddenly, no one had to encourage me to go to church. Indeed, there were never enough services for my liking.\"", "Indeed, there were never enough services for my liking.\" Of her later discovery of the atheism and agnosticism of many of her scientific colleagues, Goodall wrote that \"[f]ortunately, by the time I got to Cambridge I was twenty-seven years old and my beliefs had already moulded so that I was not influenced by these opinions.\"", "Of her later discovery of the atheism and agnosticism of many of her scientific colleagues, Goodall wrote that \"[f]ortunately, by the time I got to Cambridge I was twenty-seven years old and my beliefs had already moulded so that I was not influenced by these opinions.\" In her 1999 book Reason for Hope: A Spiritual Journey, Goodall describes the implications of a mystical experience she had at Notre Dame Cathedral in 1977: \"Since I cannot believe that this was the result of chance, I have to admit anti-chance.", "In her 1999 book Reason for Hope: A Spiritual Journey, Goodall describes the implications of a mystical experience she had at Notre Dame Cathedral in 1977: \"Since I cannot believe that this was the result of chance, I have to admit anti-chance. And so I must believe in a guiding power in the universe – in other words, I must believe in God.\"", "And so I must believe in a guiding power in the universe – in other words, I must believe in God.\" When asked if she believes in God, Goodall said in September 2010: \"I don't have any idea of who or what God is. But I do believe in some great spiritual power.", "But I do believe in some great spiritual power. I feel it particularly when I'm out in nature. It's just something that's bigger and stronger than what I am or what anybody is. I feel it. And it's enough for me.\"", "And it's enough for me.\" When asked in the same year if she still considers herself a Christian, Goodall told the Guardian \"I suppose so; I was raised as a Christian.\"", "When asked in the same year if she still considers herself a Christian, Goodall told the Guardian \"I suppose so; I was raised as a Christian.\" In her foreword to the 2017 book The Intelligence of the Cosmos by Ervin Laszlo, a philosopher of science who advocates quantum consciousness theory, Goodall wrote: \"we must accept that there is an Intelligence driving the process [of evolution], that the Universe and life on Earth are inspired and in-formed by an unknown and unknowable Creator, a Supreme Being, a Great Spiritual Power.\"", "In her foreword to the 2017 book The Intelligence of the Cosmos by Ervin Laszlo, a philosopher of science who advocates quantum consciousness theory, Goodall wrote: \"we must accept that there is an Intelligence driving the process [of evolution], that the Universe and life on Earth are inspired and in-formed by an unknown and unknowable Creator, a Supreme Being, a Great Spiritual Power.\" Criticism Goodall used unconventional practices in her study; for example, naming individuals instead of numbering them.", "Criticism Goodall used unconventional practices in her study; for example, naming individuals instead of numbering them. At the time, numbering was used to prevent emotional attachment and loss of objectivity.", "At the time, numbering was used to prevent emotional attachment and loss of objectivity. Goodall wrote in 1993: \"When, in the early 1960s, I brazenly used such words as 'childhood', 'adolescence', 'motivation', 'excitement', and 'mood' I was much criticised.", "Goodall wrote in 1993: \"When, in the early 1960s, I brazenly used such words as 'childhood', 'adolescence', 'motivation', 'excitement', and 'mood' I was much criticised. Even worse was my crime of suggesting that chimpanzees had 'personalities'.", "Even worse was my crime of suggesting that chimpanzees had 'personalities'. I was ascribing human characteristics to nonhuman animals and was thus guilty of that worst of ethological sins -anthropomorphism.\"", "I was ascribing human characteristics to nonhuman animals and was thus guilty of that worst of ethological sins -anthropomorphism.\" Many standard methods aim to avoid interference by observers, and in particular some believe that the use of feeding stations to attract Gombe chimpanzees has altered normal foraging and feeding patterns and social relationships.", "Many standard methods aim to avoid interference by observers, and in particular some believe that the use of feeding stations to attract Gombe chimpanzees has altered normal foraging and feeding patterns and social relationships. This argument is the focus of a book published by Margaret Power in 1991.", "This argument is the focus of a book published by Margaret Power in 1991. It has been suggested that higher levels of aggression and conflict with other chimpanzee groups in the area were due to the feeding, which could have created the \"wars\" between chimpanzee social groups described by Goodall, aspects of which she did not witness in the years before artificial feeding began at Gombe.", "It has been suggested that higher levels of aggression and conflict with other chimpanzee groups in the area were due to the feeding, which could have created the \"wars\" between chimpanzee social groups described by Goodall, aspects of which she did not witness in the years before artificial feeding began at Gombe. Thus, some regard Goodall's observations as distortions of normal chimpanzee behaviour.", "Thus, some regard Goodall's observations as distortions of normal chimpanzee behaviour. Goodall herself acknowledged that feeding contributed to aggression within and between groups, but maintained that the effect was limited to alteration of the intensity and not the nature of chimpanzee conflict, and further suggested that feeding was necessary for the study to be effective at all.", "Goodall herself acknowledged that feeding contributed to aggression within and between groups, but maintained that the effect was limited to alteration of the intensity and not the nature of chimpanzee conflict, and further suggested that feeding was necessary for the study to be effective at all. Craig Stanford of the Jane Goodall Research Institute at the University of Southern California states that researchers conducting studies with no artificial provisioning have a difficult time viewing any social behaviour of chimpanzees, especially those related to inter-group conflict.", "Craig Stanford of the Jane Goodall Research Institute at the University of Southern California states that researchers conducting studies with no artificial provisioning have a difficult time viewing any social behaviour of chimpanzees, especially those related to inter-group conflict. Some recent studies, such as those by Crickette Sanz in the Goualougo Triangle (Congo) and Christophe Boesch in the Taï National Park (Ivory Coast), have not shown the aggression observed in the Gombe studies.", "Some recent studies, such as those by Crickette Sanz in the Goualougo Triangle (Congo) and Christophe Boesch in the Taï National Park (Ivory Coast), have not shown the aggression observed in the Gombe studies. However, other primatologists disagree that the studies are flawed; for example, Jim Moore provides a critique of Margaret Powers' assertions and some studies of other chimpanzee groups have shown aggression similar to that in Gombe even in the absence of feeding.", "However, other primatologists disagree that the studies are flawed; for example, Jim Moore provides a critique of Margaret Powers' assertions and some studies of other chimpanzee groups have shown aggression similar to that in Gombe even in the absence of feeding. Plagiarism and Seeds of Hope On 22 March 2013, Hachette Book Group announced that Goodall's and co-author Gail Hudson's new book, Seeds of Hope, would not be released on 2 April as planned due to the discovery of plagiarised portions.", "Plagiarism and Seeds of Hope On 22 March 2013, Hachette Book Group announced that Goodall's and co-author Gail Hudson's new book, Seeds of Hope, would not be released on 2 April as planned due to the discovery of plagiarised portions. A reviewer for The Washington Post found unattributed sections that were copied from websites about organic tea, tobacco, an \"amateurish astrology site\", as well as from Wikipedia.", "A reviewer for The Washington Post found unattributed sections that were copied from websites about organic tea, tobacco, an \"amateurish astrology site\", as well as from Wikipedia. Goodall apologised and stated, \"It is important to me that the proper sources are credited, and I will be working diligently with my team to address all areas of concern.", "Goodall apologised and stated, \"It is important to me that the proper sources are credited, and I will be working diligently with my team to address all areas of concern. My goal is to ensure that when this book is released it is not only up to the highest of standards, but also that the focus be on the crucial messages it conveys.\"", "My goal is to ensure that when this book is released it is not only up to the highest of standards, but also that the focus be on the crucial messages it conveys.\" The book was released on 1 April 2014, after review and the addition of 57 pages of endnotes.", "The book was released on 1 April 2014, after review and the addition of 57 pages of endnotes. In popular culture Gary Larson cartoon incident One of Gary Larson's Far Side cartoons shows two chimpanzees grooming.", "In popular culture Gary Larson cartoon incident One of Gary Larson's Far Side cartoons shows two chimpanzees grooming. One finds a blonde human hair on the other and inquires, \"Conducting a little more 'research' with that Jane Goodall tramp?\"", "One finds a blonde human hair on the other and inquires, \"Conducting a little more 'research' with that Jane Goodall tramp?\" Goodall herself was in Africa at the time, and the Jane Goodall Institute thought this was in bad taste and had its lawyers draft a letter to Larson and his distribution syndicate in which they described the cartoon as an \"atrocity\".", "Goodall herself was in Africa at the time, and the Jane Goodall Institute thought this was in bad taste and had its lawyers draft a letter to Larson and his distribution syndicate in which they described the cartoon as an \"atrocity\". They were stymied by Goodall herself: When she returned and saw the cartoon, she stated that she found the cartoon amusing.", "They were stymied by Goodall herself: When she returned and saw the cartoon, she stated that she found the cartoon amusing. Since then, all profits from sales of a shirt featuring this cartoon go to the Jane Goodall Institute.", "Since then, all profits from sales of a shirt featuring this cartoon go to the Jane Goodall Institute. Goodall wrote a preface to The Far Side Gallery 5, detailing her version of the controversy, and the institute's letter was included next to the cartoon in the complete Far Side collection.", "Goodall wrote a preface to The Far Side Gallery 5, detailing her version of the controversy, and the institute's letter was included next to the cartoon in the complete Far Side collection. She praised Larson's creative ideas, which often compare and contrast the behaviour of humans and animals.", "She praised Larson's creative ideas, which often compare and contrast the behaviour of humans and animals. In 1988, when Larson visited Goodall's research facility in Tanzania, he was attacked by a chimpanzee named Frodo. Lego The Lego Group announced a set called 40530 Jane Goodall Tribute that will be released on 3 March 2022.", "Lego The Lego Group announced a set called 40530 Jane Goodall Tribute that will be released on 3 March 2022. Radio Four Today programme On December 31, 2021, Goodall was the guest editor of the BBC Radio Four Today programme. She chose Francis Collins to be presenter of Thought for the Day.", "She chose Francis Collins to be presenter of Thought for the Day. Awards and recognition Honours Goodall has received many honours for her environmental and humanitarian work, as well as others. She was named a Dame Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire in an Investiture held in Buckingham Palace in 2004.", "She was named a Dame Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire in an Investiture held in Buckingham Palace in 2004. In April 2002, Secretary-General Kofi Annan named Goodall a United Nations Messenger of Peace.", "In April 2002, Secretary-General Kofi Annan named Goodall a United Nations Messenger of Peace. Her other honours include the Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement, the French Legion of Honour, Medal of Tanzania, Japan's prestigious Kyoto Prize, the Benjamin Franklin Medal in Life Science, the Gandhi-King Award for Nonviolence and the Spanish Prince of Asturias Awards.", "Her other honours include the Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement, the French Legion of Honour, Medal of Tanzania, Japan's prestigious Kyoto Prize, the Benjamin Franklin Medal in Life Science, the Gandhi-King Award for Nonviolence and the Spanish Prince of Asturias Awards. She is also a member of the advisory board of BBC Wildlife magazine and a patron of Population Matters (formerly the Optimum Population Trust).", "She is also a member of the advisory board of BBC Wildlife magazine and a patron of Population Matters (formerly the Optimum Population Trust). She has received many tributes, honours, and awards from local governments, schools, institutions, and charities around the world.", "She has received many tributes, honours, and awards from local governments, schools, institutions, and charities around the world. Goodall is honoured by The Walt Disney Company with a plaque on the Tree of Life at Walt Disney World's Animal Kingdom theme park, alongside a carving of her beloved David Greybeard, the original chimpanzee that approached Goodall during her first year at Gombe.", "Goodall is honoured by The Walt Disney Company with a plaque on the Tree of Life at Walt Disney World's Animal Kingdom theme park, alongside a carving of her beloved David Greybeard, the original chimpanzee that approached Goodall during her first year at Gombe. In 2010, Dave Matthews and Tim Reynolds held a benefit concert at DAR Constitution Hall in Washington DC to commemorate Gombe 50: a global celebration of Jane Goodall's pioneering chimpanzee research and inspiring vision for our future.", "In 2010, Dave Matthews and Tim Reynolds held a benefit concert at DAR Constitution Hall in Washington DC to commemorate Gombe 50: a global celebration of Jane Goodall's pioneering chimpanzee research and inspiring vision for our future. Time magazine named Goodall as one of the 100 most influential people in the world in 2019.", "Time magazine named Goodall as one of the 100 most influential people in the world in 2019. In 2021, she received the Templeton Prize. Media Books 1969 My Friends the Wild Chimpanzees Washington, DC: National Geographic Society 1971 Innocent Killers (with H. van Lawick).", "Media Books 1969 My Friends the Wild Chimpanzees Washington, DC: National Geographic Society 1971 Innocent Killers (with H. van Lawick). Boston: Houghton Mifflin; London: Collins 1971 In the Shadow of Man Boston: Houghton Mifflin; London: Collins.", "Boston: Houghton Mifflin; London: Collins 1971 In the Shadow of Man Boston: Houghton Mifflin; London: Collins. Published in 48 languages 1986 The Chimpanzees of Gombe: Patterns of Behavior Boston: Bellknap Press of the Harvard University Press. Published also in Japanese and Russian. R.R.", "Published also in Japanese and Russian. R.R. R.R. Hawkins Award for the Outstanding Technical, Scientific or Medical book of 1986, to Bellknap Press of Harvard University Press, Boston.", "Hawkins Award for the Outstanding Technical, Scientific or Medical book of 1986, to Bellknap Press of Harvard University Press, Boston. The Wildlife Society (USA) Award for \"Outstanding Publication in Wildlife Ecology and Management\" 1990 Through a Window: 30 years observing the Gombe chimpanzees London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson; Boston: Houghton Mifflin.", "The Wildlife Society (USA) Award for \"Outstanding Publication in Wildlife Ecology and Management\" 1990 Through a Window: 30 years observing the Gombe chimpanzees London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson; Boston: Houghton Mifflin. Translated into more than 15 languages. 1991 Penguin edition, UK.", "1991 Penguin edition, UK. 1991 Penguin edition, UK. American Library Association \"Best\" list among Nine Notable Books (Nonfiction) for 1991 1991 Visions of Caliban (co-authored with Dale Peterson, PhD). Boston: Houghton Mifflin. New York Times \"Notable Book\" for 1993.", "New York Times \"Notable Book\" for 1993. Library Journal \"Best Sci-Tech Book\" for 1993 1999 Brutal Kinship (with Michael Nichols). New York: Aperture Foundation 1999 Reason For Hope; A Spiritual Journey (with Phillip Berman). New York: Warner Books, Inc.", "New York: Warner Books, Inc. Translated into Japanese and Portuguese 2000 40 Years At Gombe New York: Stewart, Tabori, and Chang 2000 Africa In My Blood (edited by Dale Peterson). New York: Houghton Mifflin Company 2001 Beyond Innocence: An Autobiography in Letters, the later years (edited by Dale Peterson).", "New York: Houghton Mifflin Company 2001 Beyond Innocence: An Autobiography in Letters, the later years (edited by Dale Peterson). New York: Houghton Mifflin Company 2002 The Ten Trusts: What We Must Do To Care for the Animals We Love (with Marc Bekoff).", "New York: Houghton Mifflin Company 2002 The Ten Trusts: What We Must Do To Care for the Animals We Love (with Marc Bekoff). San Francisco: Harper San Francisco 2005 Harvest for Hope: A Guide to Mindful Eating New York: Warner Books, Inc. 2009 Hope for Animals and Their World: How Endangered Species Are Being Rescued from the Brink Grand Central Publishing 2013 Seeds of Hope: Wisdom and Wonder from the World of Plants (with Gail Hudson) Grand Central Publishing 2021 The Book of Hope, with Douglas Abrams and Gail Hudson, Viking Children's books 1972 Grub: The Bush Baby (with H. van Lawick).", "San Francisco: Harper San Francisco 2005 Harvest for Hope: A Guide to Mindful Eating New York: Warner Books, Inc. 2009 Hope for Animals and Their World: How Endangered Species Are Being Rescued from the Brink Grand Central Publishing 2013 Seeds of Hope: Wisdom and Wonder from the World of Plants (with Gail Hudson) Grand Central Publishing 2021 The Book of Hope, with Douglas Abrams and Gail Hudson, Viking Children's books 1972 Grub: The Bush Baby (with H. van Lawick). Boston: Houghton Mifflin 1988 My Life with the Chimpanzees New York: Byron Preiss Visual Publications, Inc.", "Boston: Houghton Mifflin 1988 My Life with the Chimpanzees New York: Byron Preiss Visual Publications, Inc. Translated into French, Japanese and Chinese.", "Translated into French, Japanese and Chinese. Parenting's Reading-Magic Award for \"Outstanding Book for Children,\" 1989 1989 The Chimpanzee Family Book Saxonville, MA: Picture Book Studio; Munich: Neugebauer Press; London: Picture Book Studio. Translated into more than 15 languages, including Japanese and Swahili.", "Translated into more than 15 languages, including Japanese and Swahili. The UNICEF Award for the best children's book of 1989. Austrian state prize for best children's book of 1990.", "Austrian state prize for best children's book of 1990. 1989 Jane Goodall's Animal World: Chimps New York: Macmillan 1989 Animal Family Series: Chimpanzee Family; Lion Family; Elephant Family; Zebra Family; Giraffe Family; Baboon Family; Hyena Family; Wildebeest Family Toronto: Madison Marketing Ltd 1994 With Love New York / London: North-South Books.", "1989 Jane Goodall's Animal World: Chimps New York: Macmillan 1989 Animal Family Series: Chimpanzee Family; Lion Family; Elephant Family; Zebra Family; Giraffe Family; Baboon Family; Hyena Family; Wildebeest Family Toronto: Madison Marketing Ltd 1994 With Love New York / London: North-South Books. Translated into German, French, Italian, and Japanese 1999 Dr. White (illustrated by Julie Litty).", "Translated into German, French, Italian, and Japanese 1999 Dr. White (illustrated by Julie Litty). New York: North-South Books 2000 The Eagle & the Wren (illustrated by Alexander Reichstein).", "New York: North-South Books 2000 The Eagle & the Wren (illustrated by Alexander Reichstein). New York: North-South Books 2001 Chimpanzees I Love: Saving Their World and Ours New York: Scholastic Press 2002 (Foreword) \"Slowly, Slowly, Slowly,\" Said the Sloth by Eric Carle.", "New York: North-South Books 2001 Chimpanzees I Love: Saving Their World and Ours New York: Scholastic Press 2002 (Foreword) \"Slowly, Slowly, Slowly,\" Said the Sloth by Eric Carle. Philomel Books 2004 Rickie and Henri: A True Story (with Alan Marks) Penguin Young Readers Group Films Goodall is the subject of more than 40 films: 1965 Miss Goodall and the Wild Chimpanzees National Geographic Society 1973 Jane Goodall and the World of Animal Behavior: The Wild Dogs of Africa with Hugo van Lawick 1975 Miss Goodall: The Hyena Story The World of Animal Behavior Series 16mm 1979 version for DiscoVision, not released for LaserDisc 1976 Lions of the Serengeti an episode of The World About Us on BBC2 1984 Among the Wild Chimpanzees National Geographic Special 1988 People of the Forest with Hugo van Lawick 1990 Chimpanzee Alert in the Nature Watch Series, Central Television 1990 The Life and Legend of Jane Goodall National Geographic Society.", "Philomel Books 2004 Rickie and Henri: A True Story (with Alan Marks) Penguin Young Readers Group Films Goodall is the subject of more than 40 films: 1965 Miss Goodall and the Wild Chimpanzees National Geographic Society 1973 Jane Goodall and the World of Animal Behavior: The Wild Dogs of Africa with Hugo van Lawick 1975 Miss Goodall: The Hyena Story The World of Animal Behavior Series 16mm 1979 version for DiscoVision, not released for LaserDisc 1976 Lions of the Serengeti an episode of The World About Us on BBC2 1984 Among the Wild Chimpanzees National Geographic Special 1988 People of the Forest with Hugo van Lawick 1990 Chimpanzee Alert in the Nature Watch Series, Central Television 1990 The Life and Legend of Jane Goodall National Geographic Society. 1990 The Gombe Chimpanzees Bavarian Television 1995 Fifi's Boys for the Natural World series for the BBC 1996 Chimpanzee Diary for BBC2 Animal Zone 1997 Animal Minds for BBC Goodall voiced herself in the animated TV series The Wild Thornberrys.", "1990 The Gombe Chimpanzees Bavarian Television 1995 Fifi's Boys for the Natural World series for the BBC 1996 Chimpanzee Diary for BBC2 Animal Zone 1997 Animal Minds for BBC Goodall voiced herself in the animated TV series The Wild Thornberrys. 2000 Jane Goodall: Reason For Hope PBS special produced by KTCA 2001 2002 Jane Goodall's Wild Chimpanzees (IMAX format), in collaboration with Science North 2005 Jane Goodall's Return to Gombe for Animal Planet 2006 Chimps, So Like Us HBO film nominated for 1990 Academy Award 2007 When Animals Talk We Should Listen theatrical documentary feature co-produced by Animal Planet 2010 Jane's Journey theatrical documentary feature co-produced by Animal Planet 2012 Chimpanzee theatrical nature documentary feature co-produced by Disneynature 2017 Jane biographical documentary film National Geographic Studios, in association with Public Road Productions.", "2000 Jane Goodall: Reason For Hope PBS special produced by KTCA 2001 2002 Jane Goodall's Wild Chimpanzees (IMAX format), in collaboration with Science North 2005 Jane Goodall's Return to Gombe for Animal Planet 2006 Chimps, So Like Us HBO film nominated for 1990 Academy Award 2007 When Animals Talk We Should Listen theatrical documentary feature co-produced by Animal Planet 2010 Jane's Journey theatrical documentary feature co-produced by Animal Planet 2012 Chimpanzee theatrical nature documentary feature co-produced by Disneynature 2017 Jane biographical documentary film National Geographic Studios, in association with Public Road Productions. The film is directed and written by Brett Morgen, music by Philip Glass 2018 Zayed's Antarctic Lights Dr Jane featured in the Environment Agency-Abu Dhabi film that screened on National Geographic-Abu Dhabi and won a World Medal at the New York Film and TV Awards.", "The film is directed and written by Brett Morgen, music by Philip Glass 2018 Zayed's Antarctic Lights Dr Jane featured in the Environment Agency-Abu Dhabi film that screened on National Geographic-Abu Dhabi and won a World Medal at the New York Film and TV Awards. 2020 Jane Goodall: The Hope, biographical documentary film, National Geographic Studios, produced by Lucky 8 Panel discussions 2021 On 28 January 2021, Jane Goodall took part in a panel event of international experts called Climate Change: Why should we care?, organised by the Science Museum Group See also Animal Faith USC Jane Goodall Research Center Nonhuman Rights Project Dian Fossey, the trimate who studied gorillas until her murder Birutė Galdikas, the trimate who dedicated herself to orangutan study Steven M. Wise Washoe List of animal rights advocates Timeline of women in science References External links The Jane Goodall Institute official website Jane Goodall at Discover Magazine Jane Goodall interviewed by Alyssa McDonald in July 2010 for the New Statesman Jane Goodall – Overpopulation in the Developing World at Fora TV Lecture transcript and video of Goodall's speech at the Joan B. Kroc Institute for Peace & Justice at the University of San Diego, April 2008 Jane Goodall extended film interview with transcripts for the 'Why Are We Here?'", "2020 Jane Goodall: The Hope, biographical documentary film, National Geographic Studios, produced by Lucky 8 Panel discussions 2021 On 28 January 2021, Jane Goodall took part in a panel event of international experts called Climate Change: Why should we care?, organised by the Science Museum Group See also Animal Faith USC Jane Goodall Research Center Nonhuman Rights Project Dian Fossey, the trimate who studied gorillas until her murder Birutė Galdikas, the trimate who dedicated herself to orangutan study Steven M. Wise Washoe List of animal rights advocates Timeline of women in science References External links The Jane Goodall Institute official website Jane Goodall at Discover Magazine Jane Goodall interviewed by Alyssa McDonald in July 2010 for the New Statesman Jane Goodall – Overpopulation in the Developing World at Fora TV Lecture transcript and video of Goodall's speech at the Joan B. Kroc Institute for Peace & Justice at the University of San Diego, April 2008 Jane Goodall extended film interview with transcripts for the 'Why Are We Here?' documentary series.", "documentary series. documentary series. A Conversation with Jane Goodall (audio interview) \"On Being\" radio interview with Krista Tippett, broadcast August 2020 1934 births 20th-century anthropologists 20th-century British biologists 20th-century British women scientists 20th-century English scientists 21st-century anthropologists 21st-century British biologists 21st-century British women scientists 21st-century English scientists Living people Alumni of Newnham College, Cambridge Alumni of Darwin College, Cambridge Fellows of Darwin College, Cambridge Articles containing video clips Baronesses of the Netherlands Benjamin Franklin Medal (Franklin Institute) laureates British people of Welsh descent British women anthropologists Conservation biologists Dames Commander of the Order of the British Empire English anthropologists English cookbook writers English women biologists Ethologists Kyoto laureates in Basic Sciences Members of the European Academy of Sciences and Arts Members of the Society of Woman Geographers Officiers of the Légion d'honneur Recipients of the President's Medal (British Academy) Templeton Prize laureates People from Hampstead People involved in plagiarism controversies Primatologists Scientists from London Sustainability advocates United Nations Messengers of Peace University of Southern California faculty Vegan cookbook writers Veganism activists Women ethologists Women founders Writers about Africa" ]

[ "Jane Goodall", "Jane Goodall Institute", "When was the institute started?", "In 1977,", "What is the institutes purpose?", "), which supports the Gombe research, and she is a global leader in the effort to protect chimpanzees and their habitats.", "Is the institute still going?", "Today, Goodall devotes virtually all of her time to advocacy on behalf of chimpanzees and the environment, travelling nearly 300 days a year.", "What is notable or interesting about the institute and the work it does?", "the JGI is widely recognised for community-centred conservation and development programs in Africa.", "How is the institute funded?", "I don't know.", "Is the institute famous for its work, has it won any awards or recognitions?", "The organisation now has over 10,000 groups in over 100 countries." ]

[ "The Byzantine Institute of America is an organization founded for the preservation of Byzantine art and architecture.\n\nHistory \nWorking with the Turkish government and President Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, its greatest notable success is the preservation of the mosaics in Hagia Sophia starting in June 1931. The institute is located in the Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, in Washington, D.C. The institute's founder was the scholar and archaeologist Thomas Whittemore.\n\nExternal links\n Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, in Washington, DC. http://www.doaks.org/ \n Work of the Byzantine Institute in Hagia Sophia\n Notes on the work of the Byzantine Institute in Istanbul 1957-1959\n\nInstitute\nArts organizations based in Washington, D.C.", "The Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (IPMU) is an international research institute for physics and mathematics situated in Kashiwa, Japan, near Tokyo. Its full name is \"Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe, The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study, the University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan\".\n\nThe main subjects of study at IPMU are particle physics, high energy physics, astrophysics, astronomy and mathematics. The institute addresses five key questions: \"How did the universe begin? What is its fate? What is it made of? What are its fundamental laws? Why do we exist?\"\n\nHistory \n\nThe Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe was created on October 1, 2007, by its founding director Hitoshi Murayama and the University of Tokyo. It is funded by the Japanese Ministry of Science, as a part of their World Premier International Research Center Initiative. In 2012, the IPMU received an endowment from the Kavli Foundation and was renamed the Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe.\n\nMembers of IPMU \n\nMany notable scientists are employed at the IPMU. Among them:\n\n Takaaki Kajita\n Stavros Katsanevas\n Young-Kee Kim\n Toshiyuki Kobayashi\n Hiraku Nakajima\n Yasunori Nomura\n Hirosi Ooguri\n David Spergel\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n Kavli IPMU site\n Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe, Japan (video, 7:25)\n Sixty Years of Science for Peace and Development (UN lecture, video, 13:17)\n\nResearch institutes in Japan\nPhysics institutes\nMathematical institutes\nKavli Institutes\nUniversity of Tokyo" ]

[ "Dame Jane Morris Goodall (; born Valerie Jane Morris-Goodall on 3 April 1934), formerly Baroness Jane van Lawick-Goodall, is an English primatologist and anthropologist. Seen as the world's foremost expert on chimpanzees, Goodall is best known for her 60-year study of social and family interactions of wild chimpanzees since she first went to Gombe Stream National Park in Tanzania in 1960, where she witnessed human-like behaviours amongst chimpanzees, including armed conflict.", "Seen as the world's foremost expert on chimpanzees, Goodall is best known for her 60-year study of social and family interactions of wild chimpanzees since she first went to Gombe Stream National Park in Tanzania in 1960, where she witnessed human-like behaviours amongst chimpanzees, including armed conflict. In April 2002, she was named a UN Messenger of Peace.", "In April 2002, she was named a UN Messenger of Peace. Goodall is an honorary member of the World Future Council.", "Goodall is an honorary member of the World Future Council. Early years Valerie Jane Morris-Goodall was born in 1934 in Hampstead, London, to businessman Mortimer Herbert Morris-Goodall (1907–2001) and Margaret Myfanwe Joseph (1906–2000), a novelist from Milford Haven, Pembrokeshire, who wrote under the name Vanne Morris-Goodall.", "Early years Valerie Jane Morris-Goodall was born in 1934 in Hampstead, London, to businessman Mortimer Herbert Morris-Goodall (1907–2001) and Margaret Myfanwe Joseph (1906–2000), a novelist from Milford Haven, Pembrokeshire, who wrote under the name Vanne Morris-Goodall. The family later moved to Bournemouth, and Goodall attended Uplands School, an independent school in nearby Poole.", "The family later moved to Bournemouth, and Goodall attended Uplands School, an independent school in nearby Poole. As a child, as an alternative to a teddy bear, Goodall's father gave her a stuffed chimpanzee named Jubilee.", "As a child, as an alternative to a teddy bear, Goodall's father gave her a stuffed chimpanzee named Jubilee. Goodall has said her fondness for this figure started her early love of animals, commenting, \"My mother's friends were horrified by this toy, thinking it would frighten me and give me nightmares.\"", "Goodall has said her fondness for this figure started her early love of animals, commenting, \"My mother's friends were horrified by this toy, thinking it would frighten me and give me nightmares.\" Today, Jubilee still sits on Goodall's dresser in London.", "Today, Jubilee still sits on Goodall's dresser in London. Africa Goodall had always been drawn to animals and Africa, which brought her to the farm of a friend in the Kenya highlands in 1957.", "Africa Goodall had always been drawn to animals and Africa, which brought her to the farm of a friend in the Kenya highlands in 1957. From there, she obtained work as a secretary, and acting on her friend's advice, she telephoned Louis Leakey, the Kenyan archaeologist and palaeontologist, with no other thought than to make an appointment to discuss animals.", "From there, she obtained work as a secretary, and acting on her friend's advice, she telephoned Louis Leakey, the Kenyan archaeologist and palaeontologist, with no other thought than to make an appointment to discuss animals. Leakey, believing that the study of existing great apes could provide indications of the behaviour of early hominids, was looking for a chimpanzee researcher, though he kept the idea to himself.", "Leakey, believing that the study of existing great apes could provide indications of the behaviour of early hominids, was looking for a chimpanzee researcher, though he kept the idea to himself. Instead, he proposed that Goodall work for him as a secretary.", "Instead, he proposed that Goodall work for him as a secretary. After obtaining approval from his co-researcher and wife, British paleoanthropologist Mary Leakey, Louis sent Goodall to Olduvai Gorge in Tanganyika (present-day Tanzania), where he laid out his plans.", "After obtaining approval from his co-researcher and wife, British paleoanthropologist Mary Leakey, Louis sent Goodall to Olduvai Gorge in Tanganyika (present-day Tanzania), where he laid out his plans. In 1958, Leakey sent Goodall to London to study primate behaviour with Osman Hill and primate anatomy with John Napier.", "In 1958, Leakey sent Goodall to London to study primate behaviour with Osman Hill and primate anatomy with John Napier. Leakey raised funds, and on 14 July 1960, Goodall went to Gombe Stream National Park, becoming the first of what would come to be called The Trimates.", "Leakey raised funds, and on 14 July 1960, Goodall went to Gombe Stream National Park, becoming the first of what would come to be called The Trimates. She was accompanied by her mother, whose presence was necessary to satisfy the requirements of David Anstey, chief warden, who was concerned for their safety.", "She was accompanied by her mother, whose presence was necessary to satisfy the requirements of David Anstey, chief warden, who was concerned for their safety. Goodall credits her mother with encouraging her to pursue a career in primatology, a male-dominated field at the time.", "Goodall credits her mother with encouraging her to pursue a career in primatology, a male-dominated field at the time. Goodall has stated that women were not accepted in the field when she started her research in the late 1950s.", "Goodall has stated that women were not accepted in the field when she started her research in the late 1950s. Today, the field of primatology is made up almost evenly of men and women, in part thanks to the trailblazing of Goodall and her encouragement of young women to join the field.", "Today, the field of primatology is made up almost evenly of men and women, in part thanks to the trailblazing of Goodall and her encouragement of young women to join the field. Leakey arranged funding, and in 1962 he sent Goodall, who had no degree, to the University of Cambridge.", "Leakey arranged funding, and in 1962 he sent Goodall, who had no degree, to the University of Cambridge. She went to Newnham College, Cambridge, where she obtained a PhD in ethology. She was the eighth person to be allowed to study for a PhD there without first having obtained a Bachelor's degree.", "She was the eighth person to be allowed to study for a PhD there without first having obtained a Bachelor's degree. Her thesis was completed in 1966 under the supervision of Robert Hinde on the Behaviour of free-living chimpanzees, detailing her first five years of study at the Gombe Reserve.", "Her thesis was completed in 1966 under the supervision of Robert Hinde on the Behaviour of free-living chimpanzees, detailing her first five years of study at the Gombe Reserve. On 19 June 2006 the Open University of Tanzania awarded her an honorary Doctor of Science degree.", "On 19 June 2006 the Open University of Tanzania awarded her an honorary Doctor of Science degree. Work Research at Gombe Stream National Park Goodall is best known for her study of chimpanzee social and family life. She began studying the Kasakela chimpanzee community in Gombe Stream National Park, Tanzania, in 1960.", "She began studying the Kasakela chimpanzee community in Gombe Stream National Park, Tanzania, in 1960. Instead of numbering the chimpanzees she observed, she gave them names such as Fifi and David Greybeard and observed them to have unique and individual personalities, an unconventional idea at the time.", "Instead of numbering the chimpanzees she observed, she gave them names such as Fifi and David Greybeard and observed them to have unique and individual personalities, an unconventional idea at the time. She found that \"it isn't only human beings who have personality, who are capable of rational thought [and] emotions like joy and sorrow.\"", "She found that \"it isn't only human beings who have personality, who are capable of rational thought [and] emotions like joy and sorrow.\" She also observed behaviours such as hugs, kisses, pats on the back, and even tickling, what we consider \"human\" actions.", "She also observed behaviours such as hugs, kisses, pats on the back, and even tickling, what we consider \"human\" actions. Goodall insists that these gestures are evidence of \"the close, supportive, affectionate bonds that develop between family members and other individuals within a community, which can persist throughout a life span of more than 50 years.\"", "Goodall insists that these gestures are evidence of \"the close, supportive, affectionate bonds that develop between family members and other individuals within a community, which can persist throughout a life span of more than 50 years.\" These findings suggest that similarities between humans and chimpanzees exist in more than genes alone and can be seen in emotion, intelligence, and family and social relationships.", "These findings suggest that similarities between humans and chimpanzees exist in more than genes alone and can be seen in emotion, intelligence, and family and social relationships. Goodall's research at Gombe Stream is best known to the scientific community for challenging two long-standing beliefs of the day: that only humans could construct and use tools, and that chimpanzees were vegetarians.", "Goodall's research at Gombe Stream is best known to the scientific community for challenging two long-standing beliefs of the day: that only humans could construct and use tools, and that chimpanzees were vegetarians. While observing one chimpanzee feeding at a termite mound, she watched him repeatedly place stalks of grass into termite holes, then remove them from the hole covered with clinging termites, effectively \"fishing\" for termites.", "While observing one chimpanzee feeding at a termite mound, she watched him repeatedly place stalks of grass into termite holes, then remove them from the hole covered with clinging termites, effectively \"fishing\" for termites. The chimpanzees would also take twigs from trees and strip off the leaves to make the twig more effective, a form of object modification that is the rudimentary beginnings of toolmaking.", "The chimpanzees would also take twigs from trees and strip off the leaves to make the twig more effective, a form of object modification that is the rudimentary beginnings of toolmaking. Humans had long distinguished themselves from the rest of the animal kingdom as \"Man the Toolmaker\".", "Humans had long distinguished themselves from the rest of the animal kingdom as \"Man the Toolmaker\". In response to Goodall's revolutionary findings, Louis Leakey wrote, \"We must now redefine man, redefine tool, or accept chimpanzees as human!\"", "In response to Goodall's revolutionary findings, Louis Leakey wrote, \"We must now redefine man, redefine tool, or accept chimpanzees as human!\" In contrast to the peaceful and affectionate behaviours she observed, Goodall also found an aggressive side of chimpanzee nature at Gombe Stream.", "In contrast to the peaceful and affectionate behaviours she observed, Goodall also found an aggressive side of chimpanzee nature at Gombe Stream. She discovered that chimpanzees will systematically hunt and eat smaller primates such as colobus monkeys.", "She discovered that chimpanzees will systematically hunt and eat smaller primates such as colobus monkeys. Goodall watched a hunting group isolate a colobus monkey high in a tree and block all possible exits; then one chimpanzee climbed up and captured and killed the colobus.", "Goodall watched a hunting group isolate a colobus monkey high in a tree and block all possible exits; then one chimpanzee climbed up and captured and killed the colobus. The others then each took parts of the carcass, sharing with other members of the troop in response to begging behaviours.", "The others then each took parts of the carcass, sharing with other members of the troop in response to begging behaviours. The chimpanzees at Gombe kill and eat as much as one-third of the colobus population in the park each year. This alone was a major scientific find that challenged previous conceptions of chimpanzee diet and behaviour.", "This alone was a major scientific find that challenged previous conceptions of chimpanzee diet and behaviour. Goodall also observed the tendency for aggression and violence within chimpanzee troops. Goodall observed dominant females deliberately killing the young of other females in the troop to maintain their dominance, sometimes going as far as cannibalism.", "Goodall observed dominant females deliberately killing the young of other females in the troop to maintain their dominance, sometimes going as far as cannibalism. She says of this revelation, \"During the first ten years of the study I had believed […] that the Gombe chimpanzees were, for the most part, rather nicer than human beings.", "She says of this revelation, \"During the first ten years of the study I had believed […] that the Gombe chimpanzees were, for the most part, rather nicer than human beings. […] Then suddenly we found that chimpanzees could be brutal—that they, like us, had a darker side to their nature.\"", "[…] Then suddenly we found that chimpanzees could be brutal—that they, like us, had a darker side to their nature.\" She described the 1974–1978 Gombe Chimpanzee War in her 1990 memoir, Through a Window: My Thirty Years with the Chimpanzees of Gombe.", "She described the 1974–1978 Gombe Chimpanzee War in her 1990 memoir, Through a Window: My Thirty Years with the Chimpanzees of Gombe. Her findings revolutionised contemporary knowledge of chimpanzee behaviour and were further evidence of the social similarities between humans and chimpanzees, albeit in a much darker manner.", "Her findings revolutionised contemporary knowledge of chimpanzee behaviour and were further evidence of the social similarities between humans and chimpanzees, albeit in a much darker manner. Goodall also set herself apart from the traditional conventions of the time by naming the animals in her studies of primates instead of assigning each a number.", "Goodall also set herself apart from the traditional conventions of the time by naming the animals in her studies of primates instead of assigning each a number. Numbering was a nearly universal practice at the time and was thought to be important in the removal of oneself from the potential for emotional attachment to the subject being studied.", "Numbering was a nearly universal practice at the time and was thought to be important in the removal of oneself from the potential for emotional attachment to the subject being studied. Setting herself apart from other researchers also led her to develop a close bond with the chimpanzees and to become, to this day, the only human ever accepted into chimpanzee society.", "Setting herself apart from other researchers also led her to develop a close bond with the chimpanzees and to become, to this day, the only human ever accepted into chimpanzee society. She was the lowest-ranking member of a troop for a period of 22 months.", "She was the lowest-ranking member of a troop for a period of 22 months. Among those whom Goodall named during her years in Gombe were: David Greybeard, a grey-chinned male who first warmed up to Goodall; Goliath, a friend of David Greybeard, originally the alpha male named for his bold nature; Mike, who through his cunning and improvisation displaced Goliath as the alpha male; Humphrey, a big, strong, bullysome male; Gigi, a large, sterile female who delighted in being the \"aunt\" of any young chimps or humans; Mr. McGregor, a belligerent older male; Flo, a motherly, high-ranking female with a bulbous nose and ragged ears, and her children; Figan, Faben, Freud, Fifi, and Flint; Frodo, Fifi's second-oldest child, an aggressive male who would frequently attack Jane and ultimately forced her to leave the troop when he became alpha male.", "Among those whom Goodall named during her years in Gombe were: David Greybeard, a grey-chinned male who first warmed up to Goodall; Goliath, a friend of David Greybeard, originally the alpha male named for his bold nature; Mike, who through his cunning and improvisation displaced Goliath as the alpha male; Humphrey, a big, strong, bullysome male; Gigi, a large, sterile female who delighted in being the \"aunt\" of any young chimps or humans; Mr. McGregor, a belligerent older male; Flo, a motherly, high-ranking female with a bulbous nose and ragged ears, and her children; Figan, Faben, Freud, Fifi, and Flint; Frodo, Fifi's second-oldest child, an aggressive male who would frequently attack Jane and ultimately forced her to leave the troop when he became alpha male. Jane Goodall Institute In 1977, Goodall established the Jane Goodall Institute (JGI), which supports the Gombe research, and she is a global leader in the effort to protect chimpanzees and their habitats.", "Jane Goodall Institute In 1977, Goodall established the Jane Goodall Institute (JGI), which supports the Gombe research, and she is a global leader in the effort to protect chimpanzees and their habitats. With nineteen offices around the world, the JGI is widely recognised for community-centred conservation and development programs in Africa.", "With nineteen offices around the world, the JGI is widely recognised for community-centred conservation and development programs in Africa. Its global youth program, Roots & Shoots, began in 1991 when a group of 16 local teenagers met with Goodall on her back porch in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.", "Its global youth program, Roots & Shoots, began in 1991 when a group of 16 local teenagers met with Goodall on her back porch in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. They were eager to discuss a range of problems they knew about from first-hand experience that caused them deep concern.", "They were eager to discuss a range of problems they knew about from first-hand experience that caused them deep concern. The organisation now has over 10,000 groups in over 100 countries. In 1992, Goodall founded the Tchimpounga Chimpanzee Rehabilatation Centre in the Republic of Congo to care for chimpanzees orphaned due to bush-meat trade.", "In 1992, Goodall founded the Tchimpounga Chimpanzee Rehabilatation Centre in the Republic of Congo to care for chimpanzees orphaned due to bush-meat trade. The rehabilitation houses over a hundred chimps over its three islands.", "The rehabilitation houses over a hundred chimps over its three islands. In 1994, Goodall founded the Lake Tanganyika Catchment Reforestation and Education (TACARE or \"Take Care\") pilot project to protect chimpanzees' habitat from deforestation by reforesting hills around Gombe while simultaneously educating neighbouring communities on sustainability and agriculture training.", "In 1994, Goodall founded the Lake Tanganyika Catchment Reforestation and Education (TACARE or \"Take Care\") pilot project to protect chimpanzees' habitat from deforestation by reforesting hills around Gombe while simultaneously educating neighbouring communities on sustainability and agriculture training. The TACARE project also supports young girls by offering them access to reproductive health education and through scholarships to finance their college tuition.", "The TACARE project also supports young girls by offering them access to reproductive health education and through scholarships to finance their college tuition. Owing to an overflow of handwritten notes, photographs, and data piling up at Jane's home in Dar es Salaam in the mid-1990s, the Jane Goodall Institute's Center for Primate Studies was created at the University of Minnesota to house and organise this data.", "Owing to an overflow of handwritten notes, photographs, and data piling up at Jane's home in Dar es Salaam in the mid-1990s, the Jane Goodall Institute's Center for Primate Studies was created at the University of Minnesota to house and organise this data. Currently all of the original Jane Goodall archives reside there and have been digitised, analysed, and placed in an online database.", "Currently all of the original Jane Goodall archives reside there and have been digitised, analysed, and placed in an online database. On 17 March 2011, Duke University spokesman Karl Bates announced that the archives will move to Duke, with Anne E. Pusey, Duke's chairman of evolutionary anthropology, overseeing the collection.", "On 17 March 2011, Duke University spokesman Karl Bates announced that the archives will move to Duke, with Anne E. Pusey, Duke's chairman of evolutionary anthropology, overseeing the collection. Pusey, who managed the archives in Minnesota and worked with Goodall in Tanzania, had worked at Duke for a year.", "Pusey, who managed the archives in Minnesota and worked with Goodall in Tanzania, had worked at Duke for a year. In 2018 and 2020, Goodall partnered with friend, CEO Michael Cammarata on two natural product lines from Schmidt's Naturals and Neptune Wellness Solutions. Five percent of every sale benefited the Jane Goodall Institute.", "Five percent of every sale benefited the Jane Goodall Institute. Today, Goodall devotes virtually all of her time to advocacy on behalf of chimpanzees and the environment, travelling nearly 300 days a year. Goodall is also on the advisory council for the world's largest chimpanzee sanctuary outside of Africa, Save the Chimps in Fort Pierce, Florida.", "Goodall is also on the advisory council for the world's largest chimpanzee sanctuary outside of Africa, Save the Chimps in Fort Pierce, Florida. Activism Goodall credits the 1986 Understanding Chimpanzees conference, hosted by the Chicago Academy of Sciences, with shifting her focus from observation of chimpanzees to a broader and more intense concern with animal-human conservation.", "Activism Goodall credits the 1986 Understanding Chimpanzees conference, hosted by the Chicago Academy of Sciences, with shifting her focus from observation of chimpanzees to a broader and more intense concern with animal-human conservation. She is the former president of Advocates for Animals, an organisation based in Edinburgh, Scotland, that campaigns against the use of animals in medical research, zoos, farming and sport.", "She is the former president of Advocates for Animals, an organisation based in Edinburgh, Scotland, that campaigns against the use of animals in medical research, zoos, farming and sport. Goodall is a vegetarian and advocates the diet for ethical, environmental, and health reasons.", "Goodall is a vegetarian and advocates the diet for ethical, environmental, and health reasons. In The Inner World of Farm Animals (2009), Goodall writes that farm animals are \"far more aware and intelligent than we ever imagined and, despite having been bred as domestic slaves, they are individual beings in their own right.", "In The Inner World of Farm Animals (2009), Goodall writes that farm animals are \"far more aware and intelligent than we ever imagined and, despite having been bred as domestic slaves, they are individual beings in their own right. As such, they deserve our respect. And our help.", "And our help. And our help. Who will plead for them if we are silent?\" Goodall has also said: \"Thousands of people who say they 'love' animals sit down once or twice a day to enjoy the flesh of creatures who have been treated so with little respect and kindness just to make more meat.\"", "Goodall has also said: \"Thousands of people who say they 'love' animals sit down once or twice a day to enjoy the flesh of creatures who have been treated so with little respect and kindness just to make more meat.\" In 2021, Goodall became a vegan and authored a cookbook titled Eat Meat Less.", "In 2021, Goodall became a vegan and authored a cookbook titled Eat Meat Less. Goodall is an outspoken environmental advocate, speaking on the effects of climate change on endangered species such as chimpanzees.", "Goodall is an outspoken environmental advocate, speaking on the effects of climate change on endangered species such as chimpanzees. Goodall, alongside her foundation, collaborated with NASA to use satellite imagery from the Landsat series to remedy the effects of deforestation on chimpanzees and local communities in Western Africa by offering the villagers information on how to reduce activity and preserve their environment.", "Goodall, alongside her foundation, collaborated with NASA to use satellite imagery from the Landsat series to remedy the effects of deforestation on chimpanzees and local communities in Western Africa by offering the villagers information on how to reduce activity and preserve their environment. In 2000, to ensure the safe and ethical treatment of animals during ethological studies, Goodall, alongside Professor Mark Bekoff, founded the organization Ethologists for the Ethical Treatment of Animals.", "In 2000, to ensure the safe and ethical treatment of animals during ethological studies, Goodall, alongside Professor Mark Bekoff, founded the organization Ethologists for the Ethical Treatment of Animals. In April 2008, Goodall gave a lecture entitled \"Reason for Hope\" at the University of San Diego's Joan B. Kroc Institute for Peace & Justice Distinguished Lecture Series.", "In April 2008, Goodall gave a lecture entitled \"Reason for Hope\" at the University of San Diego's Joan B. Kroc Institute for Peace & Justice Distinguished Lecture Series. In 2008, Goodall demanded the European Union end the use of medical research on animals and ensure more funding for alternative methods of medical research.", "In 2008, Goodall demanded the European Union end the use of medical research on animals and ensure more funding for alternative methods of medical research. In May 2008, Goodall controversially described Edinburgh Zoo's new primate enclosure as a \"wonderful facility\" where monkeys \"are probably better off [than those] living in the wild in an area like Budongo, where one in six gets caught in a wire snare, and countries like Congo, where chimpanzees, monkeys and gorillas are shot for food commercially.\"", "In May 2008, Goodall controversially described Edinburgh Zoo's new primate enclosure as a \"wonderful facility\" where monkeys \"are probably better off [than those] living in the wild in an area like Budongo, where one in six gets caught in a wire snare, and countries like Congo, where chimpanzees, monkeys and gorillas are shot for food commercially.\" This was in conflict with Advocates for Animals' position on captive animals.", "This was in conflict with Advocates for Animals' position on captive animals. In June 2008, Goodall confirmed that she had resigned the presidency of the organisation which she had held since 1998, citing her busy schedule and explaining, \"I just don't have time for them.\"", "In June 2008, Goodall confirmed that she had resigned the presidency of the organisation which she had held since 1998, citing her busy schedule and explaining, \"I just don't have time for them.\" Goodall is a patron of population concern charity Population Matters and is currently an ambassador for Disneynature.", "Goodall is a patron of population concern charity Population Matters and is currently an ambassador for Disneynature. In 2010, Goodall, through JGI, formed a coalition with a number of organizations such as the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) and the Humane Society of the United States (HSUS) and petitioned to list all chimpanzees, including those that are captive, as endangered.", "In 2010, Goodall, through JGI, formed a coalition with a number of organizations such as the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) and the Humane Society of the United States (HSUS) and petitioned to list all chimpanzees, including those that are captive, as endangered. In 2015, the U.S.", "In 2015, the U.S. In 2015, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service(FWS) announced that they would accept this rule and that all chimpanzees would be classified as endangered. In 2011, Goodall became a patron of Australian animal protection group Voiceless, the animal protection institute.", "In 2011, Goodall became a patron of Australian animal protection group Voiceless, the animal protection institute. \"I have for decades been concerned about factory farming, in part because of the tremendous harm inflicted on the environment, but also because of the shocking ongoing cruelty perpetuated on millions of sentient beings.\"", "\"I have for decades been concerned about factory farming, in part because of the tremendous harm inflicted on the environment, but also because of the shocking ongoing cruelty perpetuated on millions of sentient beings.\" In 2012, Goodall took on the role of challenger for the Engage in Conservation Challenge with the DO School, formerly known as the D&F Academy.", "In 2012, Goodall took on the role of challenger for the Engage in Conservation Challenge with the DO School, formerly known as the D&F Academy. She worked with a group of aspiring social entrepreneurs to create a workshop to engage young people in conserving biodiversity, and to tackle a perceived global lack of awareness of the issue.", "She worked with a group of aspiring social entrepreneurs to create a workshop to engage young people in conserving biodiversity, and to tackle a perceived global lack of awareness of the issue. In 2014, Goodall wrote to Air France executives, criticizing the airline's continued transport of monkeys to laboratories.", "In 2014, Goodall wrote to Air France executives, criticizing the airline's continued transport of monkeys to laboratories. Goodall called the practice \"cruel\" and \"traumatic\" for the monkeys involved.", "Goodall called the practice \"cruel\" and \"traumatic\" for the monkeys involved. The same year, Goodall also wrote to the National Institutes of Health (NIH) to criticize maternal deprivation experiments on baby monkeys in NIH laboratories.", "The same year, Goodall also wrote to the National Institutes of Health (NIH) to criticize maternal deprivation experiments on baby monkeys in NIH laboratories. Prior to the 2015 UK general election, she was one of several celebrities who endorsed the parliamentary candidacy of the Green Party's Caroline Lucas.", "Prior to the 2015 UK general election, she was one of several celebrities who endorsed the parliamentary candidacy of the Green Party's Caroline Lucas. Goodall is a critic of fox hunting and was among more than 20 high-profile people who signed a letter to Members of Parliament in 2015 opposing Conservative prime minister David Cameron's plan to amend the Hunting Act 2004.", "Goodall is a critic of fox hunting and was among more than 20 high-profile people who signed a letter to Members of Parliament in 2015 opposing Conservative prime minister David Cameron's plan to amend the Hunting Act 2004. During August 2019, Goodall was honoured for her contributions to science with a bronze sculpture in midtown Manhattan alongside nine other women, part of the \"Statues for Equality\" project.", "During August 2019, Goodall was honoured for her contributions to science with a bronze sculpture in midtown Manhattan alongside nine other women, part of the \"Statues for Equality\" project. In 2020, continuing her organization's work on the environment, Goodall vowed to plant 5 million trees, part of the 1 trillion tree initiative founded by the World Economic Forum.", "In 2020, continuing her organization's work on the environment, Goodall vowed to plant 5 million trees, part of the 1 trillion tree initiative founded by the World Economic Forum. In February 2021, Jane Goodall and more than 140 scientists called on the EU Commission to abolish caging of farm animals. Personal life Goodall has married twice.", "Personal life Goodall has married twice. On 28 March 1964, she married a Dutch nobleman, wildlife photographer Baron Hugo van Lawick, at Chelsea Old Church, London, and became known during their marriage as Baroness Jane van Lawick-Goodall. The couple had a son, Hugo Eric Louis (born 1967); they divorced in 1974.", "The couple had a son, Hugo Eric Louis (born 1967); they divorced in 1974. The following year, she married Derek Bryceson, a member of Tanzania's parliament and the director of that country's national parks. He died of cancer in October 1980.", "He died of cancer in October 1980. Owing to his position in the Tanzanian government as head of the country's national park system, Bryceson could protect Goodall's research project and implement an embargo on tourism at Gombe. Goodall has stated that dogs are her favourite animal.", "Goodall has stated that dogs are her favourite animal. Goodall suffers from prosopagnosia, which makes it difficult to recognize familiar faces. Religion and spirituality Goodall was raised in a Christian congregationalist family. As a young woman, she took night classes in Theosophy.", "As a young woman, she took night classes in Theosophy. Her family were occasional churchgoers, but Goodall began attending more regularly as a teenager when the church appointed a new minister, Trevor Davies. \"He was highly intelligent and his sermons were powerful and thought-provoking... I could have listened to his voice for hours...", "I could have listened to his voice for hours... I fell madly in love with him... Suddenly, no one had to encourage me to go to church. Indeed, there were never enough services for my liking.\"", "Indeed, there were never enough services for my liking.\" Of her later discovery of the atheism and agnosticism of many of her scientific colleagues, Goodall wrote that \"[f]ortunately, by the time I got to Cambridge I was twenty-seven years old and my beliefs had already moulded so that I was not influenced by these opinions.\"", "Of her later discovery of the atheism and agnosticism of many of her scientific colleagues, Goodall wrote that \"[f]ortunately, by the time I got to Cambridge I was twenty-seven years old and my beliefs had already moulded so that I was not influenced by these opinions.\" In her 1999 book Reason for Hope: A Spiritual Journey, Goodall describes the implications of a mystical experience she had at Notre Dame Cathedral in 1977: \"Since I cannot believe that this was the result of chance, I have to admit anti-chance.", "In her 1999 book Reason for Hope: A Spiritual Journey, Goodall describes the implications of a mystical experience she had at Notre Dame Cathedral in 1977: \"Since I cannot believe that this was the result of chance, I have to admit anti-chance. And so I must believe in a guiding power in the universe – in other words, I must believe in God.\"", "And so I must believe in a guiding power in the universe – in other words, I must believe in God.\" When asked if she believes in God, Goodall said in September 2010: \"I don't have any idea of who or what God is. But I do believe in some great spiritual power.", "But I do believe in some great spiritual power. I feel it particularly when I'm out in nature. It's just something that's bigger and stronger than what I am or what anybody is. I feel it. And it's enough for me.\"", "And it's enough for me.\" When asked in the same year if she still considers herself a Christian, Goodall told the Guardian \"I suppose so; I was raised as a Christian.\"", "When asked in the same year if she still considers herself a Christian, Goodall told the Guardian \"I suppose so; I was raised as a Christian.\" In her foreword to the 2017 book The Intelligence of the Cosmos by Ervin Laszlo, a philosopher of science who advocates quantum consciousness theory, Goodall wrote: \"we must accept that there is an Intelligence driving the process [of evolution], that the Universe and life on Earth are inspired and in-formed by an unknown and unknowable Creator, a Supreme Being, a Great Spiritual Power.\"", "In her foreword to the 2017 book The Intelligence of the Cosmos by Ervin Laszlo, a philosopher of science who advocates quantum consciousness theory, Goodall wrote: \"we must accept that there is an Intelligence driving the process [of evolution], that the Universe and life on Earth are inspired and in-formed by an unknown and unknowable Creator, a Supreme Being, a Great Spiritual Power.\" Criticism Goodall used unconventional practices in her study; for example, naming individuals instead of numbering them.", "Criticism Goodall used unconventional practices in her study; for example, naming individuals instead of numbering them. At the time, numbering was used to prevent emotional attachment and loss of objectivity.", "At the time, numbering was used to prevent emotional attachment and loss of objectivity. Goodall wrote in 1993: \"When, in the early 1960s, I brazenly used such words as 'childhood', 'adolescence', 'motivation', 'excitement', and 'mood' I was much criticised.", "Goodall wrote in 1993: \"When, in the early 1960s, I brazenly used such words as 'childhood', 'adolescence', 'motivation', 'excitement', and 'mood' I was much criticised. Even worse was my crime of suggesting that chimpanzees had 'personalities'.", "Even worse was my crime of suggesting that chimpanzees had 'personalities'. I was ascribing human characteristics to nonhuman animals and was thus guilty of that worst of ethological sins -anthropomorphism.\"", "I was ascribing human characteristics to nonhuman animals and was thus guilty of that worst of ethological sins -anthropomorphism.\" Many standard methods aim to avoid interference by observers, and in particular some believe that the use of feeding stations to attract Gombe chimpanzees has altered normal foraging and feeding patterns and social relationships.", "Many standard methods aim to avoid interference by observers, and in particular some believe that the use of feeding stations to attract Gombe chimpanzees has altered normal foraging and feeding patterns and social relationships. This argument is the focus of a book published by Margaret Power in 1991.", "This argument is the focus of a book published by Margaret Power in 1991. It has been suggested that higher levels of aggression and conflict with other chimpanzee groups in the area were due to the feeding, which could have created the \"wars\" between chimpanzee social groups described by Goodall, aspects of which she did not witness in the years before artificial feeding began at Gombe.", "It has been suggested that higher levels of aggression and conflict with other chimpanzee groups in the area were due to the feeding, which could have created the \"wars\" between chimpanzee social groups described by Goodall, aspects of which she did not witness in the years before artificial feeding began at Gombe. Thus, some regard Goodall's observations as distortions of normal chimpanzee behaviour.", "Thus, some regard Goodall's observations as distortions of normal chimpanzee behaviour. Goodall herself acknowledged that feeding contributed to aggression within and between groups, but maintained that the effect was limited to alteration of the intensity and not the nature of chimpanzee conflict, and further suggested that feeding was necessary for the study to be effective at all.", "Goodall herself acknowledged that feeding contributed to aggression within and between groups, but maintained that the effect was limited to alteration of the intensity and not the nature of chimpanzee conflict, and further suggested that feeding was necessary for the study to be effective at all. Craig Stanford of the Jane Goodall Research Institute at the University of Southern California states that researchers conducting studies with no artificial provisioning have a difficult time viewing any social behaviour of chimpanzees, especially those related to inter-group conflict.", "Craig Stanford of the Jane Goodall Research Institute at the University of Southern California states that researchers conducting studies with no artificial provisioning have a difficult time viewing any social behaviour of chimpanzees, especially those related to inter-group conflict. Some recent studies, such as those by Crickette Sanz in the Goualougo Triangle (Congo) and Christophe Boesch in the Taï National Park (Ivory Coast), have not shown the aggression observed in the Gombe studies.", "Some recent studies, such as those by Crickette Sanz in the Goualougo Triangle (Congo) and Christophe Boesch in the Taï National Park (Ivory Coast), have not shown the aggression observed in the Gombe studies. However, other primatologists disagree that the studies are flawed; for example, Jim Moore provides a critique of Margaret Powers' assertions and some studies of other chimpanzee groups have shown aggression similar to that in Gombe even in the absence of feeding.", "However, other primatologists disagree that the studies are flawed; for example, Jim Moore provides a critique of Margaret Powers' assertions and some studies of other chimpanzee groups have shown aggression similar to that in Gombe even in the absence of feeding. Plagiarism and Seeds of Hope On 22 March 2013, Hachette Book Group announced that Goodall's and co-author Gail Hudson's new book, Seeds of Hope, would not be released on 2 April as planned due to the discovery of plagiarised portions.", "Plagiarism and Seeds of Hope On 22 March 2013, Hachette Book Group announced that Goodall's and co-author Gail Hudson's new book, Seeds of Hope, would not be released on 2 April as planned due to the discovery of plagiarised portions. A reviewer for The Washington Post found unattributed sections that were copied from websites about organic tea, tobacco, an \"amateurish astrology site\", as well as from Wikipedia.", "A reviewer for The Washington Post found unattributed sections that were copied from websites about organic tea, tobacco, an \"amateurish astrology site\", as well as from Wikipedia. Goodall apologised and stated, \"It is important to me that the proper sources are credited, and I will be working diligently with my team to address all areas of concern.", "Goodall apologised and stated, \"It is important to me that the proper sources are credited, and I will be working diligently with my team to address all areas of concern. My goal is to ensure that when this book is released it is not only up to the highest of standards, but also that the focus be on the crucial messages it conveys.\"", "My goal is to ensure that when this book is released it is not only up to the highest of standards, but also that the focus be on the crucial messages it conveys.\" The book was released on 1 April 2014, after review and the addition of 57 pages of endnotes.", "The book was released on 1 April 2014, after review and the addition of 57 pages of endnotes. In popular culture Gary Larson cartoon incident One of Gary Larson's Far Side cartoons shows two chimpanzees grooming.", "In popular culture Gary Larson cartoon incident One of Gary Larson's Far Side cartoons shows two chimpanzees grooming. One finds a blonde human hair on the other and inquires, \"Conducting a little more 'research' with that Jane Goodall tramp?\"", "One finds a blonde human hair on the other and inquires, \"Conducting a little more 'research' with that Jane Goodall tramp?\" Goodall herself was in Africa at the time, and the Jane Goodall Institute thought this was in bad taste and had its lawyers draft a letter to Larson and his distribution syndicate in which they described the cartoon as an \"atrocity\".", "Goodall herself was in Africa at the time, and the Jane Goodall Institute thought this was in bad taste and had its lawyers draft a letter to Larson and his distribution syndicate in which they described the cartoon as an \"atrocity\". They were stymied by Goodall herself: When she returned and saw the cartoon, she stated that she found the cartoon amusing.", "They were stymied by Goodall herself: When she returned and saw the cartoon, she stated that she found the cartoon amusing. Since then, all profits from sales of a shirt featuring this cartoon go to the Jane Goodall Institute.", "Since then, all profits from sales of a shirt featuring this cartoon go to the Jane Goodall Institute. Goodall wrote a preface to The Far Side Gallery 5, detailing her version of the controversy, and the institute's letter was included next to the cartoon in the complete Far Side collection.", "Goodall wrote a preface to The Far Side Gallery 5, detailing her version of the controversy, and the institute's letter was included next to the cartoon in the complete Far Side collection. She praised Larson's creative ideas, which often compare and contrast the behaviour of humans and animals.", "She praised Larson's creative ideas, which often compare and contrast the behaviour of humans and animals. In 1988, when Larson visited Goodall's research facility in Tanzania, he was attacked by a chimpanzee named Frodo. Lego The Lego Group announced a set called 40530 Jane Goodall Tribute that will be released on 3 March 2022.", "Lego The Lego Group announced a set called 40530 Jane Goodall Tribute that will be released on 3 March 2022. Radio Four Today programme On December 31, 2021, Goodall was the guest editor of the BBC Radio Four Today programme. She chose Francis Collins to be presenter of Thought for the Day.", "She chose Francis Collins to be presenter of Thought for the Day. Awards and recognition Honours Goodall has received many honours for her environmental and humanitarian work, as well as others. She was named a Dame Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire in an Investiture held in Buckingham Palace in 2004.", "She was named a Dame Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire in an Investiture held in Buckingham Palace in 2004. In April 2002, Secretary-General Kofi Annan named Goodall a United Nations Messenger of Peace.", "In April 2002, Secretary-General Kofi Annan named Goodall a United Nations Messenger of Peace. Her other honours include the Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement, the French Legion of Honour, Medal of Tanzania, Japan's prestigious Kyoto Prize, the Benjamin Franklin Medal in Life Science, the Gandhi-King Award for Nonviolence and the Spanish Prince of Asturias Awards.", "Her other honours include the Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement, the French Legion of Honour, Medal of Tanzania, Japan's prestigious Kyoto Prize, the Benjamin Franklin Medal in Life Science, the Gandhi-King Award for Nonviolence and the Spanish Prince of Asturias Awards. She is also a member of the advisory board of BBC Wildlife magazine and a patron of Population Matters (formerly the Optimum Population Trust).", "She is also a member of the advisory board of BBC Wildlife magazine and a patron of Population Matters (formerly the Optimum Population Trust). She has received many tributes, honours, and awards from local governments, schools, institutions, and charities around the world.", "She has received many tributes, honours, and awards from local governments, schools, institutions, and charities around the world. Goodall is honoured by The Walt Disney Company with a plaque on the Tree of Life at Walt Disney World's Animal Kingdom theme park, alongside a carving of her beloved David Greybeard, the original chimpanzee that approached Goodall during her first year at Gombe.", "Goodall is honoured by The Walt Disney Company with a plaque on the Tree of Life at Walt Disney World's Animal Kingdom theme park, alongside a carving of her beloved David Greybeard, the original chimpanzee that approached Goodall during her first year at Gombe. In 2010, Dave Matthews and Tim Reynolds held a benefit concert at DAR Constitution Hall in Washington DC to commemorate Gombe 50: a global celebration of Jane Goodall's pioneering chimpanzee research and inspiring vision for our future.", "In 2010, Dave Matthews and Tim Reynolds held a benefit concert at DAR Constitution Hall in Washington DC to commemorate Gombe 50: a global celebration of Jane Goodall's pioneering chimpanzee research and inspiring vision for our future. Time magazine named Goodall as one of the 100 most influential people in the world in 2019.", "Time magazine named Goodall as one of the 100 most influential people in the world in 2019. In 2021, she received the Templeton Prize. Media Books 1969 My Friends the Wild Chimpanzees Washington, DC: National Geographic Society 1971 Innocent Killers (with H. van Lawick).", "Media Books 1969 My Friends the Wild Chimpanzees Washington, DC: National Geographic Society 1971 Innocent Killers (with H. van Lawick). Boston: Houghton Mifflin; London: Collins 1971 In the Shadow of Man Boston: Houghton Mifflin; London: Collins.", "Boston: Houghton Mifflin; London: Collins 1971 In the Shadow of Man Boston: Houghton Mifflin; London: Collins. Published in 48 languages 1986 The Chimpanzees of Gombe: Patterns of Behavior Boston: Bellknap Press of the Harvard University Press. Published also in Japanese and Russian. R.R.", "Published also in Japanese and Russian. R.R. R.R. Hawkins Award for the Outstanding Technical, Scientific or Medical book of 1986, to Bellknap Press of Harvard University Press, Boston.", "Hawkins Award for the Outstanding Technical, Scientific or Medical book of 1986, to Bellknap Press of Harvard University Press, Boston. The Wildlife Society (USA) Award for \"Outstanding Publication in Wildlife Ecology and Management\" 1990 Through a Window: 30 years observing the Gombe chimpanzees London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson; Boston: Houghton Mifflin.", "The Wildlife Society (USA) Award for \"Outstanding Publication in Wildlife Ecology and Management\" 1990 Through a Window: 30 years observing the Gombe chimpanzees London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson; Boston: Houghton Mifflin. Translated into more than 15 languages. 1991 Penguin edition, UK.", "1991 Penguin edition, UK. 1991 Penguin edition, UK. American Library Association \"Best\" list among Nine Notable Books (Nonfiction) for 1991 1991 Visions of Caliban (co-authored with Dale Peterson, PhD). Boston: Houghton Mifflin. New York Times \"Notable Book\" for 1993.", "New York Times \"Notable Book\" for 1993. Library Journal \"Best Sci-Tech Book\" for 1993 1999 Brutal Kinship (with Michael Nichols). New York: Aperture Foundation 1999 Reason For Hope; A Spiritual Journey (with Phillip Berman). New York: Warner Books, Inc.", "New York: Warner Books, Inc. Translated into Japanese and Portuguese 2000 40 Years At Gombe New York: Stewart, Tabori, and Chang 2000 Africa In My Blood (edited by Dale Peterson). New York: Houghton Mifflin Company 2001 Beyond Innocence: An Autobiography in Letters, the later years (edited by Dale Peterson).", "New York: Houghton Mifflin Company 2001 Beyond Innocence: An Autobiography in Letters, the later years (edited by Dale Peterson). New York: Houghton Mifflin Company 2002 The Ten Trusts: What We Must Do To Care for the Animals We Love (with Marc Bekoff).", "New York: Houghton Mifflin Company 2002 The Ten Trusts: What We Must Do To Care for the Animals We Love (with Marc Bekoff). San Francisco: Harper San Francisco 2005 Harvest for Hope: A Guide to Mindful Eating New York: Warner Books, Inc. 2009 Hope for Animals and Their World: How Endangered Species Are Being Rescued from the Brink Grand Central Publishing 2013 Seeds of Hope: Wisdom and Wonder from the World of Plants (with Gail Hudson) Grand Central Publishing 2021 The Book of Hope, with Douglas Abrams and Gail Hudson, Viking Children's books 1972 Grub: The Bush Baby (with H. van Lawick).", "San Francisco: Harper San Francisco 2005 Harvest for Hope: A Guide to Mindful Eating New York: Warner Books, Inc. 2009 Hope for Animals and Their World: How Endangered Species Are Being Rescued from the Brink Grand Central Publishing 2013 Seeds of Hope: Wisdom and Wonder from the World of Plants (with Gail Hudson) Grand Central Publishing 2021 The Book of Hope, with Douglas Abrams and Gail Hudson, Viking Children's books 1972 Grub: The Bush Baby (with H. van Lawick). Boston: Houghton Mifflin 1988 My Life with the Chimpanzees New York: Byron Preiss Visual Publications, Inc.", "Boston: Houghton Mifflin 1988 My Life with the Chimpanzees New York: Byron Preiss Visual Publications, Inc. Translated into French, Japanese and Chinese.", "Translated into French, Japanese and Chinese. Parenting's Reading-Magic Award for \"Outstanding Book for Children,\" 1989 1989 The Chimpanzee Family Book Saxonville, MA: Picture Book Studio; Munich: Neugebauer Press; London: Picture Book Studio. Translated into more than 15 languages, including Japanese and Swahili.", "Translated into more than 15 languages, including Japanese and Swahili. The UNICEF Award for the best children's book of 1989. Austrian state prize for best children's book of 1990.", "Austrian state prize for best children's book of 1990. 1989 Jane Goodall's Animal World: Chimps New York: Macmillan 1989 Animal Family Series: Chimpanzee Family; Lion Family; Elephant Family; Zebra Family; Giraffe Family; Baboon Family; Hyena Family; Wildebeest Family Toronto: Madison Marketing Ltd 1994 With Love New York / London: North-South Books.", "1989 Jane Goodall's Animal World: Chimps New York: Macmillan 1989 Animal Family Series: Chimpanzee Family; Lion Family; Elephant Family; Zebra Family; Giraffe Family; Baboon Family; Hyena Family; Wildebeest Family Toronto: Madison Marketing Ltd 1994 With Love New York / London: North-South Books. Translated into German, French, Italian, and Japanese 1999 Dr. White (illustrated by Julie Litty).", "Translated into German, French, Italian, and Japanese 1999 Dr. White (illustrated by Julie Litty). New York: North-South Books 2000 The Eagle & the Wren (illustrated by Alexander Reichstein).", "New York: North-South Books 2000 The Eagle & the Wren (illustrated by Alexander Reichstein). New York: North-South Books 2001 Chimpanzees I Love: Saving Their World and Ours New York: Scholastic Press 2002 (Foreword) \"Slowly, Slowly, Slowly,\" Said the Sloth by Eric Carle.", "New York: North-South Books 2001 Chimpanzees I Love: Saving Their World and Ours New York: Scholastic Press 2002 (Foreword) \"Slowly, Slowly, Slowly,\" Said the Sloth by Eric Carle. Philomel Books 2004 Rickie and Henri: A True Story (with Alan Marks) Penguin Young Readers Group Films Goodall is the subject of more than 40 films: 1965 Miss Goodall and the Wild Chimpanzees National Geographic Society 1973 Jane Goodall and the World of Animal Behavior: The Wild Dogs of Africa with Hugo van Lawick 1975 Miss Goodall: The Hyena Story The World of Animal Behavior Series 16mm 1979 version for DiscoVision, not released for LaserDisc 1976 Lions of the Serengeti an episode of The World About Us on BBC2 1984 Among the Wild Chimpanzees National Geographic Special 1988 People of the Forest with Hugo van Lawick 1990 Chimpanzee Alert in the Nature Watch Series, Central Television 1990 The Life and Legend of Jane Goodall National Geographic Society.", "Philomel Books 2004 Rickie and Henri: A True Story (with Alan Marks) Penguin Young Readers Group Films Goodall is the subject of more than 40 films: 1965 Miss Goodall and the Wild Chimpanzees National Geographic Society 1973 Jane Goodall and the World of Animal Behavior: The Wild Dogs of Africa with Hugo van Lawick 1975 Miss Goodall: The Hyena Story The World of Animal Behavior Series 16mm 1979 version for DiscoVision, not released for LaserDisc 1976 Lions of the Serengeti an episode of The World About Us on BBC2 1984 Among the Wild Chimpanzees National Geographic Special 1988 People of the Forest with Hugo van Lawick 1990 Chimpanzee Alert in the Nature Watch Series, Central Television 1990 The Life and Legend of Jane Goodall National Geographic Society. 1990 The Gombe Chimpanzees Bavarian Television 1995 Fifi's Boys for the Natural World series for the BBC 1996 Chimpanzee Diary for BBC2 Animal Zone 1997 Animal Minds for BBC Goodall voiced herself in the animated TV series The Wild Thornberrys.", "1990 The Gombe Chimpanzees Bavarian Television 1995 Fifi's Boys for the Natural World series for the BBC 1996 Chimpanzee Diary for BBC2 Animal Zone 1997 Animal Minds for BBC Goodall voiced herself in the animated TV series The Wild Thornberrys. 2000 Jane Goodall: Reason For Hope PBS special produced by KTCA 2001 2002 Jane Goodall's Wild Chimpanzees (IMAX format), in collaboration with Science North 2005 Jane Goodall's Return to Gombe for Animal Planet 2006 Chimps, So Like Us HBO film nominated for 1990 Academy Award 2007 When Animals Talk We Should Listen theatrical documentary feature co-produced by Animal Planet 2010 Jane's Journey theatrical documentary feature co-produced by Animal Planet 2012 Chimpanzee theatrical nature documentary feature co-produced by Disneynature 2017 Jane biographical documentary film National Geographic Studios, in association with Public Road Productions.", "2000 Jane Goodall: Reason For Hope PBS special produced by KTCA 2001 2002 Jane Goodall's Wild Chimpanzees (IMAX format), in collaboration with Science North 2005 Jane Goodall's Return to Gombe for Animal Planet 2006 Chimps, So Like Us HBO film nominated for 1990 Academy Award 2007 When Animals Talk We Should Listen theatrical documentary feature co-produced by Animal Planet 2010 Jane's Journey theatrical documentary feature co-produced by Animal Planet 2012 Chimpanzee theatrical nature documentary feature co-produced by Disneynature 2017 Jane biographical documentary film National Geographic Studios, in association with Public Road Productions. The film is directed and written by Brett Morgen, music by Philip Glass 2018 Zayed's Antarctic Lights Dr Jane featured in the Environment Agency-Abu Dhabi film that screened on National Geographic-Abu Dhabi and won a World Medal at the New York Film and TV Awards.", "The film is directed and written by Brett Morgen, music by Philip Glass 2018 Zayed's Antarctic Lights Dr Jane featured in the Environment Agency-Abu Dhabi film that screened on National Geographic-Abu Dhabi and won a World Medal at the New York Film and TV Awards. 2020 Jane Goodall: The Hope, biographical documentary film, National Geographic Studios, produced by Lucky 8 Panel discussions 2021 On 28 January 2021, Jane Goodall took part in a panel event of international experts called Climate Change: Why should we care?, organised by the Science Museum Group See also Animal Faith USC Jane Goodall Research Center Nonhuman Rights Project Dian Fossey, the trimate who studied gorillas until her murder Birutė Galdikas, the trimate who dedicated herself to orangutan study Steven M. Wise Washoe List of animal rights advocates Timeline of women in science References External links The Jane Goodall Institute official website Jane Goodall at Discover Magazine Jane Goodall interviewed by Alyssa McDonald in July 2010 for the New Statesman Jane Goodall – Overpopulation in the Developing World at Fora TV Lecture transcript and video of Goodall's speech at the Joan B. Kroc Institute for Peace & Justice at the University of San Diego, April 2008 Jane Goodall extended film interview with transcripts for the 'Why Are We Here?'", "2020 Jane Goodall: The Hope, biographical documentary film, National Geographic Studios, produced by Lucky 8 Panel discussions 2021 On 28 January 2021, Jane Goodall took part in a panel event of international experts called Climate Change: Why should we care?, organised by the Science Museum Group See also Animal Faith USC Jane Goodall Research Center Nonhuman Rights Project Dian Fossey, the trimate who studied gorillas until her murder Birutė Galdikas, the trimate who dedicated herself to orangutan study Steven M. Wise Washoe List of animal rights advocates Timeline of women in science References External links The Jane Goodall Institute official website Jane Goodall at Discover Magazine Jane Goodall interviewed by Alyssa McDonald in July 2010 for the New Statesman Jane Goodall – Overpopulation in the Developing World at Fora TV Lecture transcript and video of Goodall's speech at the Joan B. Kroc Institute for Peace & Justice at the University of San Diego, April 2008 Jane Goodall extended film interview with transcripts for the 'Why Are We Here?' documentary series.", "documentary series. documentary series. A Conversation with Jane Goodall (audio interview) \"On Being\" radio interview with Krista Tippett, broadcast August 2020 1934 births 20th-century anthropologists 20th-century British biologists 20th-century British women scientists 20th-century English scientists 21st-century anthropologists 21st-century British biologists 21st-century British women scientists 21st-century English scientists Living people Alumni of Newnham College, Cambridge Alumni of Darwin College, Cambridge Fellows of Darwin College, Cambridge Articles containing video clips Baronesses of the Netherlands Benjamin Franklin Medal (Franklin Institute) laureates British people of Welsh descent British women anthropologists Conservation biologists Dames Commander of the Order of the British Empire English anthropologists English cookbook writers English women biologists Ethologists Kyoto laureates in Basic Sciences Members of the European Academy of Sciences and Arts Members of the Society of Woman Geographers Officiers of the Légion d'honneur Recipients of the President's Medal (British Academy) Templeton Prize laureates People from Hampstead People involved in plagiarism controversies Primatologists Scientists from London Sustainability advocates United Nations Messengers of Peace University of Southern California faculty Vegan cookbook writers Veganism activists Women ethologists Women founders Writers about Africa" ]

[ "Jane Goodall", "Jane Goodall Institute", "When was the institute started?", "In 1977,", "What is the institutes purpose?", "), which supports the Gombe research, and she is a global leader in the effort to protect chimpanzees and their habitats.", "Is the institute still going?", "Today, Goodall devotes virtually all of her time to advocacy on behalf of chimpanzees and the environment, travelling nearly 300 days a year.", "What is notable or interesting about the institute and the work it does?", "the JGI is widely recognised for community-centred conservation and development programs in Africa.", "How is the institute funded?", "I don't know.", "Is the institute famous for its work, has it won any awards or recognitions?", "The organisation now has over 10,000 groups in over 100 countries.", "What else is notable about the institute and its work?", "the Jane Goodall Institute's Center for Primate Studies was created at the University of Minnesota to house and organise this data.", "Is the institute considered successful in its missions and goals?", "Currently all of the original Jane Goodall archives reside there and have been digitised and analysed and placed in an online database." ]

[ "Sergio, real name Serge Quisquater, is a Belgian musician born in Leuven on 2 April 1965. His first record was released in 1987. He became well known as the male half of the duo \"Taste of Joy\", together with singer Sandy Boets. They released several singles and albums. Later they changed their name to Touch of Joy and had some international successes.\n\nSince 1999 Sergio has hosted several television shows, and the Touch Of Joy project brought him new success with the song \"I Can't Let You Go\".\n\nIn 2002 he represented Belgium in the Eurovision Song Contest together with three Dutch women, Ibernice Macbean, Ingrid Simons and Jodi Pijper. They called themselves \"Sergio & The Ladies\" and performed Sister.\n\nReferences\n\nEurovision Song Contest entrants for Belgium\nEurovision Song Contest entrants of 2002\nMusicians from Leuven\nBelgian pop music groups", "In probability theory and statistics, the negative hypergeometric distribution describes probabilities for when sampling from a finite population without replacement in which each sample can be classified into two mutually exclusive categories like Pass/Fail, Male/Female or Employed/Unemployed. As random selections are made from the population, each subsequent draw decreases the population causing the probability of success to change with each draw. Unlike the standard hypergeometric distribution, which describes the number of successes in a fixed sample size, in the negative hypergeometric distribution, samples are drawn until failures have been found, and the distribution describes the probability of finding successes in such a sample. In other words, the negative hypergeometric distribution describes the likelihood of successes in a sample with exactly failures.\n\nDefinition \nThere are elements, of which are defined as \"successes\" and the rest are \"failures\".\n\nElements are drawn one after the other, without replacements, until failures are encountered. Then, the drawing stops and the number of successes is counted. The negative hypergeometric distribution, is the discrete distribution of this .\n\nThe negative hypergeometric distribution is a special case of the beta-binomial distribution with parameters and both being integers (and ).\n\nThe outcome requires that we observe successes in draws and the bit must be a failure. The probability of the former can be found by the direct application of the hypergeometric distribution and the probability of the latter is simply the number of failures remaining divided by the size of the remaining population . The probability of having exactly successes up to the failure (i.e. the drawing stops as soon as the sample includes the predefined number of failures) is then the product of these two probabilities: \n\nTherefore, a random variable follows the negative hypergeometric distribution if its probability mass function (pmf) is given by\n\nwhere\n is the population size,\n is the number of success states in the population,\n is the number of failures,\n is the number of observed successes,\n is a binomial coefficient\nBy design the probabilities sum up to 1. However, in case we want show it explicitly we have:\n\nwhere we have used that,\n\nwhich can be derived using the binomial identity, , and the Chu–Vandermonde identity, , which holds for any complex-values and and any non-negative integer . \n\nThe relationship can also be found by examination of the coefficient of in the expansion of , using Newton's binomial series.\n\nExpectation \nWhen counting the number of successes before failures, the expected number of successes is and can be derived as follows. \n\nwhere we have used the relationship , that we derived above to show that the negative hypergeometric distribution was properly normalized.\n\nVariance \nThe variance can be derived by the following calculation.\n\nThen the variance is\n\nRelated distributions \nIf the drawing stops after a constant number of draws (regardless of the number of failures), then the number of successes has the hypergeometric distribution, . The two functions are related in the following way:\n\nNegative-hypergeometric distribution (like the hypergeometric distribution) deals with draws without replacement, so that the probability of success is different in each draw. In contrast, negative-binomial distribution (like the binomial distribution) deals with draws with replacement, so that the probability of success is the same and the trials are independent. The following table summarizes the four distributions related to drawing items:\n\nReferences \n\nDiscrete distributions\nFactorial and binomial topics" ]

[ "Dame Jane Morris Goodall (; born Valerie Jane Morris-Goodall on 3 April 1934), formerly Baroness Jane van Lawick-Goodall, is an English primatologist and anthropologist. Seen as the world's foremost expert on chimpanzees, Goodall is best known for her 60-year study of social and family interactions of wild chimpanzees since she first went to Gombe Stream National Park in Tanzania in 1960, where she witnessed human-like behaviours amongst chimpanzees, including armed conflict.", "Seen as the world's foremost expert on chimpanzees, Goodall is best known for her 60-year study of social and family interactions of wild chimpanzees since she first went to Gombe Stream National Park in Tanzania in 1960, where she witnessed human-like behaviours amongst chimpanzees, including armed conflict. In April 2002, she was named a UN Messenger of Peace.", "In April 2002, she was named a UN Messenger of Peace. Goodall is an honorary member of the World Future Council.", "Goodall is an honorary member of the World Future Council. Early years Valerie Jane Morris-Goodall was born in 1934 in Hampstead, London, to businessman Mortimer Herbert Morris-Goodall (1907–2001) and Margaret Myfanwe Joseph (1906–2000), a novelist from Milford Haven, Pembrokeshire, who wrote under the name Vanne Morris-Goodall.", "Early years Valerie Jane Morris-Goodall was born in 1934 in Hampstead, London, to businessman Mortimer Herbert Morris-Goodall (1907–2001) and Margaret Myfanwe Joseph (1906–2000), a novelist from Milford Haven, Pembrokeshire, who wrote under the name Vanne Morris-Goodall. The family later moved to Bournemouth, and Goodall attended Uplands School, an independent school in nearby Poole.", "The family later moved to Bournemouth, and Goodall attended Uplands School, an independent school in nearby Poole. As a child, as an alternative to a teddy bear, Goodall's father gave her a stuffed chimpanzee named Jubilee.", "As a child, as an alternative to a teddy bear, Goodall's father gave her a stuffed chimpanzee named Jubilee. Goodall has said her fondness for this figure started her early love of animals, commenting, \"My mother's friends were horrified by this toy, thinking it would frighten me and give me nightmares.\"", "Goodall has said her fondness for this figure started her early love of animals, commenting, \"My mother's friends were horrified by this toy, thinking it would frighten me and give me nightmares.\" Today, Jubilee still sits on Goodall's dresser in London.", "Today, Jubilee still sits on Goodall's dresser in London. Africa Goodall had always been drawn to animals and Africa, which brought her to the farm of a friend in the Kenya highlands in 1957.", "Africa Goodall had always been drawn to animals and Africa, which brought her to the farm of a friend in the Kenya highlands in 1957. From there, she obtained work as a secretary, and acting on her friend's advice, she telephoned Louis Leakey, the Kenyan archaeologist and palaeontologist, with no other thought than to make an appointment to discuss animals.", "From there, she obtained work as a secretary, and acting on her friend's advice, she telephoned Louis Leakey, the Kenyan archaeologist and palaeontologist, with no other thought than to make an appointment to discuss animals. Leakey, believing that the study of existing great apes could provide indications of the behaviour of early hominids, was looking for a chimpanzee researcher, though he kept the idea to himself.", "Leakey, believing that the study of existing great apes could provide indications of the behaviour of early hominids, was looking for a chimpanzee researcher, though he kept the idea to himself. Instead, he proposed that Goodall work for him as a secretary.", "Instead, he proposed that Goodall work for him as a secretary. After obtaining approval from his co-researcher and wife, British paleoanthropologist Mary Leakey, Louis sent Goodall to Olduvai Gorge in Tanganyika (present-day Tanzania), where he laid out his plans.", "After obtaining approval from his co-researcher and wife, British paleoanthropologist Mary Leakey, Louis sent Goodall to Olduvai Gorge in Tanganyika (present-day Tanzania), where he laid out his plans. In 1958, Leakey sent Goodall to London to study primate behaviour with Osman Hill and primate anatomy with John Napier.", "In 1958, Leakey sent Goodall to London to study primate behaviour with Osman Hill and primate anatomy with John Napier. Leakey raised funds, and on 14 July 1960, Goodall went to Gombe Stream National Park, becoming the first of what would come to be called The Trimates.", "Leakey raised funds, and on 14 July 1960, Goodall went to Gombe Stream National Park, becoming the first of what would come to be called The Trimates. She was accompanied by her mother, whose presence was necessary to satisfy the requirements of David Anstey, chief warden, who was concerned for their safety.", "She was accompanied by her mother, whose presence was necessary to satisfy the requirements of David Anstey, chief warden, who was concerned for their safety. Goodall credits her mother with encouraging her to pursue a career in primatology, a male-dominated field at the time.", "Goodall credits her mother with encouraging her to pursue a career in primatology, a male-dominated field at the time. Goodall has stated that women were not accepted in the field when she started her research in the late 1950s.", "Goodall has stated that women were not accepted in the field when she started her research in the late 1950s. Today, the field of primatology is made up almost evenly of men and women, in part thanks to the trailblazing of Goodall and her encouragement of young women to join the field.", "Today, the field of primatology is made up almost evenly of men and women, in part thanks to the trailblazing of Goodall and her encouragement of young women to join the field. Leakey arranged funding, and in 1962 he sent Goodall, who had no degree, to the University of Cambridge.", "Leakey arranged funding, and in 1962 he sent Goodall, who had no degree, to the University of Cambridge. She went to Newnham College, Cambridge, where she obtained a PhD in ethology. She was the eighth person to be allowed to study for a PhD there without first having obtained a Bachelor's degree.", "She was the eighth person to be allowed to study for a PhD there without first having obtained a Bachelor's degree. Her thesis was completed in 1966 under the supervision of Robert Hinde on the Behaviour of free-living chimpanzees, detailing her first five years of study at the Gombe Reserve.", "Her thesis was completed in 1966 under the supervision of Robert Hinde on the Behaviour of free-living chimpanzees, detailing her first five years of study at the Gombe Reserve. On 19 June 2006 the Open University of Tanzania awarded her an honorary Doctor of Science degree.", "On 19 June 2006 the Open University of Tanzania awarded her an honorary Doctor of Science degree. Work Research at Gombe Stream National Park Goodall is best known for her study of chimpanzee social and family life. She began studying the Kasakela chimpanzee community in Gombe Stream National Park, Tanzania, in 1960.", "She began studying the Kasakela chimpanzee community in Gombe Stream National Park, Tanzania, in 1960. Instead of numbering the chimpanzees she observed, she gave them names such as Fifi and David Greybeard and observed them to have unique and individual personalities, an unconventional idea at the time.", "Instead of numbering the chimpanzees she observed, she gave them names such as Fifi and David Greybeard and observed them to have unique and individual personalities, an unconventional idea at the time. She found that \"it isn't only human beings who have personality, who are capable of rational thought [and] emotions like joy and sorrow.\"", "She found that \"it isn't only human beings who have personality, who are capable of rational thought [and] emotions like joy and sorrow.\" She also observed behaviours such as hugs, kisses, pats on the back, and even tickling, what we consider \"human\" actions.", "She also observed behaviours such as hugs, kisses, pats on the back, and even tickling, what we consider \"human\" actions. Goodall insists that these gestures are evidence of \"the close, supportive, affectionate bonds that develop between family members and other individuals within a community, which can persist throughout a life span of more than 50 years.\"", "Goodall insists that these gestures are evidence of \"the close, supportive, affectionate bonds that develop between family members and other individuals within a community, which can persist throughout a life span of more than 50 years.\" These findings suggest that similarities between humans and chimpanzees exist in more than genes alone and can be seen in emotion, intelligence, and family and social relationships.", "These findings suggest that similarities between humans and chimpanzees exist in more than genes alone and can be seen in emotion, intelligence, and family and social relationships. Goodall's research at Gombe Stream is best known to the scientific community for challenging two long-standing beliefs of the day: that only humans could construct and use tools, and that chimpanzees were vegetarians.", "Goodall's research at Gombe Stream is best known to the scientific community for challenging two long-standing beliefs of the day: that only humans could construct and use tools, and that chimpanzees were vegetarians. While observing one chimpanzee feeding at a termite mound, she watched him repeatedly place stalks of grass into termite holes, then remove them from the hole covered with clinging termites, effectively \"fishing\" for termites.", "While observing one chimpanzee feeding at a termite mound, she watched him repeatedly place stalks of grass into termite holes, then remove them from the hole covered with clinging termites, effectively \"fishing\" for termites. The chimpanzees would also take twigs from trees and strip off the leaves to make the twig more effective, a form of object modification that is the rudimentary beginnings of toolmaking.", "The chimpanzees would also take twigs from trees and strip off the leaves to make the twig more effective, a form of object modification that is the rudimentary beginnings of toolmaking. Humans had long distinguished themselves from the rest of the animal kingdom as \"Man the Toolmaker\".", "Humans had long distinguished themselves from the rest of the animal kingdom as \"Man the Toolmaker\". In response to Goodall's revolutionary findings, Louis Leakey wrote, \"We must now redefine man, redefine tool, or accept chimpanzees as human!\"", "In response to Goodall's revolutionary findings, Louis Leakey wrote, \"We must now redefine man, redefine tool, or accept chimpanzees as human!\" In contrast to the peaceful and affectionate behaviours she observed, Goodall also found an aggressive side of chimpanzee nature at Gombe Stream.", "In contrast to the peaceful and affectionate behaviours she observed, Goodall also found an aggressive side of chimpanzee nature at Gombe Stream. She discovered that chimpanzees will systematically hunt and eat smaller primates such as colobus monkeys.", "She discovered that chimpanzees will systematically hunt and eat smaller primates such as colobus monkeys. Goodall watched a hunting group isolate a colobus monkey high in a tree and block all possible exits; then one chimpanzee climbed up and captured and killed the colobus.", "Goodall watched a hunting group isolate a colobus monkey high in a tree and block all possible exits; then one chimpanzee climbed up and captured and killed the colobus. The others then each took parts of the carcass, sharing with other members of the troop in response to begging behaviours.", "The others then each took parts of the carcass, sharing with other members of the troop in response to begging behaviours. The chimpanzees at Gombe kill and eat as much as one-third of the colobus population in the park each year. This alone was a major scientific find that challenged previous conceptions of chimpanzee diet and behaviour.", "This alone was a major scientific find that challenged previous conceptions of chimpanzee diet and behaviour. Goodall also observed the tendency for aggression and violence within chimpanzee troops. Goodall observed dominant females deliberately killing the young of other females in the troop to maintain their dominance, sometimes going as far as cannibalism.", "Goodall observed dominant females deliberately killing the young of other females in the troop to maintain their dominance, sometimes going as far as cannibalism. She says of this revelation, \"During the first ten years of the study I had believed […] that the Gombe chimpanzees were, for the most part, rather nicer than human beings.", "She says of this revelation, \"During the first ten years of the study I had believed […] that the Gombe chimpanzees were, for the most part, rather nicer than human beings. […] Then suddenly we found that chimpanzees could be brutal—that they, like us, had a darker side to their nature.\"", "[…] Then suddenly we found that chimpanzees could be brutal—that they, like us, had a darker side to their nature.\" She described the 1974–1978 Gombe Chimpanzee War in her 1990 memoir, Through a Window: My Thirty Years with the Chimpanzees of Gombe.", "She described the 1974–1978 Gombe Chimpanzee War in her 1990 memoir, Through a Window: My Thirty Years with the Chimpanzees of Gombe. Her findings revolutionised contemporary knowledge of chimpanzee behaviour and were further evidence of the social similarities between humans and chimpanzees, albeit in a much darker manner.", "Her findings revolutionised contemporary knowledge of chimpanzee behaviour and were further evidence of the social similarities between humans and chimpanzees, albeit in a much darker manner. Goodall also set herself apart from the traditional conventions of the time by naming the animals in her studies of primates instead of assigning each a number.", "Goodall also set herself apart from the traditional conventions of the time by naming the animals in her studies of primates instead of assigning each a number. Numbering was a nearly universal practice at the time and was thought to be important in the removal of oneself from the potential for emotional attachment to the subject being studied.", "Numbering was a nearly universal practice at the time and was thought to be important in the removal of oneself from the potential for emotional attachment to the subject being studied. Setting herself apart from other researchers also led her to develop a close bond with the chimpanzees and to become, to this day, the only human ever accepted into chimpanzee society.", "Setting herself apart from other researchers also led her to develop a close bond with the chimpanzees and to become, to this day, the only human ever accepted into chimpanzee society. She was the lowest-ranking member of a troop for a period of 22 months.", "She was the lowest-ranking member of a troop for a period of 22 months. Among those whom Goodall named during her years in Gombe were: David Greybeard, a grey-chinned male who first warmed up to Goodall; Goliath, a friend of David Greybeard, originally the alpha male named for his bold nature; Mike, who through his cunning and improvisation displaced Goliath as the alpha male; Humphrey, a big, strong, bullysome male; Gigi, a large, sterile female who delighted in being the \"aunt\" of any young chimps or humans; Mr. McGregor, a belligerent older male; Flo, a motherly, high-ranking female with a bulbous nose and ragged ears, and her children; Figan, Faben, Freud, Fifi, and Flint; Frodo, Fifi's second-oldest child, an aggressive male who would frequently attack Jane and ultimately forced her to leave the troop when he became alpha male.", "Among those whom Goodall named during her years in Gombe were: David Greybeard, a grey-chinned male who first warmed up to Goodall; Goliath, a friend of David Greybeard, originally the alpha male named for his bold nature; Mike, who through his cunning and improvisation displaced Goliath as the alpha male; Humphrey, a big, strong, bullysome male; Gigi, a large, sterile female who delighted in being the \"aunt\" of any young chimps or humans; Mr. McGregor, a belligerent older male; Flo, a motherly, high-ranking female with a bulbous nose and ragged ears, and her children; Figan, Faben, Freud, Fifi, and Flint; Frodo, Fifi's second-oldest child, an aggressive male who would frequently attack Jane and ultimately forced her to leave the troop when he became alpha male. Jane Goodall Institute In 1977, Goodall established the Jane Goodall Institute (JGI), which supports the Gombe research, and she is a global leader in the effort to protect chimpanzees and their habitats.", "Jane Goodall Institute In 1977, Goodall established the Jane Goodall Institute (JGI), which supports the Gombe research, and she is a global leader in the effort to protect chimpanzees and their habitats. With nineteen offices around the world, the JGI is widely recognised for community-centred conservation and development programs in Africa.", "With nineteen offices around the world, the JGI is widely recognised for community-centred conservation and development programs in Africa. Its global youth program, Roots & Shoots, began in 1991 when a group of 16 local teenagers met with Goodall on her back porch in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.", "Its global youth program, Roots & Shoots, began in 1991 when a group of 16 local teenagers met with Goodall on her back porch in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. They were eager to discuss a range of problems they knew about from first-hand experience that caused them deep concern.", "They were eager to discuss a range of problems they knew about from first-hand experience that caused them deep concern. The organisation now has over 10,000 groups in over 100 countries. In 1992, Goodall founded the Tchimpounga Chimpanzee Rehabilatation Centre in the Republic of Congo to care for chimpanzees orphaned due to bush-meat trade.", "In 1992, Goodall founded the Tchimpounga Chimpanzee Rehabilatation Centre in the Republic of Congo to care for chimpanzees orphaned due to bush-meat trade. The rehabilitation houses over a hundred chimps over its three islands.", "The rehabilitation houses over a hundred chimps over its three islands. In 1994, Goodall founded the Lake Tanganyika Catchment Reforestation and Education (TACARE or \"Take Care\") pilot project to protect chimpanzees' habitat from deforestation by reforesting hills around Gombe while simultaneously educating neighbouring communities on sustainability and agriculture training.", "In 1994, Goodall founded the Lake Tanganyika Catchment Reforestation and Education (TACARE or \"Take Care\") pilot project to protect chimpanzees' habitat from deforestation by reforesting hills around Gombe while simultaneously educating neighbouring communities on sustainability and agriculture training. The TACARE project also supports young girls by offering them access to reproductive health education and through scholarships to finance their college tuition.", "The TACARE project also supports young girls by offering them access to reproductive health education and through scholarships to finance their college tuition. Owing to an overflow of handwritten notes, photographs, and data piling up at Jane's home in Dar es Salaam in the mid-1990s, the Jane Goodall Institute's Center for Primate Studies was created at the University of Minnesota to house and organise this data.", "Owing to an overflow of handwritten notes, photographs, and data piling up at Jane's home in Dar es Salaam in the mid-1990s, the Jane Goodall Institute's Center for Primate Studies was created at the University of Minnesota to house and organise this data. Currently all of the original Jane Goodall archives reside there and have been digitised, analysed, and placed in an online database.", "Currently all of the original Jane Goodall archives reside there and have been digitised, analysed, and placed in an online database. On 17 March 2011, Duke University spokesman Karl Bates announced that the archives will move to Duke, with Anne E. Pusey, Duke's chairman of evolutionary anthropology, overseeing the collection.", "On 17 March 2011, Duke University spokesman Karl Bates announced that the archives will move to Duke, with Anne E. Pusey, Duke's chairman of evolutionary anthropology, overseeing the collection. Pusey, who managed the archives in Minnesota and worked with Goodall in Tanzania, had worked at Duke for a year.", "Pusey, who managed the archives in Minnesota and worked with Goodall in Tanzania, had worked at Duke for a year. In 2018 and 2020, Goodall partnered with friend, CEO Michael Cammarata on two natural product lines from Schmidt's Naturals and Neptune Wellness Solutions. Five percent of every sale benefited the Jane Goodall Institute.", "Five percent of every sale benefited the Jane Goodall Institute. Today, Goodall devotes virtually all of her time to advocacy on behalf of chimpanzees and the environment, travelling nearly 300 days a year. Goodall is also on the advisory council for the world's largest chimpanzee sanctuary outside of Africa, Save the Chimps in Fort Pierce, Florida.", "Goodall is also on the advisory council for the world's largest chimpanzee sanctuary outside of Africa, Save the Chimps in Fort Pierce, Florida. Activism Goodall credits the 1986 Understanding Chimpanzees conference, hosted by the Chicago Academy of Sciences, with shifting her focus from observation of chimpanzees to a broader and more intense concern with animal-human conservation.", "Activism Goodall credits the 1986 Understanding Chimpanzees conference, hosted by the Chicago Academy of Sciences, with shifting her focus from observation of chimpanzees to a broader and more intense concern with animal-human conservation. She is the former president of Advocates for Animals, an organisation based in Edinburgh, Scotland, that campaigns against the use of animals in medical research, zoos, farming and sport.", "She is the former president of Advocates for Animals, an organisation based in Edinburgh, Scotland, that campaigns against the use of animals in medical research, zoos, farming and sport. Goodall is a vegetarian and advocates the diet for ethical, environmental, and health reasons.", "Goodall is a vegetarian and advocates the diet for ethical, environmental, and health reasons. In The Inner World of Farm Animals (2009), Goodall writes that farm animals are \"far more aware and intelligent than we ever imagined and, despite having been bred as domestic slaves, they are individual beings in their own right.", "In The Inner World of Farm Animals (2009), Goodall writes that farm animals are \"far more aware and intelligent than we ever imagined and, despite having been bred as domestic slaves, they are individual beings in their own right. As such, they deserve our respect. And our help.", "And our help. And our help. Who will plead for them if we are silent?\" Goodall has also said: \"Thousands of people who say they 'love' animals sit down once or twice a day to enjoy the flesh of creatures who have been treated so with little respect and kindness just to make more meat.\"", "Goodall has also said: \"Thousands of people who say they 'love' animals sit down once or twice a day to enjoy the flesh of creatures who have been treated so with little respect and kindness just to make more meat.\" In 2021, Goodall became a vegan and authored a cookbook titled Eat Meat Less.", "In 2021, Goodall became a vegan and authored a cookbook titled Eat Meat Less. Goodall is an outspoken environmental advocate, speaking on the effects of climate change on endangered species such as chimpanzees.", "Goodall is an outspoken environmental advocate, speaking on the effects of climate change on endangered species such as chimpanzees. Goodall, alongside her foundation, collaborated with NASA to use satellite imagery from the Landsat series to remedy the effects of deforestation on chimpanzees and local communities in Western Africa by offering the villagers information on how to reduce activity and preserve their environment.", "Goodall, alongside her foundation, collaborated with NASA to use satellite imagery from the Landsat series to remedy the effects of deforestation on chimpanzees and local communities in Western Africa by offering the villagers information on how to reduce activity and preserve their environment. In 2000, to ensure the safe and ethical treatment of animals during ethological studies, Goodall, alongside Professor Mark Bekoff, founded the organization Ethologists for the Ethical Treatment of Animals.", "In 2000, to ensure the safe and ethical treatment of animals during ethological studies, Goodall, alongside Professor Mark Bekoff, founded the organization Ethologists for the Ethical Treatment of Animals. In April 2008, Goodall gave a lecture entitled \"Reason for Hope\" at the University of San Diego's Joan B. Kroc Institute for Peace & Justice Distinguished Lecture Series.", "In April 2008, Goodall gave a lecture entitled \"Reason for Hope\" at the University of San Diego's Joan B. Kroc Institute for Peace & Justice Distinguished Lecture Series. In 2008, Goodall demanded the European Union end the use of medical research on animals and ensure more funding for alternative methods of medical research.", "In 2008, Goodall demanded the European Union end the use of medical research on animals and ensure more funding for alternative methods of medical research. In May 2008, Goodall controversially described Edinburgh Zoo's new primate enclosure as a \"wonderful facility\" where monkeys \"are probably better off [than those] living in the wild in an area like Budongo, where one in six gets caught in a wire snare, and countries like Congo, where chimpanzees, monkeys and gorillas are shot for food commercially.\"", "In May 2008, Goodall controversially described Edinburgh Zoo's new primate enclosure as a \"wonderful facility\" where monkeys \"are probably better off [than those] living in the wild in an area like Budongo, where one in six gets caught in a wire snare, and countries like Congo, where chimpanzees, monkeys and gorillas are shot for food commercially.\" This was in conflict with Advocates for Animals' position on captive animals.", "This was in conflict with Advocates for Animals' position on captive animals. In June 2008, Goodall confirmed that she had resigned the presidency of the organisation which she had held since 1998, citing her busy schedule and explaining, \"I just don't have time for them.\"", "In June 2008, Goodall confirmed that she had resigned the presidency of the organisation which she had held since 1998, citing her busy schedule and explaining, \"I just don't have time for them.\" Goodall is a patron of population concern charity Population Matters and is currently an ambassador for Disneynature.", "Goodall is a patron of population concern charity Population Matters and is currently an ambassador for Disneynature. In 2010, Goodall, through JGI, formed a coalition with a number of organizations such as the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) and the Humane Society of the United States (HSUS) and petitioned to list all chimpanzees, including those that are captive, as endangered.", "In 2010, Goodall, through JGI, formed a coalition with a number of organizations such as the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) and the Humane Society of the United States (HSUS) and petitioned to list all chimpanzees, including those that are captive, as endangered. In 2015, the U.S.", "In 2015, the U.S. In 2015, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service(FWS) announced that they would accept this rule and that all chimpanzees would be classified as endangered. In 2011, Goodall became a patron of Australian animal protection group Voiceless, the animal protection institute.", "In 2011, Goodall became a patron of Australian animal protection group Voiceless, the animal protection institute. \"I have for decades been concerned about factory farming, in part because of the tremendous harm inflicted on the environment, but also because of the shocking ongoing cruelty perpetuated on millions of sentient beings.\"", "\"I have for decades been concerned about factory farming, in part because of the tremendous harm inflicted on the environment, but also because of the shocking ongoing cruelty perpetuated on millions of sentient beings.\" In 2012, Goodall took on the role of challenger for the Engage in Conservation Challenge with the DO School, formerly known as the D&F Academy.", "In 2012, Goodall took on the role of challenger for the Engage in Conservation Challenge with the DO School, formerly known as the D&F Academy. She worked with a group of aspiring social entrepreneurs to create a workshop to engage young people in conserving biodiversity, and to tackle a perceived global lack of awareness of the issue.", "She worked with a group of aspiring social entrepreneurs to create a workshop to engage young people in conserving biodiversity, and to tackle a perceived global lack of awareness of the issue. In 2014, Goodall wrote to Air France executives, criticizing the airline's continued transport of monkeys to laboratories.", "In 2014, Goodall wrote to Air France executives, criticizing the airline's continued transport of monkeys to laboratories. Goodall called the practice \"cruel\" and \"traumatic\" for the monkeys involved.", "Goodall called the practice \"cruel\" and \"traumatic\" for the monkeys involved. The same year, Goodall also wrote to the National Institutes of Health (NIH) to criticize maternal deprivation experiments on baby monkeys in NIH laboratories.", "The same year, Goodall also wrote to the National Institutes of Health (NIH) to criticize maternal deprivation experiments on baby monkeys in NIH laboratories. Prior to the 2015 UK general election, she was one of several celebrities who endorsed the parliamentary candidacy of the Green Party's Caroline Lucas.", "Prior to the 2015 UK general election, she was one of several celebrities who endorsed the parliamentary candidacy of the Green Party's Caroline Lucas. Goodall is a critic of fox hunting and was among more than 20 high-profile people who signed a letter to Members of Parliament in 2015 opposing Conservative prime minister David Cameron's plan to amend the Hunting Act 2004.", "Goodall is a critic of fox hunting and was among more than 20 high-profile people who signed a letter to Members of Parliament in 2015 opposing Conservative prime minister David Cameron's plan to amend the Hunting Act 2004. During August 2019, Goodall was honoured for her contributions to science with a bronze sculpture in midtown Manhattan alongside nine other women, part of the \"Statues for Equality\" project.", "During August 2019, Goodall was honoured for her contributions to science with a bronze sculpture in midtown Manhattan alongside nine other women, part of the \"Statues for Equality\" project. In 2020, continuing her organization's work on the environment, Goodall vowed to plant 5 million trees, part of the 1 trillion tree initiative founded by the World Economic Forum.", "In 2020, continuing her organization's work on the environment, Goodall vowed to plant 5 million trees, part of the 1 trillion tree initiative founded by the World Economic Forum. In February 2021, Jane Goodall and more than 140 scientists called on the EU Commission to abolish caging of farm animals. Personal life Goodall has married twice.", "Personal life Goodall has married twice. On 28 March 1964, she married a Dutch nobleman, wildlife photographer Baron Hugo van Lawick, at Chelsea Old Church, London, and became known during their marriage as Baroness Jane van Lawick-Goodall. The couple had a son, Hugo Eric Louis (born 1967); they divorced in 1974.", "The couple had a son, Hugo Eric Louis (born 1967); they divorced in 1974. The following year, she married Derek Bryceson, a member of Tanzania's parliament and the director of that country's national parks. He died of cancer in October 1980.", "He died of cancer in October 1980. Owing to his position in the Tanzanian government as head of the country's national park system, Bryceson could protect Goodall's research project and implement an embargo on tourism at Gombe. Goodall has stated that dogs are her favourite animal.", "Goodall has stated that dogs are her favourite animal. Goodall suffers from prosopagnosia, which makes it difficult to recognize familiar faces. Religion and spirituality Goodall was raised in a Christian congregationalist family. As a young woman, she took night classes in Theosophy.", "As a young woman, she took night classes in Theosophy. Her family were occasional churchgoers, but Goodall began attending more regularly as a teenager when the church appointed a new minister, Trevor Davies. \"He was highly intelligent and his sermons were powerful and thought-provoking... I could have listened to his voice for hours...", "I could have listened to his voice for hours... I fell madly in love with him... Suddenly, no one had to encourage me to go to church. Indeed, there were never enough services for my liking.\"", "Indeed, there were never enough services for my liking.\" Of her later discovery of the atheism and agnosticism of many of her scientific colleagues, Goodall wrote that \"[f]ortunately, by the time I got to Cambridge I was twenty-seven years old and my beliefs had already moulded so that I was not influenced by these opinions.\"", "Of her later discovery of the atheism and agnosticism of many of her scientific colleagues, Goodall wrote that \"[f]ortunately, by the time I got to Cambridge I was twenty-seven years old and my beliefs had already moulded so that I was not influenced by these opinions.\" In her 1999 book Reason for Hope: A Spiritual Journey, Goodall describes the implications of a mystical experience she had at Notre Dame Cathedral in 1977: \"Since I cannot believe that this was the result of chance, I have to admit anti-chance.", "In her 1999 book Reason for Hope: A Spiritual Journey, Goodall describes the implications of a mystical experience she had at Notre Dame Cathedral in 1977: \"Since I cannot believe that this was the result of chance, I have to admit anti-chance. And so I must believe in a guiding power in the universe – in other words, I must believe in God.\"", "And so I must believe in a guiding power in the universe – in other words, I must believe in God.\" When asked if she believes in God, Goodall said in September 2010: \"I don't have any idea of who or what God is. But I do believe in some great spiritual power.", "But I do believe in some great spiritual power. I feel it particularly when I'm out in nature. It's just something that's bigger and stronger than what I am or what anybody is. I feel it. And it's enough for me.\"", "And it's enough for me.\" When asked in the same year if she still considers herself a Christian, Goodall told the Guardian \"I suppose so; I was raised as a Christian.\"", "When asked in the same year if she still considers herself a Christian, Goodall told the Guardian \"I suppose so; I was raised as a Christian.\" In her foreword to the 2017 book The Intelligence of the Cosmos by Ervin Laszlo, a philosopher of science who advocates quantum consciousness theory, Goodall wrote: \"we must accept that there is an Intelligence driving the process [of evolution], that the Universe and life on Earth are inspired and in-formed by an unknown and unknowable Creator, a Supreme Being, a Great Spiritual Power.\"", "In her foreword to the 2017 book The Intelligence of the Cosmos by Ervin Laszlo, a philosopher of science who advocates quantum consciousness theory, Goodall wrote: \"we must accept that there is an Intelligence driving the process [of evolution], that the Universe and life on Earth are inspired and in-formed by an unknown and unknowable Creator, a Supreme Being, a Great Spiritual Power.\" Criticism Goodall used unconventional practices in her study; for example, naming individuals instead of numbering them.", "Criticism Goodall used unconventional practices in her study; for example, naming individuals instead of numbering them. At the time, numbering was used to prevent emotional attachment and loss of objectivity.", "At the time, numbering was used to prevent emotional attachment and loss of objectivity. Goodall wrote in 1993: \"When, in the early 1960s, I brazenly used such words as 'childhood', 'adolescence', 'motivation', 'excitement', and 'mood' I was much criticised.", "Goodall wrote in 1993: \"When, in the early 1960s, I brazenly used such words as 'childhood', 'adolescence', 'motivation', 'excitement', and 'mood' I was much criticised. Even worse was my crime of suggesting that chimpanzees had 'personalities'.", "Even worse was my crime of suggesting that chimpanzees had 'personalities'. I was ascribing human characteristics to nonhuman animals and was thus guilty of that worst of ethological sins -anthropomorphism.\"", "I was ascribing human characteristics to nonhuman animals and was thus guilty of that worst of ethological sins -anthropomorphism.\" Many standard methods aim to avoid interference by observers, and in particular some believe that the use of feeding stations to attract Gombe chimpanzees has altered normal foraging and feeding patterns and social relationships.", "Many standard methods aim to avoid interference by observers, and in particular some believe that the use of feeding stations to attract Gombe chimpanzees has altered normal foraging and feeding patterns and social relationships. This argument is the focus of a book published by Margaret Power in 1991.", "This argument is the focus of a book published by Margaret Power in 1991. It has been suggested that higher levels of aggression and conflict with other chimpanzee groups in the area were due to the feeding, which could have created the \"wars\" between chimpanzee social groups described by Goodall, aspects of which she did not witness in the years before artificial feeding began at Gombe.", "It has been suggested that higher levels of aggression and conflict with other chimpanzee groups in the area were due to the feeding, which could have created the \"wars\" between chimpanzee social groups described by Goodall, aspects of which she did not witness in the years before artificial feeding began at Gombe. Thus, some regard Goodall's observations as distortions of normal chimpanzee behaviour.", "Thus, some regard Goodall's observations as distortions of normal chimpanzee behaviour. Goodall herself acknowledged that feeding contributed to aggression within and between groups, but maintained that the effect was limited to alteration of the intensity and not the nature of chimpanzee conflict, and further suggested that feeding was necessary for the study to be effective at all.", "Goodall herself acknowledged that feeding contributed to aggression within and between groups, but maintained that the effect was limited to alteration of the intensity and not the nature of chimpanzee conflict, and further suggested that feeding was necessary for the study to be effective at all. Craig Stanford of the Jane Goodall Research Institute at the University of Southern California states that researchers conducting studies with no artificial provisioning have a difficult time viewing any social behaviour of chimpanzees, especially those related to inter-group conflict.", "Craig Stanford of the Jane Goodall Research Institute at the University of Southern California states that researchers conducting studies with no artificial provisioning have a difficult time viewing any social behaviour of chimpanzees, especially those related to inter-group conflict. Some recent studies, such as those by Crickette Sanz in the Goualougo Triangle (Congo) and Christophe Boesch in the Taï National Park (Ivory Coast), have not shown the aggression observed in the Gombe studies.", "Some recent studies, such as those by Crickette Sanz in the Goualougo Triangle (Congo) and Christophe Boesch in the Taï National Park (Ivory Coast), have not shown the aggression observed in the Gombe studies. However, other primatologists disagree that the studies are flawed; for example, Jim Moore provides a critique of Margaret Powers' assertions and some studies of other chimpanzee groups have shown aggression similar to that in Gombe even in the absence of feeding.", "However, other primatologists disagree that the studies are flawed; for example, Jim Moore provides a critique of Margaret Powers' assertions and some studies of other chimpanzee groups have shown aggression similar to that in Gombe even in the absence of feeding. Plagiarism and Seeds of Hope On 22 March 2013, Hachette Book Group announced that Goodall's and co-author Gail Hudson's new book, Seeds of Hope, would not be released on 2 April as planned due to the discovery of plagiarised portions.", "Plagiarism and Seeds of Hope On 22 March 2013, Hachette Book Group announced that Goodall's and co-author Gail Hudson's new book, Seeds of Hope, would not be released on 2 April as planned due to the discovery of plagiarised portions. A reviewer for The Washington Post found unattributed sections that were copied from websites about organic tea, tobacco, an \"amateurish astrology site\", as well as from Wikipedia.", "A reviewer for The Washington Post found unattributed sections that were copied from websites about organic tea, tobacco, an \"amateurish astrology site\", as well as from Wikipedia. Goodall apologised and stated, \"It is important to me that the proper sources are credited, and I will be working diligently with my team to address all areas of concern.", "Goodall apologised and stated, \"It is important to me that the proper sources are credited, and I will be working diligently with my team to address all areas of concern. My goal is to ensure that when this book is released it is not only up to the highest of standards, but also that the focus be on the crucial messages it conveys.\"", "My goal is to ensure that when this book is released it is not only up to the highest of standards, but also that the focus be on the crucial messages it conveys.\" The book was released on 1 April 2014, after review and the addition of 57 pages of endnotes.", "The book was released on 1 April 2014, after review and the addition of 57 pages of endnotes. In popular culture Gary Larson cartoon incident One of Gary Larson's Far Side cartoons shows two chimpanzees grooming.", "In popular culture Gary Larson cartoon incident One of Gary Larson's Far Side cartoons shows two chimpanzees grooming. One finds a blonde human hair on the other and inquires, \"Conducting a little more 'research' with that Jane Goodall tramp?\"", "One finds a blonde human hair on the other and inquires, \"Conducting a little more 'research' with that Jane Goodall tramp?\" Goodall herself was in Africa at the time, and the Jane Goodall Institute thought this was in bad taste and had its lawyers draft a letter to Larson and his distribution syndicate in which they described the cartoon as an \"atrocity\".", "Goodall herself was in Africa at the time, and the Jane Goodall Institute thought this was in bad taste and had its lawyers draft a letter to Larson and his distribution syndicate in which they described the cartoon as an \"atrocity\". They were stymied by Goodall herself: When she returned and saw the cartoon, she stated that she found the cartoon amusing.", "They were stymied by Goodall herself: When she returned and saw the cartoon, she stated that she found the cartoon amusing. Since then, all profits from sales of a shirt featuring this cartoon go to the Jane Goodall Institute.", "Since then, all profits from sales of a shirt featuring this cartoon go to the Jane Goodall Institute. Goodall wrote a preface to The Far Side Gallery 5, detailing her version of the controversy, and the institute's letter was included next to the cartoon in the complete Far Side collection.", "Goodall wrote a preface to The Far Side Gallery 5, detailing her version of the controversy, and the institute's letter was included next to the cartoon in the complete Far Side collection. She praised Larson's creative ideas, which often compare and contrast the behaviour of humans and animals.", "She praised Larson's creative ideas, which often compare and contrast the behaviour of humans and animals. In 1988, when Larson visited Goodall's research facility in Tanzania, he was attacked by a chimpanzee named Frodo. Lego The Lego Group announced a set called 40530 Jane Goodall Tribute that will be released on 3 March 2022.", "Lego The Lego Group announced a set called 40530 Jane Goodall Tribute that will be released on 3 March 2022. Radio Four Today programme On December 31, 2021, Goodall was the guest editor of the BBC Radio Four Today programme. She chose Francis Collins to be presenter of Thought for the Day.", "She chose Francis Collins to be presenter of Thought for the Day. Awards and recognition Honours Goodall has received many honours for her environmental and humanitarian work, as well as others. She was named a Dame Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire in an Investiture held in Buckingham Palace in 2004.", "She was named a Dame Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire in an Investiture held in Buckingham Palace in 2004. In April 2002, Secretary-General Kofi Annan named Goodall a United Nations Messenger of Peace.", "In April 2002, Secretary-General Kofi Annan named Goodall a United Nations Messenger of Peace. Her other honours include the Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement, the French Legion of Honour, Medal of Tanzania, Japan's prestigious Kyoto Prize, the Benjamin Franklin Medal in Life Science, the Gandhi-King Award for Nonviolence and the Spanish Prince of Asturias Awards.", "Her other honours include the Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement, the French Legion of Honour, Medal of Tanzania, Japan's prestigious Kyoto Prize, the Benjamin Franklin Medal in Life Science, the Gandhi-King Award for Nonviolence and the Spanish Prince of Asturias Awards. She is also a member of the advisory board of BBC Wildlife magazine and a patron of Population Matters (formerly the Optimum Population Trust).", "She is also a member of the advisory board of BBC Wildlife magazine and a patron of Population Matters (formerly the Optimum Population Trust). She has received many tributes, honours, and awards from local governments, schools, institutions, and charities around the world.", "She has received many tributes, honours, and awards from local governments, schools, institutions, and charities around the world. Goodall is honoured by The Walt Disney Company with a plaque on the Tree of Life at Walt Disney World's Animal Kingdom theme park, alongside a carving of her beloved David Greybeard, the original chimpanzee that approached Goodall during her first year at Gombe.", "Goodall is honoured by The Walt Disney Company with a plaque on the Tree of Life at Walt Disney World's Animal Kingdom theme park, alongside a carving of her beloved David Greybeard, the original chimpanzee that approached Goodall during her first year at Gombe. In 2010, Dave Matthews and Tim Reynolds held a benefit concert at DAR Constitution Hall in Washington DC to commemorate Gombe 50: a global celebration of Jane Goodall's pioneering chimpanzee research and inspiring vision for our future.", "In 2010, Dave Matthews and Tim Reynolds held a benefit concert at DAR Constitution Hall in Washington DC to commemorate Gombe 50: a global celebration of Jane Goodall's pioneering chimpanzee research and inspiring vision for our future. Time magazine named Goodall as one of the 100 most influential people in the world in 2019.", "Time magazine named Goodall as one of the 100 most influential people in the world in 2019. In 2021, she received the Templeton Prize. Media Books 1969 My Friends the Wild Chimpanzees Washington, DC: National Geographic Society 1971 Innocent Killers (with H. van Lawick).", "Media Books 1969 My Friends the Wild Chimpanzees Washington, DC: National Geographic Society 1971 Innocent Killers (with H. van Lawick). Boston: Houghton Mifflin; London: Collins 1971 In the Shadow of Man Boston: Houghton Mifflin; London: Collins.", "Boston: Houghton Mifflin; London: Collins 1971 In the Shadow of Man Boston: Houghton Mifflin; London: Collins. Published in 48 languages 1986 The Chimpanzees of Gombe: Patterns of Behavior Boston: Bellknap Press of the Harvard University Press. Published also in Japanese and Russian. R.R.", "Published also in Japanese and Russian. R.R. R.R. Hawkins Award for the Outstanding Technical, Scientific or Medical book of 1986, to Bellknap Press of Harvard University Press, Boston.", "Hawkins Award for the Outstanding Technical, Scientific or Medical book of 1986, to Bellknap Press of Harvard University Press, Boston. The Wildlife Society (USA) Award for \"Outstanding Publication in Wildlife Ecology and Management\" 1990 Through a Window: 30 years observing the Gombe chimpanzees London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson; Boston: Houghton Mifflin.", "The Wildlife Society (USA) Award for \"Outstanding Publication in Wildlife Ecology and Management\" 1990 Through a Window: 30 years observing the Gombe chimpanzees London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson; Boston: Houghton Mifflin. Translated into more than 15 languages. 1991 Penguin edition, UK.", "1991 Penguin edition, UK. 1991 Penguin edition, UK. American Library Association \"Best\" list among Nine Notable Books (Nonfiction) for 1991 1991 Visions of Caliban (co-authored with Dale Peterson, PhD). Boston: Houghton Mifflin. New York Times \"Notable Book\" for 1993.", "New York Times \"Notable Book\" for 1993. Library Journal \"Best Sci-Tech Book\" for 1993 1999 Brutal Kinship (with Michael Nichols). New York: Aperture Foundation 1999 Reason For Hope; A Spiritual Journey (with Phillip Berman). New York: Warner Books, Inc.", "New York: Warner Books, Inc. Translated into Japanese and Portuguese 2000 40 Years At Gombe New York: Stewart, Tabori, and Chang 2000 Africa In My Blood (edited by Dale Peterson). New York: Houghton Mifflin Company 2001 Beyond Innocence: An Autobiography in Letters, the later years (edited by Dale Peterson).", "New York: Houghton Mifflin Company 2001 Beyond Innocence: An Autobiography in Letters, the later years (edited by Dale Peterson). New York: Houghton Mifflin Company 2002 The Ten Trusts: What We Must Do To Care for the Animals We Love (with Marc Bekoff).", "New York: Houghton Mifflin Company 2002 The Ten Trusts: What We Must Do To Care for the Animals We Love (with Marc Bekoff). San Francisco: Harper San Francisco 2005 Harvest for Hope: A Guide to Mindful Eating New York: Warner Books, Inc. 2009 Hope for Animals and Their World: How Endangered Species Are Being Rescued from the Brink Grand Central Publishing 2013 Seeds of Hope: Wisdom and Wonder from the World of Plants (with Gail Hudson) Grand Central Publishing 2021 The Book of Hope, with Douglas Abrams and Gail Hudson, Viking Children's books 1972 Grub: The Bush Baby (with H. van Lawick).", "San Francisco: Harper San Francisco 2005 Harvest for Hope: A Guide to Mindful Eating New York: Warner Books, Inc. 2009 Hope for Animals and Their World: How Endangered Species Are Being Rescued from the Brink Grand Central Publishing 2013 Seeds of Hope: Wisdom and Wonder from the World of Plants (with Gail Hudson) Grand Central Publishing 2021 The Book of Hope, with Douglas Abrams and Gail Hudson, Viking Children's books 1972 Grub: The Bush Baby (with H. van Lawick). Boston: Houghton Mifflin 1988 My Life with the Chimpanzees New York: Byron Preiss Visual Publications, Inc.", "Boston: Houghton Mifflin 1988 My Life with the Chimpanzees New York: Byron Preiss Visual Publications, Inc. Translated into French, Japanese and Chinese.", "Translated into French, Japanese and Chinese. Parenting's Reading-Magic Award for \"Outstanding Book for Children,\" 1989 1989 The Chimpanzee Family Book Saxonville, MA: Picture Book Studio; Munich: Neugebauer Press; London: Picture Book Studio. Translated into more than 15 languages, including Japanese and Swahili.", "Translated into more than 15 languages, including Japanese and Swahili. The UNICEF Award for the best children's book of 1989. Austrian state prize for best children's book of 1990.", "Austrian state prize for best children's book of 1990. 1989 Jane Goodall's Animal World: Chimps New York: Macmillan 1989 Animal Family Series: Chimpanzee Family; Lion Family; Elephant Family; Zebra Family; Giraffe Family; Baboon Family; Hyena Family; Wildebeest Family Toronto: Madison Marketing Ltd 1994 With Love New York / London: North-South Books.", "1989 Jane Goodall's Animal World: Chimps New York: Macmillan 1989 Animal Family Series: Chimpanzee Family; Lion Family; Elephant Family; Zebra Family; Giraffe Family; Baboon Family; Hyena Family; Wildebeest Family Toronto: Madison Marketing Ltd 1994 With Love New York / London: North-South Books. Translated into German, French, Italian, and Japanese 1999 Dr. White (illustrated by Julie Litty).", "Translated into German, French, Italian, and Japanese 1999 Dr. White (illustrated by Julie Litty). New York: North-South Books 2000 The Eagle & the Wren (illustrated by Alexander Reichstein).", "New York: North-South Books 2000 The Eagle & the Wren (illustrated by Alexander Reichstein). New York: North-South Books 2001 Chimpanzees I Love: Saving Their World and Ours New York: Scholastic Press 2002 (Foreword) \"Slowly, Slowly, Slowly,\" Said the Sloth by Eric Carle.", "New York: North-South Books 2001 Chimpanzees I Love: Saving Their World and Ours New York: Scholastic Press 2002 (Foreword) \"Slowly, Slowly, Slowly,\" Said the Sloth by Eric Carle. Philomel Books 2004 Rickie and Henri: A True Story (with Alan Marks) Penguin Young Readers Group Films Goodall is the subject of more than 40 films: 1965 Miss Goodall and the Wild Chimpanzees National Geographic Society 1973 Jane Goodall and the World of Animal Behavior: The Wild Dogs of Africa with Hugo van Lawick 1975 Miss Goodall: The Hyena Story The World of Animal Behavior Series 16mm 1979 version for DiscoVision, not released for LaserDisc 1976 Lions of the Serengeti an episode of The World About Us on BBC2 1984 Among the Wild Chimpanzees National Geographic Special 1988 People of the Forest with Hugo van Lawick 1990 Chimpanzee Alert in the Nature Watch Series, Central Television 1990 The Life and Legend of Jane Goodall National Geographic Society.", "Philomel Books 2004 Rickie and Henri: A True Story (with Alan Marks) Penguin Young Readers Group Films Goodall is the subject of more than 40 films: 1965 Miss Goodall and the Wild Chimpanzees National Geographic Society 1973 Jane Goodall and the World of Animal Behavior: The Wild Dogs of Africa with Hugo van Lawick 1975 Miss Goodall: The Hyena Story The World of Animal Behavior Series 16mm 1979 version for DiscoVision, not released for LaserDisc 1976 Lions of the Serengeti an episode of The World About Us on BBC2 1984 Among the Wild Chimpanzees National Geographic Special 1988 People of the Forest with Hugo van Lawick 1990 Chimpanzee Alert in the Nature Watch Series, Central Television 1990 The Life and Legend of Jane Goodall National Geographic Society. 1990 The Gombe Chimpanzees Bavarian Television 1995 Fifi's Boys for the Natural World series for the BBC 1996 Chimpanzee Diary for BBC2 Animal Zone 1997 Animal Minds for BBC Goodall voiced herself in the animated TV series The Wild Thornberrys.", "1990 The Gombe Chimpanzees Bavarian Television 1995 Fifi's Boys for the Natural World series for the BBC 1996 Chimpanzee Diary for BBC2 Animal Zone 1997 Animal Minds for BBC Goodall voiced herself in the animated TV series The Wild Thornberrys. 2000 Jane Goodall: Reason For Hope PBS special produced by KTCA 2001 2002 Jane Goodall's Wild Chimpanzees (IMAX format), in collaboration with Science North 2005 Jane Goodall's Return to Gombe for Animal Planet 2006 Chimps, So Like Us HBO film nominated for 1990 Academy Award 2007 When Animals Talk We Should Listen theatrical documentary feature co-produced by Animal Planet 2010 Jane's Journey theatrical documentary feature co-produced by Animal Planet 2012 Chimpanzee theatrical nature documentary feature co-produced by Disneynature 2017 Jane biographical documentary film National Geographic Studios, in association with Public Road Productions.", "2000 Jane Goodall: Reason For Hope PBS special produced by KTCA 2001 2002 Jane Goodall's Wild Chimpanzees (IMAX format), in collaboration with Science North 2005 Jane Goodall's Return to Gombe for Animal Planet 2006 Chimps, So Like Us HBO film nominated for 1990 Academy Award 2007 When Animals Talk We Should Listen theatrical documentary feature co-produced by Animal Planet 2010 Jane's Journey theatrical documentary feature co-produced by Animal Planet 2012 Chimpanzee theatrical nature documentary feature co-produced by Disneynature 2017 Jane biographical documentary film National Geographic Studios, in association with Public Road Productions. The film is directed and written by Brett Morgen, music by Philip Glass 2018 Zayed's Antarctic Lights Dr Jane featured in the Environment Agency-Abu Dhabi film that screened on National Geographic-Abu Dhabi and won a World Medal at the New York Film and TV Awards.", "The film is directed and written by Brett Morgen, music by Philip Glass 2018 Zayed's Antarctic Lights Dr Jane featured in the Environment Agency-Abu Dhabi film that screened on National Geographic-Abu Dhabi and won a World Medal at the New York Film and TV Awards. 2020 Jane Goodall: The Hope, biographical documentary film, National Geographic Studios, produced by Lucky 8 Panel discussions 2021 On 28 January 2021, Jane Goodall took part in a panel event of international experts called Climate Change: Why should we care?, organised by the Science Museum Group See also Animal Faith USC Jane Goodall Research Center Nonhuman Rights Project Dian Fossey, the trimate who studied gorillas until her murder Birutė Galdikas, the trimate who dedicated herself to orangutan study Steven M. Wise Washoe List of animal rights advocates Timeline of women in science References External links The Jane Goodall Institute official website Jane Goodall at Discover Magazine Jane Goodall interviewed by Alyssa McDonald in July 2010 for the New Statesman Jane Goodall – Overpopulation in the Developing World at Fora TV Lecture transcript and video of Goodall's speech at the Joan B. Kroc Institute for Peace & Justice at the University of San Diego, April 2008 Jane Goodall extended film interview with transcripts for the 'Why Are We Here?'", "2020 Jane Goodall: The Hope, biographical documentary film, National Geographic Studios, produced by Lucky 8 Panel discussions 2021 On 28 January 2021, Jane Goodall took part in a panel event of international experts called Climate Change: Why should we care?, organised by the Science Museum Group See also Animal Faith USC Jane Goodall Research Center Nonhuman Rights Project Dian Fossey, the trimate who studied gorillas until her murder Birutė Galdikas, the trimate who dedicated herself to orangutan study Steven M. Wise Washoe List of animal rights advocates Timeline of women in science References External links The Jane Goodall Institute official website Jane Goodall at Discover Magazine Jane Goodall interviewed by Alyssa McDonald in July 2010 for the New Statesman Jane Goodall – Overpopulation in the Developing World at Fora TV Lecture transcript and video of Goodall's speech at the Joan B. Kroc Institute for Peace & Justice at the University of San Diego, April 2008 Jane Goodall extended film interview with transcripts for the 'Why Are We Here?' documentary series.", "documentary series. documentary series. A Conversation with Jane Goodall (audio interview) \"On Being\" radio interview with Krista Tippett, broadcast August 2020 1934 births 20th-century anthropologists 20th-century British biologists 20th-century British women scientists 20th-century English scientists 21st-century anthropologists 21st-century British biologists 21st-century British women scientists 21st-century English scientists Living people Alumni of Newnham College, Cambridge Alumni of Darwin College, Cambridge Fellows of Darwin College, Cambridge Articles containing video clips Baronesses of the Netherlands Benjamin Franklin Medal (Franklin Institute) laureates British people of Welsh descent British women anthropologists Conservation biologists Dames Commander of the Order of the British Empire English anthropologists English cookbook writers English women biologists Ethologists Kyoto laureates in Basic Sciences Members of the European Academy of Sciences and Arts Members of the Society of Woman Geographers Officiers of the Légion d'honneur Recipients of the President's Medal (British Academy) Templeton Prize laureates People from Hampstead People involved in plagiarism controversies Primatologists Scientists from London Sustainability advocates United Nations Messengers of Peace University of Southern California faculty Vegan cookbook writers Veganism activists Women ethologists Women founders Writers about Africa" ]

[ "Roberto Mangabeira Unger", "Critique of economics" ]

[ "\"Supply creates its own demand\" is the formulation of Say's law. The rejection of this doctrine is a central component of The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money (1936) and a central tenet of Keynesian economics. See Principle of effective demand, which is an affirmative form of the negation of Say's law.\n\nKeynes's rejection of Say's law has on the whole been accepted within mainstream economics since the 1940s and 1950s in the neoclassical synthesis, but debate continues between Keynesian economists and neoclassical economists (see saltwater and freshwater economics).\n\nKeynes's interpretation is rejected by many economists as a misinterpretation or caricature of Say's law — see Say's law: Keynes vs. Say — and the advocacy of the phrase \"supply creates its own demand\" is today most associated with supply-side economics, which retorts that \"Keynes turned Say on his head and instead stated that 'demand creates its own supply'\".\n\nThe exact phrase \"supply creates its own demand\" does not appear to be found in the writings of classical economists; similar sentiments, though different wordings, appear in the work of John Stuart Mill (1848), whom Keynes credits and quotes, and his father, James Mill (1808), whom Keynes does not. See for more detailed information Kates (1998) Say's Law and the Keynesian Revolution: How Macroeconomic Theory Lost its Way..\n\nOther sources \nAnother source widely cited as a classical expression of the idea, and the original statement of Say's law in English, is by James Mill, in Commerce Defended (1808):\n\nKeynes does not cite a specific source for the phrase, and, as it does not appear to be found in the pre-Keynesian literature, some consider its ultimate origin a \"mystery\". The phrase \"supply creates its own demand\" appears earlier, in quotes, in a 1934 letter of Keynes, and has been suggested that the phrase was an oral tradition at Cambridge, in the circle of Joan Robinson, and that it may have derived from the following 1844 formulation by John Stuart Mill:\n\nReferences\n\nBibliography\n\nKeynesian economics\nDemand", "Surplus economics is the study of economics based upon the concept that economies operate on the basis of the production of a surplus over basic needs.\n\nEconomic Surplus\nBy economic surplus is meant all production which is not essential for the continuance of existence. That is to say, all production about which there is a choice as to whether or not it is produced. The economic surplus begins when an economy is first able to produce more than it needs to survive, a surplus to its essentials.\n\nAlternative definitions are:\n\n The difference between the value of a society's annual product and its socially necessary cost of production. (Davis, p.1)\n The range of economic freedom at its [society's] disposal, extent able to engage in socially discretionary spending that satisfies more than the basic needs of its producers. (Dawson & Foster in Davis, p.45)\n Income minus essential consumption requirements. (Lippit in Davis p.81)\n The difference between what a society can produce and what a society must produce to reproduce itself. (Standfield in Davis, p.131)\n\nSee also\n Economic surplus\n Scarcity rent\n Georgism\n\nReferences\n Monopoly capital: an essay on the American economic and social order, Paul A. Baran and Paul M. Sweezy\n The Economic surplus in advanced economies, John B. Davis (Ed)\n The economic surplus and neo-Marxism, Ron J. Stanfield\n\nFurther reading\n What is Surplus Economics? \n\nSchools of economic thought" ]

[ "Roberto Mangabeira Unger (; born 24 March 1947) is a Brazilian philosopher and politician. His work is in the tradition of classical social theory and pragmatism, and is developed across many fields including legal theory, philosophy and religion, social and political theory, progressive alternatives, and economics.", "His work is in the tradition of classical social theory and pragmatism, and is developed across many fields including legal theory, philosophy and religion, social and political theory, progressive alternatives, and economics. In natural philosophy he is known for The Singular Universe and the Reality of Time.", "In natural philosophy he is known for The Singular Universe and the Reality of Time. In social theory he is known for Politics: A Work in Constructive Social Theory. In legal theory he was part of the Critical Legal Studies movement, which helped disrupt the methodological consensus in American law schools.", "In legal theory he was part of the Critical Legal Studies movement, which helped disrupt the methodological consensus in American law schools. His political activity helped the transition to democracy in Brazil in the aftermath of the military regime, and culminated with his appointment as Brazil's Minister of Strategic Affairs in 2007 and again in 2015.", "His political activity helped the transition to democracy in Brazil in the aftermath of the military regime, and culminated with his appointment as Brazil's Minister of Strategic Affairs in 2007 and again in 2015. His work is seen to offer a vision of humanity and a program to empower individuals and change institutions.", "His work is seen to offer a vision of humanity and a program to empower individuals and change institutions. At the core of his philosophy is a view of humanity as greater than the contexts in which it is placed. He sees each individual possessed with the capability to rise to a greater life.", "He sees each individual possessed with the capability to rise to a greater life. At the root of his social thought is the conviction that the social world is made and imagined. His work begins from the premise that no natural or necessary social, political, or economic arrangements underlie individual or social activity.", "His work begins from the premise that no natural or necessary social, political, or economic arrangements underlie individual or social activity. Property rights, liberal democracy, wage labor—for Unger, these are all historical artifacts that have no necessary relation to the goals of free and prosperous human activity.", "Property rights, liberal democracy, wage labor—for Unger, these are all historical artifacts that have no necessary relation to the goals of free and prosperous human activity. For Unger, the market, the state, and human social organization should not be set in predetermined institutional arrangements, but need to be left open to experimentation and revision according to what works for the project of individual and collective empowerment.", "For Unger, the market, the state, and human social organization should not be set in predetermined institutional arrangements, but need to be left open to experimentation and revision according to what works for the project of individual and collective empowerment. Doing so, he holds, will enable human liberation.", "Doing so, he holds, will enable human liberation. Unger has long been active in Brazilian opposition politics. He was one of the founding members of the Brazilian Democratic Movement Party and drafted its manifesto.", "He was one of the founding members of the Brazilian Democratic Movement Party and drafted its manifesto. He directed the presidential campaigns of Leonel Brizola and Ciro Gomes, ran for the Chamber of Deputies, and twice launched exploratory bids for the Brazilian presidency.", "He directed the presidential campaigns of Leonel Brizola and Ciro Gomes, ran for the Chamber of Deputies, and twice launched exploratory bids for the Brazilian presidency. He served as the Minister of Strategic Affairs in the second Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva administration and in the second Dilma administration.", "He served as the Minister of Strategic Affairs in the second Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva administration and in the second Dilma administration. Biography Family Unger's maternal grandfather was Octávio Mangabeira, who served as Brazil's minister of foreign affairs in the late 1920s before the dictatorship of Getúlio Vargas subjected him to a series of imprisonments and exiles in Europe and the United States.", "Biography Family Unger's maternal grandfather was Octávio Mangabeira, who served as Brazil's minister of foreign affairs in the late 1920s before the dictatorship of Getúlio Vargas subjected him to a series of imprisonments and exiles in Europe and the United States. After returning to Brazil in 1945, he co-founded a center-left party.", "After returning to Brazil in 1945, he co-founded a center-left party. He was elected as a representative in the Câmara Federal in 1946, governor of Bahia in 1947, and Senator in 1958. Both of Unger's parents were intellectuals.", "Both of Unger's parents were intellectuals. His German-born father, Artur Unger, from Dresden, arrived in the United States as a child and later became a U.S. citizen. His mother, Edyla Mangabeira, was a Brazilian poet and journalist. Artur and Edyla met in the US during the exile of Octávio Mangabeira.", "Artur and Edyla met in the US during the exile of Octávio Mangabeira. Early life Roberto Mangabeira Unger was born in Rio de Janeiro in 1947, and spent his childhood on Manhattan's Upper East Side. He attended the private Allen-Stevenson School. When he was eleven, his father died and his mother moved the family back to Brazil.", "When he was eleven, his father died and his mother moved the family back to Brazil. He attended a Jesuit school and went on to law school at the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro. Unger was admitted to Harvard Law School in September 1969.", "Unger was admitted to Harvard Law School in September 1969. After receiving his LLM, Unger stayed at Harvard another year on a fellowship, and then entered the doctoral program. At 23 years old, Unger began teaching jurisprudence, among other things, to first year students.", "At 23 years old, Unger began teaching jurisprudence, among other things, to first year students. In 1976, aged 29, he got SJD and became one of the youngest faculty members to receive tenure from the Harvard Law School.", "In 1976, aged 29, he got SJD and became one of the youngest faculty members to receive tenure from the Harvard Law School. Academic career The beginning of Unger's academic career began with the books Knowledge and Politics and Law in Modern Society, published in 1975 and 1976 respectively.", "Academic career The beginning of Unger's academic career began with the books Knowledge and Politics and Law in Modern Society, published in 1975 and 1976 respectively. These works led to the co-founding of Critical Legal Studies (CLS) with Duncan Kennedy and Morton Horwitz.", "These works led to the co-founding of Critical Legal Studies (CLS) with Duncan Kennedy and Morton Horwitz. The movement stirred up controversy in legal schools across America as it challenged standard legal scholarship and made radical proposals for legal education.", "The movement stirred up controversy in legal schools across America as it challenged standard legal scholarship and made radical proposals for legal education. By the early 1980s, the CLS movement touched off a heated internal debate at Harvard, pitting the CLS scholars against the older, more traditional scholars.", "By the early 1980s, the CLS movement touched off a heated internal debate at Harvard, pitting the CLS scholars against the older, more traditional scholars. Throughout much of the 1980s, Unger worked on his magnum opus, Politics: A Work In Constructive Social Theory, a three volume work that assessed classical social theory and developed a political, social, and economic alternative.", "Throughout much of the 1980s, Unger worked on his magnum opus, Politics: A Work In Constructive Social Theory, a three volume work that assessed classical social theory and developed a political, social, and economic alternative. The series is based on the premise of society as an artifact, and rejects the necessity of certain institutional arrangements.", "The series is based on the premise of society as an artifact, and rejects the necessity of certain institutional arrangements. Published in 1987, Politics was foremost a critique of contemporary social theory and politics; it developed a theory of structural and ideological change, and gave an alternative account of world history.", "Published in 1987, Politics was foremost a critique of contemporary social theory and politics; it developed a theory of structural and ideological change, and gave an alternative account of world history. By first attacking the idea that there is a necessary progression from one set of institutional arrangements to another, e.g.", "By first attacking the idea that there is a necessary progression from one set of institutional arrangements to another, e.g. feudalism to capitalism, it then built an anti-necessitarian theory of social change, theorizing the transition from one set of institutional arrangements to another.", "feudalism to capitalism, it then built an anti-necessitarian theory of social change, theorizing the transition from one set of institutional arrangements to another. Unger devoted much of the following decades to further elaborating on the insights developed in Politics by working out the political and social alternatives. What Should Legal Analysis Become?", "What Should Legal Analysis Become? What Should Legal Analysis Become? (Verso, 1996) developed tools to reimagine the organization of social life. Democracy Realized: The Progressive Alternative (Verso, 1998) and What Should the Left Propose? (Verso, 2005) put forth alternative institutional proposals.", "(Verso, 2005) put forth alternative institutional proposals. Intellectual influences Unger's model of philosophical practice is closest to those philosophers who sought to form a view of the whole of reality, and to do so by using and resisting the specialized knowledge of their time.", "Intellectual influences Unger's model of philosophical practice is closest to those philosophers who sought to form a view of the whole of reality, and to do so by using and resisting the specialized knowledge of their time. It has been read as a form of pragmatism, but also as an attempt to disengage ideas and experiences that developed in the West under the influence of Christianity from the categories of Greek philosophy.", "It has been read as a form of pragmatism, but also as an attempt to disengage ideas and experiences that developed in the West under the influence of Christianity from the categories of Greek philosophy. His thought has been called the inverse of Schopenhauer's philosophy, affirming the supreme value of life and the reality and depth of the self and eschewing fecklessness.", "His thought has been called the inverse of Schopenhauer's philosophy, affirming the supreme value of life and the reality and depth of the self and eschewing fecklessness. Philosophical work Social theory Unger's social theory is premised on the idea of classical social theory that society is an artifact and can be created and recreated.", "Philosophical work Social theory Unger's social theory is premised on the idea of classical social theory that society is an artifact and can be created and recreated. Whereas previous thinkers such as Hegel or Marx backslid at some point and held onto the notion that there was a necessary institutional or historical social development, Unger, in the words of one critic, seeks to \"take the idea to the hilt and produce a theory of emancipation that will escape the limitations of liberal and Marxist theories.\"", "Whereas previous thinkers such as Hegel or Marx backslid at some point and held onto the notion that there was a necessary institutional or historical social development, Unger, in the words of one critic, seeks to \"take the idea to the hilt and produce a theory of emancipation that will escape the limitations of liberal and Marxist theories.\" That limitation is the search for an ideal structure of society that can be foreseen and centrally planned; whereas the emancipation leads to societies with greater institutional flexibility and variation.", "That limitation is the search for an ideal structure of society that can be foreseen and centrally planned; whereas the emancipation leads to societies with greater institutional flexibility and variation. For Unger, society emerges not through compromise or the winnowing down of best options, but rather through conflict and struggle for control of political and material resources.", "For Unger, society emerges not through compromise or the winnowing down of best options, but rather through conflict and struggle for control of political and material resources. The victors of this struggle come to set the terms of social interaction and transaction, which is then institutionalized through law. This emergent order Unger calls formative context.", "This emergent order Unger calls formative context. Under a particular formative context, routines are established and people come to believe and act as if their social words were coherent wholes that are perfectly intelligible and defensible. They come to see the existing arrangements as necessary. Unger calls this false necessity.", "Unger calls this false necessity. Unger calls this false necessity. In reality, these arrangements are arbitrary and hold together rather tenuously, which leaves them open to resistance and change. This opposition Unger calls negative capability.", "This opposition Unger calls negative capability. This leads Unger to the conclusion that change happens piecemeal through struggle and vision, rather than suddenly in revolutionary upheaval with the replacement of one set of institutional arrangements with another.", "This leads Unger to the conclusion that change happens piecemeal through struggle and vision, rather than suddenly in revolutionary upheaval with the replacement of one set of institutional arrangements with another. Unger theorizes that cumulative change can alter formative contexts, and he goes on to propose a number of such changes as institutional alternatives to be implemented, which he calls Empowered democracy.", "Unger theorizes that cumulative change can alter formative contexts, and he goes on to propose a number of such changes as institutional alternatives to be implemented, which he calls Empowered democracy. Empowered democracy is Unger's vision of a more open and more plastic set of social institutions through which individuals and groups can interact, propose change, and effectively empower themselves to transform social, economic, and political structures.", "Empowered democracy is Unger's vision of a more open and more plastic set of social institutions through which individuals and groups can interact, propose change, and effectively empower themselves to transform social, economic, and political structures. Unger's strategy in its realization is to combine freedom of commerce and governance at the local level with the ability of political parties at the central government level to promote radical social experiments that would bring about decisive change in social and political institutions.", "Unger's strategy in its realization is to combine freedom of commerce and governance at the local level with the ability of political parties at the central government level to promote radical social experiments that would bring about decisive change in social and political institutions. In practice, the theory would involve radical developments in politics at the center, as well as social innovation in localities.", "In practice, the theory would involve radical developments in politics at the center, as well as social innovation in localities. At the center, by bestowing wide ranging revising powers to those in office, it would give political parties the ability to try out concrete yet profound solutions and proposals.", "At the center, by bestowing wide ranging revising powers to those in office, it would give political parties the ability to try out concrete yet profound solutions and proposals. It would turn partisan conflicts over control and uses of governmental power into an opportunity to question and revise the basic arrangements of social life through a rapid resolution of political impasse.", "It would turn partisan conflicts over control and uses of governmental power into an opportunity to question and revise the basic arrangements of social life through a rapid resolution of political impasse. In local communities, empowered democracy would make capital and technology available through rotating capital funds, which would encourage entrepreneurship and innovation.", "In local communities, empowered democracy would make capital and technology available through rotating capital funds, which would encourage entrepreneurship and innovation. Citizens' rights include individual entitlements to economic and civic security, conditional and temporary group claims to portions of social capital, and destabilization rights, which would empower individuals or groups to disrupt organizations and practices marred by routines of subjugation that normal politics have failed to disrupt.", "Citizens' rights include individual entitlements to economic and civic security, conditional and temporary group claims to portions of social capital, and destabilization rights, which would empower individuals or groups to disrupt organizations and practices marred by routines of subjugation that normal politics have failed to disrupt. Unger's ideas developed in a context where young intellectuals and radicals attempted to reconcile the conventional theories of society and law being taught in university classrooms with the reality of social protest and revolution of the 1960s and 70s.", "Unger's ideas developed in a context where young intellectuals and radicals attempted to reconcile the conventional theories of society and law being taught in university classrooms with the reality of social protest and revolution of the 1960s and 70s. Disillusioned with Marxism, they turned to thinkers like Levi-Strauss, Gramsci, Habermas, and Foucault in attempt to situate understandings of law and society as a benign science of technocratic policy within a broader system of beliefs that legitimized the prevailing social order.", "Disillusioned with Marxism, they turned to thinkers like Levi-Strauss, Gramsci, Habermas, and Foucault in attempt to situate understandings of law and society as a benign science of technocratic policy within a broader system of beliefs that legitimized the prevailing social order. Unlike Habermas, however, who formulates procedures for attaining rational consensus, Unger locates resolution in institutions and their arrangements that remain perpetually open to revision and reconstruction.", "Unlike Habermas, however, who formulates procedures for attaining rational consensus, Unger locates resolution in institutions and their arrangements that remain perpetually open to revision and reconstruction. And, unlike Foucault, who also emphasizes the constructed character of social life, Unger takes this as an opportunity to reimagine institutions and social conditions that will unleash human creativity and enable liberation.", "And, unlike Foucault, who also emphasizes the constructed character of social life, Unger takes this as an opportunity to reimagine institutions and social conditions that will unleash human creativity and enable liberation. Legal thought Unger's work on law has sought to denaturalize the concept of law and how it is represented through particular institutions.", "Legal thought Unger's work on law has sought to denaturalize the concept of law and how it is represented through particular institutions. He begins by inquiring into why modern societies have legal systems with distinctions between institutions, such as legislature and court, as well as a special caste of lawyers possessing a method of reasoning about social problems.", "He begins by inquiring into why modern societies have legal systems with distinctions between institutions, such as legislature and court, as well as a special caste of lawyers possessing a method of reasoning about social problems. Whereas thinkers such as Marx and Weber had argued that such legal arrangements were a product of economic necessity to secure property rights and the autonomy of the individual, Unger shows that this liberal legal order emerged in Europe as a result of the indeterminate relations between monarchy, aristocracy, and bourgeoisie.", "Whereas thinkers such as Marx and Weber had argued that such legal arrangements were a product of economic necessity to secure property rights and the autonomy of the individual, Unger shows that this liberal legal order emerged in Europe as a result of the indeterminate relations between monarchy, aristocracy, and bourgeoisie. It took the particular form that it did by emerging out of the long tradition of natural law and universality, rather than of necessity.", "It took the particular form that it did by emerging out of the long tradition of natural law and universality, rather than of necessity. This early work in historical analysis of law and legal thought laid the basis for Unger's contribution to the Critical Legal Studies movement.", "This early work in historical analysis of law and legal thought laid the basis for Unger's contribution to the Critical Legal Studies movement. The movement itself was born in the late 1970s among young legal scholars at Harvard Law School who denounced the theoretical underpinnings of American jurisprudence, legal realism.", "The movement itself was born in the late 1970s among young legal scholars at Harvard Law School who denounced the theoretical underpinnings of American jurisprudence, legal realism. The participants were committed to shaping society based on a vision of human personality without the hidden interests and class domination of legal institutions.", "The participants were committed to shaping society based on a vision of human personality without the hidden interests and class domination of legal institutions. Two tendencies of the movement developed, one, a radical indeterminacy that criticized law as meaning anything we want it to mean, and the other, a neo-Marxist critique that attacked legal thought as an institutional form of capitalism.", "Two tendencies of the movement developed, one, a radical indeterminacy that criticized law as meaning anything we want it to mean, and the other, a neo-Marxist critique that attacked legal thought as an institutional form of capitalism. Unger offered a third tendency, a constructive vision of rethinking rights based on individual emancipation and empowerment, and structural arrangements that would lend themselves to constant revision with the goal of creating more educational and economic opportunities for more people.", "Unger offered a third tendency, a constructive vision of rethinking rights based on individual emancipation and empowerment, and structural arrangements that would lend themselves to constant revision with the goal of creating more educational and economic opportunities for more people. He laid this out in The Critical Legal Studies Movement, which quickly earned him a following as the philosophical mentor and prophet of the movement.", "He laid this out in The Critical Legal Studies Movement, which quickly earned him a following as the philosophical mentor and prophet of the movement. Economic thought At the center of Unger's thought about the economy is the commitment to reimagining and remaking the institutional arrangements of how humans produce and exchange.", "Economic thought At the center of Unger's thought about the economy is the commitment to reimagining and remaking the institutional arrangements of how humans produce and exchange. For Unger, economic institutions have no inherent or natural forms, and he rejects the necessitarian tendencies of classical and neo-classical economists, seeking instead alternatives to the arrangements of contemporary societies.", "For Unger, economic institutions have no inherent or natural forms, and he rejects the necessitarian tendencies of classical and neo-classical economists, seeking instead alternatives to the arrangements of contemporary societies. In his writings, he has aimed to revise ideas on the importance of market economies and the division of labor in the workplace and national and global economies.", "In his writings, he has aimed to revise ideas on the importance of market economies and the division of labor in the workplace and national and global economies. Critique of economics Unger's critique of economics begins with the identification of a key moment in economic history, when the analysis of production and exchange turned away from social theory and engaged in a quest for scientific objectivity.", "Critique of economics Unger's critique of economics begins with the identification of a key moment in economic history, when the analysis of production and exchange turned away from social theory and engaged in a quest for scientific objectivity. In Unger's analysis, classical economics focused on the causal relations among social activities, which were connected with the production and distribution of wealth.", "In Unger's analysis, classical economics focused on the causal relations among social activities, which were connected with the production and distribution of wealth. Classical economists asked questions about the true basis of value, activities that contributed to national wealth, systems of rights, or about the forms of government under which people grow rich.", "Classical economists asked questions about the true basis of value, activities that contributed to national wealth, systems of rights, or about the forms of government under which people grow rich. In the late-nineteenth century, in response to attacks from socialist ideas and debates about how society works, and as a means to escape the conundrums of value theory and to answer how values could become prices, marginalist economics arose.", "In the late-nineteenth century, in response to attacks from socialist ideas and debates about how society works, and as a means to escape the conundrums of value theory and to answer how values could become prices, marginalist economics arose. This movement in economics disengaged economics from prescriptive and normative commitments to withdraw the study of economies from debates about how society worked and what kind of society we wanted to live in.", "This movement in economics disengaged economics from prescriptive and normative commitments to withdraw the study of economies from debates about how society worked and what kind of society we wanted to live in. For Unger, this moment in the history of economics robbed it of any analytical or practical value.", "For Unger, this moment in the history of economics robbed it of any analytical or practical value. Unger's critique of Marginalism begins with Walras' equilibrium theory, which attempted to achieve a certainty of economic analysis by putting aside normative controversies of social organization.", "Unger's critique of Marginalism begins with Walras' equilibrium theory, which attempted to achieve a certainty of economic analysis by putting aside normative controversies of social organization. Unger finds three weaknesses that crippled the theory: foremost, the theory claimed that equilibrium would be spontaneously generated in a market economy.", "Unger finds three weaknesses that crippled the theory: foremost, the theory claimed that equilibrium would be spontaneously generated in a market economy. In reality, a self-adjusting equilibrium fails to occur. Second, the theory puts forth a determinate image of the market.", "Second, the theory puts forth a determinate image of the market. Historically, however, the market has been shown to be indeterminate with different market arrangements. Third, the polemical use of efficiency fails to account for the differences of distribution among individuals, classes, and generations.", "Third, the polemical use of efficiency fails to account for the differences of distribution among individuals, classes, and generations. The consequences of the marginalist movement were profound for the study of economics, Unger says.", "The consequences of the marginalist movement were profound for the study of economics, Unger says. The most immediate problem is that under this generalizing tendency of economics, there is no means by which to incorporate empirical evidence and thus to re-imagine the world and develop new theories and new directions.", "The most immediate problem is that under this generalizing tendency of economics, there is no means by which to incorporate empirical evidence and thus to re-imagine the world and develop new theories and new directions. In this way, the discipline is always self-referential and theoretical.", "In this way, the discipline is always self-referential and theoretical. Furthermore, the lack of a normative view of the world curtails the ability to propose anything more than a policy prescription, which by definition always assumes a given context. The discipline can only rationalize the world and support a status quo.", "The discipline can only rationalize the world and support a status quo. Lastly, Unger finds that this turn in economics ended up universalizing debates in macroeconomics and leaving the discipline without any historical perspective.", "Lastly, Unger finds that this turn in economics ended up universalizing debates in macroeconomics and leaving the discipline without any historical perspective. A consequence, for example, was that Keynes' solution to a particular historical crisis was turned into a general theory when it should only be understood as a response to a particular situation.", "A consequence, for example, was that Keynes' solution to a particular historical crisis was turned into a general theory when it should only be understood as a response to a particular situation. Reorientating economics Unger's vision of economics is that it cannot be unhinged from ideas about the individual and social life.", "Reorientating economics Unger's vision of economics is that it cannot be unhinged from ideas about the individual and social life. Human activity and political organization must be incorporated into any analysis of trade and economies.", "Human activity and political organization must be incorporated into any analysis of trade and economies. In remaking the discipline, he calls for a return to the normative practice of classical economics but stripped of its necessitarian assumptions and typological references. The development of explanatory claims and prescriptive ideas are necessary.", "The development of explanatory claims and prescriptive ideas are necessary. The discipline must connect the transformation of nature with that of society—the making of things with the reorganization of people. In Free Trade Reimagined: The World Division of Labor and the Method of Economics, he sets forth six ideas to begin thinking about economic activity.", "In Free Trade Reimagined: The World Division of Labor and the Method of Economics, he sets forth six ideas to begin thinking about economic activity. The problem of specialization and discovery.", "The problem of specialization and discovery. Competition comes to inhibit self transformation when trading partners are unequal but not radically unequal, for both are forced into cost cutting rather than innovating and increasing efficiency. The problem of politics over economics. The making and implementation of policy is not one of discovery, but rather of top down implementation.", "The making and implementation of policy is not one of discovery, but rather of top down implementation. Rigid state control will limit how a society can respond to tensions and crisis, and thus politics creates its own presuppositions and limits creativity and alternative solutions.", "Rigid state control will limit how a society can respond to tensions and crisis, and thus politics creates its own presuppositions and limits creativity and alternative solutions. Free trade should strengthen the capacity for self transformation by organizing the trading regime in a way that strengthens the capacity of trading partners to experiment and innovate.", "Free trade should strengthen the capacity for self transformation by organizing the trading regime in a way that strengthens the capacity of trading partners to experiment and innovate. It becomes question not of how much free trade, but what kind. The best arrangements are those that impose the least amount of restraint. Alternative free trade.", "Alternative free trade. Alternative free trade. The market has no necessary and natural form. If the market economy can be organized in a different way then so can a universal order of free trade among market economies. The division of labor remade.", "The division of labor remade. The division of labor remade. The pin factory organization of labor describes the organization of work as if labor were a machine. But we can make machines to do this work. We should then innovate in those areas where we don't yet know how to make the machine to do the work.", "We should then innovate in those areas where we don't yet know how to make the machine to do the work. Production should be one of collective learning and permanent innovation. Mind against context. The mind is both a machine and an anti-machine; it is both formulaic and totalizing.", "The mind is both a machine and an anti-machine; it is both formulaic and totalizing. Thus we never rest in any context, and we need to have arrangements that constantly lend themselves to reinvention. Reconstructing economic institutions For Unger, the economy is not only a device for wealth but also permanent innovation and discovery.", "Reconstructing economic institutions For Unger, the economy is not only a device for wealth but also permanent innovation and discovery. It should allow the greatest freedom of the recombination of people and resources, and allow people to innovate in institutional settings. The market economy should not be single dogmatic version of itself.", "The market economy should not be single dogmatic version of itself. Unger has presented a number of general institutional proposals that aim to restructure the world trade regime and introduce new alternatives in the market economy.", "Unger has presented a number of general institutional proposals that aim to restructure the world trade regime and introduce new alternatives in the market economy. For international and global trade, Unger calls for the need to experiment with different property rights regimes, where multiple forms will coexist in the same market system and not be tied to individual property rights and contractual labor.", "For international and global trade, Unger calls for the need to experiment with different property rights regimes, where multiple forms will coexist in the same market system and not be tied to individual property rights and contractual labor. Generally, rather than maximizing the free trade as the goal, Unger sees the need to build and open the world economy in way that reconciles global openness with national and regional diversification, deviation, heresy, and experiment, where the idea is to support alternatives by making the world safer for them.", "Generally, rather than maximizing the free trade as the goal, Unger sees the need to build and open the world economy in way that reconciles global openness with national and regional diversification, deviation, heresy, and experiment, where the idea is to support alternatives by making the world safer for them. For national economies, he rejects the need to require the free flow of capital, for there are times when it may be necessary to restrict capital flows.", "For national economies, he rejects the need to require the free flow of capital, for there are times when it may be necessary to restrict capital flows. Rather, he puts the emphasis on the free flow of people. Labor should be allowed to move freely throughout the world.", "Labor should be allowed to move freely throughout the world. On the twenty-first-century economic stimulus Most recently, in a YouTube video titled he laid out three key policies to address the current economy: Change the arrangements of finance in relation to production so that finance is in the service of production.", "On the twenty-first-century economic stimulus Most recently, in a YouTube video titled he laid out three key policies to address the current economy: Change the arrangements of finance in relation to production so that finance is in the service of production. Tax and regulate to discourage finance that does not contribute to production.", "Tax and regulate to discourage finance that does not contribute to production. Use public capital for venture capital funds. Broaden economic opportunity by supporting small and medium enterprise. Reject the choice between government regulation and state controlled models. Support cooperation between government and firms, and cooperation and competition among firms. Education.", "Education. Education. A system of schools to meet needs of a vibrant and flexible economy. Vocational schools that teach general concepts and flexibility, not job-specific skills.", "Vocational schools that teach general concepts and flexibility, not job-specific skills. \"Illusions of necessity in the economic order\" Unger's first writing on economic theory was the article \"Illusions of necessity in the economic order\" in the May 1978 issue of American Economic Review.", "\"Illusions of necessity in the economic order\" Unger's first writing on economic theory was the article \"Illusions of necessity in the economic order\" in the May 1978 issue of American Economic Review. In the article he makes a case for the need of contemporary economic thought to imitate classical political economy in which theories of exchange should be incorporated into theories of power and perception.", "In the article he makes a case for the need of contemporary economic thought to imitate classical political economy in which theories of exchange should be incorporated into theories of power and perception. The article articulates the problem of the American economy as one of the inability to realize democracy of production and community in the workplace.", "The article articulates the problem of the American economy as one of the inability to realize democracy of production and community in the workplace. This failure, according to Unger, is the result of the lack of a comprehensive program that encompasses production, society, and state, so that immediate attempts to address inequality get swallowed up and appropriated by the status quo in the course of winning immediate gains for the organization or constituency, e.g.", "This failure, according to Unger, is the result of the lack of a comprehensive program that encompasses production, society, and state, so that immediate attempts to address inequality get swallowed up and appropriated by the status quo in the course of winning immediate gains for the organization or constituency, e.g. unions.", "unions. unions. To realize a democracy in the workplace and the abolition of wealth and poverty, Unger argues for the need to relate the program of worker community and democracy with an enlargement of democracy at the national level—the goal cannot be only one of economic production and worker's rights, but must be accompanied by a national project at the structural level.", "To realize a democracy in the workplace and the abolition of wealth and poverty, Unger argues for the need to relate the program of worker community and democracy with an enlargement of democracy at the national level—the goal cannot be only one of economic production and worker's rights, but must be accompanied by a national project at the structural level. He pushes this idea further by calling not just for a restructuring of the relationship between the firm and state based on private property, but that it also has to be replaced with a new set of rights encompassing access to jobs, markets, and capital.", "He pushes this idea further by calling not just for a restructuring of the relationship between the firm and state based on private property, but that it also has to be replaced with a new set of rights encompassing access to jobs, markets, and capital. Only as private rights are phased out can rights of decentralized decision making and market exchange be extended to workers.", "Only as private rights are phased out can rights of decentralized decision making and market exchange be extended to workers. This needs to be accompanied by limits on the size of enterprise and how profits are used to control others' labor.", "This needs to be accompanied by limits on the size of enterprise and how profits are used to control others' labor. Neoclassical economics is not up to this task because it begins with preconceived standards that it applies to explain empirical data, while leaving out that which is a theoretical anomaly; there is no causal basis of analysis, Unger says, rather everything is embedded in a timeless universal without any account for context.", "Neoclassical economics is not up to this task because it begins with preconceived standards that it applies to explain empirical data, while leaving out that which is a theoretical anomaly; there is no causal basis of analysis, Unger says, rather everything is embedded in a timeless universal without any account for context. Furthermore, the ambiguity of concepts of maximization, efficiency, and rationalization pin the analysis to a certain notion of the behavior of the rationalizing individual, making the analysis either tautological or reduced to a set of power relations translated into the language of material exchange.", "Furthermore, the ambiguity of concepts of maximization, efficiency, and rationalization pin the analysis to a certain notion of the behavior of the rationalizing individual, making the analysis either tautological or reduced to a set of power relations translated into the language of material exchange. Programmatic thought Key in Unger's thinking is the need to re-imagine social institutions before attempting to revise them.", "Programmatic thought Key in Unger's thinking is the need to re-imagine social institutions before attempting to revise them. This calls for a program, or programmatic thought.", "This calls for a program, or programmatic thought. In building this program, however, we must not entertain complete revolutionary overhaul, lest we be plagued by three false assumptions: Typological fallacy: the fallacy that there is closed list of institutional alternatives in history, such as \"feudalism\" or \"capitalism\".", "In building this program, however, we must not entertain complete revolutionary overhaul, lest we be plagued by three false assumptions: Typological fallacy: the fallacy that there is closed list of institutional alternatives in history, such as \"feudalism\" or \"capitalism\". There is not a natural form of society, only the specific result of the piecemeal institutional changes, political movements, and cultural reforms (as well as the accidents and coincidences of history) that came before it.", "There is not a natural form of society, only the specific result of the piecemeal institutional changes, political movements, and cultural reforms (as well as the accidents and coincidences of history) that came before it. Indivisibility fallacy: most subscribers to revolutionary Leftism wrongly believe that institutional structures must stand and fall together.", "Indivisibility fallacy: most subscribers to revolutionary Leftism wrongly believe that institutional structures must stand and fall together. However, structures can be reformed piecemeal. Determinism fallacy: the fallacy that uncontrollable and little understood law-like forces drive the historical succession of institutional systems. However, there is no natural flow of history.", "However, there is no natural flow of history. We make ourselves and our world, and can do so in any way we choose. To think about social transformation programmatically, one must first mark the direction one wants society to move in, and then identify the first steps with which we can move in that direction.", "To think about social transformation programmatically, one must first mark the direction one wants society to move in, and then identify the first steps with which we can move in that direction. In this way we can formulate proposals at points along the trajectory, be they relatively close to how things are now or relatively far away.", "In this way we can formulate proposals at points along the trajectory, be they relatively close to how things are now or relatively far away. This provides a third way between revolution and reform. It is revolutionary reform, where one has a revolutionary vision, but acts on that vision in a sequence of piecemeal reforms.", "It is revolutionary reform, where one has a revolutionary vision, but acts on that vision in a sequence of piecemeal reforms. As Unger puts it, transformative politics is \"not about blueprints; it is about pathways. It is not architecture; it is music\".", "It is not architecture; it is music\". The two Lefts Unger sees two main Lefts in the world today, a recalcitrant Left and a humanizing Left. The recalcitrant Left seeks to slow down the march of markets and globalization, and to return to a time of greater government involvement and stronger social programs.", "The recalcitrant Left seeks to slow down the march of markets and globalization, and to return to a time of greater government involvement and stronger social programs. The humanizing Left (or 'reformist Left') accepts the world in its present form, taking the market economy and globalization as unavoidable, and attempts to humanize their effects through tax-and-transfer policies.", "The humanizing Left (or 'reformist Left') accepts the world in its present form, taking the market economy and globalization as unavoidable, and attempts to humanize their effects through tax-and-transfer policies. Unger finds the two major orientations of contemporary Leftism inadequate and calls for a 'Reconstructive Left' – one which would insist on redirecting the course of globalization by reorganizing the market economy.", "Unger finds the two major orientations of contemporary Leftism inadequate and calls for a 'Reconstructive Left' – one which would insist on redirecting the course of globalization by reorganizing the market economy. In his two books The Left Alternative and The Future of American Progressivism, Unger lays out a program to democratize the market economy and deepen democracy.", "In his two books The Left Alternative and The Future of American Progressivism, Unger lays out a program to democratize the market economy and deepen democracy. This Reconstructive Left would look beyond debates on the appropriate size of government, and instead re-envision the relationship between government and firms in the market economy by experimenting with the coexistence of different regimes of private and social property.", "This Reconstructive Left would look beyond debates on the appropriate size of government, and instead re-envision the relationship between government and firms in the market economy by experimenting with the coexistence of different regimes of private and social property. It would be committed to social solidarity, but \"would refuse to allow our moral interests in social cohesion [to] rest solely upon money transfers commanded by the state in the form of compensatory and retrospective redistribution\", as is the case with federal entitlement programs.", "It would be committed to social solidarity, but \"would refuse to allow our moral interests in social cohesion [to] rest solely upon money transfers commanded by the state in the form of compensatory and retrospective redistribution\", as is the case with federal entitlement programs. Instead, Unger's Reconstructive Left affirms \"the principle that everyone should share, in some way and at some time, responsibility for taking care of other people.\"", "Instead, Unger's Reconstructive Left affirms \"the principle that everyone should share, in some way and at some time, responsibility for taking care of other people.\" The Left Alternative program Unger has laid out concrete policy proposals in areas of economic development, education, civil society, and political democracy.", "The Left Alternative program Unger has laid out concrete policy proposals in areas of economic development, education, civil society, and political democracy. On economic development, Unger has noted that there are only two models for a national economy available to us today: the US model of business control of government, and the northeast Asian model of top down bureaucratic control of the economy.", "On economic development, Unger has noted that there are only two models for a national economy available to us today: the US model of business control of government, and the northeast Asian model of top down bureaucratic control of the economy. Citing the need for greater imagination on the issue, he has offered a third model that is decentralized, pluralistic, participatory, and experimental.", "Citing the need for greater imagination on the issue, he has offered a third model that is decentralized, pluralistic, participatory, and experimental. This would take the form of an economy encouraging small business development and innovation that would create large scale self-employment and cooperation.", "This would take the form of an economy encouraging small business development and innovation that would create large scale self-employment and cooperation. The emphasis is not on the protection of big business as the main sectors of the economy, but the highly mobile and innovative small firm.", "The emphasis is not on the protection of big business as the main sectors of the economy, but the highly mobile and innovative small firm. Unger links the development of such an economy to an education system that encourages creativity and empowers the mind, not one that he now sees geared for a reproduction of the family and to put the individual in service of the state.", "Unger links the development of such an economy to an education system that encourages creativity and empowers the mind, not one that he now sees geared for a reproduction of the family and to put the individual in service of the state. He proposes that such a system should be run locally but have standards enforced through national oversight, as well as a procedure in place to intervene in the case of the failing of local systems.", "He proposes that such a system should be run locally but have standards enforced through national oversight, as well as a procedure in place to intervene in the case of the failing of local systems. Unger's critique of and alternative to social programs goes to the heart of civil society.", "Unger's critique of and alternative to social programs goes to the heart of civil society. The problem we are faced with now, he claims, is that we have a bureaucratic system of distribution that provides lower quality service and prohibits the involvement of civil society in the provision of public services.", "The problem we are faced with now, he claims, is that we have a bureaucratic system of distribution that provides lower quality service and prohibits the involvement of civil society in the provision of public services. The alternative he lays out is to have the state act to equip civil society to partake in public services and care.", "The alternative he lays out is to have the state act to equip civil society to partake in public services and care. This would entail empowering each individual to have two responsibilities, one in the productive economy and one in the caring economy.", "This would entail empowering each individual to have two responsibilities, one in the productive economy and one in the caring economy. Unger's proposal for political democracy calls for a high energy system that diminishes the dependence of change upon crisis.", "Unger's proposal for political democracy calls for a high energy system that diminishes the dependence of change upon crisis. This can be done, he claims, by breaking the constant threat of stasis and institutionalization of politics and parties through five institutional innovations.", "This can be done, he claims, by breaking the constant threat of stasis and institutionalization of politics and parties through five institutional innovations. First, increase collective engagement through the public financing of campaigns and giving free access to media outlets.", "First, increase collective engagement through the public financing of campaigns and giving free access to media outlets. Second, hasten the pace of politics by breaking legislative deadlock through the enabling of the party in power to push through proposals and reforms, and for opposition parties to be able to dissolve the government and call for immediate elections.", "Second, hasten the pace of politics by breaking legislative deadlock through the enabling of the party in power to push through proposals and reforms, and for opposition parties to be able to dissolve the government and call for immediate elections. Third, the option of any segment of society to opt out of the political process and to propose alternative solutions for its own governance.", "Third, the option of any segment of society to opt out of the political process and to propose alternative solutions for its own governance. Fourth, give the state the power to rescue oppressed groups that are unable to liberate themselves through collective action.", "Fourth, give the state the power to rescue oppressed groups that are unable to liberate themselves through collective action. Fifth, direct participatory democracy in which active engagement is not purely in terms of financial support and wealth distribution, but through which people are directly involved in their local and national affairs through proposal and action.", "Fifth, direct participatory democracy in which active engagement is not purely in terms of financial support and wealth distribution, but through which people are directly involved in their local and national affairs through proposal and action. Theoretical philosophy At the core of Unger's theoretical philosophy are two key conceptions: first the infinity of the individual, and secondly the singularity of the world and the reality of time.", "Theoretical philosophy At the core of Unger's theoretical philosophy are two key conceptions: first the infinity of the individual, and secondly the singularity of the world and the reality of time. The premise behind the infinity of the individual is that we exist within social contexts but we are more than the roles that these contexts may define for us—we can overcome them.", "The premise behind the infinity of the individual is that we exist within social contexts but we are more than the roles that these contexts may define for us—we can overcome them. In Unger's terms, we are both \"context-bound and context-transcending; \"we appear as \"the embodied spirit;\" as \"the infinite imprisoned within the finite.\"", "In Unger's terms, we are both \"context-bound and context-transcending; \"we appear as \"the embodied spirit;\" as \"the infinite imprisoned within the finite.\" For Unger, there is no natural state of the individual and his social being. Rather, we are infinite in spirit and unbound in what we can become.", "Rather, we are infinite in spirit and unbound in what we can become. As such, no social institution or convention can contain us. While institutions do exist and shape our beings and our interactions, we can change both their structure and the extent to which they imprison us.", "While institutions do exist and shape our beings and our interactions, we can change both their structure and the extent to which they imprison us. The philosophy of the singularity of the world and the reality of time establishes history as the site of decisive action through the propositions that there is only one real world, not multiple or simultaneous universes, and that time really exists in the world, not as a simulacrum through which we must experience the world.", "The philosophy of the singularity of the world and the reality of time establishes history as the site of decisive action through the propositions that there is only one real world, not multiple or simultaneous universes, and that time really exists in the world, not as a simulacrum through which we must experience the world. These two concepts of infinity and reality lie at the heart of Unger's program calling for metaphysical and institutional revolutions.", "These two concepts of infinity and reality lie at the heart of Unger's program calling for metaphysical and institutional revolutions. From the concept of the self as infinite but constrained, Unger argues that we must continually transform our environment to better express ourselves. This can only be done in a singular world within which time is real.", "This can only be done in a singular world within which time is real. The self and human nature In Passion: An Essay on Personality, Unger explores the individual and his relation to society from the perspective of the root human predicament of the need to establish oneself as a unique individual in the world but at the same time to find commonality and solidarity with others.", "The self and human nature In Passion: An Essay on Personality, Unger explores the individual and his relation to society from the perspective of the root human predicament of the need to establish oneself as a unique individual in the world but at the same time to find commonality and solidarity with others. This exploration is grounded in what Unger calls a modernist image of the human being as one who lives in context but is not bound by context.", "This exploration is grounded in what Unger calls a modernist image of the human being as one who lives in context but is not bound by context. Unger's aim is to level a critique, expansion, and defense of modern thinking about the human and society.", "Unger's aim is to level a critique, expansion, and defense of modern thinking about the human and society. Religion and the human condition Unger has written and spoken extensively on religion and the human condition. Religion, Unger argues, is a vision of the world within which we anchor our orientation to life.", "Religion, Unger argues, is a vision of the world within which we anchor our orientation to life. It is within this orientation that we deal with our greatest terrors and highest hopes.", "It is within this orientation that we deal with our greatest terrors and highest hopes. Because we are doomed to die, we hope for eternal life; because we are unable to grasp to totality of existence or of the universe, we try to dispel the mystery and provide a comprehensible explanation; because we have an insatiable desire, we cry for an object that is worthy of this desire, one that is infinite.", "Because we are doomed to die, we hope for eternal life; because we are unable to grasp to totality of existence or of the universe, we try to dispel the mystery and provide a comprehensible explanation; because we have an insatiable desire, we cry for an object that is worthy of this desire, one that is infinite. Humans initially invested religious discourse in nature and the human susceptibility to nature.", "Humans initially invested religious discourse in nature and the human susceptibility to nature. But as societies evolved and people developed ways to cope with the unpredictability of nature, the emphasis of religion shifted to social existence and its defects.", "But as societies evolved and people developed ways to cope with the unpredictability of nature, the emphasis of religion shifted to social existence and its defects. A new moment in religion will begin, Unger argues, when we stop telling ourselves that all will be fine and we begin to face the incorrigible flaws in human existence.", "A new moment in religion will begin, Unger argues, when we stop telling ourselves that all will be fine and we begin to face the incorrigible flaws in human existence. The future of religion lies in embracing our mortality and our groundlessness. Unger sees four flaws in the human condition.", "Unger sees four flaws in the human condition. They are, our mortality and the facing of imminent death; our groundlessness in that we are unable to grasp the solution to the enigma of existence, see the beginning or end of time, nor put off the discovery of the meaning of life; our insatiability in that we always want more, and demand the infinite from the finite; and our susceptibility to belittlement which places us in a position to constantly confront petty routine forcing us to die many little deaths.", "They are, our mortality and the facing of imminent death; our groundlessness in that we are unable to grasp the solution to the enigma of existence, see the beginning or end of time, nor put off the discovery of the meaning of life; our insatiability in that we always want more, and demand the infinite from the finite; and our susceptibility to belittlement which places us in a position to constantly confront petty routine forcing us to die many little deaths. There are three major responses in the history of human thought to these flaws: escape, humanization, and confrontation.", "There are three major responses in the history of human thought to these flaws: escape, humanization, and confrontation. The overcoming of the world denies the phenomenal world and its distinctions, including the individual. It proclaims a benevolence towards others and an indifference to suffering and change. One achieves serenity by becoming invulnerable to suffering and change.", "One achieves serenity by becoming invulnerable to suffering and change. The religion of Buddhism and philosophical thought of Plato and Schopenhauer best represent this orientation. The humanization of the world creates meaning out of social interactions in a meaningless world by placing all emphasis on our reciprocal responsibility to one another.", "The humanization of the world creates meaning out of social interactions in a meaningless world by placing all emphasis on our reciprocal responsibility to one another. Confucianism and contemporary liberalism represent this strand of thought, both of which aim to soften the cruelties of the world.", "Confucianism and contemporary liberalism represent this strand of thought, both of which aim to soften the cruelties of the world. The struggle with the world is framed by the idea that series of personal and social transformations can increase our share of attributes associated with the divine and give us a larger life.", "The struggle with the world is framed by the idea that series of personal and social transformations can increase our share of attributes associated with the divine and give us a larger life. It emphasizes love over altruism, rejecting the moral of the mastery of self-interest to enhance solidarity, and emphasizing the humility of individual love.", "It emphasizes love over altruism, rejecting the moral of the mastery of self-interest to enhance solidarity, and emphasizing the humility of individual love. This orientation has been articulated in two different voices: the sacred voice of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, and the profane voice of the secular projects of liberation.", "This orientation has been articulated in two different voices: the sacred voice of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, and the profane voice of the secular projects of liberation. The religion of the future The spiritual orientation of the struggle with the world has given rise to the secular movements of emancipation in the modern world, and it is here that Unger sees the religion of the future.", "The religion of the future The spiritual orientation of the struggle with the world has given rise to the secular movements of emancipation in the modern world, and it is here that Unger sees the religion of the future. The problem Unger sees, however, is that as an established religion, this orientation has betrayed its ideological underpinnings and has made peace with existing order.", "The problem Unger sees, however, is that as an established religion, this orientation has betrayed its ideological underpinnings and has made peace with existing order. It has accepted the hierarchies of class structure in society, accepted the transfer of money as serving as the basis of solidarity, and reaffirmed the basis of existing political, economic, and social institutions by investing in a conservative position of their preservation.", "It has accepted the hierarchies of class structure in society, accepted the transfer of money as serving as the basis of solidarity, and reaffirmed the basis of existing political, economic, and social institutions by investing in a conservative position of their preservation. Thus, \"to be faithful to what made this orientation persuasive and powerful in the first place, we must radicalize it against both established institutions and dominant beliefs.\"", "Thus, \"to be faithful to what made this orientation persuasive and powerful in the first place, we must radicalize it against both established institutions and dominant beliefs.\" Unger's call is for a revolution in our religious beliefs that encompasses both individual transformation and institutional reorganization; to create change in the life of the individual as well as in the organization of society.", "Unger's call is for a revolution in our religious beliefs that encompasses both individual transformation and institutional reorganization; to create change in the life of the individual as well as in the organization of society. The first part of the program of individual transformation means waking from the dazed state in which we live our lives, and recognizing our mortality and groundlessness without turning to the “feel-good theologies and philosophies”.", "The first part of the program of individual transformation means waking from the dazed state in which we live our lives, and recognizing our mortality and groundlessness without turning to the “feel-good theologies and philosophies”. The second part of the program of social transformation means supplementing the metaphysical revolution with institutional practices by creating social institutions that allow us to constantly overthrow our constraints and our context, and to make this overthrow not a one time event but a continuing process.", "The second part of the program of social transformation means supplementing the metaphysical revolution with institutional practices by creating social institutions that allow us to constantly overthrow our constraints and our context, and to make this overthrow not a one time event but a continuing process. This is the program of empowered democracy that calls for reforms in the market economy, education, politics, and civil society.", "This is the program of empowered democracy that calls for reforms in the market economy, education, politics, and civil society. \"The goal is not to humanize society but to divinize humanity.\" It is \"to raise ordinary life to a higher level of intensity and capability.\"", "It is \"to raise ordinary life to a higher level of intensity and capability.\" Natural philosophy Unger's philosophy of space and time presented in The Singular Universe and the Reality of Time argues for the singularity of the world and the reality of time. His arguments are grounded in the tradition of natural philosophy.", "His arguments are grounded in the tradition of natural philosophy. He takes on the Newtonian idea of the independent observer standing outside of time and space, addresses the skepticism of David Hume, rejects the position of Kant, and attacks speculations about parallel universes of contemporary cosmology.", "He takes on the Newtonian idea of the independent observer standing outside of time and space, addresses the skepticism of David Hume, rejects the position of Kant, and attacks speculations about parallel universes of contemporary cosmology. At stake is the laying of the foundations for a view of the world and causality that is open to all possibilities; that is not a closed system of options in which our future is governed by deterministic laws and typologies.", "At stake is the laying of the foundations for a view of the world and causality that is open to all possibilities; that is not a closed system of options in which our future is governed by deterministic laws and typologies. It is an understanding of society that rejects the naturalness and necessity of current social arrangements; \"a form of understanding of society and history that refuses to explain the present arrangements in a manner that vindicates their naturalness and necessity.\"", "It is an understanding of society that rejects the naturalness and necessity of current social arrangements; \"a form of understanding of society and history that refuses to explain the present arrangements in a manner that vindicates their naturalness and necessity.\" The thesis of the singularity of the world states that there is one real world.", "The thesis of the singularity of the world states that there is one real world. Such a thesis stands in stark contrast to contemporary theoretical physics and cosmology, which speculate about multiple universes out of the dilemma of how to have law like explanations if the universe is unique—laws will be universal because they don't just apply to this unique universe but to all universes.", "Such a thesis stands in stark contrast to contemporary theoretical physics and cosmology, which speculate about multiple universes out of the dilemma of how to have law like explanations if the universe is unique—laws will be universal because they don't just apply to this unique universe but to all universes. However, there is no empirical evidence for multiple worlds.", "However, there is no empirical evidence for multiple worlds. Unger's singularity thesis can better address our empirical observations and set the conceptual platform to address the four main puzzles in cosmology today: Big Bang, initial conditions, horizon problem, and the precise value of constants, such as gravity, speed of light, and Planck's constant.", "Unger's singularity thesis can better address our empirical observations and set the conceptual platform to address the four main puzzles in cosmology today: Big Bang, initial conditions, horizon problem, and the precise value of constants, such as gravity, speed of light, and Planck's constant. The thesis that time is real states that time \"really is real\" and everything is subject to history.", "The thesis that time is real states that time \"really is real\" and everything is subject to history. This move is to historicize everything, even the laws of nature, and to challenge our acting as if time were real but not too real—we act as if it is somewhat real otherwise there would be no causal relations, but not so real that laws change.", "This move is to historicize everything, even the laws of nature, and to challenge our acting as if time were real but not too real—we act as if it is somewhat real otherwise there would be no causal relations, but not so real that laws change. Unger holds that time is so real that laws of nature are also subject to its force and they too must change.", "Unger holds that time is so real that laws of nature are also subject to its force and they too must change. There are no eternal laws upon which change occurs, rather time precedes structure. This position gives the universe a history and makes time non-emergent, global, irreversible, and continuous.", "This position gives the universe a history and makes time non-emergent, global, irreversible, and continuous. Bringing these two thesis together, Unger theorizes that laws of nature develop together with the phenomenon they explain.", "Bringing these two thesis together, Unger theorizes that laws of nature develop together with the phenomenon they explain. Laws and initial conditions co-evolve, in the same that they do in how cells reproduce and mutate in different levels of complexity of organisms.", "Laws and initial conditions co-evolve, in the same that they do in how cells reproduce and mutate in different levels of complexity of organisms. In cosmological terms Unger explains the passing from one structure to another at the origins of the universe when the state of energy was high but not infinite, and the freedom of movement was greater than when operating under a known set of laws.", "In cosmological terms Unger explains the passing from one structure to another at the origins of the universe when the state of energy was high but not infinite, and the freedom of movement was greater than when operating under a known set of laws. The conditions of the early universe is compatible with the universe that preceded it.", "The conditions of the early universe is compatible with the universe that preceded it. The new universe may be different in structure, but has been made with what existed in the old one, e.g. masses of elementary particles, strength of different forces, and cosmological constants.", "masses of elementary particles, strength of different forces, and cosmological constants. As the universe cools the phenomena and laws work together with materials produced by sequence; they are path dependent materials.", "As the universe cools the phenomena and laws work together with materials produced by sequence; they are path dependent materials. They are also constrained by the family of resemblances of the effective laws against the background of the conceptions of alternative states the universe and succession of universes.", "They are also constrained by the family of resemblances of the effective laws against the background of the conceptions of alternative states the universe and succession of universes. Mathematics and the one real, time-drenched world One consequence of these positions that Unger points to is the revision of the concept and function of mathematics.", "Mathematics and the one real, time-drenched world One consequence of these positions that Unger points to is the revision of the concept and function of mathematics. If there is only one world drenched in time through and through, then mathematics cannot be a timeless expression of multiple universes that captures reality.", "If there is only one world drenched in time through and through, then mathematics cannot be a timeless expression of multiple universes that captures reality. Rather, Unger argues that mathematics is a means of analyzing the world removed of time and phenomenal distinction.", "Rather, Unger argues that mathematics is a means of analyzing the world removed of time and phenomenal distinction. By emptying the world of time and space it is able to better focus on one aspect of reality: the recurrence of certain ways in which pieces of the world relate to other pieces.", "By emptying the world of time and space it is able to better focus on one aspect of reality: the recurrence of certain ways in which pieces of the world relate to other pieces. Its subject matter are the structured wholes and bundles of relations, which we see outside mathematics only as embodied in the time-bound particulars of the manifest world.", "Its subject matter are the structured wholes and bundles of relations, which we see outside mathematics only as embodied in the time-bound particulars of the manifest world. In this way, mathematics extends our problem solving powers as an extension of human insight, but it is not a part of the world.", "In this way, mathematics extends our problem solving powers as an extension of human insight, but it is not a part of the world. Political engagement Unger has a long history of political activity in Brazil.", "Political engagement Unger has a long history of political activity in Brazil. He worked in early opposition parties in the 1970s/80s against the Brazilian military dictatorship, and drafted the founding manifesto for the Brazilian Democratic Movement Party (PMDB) in 1980.", "He worked in early opposition parties in the 1970s/80s against the Brazilian military dictatorship, and drafted the founding manifesto for the Brazilian Democratic Movement Party (PMDB) in 1980. He served as an intimate adviser to two presidential candidates, and launched exploratory bids himself in 2000 and 2006.", "He served as an intimate adviser to two presidential candidates, and launched exploratory bids himself in 2000 and 2006. He was the Secretary for Strategic Affairs in the Lula administration from 2007–09, and is currently working on a number of social and developmental projects in the state of Rondônia.", "He was the Secretary for Strategic Affairs in the Lula administration from 2007–09, and is currently working on a number of social and developmental projects in the state of Rondônia. Driving Unger's political engagement is the idea that society can be made and remade.", "Driving Unger's political engagement is the idea that society can be made and remade. Unlike Mill or Marx, who posited a particular class as the agent of history, Unger does not see a single vehicle for transformative politics.", "Unlike Mill or Marx, who posited a particular class as the agent of history, Unger does not see a single vehicle for transformative politics. He advocates world-wide revolution, but does not see this happening as a single cataclysmic event or undertaken by a class agent, like the Communist movement.", "He advocates world-wide revolution, but does not see this happening as a single cataclysmic event or undertaken by a class agent, like the Communist movement. Rather, he sees the possibility of piecemeal change, where institutions can be replaced one at a time, and permanent plasticity can be built into the institutional infrastructure.", "Rather, he sees the possibility of piecemeal change, where institutions can be replaced one at a time, and permanent plasticity can be built into the institutional infrastructure. Early political activity, 1970s and 1980s Unger's engagement in Brazilian politics began in the late 1970s as Brazil started to democratize.", "Early political activity, 1970s and 1980s Unger's engagement in Brazilian politics began in the late 1970s as Brazil started to democratize. In 1979, he presented himself to the main opposition party, the Brazilian Democratic Movement (MDB), and was appointed chief of staff by party leader Ulysses Guimaraes.", "In 1979, he presented himself to the main opposition party, the Brazilian Democratic Movement (MDB), and was appointed chief of staff by party leader Ulysses Guimaraes. His initial work was to develop the positions of the party and draft policy proposals for their party's congressional representatives.", "His initial work was to develop the positions of the party and draft policy proposals for their party's congressional representatives. When the military regime dissolved the two-party system and established a multi-party system later that year, Unger worked to unite progressive liberals and the independent, non-communist left into the Brazilian Democratic Movement Party (PMDB).", "When the military regime dissolved the two-party system and established a multi-party system later that year, Unger worked to unite progressive liberals and the independent, non-communist left into the Brazilian Democratic Movement Party (PMDB). As a co-founder of the party, he authored its first manifesto.", "As a co-founder of the party, he authored its first manifesto. Unger left the party after the rise of a conservative faction, which was a part of the MDB but had been excluded from the initial formation of the PMDB.", "Unger left the party after the rise of a conservative faction, which was a part of the MDB but had been excluded from the initial formation of the PMDB. After departing the PMDB in the early 1980s, Unger began looking for political agents who would serve as vehicles for his national alternative.", "After departing the PMDB in the early 1980s, Unger began looking for political agents who would serve as vehicles for his national alternative. In 1981, he jointed the Democratic Labour Party of Brazil (PDT) led by Leonel Brizola, a former governor of Rio de Janeiro and a figure of the left prior to the dictatorship.", "In 1981, he jointed the Democratic Labour Party of Brazil (PDT) led by Leonel Brizola, a former governor of Rio de Janeiro and a figure of the left prior to the dictatorship. Brizola had founded the PDT and Unger saw it as the authentic opposition to the military regime.", "Brizola had founded the PDT and Unger saw it as the authentic opposition to the military regime. Throughout the 1980s he worked with Brizola to travel the country recruiting members, and developing policy positions and a political language.", "Throughout the 1980s he worked with Brizola to travel the country recruiting members, and developing policy positions and a political language. In 1983, Brizola, then serving his second of three terms as governor of Rio de Janeiro, appointed Unger to head the State Foundation for the Education of Minors (FEEM), a state-run foundation for homeless children.", "In 1983, Brizola, then serving his second of three terms as governor of Rio de Janeiro, appointed Unger to head the State Foundation for the Education of Minors (FEEM), a state-run foundation for homeless children. During his year-long tenure, he began a process of radical reforms of the institutions, such as opening the door to international adoption and reintegrating children with their families.", "During his year-long tenure, he began a process of radical reforms of the institutions, such as opening the door to international adoption and reintegrating children with their families. He also set up community organizations in the slums to help support families in order to prevent the abandonment of children.", "He also set up community organizations in the slums to help support families in order to prevent the abandonment of children. Political campaigns, 1990s and 2000s In 1990, Unger ran a symbolic campaign for a seat in the national chamber of deputies. He had no money, no structure, and only campaigned for eight weeks.", "He had no money, no structure, and only campaigned for eight weeks. He ran on a platform of reforming the slums, and went around the slum neighborhoods giving lectures. He received 9,000 votes, just 1,000 votes short of winning the seat. None of the votes came from the slums, however.", "None of the votes came from the slums, however. All his votes had come from the middle class, although he had never campaigned in those neighborhoods or to that constituency. Recalling the experience, Unger says \"it was kind of absurd...", "Recalling the experience, Unger says \"it was kind of absurd... I had no money, no staff, and I would go into these slums, alone, to hand out pamphlets, often to the local drug pushers.\"", "I had no money, no staff, and I would go into these slums, alone, to hand out pamphlets, often to the local drug pushers.\" It is an experience that Unger cites as leading to his belief that the system and possibilities were much more open than he had previously imagined.", "It is an experience that Unger cites as leading to his belief that the system and possibilities were much more open than he had previously imagined. Unger served as Brizola's campaign organizer and primary political adviser in his bids for the Brazilian Presidency in 1989 and 1994.", "Unger served as Brizola's campaign organizer and primary political adviser in his bids for the Brazilian Presidency in 1989 and 1994. In 1989, Brizola finished in third place, losing the second position, which would have qualified him for a runoff against Fernando Collor de Mello, by a very narrow margin to Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva.", "In 1989, Brizola finished in third place, losing the second position, which would have qualified him for a runoff against Fernando Collor de Mello, by a very narrow margin to Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva. Brizola and Unger both supported Lula in the second round of the election, but Collor would go on to beat Lula and win the Presidency.", "Brizola and Unger both supported Lula in the second round of the election, but Collor would go on to beat Lula and win the Presidency. Unger also helped organize the presidential bids of former finance minister and governor of Ceará, Ciro Gomes, in 1998 and 2002.", "Unger also helped organize the presidential bids of former finance minister and governor of Ceará, Ciro Gomes, in 1998 and 2002. In 1998, Gomes came in third place with 11% of the vote, and in 2002 he came in fourth place with 12% of the vote.", "In 1998, Gomes came in third place with 11% of the vote, and in 2002 he came in fourth place with 12% of the vote. Unger had written The Next Step: An Alternative to Neoliberalism with Gomes in 1996.", "Unger had written The Next Step: An Alternative to Neoliberalism with Gomes in 1996. At the national level in 2002, again in the second round of the election, Unger supported Lula who went on to defeat José Serra to win the Presidency.", "At the national level in 2002, again in the second round of the election, Unger supported Lula who went on to defeat José Serra to win the Presidency. With the experience of supporting others who imploded politically, Unger discovered that, as he put it, he was committing \"the classic mistake of the philosophers in politics, which is to try to find someone else to do the work.\"", "With the experience of supporting others who imploded politically, Unger discovered that, as he put it, he was committing \"the classic mistake of the philosophers in politics, which is to try to find someone else to do the work.\" In 2000, he ran in the primaries for the mayor of Sao Paulo, but the PPS party leader suspended the primaries when it became clear that Unger would win the nomination and challenge party control.", "In 2000, he ran in the primaries for the mayor of Sao Paulo, but the PPS party leader suspended the primaries when it became clear that Unger would win the nomination and challenge party control. He launched an exploratory bid for the 2006 presidential election on the PRB ticket, but the party decided not to put forth its own candidate for the presidency and to support Lula of the PT.", "He launched an exploratory bid for the 2006 presidential election on the PRB ticket, but the party decided not to put forth its own candidate for the presidency and to support Lula of the PT. As Minister of Strategic Affairs in the Lula administration Unger found President Lula's first term to be conservative and riddled with scandal.", "As Minister of Strategic Affairs in the Lula administration Unger found President Lula's first term to be conservative and riddled with scandal. He wrote articles calling Lula's administration \"the most corrupt of Brazil's history\" and called for his impeachment.", "He wrote articles calling Lula's administration \"the most corrupt of Brazil's history\" and called for his impeachment. Despite the criticism, many advisers to Lula insisted that he should invite Unger to join his administration.", "Despite the criticism, many advisers to Lula insisted that he should invite Unger to join his administration. In June 2007, after winning his second term, Lula appointed Unger as head of the newly established Long-term Planning Secretariat (a post which would eventually be called The Minister of Strategic Affairs).", "In June 2007, after winning his second term, Lula appointed Unger as head of the newly established Long-term Planning Secretariat (a post which would eventually be called The Minister of Strategic Affairs). Unger's work in office was an attempt to enact his program.", "Unger's work in office was an attempt to enact his program. Seeing the future in small enterprises and advocating a rotating capital fund that would function like a government run venture capital fund, he pushed for a rapid expansion of credit to smaller producers and a decentralized network of technical support centers that would help broaden the middle class from below.", "Seeing the future in small enterprises and advocating a rotating capital fund that would function like a government run venture capital fund, he pushed for a rapid expansion of credit to smaller producers and a decentralized network of technical support centers that would help broaden the middle class from below. He further called for political solutions that would broaden access to production forces such as information technology, and for states to focus on equipping and monitoring civil society rather than trying to provide social services.", "He further called for political solutions that would broaden access to production forces such as information technology, and for states to focus on equipping and monitoring civil society rather than trying to provide social services. Unger's specific projects while in office were focused on giving \"ordinary men and women the instruments with which to render this vitality fertile and productive.\"", "Unger's specific projects while in office were focused on giving \"ordinary men and women the instruments with which to render this vitality fertile and productive.\" He aimed to use state powers and resources to allow the majority of poor workers to \"follow the path of the emergent vanguard\".", "He aimed to use state powers and resources to allow the majority of poor workers to \"follow the path of the emergent vanguard\". He developed a series of sectoral and regional initiatives that would prefigure the model of development based on the broadening of economic and educational opportunity by democratizing the market economy and restructuring civil society.", "He developed a series of sectoral and regional initiatives that would prefigure the model of development based on the broadening of economic and educational opportunity by democratizing the market economy and restructuring civil society. Sectorally, Unger revamped the educational structure and rewrote labor laws.", "Sectorally, Unger revamped the educational structure and rewrote labor laws. In education, he implemented a model of secondary education, where analytical problem-solving education was paired with technical education that focused on conceptual capabilities rather than job-specific skills. There are several hundred of these institutions today.", "There are several hundred of these institutions today. He further drafted legislation to associate national, state and local jurisdictions into common bodies that could intervene when a local school system fell below the minimum acceptable threshold of quality and \"fix it the way an independent administrator would fix a failing business under Chapter 11 bankruptcy.\"", "He further drafted legislation to associate national, state and local jurisdictions into common bodies that could intervene when a local school system fell below the minimum acceptable threshold of quality and \"fix it the way an independent administrator would fix a failing business under Chapter 11 bankruptcy.\" In labor, Unger worked with unions to write new labor laws designed to protect and organize temporary workers, subcontractors, and those working in the informal economy.", "In labor, Unger worked with unions to write new labor laws designed to protect and organize temporary workers, subcontractors, and those working in the informal economy. Regionally, some of Unger's most influential work was the implementation of a developmental strategy for the Amazon that would be sustainable environmentally by making it socially inclusive.", "Regionally, some of Unger's most influential work was the implementation of a developmental strategy for the Amazon that would be sustainable environmentally by making it socially inclusive. He drafted and passed legislation to regularize small-scale squatters on untitled land by giving them clear legal titles, which would create self-interest in preservation while granting them economic opportunity.", "He drafted and passed legislation to regularize small-scale squatters on untitled land by giving them clear legal titles, which would create self-interest in preservation while granting them economic opportunity. Included in this law were protections against large scale land grabbers.", "Included in this law were protections against large scale land grabbers. Such legislation aimed to empower locals living on Amazonian land by giving them ownership rights and linking their interest in preserving it, rather than pillaging it as quickly as possible in the face of ambiguous ownership rights. This legislation passed and was put into law.", "This legislation passed and was put into law. Unger served in the administration for two years. On 26 June 2009, President Lula announced Unger would be leaving the government and returning to Harvard University. He later cited personal and political reasons for his early departure.", "He later cited personal and political reasons for his early departure. Engagement outside Brazil Unger's attempts to develop global social, political, and economic alternatives have led him in episodic engagements in national debates around the world.", "Engagement outside Brazil Unger's attempts to develop global social, political, and economic alternatives have led him in episodic engagements in national debates around the world. His approach in these engagements recognizes that the problems facing contemporary societies are not distinct from nation to nation, and that general structural arrangements can first be implemented, which will allow for local innovation, flexibility, and development in social, economic, and political arenas.", "His approach in these engagements recognizes that the problems facing contemporary societies are not distinct from nation to nation, and that general structural arrangements can first be implemented, which will allow for local innovation, flexibility, and development in social, economic, and political arenas. There is no institutional blueprint for Unger, however, only a direction that can be pointed to and general proposals that can be implemented to allow further institutional innovation and experimentation.", "There is no institutional blueprint for Unger, however, only a direction that can be pointed to and general proposals that can be implemented to allow further institutional innovation and experimentation. Unger's guiding principle is that institutional flexibility needs to be built into the implemented system, and in this way a diversity of local experiments would take hold the world over.", "Unger's guiding principle is that institutional flexibility needs to be built into the implemented system, and in this way a diversity of local experiments would take hold the world over. One of Unger's more promising engagements was the Latin American Alternative in the late 1990s.", "One of Unger's more promising engagements was the Latin American Alternative in the late 1990s. Unger and Mexican politician and political scientist Jorge Castañeda Gutman assembled an informal network of politicians and business leaders dedicated to redrawing the political map.", "Unger and Mexican politician and political scientist Jorge Castañeda Gutman assembled an informal network of politicians and business leaders dedicated to redrawing the political map. The aim of the group was to provide a critique of neoliberalism coupled with a way forward in a distinct strategy and institutional model of development.", "The aim of the group was to provide a critique of neoliberalism coupled with a way forward in a distinct strategy and institutional model of development. They floated proposals such as guaranteeing every citizen \"social rights\" (e.g. education and a job), breaking up media oligopolies, and holding town meetings to help citizens supervise municipal spending.", "education and a job), breaking up media oligopolies, and holding town meetings to help citizens supervise municipal spending. The group held a number of meetings over the years, which included Brazilian finance minister Ciro Gomes, Chilean senator Carlos Ominami, Argentinian politicians Dante Caputo and Rodolfo Terragno, and Mexican politician and future president Vicente Fox.", "The group held a number of meetings over the years, which included Brazilian finance minister Ciro Gomes, Chilean senator Carlos Ominami, Argentinian politicians Dante Caputo and Rodolfo Terragno, and Mexican politician and future president Vicente Fox. The meetings resulted in a document entitled the \"Buenos Aires Consensus\" in 1997, which Castaneda called \"the end of neoliberalism; of the Washington Consensus\".", "The meetings resulted in a document entitled the \"Buenos Aires Consensus\" in 1997, which Castaneda called \"the end of neoliberalism; of the Washington Consensus\". This consensus was formally signed in 2003 by Argentinian President Néstor Kirchner and Brazilian President Lula da Silva.", "This consensus was formally signed in 2003 by Argentinian President Néstor Kirchner and Brazilian President Lula da Silva. Other Latin American leaders who signed it included Fox, future president of Chile Ricardo Lagos, Mexican politician Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas, former vice president of Nicaragua Sergio Ramírez, future president of Argentina Fernando de la Rúa, and former Brazilian president Itamar Franco.", "Other Latin American leaders who signed it included Fox, future president of Chile Ricardo Lagos, Mexican politician Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas, former vice president of Nicaragua Sergio Ramírez, future president of Argentina Fernando de la Rúa, and former Brazilian president Itamar Franco. During the 2008 US presidential campaign, Unger was in frequent contact with candidate Barack Obama via email and Blackberry.", "During the 2008 US presidential campaign, Unger was in frequent contact with candidate Barack Obama via email and Blackberry. He has since become critical of the Obama administration, and called for the defeat of Obama in the 2012 election as a first step to remaking the Democratic party.", "He has since become critical of the Obama administration, and called for the defeat of Obama in the 2012 election as a first step to remaking the Democratic party. Current engagement Unger's recent political work has focused on the north-western Brazilian state of Rondônia.", "Current engagement Unger's recent political work has focused on the north-western Brazilian state of Rondônia. He sees the human and natural resources of the state meeting all the conditions to serve as the vanguard of a new model of development for Brazil.", "He sees the human and natural resources of the state meeting all the conditions to serve as the vanguard of a new model of development for Brazil. Speaking to News Rondônia he said, \"Rondônia is a state formed by a multitude of small and medium entrepreneurs together with the Brazilian government, and that is something truly unique in our country.\"", "Speaking to News Rondônia he said, \"Rondônia is a state formed by a multitude of small and medium entrepreneurs together with the Brazilian government, and that is something truly unique in our country.\" He has been traveling the state giving public lectures and encouraging political discourse and engagement in localities.", "He has been traveling the state giving public lectures and encouraging political discourse and engagement in localities. Working with governor João Aparecido Cahulla on development projects, Unger has outlined a series of important areas of focus.", "Working with governor João Aparecido Cahulla on development projects, Unger has outlined a series of important areas of focus. The first is to change the agricultural model from one of intensive farming to an industrialization of produces through the recuperation of degraded pastures, supply fertilizers and lime, and diversifying crops and livestock farming.", "The first is to change the agricultural model from one of intensive farming to an industrialization of produces through the recuperation of degraded pastures, supply fertilizers and lime, and diversifying crops and livestock farming. The second key project is transforming education from rote learning to creative thinking and engagement. He helped open the School Teixeira in Porto Velho.", "He helped open the School Teixeira in Porto Velho. Another ongoing project is the construction of a new educational center in accordance with his theory of pedagogical reform, where delinquents would be reintegrated into municipal life. Circumstance and influence Unger's philosophical work grapples with some of the most fundamental and enduring problems of human existence.", "Circumstance and influence Unger's philosophical work grapples with some of the most fundamental and enduring problems of human existence. It has been put into direct dialogue with Kant's moral law, and said to have provided one answer to Hume's Guillotine.", "It has been put into direct dialogue with Kant's moral law, and said to have provided one answer to Hume's Guillotine. Unger's analysis of liberalism and the philosophical program he builds around rethinking the individual has also inspired new thinking and approaches to psychiatry.", "Unger's analysis of liberalism and the philosophical program he builds around rethinking the individual has also inspired new thinking and approaches to psychiatry. In 1987, the Northwestern University Law Review devoted an issue to Unger's work, analysing his three volume publication Politics: A Work In Constructive Social Theory.", "In 1987, the Northwestern University Law Review devoted an issue to Unger's work, analysing his three volume publication Politics: A Work In Constructive Social Theory. Michael J. Perry, a professor of law at Northwestern University, praises Unger for producing a vast work of social theory that combines law, history, politics, and philosophy within a single narrative.", "Michael J. Perry, a professor of law at Northwestern University, praises Unger for producing a vast work of social theory that combines law, history, politics, and philosophy within a single narrative. Early reviewers of Politics questioned Unger's seeming predicament of criticizing a system of thought and its historical tradition without subjecting himself to the same critical gaze.", "Early reviewers of Politics questioned Unger's seeming predicament of criticizing a system of thought and its historical tradition without subjecting himself to the same critical gaze. \"There is little acknowledgement that he himself is writing in a particular socio-historical context\", wrote one reviewer, and another asked, \"in what context Unger himself is situated and why that context itself is not offered up to the sledgehammer.\"", "\"There is little acknowledgement that he himself is writing in a particular socio-historical context\", wrote one reviewer, and another asked, \"in what context Unger himself is situated and why that context itself is not offered up to the sledgehammer.\" Critics also balked at the lack of example or concrete vision of his social and political proposals.", "Critics also balked at the lack of example or concrete vision of his social and political proposals. As one critic wrote, \"it is difficult to imagine what Unger's argument would mean in practice\", and that \"he does not tell us what to make.\"", "As one critic wrote, \"it is difficult to imagine what Unger's argument would mean in practice\", and that \"he does not tell us what to make.\" Others have suggested that the lack of imagination of such readers is precisely what is at stake. Books Knowledge and Politics, Free Press, 1975.", "Books Knowledge and Politics, Free Press, 1975. Law In Modern Society: Toward a Criticism of Social Theory, Free Press, 1976. Passion: An Essay on Personality, Free Press, 1986. The Critical Legal Studies Movement, Harvard University Press, 1986.", "The Critical Legal Studies Movement, Harvard University Press, 1986. Politics: A Work In Constructive Social Theory, Cambridge University Press, 1987, in 3 Vols: Vol 1 - False Necessity: Anti-Necessitarian Social Theory in the Service of Radical Democracy.", "Politics: A Work In Constructive Social Theory, Cambridge University Press, 1987, in 3 Vols: Vol 1 - False Necessity: Anti-Necessitarian Social Theory in the Service of Radical Democracy. Vol 2 - Social Theory: Its Situation and Its Task - A Critical Introduction to Politics: A Work in Constructive Social Theory.", "Vol 2 - Social Theory: Its Situation and Its Task - A Critical Introduction to Politics: A Work in Constructive Social Theory. Vol 3 - Plasticity Into Power: Comparative-Historical Studies on the Institutional Conditions of Economic and Military Success.", "Vol 3 - Plasticity Into Power: Comparative-Historical Studies on the Institutional Conditions of Economic and Military Success. What Should Legal Analysis Become?, Verso, 1996 Politics: The Central Texts, Theory Against Fate, Verso, 1997, with Cui Zhiyuan. Democracy Realized: The Progressive Alternative, Verso, 1998.", "Democracy Realized: The Progressive Alternative, Verso, 1998. The Future of American Progressivism: An Initiative for Political and Economic Reform, Beacon, 1998 - with Cornel West What Should the Left Propose?, Verso, 2006. The Self Awakened: Pragmatism Unbound, Harvard, 2007.", "The Self Awakened: Pragmatism Unbound, Harvard, 2007. Free Trade Reimagined: The World Division of Labor and the Method of Economics, Princeton University Press, 2007. The Left Alternative, Verso, 2009 (2nd edition to What Should the Left Propose?, Verso, 2006.).", "The Left Alternative, Verso, 2009 (2nd edition to What Should the Left Propose?, Verso, 2006.). The Religion of the Future, Harvard, 2014. The Singular Universe and the Reality of Time, Cambridge University Press, 2014, with Lee Smolin. The Knowledge Economy, Verso, 2019.", "The Knowledge Economy, Verso, 2019. See also False necessity Formative context Negative capability Empowered democracy Structure and agency Passions References External links Roberto Unger's Harvard Homepage Links to Unger's works via his homepage An interview with Unger on the American Left Biographical articles about Roberto Unger Guggenheim Gives Fellowships for '76: Unger Gets Tenure, Too (The Harvard Crimson April 5, 1976) \"The Passion of Roberto Unger\" , Eyal Press, (Lingua Franca, March 1999) Carlos Castilho, \"Brazil's Consigliere: Unger Leaves Lectern to Stand Behind the Throne.\"", "See also False necessity Formative context Negative capability Empowered democracy Structure and agency Passions References External links Roberto Unger's Harvard Homepage Links to Unger's works via his homepage An interview with Unger on the American Left Biographical articles about Roberto Unger Guggenheim Gives Fellowships for '76: Unger Gets Tenure, Too (The Harvard Crimson April 5, 1976) \"The Passion of Roberto Unger\" , Eyal Press, (Lingua Franca, March 1999) Carlos Castilho, \"Brazil's Consigliere: Unger Leaves Lectern to Stand Behind the Throne.\" (World Paper, April 2000) Simon Romero, \"Destination: São Paulo\" (Metropolis, October 2000) This article is about São Paulo, Brazil, but it has a lengthy discussion of Unger's political activism there and many quotes from Unger.", "(World Paper, April 2000) Simon Romero, \"Destination: São Paulo\" (Metropolis, October 2000) This article is about São Paulo, Brazil, but it has a lengthy discussion of Unger's political activism there and many quotes from Unger. Meltzer Elected to American Academy of Arts and Sciences (HLS News May 13, 2004) (First of the Month, July 1, 2012) 1947 births 20th-century Brazilian male writers 20th-century Brazilian philosophers 20th-century economists 20th-century essayists 21st-century Brazilian male writers 21st-century economists 21st-century essayists 21st-century philosophers Analytic philosophers Anti-poverty advocates Brazilian activists Brazilian essayists Brazilian expatriate academics in the United States Brazilian people of German descent Brazilian social scientists Critical legal studies Cultural critics Epistemologists Ethicists Futurologists Government ministers of Brazil Harvard Law School alumni Harvard Law School faculty Living people Metaphilosophers Metaphysicians Moral philosophers Ontologists People from Rio de Janeiro (city) Philosophers of culture Philosophers of economics Philosophers of education Philosophers of ethics and morality Philosophers of history Philosophers of law Philosophers of mathematics Philosophers of religion Philosophers of science Philosophers of social science Philosophers of technology Philosophy of life Philosophy of time Philosophy writers Political philosophers Politicians from Cambridge, Massachusetts Pragmatists Brazilian social commentators Social critics Social philosophers Social theories Theorists on Western civilization Writers about activism and social change Writers about globalization" ]

[ "Roberto Mangabeira Unger", "Critique of economics", "What does he have to say about economics?", "Unger's critique of economics begins with the identification of a key moment in economic history," ]

[ "Explorative strategies are used in drama to explore a theme or a text. They are associated with Edexcel GCSE.\n\nTypes of strategies\n Forum Theatre - The actors either create a planned improvisation or create a piece spontaneously, as it is performed the audience can either stop the action to suggest changes or take over from the actors on stage to change the direction of the performance. Quite often this is used as an exploration tool rather than as a piece of theatre for performance. A theme or key moment/decision can be explored to its fullest.\nThought Tracking - Whilst in role, the character speaks out to the audience about what that character is thinking, feeling, doing etc.\nStill Image - Also known as a \"freeze frame\" or \"tableau\" or \"snapshot\" or \"qais\", this is when all the characters on stage stop still. Can be used if a narrator wishes to speak to the audience whilst something is happening on stage.\nHot Seating - A character is interrogated by the audience. Normally used as an \"in class\" activity, this allows the audience to find things out about a character, and requires the actor playing the character to think about what he/she is doing, feeling, etc.\nCross Cutting - When time in a scene changes to show what happens before or after a scene.\nNarrating - A character, normally called the \"Narrator\", will speak out to the audience about what is going on in the plot\nMarking the moment - Key moments in the performance are highlighted either through a freeze frame, or a change in light or some sound by using slow motion, noises etc..\nRole-play - A role-play is what you do when you're pretending to be another person and using your imagination to speak, think and even feel like that character.\n\nSee also\n Acting\n Alternative theatre\n Black light theatre\n Culinary theatre\n Illusionistic tradition\n List of theatre personnel\n\nReferences \n\nDrama", "Hinton is a village in South Gloucestershire, England. It is one mile north of Dyrham and forms part of the civil parish of Dyrham and Hinton.\nThe Bull is the local pub.\n\nBattle of Deorham\nThe Battle of Deorham (577 C.E.) was fought between West Saxons and Britons on Hinton Hill to the east of the village. It was a key moment in the isolation (on land, at least) of the Britons of the South West Peninsula from the Britons of what would become Wales.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nVillages in South Gloucestershire District" ]

[ "Roberto Mangabeira Unger (; born 24 March 1947) is a Brazilian philosopher and politician. His work is in the tradition of classical social theory and pragmatism, and is developed across many fields including legal theory, philosophy and religion, social and political theory, progressive alternatives, and economics.", "His work is in the tradition of classical social theory and pragmatism, and is developed across many fields including legal theory, philosophy and religion, social and political theory, progressive alternatives, and economics. In natural philosophy he is known for The Singular Universe and the Reality of Time.", "In natural philosophy he is known for The Singular Universe and the Reality of Time. In social theory he is known for Politics: A Work in Constructive Social Theory. In legal theory he was part of the Critical Legal Studies movement, which helped disrupt the methodological consensus in American law schools.", "In legal theory he was part of the Critical Legal Studies movement, which helped disrupt the methodological consensus in American law schools. His political activity helped the transition to democracy in Brazil in the aftermath of the military regime, and culminated with his appointment as Brazil's Minister of Strategic Affairs in 2007 and again in 2015.", "His political activity helped the transition to democracy in Brazil in the aftermath of the military regime, and culminated with his appointment as Brazil's Minister of Strategic Affairs in 2007 and again in 2015. His work is seen to offer a vision of humanity and a program to empower individuals and change institutions.", "His work is seen to offer a vision of humanity and a program to empower individuals and change institutions. At the core of his philosophy is a view of humanity as greater than the contexts in which it is placed. He sees each individual possessed with the capability to rise to a greater life.", "He sees each individual possessed with the capability to rise to a greater life. At the root of his social thought is the conviction that the social world is made and imagined. His work begins from the premise that no natural or necessary social, political, or economic arrangements underlie individual or social activity.", "His work begins from the premise that no natural or necessary social, political, or economic arrangements underlie individual or social activity. Property rights, liberal democracy, wage labor—for Unger, these are all historical artifacts that have no necessary relation to the goals of free and prosperous human activity.", "Property rights, liberal democracy, wage labor—for Unger, these are all historical artifacts that have no necessary relation to the goals of free and prosperous human activity. For Unger, the market, the state, and human social organization should not be set in predetermined institutional arrangements, but need to be left open to experimentation and revision according to what works for the project of individual and collective empowerment.", "For Unger, the market, the state, and human social organization should not be set in predetermined institutional arrangements, but need to be left open to experimentation and revision according to what works for the project of individual and collective empowerment. Doing so, he holds, will enable human liberation.", "Doing so, he holds, will enable human liberation. Unger has long been active in Brazilian opposition politics. He was one of the founding members of the Brazilian Democratic Movement Party and drafted its manifesto.", "He was one of the founding members of the Brazilian Democratic Movement Party and drafted its manifesto. He directed the presidential campaigns of Leonel Brizola and Ciro Gomes, ran for the Chamber of Deputies, and twice launched exploratory bids for the Brazilian presidency.", "He directed the presidential campaigns of Leonel Brizola and Ciro Gomes, ran for the Chamber of Deputies, and twice launched exploratory bids for the Brazilian presidency. He served as the Minister of Strategic Affairs in the second Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva administration and in the second Dilma administration.", "He served as the Minister of Strategic Affairs in the second Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva administration and in the second Dilma administration. Biography Family Unger's maternal grandfather was Octávio Mangabeira, who served as Brazil's minister of foreign affairs in the late 1920s before the dictatorship of Getúlio Vargas subjected him to a series of imprisonments and exiles in Europe and the United States.", "Biography Family Unger's maternal grandfather was Octávio Mangabeira, who served as Brazil's minister of foreign affairs in the late 1920s before the dictatorship of Getúlio Vargas subjected him to a series of imprisonments and exiles in Europe and the United States. After returning to Brazil in 1945, he co-founded a center-left party.", "After returning to Brazil in 1945, he co-founded a center-left party. He was elected as a representative in the Câmara Federal in 1946, governor of Bahia in 1947, and Senator in 1958. Both of Unger's parents were intellectuals.", "Both of Unger's parents were intellectuals. His German-born father, Artur Unger, from Dresden, arrived in the United States as a child and later became a U.S. citizen. His mother, Edyla Mangabeira, was a Brazilian poet and journalist. Artur and Edyla met in the US during the exile of Octávio Mangabeira.", "Artur and Edyla met in the US during the exile of Octávio Mangabeira. Early life Roberto Mangabeira Unger was born in Rio de Janeiro in 1947, and spent his childhood on Manhattan's Upper East Side. He attended the private Allen-Stevenson School. When he was eleven, his father died and his mother moved the family back to Brazil.", "When he was eleven, his father died and his mother moved the family back to Brazil. He attended a Jesuit school and went on to law school at the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro. Unger was admitted to Harvard Law School in September 1969.", "Unger was admitted to Harvard Law School in September 1969. After receiving his LLM, Unger stayed at Harvard another year on a fellowship, and then entered the doctoral program. At 23 years old, Unger began teaching jurisprudence, among other things, to first year students.", "At 23 years old, Unger began teaching jurisprudence, among other things, to first year students. In 1976, aged 29, he got SJD and became one of the youngest faculty members to receive tenure from the Harvard Law School.", "In 1976, aged 29, he got SJD and became one of the youngest faculty members to receive tenure from the Harvard Law School. Academic career The beginning of Unger's academic career began with the books Knowledge and Politics and Law in Modern Society, published in 1975 and 1976 respectively.", "Academic career The beginning of Unger's academic career began with the books Knowledge and Politics and Law in Modern Society, published in 1975 and 1976 respectively. These works led to the co-founding of Critical Legal Studies (CLS) with Duncan Kennedy and Morton Horwitz.", "These works led to the co-founding of Critical Legal Studies (CLS) with Duncan Kennedy and Morton Horwitz. The movement stirred up controversy in legal schools across America as it challenged standard legal scholarship and made radical proposals for legal education.", "The movement stirred up controversy in legal schools across America as it challenged standard legal scholarship and made radical proposals for legal education. By the early 1980s, the CLS movement touched off a heated internal debate at Harvard, pitting the CLS scholars against the older, more traditional scholars.", "By the early 1980s, the CLS movement touched off a heated internal debate at Harvard, pitting the CLS scholars against the older, more traditional scholars. Throughout much of the 1980s, Unger worked on his magnum opus, Politics: A Work In Constructive Social Theory, a three volume work that assessed classical social theory and developed a political, social, and economic alternative.", "Throughout much of the 1980s, Unger worked on his magnum opus, Politics: A Work In Constructive Social Theory, a three volume work that assessed classical social theory and developed a political, social, and economic alternative. The series is based on the premise of society as an artifact, and rejects the necessity of certain institutional arrangements.", "The series is based on the premise of society as an artifact, and rejects the necessity of certain institutional arrangements. Published in 1987, Politics was foremost a critique of contemporary social theory and politics; it developed a theory of structural and ideological change, and gave an alternative account of world history.", "Published in 1987, Politics was foremost a critique of contemporary social theory and politics; it developed a theory of structural and ideological change, and gave an alternative account of world history. By first attacking the idea that there is a necessary progression from one set of institutional arrangements to another, e.g.", "By first attacking the idea that there is a necessary progression from one set of institutional arrangements to another, e.g. feudalism to capitalism, it then built an anti-necessitarian theory of social change, theorizing the transition from one set of institutional arrangements to another.", "feudalism to capitalism, it then built an anti-necessitarian theory of social change, theorizing the transition from one set of institutional arrangements to another. Unger devoted much of the following decades to further elaborating on the insights developed in Politics by working out the political and social alternatives. What Should Legal Analysis Become?", "What Should Legal Analysis Become? What Should Legal Analysis Become? (Verso, 1996) developed tools to reimagine the organization of social life. Democracy Realized: The Progressive Alternative (Verso, 1998) and What Should the Left Propose? (Verso, 2005) put forth alternative institutional proposals.", "(Verso, 2005) put forth alternative institutional proposals. Intellectual influences Unger's model of philosophical practice is closest to those philosophers who sought to form a view of the whole of reality, and to do so by using and resisting the specialized knowledge of their time.", "Intellectual influences Unger's model of philosophical practice is closest to those philosophers who sought to form a view of the whole of reality, and to do so by using and resisting the specialized knowledge of their time. It has been read as a form of pragmatism, but also as an attempt to disengage ideas and experiences that developed in the West under the influence of Christianity from the categories of Greek philosophy.", "It has been read as a form of pragmatism, but also as an attempt to disengage ideas and experiences that developed in the West under the influence of Christianity from the categories of Greek philosophy. His thought has been called the inverse of Schopenhauer's philosophy, affirming the supreme value of life and the reality and depth of the self and eschewing fecklessness.", "His thought has been called the inverse of Schopenhauer's philosophy, affirming the supreme value of life and the reality and depth of the self and eschewing fecklessness. Philosophical work Social theory Unger's social theory is premised on the idea of classical social theory that society is an artifact and can be created and recreated.", "Philosophical work Social theory Unger's social theory is premised on the idea of classical social theory that society is an artifact and can be created and recreated. Whereas previous thinkers such as Hegel or Marx backslid at some point and held onto the notion that there was a necessary institutional or historical social development, Unger, in the words of one critic, seeks to \"take the idea to the hilt and produce a theory of emancipation that will escape the limitations of liberal and Marxist theories.\"", "Whereas previous thinkers such as Hegel or Marx backslid at some point and held onto the notion that there was a necessary institutional or historical social development, Unger, in the words of one critic, seeks to \"take the idea to the hilt and produce a theory of emancipation that will escape the limitations of liberal and Marxist theories.\" That limitation is the search for an ideal structure of society that can be foreseen and centrally planned; whereas the emancipation leads to societies with greater institutional flexibility and variation.", "That limitation is the search for an ideal structure of society that can be foreseen and centrally planned; whereas the emancipation leads to societies with greater institutional flexibility and variation. For Unger, society emerges not through compromise or the winnowing down of best options, but rather through conflict and struggle for control of political and material resources.", "For Unger, society emerges not through compromise or the winnowing down of best options, but rather through conflict and struggle for control of political and material resources. The victors of this struggle come to set the terms of social interaction and transaction, which is then institutionalized through law. This emergent order Unger calls formative context.", "This emergent order Unger calls formative context. Under a particular formative context, routines are established and people come to believe and act as if their social words were coherent wholes that are perfectly intelligible and defensible. They come to see the existing arrangements as necessary. Unger calls this false necessity.", "Unger calls this false necessity. Unger calls this false necessity. In reality, these arrangements are arbitrary and hold together rather tenuously, which leaves them open to resistance and change. This opposition Unger calls negative capability.", "This opposition Unger calls negative capability. This leads Unger to the conclusion that change happens piecemeal through struggle and vision, rather than suddenly in revolutionary upheaval with the replacement of one set of institutional arrangements with another.", "This leads Unger to the conclusion that change happens piecemeal through struggle and vision, rather than suddenly in revolutionary upheaval with the replacement of one set of institutional arrangements with another. Unger theorizes that cumulative change can alter formative contexts, and he goes on to propose a number of such changes as institutional alternatives to be implemented, which he calls Empowered democracy.", "Unger theorizes that cumulative change can alter formative contexts, and he goes on to propose a number of such changes as institutional alternatives to be implemented, which he calls Empowered democracy. Empowered democracy is Unger's vision of a more open and more plastic set of social institutions through which individuals and groups can interact, propose change, and effectively empower themselves to transform social, economic, and political structures.", "Empowered democracy is Unger's vision of a more open and more plastic set of social institutions through which individuals and groups can interact, propose change, and effectively empower themselves to transform social, economic, and political structures. Unger's strategy in its realization is to combine freedom of commerce and governance at the local level with the ability of political parties at the central government level to promote radical social experiments that would bring about decisive change in social and political institutions.", "Unger's strategy in its realization is to combine freedom of commerce and governance at the local level with the ability of political parties at the central government level to promote radical social experiments that would bring about decisive change in social and political institutions. In practice, the theory would involve radical developments in politics at the center, as well as social innovation in localities.", "In practice, the theory would involve radical developments in politics at the center, as well as social innovation in localities. At the center, by bestowing wide ranging revising powers to those in office, it would give political parties the ability to try out concrete yet profound solutions and proposals.", "At the center, by bestowing wide ranging revising powers to those in office, it would give political parties the ability to try out concrete yet profound solutions and proposals. It would turn partisan conflicts over control and uses of governmental power into an opportunity to question and revise the basic arrangements of social life through a rapid resolution of political impasse.", "It would turn partisan conflicts over control and uses of governmental power into an opportunity to question and revise the basic arrangements of social life through a rapid resolution of political impasse. In local communities, empowered democracy would make capital and technology available through rotating capital funds, which would encourage entrepreneurship and innovation.", "In local communities, empowered democracy would make capital and technology available through rotating capital funds, which would encourage entrepreneurship and innovation. Citizens' rights include individual entitlements to economic and civic security, conditional and temporary group claims to portions of social capital, and destabilization rights, which would empower individuals or groups to disrupt organizations and practices marred by routines of subjugation that normal politics have failed to disrupt.", "Citizens' rights include individual entitlements to economic and civic security, conditional and temporary group claims to portions of social capital, and destabilization rights, which would empower individuals or groups to disrupt organizations and practices marred by routines of subjugation that normal politics have failed to disrupt. Unger's ideas developed in a context where young intellectuals and radicals attempted to reconcile the conventional theories of society and law being taught in university classrooms with the reality of social protest and revolution of the 1960s and 70s.", "Unger's ideas developed in a context where young intellectuals and radicals attempted to reconcile the conventional theories of society and law being taught in university classrooms with the reality of social protest and revolution of the 1960s and 70s. Disillusioned with Marxism, they turned to thinkers like Levi-Strauss, Gramsci, Habermas, and Foucault in attempt to situate understandings of law and society as a benign science of technocratic policy within a broader system of beliefs that legitimized the prevailing social order.", "Disillusioned with Marxism, they turned to thinkers like Levi-Strauss, Gramsci, Habermas, and Foucault in attempt to situate understandings of law and society as a benign science of technocratic policy within a broader system of beliefs that legitimized the prevailing social order. Unlike Habermas, however, who formulates procedures for attaining rational consensus, Unger locates resolution in institutions and their arrangements that remain perpetually open to revision and reconstruction.", "Unlike Habermas, however, who formulates procedures for attaining rational consensus, Unger locates resolution in institutions and their arrangements that remain perpetually open to revision and reconstruction. And, unlike Foucault, who also emphasizes the constructed character of social life, Unger takes this as an opportunity to reimagine institutions and social conditions that will unleash human creativity and enable liberation.", "And, unlike Foucault, who also emphasizes the constructed character of social life, Unger takes this as an opportunity to reimagine institutions and social conditions that will unleash human creativity and enable liberation. Legal thought Unger's work on law has sought to denaturalize the concept of law and how it is represented through particular institutions.", "Legal thought Unger's work on law has sought to denaturalize the concept of law and how it is represented through particular institutions. He begins by inquiring into why modern societies have legal systems with distinctions between institutions, such as legislature and court, as well as a special caste of lawyers possessing a method of reasoning about social problems.", "He begins by inquiring into why modern societies have legal systems with distinctions between institutions, such as legislature and court, as well as a special caste of lawyers possessing a method of reasoning about social problems. Whereas thinkers such as Marx and Weber had argued that such legal arrangements were a product of economic necessity to secure property rights and the autonomy of the individual, Unger shows that this liberal legal order emerged in Europe as a result of the indeterminate relations between monarchy, aristocracy, and bourgeoisie.", "Whereas thinkers such as Marx and Weber had argued that such legal arrangements were a product of economic necessity to secure property rights and the autonomy of the individual, Unger shows that this liberal legal order emerged in Europe as a result of the indeterminate relations between monarchy, aristocracy, and bourgeoisie. It took the particular form that it did by emerging out of the long tradition of natural law and universality, rather than of necessity.", "It took the particular form that it did by emerging out of the long tradition of natural law and universality, rather than of necessity. This early work in historical analysis of law and legal thought laid the basis for Unger's contribution to the Critical Legal Studies movement.", "This early work in historical analysis of law and legal thought laid the basis for Unger's contribution to the Critical Legal Studies movement. The movement itself was born in the late 1970s among young legal scholars at Harvard Law School who denounced the theoretical underpinnings of American jurisprudence, legal realism.", "The movement itself was born in the late 1970s among young legal scholars at Harvard Law School who denounced the theoretical underpinnings of American jurisprudence, legal realism. The participants were committed to shaping society based on a vision of human personality without the hidden interests and class domination of legal institutions.", "The participants were committed to shaping society based on a vision of human personality without the hidden interests and class domination of legal institutions. Two tendencies of the movement developed, one, a radical indeterminacy that criticized law as meaning anything we want it to mean, and the other, a neo-Marxist critique that attacked legal thought as an institutional form of capitalism.", "Two tendencies of the movement developed, one, a radical indeterminacy that criticized law as meaning anything we want it to mean, and the other, a neo-Marxist critique that attacked legal thought as an institutional form of capitalism. Unger offered a third tendency, a constructive vision of rethinking rights based on individual emancipation and empowerment, and structural arrangements that would lend themselves to constant revision with the goal of creating more educational and economic opportunities for more people.", "Unger offered a third tendency, a constructive vision of rethinking rights based on individual emancipation and empowerment, and structural arrangements that would lend themselves to constant revision with the goal of creating more educational and economic opportunities for more people. He laid this out in The Critical Legal Studies Movement, which quickly earned him a following as the philosophical mentor and prophet of the movement.", "He laid this out in The Critical Legal Studies Movement, which quickly earned him a following as the philosophical mentor and prophet of the movement. Economic thought At the center of Unger's thought about the economy is the commitment to reimagining and remaking the institutional arrangements of how humans produce and exchange.", "Economic thought At the center of Unger's thought about the economy is the commitment to reimagining and remaking the institutional arrangements of how humans produce and exchange. For Unger, economic institutions have no inherent or natural forms, and he rejects the necessitarian tendencies of classical and neo-classical economists, seeking instead alternatives to the arrangements of contemporary societies.", "For Unger, economic institutions have no inherent or natural forms, and he rejects the necessitarian tendencies of classical and neo-classical economists, seeking instead alternatives to the arrangements of contemporary societies. In his writings, he has aimed to revise ideas on the importance of market economies and the division of labor in the workplace and national and global economies.", "In his writings, he has aimed to revise ideas on the importance of market economies and the division of labor in the workplace and national and global economies. Critique of economics Unger's critique of economics begins with the identification of a key moment in economic history, when the analysis of production and exchange turned away from social theory and engaged in a quest for scientific objectivity.", "Critique of economics Unger's critique of economics begins with the identification of a key moment in economic history, when the analysis of production and exchange turned away from social theory and engaged in a quest for scientific objectivity. In Unger's analysis, classical economics focused on the causal relations among social activities, which were connected with the production and distribution of wealth.", "In Unger's analysis, classical economics focused on the causal relations among social activities, which were connected with the production and distribution of wealth. Classical economists asked questions about the true basis of value, activities that contributed to national wealth, systems of rights, or about the forms of government under which people grow rich.", "Classical economists asked questions about the true basis of value, activities that contributed to national wealth, systems of rights, or about the forms of government under which people grow rich. In the late-nineteenth century, in response to attacks from socialist ideas and debates about how society works, and as a means to escape the conundrums of value theory and to answer how values could become prices, marginalist economics arose.", "In the late-nineteenth century, in response to attacks from socialist ideas and debates about how society works, and as a means to escape the conundrums of value theory and to answer how values could become prices, marginalist economics arose. This movement in economics disengaged economics from prescriptive and normative commitments to withdraw the study of economies from debates about how society worked and what kind of society we wanted to live in.", "This movement in economics disengaged economics from prescriptive and normative commitments to withdraw the study of economies from debates about how society worked and what kind of society we wanted to live in. For Unger, this moment in the history of economics robbed it of any analytical or practical value.", "For Unger, this moment in the history of economics robbed it of any analytical or practical value. Unger's critique of Marginalism begins with Walras' equilibrium theory, which attempted to achieve a certainty of economic analysis by putting aside normative controversies of social organization.", "Unger's critique of Marginalism begins with Walras' equilibrium theory, which attempted to achieve a certainty of economic analysis by putting aside normative controversies of social organization. Unger finds three weaknesses that crippled the theory: foremost, the theory claimed that equilibrium would be spontaneously generated in a market economy.", "Unger finds three weaknesses that crippled the theory: foremost, the theory claimed that equilibrium would be spontaneously generated in a market economy. In reality, a self-adjusting equilibrium fails to occur. Second, the theory puts forth a determinate image of the market.", "Second, the theory puts forth a determinate image of the market. Historically, however, the market has been shown to be indeterminate with different market arrangements. Third, the polemical use of efficiency fails to account for the differences of distribution among individuals, classes, and generations.", "Third, the polemical use of efficiency fails to account for the differences of distribution among individuals, classes, and generations. The consequences of the marginalist movement were profound for the study of economics, Unger says.", "The consequences of the marginalist movement were profound for the study of economics, Unger says. The most immediate problem is that under this generalizing tendency of economics, there is no means by which to incorporate empirical evidence and thus to re-imagine the world and develop new theories and new directions.", "The most immediate problem is that under this generalizing tendency of economics, there is no means by which to incorporate empirical evidence and thus to re-imagine the world and develop new theories and new directions. In this way, the discipline is always self-referential and theoretical.", "In this way, the discipline is always self-referential and theoretical. Furthermore, the lack of a normative view of the world curtails the ability to propose anything more than a policy prescription, which by definition always assumes a given context. The discipline can only rationalize the world and support a status quo.", "The discipline can only rationalize the world and support a status quo. Lastly, Unger finds that this turn in economics ended up universalizing debates in macroeconomics and leaving the discipline without any historical perspective.", "Lastly, Unger finds that this turn in economics ended up universalizing debates in macroeconomics and leaving the discipline without any historical perspective. A consequence, for example, was that Keynes' solution to a particular historical crisis was turned into a general theory when it should only be understood as a response to a particular situation.", "A consequence, for example, was that Keynes' solution to a particular historical crisis was turned into a general theory when it should only be understood as a response to a particular situation. Reorientating economics Unger's vision of economics is that it cannot be unhinged from ideas about the individual and social life.", "Reorientating economics Unger's vision of economics is that it cannot be unhinged from ideas about the individual and social life. Human activity and political organization must be incorporated into any analysis of trade and economies.", "Human activity and political organization must be incorporated into any analysis of trade and economies. In remaking the discipline, he calls for a return to the normative practice of classical economics but stripped of its necessitarian assumptions and typological references. The development of explanatory claims and prescriptive ideas are necessary.", "The development of explanatory claims and prescriptive ideas are necessary. The discipline must connect the transformation of nature with that of society—the making of things with the reorganization of people. In Free Trade Reimagined: The World Division of Labor and the Method of Economics, he sets forth six ideas to begin thinking about economic activity.", "In Free Trade Reimagined: The World Division of Labor and the Method of Economics, he sets forth six ideas to begin thinking about economic activity. The problem of specialization and discovery.", "The problem of specialization and discovery. Competition comes to inhibit self transformation when trading partners are unequal but not radically unequal, for both are forced into cost cutting rather than innovating and increasing efficiency. The problem of politics over economics. The making and implementation of policy is not one of discovery, but rather of top down implementation.", "The making and implementation of policy is not one of discovery, but rather of top down implementation. Rigid state control will limit how a society can respond to tensions and crisis, and thus politics creates its own presuppositions and limits creativity and alternative solutions.", "Rigid state control will limit how a society can respond to tensions and crisis, and thus politics creates its own presuppositions and limits creativity and alternative solutions. Free trade should strengthen the capacity for self transformation by organizing the trading regime in a way that strengthens the capacity of trading partners to experiment and innovate.", "Free trade should strengthen the capacity for self transformation by organizing the trading regime in a way that strengthens the capacity of trading partners to experiment and innovate. It becomes question not of how much free trade, but what kind. The best arrangements are those that impose the least amount of restraint. Alternative free trade.", "Alternative free trade. Alternative free trade. The market has no necessary and natural form. If the market economy can be organized in a different way then so can a universal order of free trade among market economies. The division of labor remade.", "The division of labor remade. The division of labor remade. The pin factory organization of labor describes the organization of work as if labor were a machine. But we can make machines to do this work. We should then innovate in those areas where we don't yet know how to make the machine to do the work.", "We should then innovate in those areas where we don't yet know how to make the machine to do the work. Production should be one of collective learning and permanent innovation. Mind against context. The mind is both a machine and an anti-machine; it is both formulaic and totalizing.", "The mind is both a machine and an anti-machine; it is both formulaic and totalizing. Thus we never rest in any context, and we need to have arrangements that constantly lend themselves to reinvention. Reconstructing economic institutions For Unger, the economy is not only a device for wealth but also permanent innovation and discovery.", "Reconstructing economic institutions For Unger, the economy is not only a device for wealth but also permanent innovation and discovery. It should allow the greatest freedom of the recombination of people and resources, and allow people to innovate in institutional settings. The market economy should not be single dogmatic version of itself.", "The market economy should not be single dogmatic version of itself. Unger has presented a number of general institutional proposals that aim to restructure the world trade regime and introduce new alternatives in the market economy.", "Unger has presented a number of general institutional proposals that aim to restructure the world trade regime and introduce new alternatives in the market economy. For international and global trade, Unger calls for the need to experiment with different property rights regimes, where multiple forms will coexist in the same market system and not be tied to individual property rights and contractual labor.", "For international and global trade, Unger calls for the need to experiment with different property rights regimes, where multiple forms will coexist in the same market system and not be tied to individual property rights and contractual labor. Generally, rather than maximizing the free trade as the goal, Unger sees the need to build and open the world economy in way that reconciles global openness with national and regional diversification, deviation, heresy, and experiment, where the idea is to support alternatives by making the world safer for them.", "Generally, rather than maximizing the free trade as the goal, Unger sees the need to build and open the world economy in way that reconciles global openness with national and regional diversification, deviation, heresy, and experiment, where the idea is to support alternatives by making the world safer for them. For national economies, he rejects the need to require the free flow of capital, for there are times when it may be necessary to restrict capital flows.", "For national economies, he rejects the need to require the free flow of capital, for there are times when it may be necessary to restrict capital flows. Rather, he puts the emphasis on the free flow of people. Labor should be allowed to move freely throughout the world.", "Labor should be allowed to move freely throughout the world. On the twenty-first-century economic stimulus Most recently, in a YouTube video titled he laid out three key policies to address the current economy: Change the arrangements of finance in relation to production so that finance is in the service of production.", "On the twenty-first-century economic stimulus Most recently, in a YouTube video titled he laid out three key policies to address the current economy: Change the arrangements of finance in relation to production so that finance is in the service of production. Tax and regulate to discourage finance that does not contribute to production.", "Tax and regulate to discourage finance that does not contribute to production. Use public capital for venture capital funds. Broaden economic opportunity by supporting small and medium enterprise. Reject the choice between government regulation and state controlled models. Support cooperation between government and firms, and cooperation and competition among firms. Education.", "Education. Education. A system of schools to meet needs of a vibrant and flexible economy. Vocational schools that teach general concepts and flexibility, not job-specific skills.", "Vocational schools that teach general concepts and flexibility, not job-specific skills. \"Illusions of necessity in the economic order\" Unger's first writing on economic theory was the article \"Illusions of necessity in the economic order\" in the May 1978 issue of American Economic Review.", "\"Illusions of necessity in the economic order\" Unger's first writing on economic theory was the article \"Illusions of necessity in the economic order\" in the May 1978 issue of American Economic Review. In the article he makes a case for the need of contemporary economic thought to imitate classical political economy in which theories of exchange should be incorporated into theories of power and perception.", "In the article he makes a case for the need of contemporary economic thought to imitate classical political economy in which theories of exchange should be incorporated into theories of power and perception. The article articulates the problem of the American economy as one of the inability to realize democracy of production and community in the workplace.", "The article articulates the problem of the American economy as one of the inability to realize democracy of production and community in the workplace. This failure, according to Unger, is the result of the lack of a comprehensive program that encompasses production, society, and state, so that immediate attempts to address inequality get swallowed up and appropriated by the status quo in the course of winning immediate gains for the organization or constituency, e.g.", "This failure, according to Unger, is the result of the lack of a comprehensive program that encompasses production, society, and state, so that immediate attempts to address inequality get swallowed up and appropriated by the status quo in the course of winning immediate gains for the organization or constituency, e.g. unions.", "unions. unions. To realize a democracy in the workplace and the abolition of wealth and poverty, Unger argues for the need to relate the program of worker community and democracy with an enlargement of democracy at the national level—the goal cannot be only one of economic production and worker's rights, but must be accompanied by a national project at the structural level.", "To realize a democracy in the workplace and the abolition of wealth and poverty, Unger argues for the need to relate the program of worker community and democracy with an enlargement of democracy at the national level—the goal cannot be only one of economic production and worker's rights, but must be accompanied by a national project at the structural level. He pushes this idea further by calling not just for a restructuring of the relationship between the firm and state based on private property, but that it also has to be replaced with a new set of rights encompassing access to jobs, markets, and capital.", "He pushes this idea further by calling not just for a restructuring of the relationship between the firm and state based on private property, but that it also has to be replaced with a new set of rights encompassing access to jobs, markets, and capital. Only as private rights are phased out can rights of decentralized decision making and market exchange be extended to workers.", "Only as private rights are phased out can rights of decentralized decision making and market exchange be extended to workers. This needs to be accompanied by limits on the size of enterprise and how profits are used to control others' labor.", "This needs to be accompanied by limits on the size of enterprise and how profits are used to control others' labor. Neoclassical economics is not up to this task because it begins with preconceived standards that it applies to explain empirical data, while leaving out that which is a theoretical anomaly; there is no causal basis of analysis, Unger says, rather everything is embedded in a timeless universal without any account for context.", "Neoclassical economics is not up to this task because it begins with preconceived standards that it applies to explain empirical data, while leaving out that which is a theoretical anomaly; there is no causal basis of analysis, Unger says, rather everything is embedded in a timeless universal without any account for context. Furthermore, the ambiguity of concepts of maximization, efficiency, and rationalization pin the analysis to a certain notion of the behavior of the rationalizing individual, making the analysis either tautological or reduced to a set of power relations translated into the language of material exchange.", "Furthermore, the ambiguity of concepts of maximization, efficiency, and rationalization pin the analysis to a certain notion of the behavior of the rationalizing individual, making the analysis either tautological or reduced to a set of power relations translated into the language of material exchange. Programmatic thought Key in Unger's thinking is the need to re-imagine social institutions before attempting to revise them.", "Programmatic thought Key in Unger's thinking is the need to re-imagine social institutions before attempting to revise them. This calls for a program, or programmatic thought.", "This calls for a program, or programmatic thought. In building this program, however, we must not entertain complete revolutionary overhaul, lest we be plagued by three false assumptions: Typological fallacy: the fallacy that there is closed list of institutional alternatives in history, such as \"feudalism\" or \"capitalism\".", "In building this program, however, we must not entertain complete revolutionary overhaul, lest we be plagued by three false assumptions: Typological fallacy: the fallacy that there is closed list of institutional alternatives in history, such as \"feudalism\" or \"capitalism\". There is not a natural form of society, only the specific result of the piecemeal institutional changes, political movements, and cultural reforms (as well as the accidents and coincidences of history) that came before it.", "There is not a natural form of society, only the specific result of the piecemeal institutional changes, political movements, and cultural reforms (as well as the accidents and coincidences of history) that came before it. Indivisibility fallacy: most subscribers to revolutionary Leftism wrongly believe that institutional structures must stand and fall together.", "Indivisibility fallacy: most subscribers to revolutionary Leftism wrongly believe that institutional structures must stand and fall together. However, structures can be reformed piecemeal. Determinism fallacy: the fallacy that uncontrollable and little understood law-like forces drive the historical succession of institutional systems. However, there is no natural flow of history.", "However, there is no natural flow of history. We make ourselves and our world, and can do so in any way we choose. To think about social transformation programmatically, one must first mark the direction one wants society to move in, and then identify the first steps with which we can move in that direction.", "To think about social transformation programmatically, one must first mark the direction one wants society to move in, and then identify the first steps with which we can move in that direction. In this way we can formulate proposals at points along the trajectory, be they relatively close to how things are now or relatively far away.", "In this way we can formulate proposals at points along the trajectory, be they relatively close to how things are now or relatively far away. This provides a third way between revolution and reform. It is revolutionary reform, where one has a revolutionary vision, but acts on that vision in a sequence of piecemeal reforms.", "It is revolutionary reform, where one has a revolutionary vision, but acts on that vision in a sequence of piecemeal reforms. As Unger puts it, transformative politics is \"not about blueprints; it is about pathways. It is not architecture; it is music\".", "It is not architecture; it is music\". The two Lefts Unger sees two main Lefts in the world today, a recalcitrant Left and a humanizing Left. The recalcitrant Left seeks to slow down the march of markets and globalization, and to return to a time of greater government involvement and stronger social programs.", "The recalcitrant Left seeks to slow down the march of markets and globalization, and to return to a time of greater government involvement and stronger social programs. The humanizing Left (or 'reformist Left') accepts the world in its present form, taking the market economy and globalization as unavoidable, and attempts to humanize their effects through tax-and-transfer policies.", "The humanizing Left (or 'reformist Left') accepts the world in its present form, taking the market economy and globalization as unavoidable, and attempts to humanize their effects through tax-and-transfer policies. Unger finds the two major orientations of contemporary Leftism inadequate and calls for a 'Reconstructive Left' – one which would insist on redirecting the course of globalization by reorganizing the market economy.", "Unger finds the two major orientations of contemporary Leftism inadequate and calls for a 'Reconstructive Left' – one which would insist on redirecting the course of globalization by reorganizing the market economy. In his two books The Left Alternative and The Future of American Progressivism, Unger lays out a program to democratize the market economy and deepen democracy.", "In his two books The Left Alternative and The Future of American Progressivism, Unger lays out a program to democratize the market economy and deepen democracy. This Reconstructive Left would look beyond debates on the appropriate size of government, and instead re-envision the relationship between government and firms in the market economy by experimenting with the coexistence of different regimes of private and social property.", "This Reconstructive Left would look beyond debates on the appropriate size of government, and instead re-envision the relationship between government and firms in the market economy by experimenting with the coexistence of different regimes of private and social property. It would be committed to social solidarity, but \"would refuse to allow our moral interests in social cohesion [to] rest solely upon money transfers commanded by the state in the form of compensatory and retrospective redistribution\", as is the case with federal entitlement programs.", "It would be committed to social solidarity, but \"would refuse to allow our moral interests in social cohesion [to] rest solely upon money transfers commanded by the state in the form of compensatory and retrospective redistribution\", as is the case with federal entitlement programs. Instead, Unger's Reconstructive Left affirms \"the principle that everyone should share, in some way and at some time, responsibility for taking care of other people.\"", "Instead, Unger's Reconstructive Left affirms \"the principle that everyone should share, in some way and at some time, responsibility for taking care of other people.\" The Left Alternative program Unger has laid out concrete policy proposals in areas of economic development, education, civil society, and political democracy.", "The Left Alternative program Unger has laid out concrete policy proposals in areas of economic development, education, civil society, and political democracy. On economic development, Unger has noted that there are only two models for a national economy available to us today: the US model of business control of government, and the northeast Asian model of top down bureaucratic control of the economy.", "On economic development, Unger has noted that there are only two models for a national economy available to us today: the US model of business control of government, and the northeast Asian model of top down bureaucratic control of the economy. Citing the need for greater imagination on the issue, he has offered a third model that is decentralized, pluralistic, participatory, and experimental.", "Citing the need for greater imagination on the issue, he has offered a third model that is decentralized, pluralistic, participatory, and experimental. This would take the form of an economy encouraging small business development and innovation that would create large scale self-employment and cooperation.", "This would take the form of an economy encouraging small business development and innovation that would create large scale self-employment and cooperation. The emphasis is not on the protection of big business as the main sectors of the economy, but the highly mobile and innovative small firm.", "The emphasis is not on the protection of big business as the main sectors of the economy, but the highly mobile and innovative small firm. Unger links the development of such an economy to an education system that encourages creativity and empowers the mind, not one that he now sees geared for a reproduction of the family and to put the individual in service of the state.", "Unger links the development of such an economy to an education system that encourages creativity and empowers the mind, not one that he now sees geared for a reproduction of the family and to put the individual in service of the state. He proposes that such a system should be run locally but have standards enforced through national oversight, as well as a procedure in place to intervene in the case of the failing of local systems.", "He proposes that such a system should be run locally but have standards enforced through national oversight, as well as a procedure in place to intervene in the case of the failing of local systems. Unger's critique of and alternative to social programs goes to the heart of civil society.", "Unger's critique of and alternative to social programs goes to the heart of civil society. The problem we are faced with now, he claims, is that we have a bureaucratic system of distribution that provides lower quality service and prohibits the involvement of civil society in the provision of public services.", "The problem we are faced with now, he claims, is that we have a bureaucratic system of distribution that provides lower quality service and prohibits the involvement of civil society in the provision of public services. The alternative he lays out is to have the state act to equip civil society to partake in public services and care.", "The alternative he lays out is to have the state act to equip civil society to partake in public services and care. This would entail empowering each individual to have two responsibilities, one in the productive economy and one in the caring economy.", "This would entail empowering each individual to have two responsibilities, one in the productive economy and one in the caring economy. Unger's proposal for political democracy calls for a high energy system that diminishes the dependence of change upon crisis.", "Unger's proposal for political democracy calls for a high energy system that diminishes the dependence of change upon crisis. This can be done, he claims, by breaking the constant threat of stasis and institutionalization of politics and parties through five institutional innovations.", "This can be done, he claims, by breaking the constant threat of stasis and institutionalization of politics and parties through five institutional innovations. First, increase collective engagement through the public financing of campaigns and giving free access to media outlets.", "First, increase collective engagement through the public financing of campaigns and giving free access to media outlets. Second, hasten the pace of politics by breaking legislative deadlock through the enabling of the party in power to push through proposals and reforms, and for opposition parties to be able to dissolve the government and call for immediate elections.", "Second, hasten the pace of politics by breaking legislative deadlock through the enabling of the party in power to push through proposals and reforms, and for opposition parties to be able to dissolve the government and call for immediate elections. Third, the option of any segment of society to opt out of the political process and to propose alternative solutions for its own governance.", "Third, the option of any segment of society to opt out of the political process and to propose alternative solutions for its own governance. Fourth, give the state the power to rescue oppressed groups that are unable to liberate themselves through collective action.", "Fourth, give the state the power to rescue oppressed groups that are unable to liberate themselves through collective action. Fifth, direct participatory democracy in which active engagement is not purely in terms of financial support and wealth distribution, but through which people are directly involved in their local and national affairs through proposal and action.", "Fifth, direct participatory democracy in which active engagement is not purely in terms of financial support and wealth distribution, but through which people are directly involved in their local and national affairs through proposal and action. Theoretical philosophy At the core of Unger's theoretical philosophy are two key conceptions: first the infinity of the individual, and secondly the singularity of the world and the reality of time.", "Theoretical philosophy At the core of Unger's theoretical philosophy are two key conceptions: first the infinity of the individual, and secondly the singularity of the world and the reality of time. The premise behind the infinity of the individual is that we exist within social contexts but we are more than the roles that these contexts may define for us—we can overcome them.", "The premise behind the infinity of the individual is that we exist within social contexts but we are more than the roles that these contexts may define for us—we can overcome them. In Unger's terms, we are both \"context-bound and context-transcending; \"we appear as \"the embodied spirit;\" as \"the infinite imprisoned within the finite.\"", "In Unger's terms, we are both \"context-bound and context-transcending; \"we appear as \"the embodied spirit;\" as \"the infinite imprisoned within the finite.\" For Unger, there is no natural state of the individual and his social being. Rather, we are infinite in spirit and unbound in what we can become.", "Rather, we are infinite in spirit and unbound in what we can become. As such, no social institution or convention can contain us. While institutions do exist and shape our beings and our interactions, we can change both their structure and the extent to which they imprison us.", "While institutions do exist and shape our beings and our interactions, we can change both their structure and the extent to which they imprison us. The philosophy of the singularity of the world and the reality of time establishes history as the site of decisive action through the propositions that there is only one real world, not multiple or simultaneous universes, and that time really exists in the world, not as a simulacrum through which we must experience the world.", "The philosophy of the singularity of the world and the reality of time establishes history as the site of decisive action through the propositions that there is only one real world, not multiple or simultaneous universes, and that time really exists in the world, not as a simulacrum through which we must experience the world. These two concepts of infinity and reality lie at the heart of Unger's program calling for metaphysical and institutional revolutions.", "These two concepts of infinity and reality lie at the heart of Unger's program calling for metaphysical and institutional revolutions. From the concept of the self as infinite but constrained, Unger argues that we must continually transform our environment to better express ourselves. This can only be done in a singular world within which time is real.", "This can only be done in a singular world within which time is real. The self and human nature In Passion: An Essay on Personality, Unger explores the individual and his relation to society from the perspective of the root human predicament of the need to establish oneself as a unique individual in the world but at the same time to find commonality and solidarity with others.", "The self and human nature In Passion: An Essay on Personality, Unger explores the individual and his relation to society from the perspective of the root human predicament of the need to establish oneself as a unique individual in the world but at the same time to find commonality and solidarity with others. This exploration is grounded in what Unger calls a modernist image of the human being as one who lives in context but is not bound by context.", "This exploration is grounded in what Unger calls a modernist image of the human being as one who lives in context but is not bound by context. Unger's aim is to level a critique, expansion, and defense of modern thinking about the human and society.", "Unger's aim is to level a critique, expansion, and defense of modern thinking about the human and society. Religion and the human condition Unger has written and spoken extensively on religion and the human condition. Religion, Unger argues, is a vision of the world within which we anchor our orientation to life.", "Religion, Unger argues, is a vision of the world within which we anchor our orientation to life. It is within this orientation that we deal with our greatest terrors and highest hopes.", "It is within this orientation that we deal with our greatest terrors and highest hopes. Because we are doomed to die, we hope for eternal life; because we are unable to grasp to totality of existence or of the universe, we try to dispel the mystery and provide a comprehensible explanation; because we have an insatiable desire, we cry for an object that is worthy of this desire, one that is infinite.", "Because we are doomed to die, we hope for eternal life; because we are unable to grasp to totality of existence or of the universe, we try to dispel the mystery and provide a comprehensible explanation; because we have an insatiable desire, we cry for an object that is worthy of this desire, one that is infinite. Humans initially invested religious discourse in nature and the human susceptibility to nature.", "Humans initially invested religious discourse in nature and the human susceptibility to nature. But as societies evolved and people developed ways to cope with the unpredictability of nature, the emphasis of religion shifted to social existence and its defects.", "But as societies evolved and people developed ways to cope with the unpredictability of nature, the emphasis of religion shifted to social existence and its defects. A new moment in religion will begin, Unger argues, when we stop telling ourselves that all will be fine and we begin to face the incorrigible flaws in human existence.", "A new moment in religion will begin, Unger argues, when we stop telling ourselves that all will be fine and we begin to face the incorrigible flaws in human existence. The future of religion lies in embracing our mortality and our groundlessness. Unger sees four flaws in the human condition.", "Unger sees four flaws in the human condition. They are, our mortality and the facing of imminent death; our groundlessness in that we are unable to grasp the solution to the enigma of existence, see the beginning or end of time, nor put off the discovery of the meaning of life; our insatiability in that we always want more, and demand the infinite from the finite; and our susceptibility to belittlement which places us in a position to constantly confront petty routine forcing us to die many little deaths.", "They are, our mortality and the facing of imminent death; our groundlessness in that we are unable to grasp the solution to the enigma of existence, see the beginning or end of time, nor put off the discovery of the meaning of life; our insatiability in that we always want more, and demand the infinite from the finite; and our susceptibility to belittlement which places us in a position to constantly confront petty routine forcing us to die many little deaths. There are three major responses in the history of human thought to these flaws: escape, humanization, and confrontation.", "There are three major responses in the history of human thought to these flaws: escape, humanization, and confrontation. The overcoming of the world denies the phenomenal world and its distinctions, including the individual. It proclaims a benevolence towards others and an indifference to suffering and change. One achieves serenity by becoming invulnerable to suffering and change.", "One achieves serenity by becoming invulnerable to suffering and change. The religion of Buddhism and philosophical thought of Plato and Schopenhauer best represent this orientation. The humanization of the world creates meaning out of social interactions in a meaningless world by placing all emphasis on our reciprocal responsibility to one another.", "The humanization of the world creates meaning out of social interactions in a meaningless world by placing all emphasis on our reciprocal responsibility to one another. Confucianism and contemporary liberalism represent this strand of thought, both of which aim to soften the cruelties of the world.", "Confucianism and contemporary liberalism represent this strand of thought, both of which aim to soften the cruelties of the world. The struggle with the world is framed by the idea that series of personal and social transformations can increase our share of attributes associated with the divine and give us a larger life.", "The struggle with the world is framed by the idea that series of personal and social transformations can increase our share of attributes associated with the divine and give us a larger life. It emphasizes love over altruism, rejecting the moral of the mastery of self-interest to enhance solidarity, and emphasizing the humility of individual love.", "It emphasizes love over altruism, rejecting the moral of the mastery of self-interest to enhance solidarity, and emphasizing the humility of individual love. This orientation has been articulated in two different voices: the sacred voice of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, and the profane voice of the secular projects of liberation.", "This orientation has been articulated in two different voices: the sacred voice of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, and the profane voice of the secular projects of liberation. The religion of the future The spiritual orientation of the struggle with the world has given rise to the secular movements of emancipation in the modern world, and it is here that Unger sees the religion of the future.", "The religion of the future The spiritual orientation of the struggle with the world has given rise to the secular movements of emancipation in the modern world, and it is here that Unger sees the religion of the future. The problem Unger sees, however, is that as an established religion, this orientation has betrayed its ideological underpinnings and has made peace with existing order.", "The problem Unger sees, however, is that as an established religion, this orientation has betrayed its ideological underpinnings and has made peace with existing order. It has accepted the hierarchies of class structure in society, accepted the transfer of money as serving as the basis of solidarity, and reaffirmed the basis of existing political, economic, and social institutions by investing in a conservative position of their preservation.", "It has accepted the hierarchies of class structure in society, accepted the transfer of money as serving as the basis of solidarity, and reaffirmed the basis of existing political, economic, and social institutions by investing in a conservative position of their preservation. Thus, \"to be faithful to what made this orientation persuasive and powerful in the first place, we must radicalize it against both established institutions and dominant beliefs.\"", "Thus, \"to be faithful to what made this orientation persuasive and powerful in the first place, we must radicalize it against both established institutions and dominant beliefs.\" Unger's call is for a revolution in our religious beliefs that encompasses both individual transformation and institutional reorganization; to create change in the life of the individual as well as in the organization of society.", "Unger's call is for a revolution in our religious beliefs that encompasses both individual transformation and institutional reorganization; to create change in the life of the individual as well as in the organization of society. The first part of the program of individual transformation means waking from the dazed state in which we live our lives, and recognizing our mortality and groundlessness without turning to the “feel-good theologies and philosophies”.", "The first part of the program of individual transformation means waking from the dazed state in which we live our lives, and recognizing our mortality and groundlessness without turning to the “feel-good theologies and philosophies”. The second part of the program of social transformation means supplementing the metaphysical revolution with institutional practices by creating social institutions that allow us to constantly overthrow our constraints and our context, and to make this overthrow not a one time event but a continuing process.", "The second part of the program of social transformation means supplementing the metaphysical revolution with institutional practices by creating social institutions that allow us to constantly overthrow our constraints and our context, and to make this overthrow not a one time event but a continuing process. This is the program of empowered democracy that calls for reforms in the market economy, education, politics, and civil society.", "This is the program of empowered democracy that calls for reforms in the market economy, education, politics, and civil society. \"The goal is not to humanize society but to divinize humanity.\" It is \"to raise ordinary life to a higher level of intensity and capability.\"", "It is \"to raise ordinary life to a higher level of intensity and capability.\" Natural philosophy Unger's philosophy of space and time presented in The Singular Universe and the Reality of Time argues for the singularity of the world and the reality of time. His arguments are grounded in the tradition of natural philosophy.", "His arguments are grounded in the tradition of natural philosophy. He takes on the Newtonian idea of the independent observer standing outside of time and space, addresses the skepticism of David Hume, rejects the position of Kant, and attacks speculations about parallel universes of contemporary cosmology.", "He takes on the Newtonian idea of the independent observer standing outside of time and space, addresses the skepticism of David Hume, rejects the position of Kant, and attacks speculations about parallel universes of contemporary cosmology. At stake is the laying of the foundations for a view of the world and causality that is open to all possibilities; that is not a closed system of options in which our future is governed by deterministic laws and typologies.", "At stake is the laying of the foundations for a view of the world and causality that is open to all possibilities; that is not a closed system of options in which our future is governed by deterministic laws and typologies. It is an understanding of society that rejects the naturalness and necessity of current social arrangements; \"a form of understanding of society and history that refuses to explain the present arrangements in a manner that vindicates their naturalness and necessity.\"", "It is an understanding of society that rejects the naturalness and necessity of current social arrangements; \"a form of understanding of society and history that refuses to explain the present arrangements in a manner that vindicates their naturalness and necessity.\" The thesis of the singularity of the world states that there is one real world.", "The thesis of the singularity of the world states that there is one real world. Such a thesis stands in stark contrast to contemporary theoretical physics and cosmology, which speculate about multiple universes out of the dilemma of how to have law like explanations if the universe is unique—laws will be universal because they don't just apply to this unique universe but to all universes.", "Such a thesis stands in stark contrast to contemporary theoretical physics and cosmology, which speculate about multiple universes out of the dilemma of how to have law like explanations if the universe is unique—laws will be universal because they don't just apply to this unique universe but to all universes. However, there is no empirical evidence for multiple worlds.", "However, there is no empirical evidence for multiple worlds. Unger's singularity thesis can better address our empirical observations and set the conceptual platform to address the four main puzzles in cosmology today: Big Bang, initial conditions, horizon problem, and the precise value of constants, such as gravity, speed of light, and Planck's constant.", "Unger's singularity thesis can better address our empirical observations and set the conceptual platform to address the four main puzzles in cosmology today: Big Bang, initial conditions, horizon problem, and the precise value of constants, such as gravity, speed of light, and Planck's constant. The thesis that time is real states that time \"really is real\" and everything is subject to history.", "The thesis that time is real states that time \"really is real\" and everything is subject to history. This move is to historicize everything, even the laws of nature, and to challenge our acting as if time were real but not too real—we act as if it is somewhat real otherwise there would be no causal relations, but not so real that laws change.", "This move is to historicize everything, even the laws of nature, and to challenge our acting as if time were real but not too real—we act as if it is somewhat real otherwise there would be no causal relations, but not so real that laws change. Unger holds that time is so real that laws of nature are also subject to its force and they too must change.", "Unger holds that time is so real that laws of nature are also subject to its force and they too must change. There are no eternal laws upon which change occurs, rather time precedes structure. This position gives the universe a history and makes time non-emergent, global, irreversible, and continuous.", "This position gives the universe a history and makes time non-emergent, global, irreversible, and continuous. Bringing these two thesis together, Unger theorizes that laws of nature develop together with the phenomenon they explain.", "Bringing these two thesis together, Unger theorizes that laws of nature develop together with the phenomenon they explain. Laws and initial conditions co-evolve, in the same that they do in how cells reproduce and mutate in different levels of complexity of organisms.", "Laws and initial conditions co-evolve, in the same that they do in how cells reproduce and mutate in different levels of complexity of organisms. In cosmological terms Unger explains the passing from one structure to another at the origins of the universe when the state of energy was high but not infinite, and the freedom of movement was greater than when operating under a known set of laws.", "In cosmological terms Unger explains the passing from one structure to another at the origins of the universe when the state of energy was high but not infinite, and the freedom of movement was greater than when operating under a known set of laws. The conditions of the early universe is compatible with the universe that preceded it.", "The conditions of the early universe is compatible with the universe that preceded it. The new universe may be different in structure, but has been made with what existed in the old one, e.g. masses of elementary particles, strength of different forces, and cosmological constants.", "masses of elementary particles, strength of different forces, and cosmological constants. As the universe cools the phenomena and laws work together with materials produced by sequence; they are path dependent materials.", "As the universe cools the phenomena and laws work together with materials produced by sequence; they are path dependent materials. They are also constrained by the family of resemblances of the effective laws against the background of the conceptions of alternative states the universe and succession of universes.", "They are also constrained by the family of resemblances of the effective laws against the background of the conceptions of alternative states the universe and succession of universes. Mathematics and the one real, time-drenched world One consequence of these positions that Unger points to is the revision of the concept and function of mathematics.", "Mathematics and the one real, time-drenched world One consequence of these positions that Unger points to is the revision of the concept and function of mathematics. If there is only one world drenched in time through and through, then mathematics cannot be a timeless expression of multiple universes that captures reality.", "If there is only one world drenched in time through and through, then mathematics cannot be a timeless expression of multiple universes that captures reality. Rather, Unger argues that mathematics is a means of analyzing the world removed of time and phenomenal distinction.", "Rather, Unger argues that mathematics is a means of analyzing the world removed of time and phenomenal distinction. By emptying the world of time and space it is able to better focus on one aspect of reality: the recurrence of certain ways in which pieces of the world relate to other pieces.", "By emptying the world of time and space it is able to better focus on one aspect of reality: the recurrence of certain ways in which pieces of the world relate to other pieces. Its subject matter are the structured wholes and bundles of relations, which we see outside mathematics only as embodied in the time-bound particulars of the manifest world.", "Its subject matter are the structured wholes and bundles of relations, which we see outside mathematics only as embodied in the time-bound particulars of the manifest world. In this way, mathematics extends our problem solving powers as an extension of human insight, but it is not a part of the world.", "In this way, mathematics extends our problem solving powers as an extension of human insight, but it is not a part of the world. Political engagement Unger has a long history of political activity in Brazil.", "Political engagement Unger has a long history of political activity in Brazil. He worked in early opposition parties in the 1970s/80s against the Brazilian military dictatorship, and drafted the founding manifesto for the Brazilian Democratic Movement Party (PMDB) in 1980.", "He worked in early opposition parties in the 1970s/80s against the Brazilian military dictatorship, and drafted the founding manifesto for the Brazilian Democratic Movement Party (PMDB) in 1980. He served as an intimate adviser to two presidential candidates, and launched exploratory bids himself in 2000 and 2006.", "He served as an intimate adviser to two presidential candidates, and launched exploratory bids himself in 2000 and 2006. He was the Secretary for Strategic Affairs in the Lula administration from 2007–09, and is currently working on a number of social and developmental projects in the state of Rondônia.", "He was the Secretary for Strategic Affairs in the Lula administration from 2007–09, and is currently working on a number of social and developmental projects in the state of Rondônia. Driving Unger's political engagement is the idea that society can be made and remade.", "Driving Unger's political engagement is the idea that society can be made and remade. Unlike Mill or Marx, who posited a particular class as the agent of history, Unger does not see a single vehicle for transformative politics.", "Unlike Mill or Marx, who posited a particular class as the agent of history, Unger does not see a single vehicle for transformative politics. He advocates world-wide revolution, but does not see this happening as a single cataclysmic event or undertaken by a class agent, like the Communist movement.", "He advocates world-wide revolution, but does not see this happening as a single cataclysmic event or undertaken by a class agent, like the Communist movement. Rather, he sees the possibility of piecemeal change, where institutions can be replaced one at a time, and permanent plasticity can be built into the institutional infrastructure.", "Rather, he sees the possibility of piecemeal change, where institutions can be replaced one at a time, and permanent plasticity can be built into the institutional infrastructure. Early political activity, 1970s and 1980s Unger's engagement in Brazilian politics began in the late 1970s as Brazil started to democratize.", "Early political activity, 1970s and 1980s Unger's engagement in Brazilian politics began in the late 1970s as Brazil started to democratize. In 1979, he presented himself to the main opposition party, the Brazilian Democratic Movement (MDB), and was appointed chief of staff by party leader Ulysses Guimaraes.", "In 1979, he presented himself to the main opposition party, the Brazilian Democratic Movement (MDB), and was appointed chief of staff by party leader Ulysses Guimaraes. His initial work was to develop the positions of the party and draft policy proposals for their party's congressional representatives.", "His initial work was to develop the positions of the party and draft policy proposals for their party's congressional representatives. When the military regime dissolved the two-party system and established a multi-party system later that year, Unger worked to unite progressive liberals and the independent, non-communist left into the Brazilian Democratic Movement Party (PMDB).", "When the military regime dissolved the two-party system and established a multi-party system later that year, Unger worked to unite progressive liberals and the independent, non-communist left into the Brazilian Democratic Movement Party (PMDB). As a co-founder of the party, he authored its first manifesto.", "As a co-founder of the party, he authored its first manifesto. Unger left the party after the rise of a conservative faction, which was a part of the MDB but had been excluded from the initial formation of the PMDB.", "Unger left the party after the rise of a conservative faction, which was a part of the MDB but had been excluded from the initial formation of the PMDB. After departing the PMDB in the early 1980s, Unger began looking for political agents who would serve as vehicles for his national alternative.", "After departing the PMDB in the early 1980s, Unger began looking for political agents who would serve as vehicles for his national alternative. In 1981, he jointed the Democratic Labour Party of Brazil (PDT) led by Leonel Brizola, a former governor of Rio de Janeiro and a figure of the left prior to the dictatorship.", "In 1981, he jointed the Democratic Labour Party of Brazil (PDT) led by Leonel Brizola, a former governor of Rio de Janeiro and a figure of the left prior to the dictatorship. Brizola had founded the PDT and Unger saw it as the authentic opposition to the military regime.", "Brizola had founded the PDT and Unger saw it as the authentic opposition to the military regime. Throughout the 1980s he worked with Brizola to travel the country recruiting members, and developing policy positions and a political language.", "Throughout the 1980s he worked with Brizola to travel the country recruiting members, and developing policy positions and a political language. In 1983, Brizola, then serving his second of three terms as governor of Rio de Janeiro, appointed Unger to head the State Foundation for the Education of Minors (FEEM), a state-run foundation for homeless children.", "In 1983, Brizola, then serving his second of three terms as governor of Rio de Janeiro, appointed Unger to head the State Foundation for the Education of Minors (FEEM), a state-run foundation for homeless children. During his year-long tenure, he began a process of radical reforms of the institutions, such as opening the door to international adoption and reintegrating children with their families.", "During his year-long tenure, he began a process of radical reforms of the institutions, such as opening the door to international adoption and reintegrating children with their families. He also set up community organizations in the slums to help support families in order to prevent the abandonment of children.", "He also set up community organizations in the slums to help support families in order to prevent the abandonment of children. Political campaigns, 1990s and 2000s In 1990, Unger ran a symbolic campaign for a seat in the national chamber of deputies. He had no money, no structure, and only campaigned for eight weeks.", "He had no money, no structure, and only campaigned for eight weeks. He ran on a platform of reforming the slums, and went around the slum neighborhoods giving lectures. He received 9,000 votes, just 1,000 votes short of winning the seat. None of the votes came from the slums, however.", "None of the votes came from the slums, however. All his votes had come from the middle class, although he had never campaigned in those neighborhoods or to that constituency. Recalling the experience, Unger says \"it was kind of absurd...", "Recalling the experience, Unger says \"it was kind of absurd... I had no money, no staff, and I would go into these slums, alone, to hand out pamphlets, often to the local drug pushers.\"", "I had no money, no staff, and I would go into these slums, alone, to hand out pamphlets, often to the local drug pushers.\" It is an experience that Unger cites as leading to his belief that the system and possibilities were much more open than he had previously imagined.", "It is an experience that Unger cites as leading to his belief that the system and possibilities were much more open than he had previously imagined. Unger served as Brizola's campaign organizer and primary political adviser in his bids for the Brazilian Presidency in 1989 and 1994.", "Unger served as Brizola's campaign organizer and primary political adviser in his bids for the Brazilian Presidency in 1989 and 1994. In 1989, Brizola finished in third place, losing the second position, which would have qualified him for a runoff against Fernando Collor de Mello, by a very narrow margin to Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva.", "In 1989, Brizola finished in third place, losing the second position, which would have qualified him for a runoff against Fernando Collor de Mello, by a very narrow margin to Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva. Brizola and Unger both supported Lula in the second round of the election, but Collor would go on to beat Lula and win the Presidency.", "Brizola and Unger both supported Lula in the second round of the election, but Collor would go on to beat Lula and win the Presidency. Unger also helped organize the presidential bids of former finance minister and governor of Ceará, Ciro Gomes, in 1998 and 2002.", "Unger also helped organize the presidential bids of former finance minister and governor of Ceará, Ciro Gomes, in 1998 and 2002. In 1998, Gomes came in third place with 11% of the vote, and in 2002 he came in fourth place with 12% of the vote.", "In 1998, Gomes came in third place with 11% of the vote, and in 2002 he came in fourth place with 12% of the vote. Unger had written The Next Step: An Alternative to Neoliberalism with Gomes in 1996.", "Unger had written The Next Step: An Alternative to Neoliberalism with Gomes in 1996. At the national level in 2002, again in the second round of the election, Unger supported Lula who went on to defeat José Serra to win the Presidency.", "At the national level in 2002, again in the second round of the election, Unger supported Lula who went on to defeat José Serra to win the Presidency. With the experience of supporting others who imploded politically, Unger discovered that, as he put it, he was committing \"the classic mistake of the philosophers in politics, which is to try to find someone else to do the work.\"", "With the experience of supporting others who imploded politically, Unger discovered that, as he put it, he was committing \"the classic mistake of the philosophers in politics, which is to try to find someone else to do the work.\" In 2000, he ran in the primaries for the mayor of Sao Paulo, but the PPS party leader suspended the primaries when it became clear that Unger would win the nomination and challenge party control.", "In 2000, he ran in the primaries for the mayor of Sao Paulo, but the PPS party leader suspended the primaries when it became clear that Unger would win the nomination and challenge party control. He launched an exploratory bid for the 2006 presidential election on the PRB ticket, but the party decided not to put forth its own candidate for the presidency and to support Lula of the PT.", "He launched an exploratory bid for the 2006 presidential election on the PRB ticket, but the party decided not to put forth its own candidate for the presidency and to support Lula of the PT. As Minister of Strategic Affairs in the Lula administration Unger found President Lula's first term to be conservative and riddled with scandal.", "As Minister of Strategic Affairs in the Lula administration Unger found President Lula's first term to be conservative and riddled with scandal. He wrote articles calling Lula's administration \"the most corrupt of Brazil's history\" and called for his impeachment.", "He wrote articles calling Lula's administration \"the most corrupt of Brazil's history\" and called for his impeachment. Despite the criticism, many advisers to Lula insisted that he should invite Unger to join his administration.", "Despite the criticism, many advisers to Lula insisted that he should invite Unger to join his administration. In June 2007, after winning his second term, Lula appointed Unger as head of the newly established Long-term Planning Secretariat (a post which would eventually be called The Minister of Strategic Affairs).", "In June 2007, after winning his second term, Lula appointed Unger as head of the newly established Long-term Planning Secretariat (a post which would eventually be called The Minister of Strategic Affairs). Unger's work in office was an attempt to enact his program.", "Unger's work in office was an attempt to enact his program. Seeing the future in small enterprises and advocating a rotating capital fund that would function like a government run venture capital fund, he pushed for a rapid expansion of credit to smaller producers and a decentralized network of technical support centers that would help broaden the middle class from below.", "Seeing the future in small enterprises and advocating a rotating capital fund that would function like a government run venture capital fund, he pushed for a rapid expansion of credit to smaller producers and a decentralized network of technical support centers that would help broaden the middle class from below. He further called for political solutions that would broaden access to production forces such as information technology, and for states to focus on equipping and monitoring civil society rather than trying to provide social services.", "He further called for political solutions that would broaden access to production forces such as information technology, and for states to focus on equipping and monitoring civil society rather than trying to provide social services. Unger's specific projects while in office were focused on giving \"ordinary men and women the instruments with which to render this vitality fertile and productive.\"", "Unger's specific projects while in office were focused on giving \"ordinary men and women the instruments with which to render this vitality fertile and productive.\" He aimed to use state powers and resources to allow the majority of poor workers to \"follow the path of the emergent vanguard\".", "He aimed to use state powers and resources to allow the majority of poor workers to \"follow the path of the emergent vanguard\". He developed a series of sectoral and regional initiatives that would prefigure the model of development based on the broadening of economic and educational opportunity by democratizing the market economy and restructuring civil society.", "He developed a series of sectoral and regional initiatives that would prefigure the model of development based on the broadening of economic and educational opportunity by democratizing the market economy and restructuring civil society. Sectorally, Unger revamped the educational structure and rewrote labor laws.", "Sectorally, Unger revamped the educational structure and rewrote labor laws. In education, he implemented a model of secondary education, where analytical problem-solving education was paired with technical education that focused on conceptual capabilities rather than job-specific skills. There are several hundred of these institutions today.", "There are several hundred of these institutions today. He further drafted legislation to associate national, state and local jurisdictions into common bodies that could intervene when a local school system fell below the minimum acceptable threshold of quality and \"fix it the way an independent administrator would fix a failing business under Chapter 11 bankruptcy.\"", "He further drafted legislation to associate national, state and local jurisdictions into common bodies that could intervene when a local school system fell below the minimum acceptable threshold of quality and \"fix it the way an independent administrator would fix a failing business under Chapter 11 bankruptcy.\" In labor, Unger worked with unions to write new labor laws designed to protect and organize temporary workers, subcontractors, and those working in the informal economy.", "In labor, Unger worked with unions to write new labor laws designed to protect and organize temporary workers, subcontractors, and those working in the informal economy. Regionally, some of Unger's most influential work was the implementation of a developmental strategy for the Amazon that would be sustainable environmentally by making it socially inclusive.", "Regionally, some of Unger's most influential work was the implementation of a developmental strategy for the Amazon that would be sustainable environmentally by making it socially inclusive. He drafted and passed legislation to regularize small-scale squatters on untitled land by giving them clear legal titles, which would create self-interest in preservation while granting them economic opportunity.", "He drafted and passed legislation to regularize small-scale squatters on untitled land by giving them clear legal titles, which would create self-interest in preservation while granting them economic opportunity. Included in this law were protections against large scale land grabbers.", "Included in this law were protections against large scale land grabbers. Such legislation aimed to empower locals living on Amazonian land by giving them ownership rights and linking their interest in preserving it, rather than pillaging it as quickly as possible in the face of ambiguous ownership rights. This legislation passed and was put into law.", "This legislation passed and was put into law. Unger served in the administration for two years. On 26 June 2009, President Lula announced Unger would be leaving the government and returning to Harvard University. He later cited personal and political reasons for his early departure.", "He later cited personal and political reasons for his early departure. Engagement outside Brazil Unger's attempts to develop global social, political, and economic alternatives have led him in episodic engagements in national debates around the world.", "Engagement outside Brazil Unger's attempts to develop global social, political, and economic alternatives have led him in episodic engagements in national debates around the world. His approach in these engagements recognizes that the problems facing contemporary societies are not distinct from nation to nation, and that general structural arrangements can first be implemented, which will allow for local innovation, flexibility, and development in social, economic, and political arenas.", "His approach in these engagements recognizes that the problems facing contemporary societies are not distinct from nation to nation, and that general structural arrangements can first be implemented, which will allow for local innovation, flexibility, and development in social, economic, and political arenas. There is no institutional blueprint for Unger, however, only a direction that can be pointed to and general proposals that can be implemented to allow further institutional innovation and experimentation.", "There is no institutional blueprint for Unger, however, only a direction that can be pointed to and general proposals that can be implemented to allow further institutional innovation and experimentation. Unger's guiding principle is that institutional flexibility needs to be built into the implemented system, and in this way a diversity of local experiments would take hold the world over.", "Unger's guiding principle is that institutional flexibility needs to be built into the implemented system, and in this way a diversity of local experiments would take hold the world over. One of Unger's more promising engagements was the Latin American Alternative in the late 1990s.", "One of Unger's more promising engagements was the Latin American Alternative in the late 1990s. Unger and Mexican politician and political scientist Jorge Castañeda Gutman assembled an informal network of politicians and business leaders dedicated to redrawing the political map.", "Unger and Mexican politician and political scientist Jorge Castañeda Gutman assembled an informal network of politicians and business leaders dedicated to redrawing the political map. The aim of the group was to provide a critique of neoliberalism coupled with a way forward in a distinct strategy and institutional model of development.", "The aim of the group was to provide a critique of neoliberalism coupled with a way forward in a distinct strategy and institutional model of development. They floated proposals such as guaranteeing every citizen \"social rights\" (e.g. education and a job), breaking up media oligopolies, and holding town meetings to help citizens supervise municipal spending.", "education and a job), breaking up media oligopolies, and holding town meetings to help citizens supervise municipal spending. The group held a number of meetings over the years, which included Brazilian finance minister Ciro Gomes, Chilean senator Carlos Ominami, Argentinian politicians Dante Caputo and Rodolfo Terragno, and Mexican politician and future president Vicente Fox.", "The group held a number of meetings over the years, which included Brazilian finance minister Ciro Gomes, Chilean senator Carlos Ominami, Argentinian politicians Dante Caputo and Rodolfo Terragno, and Mexican politician and future president Vicente Fox. The meetings resulted in a document entitled the \"Buenos Aires Consensus\" in 1997, which Castaneda called \"the end of neoliberalism; of the Washington Consensus\".", "The meetings resulted in a document entitled the \"Buenos Aires Consensus\" in 1997, which Castaneda called \"the end of neoliberalism; of the Washington Consensus\". This consensus was formally signed in 2003 by Argentinian President Néstor Kirchner and Brazilian President Lula da Silva.", "This consensus was formally signed in 2003 by Argentinian President Néstor Kirchner and Brazilian President Lula da Silva. Other Latin American leaders who signed it included Fox, future president of Chile Ricardo Lagos, Mexican politician Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas, former vice president of Nicaragua Sergio Ramírez, future president of Argentina Fernando de la Rúa, and former Brazilian president Itamar Franco.", "Other Latin American leaders who signed it included Fox, future president of Chile Ricardo Lagos, Mexican politician Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas, former vice president of Nicaragua Sergio Ramírez, future president of Argentina Fernando de la Rúa, and former Brazilian president Itamar Franco. During the 2008 US presidential campaign, Unger was in frequent contact with candidate Barack Obama via email and Blackberry.", "During the 2008 US presidential campaign, Unger was in frequent contact with candidate Barack Obama via email and Blackberry. He has since become critical of the Obama administration, and called for the defeat of Obama in the 2012 election as a first step to remaking the Democratic party.", "He has since become critical of the Obama administration, and called for the defeat of Obama in the 2012 election as a first step to remaking the Democratic party. Current engagement Unger's recent political work has focused on the north-western Brazilian state of Rondônia.", "Current engagement Unger's recent political work has focused on the north-western Brazilian state of Rondônia. He sees the human and natural resources of the state meeting all the conditions to serve as the vanguard of a new model of development for Brazil.", "He sees the human and natural resources of the state meeting all the conditions to serve as the vanguard of a new model of development for Brazil. Speaking to News Rondônia he said, \"Rondônia is a state formed by a multitude of small and medium entrepreneurs together with the Brazilian government, and that is something truly unique in our country.\"", "Speaking to News Rondônia he said, \"Rondônia is a state formed by a multitude of small and medium entrepreneurs together with the Brazilian government, and that is something truly unique in our country.\" He has been traveling the state giving public lectures and encouraging political discourse and engagement in localities.", "He has been traveling the state giving public lectures and encouraging political discourse and engagement in localities. Working with governor João Aparecido Cahulla on development projects, Unger has outlined a series of important areas of focus.", "Working with governor João Aparecido Cahulla on development projects, Unger has outlined a series of important areas of focus. The first is to change the agricultural model from one of intensive farming to an industrialization of produces through the recuperation of degraded pastures, supply fertilizers and lime, and diversifying crops and livestock farming.", "The first is to change the agricultural model from one of intensive farming to an industrialization of produces through the recuperation of degraded pastures, supply fertilizers and lime, and diversifying crops and livestock farming. The second key project is transforming education from rote learning to creative thinking and engagement. He helped open the School Teixeira in Porto Velho.", "He helped open the School Teixeira in Porto Velho. Another ongoing project is the construction of a new educational center in accordance with his theory of pedagogical reform, where delinquents would be reintegrated into municipal life. Circumstance and influence Unger's philosophical work grapples with some of the most fundamental and enduring problems of human existence.", "Circumstance and influence Unger's philosophical work grapples with some of the most fundamental and enduring problems of human existence. It has been put into direct dialogue with Kant's moral law, and said to have provided one answer to Hume's Guillotine.", "It has been put into direct dialogue with Kant's moral law, and said to have provided one answer to Hume's Guillotine. Unger's analysis of liberalism and the philosophical program he builds around rethinking the individual has also inspired new thinking and approaches to psychiatry.", "Unger's analysis of liberalism and the philosophical program he builds around rethinking the individual has also inspired new thinking and approaches to psychiatry. In 1987, the Northwestern University Law Review devoted an issue to Unger's work, analysing his three volume publication Politics: A Work In Constructive Social Theory.", "In 1987, the Northwestern University Law Review devoted an issue to Unger's work, analysing his three volume publication Politics: A Work In Constructive Social Theory. Michael J. Perry, a professor of law at Northwestern University, praises Unger for producing a vast work of social theory that combines law, history, politics, and philosophy within a single narrative.", "Michael J. Perry, a professor of law at Northwestern University, praises Unger for producing a vast work of social theory that combines law, history, politics, and philosophy within a single narrative. Early reviewers of Politics questioned Unger's seeming predicament of criticizing a system of thought and its historical tradition without subjecting himself to the same critical gaze.", "Early reviewers of Politics questioned Unger's seeming predicament of criticizing a system of thought and its historical tradition without subjecting himself to the same critical gaze. \"There is little acknowledgement that he himself is writing in a particular socio-historical context\", wrote one reviewer, and another asked, \"in what context Unger himself is situated and why that context itself is not offered up to the sledgehammer.\"", "\"There is little acknowledgement that he himself is writing in a particular socio-historical context\", wrote one reviewer, and another asked, \"in what context Unger himself is situated and why that context itself is not offered up to the sledgehammer.\" Critics also balked at the lack of example or concrete vision of his social and political proposals.", "Critics also balked at the lack of example or concrete vision of his social and political proposals. As one critic wrote, \"it is difficult to imagine what Unger's argument would mean in practice\", and that \"he does not tell us what to make.\"", "As one critic wrote, \"it is difficult to imagine what Unger's argument would mean in practice\", and that \"he does not tell us what to make.\" Others have suggested that the lack of imagination of such readers is precisely what is at stake. Books Knowledge and Politics, Free Press, 1975.", "Books Knowledge and Politics, Free Press, 1975. Law In Modern Society: Toward a Criticism of Social Theory, Free Press, 1976. Passion: An Essay on Personality, Free Press, 1986. The Critical Legal Studies Movement, Harvard University Press, 1986.", "The Critical Legal Studies Movement, Harvard University Press, 1986. Politics: A Work In Constructive Social Theory, Cambridge University Press, 1987, in 3 Vols: Vol 1 - False Necessity: Anti-Necessitarian Social Theory in the Service of Radical Democracy.", "Politics: A Work In Constructive Social Theory, Cambridge University Press, 1987, in 3 Vols: Vol 1 - False Necessity: Anti-Necessitarian Social Theory in the Service of Radical Democracy. Vol 2 - Social Theory: Its Situation and Its Task - A Critical Introduction to Politics: A Work in Constructive Social Theory.", "Vol 2 - Social Theory: Its Situation and Its Task - A Critical Introduction to Politics: A Work in Constructive Social Theory. Vol 3 - Plasticity Into Power: Comparative-Historical Studies on the Institutional Conditions of Economic and Military Success.", "Vol 3 - Plasticity Into Power: Comparative-Historical Studies on the Institutional Conditions of Economic and Military Success. What Should Legal Analysis Become?, Verso, 1996 Politics: The Central Texts, Theory Against Fate, Verso, 1997, with Cui Zhiyuan. Democracy Realized: The Progressive Alternative, Verso, 1998.", "Democracy Realized: The Progressive Alternative, Verso, 1998. The Future of American Progressivism: An Initiative for Political and Economic Reform, Beacon, 1998 - with Cornel West What Should the Left Propose?, Verso, 2006. The Self Awakened: Pragmatism Unbound, Harvard, 2007.", "The Self Awakened: Pragmatism Unbound, Harvard, 2007. Free Trade Reimagined: The World Division of Labor and the Method of Economics, Princeton University Press, 2007. The Left Alternative, Verso, 2009 (2nd edition to What Should the Left Propose?, Verso, 2006.).", "The Left Alternative, Verso, 2009 (2nd edition to What Should the Left Propose?, Verso, 2006.). The Religion of the Future, Harvard, 2014. The Singular Universe and the Reality of Time, Cambridge University Press, 2014, with Lee Smolin. The Knowledge Economy, Verso, 2019.", "The Knowledge Economy, Verso, 2019. See also False necessity Formative context Negative capability Empowered democracy Structure and agency Passions References External links Roberto Unger's Harvard Homepage Links to Unger's works via his homepage An interview with Unger on the American Left Biographical articles about Roberto Unger Guggenheim Gives Fellowships for '76: Unger Gets Tenure, Too (The Harvard Crimson April 5, 1976) \"The Passion of Roberto Unger\" , Eyal Press, (Lingua Franca, March 1999) Carlos Castilho, \"Brazil's Consigliere: Unger Leaves Lectern to Stand Behind the Throne.\"", "See also False necessity Formative context Negative capability Empowered democracy Structure and agency Passions References External links Roberto Unger's Harvard Homepage Links to Unger's works via his homepage An interview with Unger on the American Left Biographical articles about Roberto Unger Guggenheim Gives Fellowships for '76: Unger Gets Tenure, Too (The Harvard Crimson April 5, 1976) \"The Passion of Roberto Unger\" , Eyal Press, (Lingua Franca, March 1999) Carlos Castilho, \"Brazil's Consigliere: Unger Leaves Lectern to Stand Behind the Throne.\" (World Paper, April 2000) Simon Romero, \"Destination: São Paulo\" (Metropolis, October 2000) This article is about São Paulo, Brazil, but it has a lengthy discussion of Unger's political activism there and many quotes from Unger.", "(World Paper, April 2000) Simon Romero, \"Destination: São Paulo\" (Metropolis, October 2000) This article is about São Paulo, Brazil, but it has a lengthy discussion of Unger's political activism there and many quotes from Unger. Meltzer Elected to American Academy of Arts and Sciences (HLS News May 13, 2004) (First of the Month, July 1, 2012) 1947 births 20th-century Brazilian male writers 20th-century Brazilian philosophers 20th-century economists 20th-century essayists 21st-century Brazilian male writers 21st-century economists 21st-century essayists 21st-century philosophers Analytic philosophers Anti-poverty advocates Brazilian activists Brazilian essayists Brazilian expatriate academics in the United States Brazilian people of German descent Brazilian social scientists Critical legal studies Cultural critics Epistemologists Ethicists Futurologists Government ministers of Brazil Harvard Law School alumni Harvard Law School faculty Living people Metaphilosophers Metaphysicians Moral philosophers Ontologists People from Rio de Janeiro (city) Philosophers of culture Philosophers of economics Philosophers of education Philosophers of ethics and morality Philosophers of history Philosophers of law Philosophers of mathematics Philosophers of religion Philosophers of science Philosophers of social science Philosophers of technology Philosophy of life Philosophy of time Philosophy writers Political philosophers Politicians from Cambridge, Massachusetts Pragmatists Brazilian social commentators Social critics Social philosophers Social theories Theorists on Western civilization Writers about activism and social change Writers about globalization" ]

[ "Roberto Mangabeira Unger", "Critique of economics", "What does he have to say about economics?", "Unger's critique of economics begins with the identification of a key moment in economic history,", "What is the key moment?", "the analysis of production and exchange turned away from social theory and engaged in a quest for scientific objectivity." ]

[ "Přírodní park Třebíčsko (before Oblast klidu Třebíčsko) is a natural park near Třebíč in the Czech Republic. There are many interesting plants. The park was founded in 1983.\n\nKobylinec and Ptáčovský kopeček\n\nKobylinec is a natural monument situated ca 0,5 km from the village of Trnava.\nThe area of this monument is 0,44 ha. Pulsatilla grandis can be found here and in the Ptáčovský kopeček park near Ptáčov near Třebíč. Both monuments are very popular for tourists.\n\nPonds\n\nIn the natural park there are some interesting ponds such as Velký Bor, Malý Bor, Buršík near Přeckov and a brook Březinka. Dams on the brook are examples of European beaver activity.\n\nSyenitové skály near Pocoucov\n\nSyenitové skály (rocks of syenit) near Pocoucov is one of famed locations. There are interesting granite boulders. The area of the reservation is 0,77 ha.\n\nExternal links\nParts of this article or all article was translated from Czech. The original article is :cs:Přírodní park Třebíčsko.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nNature near the village Trnava which is there\n\nTřebíč\nParks in the Czech Republic\nTourist attractions in the Vysočina Region", "Damn Interesting is an independent website founded by Alan Bellows in 2005. The website presents true stories from science, history, and psychology, primarily as long-form articles, often illustrated with original artwork. Works are written by various authors, and published at irregular intervals. The website openly rejects advertising, relying on reader and listener donations to cover operating costs.\n\nAs of October 2012, each article is also published as a podcast under the same name. In November 2019, a second podcast was launched under the title Damn Interesting Week, featuring unscripted commentary on an assortment of news articles featured on the website's \"Curated Links\" section that week. In mid-2020, a third podcast called Damn Interesting Curio Cabinet began highlighting the website's periodic short-form articles in the same radioplay format as the original podcast.\n\nIn July 2009, Damn Interesting published the print book Alien Hand Syndrome through Workman Publishing. It contains some favorites from the site and some exclusive content.\n\nAwards and recognition \nIn August 2007, PC Magazine named Damn Interesting one of the \"Top 100 Undiscovered Web Sites\".\nThe article \"The Zero-Armed Bandit\" by Alan Bellows won a 2015 Sidney Award from David Brooks in The New York Times.\nThe article \"Ghoulish Acts and Dastardly Deeds\" by Alan Bellows was cited as \"nonfiction journalism from 2017 that will stand the test of time\" by Conor Friedersdorf in The Atlantic.\nThe article \"Dupes and Duplicity\" by Jennifer Lee Noonan won a 2020 Sidney Award from David Brooks in the New York Times.\n\nAccusing The Dollop of plagiarism \n\nOn July 9, 2015, Bellows posted an open letter accusing The Dollop, a comedy podcast about history, of plagiarism due to their repeated use of verbatim text from Damn Interesting articles without permission or attribution. Dave Anthony, the writer of The Dollop, responded on reddit, admitting to using Damn Interesting content, but claiming that the use was protected by fair use, and that \"historical facts are not copyrightable.\" In an article about the controversy on Plagiarism Today, Jonathan Bailey concluded, \"Any way one looks at it, The Dollop failed its ethical obligations to all of the people, not just those writing for Damn Interesting, who put in the time, energy and expertise into writing the original content upon which their show is based.\"\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n Official website\n\n2005 podcast debuts" ]

[ "Roberto Mangabeira Unger (; born 24 March 1947) is a Brazilian philosopher and politician. His work is in the tradition of classical social theory and pragmatism, and is developed across many fields including legal theory, philosophy and religion, social and political theory, progressive alternatives, and economics.", "His work is in the tradition of classical social theory and pragmatism, and is developed across many fields including legal theory, philosophy and religion, social and political theory, progressive alternatives, and economics. In natural philosophy he is known for The Singular Universe and the Reality of Time.", "In natural philosophy he is known for The Singular Universe and the Reality of Time. In social theory he is known for Politics: A Work in Constructive Social Theory. In legal theory he was part of the Critical Legal Studies movement, which helped disrupt the methodological consensus in American law schools.", "In legal theory he was part of the Critical Legal Studies movement, which helped disrupt the methodological consensus in American law schools. His political activity helped the transition to democracy in Brazil in the aftermath of the military regime, and culminated with his appointment as Brazil's Minister of Strategic Affairs in 2007 and again in 2015.", "His political activity helped the transition to democracy in Brazil in the aftermath of the military regime, and culminated with his appointment as Brazil's Minister of Strategic Affairs in 2007 and again in 2015. His work is seen to offer a vision of humanity and a program to empower individuals and change institutions.", "His work is seen to offer a vision of humanity and a program to empower individuals and change institutions. At the core of his philosophy is a view of humanity as greater than the contexts in which it is placed. He sees each individual possessed with the capability to rise to a greater life.", "He sees each individual possessed with the capability to rise to a greater life. At the root of his social thought is the conviction that the social world is made and imagined. His work begins from the premise that no natural or necessary social, political, or economic arrangements underlie individual or social activity.", "His work begins from the premise that no natural or necessary social, political, or economic arrangements underlie individual or social activity. Property rights, liberal democracy, wage labor—for Unger, these are all historical artifacts that have no necessary relation to the goals of free and prosperous human activity.", "Property rights, liberal democracy, wage labor—for Unger, these are all historical artifacts that have no necessary relation to the goals of free and prosperous human activity. For Unger, the market, the state, and human social organization should not be set in predetermined institutional arrangements, but need to be left open to experimentation and revision according to what works for the project of individual and collective empowerment.", "For Unger, the market, the state, and human social organization should not be set in predetermined institutional arrangements, but need to be left open to experimentation and revision according to what works for the project of individual and collective empowerment. Doing so, he holds, will enable human liberation.", "Doing so, he holds, will enable human liberation. Unger has long been active in Brazilian opposition politics. He was one of the founding members of the Brazilian Democratic Movement Party and drafted its manifesto.", "He was one of the founding members of the Brazilian Democratic Movement Party and drafted its manifesto. He directed the presidential campaigns of Leonel Brizola and Ciro Gomes, ran for the Chamber of Deputies, and twice launched exploratory bids for the Brazilian presidency.", "He directed the presidential campaigns of Leonel Brizola and Ciro Gomes, ran for the Chamber of Deputies, and twice launched exploratory bids for the Brazilian presidency. He served as the Minister of Strategic Affairs in the second Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva administration and in the second Dilma administration.", "He served as the Minister of Strategic Affairs in the second Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva administration and in the second Dilma administration. Biography Family Unger's maternal grandfather was Octávio Mangabeira, who served as Brazil's minister of foreign affairs in the late 1920s before the dictatorship of Getúlio Vargas subjected him to a series of imprisonments and exiles in Europe and the United States.", "Biography Family Unger's maternal grandfather was Octávio Mangabeira, who served as Brazil's minister of foreign affairs in the late 1920s before the dictatorship of Getúlio Vargas subjected him to a series of imprisonments and exiles in Europe and the United States. After returning to Brazil in 1945, he co-founded a center-left party.", "After returning to Brazil in 1945, he co-founded a center-left party. He was elected as a representative in the Câmara Federal in 1946, governor of Bahia in 1947, and Senator in 1958. Both of Unger's parents were intellectuals.", "Both of Unger's parents were intellectuals. His German-born father, Artur Unger, from Dresden, arrived in the United States as a child and later became a U.S. citizen. His mother, Edyla Mangabeira, was a Brazilian poet and journalist. Artur and Edyla met in the US during the exile of Octávio Mangabeira.", "Artur and Edyla met in the US during the exile of Octávio Mangabeira. Early life Roberto Mangabeira Unger was born in Rio de Janeiro in 1947, and spent his childhood on Manhattan's Upper East Side. He attended the private Allen-Stevenson School. When he was eleven, his father died and his mother moved the family back to Brazil.", "When he was eleven, his father died and his mother moved the family back to Brazil. He attended a Jesuit school and went on to law school at the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro. Unger was admitted to Harvard Law School in September 1969.", "Unger was admitted to Harvard Law School in September 1969. After receiving his LLM, Unger stayed at Harvard another year on a fellowship, and then entered the doctoral program. At 23 years old, Unger began teaching jurisprudence, among other things, to first year students.", "At 23 years old, Unger began teaching jurisprudence, among other things, to first year students. In 1976, aged 29, he got SJD and became one of the youngest faculty members to receive tenure from the Harvard Law School.", "In 1976, aged 29, he got SJD and became one of the youngest faculty members to receive tenure from the Harvard Law School. Academic career The beginning of Unger's academic career began with the books Knowledge and Politics and Law in Modern Society, published in 1975 and 1976 respectively.", "Academic career The beginning of Unger's academic career began with the books Knowledge and Politics and Law in Modern Society, published in 1975 and 1976 respectively. These works led to the co-founding of Critical Legal Studies (CLS) with Duncan Kennedy and Morton Horwitz.", "These works led to the co-founding of Critical Legal Studies (CLS) with Duncan Kennedy and Morton Horwitz. The movement stirred up controversy in legal schools across America as it challenged standard legal scholarship and made radical proposals for legal education.", "The movement stirred up controversy in legal schools across America as it challenged standard legal scholarship and made radical proposals for legal education. By the early 1980s, the CLS movement touched off a heated internal debate at Harvard, pitting the CLS scholars against the older, more traditional scholars.", "By the early 1980s, the CLS movement touched off a heated internal debate at Harvard, pitting the CLS scholars against the older, more traditional scholars. Throughout much of the 1980s, Unger worked on his magnum opus, Politics: A Work In Constructive Social Theory, a three volume work that assessed classical social theory and developed a political, social, and economic alternative.", "Throughout much of the 1980s, Unger worked on his magnum opus, Politics: A Work In Constructive Social Theory, a three volume work that assessed classical social theory and developed a political, social, and economic alternative. The series is based on the premise of society as an artifact, and rejects the necessity of certain institutional arrangements.", "The series is based on the premise of society as an artifact, and rejects the necessity of certain institutional arrangements. Published in 1987, Politics was foremost a critique of contemporary social theory and politics; it developed a theory of structural and ideological change, and gave an alternative account of world history.", "Published in 1987, Politics was foremost a critique of contemporary social theory and politics; it developed a theory of structural and ideological change, and gave an alternative account of world history. By first attacking the idea that there is a necessary progression from one set of institutional arrangements to another, e.g.", "By first attacking the idea that there is a necessary progression from one set of institutional arrangements to another, e.g. feudalism to capitalism, it then built an anti-necessitarian theory of social change, theorizing the transition from one set of institutional arrangements to another.", "feudalism to capitalism, it then built an anti-necessitarian theory of social change, theorizing the transition from one set of institutional arrangements to another. Unger devoted much of the following decades to further elaborating on the insights developed in Politics by working out the political and social alternatives. What Should Legal Analysis Become?", "What Should Legal Analysis Become? What Should Legal Analysis Become? (Verso, 1996) developed tools to reimagine the organization of social life. Democracy Realized: The Progressive Alternative (Verso, 1998) and What Should the Left Propose? (Verso, 2005) put forth alternative institutional proposals.", "(Verso, 2005) put forth alternative institutional proposals. Intellectual influences Unger's model of philosophical practice is closest to those philosophers who sought to form a view of the whole of reality, and to do so by using and resisting the specialized knowledge of their time.", "Intellectual influences Unger's model of philosophical practice is closest to those philosophers who sought to form a view of the whole of reality, and to do so by using and resisting the specialized knowledge of their time. It has been read as a form of pragmatism, but also as an attempt to disengage ideas and experiences that developed in the West under the influence of Christianity from the categories of Greek philosophy.", "It has been read as a form of pragmatism, but also as an attempt to disengage ideas and experiences that developed in the West under the influence of Christianity from the categories of Greek philosophy. His thought has been called the inverse of Schopenhauer's philosophy, affirming the supreme value of life and the reality and depth of the self and eschewing fecklessness.", "His thought has been called the inverse of Schopenhauer's philosophy, affirming the supreme value of life and the reality and depth of the self and eschewing fecklessness. Philosophical work Social theory Unger's social theory is premised on the idea of classical social theory that society is an artifact and can be created and recreated.", "Philosophical work Social theory Unger's social theory is premised on the idea of classical social theory that society is an artifact and can be created and recreated. Whereas previous thinkers such as Hegel or Marx backslid at some point and held onto the notion that there was a necessary institutional or historical social development, Unger, in the words of one critic, seeks to \"take the idea to the hilt and produce a theory of emancipation that will escape the limitations of liberal and Marxist theories.\"", "Whereas previous thinkers such as Hegel or Marx backslid at some point and held onto the notion that there was a necessary institutional or historical social development, Unger, in the words of one critic, seeks to \"take the idea to the hilt and produce a theory of emancipation that will escape the limitations of liberal and Marxist theories.\" That limitation is the search for an ideal structure of society that can be foreseen and centrally planned; whereas the emancipation leads to societies with greater institutional flexibility and variation.", "That limitation is the search for an ideal structure of society that can be foreseen and centrally planned; whereas the emancipation leads to societies with greater institutional flexibility and variation. For Unger, society emerges not through compromise or the winnowing down of best options, but rather through conflict and struggle for control of political and material resources.", "For Unger, society emerges not through compromise or the winnowing down of best options, but rather through conflict and struggle for control of political and material resources. The victors of this struggle come to set the terms of social interaction and transaction, which is then institutionalized through law. This emergent order Unger calls formative context.", "This emergent order Unger calls formative context. Under a particular formative context, routines are established and people come to believe and act as if their social words were coherent wholes that are perfectly intelligible and defensible. They come to see the existing arrangements as necessary. Unger calls this false necessity.", "Unger calls this false necessity. Unger calls this false necessity. In reality, these arrangements are arbitrary and hold together rather tenuously, which leaves them open to resistance and change. This opposition Unger calls negative capability.", "This opposition Unger calls negative capability. This leads Unger to the conclusion that change happens piecemeal through struggle and vision, rather than suddenly in revolutionary upheaval with the replacement of one set of institutional arrangements with another.", "This leads Unger to the conclusion that change happens piecemeal through struggle and vision, rather than suddenly in revolutionary upheaval with the replacement of one set of institutional arrangements with another. Unger theorizes that cumulative change can alter formative contexts, and he goes on to propose a number of such changes as institutional alternatives to be implemented, which he calls Empowered democracy.", "Unger theorizes that cumulative change can alter formative contexts, and he goes on to propose a number of such changes as institutional alternatives to be implemented, which he calls Empowered democracy. Empowered democracy is Unger's vision of a more open and more plastic set of social institutions through which individuals and groups can interact, propose change, and effectively empower themselves to transform social, economic, and political structures.", "Empowered democracy is Unger's vision of a more open and more plastic set of social institutions through which individuals and groups can interact, propose change, and effectively empower themselves to transform social, economic, and political structures. Unger's strategy in its realization is to combine freedom of commerce and governance at the local level with the ability of political parties at the central government level to promote radical social experiments that would bring about decisive change in social and political institutions.", "Unger's strategy in its realization is to combine freedom of commerce and governance at the local level with the ability of political parties at the central government level to promote radical social experiments that would bring about decisive change in social and political institutions. In practice, the theory would involve radical developments in politics at the center, as well as social innovation in localities.", "In practice, the theory would involve radical developments in politics at the center, as well as social innovation in localities. At the center, by bestowing wide ranging revising powers to those in office, it would give political parties the ability to try out concrete yet profound solutions and proposals.", "At the center, by bestowing wide ranging revising powers to those in office, it would give political parties the ability to try out concrete yet profound solutions and proposals. It would turn partisan conflicts over control and uses of governmental power into an opportunity to question and revise the basic arrangements of social life through a rapid resolution of political impasse.", "It would turn partisan conflicts over control and uses of governmental power into an opportunity to question and revise the basic arrangements of social life through a rapid resolution of political impasse. In local communities, empowered democracy would make capital and technology available through rotating capital funds, which would encourage entrepreneurship and innovation.", "In local communities, empowered democracy would make capital and technology available through rotating capital funds, which would encourage entrepreneurship and innovation. Citizens' rights include individual entitlements to economic and civic security, conditional and temporary group claims to portions of social capital, and destabilization rights, which would empower individuals or groups to disrupt organizations and practices marred by routines of subjugation that normal politics have failed to disrupt.", "Citizens' rights include individual entitlements to economic and civic security, conditional and temporary group claims to portions of social capital, and destabilization rights, which would empower individuals or groups to disrupt organizations and practices marred by routines of subjugation that normal politics have failed to disrupt. Unger's ideas developed in a context where young intellectuals and radicals attempted to reconcile the conventional theories of society and law being taught in university classrooms with the reality of social protest and revolution of the 1960s and 70s.", "Unger's ideas developed in a context where young intellectuals and radicals attempted to reconcile the conventional theories of society and law being taught in university classrooms with the reality of social protest and revolution of the 1960s and 70s. Disillusioned with Marxism, they turned to thinkers like Levi-Strauss, Gramsci, Habermas, and Foucault in attempt to situate understandings of law and society as a benign science of technocratic policy within a broader system of beliefs that legitimized the prevailing social order.", "Disillusioned with Marxism, they turned to thinkers like Levi-Strauss, Gramsci, Habermas, and Foucault in attempt to situate understandings of law and society as a benign science of technocratic policy within a broader system of beliefs that legitimized the prevailing social order. Unlike Habermas, however, who formulates procedures for attaining rational consensus, Unger locates resolution in institutions and their arrangements that remain perpetually open to revision and reconstruction.", "Unlike Habermas, however, who formulates procedures for attaining rational consensus, Unger locates resolution in institutions and their arrangements that remain perpetually open to revision and reconstruction. And, unlike Foucault, who also emphasizes the constructed character of social life, Unger takes this as an opportunity to reimagine institutions and social conditions that will unleash human creativity and enable liberation.", "And, unlike Foucault, who also emphasizes the constructed character of social life, Unger takes this as an opportunity to reimagine institutions and social conditions that will unleash human creativity and enable liberation. Legal thought Unger's work on law has sought to denaturalize the concept of law and how it is represented through particular institutions.", "Legal thought Unger's work on law has sought to denaturalize the concept of law and how it is represented through particular institutions. He begins by inquiring into why modern societies have legal systems with distinctions between institutions, such as legislature and court, as well as a special caste of lawyers possessing a method of reasoning about social problems.", "He begins by inquiring into why modern societies have legal systems with distinctions between institutions, such as legislature and court, as well as a special caste of lawyers possessing a method of reasoning about social problems. Whereas thinkers such as Marx and Weber had argued that such legal arrangements were a product of economic necessity to secure property rights and the autonomy of the individual, Unger shows that this liberal legal order emerged in Europe as a result of the indeterminate relations between monarchy, aristocracy, and bourgeoisie.", "Whereas thinkers such as Marx and Weber had argued that such legal arrangements were a product of economic necessity to secure property rights and the autonomy of the individual, Unger shows that this liberal legal order emerged in Europe as a result of the indeterminate relations between monarchy, aristocracy, and bourgeoisie. It took the particular form that it did by emerging out of the long tradition of natural law and universality, rather than of necessity.", "It took the particular form that it did by emerging out of the long tradition of natural law and universality, rather than of necessity. This early work in historical analysis of law and legal thought laid the basis for Unger's contribution to the Critical Legal Studies movement.", "This early work in historical analysis of law and legal thought laid the basis for Unger's contribution to the Critical Legal Studies movement. The movement itself was born in the late 1970s among young legal scholars at Harvard Law School who denounced the theoretical underpinnings of American jurisprudence, legal realism.", "The movement itself was born in the late 1970s among young legal scholars at Harvard Law School who denounced the theoretical underpinnings of American jurisprudence, legal realism. The participants were committed to shaping society based on a vision of human personality without the hidden interests and class domination of legal institutions.", "The participants were committed to shaping society based on a vision of human personality without the hidden interests and class domination of legal institutions. Two tendencies of the movement developed, one, a radical indeterminacy that criticized law as meaning anything we want it to mean, and the other, a neo-Marxist critique that attacked legal thought as an institutional form of capitalism.", "Two tendencies of the movement developed, one, a radical indeterminacy that criticized law as meaning anything we want it to mean, and the other, a neo-Marxist critique that attacked legal thought as an institutional form of capitalism. Unger offered a third tendency, a constructive vision of rethinking rights based on individual emancipation and empowerment, and structural arrangements that would lend themselves to constant revision with the goal of creating more educational and economic opportunities for more people.", "Unger offered a third tendency, a constructive vision of rethinking rights based on individual emancipation and empowerment, and structural arrangements that would lend themselves to constant revision with the goal of creating more educational and economic opportunities for more people. He laid this out in The Critical Legal Studies Movement, which quickly earned him a following as the philosophical mentor and prophet of the movement.", "He laid this out in The Critical Legal Studies Movement, which quickly earned him a following as the philosophical mentor and prophet of the movement. Economic thought At the center of Unger's thought about the economy is the commitment to reimagining and remaking the institutional arrangements of how humans produce and exchange.", "Economic thought At the center of Unger's thought about the economy is the commitment to reimagining and remaking the institutional arrangements of how humans produce and exchange. For Unger, economic institutions have no inherent or natural forms, and he rejects the necessitarian tendencies of classical and neo-classical economists, seeking instead alternatives to the arrangements of contemporary societies.", "For Unger, economic institutions have no inherent or natural forms, and he rejects the necessitarian tendencies of classical and neo-classical economists, seeking instead alternatives to the arrangements of contemporary societies. In his writings, he has aimed to revise ideas on the importance of market economies and the division of labor in the workplace and national and global economies.", "In his writings, he has aimed to revise ideas on the importance of market economies and the division of labor in the workplace and national and global economies. Critique of economics Unger's critique of economics begins with the identification of a key moment in economic history, when the analysis of production and exchange turned away from social theory and engaged in a quest for scientific objectivity.", "Critique of economics Unger's critique of economics begins with the identification of a key moment in economic history, when the analysis of production and exchange turned away from social theory and engaged in a quest for scientific objectivity. In Unger's analysis, classical economics focused on the causal relations among social activities, which were connected with the production and distribution of wealth.", "In Unger's analysis, classical economics focused on the causal relations among social activities, which were connected with the production and distribution of wealth. Classical economists asked questions about the true basis of value, activities that contributed to national wealth, systems of rights, or about the forms of government under which people grow rich.", "Classical economists asked questions about the true basis of value, activities that contributed to national wealth, systems of rights, or about the forms of government under which people grow rich. In the late-nineteenth century, in response to attacks from socialist ideas and debates about how society works, and as a means to escape the conundrums of value theory and to answer how values could become prices, marginalist economics arose.", "In the late-nineteenth century, in response to attacks from socialist ideas and debates about how society works, and as a means to escape the conundrums of value theory and to answer how values could become prices, marginalist economics arose. This movement in economics disengaged economics from prescriptive and normative commitments to withdraw the study of economies from debates about how society worked and what kind of society we wanted to live in.", "This movement in economics disengaged economics from prescriptive and normative commitments to withdraw the study of economies from debates about how society worked and what kind of society we wanted to live in. For Unger, this moment in the history of economics robbed it of any analytical or practical value.", "For Unger, this moment in the history of economics robbed it of any analytical or practical value. Unger's critique of Marginalism begins with Walras' equilibrium theory, which attempted to achieve a certainty of economic analysis by putting aside normative controversies of social organization.", "Unger's critique of Marginalism begins with Walras' equilibrium theory, which attempted to achieve a certainty of economic analysis by putting aside normative controversies of social organization. Unger finds three weaknesses that crippled the theory: foremost, the theory claimed that equilibrium would be spontaneously generated in a market economy.", "Unger finds three weaknesses that crippled the theory: foremost, the theory claimed that equilibrium would be spontaneously generated in a market economy. In reality, a self-adjusting equilibrium fails to occur. Second, the theory puts forth a determinate image of the market.", "Second, the theory puts forth a determinate image of the market. Historically, however, the market has been shown to be indeterminate with different market arrangements. Third, the polemical use of efficiency fails to account for the differences of distribution among individuals, classes, and generations.", "Third, the polemical use of efficiency fails to account for the differences of distribution among individuals, classes, and generations. The consequences of the marginalist movement were profound for the study of economics, Unger says.", "The consequences of the marginalist movement were profound for the study of economics, Unger says. The most immediate problem is that under this generalizing tendency of economics, there is no means by which to incorporate empirical evidence and thus to re-imagine the world and develop new theories and new directions.", "The most immediate problem is that under this generalizing tendency of economics, there is no means by which to incorporate empirical evidence and thus to re-imagine the world and develop new theories and new directions. In this way, the discipline is always self-referential and theoretical.", "In this way, the discipline is always self-referential and theoretical. Furthermore, the lack of a normative view of the world curtails the ability to propose anything more than a policy prescription, which by definition always assumes a given context. The discipline can only rationalize the world and support a status quo.", "The discipline can only rationalize the world and support a status quo. Lastly, Unger finds that this turn in economics ended up universalizing debates in macroeconomics and leaving the discipline without any historical perspective.", "Lastly, Unger finds that this turn in economics ended up universalizing debates in macroeconomics and leaving the discipline without any historical perspective. A consequence, for example, was that Keynes' solution to a particular historical crisis was turned into a general theory when it should only be understood as a response to a particular situation.", "A consequence, for example, was that Keynes' solution to a particular historical crisis was turned into a general theory when it should only be understood as a response to a particular situation. Reorientating economics Unger's vision of economics is that it cannot be unhinged from ideas about the individual and social life.", "Reorientating economics Unger's vision of economics is that it cannot be unhinged from ideas about the individual and social life. Human activity and political organization must be incorporated into any analysis of trade and economies.", "Human activity and political organization must be incorporated into any analysis of trade and economies. In remaking the discipline, he calls for a return to the normative practice of classical economics but stripped of its necessitarian assumptions and typological references. The development of explanatory claims and prescriptive ideas are necessary.", "The development of explanatory claims and prescriptive ideas are necessary. The discipline must connect the transformation of nature with that of society—the making of things with the reorganization of people. In Free Trade Reimagined: The World Division of Labor and the Method of Economics, he sets forth six ideas to begin thinking about economic activity.", "In Free Trade Reimagined: The World Division of Labor and the Method of Economics, he sets forth six ideas to begin thinking about economic activity. The problem of specialization and discovery.", "The problem of specialization and discovery. Competition comes to inhibit self transformation when trading partners are unequal but not radically unequal, for both are forced into cost cutting rather than innovating and increasing efficiency. The problem of politics over economics. The making and implementation of policy is not one of discovery, but rather of top down implementation.", "The making and implementation of policy is not one of discovery, but rather of top down implementation. Rigid state control will limit how a society can respond to tensions and crisis, and thus politics creates its own presuppositions and limits creativity and alternative solutions.", "Rigid state control will limit how a society can respond to tensions and crisis, and thus politics creates its own presuppositions and limits creativity and alternative solutions. Free trade should strengthen the capacity for self transformation by organizing the trading regime in a way that strengthens the capacity of trading partners to experiment and innovate.", "Free trade should strengthen the capacity for self transformation by organizing the trading regime in a way that strengthens the capacity of trading partners to experiment and innovate. It becomes question not of how much free trade, but what kind. The best arrangements are those that impose the least amount of restraint. Alternative free trade.", "Alternative free trade. Alternative free trade. The market has no necessary and natural form. If the market economy can be organized in a different way then so can a universal order of free trade among market economies. The division of labor remade.", "The division of labor remade. The division of labor remade. The pin factory organization of labor describes the organization of work as if labor were a machine. But we can make machines to do this work. We should then innovate in those areas where we don't yet know how to make the machine to do the work.", "We should then innovate in those areas where we don't yet know how to make the machine to do the work. Production should be one of collective learning and permanent innovation. Mind against context. The mind is both a machine and an anti-machine; it is both formulaic and totalizing.", "The mind is both a machine and an anti-machine; it is both formulaic and totalizing. Thus we never rest in any context, and we need to have arrangements that constantly lend themselves to reinvention. Reconstructing economic institutions For Unger, the economy is not only a device for wealth but also permanent innovation and discovery.", "Reconstructing economic institutions For Unger, the economy is not only a device for wealth but also permanent innovation and discovery. It should allow the greatest freedom of the recombination of people and resources, and allow people to innovate in institutional settings. The market economy should not be single dogmatic version of itself.", "The market economy should not be single dogmatic version of itself. Unger has presented a number of general institutional proposals that aim to restructure the world trade regime and introduce new alternatives in the market economy.", "Unger has presented a number of general institutional proposals that aim to restructure the world trade regime and introduce new alternatives in the market economy. For international and global trade, Unger calls for the need to experiment with different property rights regimes, where multiple forms will coexist in the same market system and not be tied to individual property rights and contractual labor.", "For international and global trade, Unger calls for the need to experiment with different property rights regimes, where multiple forms will coexist in the same market system and not be tied to individual property rights and contractual labor. Generally, rather than maximizing the free trade as the goal, Unger sees the need to build and open the world economy in way that reconciles global openness with national and regional diversification, deviation, heresy, and experiment, where the idea is to support alternatives by making the world safer for them.", "Generally, rather than maximizing the free trade as the goal, Unger sees the need to build and open the world economy in way that reconciles global openness with national and regional diversification, deviation, heresy, and experiment, where the idea is to support alternatives by making the world safer for them. For national economies, he rejects the need to require the free flow of capital, for there are times when it may be necessary to restrict capital flows.", "For national economies, he rejects the need to require the free flow of capital, for there are times when it may be necessary to restrict capital flows. Rather, he puts the emphasis on the free flow of people. Labor should be allowed to move freely throughout the world.", "Labor should be allowed to move freely throughout the world. On the twenty-first-century economic stimulus Most recently, in a YouTube video titled he laid out three key policies to address the current economy: Change the arrangements of finance in relation to production so that finance is in the service of production.", "On the twenty-first-century economic stimulus Most recently, in a YouTube video titled he laid out three key policies to address the current economy: Change the arrangements of finance in relation to production so that finance is in the service of production. Tax and regulate to discourage finance that does not contribute to production.", "Tax and regulate to discourage finance that does not contribute to production. Use public capital for venture capital funds. Broaden economic opportunity by supporting small and medium enterprise. Reject the choice between government regulation and state controlled models. Support cooperation between government and firms, and cooperation and competition among firms. Education.", "Education. Education. A system of schools to meet needs of a vibrant and flexible economy. Vocational schools that teach general concepts and flexibility, not job-specific skills.", "Vocational schools that teach general concepts and flexibility, not job-specific skills. \"Illusions of necessity in the economic order\" Unger's first writing on economic theory was the article \"Illusions of necessity in the economic order\" in the May 1978 issue of American Economic Review.", "\"Illusions of necessity in the economic order\" Unger's first writing on economic theory was the article \"Illusions of necessity in the economic order\" in the May 1978 issue of American Economic Review. In the article he makes a case for the need of contemporary economic thought to imitate classical political economy in which theories of exchange should be incorporated into theories of power and perception.", "In the article he makes a case for the need of contemporary economic thought to imitate classical political economy in which theories of exchange should be incorporated into theories of power and perception. The article articulates the problem of the American economy as one of the inability to realize democracy of production and community in the workplace.", "The article articulates the problem of the American economy as one of the inability to realize democracy of production and community in the workplace. This failure, according to Unger, is the result of the lack of a comprehensive program that encompasses production, society, and state, so that immediate attempts to address inequality get swallowed up and appropriated by the status quo in the course of winning immediate gains for the organization or constituency, e.g.", "This failure, according to Unger, is the result of the lack of a comprehensive program that encompasses production, society, and state, so that immediate attempts to address inequality get swallowed up and appropriated by the status quo in the course of winning immediate gains for the organization or constituency, e.g. unions.", "unions. unions. To realize a democracy in the workplace and the abolition of wealth and poverty, Unger argues for the need to relate the program of worker community and democracy with an enlargement of democracy at the national level—the goal cannot be only one of economic production and worker's rights, but must be accompanied by a national project at the structural level.", "To realize a democracy in the workplace and the abolition of wealth and poverty, Unger argues for the need to relate the program of worker community and democracy with an enlargement of democracy at the national level—the goal cannot be only one of economic production and worker's rights, but must be accompanied by a national project at the structural level. He pushes this idea further by calling not just for a restructuring of the relationship between the firm and state based on private property, but that it also has to be replaced with a new set of rights encompassing access to jobs, markets, and capital.", "He pushes this idea further by calling not just for a restructuring of the relationship between the firm and state based on private property, but that it also has to be replaced with a new set of rights encompassing access to jobs, markets, and capital. Only as private rights are phased out can rights of decentralized decision making and market exchange be extended to workers.", "Only as private rights are phased out can rights of decentralized decision making and market exchange be extended to workers. This needs to be accompanied by limits on the size of enterprise and how profits are used to control others' labor.", "This needs to be accompanied by limits on the size of enterprise and how profits are used to control others' labor. Neoclassical economics is not up to this task because it begins with preconceived standards that it applies to explain empirical data, while leaving out that which is a theoretical anomaly; there is no causal basis of analysis, Unger says, rather everything is embedded in a timeless universal without any account for context.", "Neoclassical economics is not up to this task because it begins with preconceived standards that it applies to explain empirical data, while leaving out that which is a theoretical anomaly; there is no causal basis of analysis, Unger says, rather everything is embedded in a timeless universal without any account for context. Furthermore, the ambiguity of concepts of maximization, efficiency, and rationalization pin the analysis to a certain notion of the behavior of the rationalizing individual, making the analysis either tautological or reduced to a set of power relations translated into the language of material exchange.", "Furthermore, the ambiguity of concepts of maximization, efficiency, and rationalization pin the analysis to a certain notion of the behavior of the rationalizing individual, making the analysis either tautological or reduced to a set of power relations translated into the language of material exchange. Programmatic thought Key in Unger's thinking is the need to re-imagine social institutions before attempting to revise them.", "Programmatic thought Key in Unger's thinking is the need to re-imagine social institutions before attempting to revise them. This calls for a program, or programmatic thought.", "This calls for a program, or programmatic thought. In building this program, however, we must not entertain complete revolutionary overhaul, lest we be plagued by three false assumptions: Typological fallacy: the fallacy that there is closed list of institutional alternatives in history, such as \"feudalism\" or \"capitalism\".", "In building this program, however, we must not entertain complete revolutionary overhaul, lest we be plagued by three false assumptions: Typological fallacy: the fallacy that there is closed list of institutional alternatives in history, such as \"feudalism\" or \"capitalism\". There is not a natural form of society, only the specific result of the piecemeal institutional changes, political movements, and cultural reforms (as well as the accidents and coincidences of history) that came before it.", "There is not a natural form of society, only the specific result of the piecemeal institutional changes, political movements, and cultural reforms (as well as the accidents and coincidences of history) that came before it. Indivisibility fallacy: most subscribers to revolutionary Leftism wrongly believe that institutional structures must stand and fall together.", "Indivisibility fallacy: most subscribers to revolutionary Leftism wrongly believe that institutional structures must stand and fall together. However, structures can be reformed piecemeal. Determinism fallacy: the fallacy that uncontrollable and little understood law-like forces drive the historical succession of institutional systems. However, there is no natural flow of history.", "However, there is no natural flow of history. We make ourselves and our world, and can do so in any way we choose. To think about social transformation programmatically, one must first mark the direction one wants society to move in, and then identify the first steps with which we can move in that direction.", "To think about social transformation programmatically, one must first mark the direction one wants society to move in, and then identify the first steps with which we can move in that direction. In this way we can formulate proposals at points along the trajectory, be they relatively close to how things are now or relatively far away.", "In this way we can formulate proposals at points along the trajectory, be they relatively close to how things are now or relatively far away. This provides a third way between revolution and reform. It is revolutionary reform, where one has a revolutionary vision, but acts on that vision in a sequence of piecemeal reforms.", "It is revolutionary reform, where one has a revolutionary vision, but acts on that vision in a sequence of piecemeal reforms. As Unger puts it, transformative politics is \"not about blueprints; it is about pathways. It is not architecture; it is music\".", "It is not architecture; it is music\". The two Lefts Unger sees two main Lefts in the world today, a recalcitrant Left and a humanizing Left. The recalcitrant Left seeks to slow down the march of markets and globalization, and to return to a time of greater government involvement and stronger social programs.", "The recalcitrant Left seeks to slow down the march of markets and globalization, and to return to a time of greater government involvement and stronger social programs. The humanizing Left (or 'reformist Left') accepts the world in its present form, taking the market economy and globalization as unavoidable, and attempts to humanize their effects through tax-and-transfer policies.", "The humanizing Left (or 'reformist Left') accepts the world in its present form, taking the market economy and globalization as unavoidable, and attempts to humanize their effects through tax-and-transfer policies. Unger finds the two major orientations of contemporary Leftism inadequate and calls for a 'Reconstructive Left' – one which would insist on redirecting the course of globalization by reorganizing the market economy.", "Unger finds the two major orientations of contemporary Leftism inadequate and calls for a 'Reconstructive Left' – one which would insist on redirecting the course of globalization by reorganizing the market economy. In his two books The Left Alternative and The Future of American Progressivism, Unger lays out a program to democratize the market economy and deepen democracy.", "In his two books The Left Alternative and The Future of American Progressivism, Unger lays out a program to democratize the market economy and deepen democracy. This Reconstructive Left would look beyond debates on the appropriate size of government, and instead re-envision the relationship between government and firms in the market economy by experimenting with the coexistence of different regimes of private and social property.", "This Reconstructive Left would look beyond debates on the appropriate size of government, and instead re-envision the relationship between government and firms in the market economy by experimenting with the coexistence of different regimes of private and social property. It would be committed to social solidarity, but \"would refuse to allow our moral interests in social cohesion [to] rest solely upon money transfers commanded by the state in the form of compensatory and retrospective redistribution\", as is the case with federal entitlement programs.", "It would be committed to social solidarity, but \"would refuse to allow our moral interests in social cohesion [to] rest solely upon money transfers commanded by the state in the form of compensatory and retrospective redistribution\", as is the case with federal entitlement programs. Instead, Unger's Reconstructive Left affirms \"the principle that everyone should share, in some way and at some time, responsibility for taking care of other people.\"", "Instead, Unger's Reconstructive Left affirms \"the principle that everyone should share, in some way and at some time, responsibility for taking care of other people.\" The Left Alternative program Unger has laid out concrete policy proposals in areas of economic development, education, civil society, and political democracy.", "The Left Alternative program Unger has laid out concrete policy proposals in areas of economic development, education, civil society, and political democracy. On economic development, Unger has noted that there are only two models for a national economy available to us today: the US model of business control of government, and the northeast Asian model of top down bureaucratic control of the economy.", "On economic development, Unger has noted that there are only two models for a national economy available to us today: the US model of business control of government, and the northeast Asian model of top down bureaucratic control of the economy. Citing the need for greater imagination on the issue, he has offered a third model that is decentralized, pluralistic, participatory, and experimental.", "Citing the need for greater imagination on the issue, he has offered a third model that is decentralized, pluralistic, participatory, and experimental. This would take the form of an economy encouraging small business development and innovation that would create large scale self-employment and cooperation.", "This would take the form of an economy encouraging small business development and innovation that would create large scale self-employment and cooperation. The emphasis is not on the protection of big business as the main sectors of the economy, but the highly mobile and innovative small firm.", "The emphasis is not on the protection of big business as the main sectors of the economy, but the highly mobile and innovative small firm. Unger links the development of such an economy to an education system that encourages creativity and empowers the mind, not one that he now sees geared for a reproduction of the family and to put the individual in service of the state.", "Unger links the development of such an economy to an education system that encourages creativity and empowers the mind, not one that he now sees geared for a reproduction of the family and to put the individual in service of the state. He proposes that such a system should be run locally but have standards enforced through national oversight, as well as a procedure in place to intervene in the case of the failing of local systems.", "He proposes that such a system should be run locally but have standards enforced through national oversight, as well as a procedure in place to intervene in the case of the failing of local systems. Unger's critique of and alternative to social programs goes to the heart of civil society.", "Unger's critique of and alternative to social programs goes to the heart of civil society. The problem we are faced with now, he claims, is that we have a bureaucratic system of distribution that provides lower quality service and prohibits the involvement of civil society in the provision of public services.", "The problem we are faced with now, he claims, is that we have a bureaucratic system of distribution that provides lower quality service and prohibits the involvement of civil society in the provision of public services. The alternative he lays out is to have the state act to equip civil society to partake in public services and care.", "The alternative he lays out is to have the state act to equip civil society to partake in public services and care. This would entail empowering each individual to have two responsibilities, one in the productive economy and one in the caring economy.", "This would entail empowering each individual to have two responsibilities, one in the productive economy and one in the caring economy. Unger's proposal for political democracy calls for a high energy system that diminishes the dependence of change upon crisis.", "Unger's proposal for political democracy calls for a high energy system that diminishes the dependence of change upon crisis. This can be done, he claims, by breaking the constant threat of stasis and institutionalization of politics and parties through five institutional innovations.", "This can be done, he claims, by breaking the constant threat of stasis and institutionalization of politics and parties through five institutional innovations. First, increase collective engagement through the public financing of campaigns and giving free access to media outlets.", "First, increase collective engagement through the public financing of campaigns and giving free access to media outlets. Second, hasten the pace of politics by breaking legislative deadlock through the enabling of the party in power to push through proposals and reforms, and for opposition parties to be able to dissolve the government and call for immediate elections.", "Second, hasten the pace of politics by breaking legislative deadlock through the enabling of the party in power to push through proposals and reforms, and for opposition parties to be able to dissolve the government and call for immediate elections. Third, the option of any segment of society to opt out of the political process and to propose alternative solutions for its own governance.", "Third, the option of any segment of society to opt out of the political process and to propose alternative solutions for its own governance. Fourth, give the state the power to rescue oppressed groups that are unable to liberate themselves through collective action.", "Fourth, give the state the power to rescue oppressed groups that are unable to liberate themselves through collective action. Fifth, direct participatory democracy in which active engagement is not purely in terms of financial support and wealth distribution, but through which people are directly involved in their local and national affairs through proposal and action.", "Fifth, direct participatory democracy in which active engagement is not purely in terms of financial support and wealth distribution, but through which people are directly involved in their local and national affairs through proposal and action. Theoretical philosophy At the core of Unger's theoretical philosophy are two key conceptions: first the infinity of the individual, and secondly the singularity of the world and the reality of time.", "Theoretical philosophy At the core of Unger's theoretical philosophy are two key conceptions: first the infinity of the individual, and secondly the singularity of the world and the reality of time. The premise behind the infinity of the individual is that we exist within social contexts but we are more than the roles that these contexts may define for us—we can overcome them.", "The premise behind the infinity of the individual is that we exist within social contexts but we are more than the roles that these contexts may define for us—we can overcome them. In Unger's terms, we are both \"context-bound and context-transcending; \"we appear as \"the embodied spirit;\" as \"the infinite imprisoned within the finite.\"", "In Unger's terms, we are both \"context-bound and context-transcending; \"we appear as \"the embodied spirit;\" as \"the infinite imprisoned within the finite.\" For Unger, there is no natural state of the individual and his social being. Rather, we are infinite in spirit and unbound in what we can become.", "Rather, we are infinite in spirit and unbound in what we can become. As such, no social institution or convention can contain us. While institutions do exist and shape our beings and our interactions, we can change both their structure and the extent to which they imprison us.", "While institutions do exist and shape our beings and our interactions, we can change both their structure and the extent to which they imprison us. The philosophy of the singularity of the world and the reality of time establishes history as the site of decisive action through the propositions that there is only one real world, not multiple or simultaneous universes, and that time really exists in the world, not as a simulacrum through which we must experience the world.", "The philosophy of the singularity of the world and the reality of time establishes history as the site of decisive action through the propositions that there is only one real world, not multiple or simultaneous universes, and that time really exists in the world, not as a simulacrum through which we must experience the world. These two concepts of infinity and reality lie at the heart of Unger's program calling for metaphysical and institutional revolutions.", "These two concepts of infinity and reality lie at the heart of Unger's program calling for metaphysical and institutional revolutions. From the concept of the self as infinite but constrained, Unger argues that we must continually transform our environment to better express ourselves. This can only be done in a singular world within which time is real.", "This can only be done in a singular world within which time is real. The self and human nature In Passion: An Essay on Personality, Unger explores the individual and his relation to society from the perspective of the root human predicament of the need to establish oneself as a unique individual in the world but at the same time to find commonality and solidarity with others.", "The self and human nature In Passion: An Essay on Personality, Unger explores the individual and his relation to society from the perspective of the root human predicament of the need to establish oneself as a unique individual in the world but at the same time to find commonality and solidarity with others. This exploration is grounded in what Unger calls a modernist image of the human being as one who lives in context but is not bound by context.", "This exploration is grounded in what Unger calls a modernist image of the human being as one who lives in context but is not bound by context. Unger's aim is to level a critique, expansion, and defense of modern thinking about the human and society.", "Unger's aim is to level a critique, expansion, and defense of modern thinking about the human and society. Religion and the human condition Unger has written and spoken extensively on religion and the human condition. Religion, Unger argues, is a vision of the world within which we anchor our orientation to life.", "Religion, Unger argues, is a vision of the world within which we anchor our orientation to life. It is within this orientation that we deal with our greatest terrors and highest hopes.", "It is within this orientation that we deal with our greatest terrors and highest hopes. Because we are doomed to die, we hope for eternal life; because we are unable to grasp to totality of existence or of the universe, we try to dispel the mystery and provide a comprehensible explanation; because we have an insatiable desire, we cry for an object that is worthy of this desire, one that is infinite.", "Because we are doomed to die, we hope for eternal life; because we are unable to grasp to totality of existence or of the universe, we try to dispel the mystery and provide a comprehensible explanation; because we have an insatiable desire, we cry for an object that is worthy of this desire, one that is infinite. Humans initially invested religious discourse in nature and the human susceptibility to nature.", "Humans initially invested religious discourse in nature and the human susceptibility to nature. But as societies evolved and people developed ways to cope with the unpredictability of nature, the emphasis of religion shifted to social existence and its defects.", "But as societies evolved and people developed ways to cope with the unpredictability of nature, the emphasis of religion shifted to social existence and its defects. A new moment in religion will begin, Unger argues, when we stop telling ourselves that all will be fine and we begin to face the incorrigible flaws in human existence.", "A new moment in religion will begin, Unger argues, when we stop telling ourselves that all will be fine and we begin to face the incorrigible flaws in human existence. The future of religion lies in embracing our mortality and our groundlessness. Unger sees four flaws in the human condition.", "Unger sees four flaws in the human condition. They are, our mortality and the facing of imminent death; our groundlessness in that we are unable to grasp the solution to the enigma of existence, see the beginning or end of time, nor put off the discovery of the meaning of life; our insatiability in that we always want more, and demand the infinite from the finite; and our susceptibility to belittlement which places us in a position to constantly confront petty routine forcing us to die many little deaths.", "They are, our mortality and the facing of imminent death; our groundlessness in that we are unable to grasp the solution to the enigma of existence, see the beginning or end of time, nor put off the discovery of the meaning of life; our insatiability in that we always want more, and demand the infinite from the finite; and our susceptibility to belittlement which places us in a position to constantly confront petty routine forcing us to die many little deaths. There are three major responses in the history of human thought to these flaws: escape, humanization, and confrontation.", "There are three major responses in the history of human thought to these flaws: escape, humanization, and confrontation. The overcoming of the world denies the phenomenal world and its distinctions, including the individual. It proclaims a benevolence towards others and an indifference to suffering and change. One achieves serenity by becoming invulnerable to suffering and change.", "One achieves serenity by becoming invulnerable to suffering and change. The religion of Buddhism and philosophical thought of Plato and Schopenhauer best represent this orientation. The humanization of the world creates meaning out of social interactions in a meaningless world by placing all emphasis on our reciprocal responsibility to one another.", "The humanization of the world creates meaning out of social interactions in a meaningless world by placing all emphasis on our reciprocal responsibility to one another. Confucianism and contemporary liberalism represent this strand of thought, both of which aim to soften the cruelties of the world.", "Confucianism and contemporary liberalism represent this strand of thought, both of which aim to soften the cruelties of the world. The struggle with the world is framed by the idea that series of personal and social transformations can increase our share of attributes associated with the divine and give us a larger life.", "The struggle with the world is framed by the idea that series of personal and social transformations can increase our share of attributes associated with the divine and give us a larger life. It emphasizes love over altruism, rejecting the moral of the mastery of self-interest to enhance solidarity, and emphasizing the humility of individual love.", "It emphasizes love over altruism, rejecting the moral of the mastery of self-interest to enhance solidarity, and emphasizing the humility of individual love. This orientation has been articulated in two different voices: the sacred voice of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, and the profane voice of the secular projects of liberation.", "This orientation has been articulated in two different voices: the sacred voice of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, and the profane voice of the secular projects of liberation. The religion of the future The spiritual orientation of the struggle with the world has given rise to the secular movements of emancipation in the modern world, and it is here that Unger sees the religion of the future.", "The religion of the future The spiritual orientation of the struggle with the world has given rise to the secular movements of emancipation in the modern world, and it is here that Unger sees the religion of the future. The problem Unger sees, however, is that as an established religion, this orientation has betrayed its ideological underpinnings and has made peace with existing order.", "The problem Unger sees, however, is that as an established religion, this orientation has betrayed its ideological underpinnings and has made peace with existing order. It has accepted the hierarchies of class structure in society, accepted the transfer of money as serving as the basis of solidarity, and reaffirmed the basis of existing political, economic, and social institutions by investing in a conservative position of their preservation.", "It has accepted the hierarchies of class structure in society, accepted the transfer of money as serving as the basis of solidarity, and reaffirmed the basis of existing political, economic, and social institutions by investing in a conservative position of their preservation. Thus, \"to be faithful to what made this orientation persuasive and powerful in the first place, we must radicalize it against both established institutions and dominant beliefs.\"", "Thus, \"to be faithful to what made this orientation persuasive and powerful in the first place, we must radicalize it against both established institutions and dominant beliefs.\" Unger's call is for a revolution in our religious beliefs that encompasses both individual transformation and institutional reorganization; to create change in the life of the individual as well as in the organization of society.", "Unger's call is for a revolution in our religious beliefs that encompasses both individual transformation and institutional reorganization; to create change in the life of the individual as well as in the organization of society. The first part of the program of individual transformation means waking from the dazed state in which we live our lives, and recognizing our mortality and groundlessness without turning to the “feel-good theologies and philosophies”.", "The first part of the program of individual transformation means waking from the dazed state in which we live our lives, and recognizing our mortality and groundlessness without turning to the “feel-good theologies and philosophies”. The second part of the program of social transformation means supplementing the metaphysical revolution with institutional practices by creating social institutions that allow us to constantly overthrow our constraints and our context, and to make this overthrow not a one time event but a continuing process.", "The second part of the program of social transformation means supplementing the metaphysical revolution with institutional practices by creating social institutions that allow us to constantly overthrow our constraints and our context, and to make this overthrow not a one time event but a continuing process. This is the program of empowered democracy that calls for reforms in the market economy, education, politics, and civil society.", "This is the program of empowered democracy that calls for reforms in the market economy, education, politics, and civil society. \"The goal is not to humanize society but to divinize humanity.\" It is \"to raise ordinary life to a higher level of intensity and capability.\"", "It is \"to raise ordinary life to a higher level of intensity and capability.\" Natural philosophy Unger's philosophy of space and time presented in The Singular Universe and the Reality of Time argues for the singularity of the world and the reality of time. His arguments are grounded in the tradition of natural philosophy.", "His arguments are grounded in the tradition of natural philosophy. He takes on the Newtonian idea of the independent observer standing outside of time and space, addresses the skepticism of David Hume, rejects the position of Kant, and attacks speculations about parallel universes of contemporary cosmology.", "He takes on the Newtonian idea of the independent observer standing outside of time and space, addresses the skepticism of David Hume, rejects the position of Kant, and attacks speculations about parallel universes of contemporary cosmology. At stake is the laying of the foundations for a view of the world and causality that is open to all possibilities; that is not a closed system of options in which our future is governed by deterministic laws and typologies.", "At stake is the laying of the foundations for a view of the world and causality that is open to all possibilities; that is not a closed system of options in which our future is governed by deterministic laws and typologies. It is an understanding of society that rejects the naturalness and necessity of current social arrangements; \"a form of understanding of society and history that refuses to explain the present arrangements in a manner that vindicates their naturalness and necessity.\"", "It is an understanding of society that rejects the naturalness and necessity of current social arrangements; \"a form of understanding of society and history that refuses to explain the present arrangements in a manner that vindicates their naturalness and necessity.\" The thesis of the singularity of the world states that there is one real world.", "The thesis of the singularity of the world states that there is one real world. Such a thesis stands in stark contrast to contemporary theoretical physics and cosmology, which speculate about multiple universes out of the dilemma of how to have law like explanations if the universe is unique—laws will be universal because they don't just apply to this unique universe but to all universes.", "Such a thesis stands in stark contrast to contemporary theoretical physics and cosmology, which speculate about multiple universes out of the dilemma of how to have law like explanations if the universe is unique—laws will be universal because they don't just apply to this unique universe but to all universes. However, there is no empirical evidence for multiple worlds.", "However, there is no empirical evidence for multiple worlds. Unger's singularity thesis can better address our empirical observations and set the conceptual platform to address the four main puzzles in cosmology today: Big Bang, initial conditions, horizon problem, and the precise value of constants, such as gravity, speed of light, and Planck's constant.", "Unger's singularity thesis can better address our empirical observations and set the conceptual platform to address the four main puzzles in cosmology today: Big Bang, initial conditions, horizon problem, and the precise value of constants, such as gravity, speed of light, and Planck's constant. The thesis that time is real states that time \"really is real\" and everything is subject to history.", "The thesis that time is real states that time \"really is real\" and everything is subject to history. This move is to historicize everything, even the laws of nature, and to challenge our acting as if time were real but not too real—we act as if it is somewhat real otherwise there would be no causal relations, but not so real that laws change.", "This move is to historicize everything, even the laws of nature, and to challenge our acting as if time were real but not too real—we act as if it is somewhat real otherwise there would be no causal relations, but not so real that laws change. Unger holds that time is so real that laws of nature are also subject to its force and they too must change.", "Unger holds that time is so real that laws of nature are also subject to its force and they too must change. There are no eternal laws upon which change occurs, rather time precedes structure. This position gives the universe a history and makes time non-emergent, global, irreversible, and continuous.", "This position gives the universe a history and makes time non-emergent, global, irreversible, and continuous. Bringing these two thesis together, Unger theorizes that laws of nature develop together with the phenomenon they explain.", "Bringing these two thesis together, Unger theorizes that laws of nature develop together with the phenomenon they explain. Laws and initial conditions co-evolve, in the same that they do in how cells reproduce and mutate in different levels of complexity of organisms.", "Laws and initial conditions co-evolve, in the same that they do in how cells reproduce and mutate in different levels of complexity of organisms. In cosmological terms Unger explains the passing from one structure to another at the origins of the universe when the state of energy was high but not infinite, and the freedom of movement was greater than when operating under a known set of laws.", "In cosmological terms Unger explains the passing from one structure to another at the origins of the universe when the state of energy was high but not infinite, and the freedom of movement was greater than when operating under a known set of laws. The conditions of the early universe is compatible with the universe that preceded it.", "The conditions of the early universe is compatible with the universe that preceded it. The new universe may be different in structure, but has been made with what existed in the old one, e.g. masses of elementary particles, strength of different forces, and cosmological constants.", "masses of elementary particles, strength of different forces, and cosmological constants. As the universe cools the phenomena and laws work together with materials produced by sequence; they are path dependent materials.", "As the universe cools the phenomena and laws work together with materials produced by sequence; they are path dependent materials. They are also constrained by the family of resemblances of the effective laws against the background of the conceptions of alternative states the universe and succession of universes.", "They are also constrained by the family of resemblances of the effective laws against the background of the conceptions of alternative states the universe and succession of universes. Mathematics and the one real, time-drenched world One consequence of these positions that Unger points to is the revision of the concept and function of mathematics.", "Mathematics and the one real, time-drenched world One consequence of these positions that Unger points to is the revision of the concept and function of mathematics. If there is only one world drenched in time through and through, then mathematics cannot be a timeless expression of multiple universes that captures reality.", "If there is only one world drenched in time through and through, then mathematics cannot be a timeless expression of multiple universes that captures reality. Rather, Unger argues that mathematics is a means of analyzing the world removed of time and phenomenal distinction.", "Rather, Unger argues that mathematics is a means of analyzing the world removed of time and phenomenal distinction. By emptying the world of time and space it is able to better focus on one aspect of reality: the recurrence of certain ways in which pieces of the world relate to other pieces.", "By emptying the world of time and space it is able to better focus on one aspect of reality: the recurrence of certain ways in which pieces of the world relate to other pieces. Its subject matter are the structured wholes and bundles of relations, which we see outside mathematics only as embodied in the time-bound particulars of the manifest world.", "Its subject matter are the structured wholes and bundles of relations, which we see outside mathematics only as embodied in the time-bound particulars of the manifest world. In this way, mathematics extends our problem solving powers as an extension of human insight, but it is not a part of the world.", "In this way, mathematics extends our problem solving powers as an extension of human insight, but it is not a part of the world. Political engagement Unger has a long history of political activity in Brazil.", "Political engagement Unger has a long history of political activity in Brazil. He worked in early opposition parties in the 1970s/80s against the Brazilian military dictatorship, and drafted the founding manifesto for the Brazilian Democratic Movement Party (PMDB) in 1980.", "He worked in early opposition parties in the 1970s/80s against the Brazilian military dictatorship, and drafted the founding manifesto for the Brazilian Democratic Movement Party (PMDB) in 1980. He served as an intimate adviser to two presidential candidates, and launched exploratory bids himself in 2000 and 2006.", "He served as an intimate adviser to two presidential candidates, and launched exploratory bids himself in 2000 and 2006. He was the Secretary for Strategic Affairs in the Lula administration from 2007–09, and is currently working on a number of social and developmental projects in the state of Rondônia.", "He was the Secretary for Strategic Affairs in the Lula administration from 2007–09, and is currently working on a number of social and developmental projects in the state of Rondônia. Driving Unger's political engagement is the idea that society can be made and remade.", "Driving Unger's political engagement is the idea that society can be made and remade. Unlike Mill or Marx, who posited a particular class as the agent of history, Unger does not see a single vehicle for transformative politics.", "Unlike Mill or Marx, who posited a particular class as the agent of history, Unger does not see a single vehicle for transformative politics. He advocates world-wide revolution, but does not see this happening as a single cataclysmic event or undertaken by a class agent, like the Communist movement.", "He advocates world-wide revolution, but does not see this happening as a single cataclysmic event or undertaken by a class agent, like the Communist movement. Rather, he sees the possibility of piecemeal change, where institutions can be replaced one at a time, and permanent plasticity can be built into the institutional infrastructure.", "Rather, he sees the possibility of piecemeal change, where institutions can be replaced one at a time, and permanent plasticity can be built into the institutional infrastructure. Early political activity, 1970s and 1980s Unger's engagement in Brazilian politics began in the late 1970s as Brazil started to democratize.", "Early political activity, 1970s and 1980s Unger's engagement in Brazilian politics began in the late 1970s as Brazil started to democratize. In 1979, he presented himself to the main opposition party, the Brazilian Democratic Movement (MDB), and was appointed chief of staff by party leader Ulysses Guimaraes.", "In 1979, he presented himself to the main opposition party, the Brazilian Democratic Movement (MDB), and was appointed chief of staff by party leader Ulysses Guimaraes. His initial work was to develop the positions of the party and draft policy proposals for their party's congressional representatives.", "His initial work was to develop the positions of the party and draft policy proposals for their party's congressional representatives. When the military regime dissolved the two-party system and established a multi-party system later that year, Unger worked to unite progressive liberals and the independent, non-communist left into the Brazilian Democratic Movement Party (PMDB).", "When the military regime dissolved the two-party system and established a multi-party system later that year, Unger worked to unite progressive liberals and the independent, non-communist left into the Brazilian Democratic Movement Party (PMDB). As a co-founder of the party, he authored its first manifesto.", "As a co-founder of the party, he authored its first manifesto. Unger left the party after the rise of a conservative faction, which was a part of the MDB but had been excluded from the initial formation of the PMDB.", "Unger left the party after the rise of a conservative faction, which was a part of the MDB but had been excluded from the initial formation of the PMDB. After departing the PMDB in the early 1980s, Unger began looking for political agents who would serve as vehicles for his national alternative.", "After departing the PMDB in the early 1980s, Unger began looking for political agents who would serve as vehicles for his national alternative. In 1981, he jointed the Democratic Labour Party of Brazil (PDT) led by Leonel Brizola, a former governor of Rio de Janeiro and a figure of the left prior to the dictatorship.", "In 1981, he jointed the Democratic Labour Party of Brazil (PDT) led by Leonel Brizola, a former governor of Rio de Janeiro and a figure of the left prior to the dictatorship. Brizola had founded the PDT and Unger saw it as the authentic opposition to the military regime.", "Brizola had founded the PDT and Unger saw it as the authentic opposition to the military regime. Throughout the 1980s he worked with Brizola to travel the country recruiting members, and developing policy positions and a political language.", "Throughout the 1980s he worked with Brizola to travel the country recruiting members, and developing policy positions and a political language. In 1983, Brizola, then serving his second of three terms as governor of Rio de Janeiro, appointed Unger to head the State Foundation for the Education of Minors (FEEM), a state-run foundation for homeless children.", "In 1983, Brizola, then serving his second of three terms as governor of Rio de Janeiro, appointed Unger to head the State Foundation for the Education of Minors (FEEM), a state-run foundation for homeless children. During his year-long tenure, he began a process of radical reforms of the institutions, such as opening the door to international adoption and reintegrating children with their families.", "During his year-long tenure, he began a process of radical reforms of the institutions, such as opening the door to international adoption and reintegrating children with their families. He also set up community organizations in the slums to help support families in order to prevent the abandonment of children.", "He also set up community organizations in the slums to help support families in order to prevent the abandonment of children. Political campaigns, 1990s and 2000s In 1990, Unger ran a symbolic campaign for a seat in the national chamber of deputies. He had no money, no structure, and only campaigned for eight weeks.", "He had no money, no structure, and only campaigned for eight weeks. He ran on a platform of reforming the slums, and went around the slum neighborhoods giving lectures. He received 9,000 votes, just 1,000 votes short of winning the seat. None of the votes came from the slums, however.", "None of the votes came from the slums, however. All his votes had come from the middle class, although he had never campaigned in those neighborhoods or to that constituency. Recalling the experience, Unger says \"it was kind of absurd...", "Recalling the experience, Unger says \"it was kind of absurd... I had no money, no staff, and I would go into these slums, alone, to hand out pamphlets, often to the local drug pushers.\"", "I had no money, no staff, and I would go into these slums, alone, to hand out pamphlets, often to the local drug pushers.\" It is an experience that Unger cites as leading to his belief that the system and possibilities were much more open than he had previously imagined.", "It is an experience that Unger cites as leading to his belief that the system and possibilities were much more open than he had previously imagined. Unger served as Brizola's campaign organizer and primary political adviser in his bids for the Brazilian Presidency in 1989 and 1994.", "Unger served as Brizola's campaign organizer and primary political adviser in his bids for the Brazilian Presidency in 1989 and 1994. In 1989, Brizola finished in third place, losing the second position, which would have qualified him for a runoff against Fernando Collor de Mello, by a very narrow margin to Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva.", "In 1989, Brizola finished in third place, losing the second position, which would have qualified him for a runoff against Fernando Collor de Mello, by a very narrow margin to Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva. Brizola and Unger both supported Lula in the second round of the election, but Collor would go on to beat Lula and win the Presidency.", "Brizola and Unger both supported Lula in the second round of the election, but Collor would go on to beat Lula and win the Presidency. Unger also helped organize the presidential bids of former finance minister and governor of Ceará, Ciro Gomes, in 1998 and 2002.", "Unger also helped organize the presidential bids of former finance minister and governor of Ceará, Ciro Gomes, in 1998 and 2002. In 1998, Gomes came in third place with 11% of the vote, and in 2002 he came in fourth place with 12% of the vote.", "In 1998, Gomes came in third place with 11% of the vote, and in 2002 he came in fourth place with 12% of the vote. Unger had written The Next Step: An Alternative to Neoliberalism with Gomes in 1996.", "Unger had written The Next Step: An Alternative to Neoliberalism with Gomes in 1996. At the national level in 2002, again in the second round of the election, Unger supported Lula who went on to defeat José Serra to win the Presidency.", "At the national level in 2002, again in the second round of the election, Unger supported Lula who went on to defeat José Serra to win the Presidency. With the experience of supporting others who imploded politically, Unger discovered that, as he put it, he was committing \"the classic mistake of the philosophers in politics, which is to try to find someone else to do the work.\"", "With the experience of supporting others who imploded politically, Unger discovered that, as he put it, he was committing \"the classic mistake of the philosophers in politics, which is to try to find someone else to do the work.\" In 2000, he ran in the primaries for the mayor of Sao Paulo, but the PPS party leader suspended the primaries when it became clear that Unger would win the nomination and challenge party control.", "In 2000, he ran in the primaries for the mayor of Sao Paulo, but the PPS party leader suspended the primaries when it became clear that Unger would win the nomination and challenge party control. He launched an exploratory bid for the 2006 presidential election on the PRB ticket, but the party decided not to put forth its own candidate for the presidency and to support Lula of the PT.", "He launched an exploratory bid for the 2006 presidential election on the PRB ticket, but the party decided not to put forth its own candidate for the presidency and to support Lula of the PT. As Minister of Strategic Affairs in the Lula administration Unger found President Lula's first term to be conservative and riddled with scandal.", "As Minister of Strategic Affairs in the Lula administration Unger found President Lula's first term to be conservative and riddled with scandal. He wrote articles calling Lula's administration \"the most corrupt of Brazil's history\" and called for his impeachment.", "He wrote articles calling Lula's administration \"the most corrupt of Brazil's history\" and called for his impeachment. Despite the criticism, many advisers to Lula insisted that he should invite Unger to join his administration.", "Despite the criticism, many advisers to Lula insisted that he should invite Unger to join his administration. In June 2007, after winning his second term, Lula appointed Unger as head of the newly established Long-term Planning Secretariat (a post which would eventually be called The Minister of Strategic Affairs).", "In June 2007, after winning his second term, Lula appointed Unger as head of the newly established Long-term Planning Secretariat (a post which would eventually be called The Minister of Strategic Affairs). Unger's work in office was an attempt to enact his program.", "Unger's work in office was an attempt to enact his program. Seeing the future in small enterprises and advocating a rotating capital fund that would function like a government run venture capital fund, he pushed for a rapid expansion of credit to smaller producers and a decentralized network of technical support centers that would help broaden the middle class from below.", "Seeing the future in small enterprises and advocating a rotating capital fund that would function like a government run venture capital fund, he pushed for a rapid expansion of credit to smaller producers and a decentralized network of technical support centers that would help broaden the middle class from below. He further called for political solutions that would broaden access to production forces such as information technology, and for states to focus on equipping and monitoring civil society rather than trying to provide social services.", "He further called for political solutions that would broaden access to production forces such as information technology, and for states to focus on equipping and monitoring civil society rather than trying to provide social services. Unger's specific projects while in office were focused on giving \"ordinary men and women the instruments with which to render this vitality fertile and productive.\"", "Unger's specific projects while in office were focused on giving \"ordinary men and women the instruments with which to render this vitality fertile and productive.\" He aimed to use state powers and resources to allow the majority of poor workers to \"follow the path of the emergent vanguard\".", "He aimed to use state powers and resources to allow the majority of poor workers to \"follow the path of the emergent vanguard\". He developed a series of sectoral and regional initiatives that would prefigure the model of development based on the broadening of economic and educational opportunity by democratizing the market economy and restructuring civil society.", "He developed a series of sectoral and regional initiatives that would prefigure the model of development based on the broadening of economic and educational opportunity by democratizing the market economy and restructuring civil society. Sectorally, Unger revamped the educational structure and rewrote labor laws.", "Sectorally, Unger revamped the educational structure and rewrote labor laws. In education, he implemented a model of secondary education, where analytical problem-solving education was paired with technical education that focused on conceptual capabilities rather than job-specific skills. There are several hundred of these institutions today.", "There are several hundred of these institutions today. He further drafted legislation to associate national, state and local jurisdictions into common bodies that could intervene when a local school system fell below the minimum acceptable threshold of quality and \"fix it the way an independent administrator would fix a failing business under Chapter 11 bankruptcy.\"", "He further drafted legislation to associate national, state and local jurisdictions into common bodies that could intervene when a local school system fell below the minimum acceptable threshold of quality and \"fix it the way an independent administrator would fix a failing business under Chapter 11 bankruptcy.\" In labor, Unger worked with unions to write new labor laws designed to protect and organize temporary workers, subcontractors, and those working in the informal economy.", "In labor, Unger worked with unions to write new labor laws designed to protect and organize temporary workers, subcontractors, and those working in the informal economy. Regionally, some of Unger's most influential work was the implementation of a developmental strategy for the Amazon that would be sustainable environmentally by making it socially inclusive.", "Regionally, some of Unger's most influential work was the implementation of a developmental strategy for the Amazon that would be sustainable environmentally by making it socially inclusive. He drafted and passed legislation to regularize small-scale squatters on untitled land by giving them clear legal titles, which would create self-interest in preservation while granting them economic opportunity.", "He drafted and passed legislation to regularize small-scale squatters on untitled land by giving them clear legal titles, which would create self-interest in preservation while granting them economic opportunity. Included in this law were protections against large scale land grabbers.", "Included in this law were protections against large scale land grabbers. Such legislation aimed to empower locals living on Amazonian land by giving them ownership rights and linking their interest in preserving it, rather than pillaging it as quickly as possible in the face of ambiguous ownership rights. This legislation passed and was put into law.", "This legislation passed and was put into law. Unger served in the administration for two years. On 26 June 2009, President Lula announced Unger would be leaving the government and returning to Harvard University. He later cited personal and political reasons for his early departure.", "He later cited personal and political reasons for his early departure. Engagement outside Brazil Unger's attempts to develop global social, political, and economic alternatives have led him in episodic engagements in national debates around the world.", "Engagement outside Brazil Unger's attempts to develop global social, political, and economic alternatives have led him in episodic engagements in national debates around the world. His approach in these engagements recognizes that the problems facing contemporary societies are not distinct from nation to nation, and that general structural arrangements can first be implemented, which will allow for local innovation, flexibility, and development in social, economic, and political arenas.", "His approach in these engagements recognizes that the problems facing contemporary societies are not distinct from nation to nation, and that general structural arrangements can first be implemented, which will allow for local innovation, flexibility, and development in social, economic, and political arenas. There is no institutional blueprint for Unger, however, only a direction that can be pointed to and general proposals that can be implemented to allow further institutional innovation and experimentation.", "There is no institutional blueprint for Unger, however, only a direction that can be pointed to and general proposals that can be implemented to allow further institutional innovation and experimentation. Unger's guiding principle is that institutional flexibility needs to be built into the implemented system, and in this way a diversity of local experiments would take hold the world over.", "Unger's guiding principle is that institutional flexibility needs to be built into the implemented system, and in this way a diversity of local experiments would take hold the world over. One of Unger's more promising engagements was the Latin American Alternative in the late 1990s.", "One of Unger's more promising engagements was the Latin American Alternative in the late 1990s. Unger and Mexican politician and political scientist Jorge Castañeda Gutman assembled an informal network of politicians and business leaders dedicated to redrawing the political map.", "Unger and Mexican politician and political scientist Jorge Castañeda Gutman assembled an informal network of politicians and business leaders dedicated to redrawing the political map. The aim of the group was to provide a critique of neoliberalism coupled with a way forward in a distinct strategy and institutional model of development.", "The aim of the group was to provide a critique of neoliberalism coupled with a way forward in a distinct strategy and institutional model of development. They floated proposals such as guaranteeing every citizen \"social rights\" (e.g. education and a job), breaking up media oligopolies, and holding town meetings to help citizens supervise municipal spending.", "education and a job), breaking up media oligopolies, and holding town meetings to help citizens supervise municipal spending. The group held a number of meetings over the years, which included Brazilian finance minister Ciro Gomes, Chilean senator Carlos Ominami, Argentinian politicians Dante Caputo and Rodolfo Terragno, and Mexican politician and future president Vicente Fox.", "The group held a number of meetings over the years, which included Brazilian finance minister Ciro Gomes, Chilean senator Carlos Ominami, Argentinian politicians Dante Caputo and Rodolfo Terragno, and Mexican politician and future president Vicente Fox. The meetings resulted in a document entitled the \"Buenos Aires Consensus\" in 1997, which Castaneda called \"the end of neoliberalism; of the Washington Consensus\".", "The meetings resulted in a document entitled the \"Buenos Aires Consensus\" in 1997, which Castaneda called \"the end of neoliberalism; of the Washington Consensus\". This consensus was formally signed in 2003 by Argentinian President Néstor Kirchner and Brazilian President Lula da Silva.", "This consensus was formally signed in 2003 by Argentinian President Néstor Kirchner and Brazilian President Lula da Silva. Other Latin American leaders who signed it included Fox, future president of Chile Ricardo Lagos, Mexican politician Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas, former vice president of Nicaragua Sergio Ramírez, future president of Argentina Fernando de la Rúa, and former Brazilian president Itamar Franco.", "Other Latin American leaders who signed it included Fox, future president of Chile Ricardo Lagos, Mexican politician Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas, former vice president of Nicaragua Sergio Ramírez, future president of Argentina Fernando de la Rúa, and former Brazilian president Itamar Franco. During the 2008 US presidential campaign, Unger was in frequent contact with candidate Barack Obama via email and Blackberry.", "During the 2008 US presidential campaign, Unger was in frequent contact with candidate Barack Obama via email and Blackberry. He has since become critical of the Obama administration, and called for the defeat of Obama in the 2012 election as a first step to remaking the Democratic party.", "He has since become critical of the Obama administration, and called for the defeat of Obama in the 2012 election as a first step to remaking the Democratic party. Current engagement Unger's recent political work has focused on the north-western Brazilian state of Rondônia.", "Current engagement Unger's recent political work has focused on the north-western Brazilian state of Rondônia. He sees the human and natural resources of the state meeting all the conditions to serve as the vanguard of a new model of development for Brazil.", "He sees the human and natural resources of the state meeting all the conditions to serve as the vanguard of a new model of development for Brazil. Speaking to News Rondônia he said, \"Rondônia is a state formed by a multitude of small and medium entrepreneurs together with the Brazilian government, and that is something truly unique in our country.\"", "Speaking to News Rondônia he said, \"Rondônia is a state formed by a multitude of small and medium entrepreneurs together with the Brazilian government, and that is something truly unique in our country.\" He has been traveling the state giving public lectures and encouraging political discourse and engagement in localities.", "He has been traveling the state giving public lectures and encouraging political discourse and engagement in localities. Working with governor João Aparecido Cahulla on development projects, Unger has outlined a series of important areas of focus.", "Working with governor João Aparecido Cahulla on development projects, Unger has outlined a series of important areas of focus. The first is to change the agricultural model from one of intensive farming to an industrialization of produces through the recuperation of degraded pastures, supply fertilizers and lime, and diversifying crops and livestock farming.", "The first is to change the agricultural model from one of intensive farming to an industrialization of produces through the recuperation of degraded pastures, supply fertilizers and lime, and diversifying crops and livestock farming. The second key project is transforming education from rote learning to creative thinking and engagement. He helped open the School Teixeira in Porto Velho.", "He helped open the School Teixeira in Porto Velho. Another ongoing project is the construction of a new educational center in accordance with his theory of pedagogical reform, where delinquents would be reintegrated into municipal life. Circumstance and influence Unger's philosophical work grapples with some of the most fundamental and enduring problems of human existence.", "Circumstance and influence Unger's philosophical work grapples with some of the most fundamental and enduring problems of human existence. It has been put into direct dialogue with Kant's moral law, and said to have provided one answer to Hume's Guillotine.", "It has been put into direct dialogue with Kant's moral law, and said to have provided one answer to Hume's Guillotine. Unger's analysis of liberalism and the philosophical program he builds around rethinking the individual has also inspired new thinking and approaches to psychiatry.", "Unger's analysis of liberalism and the philosophical program he builds around rethinking the individual has also inspired new thinking and approaches to psychiatry. In 1987, the Northwestern University Law Review devoted an issue to Unger's work, analysing his three volume publication Politics: A Work In Constructive Social Theory.", "In 1987, the Northwestern University Law Review devoted an issue to Unger's work, analysing his three volume publication Politics: A Work In Constructive Social Theory. Michael J. Perry, a professor of law at Northwestern University, praises Unger for producing a vast work of social theory that combines law, history, politics, and philosophy within a single narrative.", "Michael J. Perry, a professor of law at Northwestern University, praises Unger for producing a vast work of social theory that combines law, history, politics, and philosophy within a single narrative. Early reviewers of Politics questioned Unger's seeming predicament of criticizing a system of thought and its historical tradition without subjecting himself to the same critical gaze.", "Early reviewers of Politics questioned Unger's seeming predicament of criticizing a system of thought and its historical tradition without subjecting himself to the same critical gaze. \"There is little acknowledgement that he himself is writing in a particular socio-historical context\", wrote one reviewer, and another asked, \"in what context Unger himself is situated and why that context itself is not offered up to the sledgehammer.\"", "\"There is little acknowledgement that he himself is writing in a particular socio-historical context\", wrote one reviewer, and another asked, \"in what context Unger himself is situated and why that context itself is not offered up to the sledgehammer.\" Critics also balked at the lack of example or concrete vision of his social and political proposals.", "Critics also balked at the lack of example or concrete vision of his social and political proposals. As one critic wrote, \"it is difficult to imagine what Unger's argument would mean in practice\", and that \"he does not tell us what to make.\"", "As one critic wrote, \"it is difficult to imagine what Unger's argument would mean in practice\", and that \"he does not tell us what to make.\" Others have suggested that the lack of imagination of such readers is precisely what is at stake. Books Knowledge and Politics, Free Press, 1975.", "Books Knowledge and Politics, Free Press, 1975. Law In Modern Society: Toward a Criticism of Social Theory, Free Press, 1976. Passion: An Essay on Personality, Free Press, 1986. The Critical Legal Studies Movement, Harvard University Press, 1986.", "The Critical Legal Studies Movement, Harvard University Press, 1986. Politics: A Work In Constructive Social Theory, Cambridge University Press, 1987, in 3 Vols: Vol 1 - False Necessity: Anti-Necessitarian Social Theory in the Service of Radical Democracy.", "Politics: A Work In Constructive Social Theory, Cambridge University Press, 1987, in 3 Vols: Vol 1 - False Necessity: Anti-Necessitarian Social Theory in the Service of Radical Democracy. Vol 2 - Social Theory: Its Situation and Its Task - A Critical Introduction to Politics: A Work in Constructive Social Theory.", "Vol 2 - Social Theory: Its Situation and Its Task - A Critical Introduction to Politics: A Work in Constructive Social Theory. Vol 3 - Plasticity Into Power: Comparative-Historical Studies on the Institutional Conditions of Economic and Military Success.", "Vol 3 - Plasticity Into Power: Comparative-Historical Studies on the Institutional Conditions of Economic and Military Success. What Should Legal Analysis Become?, Verso, 1996 Politics: The Central Texts, Theory Against Fate, Verso, 1997, with Cui Zhiyuan. Democracy Realized: The Progressive Alternative, Verso, 1998.", "Democracy Realized: The Progressive Alternative, Verso, 1998. The Future of American Progressivism: An Initiative for Political and Economic Reform, Beacon, 1998 - with Cornel West What Should the Left Propose?, Verso, 2006. The Self Awakened: Pragmatism Unbound, Harvard, 2007.", "The Self Awakened: Pragmatism Unbound, Harvard, 2007. Free Trade Reimagined: The World Division of Labor and the Method of Economics, Princeton University Press, 2007. The Left Alternative, Verso, 2009 (2nd edition to What Should the Left Propose?, Verso, 2006.).", "The Left Alternative, Verso, 2009 (2nd edition to What Should the Left Propose?, Verso, 2006.). The Religion of the Future, Harvard, 2014. The Singular Universe and the Reality of Time, Cambridge University Press, 2014, with Lee Smolin. The Knowledge Economy, Verso, 2019.", "The Knowledge Economy, Verso, 2019. See also False necessity Formative context Negative capability Empowered democracy Structure and agency Passions References External links Roberto Unger's Harvard Homepage Links to Unger's works via his homepage An interview with Unger on the American Left Biographical articles about Roberto Unger Guggenheim Gives Fellowships for '76: Unger Gets Tenure, Too (The Harvard Crimson April 5, 1976) \"The Passion of Roberto Unger\" , Eyal Press, (Lingua Franca, March 1999) Carlos Castilho, \"Brazil's Consigliere: Unger Leaves Lectern to Stand Behind the Throne.\"", "See also False necessity Formative context Negative capability Empowered democracy Structure and agency Passions References External links Roberto Unger's Harvard Homepage Links to Unger's works via his homepage An interview with Unger on the American Left Biographical articles about Roberto Unger Guggenheim Gives Fellowships for '76: Unger Gets Tenure, Too (The Harvard Crimson April 5, 1976) \"The Passion of Roberto Unger\" , Eyal Press, (Lingua Franca, March 1999) Carlos Castilho, \"Brazil's Consigliere: Unger Leaves Lectern to Stand Behind the Throne.\" (World Paper, April 2000) Simon Romero, \"Destination: São Paulo\" (Metropolis, October 2000) This article is about São Paulo, Brazil, but it has a lengthy discussion of Unger's political activism there and many quotes from Unger.", "(World Paper, April 2000) Simon Romero, \"Destination: São Paulo\" (Metropolis, October 2000) This article is about São Paulo, Brazil, but it has a lengthy discussion of Unger's political activism there and many quotes from Unger. Meltzer Elected to American Academy of Arts and Sciences (HLS News May 13, 2004) (First of the Month, July 1, 2012) 1947 births 20th-century Brazilian male writers 20th-century Brazilian philosophers 20th-century economists 20th-century essayists 21st-century Brazilian male writers 21st-century economists 21st-century essayists 21st-century philosophers Analytic philosophers Anti-poverty advocates Brazilian activists Brazilian essayists Brazilian expatriate academics in the United States Brazilian people of German descent Brazilian social scientists Critical legal studies Cultural critics Epistemologists Ethicists Futurologists Government ministers of Brazil Harvard Law School alumni Harvard Law School faculty Living people Metaphilosophers Metaphysicians Moral philosophers Ontologists People from Rio de Janeiro (city) Philosophers of culture Philosophers of economics Philosophers of education Philosophers of ethics and morality Philosophers of history Philosophers of law Philosophers of mathematics Philosophers of religion Philosophers of science Philosophers of social science Philosophers of technology Philosophy of life Philosophy of time Philosophy writers Political philosophers Politicians from Cambridge, Massachusetts Pragmatists Brazilian social commentators Social critics Social philosophers Social theories Theorists on Western civilization Writers about activism and social change Writers about globalization" ]

[ "Roberto Mangabeira Unger", "Critique of economics", "What does he have to say about economics?", "Unger's critique of economics begins with the identification of a key moment in economic history,", "What is the key moment?", "the analysis of production and exchange turned away from social theory and engaged in a quest for scientific objectivity.", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "In Unger's analysis, classical economics focused on the causal relations among social activities," ]

[ "\n\nTrack listing\n Opening Overture\n \"I Get a Kick Out of You\" (Cole Porter)\n \"You Are the Sunshine of My Life\" (Stevie Wonder)\n \"You Will Be My Music\" (Joe Raposo)\n \"Don't Worry 'bout Me\" (Ted Koehler, Rube Bloom)\n \"If\" (David Gates)\n \"Bad, Bad Leroy Brown\" (Jim Croce)\n \"Ol' Man River\" (Jerome Kern, Oscar Hammerstein II)\n Famous Monologue\n Saloon Trilogy: \"Last Night When We Were Young\"/\"Violets for Your Furs\"/\"Here's That Rainy Day\" (Harold Arlen, E.Y. Harburg)/(Matt Dennis, Tom Adair)/(Jimmy Van Heusen, Johnny Burke)\n \"I've Got You Under My Skin\" (Porter)\n \"My Kind of Town\" (Sammy Cahn, Van Heusen)\n \"Let Me Try Again\" (Paul Anka, Cahn, Michel Jourdan)\n \"The Lady Is a Tramp\" (Richard Rodgers, Lorenz Hart)\n \"My Way\" (Anka, Claude Francois, Jacques Revaux, Gilles Thibaut)\n\nFrank Sinatra's Monologue About the Australian Press\nI do believe this is my interval, as we say... We've been having a marvelous time being chased around the country for three days. You know, I think it's worth mentioning because it's so idiotic, it's so ridiculous what's been happening. We came all the way to Australia because I chose to come here. I haven't been here for a long time and I wanted to come back for a few days. Wait now, wait. I'm not buttering anybody at all. I don't have to. I really don't have to. I like coming here. I like the people. I love your attitude. I like the booze and the beer and everything else that comes into the scene. I also like the way the country's growing and it's a swinging place.\n\nSo we come here and what happens? We gotta run all day long because of the parasites who chase us with automobiles. That's dangerous, too, on the road, you know. Might cause an accident. They won't quit. They wonder why I won't talk to them. I wouldn't drink their water, let alone talk to them. And if any of you folks in the press are in the audience, please quote me properly. Don't mix it up, do it exactly as I'm saying it, please. Write it down very clearly. One idiot called me up and he wanted to know what I had for breakfast. What the hell does he care what I had for breakfast? I was about to tell him what I did after breakfast. Oh, boy, they're murder! We have a name in the States for their counterparts: They're called parasites. Because they take and take and take and never give, absolutely, never give. I don't care what you think about any press in the world, I say they're bums and they'll always be bums, everyone of them. There are just a few exceptions to the rule. Some good editorial writers who don't go out in the street and chase people around. Critics don't bother me, because if I do badly, I know I'm bad before they even write it, and if I'm good, I know I'm good before they write it. It's true. I know best about myself. So, a critic is a critic. He doesn't anger me. It's the scandal man who bugs you, drives you crazy. It's the two-bit-type work that they do. They're pimps. They're just crazy, you know. And the broads who work in the press are the hookers of the press. Need I explain that to you? I might offer them a buck and a half... I'm not sure. I once gave a chick in Washington $2 and I overpaid her, I found out. She didn't even bathe. Imagine what that was like, ha, ha.\n\nNow, it's a good thing I'm not angry. Really. It's a good thing I'm not angry. I couldn't care less. The press of the world never made a person a star who was untalented, nor did they ever hurt any artist who was talented. So we, who have God-given talent, say, \"To hell with them.\" It doesn't make any difference, you know. And I want to say one more thing. From what I see what's happened since I was last here... what, 16 years ago? Twelve years ago. From what I've seen to happen with the type of news that they print in this town shocked me. And do you know what is devastating? It's old-fashioned. It was done in America and England twenty years ago. And they're catching up with it now, with the scandal sheet. They're rags, that's what they are. You use them to train your dog and your parrot. What else do I have to say? Oh, I guess that's it. That'll keep them talking to themselves for a while. I think most of them are a bunch of fags anyway. Never did a hard day's work in their life. I love when they say, \"What do you mean, you won't stand still when I take your picture?\" All of a sudden, they're God. We gotta do what they want us to do. It's incredible. A pox on them... Now, let's get down to some serious business here...\n\nSee also\nConcerts of Frank Sinatra\n\nFrank Sinatra", "Poor Economics: A Radical Rethinking of the Way to Fight Global Poverty (2011) is a non-fiction book by Abhijit V. Banerjee and Esther Duflo, both professors of Economics at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences laureates. The book reports on the effectiveness of solutions to global poverty using an evidence-based randomized control trial approach. It won the 2011 Financial Times and Goldman Sachs Business Book of the Year Award.\n\nOverview \nPoor Economics lays out a middle ground between purely market-based solutions to global poverty, versus \"grand development plans.\" It rejects broad generalizations and formulaic thinking. Instead, the authors help to understand how the poor really think and make decisions on such matters as education, healthcare, savings, entrepreneurship, and a variety of other issues. They advocate the use of observation, using rigorous randomized controlled testing on five continents, and most importantly by actually listening to what the poor have to say. Often the answers are startling and counter-intuitive, but make the utmost sense when circumstances are understood. In addition, the universal traps of Ignorance, Ideology, and Inertia often stymie policies and institutions, but may be avoided.\n\nFrom this empirical approach, the authors believe that the best strategies for eradicating poverty can emerge. However, they resist laying out a broad set of conclusions. Instead they draw some simple yet powerful lessons, and believe that small changes can have big effects. The authors conclude on the optimistic note that we are all part of the solution.\n\nAuthors \nAbhijit V. Banerjee is the Ford Foundation International Professor of Economics at MIT and a founder of the Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab (J-PAL). He is a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and the Econometric Society and has been a Guggenheim Fellow. He has also received the inaugural Infosys Prize 2009 in Social Sciences and Economics. He has been featured in Foreign Policy's Top 100 Global Thinkers in 2011. In 2019, he shared the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences with Esther Duflo and Michael Kremer.\n\nEsther Duflo is the Abdul Latif Jameel Professor of Poverty Alleviation and Development Economics at MIT and a founder and director of the Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab (J-PAL). Duflo has received numerous academic honors and prizes, including the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences (2019), the John Bates Clark Medal (2010), and a MacArthur Fellowship (2009). She has also been featured in Foreign Policy's Top 100 Global Thinkers and Fortune 40 under 40.\n\nThe two authors married each other in 2015.\n\nReception \nThe book has been well received. Robert Solow commented:\n“Abhijit Banerjee and Esther Duflo are allergic to grand generalizations about the secret of economic development. Instead they appeal to many local observations and experiments to explore how poor people in poor countries actually cope with their poverty: what they know, what they seem (or don't seem) to want, what they expect of themselves and others, and how they make the choices that they can make. Apparently there are plenty of small but meaningful victories to be won, some through private and some through public action, that together could add up to a large gains for the world's poor, and might even start a ball rolling. I was fascinated and convinced.”\n\nMadeleine Bunting reviewed the book for The Guardian, writing:\n\n\"[Banerjee and Duflo] offer a refreshingly original take on development, and they are very aware of how they are bringing an entirely new perspective into a subject dominated by big polemics from the likes of Jeffrey Sachs and William Easterly… they are clearly very clever economists and are doing a grand job to enrich their discipline's grasp of complex issues of poverty – so often misunderstood by people who have never been poor.\"\n\nNicholas Kristof reviewed the book for The New York Times, writing:\n\n\"Randomized trials are the hottest thing in the fight against poverty, and two excellent new books have just come out by leaders in the field. One is \"Poor Economics,\" by Abhijit Banerjee and Esther Duflo… These terrific books move the debate to the crucial question: What kind of aid works best?\"\n\nDevelopment economist William Easterly reviewed the book for the Wall Street Journal, writing:\n\n\"Marvelous, rewarding…'More Than Good Intentions' and 'Poor Economics' are marked by their deep appreciation of the precariousness that colors the lives of poor people as they tiptoe along the margin of survival. But I would give an edge to Mr. Banerjee and Ms. Duflo in this area—the sheer detail and warm sympathy on display reflects a true appreciation of the challenges their subjects face… They have fought to establish a beachhead of honesty and rigor about evidence, evaluation and complexity in an aid world that would prefer to stick to glossy brochures and celebrity photo-ops. For this they deserve to be congratulated—and to be read.\"\n\nJames Tooley reviewed the parts of the book about education for Econ Journal Watch. Although he was critical of the authors' conclusions in those chapters, he generally praised their overall approach:\n\nPoor Economics \"is contextualised with stories of the realities of lives of the poor, with evidence adduced to support or dismiss particular policy proposals. All of the chapters are interesting and challenging...I favour much of their general approach. Experts, I agree, should have to \"step out of the office\" and get their boots muddy. I'm also in favour of \"relying on evidence\", and of being judicious, even cautious, with big ideas.\"\n\nPoor Economics won the 2011 Financial Times and Goldman Sachs Business Book of the Year Award.\n\nEditions\n Poor Economics: Rethinking Poverty And The Ways To End It, Random House India (25 May 2011). – India edition hardcover.\n Poor Economics: A Radical Rethinking of the Way to Fight Global Poverty, PublicAffairs (April 26, 2011). – Foreign edition hardcover.\n Electronic and paperback editions.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n Poor Economics, official website\n\n2011 non-fiction books\nBooks about poverty\nCollaborative non-fiction books\nPublicAffairs books" ]

[ "Roberto Mangabeira Unger (; born 24 March 1947) is a Brazilian philosopher and politician. His work is in the tradition of classical social theory and pragmatism, and is developed across many fields including legal theory, philosophy and religion, social and political theory, progressive alternatives, and economics.", "His work is in the tradition of classical social theory and pragmatism, and is developed across many fields including legal theory, philosophy and religion, social and political theory, progressive alternatives, and economics. In natural philosophy he is known for The Singular Universe and the Reality of Time.", "In natural philosophy he is known for The Singular Universe and the Reality of Time. In social theory he is known for Politics: A Work in Constructive Social Theory. In legal theory he was part of the Critical Legal Studies movement, which helped disrupt the methodological consensus in American law schools.", "In legal theory he was part of the Critical Legal Studies movement, which helped disrupt the methodological consensus in American law schools. His political activity helped the transition to democracy in Brazil in the aftermath of the military regime, and culminated with his appointment as Brazil's Minister of Strategic Affairs in 2007 and again in 2015.", "His political activity helped the transition to democracy in Brazil in the aftermath of the military regime, and culminated with his appointment as Brazil's Minister of Strategic Affairs in 2007 and again in 2015. His work is seen to offer a vision of humanity and a program to empower individuals and change institutions.", "His work is seen to offer a vision of humanity and a program to empower individuals and change institutions. At the core of his philosophy is a view of humanity as greater than the contexts in which it is placed. He sees each individual possessed with the capability to rise to a greater life.", "He sees each individual possessed with the capability to rise to a greater life. At the root of his social thought is the conviction that the social world is made and imagined. His work begins from the premise that no natural or necessary social, political, or economic arrangements underlie individual or social activity.", "His work begins from the premise that no natural or necessary social, political, or economic arrangements underlie individual or social activity. Property rights, liberal democracy, wage labor—for Unger, these are all historical artifacts that have no necessary relation to the goals of free and prosperous human activity.", "Property rights, liberal democracy, wage labor—for Unger, these are all historical artifacts that have no necessary relation to the goals of free and prosperous human activity. For Unger, the market, the state, and human social organization should not be set in predetermined institutional arrangements, but need to be left open to experimentation and revision according to what works for the project of individual and collective empowerment.", "For Unger, the market, the state, and human social organization should not be set in predetermined institutional arrangements, but need to be left open to experimentation and revision according to what works for the project of individual and collective empowerment. Doing so, he holds, will enable human liberation.", "Doing so, he holds, will enable human liberation. Unger has long been active in Brazilian opposition politics. He was one of the founding members of the Brazilian Democratic Movement Party and drafted its manifesto.", "He was one of the founding members of the Brazilian Democratic Movement Party and drafted its manifesto. He directed the presidential campaigns of Leonel Brizola and Ciro Gomes, ran for the Chamber of Deputies, and twice launched exploratory bids for the Brazilian presidency.", "He directed the presidential campaigns of Leonel Brizola and Ciro Gomes, ran for the Chamber of Deputies, and twice launched exploratory bids for the Brazilian presidency. He served as the Minister of Strategic Affairs in the second Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva administration and in the second Dilma administration.", "He served as the Minister of Strategic Affairs in the second Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva administration and in the second Dilma administration. Biography Family Unger's maternal grandfather was Octávio Mangabeira, who served as Brazil's minister of foreign affairs in the late 1920s before the dictatorship of Getúlio Vargas subjected him to a series of imprisonments and exiles in Europe and the United States.", "Biography Family Unger's maternal grandfather was Octávio Mangabeira, who served as Brazil's minister of foreign affairs in the late 1920s before the dictatorship of Getúlio Vargas subjected him to a series of imprisonments and exiles in Europe and the United States. After returning to Brazil in 1945, he co-founded a center-left party.", "After returning to Brazil in 1945, he co-founded a center-left party. He was elected as a representative in the Câmara Federal in 1946, governor of Bahia in 1947, and Senator in 1958. Both of Unger's parents were intellectuals.", "Both of Unger's parents were intellectuals. His German-born father, Artur Unger, from Dresden, arrived in the United States as a child and later became a U.S. citizen. His mother, Edyla Mangabeira, was a Brazilian poet and journalist. Artur and Edyla met in the US during the exile of Octávio Mangabeira.", "Artur and Edyla met in the US during the exile of Octávio Mangabeira. Early life Roberto Mangabeira Unger was born in Rio de Janeiro in 1947, and spent his childhood on Manhattan's Upper East Side. He attended the private Allen-Stevenson School. When he was eleven, his father died and his mother moved the family back to Brazil.", "When he was eleven, his father died and his mother moved the family back to Brazil. He attended a Jesuit school and went on to law school at the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro. Unger was admitted to Harvard Law School in September 1969.", "Unger was admitted to Harvard Law School in September 1969. After receiving his LLM, Unger stayed at Harvard another year on a fellowship, and then entered the doctoral program. At 23 years old, Unger began teaching jurisprudence, among other things, to first year students.", "At 23 years old, Unger began teaching jurisprudence, among other things, to first year students. In 1976, aged 29, he got SJD and became one of the youngest faculty members to receive tenure from the Harvard Law School.", "In 1976, aged 29, he got SJD and became one of the youngest faculty members to receive tenure from the Harvard Law School. Academic career The beginning of Unger's academic career began with the books Knowledge and Politics and Law in Modern Society, published in 1975 and 1976 respectively.", "Academic career The beginning of Unger's academic career began with the books Knowledge and Politics and Law in Modern Society, published in 1975 and 1976 respectively. These works led to the co-founding of Critical Legal Studies (CLS) with Duncan Kennedy and Morton Horwitz.", "These works led to the co-founding of Critical Legal Studies (CLS) with Duncan Kennedy and Morton Horwitz. The movement stirred up controversy in legal schools across America as it challenged standard legal scholarship and made radical proposals for legal education.", "The movement stirred up controversy in legal schools across America as it challenged standard legal scholarship and made radical proposals for legal education. By the early 1980s, the CLS movement touched off a heated internal debate at Harvard, pitting the CLS scholars against the older, more traditional scholars.", "By the early 1980s, the CLS movement touched off a heated internal debate at Harvard, pitting the CLS scholars against the older, more traditional scholars. Throughout much of the 1980s, Unger worked on his magnum opus, Politics: A Work In Constructive Social Theory, a three volume work that assessed classical social theory and developed a political, social, and economic alternative.", "Throughout much of the 1980s, Unger worked on his magnum opus, Politics: A Work In Constructive Social Theory, a three volume work that assessed classical social theory and developed a political, social, and economic alternative. The series is based on the premise of society as an artifact, and rejects the necessity of certain institutional arrangements.", "The series is based on the premise of society as an artifact, and rejects the necessity of certain institutional arrangements. Published in 1987, Politics was foremost a critique of contemporary social theory and politics; it developed a theory of structural and ideological change, and gave an alternative account of world history.", "Published in 1987, Politics was foremost a critique of contemporary social theory and politics; it developed a theory of structural and ideological change, and gave an alternative account of world history. By first attacking the idea that there is a necessary progression from one set of institutional arrangements to another, e.g.", "By first attacking the idea that there is a necessary progression from one set of institutional arrangements to another, e.g. feudalism to capitalism, it then built an anti-necessitarian theory of social change, theorizing the transition from one set of institutional arrangements to another.", "feudalism to capitalism, it then built an anti-necessitarian theory of social change, theorizing the transition from one set of institutional arrangements to another. Unger devoted much of the following decades to further elaborating on the insights developed in Politics by working out the political and social alternatives. What Should Legal Analysis Become?", "What Should Legal Analysis Become? What Should Legal Analysis Become? (Verso, 1996) developed tools to reimagine the organization of social life. Democracy Realized: The Progressive Alternative (Verso, 1998) and What Should the Left Propose? (Verso, 2005) put forth alternative institutional proposals.", "(Verso, 2005) put forth alternative institutional proposals. Intellectual influences Unger's model of philosophical practice is closest to those philosophers who sought to form a view of the whole of reality, and to do so by using and resisting the specialized knowledge of their time.", "Intellectual influences Unger's model of philosophical practice is closest to those philosophers who sought to form a view of the whole of reality, and to do so by using and resisting the specialized knowledge of their time. It has been read as a form of pragmatism, but also as an attempt to disengage ideas and experiences that developed in the West under the influence of Christianity from the categories of Greek philosophy.", "It has been read as a form of pragmatism, but also as an attempt to disengage ideas and experiences that developed in the West under the influence of Christianity from the categories of Greek philosophy. His thought has been called the inverse of Schopenhauer's philosophy, affirming the supreme value of life and the reality and depth of the self and eschewing fecklessness.", "His thought has been called the inverse of Schopenhauer's philosophy, affirming the supreme value of life and the reality and depth of the self and eschewing fecklessness. Philosophical work Social theory Unger's social theory is premised on the idea of classical social theory that society is an artifact and can be created and recreated.", "Philosophical work Social theory Unger's social theory is premised on the idea of classical social theory that society is an artifact and can be created and recreated. Whereas previous thinkers such as Hegel or Marx backslid at some point and held onto the notion that there was a necessary institutional or historical social development, Unger, in the words of one critic, seeks to \"take the idea to the hilt and produce a theory of emancipation that will escape the limitations of liberal and Marxist theories.\"", "Whereas previous thinkers such as Hegel or Marx backslid at some point and held onto the notion that there was a necessary institutional or historical social development, Unger, in the words of one critic, seeks to \"take the idea to the hilt and produce a theory of emancipation that will escape the limitations of liberal and Marxist theories.\" That limitation is the search for an ideal structure of society that can be foreseen and centrally planned; whereas the emancipation leads to societies with greater institutional flexibility and variation.", "That limitation is the search for an ideal structure of society that can be foreseen and centrally planned; whereas the emancipation leads to societies with greater institutional flexibility and variation. For Unger, society emerges not through compromise or the winnowing down of best options, but rather through conflict and struggle for control of political and material resources.", "For Unger, society emerges not through compromise or the winnowing down of best options, but rather through conflict and struggle for control of political and material resources. The victors of this struggle come to set the terms of social interaction and transaction, which is then institutionalized through law. This emergent order Unger calls formative context.", "This emergent order Unger calls formative context. Under a particular formative context, routines are established and people come to believe and act as if their social words were coherent wholes that are perfectly intelligible and defensible. They come to see the existing arrangements as necessary. Unger calls this false necessity.", "Unger calls this false necessity. Unger calls this false necessity. In reality, these arrangements are arbitrary and hold together rather tenuously, which leaves them open to resistance and change. This opposition Unger calls negative capability.", "This opposition Unger calls negative capability. This leads Unger to the conclusion that change happens piecemeal through struggle and vision, rather than suddenly in revolutionary upheaval with the replacement of one set of institutional arrangements with another.", "This leads Unger to the conclusion that change happens piecemeal through struggle and vision, rather than suddenly in revolutionary upheaval with the replacement of one set of institutional arrangements with another. Unger theorizes that cumulative change can alter formative contexts, and he goes on to propose a number of such changes as institutional alternatives to be implemented, which he calls Empowered democracy.", "Unger theorizes that cumulative change can alter formative contexts, and he goes on to propose a number of such changes as institutional alternatives to be implemented, which he calls Empowered democracy. Empowered democracy is Unger's vision of a more open and more plastic set of social institutions through which individuals and groups can interact, propose change, and effectively empower themselves to transform social, economic, and political structures.", "Empowered democracy is Unger's vision of a more open and more plastic set of social institutions through which individuals and groups can interact, propose change, and effectively empower themselves to transform social, economic, and political structures. Unger's strategy in its realization is to combine freedom of commerce and governance at the local level with the ability of political parties at the central government level to promote radical social experiments that would bring about decisive change in social and political institutions.", "Unger's strategy in its realization is to combine freedom of commerce and governance at the local level with the ability of political parties at the central government level to promote radical social experiments that would bring about decisive change in social and political institutions. In practice, the theory would involve radical developments in politics at the center, as well as social innovation in localities.", "In practice, the theory would involve radical developments in politics at the center, as well as social innovation in localities. At the center, by bestowing wide ranging revising powers to those in office, it would give political parties the ability to try out concrete yet profound solutions and proposals.", "At the center, by bestowing wide ranging revising powers to those in office, it would give political parties the ability to try out concrete yet profound solutions and proposals. It would turn partisan conflicts over control and uses of governmental power into an opportunity to question and revise the basic arrangements of social life through a rapid resolution of political impasse.", "It would turn partisan conflicts over control and uses of governmental power into an opportunity to question and revise the basic arrangements of social life through a rapid resolution of political impasse. In local communities, empowered democracy would make capital and technology available through rotating capital funds, which would encourage entrepreneurship and innovation.", "In local communities, empowered democracy would make capital and technology available through rotating capital funds, which would encourage entrepreneurship and innovation. Citizens' rights include individual entitlements to economic and civic security, conditional and temporary group claims to portions of social capital, and destabilization rights, which would empower individuals or groups to disrupt organizations and practices marred by routines of subjugation that normal politics have failed to disrupt.", "Citizens' rights include individual entitlements to economic and civic security, conditional and temporary group claims to portions of social capital, and destabilization rights, which would empower individuals or groups to disrupt organizations and practices marred by routines of subjugation that normal politics have failed to disrupt. Unger's ideas developed in a context where young intellectuals and radicals attempted to reconcile the conventional theories of society and law being taught in university classrooms with the reality of social protest and revolution of the 1960s and 70s.", "Unger's ideas developed in a context where young intellectuals and radicals attempted to reconcile the conventional theories of society and law being taught in university classrooms with the reality of social protest and revolution of the 1960s and 70s. Disillusioned with Marxism, they turned to thinkers like Levi-Strauss, Gramsci, Habermas, and Foucault in attempt to situate understandings of law and society as a benign science of technocratic policy within a broader system of beliefs that legitimized the prevailing social order.", "Disillusioned with Marxism, they turned to thinkers like Levi-Strauss, Gramsci, Habermas, and Foucault in attempt to situate understandings of law and society as a benign science of technocratic policy within a broader system of beliefs that legitimized the prevailing social order. Unlike Habermas, however, who formulates procedures for attaining rational consensus, Unger locates resolution in institutions and their arrangements that remain perpetually open to revision and reconstruction.", "Unlike Habermas, however, who formulates procedures for attaining rational consensus, Unger locates resolution in institutions and their arrangements that remain perpetually open to revision and reconstruction. And, unlike Foucault, who also emphasizes the constructed character of social life, Unger takes this as an opportunity to reimagine institutions and social conditions that will unleash human creativity and enable liberation.", "And, unlike Foucault, who also emphasizes the constructed character of social life, Unger takes this as an opportunity to reimagine institutions and social conditions that will unleash human creativity and enable liberation. Legal thought Unger's work on law has sought to denaturalize the concept of law and how it is represented through particular institutions.", "Legal thought Unger's work on law has sought to denaturalize the concept of law and how it is represented through particular institutions. He begins by inquiring into why modern societies have legal systems with distinctions between institutions, such as legislature and court, as well as a special caste of lawyers possessing a method of reasoning about social problems.", "He begins by inquiring into why modern societies have legal systems with distinctions between institutions, such as legislature and court, as well as a special caste of lawyers possessing a method of reasoning about social problems. Whereas thinkers such as Marx and Weber had argued that such legal arrangements were a product of economic necessity to secure property rights and the autonomy of the individual, Unger shows that this liberal legal order emerged in Europe as a result of the indeterminate relations between monarchy, aristocracy, and bourgeoisie.", "Whereas thinkers such as Marx and Weber had argued that such legal arrangements were a product of economic necessity to secure property rights and the autonomy of the individual, Unger shows that this liberal legal order emerged in Europe as a result of the indeterminate relations between monarchy, aristocracy, and bourgeoisie. It took the particular form that it did by emerging out of the long tradition of natural law and universality, rather than of necessity.", "It took the particular form that it did by emerging out of the long tradition of natural law and universality, rather than of necessity. This early work in historical analysis of law and legal thought laid the basis for Unger's contribution to the Critical Legal Studies movement.", "This early work in historical analysis of law and legal thought laid the basis for Unger's contribution to the Critical Legal Studies movement. The movement itself was born in the late 1970s among young legal scholars at Harvard Law School who denounced the theoretical underpinnings of American jurisprudence, legal realism.", "The movement itself was born in the late 1970s among young legal scholars at Harvard Law School who denounced the theoretical underpinnings of American jurisprudence, legal realism. The participants were committed to shaping society based on a vision of human personality without the hidden interests and class domination of legal institutions.", "The participants were committed to shaping society based on a vision of human personality without the hidden interests and class domination of legal institutions. Two tendencies of the movement developed, one, a radical indeterminacy that criticized law as meaning anything we want it to mean, and the other, a neo-Marxist critique that attacked legal thought as an institutional form of capitalism.", "Two tendencies of the movement developed, one, a radical indeterminacy that criticized law as meaning anything we want it to mean, and the other, a neo-Marxist critique that attacked legal thought as an institutional form of capitalism. Unger offered a third tendency, a constructive vision of rethinking rights based on individual emancipation and empowerment, and structural arrangements that would lend themselves to constant revision with the goal of creating more educational and economic opportunities for more people.", "Unger offered a third tendency, a constructive vision of rethinking rights based on individual emancipation and empowerment, and structural arrangements that would lend themselves to constant revision with the goal of creating more educational and economic opportunities for more people. He laid this out in The Critical Legal Studies Movement, which quickly earned him a following as the philosophical mentor and prophet of the movement.", "He laid this out in The Critical Legal Studies Movement, which quickly earned him a following as the philosophical mentor and prophet of the movement. Economic thought At the center of Unger's thought about the economy is the commitment to reimagining and remaking the institutional arrangements of how humans produce and exchange.", "Economic thought At the center of Unger's thought about the economy is the commitment to reimagining and remaking the institutional arrangements of how humans produce and exchange. For Unger, economic institutions have no inherent or natural forms, and he rejects the necessitarian tendencies of classical and neo-classical economists, seeking instead alternatives to the arrangements of contemporary societies.", "For Unger, economic institutions have no inherent or natural forms, and he rejects the necessitarian tendencies of classical and neo-classical economists, seeking instead alternatives to the arrangements of contemporary societies. In his writings, he has aimed to revise ideas on the importance of market economies and the division of labor in the workplace and national and global economies.", "In his writings, he has aimed to revise ideas on the importance of market economies and the division of labor in the workplace and national and global economies. Critique of economics Unger's critique of economics begins with the identification of a key moment in economic history, when the analysis of production and exchange turned away from social theory and engaged in a quest for scientific objectivity.", "Critique of economics Unger's critique of economics begins with the identification of a key moment in economic history, when the analysis of production and exchange turned away from social theory and engaged in a quest for scientific objectivity. In Unger's analysis, classical economics focused on the causal relations among social activities, which were connected with the production and distribution of wealth.", "In Unger's analysis, classical economics focused on the causal relations among social activities, which were connected with the production and distribution of wealth. Classical economists asked questions about the true basis of value, activities that contributed to national wealth, systems of rights, or about the forms of government under which people grow rich.", "Classical economists asked questions about the true basis of value, activities that contributed to national wealth, systems of rights, or about the forms of government under which people grow rich. In the late-nineteenth century, in response to attacks from socialist ideas and debates about how society works, and as a means to escape the conundrums of value theory and to answer how values could become prices, marginalist economics arose.", "In the late-nineteenth century, in response to attacks from socialist ideas and debates about how society works, and as a means to escape the conundrums of value theory and to answer how values could become prices, marginalist economics arose. This movement in economics disengaged economics from prescriptive and normative commitments to withdraw the study of economies from debates about how society worked and what kind of society we wanted to live in.", "This movement in economics disengaged economics from prescriptive and normative commitments to withdraw the study of economies from debates about how society worked and what kind of society we wanted to live in. For Unger, this moment in the history of economics robbed it of any analytical or practical value.", "For Unger, this moment in the history of economics robbed it of any analytical or practical value. Unger's critique of Marginalism begins with Walras' equilibrium theory, which attempted to achieve a certainty of economic analysis by putting aside normative controversies of social organization.", "Unger's critique of Marginalism begins with Walras' equilibrium theory, which attempted to achieve a certainty of economic analysis by putting aside normative controversies of social organization. Unger finds three weaknesses that crippled the theory: foremost, the theory claimed that equilibrium would be spontaneously generated in a market economy.", "Unger finds three weaknesses that crippled the theory: foremost, the theory claimed that equilibrium would be spontaneously generated in a market economy. In reality, a self-adjusting equilibrium fails to occur. Second, the theory puts forth a determinate image of the market.", "Second, the theory puts forth a determinate image of the market. Historically, however, the market has been shown to be indeterminate with different market arrangements. Third, the polemical use of efficiency fails to account for the differences of distribution among individuals, classes, and generations.", "Third, the polemical use of efficiency fails to account for the differences of distribution among individuals, classes, and generations. The consequences of the marginalist movement were profound for the study of economics, Unger says.", "The consequences of the marginalist movement were profound for the study of economics, Unger says. The most immediate problem is that under this generalizing tendency of economics, there is no means by which to incorporate empirical evidence and thus to re-imagine the world and develop new theories and new directions.", "The most immediate problem is that under this generalizing tendency of economics, there is no means by which to incorporate empirical evidence and thus to re-imagine the world and develop new theories and new directions. In this way, the discipline is always self-referential and theoretical.", "In this way, the discipline is always self-referential and theoretical. Furthermore, the lack of a normative view of the world curtails the ability to propose anything more than a policy prescription, which by definition always assumes a given context. The discipline can only rationalize the world and support a status quo.", "The discipline can only rationalize the world and support a status quo. Lastly, Unger finds that this turn in economics ended up universalizing debates in macroeconomics and leaving the discipline without any historical perspective.", "Lastly, Unger finds that this turn in economics ended up universalizing debates in macroeconomics and leaving the discipline without any historical perspective. A consequence, for example, was that Keynes' solution to a particular historical crisis was turned into a general theory when it should only be understood as a response to a particular situation.", "A consequence, for example, was that Keynes' solution to a particular historical crisis was turned into a general theory when it should only be understood as a response to a particular situation. Reorientating economics Unger's vision of economics is that it cannot be unhinged from ideas about the individual and social life.", "Reorientating economics Unger's vision of economics is that it cannot be unhinged from ideas about the individual and social life. Human activity and political organization must be incorporated into any analysis of trade and economies.", "Human activity and political organization must be incorporated into any analysis of trade and economies. In remaking the discipline, he calls for a return to the normative practice of classical economics but stripped of its necessitarian assumptions and typological references. The development of explanatory claims and prescriptive ideas are necessary.", "The development of explanatory claims and prescriptive ideas are necessary. The discipline must connect the transformation of nature with that of society—the making of things with the reorganization of people. In Free Trade Reimagined: The World Division of Labor and the Method of Economics, he sets forth six ideas to begin thinking about economic activity.", "In Free Trade Reimagined: The World Division of Labor and the Method of Economics, he sets forth six ideas to begin thinking about economic activity. The problem of specialization and discovery.", "The problem of specialization and discovery. Competition comes to inhibit self transformation when trading partners are unequal but not radically unequal, for both are forced into cost cutting rather than innovating and increasing efficiency. The problem of politics over economics. The making and implementation of policy is not one of discovery, but rather of top down implementation.", "The making and implementation of policy is not one of discovery, but rather of top down implementation. Rigid state control will limit how a society can respond to tensions and crisis, and thus politics creates its own presuppositions and limits creativity and alternative solutions.", "Rigid state control will limit how a society can respond to tensions and crisis, and thus politics creates its own presuppositions and limits creativity and alternative solutions. Free trade should strengthen the capacity for self transformation by organizing the trading regime in a way that strengthens the capacity of trading partners to experiment and innovate.", "Free trade should strengthen the capacity for self transformation by organizing the trading regime in a way that strengthens the capacity of trading partners to experiment and innovate. It becomes question not of how much free trade, but what kind. The best arrangements are those that impose the least amount of restraint. Alternative free trade.", "Alternative free trade. Alternative free trade. The market has no necessary and natural form. If the market economy can be organized in a different way then so can a universal order of free trade among market economies. The division of labor remade.", "The division of labor remade. The division of labor remade. The pin factory organization of labor describes the organization of work as if labor were a machine. But we can make machines to do this work. We should then innovate in those areas where we don't yet know how to make the machine to do the work.", "We should then innovate in those areas where we don't yet know how to make the machine to do the work. Production should be one of collective learning and permanent innovation. Mind against context. The mind is both a machine and an anti-machine; it is both formulaic and totalizing.", "The mind is both a machine and an anti-machine; it is both formulaic and totalizing. Thus we never rest in any context, and we need to have arrangements that constantly lend themselves to reinvention. Reconstructing economic institutions For Unger, the economy is not only a device for wealth but also permanent innovation and discovery.", "Reconstructing economic institutions For Unger, the economy is not only a device for wealth but also permanent innovation and discovery. It should allow the greatest freedom of the recombination of people and resources, and allow people to innovate in institutional settings. The market economy should not be single dogmatic version of itself.", "The market economy should not be single dogmatic version of itself. Unger has presented a number of general institutional proposals that aim to restructure the world trade regime and introduce new alternatives in the market economy.", "Unger has presented a number of general institutional proposals that aim to restructure the world trade regime and introduce new alternatives in the market economy. For international and global trade, Unger calls for the need to experiment with different property rights regimes, where multiple forms will coexist in the same market system and not be tied to individual property rights and contractual labor.", "For international and global trade, Unger calls for the need to experiment with different property rights regimes, where multiple forms will coexist in the same market system and not be tied to individual property rights and contractual labor. Generally, rather than maximizing the free trade as the goal, Unger sees the need to build and open the world economy in way that reconciles global openness with national and regional diversification, deviation, heresy, and experiment, where the idea is to support alternatives by making the world safer for them.", "Generally, rather than maximizing the free trade as the goal, Unger sees the need to build and open the world economy in way that reconciles global openness with national and regional diversification, deviation, heresy, and experiment, where the idea is to support alternatives by making the world safer for them. For national economies, he rejects the need to require the free flow of capital, for there are times when it may be necessary to restrict capital flows.", "For national economies, he rejects the need to require the free flow of capital, for there are times when it may be necessary to restrict capital flows. Rather, he puts the emphasis on the free flow of people. Labor should be allowed to move freely throughout the world.", "Labor should be allowed to move freely throughout the world. On the twenty-first-century economic stimulus Most recently, in a YouTube video titled he laid out three key policies to address the current economy: Change the arrangements of finance in relation to production so that finance is in the service of production.", "On the twenty-first-century economic stimulus Most recently, in a YouTube video titled he laid out three key policies to address the current economy: Change the arrangements of finance in relation to production so that finance is in the service of production. Tax and regulate to discourage finance that does not contribute to production.", "Tax and regulate to discourage finance that does not contribute to production. Use public capital for venture capital funds. Broaden economic opportunity by supporting small and medium enterprise. Reject the choice between government regulation and state controlled models. Support cooperation between government and firms, and cooperation and competition among firms. Education.", "Education. Education. A system of schools to meet needs of a vibrant and flexible economy. Vocational schools that teach general concepts and flexibility, not job-specific skills.", "Vocational schools that teach general concepts and flexibility, not job-specific skills. \"Illusions of necessity in the economic order\" Unger's first writing on economic theory was the article \"Illusions of necessity in the economic order\" in the May 1978 issue of American Economic Review.", "\"Illusions of necessity in the economic order\" Unger's first writing on economic theory was the article \"Illusions of necessity in the economic order\" in the May 1978 issue of American Economic Review. In the article he makes a case for the need of contemporary economic thought to imitate classical political economy in which theories of exchange should be incorporated into theories of power and perception.", "In the article he makes a case for the need of contemporary economic thought to imitate classical political economy in which theories of exchange should be incorporated into theories of power and perception. The article articulates the problem of the American economy as one of the inability to realize democracy of production and community in the workplace.", "The article articulates the problem of the American economy as one of the inability to realize democracy of production and community in the workplace. This failure, according to Unger, is the result of the lack of a comprehensive program that encompasses production, society, and state, so that immediate attempts to address inequality get swallowed up and appropriated by the status quo in the course of winning immediate gains for the organization or constituency, e.g.", "This failure, according to Unger, is the result of the lack of a comprehensive program that encompasses production, society, and state, so that immediate attempts to address inequality get swallowed up and appropriated by the status quo in the course of winning immediate gains for the organization or constituency, e.g. unions.", "unions. unions. To realize a democracy in the workplace and the abolition of wealth and poverty, Unger argues for the need to relate the program of worker community and democracy with an enlargement of democracy at the national level—the goal cannot be only one of economic production and worker's rights, but must be accompanied by a national project at the structural level.", "To realize a democracy in the workplace and the abolition of wealth and poverty, Unger argues for the need to relate the program of worker community and democracy with an enlargement of democracy at the national level—the goal cannot be only one of economic production and worker's rights, but must be accompanied by a national project at the structural level. He pushes this idea further by calling not just for a restructuring of the relationship between the firm and state based on private property, but that it also has to be replaced with a new set of rights encompassing access to jobs, markets, and capital.", "He pushes this idea further by calling not just for a restructuring of the relationship between the firm and state based on private property, but that it also has to be replaced with a new set of rights encompassing access to jobs, markets, and capital. Only as private rights are phased out can rights of decentralized decision making and market exchange be extended to workers.", "Only as private rights are phased out can rights of decentralized decision making and market exchange be extended to workers. This needs to be accompanied by limits on the size of enterprise and how profits are used to control others' labor.", "This needs to be accompanied by limits on the size of enterprise and how profits are used to control others' labor. Neoclassical economics is not up to this task because it begins with preconceived standards that it applies to explain empirical data, while leaving out that which is a theoretical anomaly; there is no causal basis of analysis, Unger says, rather everything is embedded in a timeless universal without any account for context.", "Neoclassical economics is not up to this task because it begins with preconceived standards that it applies to explain empirical data, while leaving out that which is a theoretical anomaly; there is no causal basis of analysis, Unger says, rather everything is embedded in a timeless universal without any account for context. Furthermore, the ambiguity of concepts of maximization, efficiency, and rationalization pin the analysis to a certain notion of the behavior of the rationalizing individual, making the analysis either tautological or reduced to a set of power relations translated into the language of material exchange.", "Furthermore, the ambiguity of concepts of maximization, efficiency, and rationalization pin the analysis to a certain notion of the behavior of the rationalizing individual, making the analysis either tautological or reduced to a set of power relations translated into the language of material exchange. Programmatic thought Key in Unger's thinking is the need to re-imagine social institutions before attempting to revise them.", "Programmatic thought Key in Unger's thinking is the need to re-imagine social institutions before attempting to revise them. This calls for a program, or programmatic thought.", "This calls for a program, or programmatic thought. In building this program, however, we must not entertain complete revolutionary overhaul, lest we be plagued by three false assumptions: Typological fallacy: the fallacy that there is closed list of institutional alternatives in history, such as \"feudalism\" or \"capitalism\".", "In building this program, however, we must not entertain complete revolutionary overhaul, lest we be plagued by three false assumptions: Typological fallacy: the fallacy that there is closed list of institutional alternatives in history, such as \"feudalism\" or \"capitalism\". There is not a natural form of society, only the specific result of the piecemeal institutional changes, political movements, and cultural reforms (as well as the accidents and coincidences of history) that came before it.", "There is not a natural form of society, only the specific result of the piecemeal institutional changes, political movements, and cultural reforms (as well as the accidents and coincidences of history) that came before it. Indivisibility fallacy: most subscribers to revolutionary Leftism wrongly believe that institutional structures must stand and fall together.", "Indivisibility fallacy: most subscribers to revolutionary Leftism wrongly believe that institutional structures must stand and fall together. However, structures can be reformed piecemeal. Determinism fallacy: the fallacy that uncontrollable and little understood law-like forces drive the historical succession of institutional systems. However, there is no natural flow of history.", "However, there is no natural flow of history. We make ourselves and our world, and can do so in any way we choose. To think about social transformation programmatically, one must first mark the direction one wants society to move in, and then identify the first steps with which we can move in that direction.", "To think about social transformation programmatically, one must first mark the direction one wants society to move in, and then identify the first steps with which we can move in that direction. In this way we can formulate proposals at points along the trajectory, be they relatively close to how things are now or relatively far away.", "In this way we can formulate proposals at points along the trajectory, be they relatively close to how things are now or relatively far away. This provides a third way between revolution and reform. It is revolutionary reform, where one has a revolutionary vision, but acts on that vision in a sequence of piecemeal reforms.", "It is revolutionary reform, where one has a revolutionary vision, but acts on that vision in a sequence of piecemeal reforms. As Unger puts it, transformative politics is \"not about blueprints; it is about pathways. It is not architecture; it is music\".", "It is not architecture; it is music\". The two Lefts Unger sees two main Lefts in the world today, a recalcitrant Left and a humanizing Left. The recalcitrant Left seeks to slow down the march of markets and globalization, and to return to a time of greater government involvement and stronger social programs.", "The recalcitrant Left seeks to slow down the march of markets and globalization, and to return to a time of greater government involvement and stronger social programs. The humanizing Left (or 'reformist Left') accepts the world in its present form, taking the market economy and globalization as unavoidable, and attempts to humanize their effects through tax-and-transfer policies.", "The humanizing Left (or 'reformist Left') accepts the world in its present form, taking the market economy and globalization as unavoidable, and attempts to humanize their effects through tax-and-transfer policies. Unger finds the two major orientations of contemporary Leftism inadequate and calls for a 'Reconstructive Left' – one which would insist on redirecting the course of globalization by reorganizing the market economy.", "Unger finds the two major orientations of contemporary Leftism inadequate and calls for a 'Reconstructive Left' – one which would insist on redirecting the course of globalization by reorganizing the market economy. In his two books The Left Alternative and The Future of American Progressivism, Unger lays out a program to democratize the market economy and deepen democracy.", "In his two books The Left Alternative and The Future of American Progressivism, Unger lays out a program to democratize the market economy and deepen democracy. This Reconstructive Left would look beyond debates on the appropriate size of government, and instead re-envision the relationship between government and firms in the market economy by experimenting with the coexistence of different regimes of private and social property.", "This Reconstructive Left would look beyond debates on the appropriate size of government, and instead re-envision the relationship between government and firms in the market economy by experimenting with the coexistence of different regimes of private and social property. It would be committed to social solidarity, but \"would refuse to allow our moral interests in social cohesion [to] rest solely upon money transfers commanded by the state in the form of compensatory and retrospective redistribution\", as is the case with federal entitlement programs.", "It would be committed to social solidarity, but \"would refuse to allow our moral interests in social cohesion [to] rest solely upon money transfers commanded by the state in the form of compensatory and retrospective redistribution\", as is the case with federal entitlement programs. Instead, Unger's Reconstructive Left affirms \"the principle that everyone should share, in some way and at some time, responsibility for taking care of other people.\"", "Instead, Unger's Reconstructive Left affirms \"the principle that everyone should share, in some way and at some time, responsibility for taking care of other people.\" The Left Alternative program Unger has laid out concrete policy proposals in areas of economic development, education, civil society, and political democracy.", "The Left Alternative program Unger has laid out concrete policy proposals in areas of economic development, education, civil society, and political democracy. On economic development, Unger has noted that there are only two models for a national economy available to us today: the US model of business control of government, and the northeast Asian model of top down bureaucratic control of the economy.", "On economic development, Unger has noted that there are only two models for a national economy available to us today: the US model of business control of government, and the northeast Asian model of top down bureaucratic control of the economy. Citing the need for greater imagination on the issue, he has offered a third model that is decentralized, pluralistic, participatory, and experimental.", "Citing the need for greater imagination on the issue, he has offered a third model that is decentralized, pluralistic, participatory, and experimental. This would take the form of an economy encouraging small business development and innovation that would create large scale self-employment and cooperation.", "This would take the form of an economy encouraging small business development and innovation that would create large scale self-employment and cooperation. The emphasis is not on the protection of big business as the main sectors of the economy, but the highly mobile and innovative small firm.", "The emphasis is not on the protection of big business as the main sectors of the economy, but the highly mobile and innovative small firm. Unger links the development of such an economy to an education system that encourages creativity and empowers the mind, not one that he now sees geared for a reproduction of the family and to put the individual in service of the state.", "Unger links the development of such an economy to an education system that encourages creativity and empowers the mind, not one that he now sees geared for a reproduction of the family and to put the individual in service of the state. He proposes that such a system should be run locally but have standards enforced through national oversight, as well as a procedure in place to intervene in the case of the failing of local systems.", "He proposes that such a system should be run locally but have standards enforced through national oversight, as well as a procedure in place to intervene in the case of the failing of local systems. Unger's critique of and alternative to social programs goes to the heart of civil society.", "Unger's critique of and alternative to social programs goes to the heart of civil society. The problem we are faced with now, he claims, is that we have a bureaucratic system of distribution that provides lower quality service and prohibits the involvement of civil society in the provision of public services.", "The problem we are faced with now, he claims, is that we have a bureaucratic system of distribution that provides lower quality service and prohibits the involvement of civil society in the provision of public services. The alternative he lays out is to have the state act to equip civil society to partake in public services and care.", "The alternative he lays out is to have the state act to equip civil society to partake in public services and care. This would entail empowering each individual to have two responsibilities, one in the productive economy and one in the caring economy.", "This would entail empowering each individual to have two responsibilities, one in the productive economy and one in the caring economy. Unger's proposal for political democracy calls for a high energy system that diminishes the dependence of change upon crisis.", "Unger's proposal for political democracy calls for a high energy system that diminishes the dependence of change upon crisis. This can be done, he claims, by breaking the constant threat of stasis and institutionalization of politics and parties through five institutional innovations.", "This can be done, he claims, by breaking the constant threat of stasis and institutionalization of politics and parties through five institutional innovations. First, increase collective engagement through the public financing of campaigns and giving free access to media outlets.", "First, increase collective engagement through the public financing of campaigns and giving free access to media outlets. Second, hasten the pace of politics by breaking legislative deadlock through the enabling of the party in power to push through proposals and reforms, and for opposition parties to be able to dissolve the government and call for immediate elections.", "Second, hasten the pace of politics by breaking legislative deadlock through the enabling of the party in power to push through proposals and reforms, and for opposition parties to be able to dissolve the government and call for immediate elections. Third, the option of any segment of society to opt out of the political process and to propose alternative solutions for its own governance.", "Third, the option of any segment of society to opt out of the political process and to propose alternative solutions for its own governance. Fourth, give the state the power to rescue oppressed groups that are unable to liberate themselves through collective action.", "Fourth, give the state the power to rescue oppressed groups that are unable to liberate themselves through collective action. Fifth, direct participatory democracy in which active engagement is not purely in terms of financial support and wealth distribution, but through which people are directly involved in their local and national affairs through proposal and action.", "Fifth, direct participatory democracy in which active engagement is not purely in terms of financial support and wealth distribution, but through which people are directly involved in their local and national affairs through proposal and action. Theoretical philosophy At the core of Unger's theoretical philosophy are two key conceptions: first the infinity of the individual, and secondly the singularity of the world and the reality of time.", "Theoretical philosophy At the core of Unger's theoretical philosophy are two key conceptions: first the infinity of the individual, and secondly the singularity of the world and the reality of time. The premise behind the infinity of the individual is that we exist within social contexts but we are more than the roles that these contexts may define for us—we can overcome them.", "The premise behind the infinity of the individual is that we exist within social contexts but we are more than the roles that these contexts may define for us—we can overcome them. In Unger's terms, we are both \"context-bound and context-transcending; \"we appear as \"the embodied spirit;\" as \"the infinite imprisoned within the finite.\"", "In Unger's terms, we are both \"context-bound and context-transcending; \"we appear as \"the embodied spirit;\" as \"the infinite imprisoned within the finite.\" For Unger, there is no natural state of the individual and his social being. Rather, we are infinite in spirit and unbound in what we can become.", "Rather, we are infinite in spirit and unbound in what we can become. As such, no social institution or convention can contain us. While institutions do exist and shape our beings and our interactions, we can change both their structure and the extent to which they imprison us.", "While institutions do exist and shape our beings and our interactions, we can change both their structure and the extent to which they imprison us. The philosophy of the singularity of the world and the reality of time establishes history as the site of decisive action through the propositions that there is only one real world, not multiple or simultaneous universes, and that time really exists in the world, not as a simulacrum through which we must experience the world.", "The philosophy of the singularity of the world and the reality of time establishes history as the site of decisive action through the propositions that there is only one real world, not multiple or simultaneous universes, and that time really exists in the world, not as a simulacrum through which we must experience the world. These two concepts of infinity and reality lie at the heart of Unger's program calling for metaphysical and institutional revolutions.", "These two concepts of infinity and reality lie at the heart of Unger's program calling for metaphysical and institutional revolutions. From the concept of the self as infinite but constrained, Unger argues that we must continually transform our environment to better express ourselves. This can only be done in a singular world within which time is real.", "This can only be done in a singular world within which time is real. The self and human nature In Passion: An Essay on Personality, Unger explores the individual and his relation to society from the perspective of the root human predicament of the need to establish oneself as a unique individual in the world but at the same time to find commonality and solidarity with others.", "The self and human nature In Passion: An Essay on Personality, Unger explores the individual and his relation to society from the perspective of the root human predicament of the need to establish oneself as a unique individual in the world but at the same time to find commonality and solidarity with others. This exploration is grounded in what Unger calls a modernist image of the human being as one who lives in context but is not bound by context.", "This exploration is grounded in what Unger calls a modernist image of the human being as one who lives in context but is not bound by context. Unger's aim is to level a critique, expansion, and defense of modern thinking about the human and society.", "Unger's aim is to level a critique, expansion, and defense of modern thinking about the human and society. Religion and the human condition Unger has written and spoken extensively on religion and the human condition. Religion, Unger argues, is a vision of the world within which we anchor our orientation to life.", "Religion, Unger argues, is a vision of the world within which we anchor our orientation to life. It is within this orientation that we deal with our greatest terrors and highest hopes.", "It is within this orientation that we deal with our greatest terrors and highest hopes. Because we are doomed to die, we hope for eternal life; because we are unable to grasp to totality of existence or of the universe, we try to dispel the mystery and provide a comprehensible explanation; because we have an insatiable desire, we cry for an object that is worthy of this desire, one that is infinite.", "Because we are doomed to die, we hope for eternal life; because we are unable to grasp to totality of existence or of the universe, we try to dispel the mystery and provide a comprehensible explanation; because we have an insatiable desire, we cry for an object that is worthy of this desire, one that is infinite. Humans initially invested religious discourse in nature and the human susceptibility to nature.", "Humans initially invested religious discourse in nature and the human susceptibility to nature. But as societies evolved and people developed ways to cope with the unpredictability of nature, the emphasis of religion shifted to social existence and its defects.", "But as societies evolved and people developed ways to cope with the unpredictability of nature, the emphasis of religion shifted to social existence and its defects. A new moment in religion will begin, Unger argues, when we stop telling ourselves that all will be fine and we begin to face the incorrigible flaws in human existence.", "A new moment in religion will begin, Unger argues, when we stop telling ourselves that all will be fine and we begin to face the incorrigible flaws in human existence. The future of religion lies in embracing our mortality and our groundlessness. Unger sees four flaws in the human condition.", "Unger sees four flaws in the human condition. They are, our mortality and the facing of imminent death; our groundlessness in that we are unable to grasp the solution to the enigma of existence, see the beginning or end of time, nor put off the discovery of the meaning of life; our insatiability in that we always want more, and demand the infinite from the finite; and our susceptibility to belittlement which places us in a position to constantly confront petty routine forcing us to die many little deaths.", "They are, our mortality and the facing of imminent death; our groundlessness in that we are unable to grasp the solution to the enigma of existence, see the beginning or end of time, nor put off the discovery of the meaning of life; our insatiability in that we always want more, and demand the infinite from the finite; and our susceptibility to belittlement which places us in a position to constantly confront petty routine forcing us to die many little deaths. There are three major responses in the history of human thought to these flaws: escape, humanization, and confrontation.", "There are three major responses in the history of human thought to these flaws: escape, humanization, and confrontation. The overcoming of the world denies the phenomenal world and its distinctions, including the individual. It proclaims a benevolence towards others and an indifference to suffering and change. One achieves serenity by becoming invulnerable to suffering and change.", "One achieves serenity by becoming invulnerable to suffering and change. The religion of Buddhism and philosophical thought of Plato and Schopenhauer best represent this orientation. The humanization of the world creates meaning out of social interactions in a meaningless world by placing all emphasis on our reciprocal responsibility to one another.", "The humanization of the world creates meaning out of social interactions in a meaningless world by placing all emphasis on our reciprocal responsibility to one another. Confucianism and contemporary liberalism represent this strand of thought, both of which aim to soften the cruelties of the world.", "Confucianism and contemporary liberalism represent this strand of thought, both of which aim to soften the cruelties of the world. The struggle with the world is framed by the idea that series of personal and social transformations can increase our share of attributes associated with the divine and give us a larger life.", "The struggle with the world is framed by the idea that series of personal and social transformations can increase our share of attributes associated with the divine and give us a larger life. It emphasizes love over altruism, rejecting the moral of the mastery of self-interest to enhance solidarity, and emphasizing the humility of individual love.", "It emphasizes love over altruism, rejecting the moral of the mastery of self-interest to enhance solidarity, and emphasizing the humility of individual love. This orientation has been articulated in two different voices: the sacred voice of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, and the profane voice of the secular projects of liberation.", "This orientation has been articulated in two different voices: the sacred voice of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, and the profane voice of the secular projects of liberation. The religion of the future The spiritual orientation of the struggle with the world has given rise to the secular movements of emancipation in the modern world, and it is here that Unger sees the religion of the future.", "The religion of the future The spiritual orientation of the struggle with the world has given rise to the secular movements of emancipation in the modern world, and it is here that Unger sees the religion of the future. The problem Unger sees, however, is that as an established religion, this orientation has betrayed its ideological underpinnings and has made peace with existing order.", "The problem Unger sees, however, is that as an established religion, this orientation has betrayed its ideological underpinnings and has made peace with existing order. It has accepted the hierarchies of class structure in society, accepted the transfer of money as serving as the basis of solidarity, and reaffirmed the basis of existing political, economic, and social institutions by investing in a conservative position of their preservation.", "It has accepted the hierarchies of class structure in society, accepted the transfer of money as serving as the basis of solidarity, and reaffirmed the basis of existing political, economic, and social institutions by investing in a conservative position of their preservation. Thus, \"to be faithful to what made this orientation persuasive and powerful in the first place, we must radicalize it against both established institutions and dominant beliefs.\"", "Thus, \"to be faithful to what made this orientation persuasive and powerful in the first place, we must radicalize it against both established institutions and dominant beliefs.\" Unger's call is for a revolution in our religious beliefs that encompasses both individual transformation and institutional reorganization; to create change in the life of the individual as well as in the organization of society.", "Unger's call is for a revolution in our religious beliefs that encompasses both individual transformation and institutional reorganization; to create change in the life of the individual as well as in the organization of society. The first part of the program of individual transformation means waking from the dazed state in which we live our lives, and recognizing our mortality and groundlessness without turning to the “feel-good theologies and philosophies”.", "The first part of the program of individual transformation means waking from the dazed state in which we live our lives, and recognizing our mortality and groundlessness without turning to the “feel-good theologies and philosophies”. The second part of the program of social transformation means supplementing the metaphysical revolution with institutional practices by creating social institutions that allow us to constantly overthrow our constraints and our context, and to make this overthrow not a one time event but a continuing process.", "The second part of the program of social transformation means supplementing the metaphysical revolution with institutional practices by creating social institutions that allow us to constantly overthrow our constraints and our context, and to make this overthrow not a one time event but a continuing process. This is the program of empowered democracy that calls for reforms in the market economy, education, politics, and civil society.", "This is the program of empowered democracy that calls for reforms in the market economy, education, politics, and civil society. \"The goal is not to humanize society but to divinize humanity.\" It is \"to raise ordinary life to a higher level of intensity and capability.\"", "It is \"to raise ordinary life to a higher level of intensity and capability.\" Natural philosophy Unger's philosophy of space and time presented in The Singular Universe and the Reality of Time argues for the singularity of the world and the reality of time. His arguments are grounded in the tradition of natural philosophy.", "His arguments are grounded in the tradition of natural philosophy. He takes on the Newtonian idea of the independent observer standing outside of time and space, addresses the skepticism of David Hume, rejects the position of Kant, and attacks speculations about parallel universes of contemporary cosmology.", "He takes on the Newtonian idea of the independent observer standing outside of time and space, addresses the skepticism of David Hume, rejects the position of Kant, and attacks speculations about parallel universes of contemporary cosmology. At stake is the laying of the foundations for a view of the world and causality that is open to all possibilities; that is not a closed system of options in which our future is governed by deterministic laws and typologies.", "At stake is the laying of the foundations for a view of the world and causality that is open to all possibilities; that is not a closed system of options in which our future is governed by deterministic laws and typologies. It is an understanding of society that rejects the naturalness and necessity of current social arrangements; \"a form of understanding of society and history that refuses to explain the present arrangements in a manner that vindicates their naturalness and necessity.\"", "It is an understanding of society that rejects the naturalness and necessity of current social arrangements; \"a form of understanding of society and history that refuses to explain the present arrangements in a manner that vindicates their naturalness and necessity.\" The thesis of the singularity of the world states that there is one real world.", "The thesis of the singularity of the world states that there is one real world. Such a thesis stands in stark contrast to contemporary theoretical physics and cosmology, which speculate about multiple universes out of the dilemma of how to have law like explanations if the universe is unique—laws will be universal because they don't just apply to this unique universe but to all universes.", "Such a thesis stands in stark contrast to contemporary theoretical physics and cosmology, which speculate about multiple universes out of the dilemma of how to have law like explanations if the universe is unique—laws will be universal because they don't just apply to this unique universe but to all universes. However, there is no empirical evidence for multiple worlds.", "However, there is no empirical evidence for multiple worlds. Unger's singularity thesis can better address our empirical observations and set the conceptual platform to address the four main puzzles in cosmology today: Big Bang, initial conditions, horizon problem, and the precise value of constants, such as gravity, speed of light, and Planck's constant.", "Unger's singularity thesis can better address our empirical observations and set the conceptual platform to address the four main puzzles in cosmology today: Big Bang, initial conditions, horizon problem, and the precise value of constants, such as gravity, speed of light, and Planck's constant. The thesis that time is real states that time \"really is real\" and everything is subject to history.", "The thesis that time is real states that time \"really is real\" and everything is subject to history. This move is to historicize everything, even the laws of nature, and to challenge our acting as if time were real but not too real—we act as if it is somewhat real otherwise there would be no causal relations, but not so real that laws change.", "This move is to historicize everything, even the laws of nature, and to challenge our acting as if time were real but not too real—we act as if it is somewhat real otherwise there would be no causal relations, but not so real that laws change. Unger holds that time is so real that laws of nature are also subject to its force and they too must change.", "Unger holds that time is so real that laws of nature are also subject to its force and they too must change. There are no eternal laws upon which change occurs, rather time precedes structure. This position gives the universe a history and makes time non-emergent, global, irreversible, and continuous.", "This position gives the universe a history and makes time non-emergent, global, irreversible, and continuous. Bringing these two thesis together, Unger theorizes that laws of nature develop together with the phenomenon they explain.", "Bringing these two thesis together, Unger theorizes that laws of nature develop together with the phenomenon they explain. Laws and initial conditions co-evolve, in the same that they do in how cells reproduce and mutate in different levels of complexity of organisms.", "Laws and initial conditions co-evolve, in the same that they do in how cells reproduce and mutate in different levels of complexity of organisms. In cosmological terms Unger explains the passing from one structure to another at the origins of the universe when the state of energy was high but not infinite, and the freedom of movement was greater than when operating under a known set of laws.", "In cosmological terms Unger explains the passing from one structure to another at the origins of the universe when the state of energy was high but not infinite, and the freedom of movement was greater than when operating under a known set of laws. The conditions of the early universe is compatible with the universe that preceded it.", "The conditions of the early universe is compatible with the universe that preceded it. The new universe may be different in structure, but has been made with what existed in the old one, e.g. masses of elementary particles, strength of different forces, and cosmological constants.", "masses of elementary particles, strength of different forces, and cosmological constants. As the universe cools the phenomena and laws work together with materials produced by sequence; they are path dependent materials.", "As the universe cools the phenomena and laws work together with materials produced by sequence; they are path dependent materials. They are also constrained by the family of resemblances of the effective laws against the background of the conceptions of alternative states the universe and succession of universes.", "They are also constrained by the family of resemblances of the effective laws against the background of the conceptions of alternative states the universe and succession of universes. Mathematics and the one real, time-drenched world One consequence of these positions that Unger points to is the revision of the concept and function of mathematics.", "Mathematics and the one real, time-drenched world One consequence of these positions that Unger points to is the revision of the concept and function of mathematics. If there is only one world drenched in time through and through, then mathematics cannot be a timeless expression of multiple universes that captures reality.", "If there is only one world drenched in time through and through, then mathematics cannot be a timeless expression of multiple universes that captures reality. Rather, Unger argues that mathematics is a means of analyzing the world removed of time and phenomenal distinction.", "Rather, Unger argues that mathematics is a means of analyzing the world removed of time and phenomenal distinction. By emptying the world of time and space it is able to better focus on one aspect of reality: the recurrence of certain ways in which pieces of the world relate to other pieces.", "By emptying the world of time and space it is able to better focus on one aspect of reality: the recurrence of certain ways in which pieces of the world relate to other pieces. Its subject matter are the structured wholes and bundles of relations, which we see outside mathematics only as embodied in the time-bound particulars of the manifest world.", "Its subject matter are the structured wholes and bundles of relations, which we see outside mathematics only as embodied in the time-bound particulars of the manifest world. In this way, mathematics extends our problem solving powers as an extension of human insight, but it is not a part of the world.", "In this way, mathematics extends our problem solving powers as an extension of human insight, but it is not a part of the world. Political engagement Unger has a long history of political activity in Brazil.", "Political engagement Unger has a long history of political activity in Brazil. He worked in early opposition parties in the 1970s/80s against the Brazilian military dictatorship, and drafted the founding manifesto for the Brazilian Democratic Movement Party (PMDB) in 1980.", "He worked in early opposition parties in the 1970s/80s against the Brazilian military dictatorship, and drafted the founding manifesto for the Brazilian Democratic Movement Party (PMDB) in 1980. He served as an intimate adviser to two presidential candidates, and launched exploratory bids himself in 2000 and 2006.", "He served as an intimate adviser to two presidential candidates, and launched exploratory bids himself in 2000 and 2006. He was the Secretary for Strategic Affairs in the Lula administration from 2007–09, and is currently working on a number of social and developmental projects in the state of Rondônia.", "He was the Secretary for Strategic Affairs in the Lula administration from 2007–09, and is currently working on a number of social and developmental projects in the state of Rondônia. Driving Unger's political engagement is the idea that society can be made and remade.", "Driving Unger's political engagement is the idea that society can be made and remade. Unlike Mill or Marx, who posited a particular class as the agent of history, Unger does not see a single vehicle for transformative politics.", "Unlike Mill or Marx, who posited a particular class as the agent of history, Unger does not see a single vehicle for transformative politics. He advocates world-wide revolution, but does not see this happening as a single cataclysmic event or undertaken by a class agent, like the Communist movement.", "He advocates world-wide revolution, but does not see this happening as a single cataclysmic event or undertaken by a class agent, like the Communist movement. Rather, he sees the possibility of piecemeal change, where institutions can be replaced one at a time, and permanent plasticity can be built into the institutional infrastructure.", "Rather, he sees the possibility of piecemeal change, where institutions can be replaced one at a time, and permanent plasticity can be built into the institutional infrastructure. Early political activity, 1970s and 1980s Unger's engagement in Brazilian politics began in the late 1970s as Brazil started to democratize.", "Early political activity, 1970s and 1980s Unger's engagement in Brazilian politics began in the late 1970s as Brazil started to democratize. In 1979, he presented himself to the main opposition party, the Brazilian Democratic Movement (MDB), and was appointed chief of staff by party leader Ulysses Guimaraes.", "In 1979, he presented himself to the main opposition party, the Brazilian Democratic Movement (MDB), and was appointed chief of staff by party leader Ulysses Guimaraes. His initial work was to develop the positions of the party and draft policy proposals for their party's congressional representatives.", "His initial work was to develop the positions of the party and draft policy proposals for their party's congressional representatives. When the military regime dissolved the two-party system and established a multi-party system later that year, Unger worked to unite progressive liberals and the independent, non-communist left into the Brazilian Democratic Movement Party (PMDB).", "When the military regime dissolved the two-party system and established a multi-party system later that year, Unger worked to unite progressive liberals and the independent, non-communist left into the Brazilian Democratic Movement Party (PMDB). As a co-founder of the party, he authored its first manifesto.", "As a co-founder of the party, he authored its first manifesto. Unger left the party after the rise of a conservative faction, which was a part of the MDB but had been excluded from the initial formation of the PMDB.", "Unger left the party after the rise of a conservative faction, which was a part of the MDB but had been excluded from the initial formation of the PMDB. After departing the PMDB in the early 1980s, Unger began looking for political agents who would serve as vehicles for his national alternative.", "After departing the PMDB in the early 1980s, Unger began looking for political agents who would serve as vehicles for his national alternative. In 1981, he jointed the Democratic Labour Party of Brazil (PDT) led by Leonel Brizola, a former governor of Rio de Janeiro and a figure of the left prior to the dictatorship.", "In 1981, he jointed the Democratic Labour Party of Brazil (PDT) led by Leonel Brizola, a former governor of Rio de Janeiro and a figure of the left prior to the dictatorship. Brizola had founded the PDT and Unger saw it as the authentic opposition to the military regime.", "Brizola had founded the PDT and Unger saw it as the authentic opposition to the military regime. Throughout the 1980s he worked with Brizola to travel the country recruiting members, and developing policy positions and a political language.", "Throughout the 1980s he worked with Brizola to travel the country recruiting members, and developing policy positions and a political language. In 1983, Brizola, then serving his second of three terms as governor of Rio de Janeiro, appointed Unger to head the State Foundation for the Education of Minors (FEEM), a state-run foundation for homeless children.", "In 1983, Brizola, then serving his second of three terms as governor of Rio de Janeiro, appointed Unger to head the State Foundation for the Education of Minors (FEEM), a state-run foundation for homeless children. During his year-long tenure, he began a process of radical reforms of the institutions, such as opening the door to international adoption and reintegrating children with their families.", "During his year-long tenure, he began a process of radical reforms of the institutions, such as opening the door to international adoption and reintegrating children with their families. He also set up community organizations in the slums to help support families in order to prevent the abandonment of children.", "He also set up community organizations in the slums to help support families in order to prevent the abandonment of children. Political campaigns, 1990s and 2000s In 1990, Unger ran a symbolic campaign for a seat in the national chamber of deputies. He had no money, no structure, and only campaigned for eight weeks.", "He had no money, no structure, and only campaigned for eight weeks. He ran on a platform of reforming the slums, and went around the slum neighborhoods giving lectures. He received 9,000 votes, just 1,000 votes short of winning the seat. None of the votes came from the slums, however.", "None of the votes came from the slums, however. All his votes had come from the middle class, although he had never campaigned in those neighborhoods or to that constituency. Recalling the experience, Unger says \"it was kind of absurd...", "Recalling the experience, Unger says \"it was kind of absurd... I had no money, no staff, and I would go into these slums, alone, to hand out pamphlets, often to the local drug pushers.\"", "I had no money, no staff, and I would go into these slums, alone, to hand out pamphlets, often to the local drug pushers.\" It is an experience that Unger cites as leading to his belief that the system and possibilities were much more open than he had previously imagined.", "It is an experience that Unger cites as leading to his belief that the system and possibilities were much more open than he had previously imagined. Unger served as Brizola's campaign organizer and primary political adviser in his bids for the Brazilian Presidency in 1989 and 1994.", "Unger served as Brizola's campaign organizer and primary political adviser in his bids for the Brazilian Presidency in 1989 and 1994. In 1989, Brizola finished in third place, losing the second position, which would have qualified him for a runoff against Fernando Collor de Mello, by a very narrow margin to Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva.", "In 1989, Brizola finished in third place, losing the second position, which would have qualified him for a runoff against Fernando Collor de Mello, by a very narrow margin to Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva. Brizola and Unger both supported Lula in the second round of the election, but Collor would go on to beat Lula and win the Presidency.", "Brizola and Unger both supported Lula in the second round of the election, but Collor would go on to beat Lula and win the Presidency. Unger also helped organize the presidential bids of former finance minister and governor of Ceará, Ciro Gomes, in 1998 and 2002.", "Unger also helped organize the presidential bids of former finance minister and governor of Ceará, Ciro Gomes, in 1998 and 2002. In 1998, Gomes came in third place with 11% of the vote, and in 2002 he came in fourth place with 12% of the vote.", "In 1998, Gomes came in third place with 11% of the vote, and in 2002 he came in fourth place with 12% of the vote. Unger had written The Next Step: An Alternative to Neoliberalism with Gomes in 1996.", "Unger had written The Next Step: An Alternative to Neoliberalism with Gomes in 1996. At the national level in 2002, again in the second round of the election, Unger supported Lula who went on to defeat José Serra to win the Presidency.", "At the national level in 2002, again in the second round of the election, Unger supported Lula who went on to defeat José Serra to win the Presidency. With the experience of supporting others who imploded politically, Unger discovered that, as he put it, he was committing \"the classic mistake of the philosophers in politics, which is to try to find someone else to do the work.\"", "With the experience of supporting others who imploded politically, Unger discovered that, as he put it, he was committing \"the classic mistake of the philosophers in politics, which is to try to find someone else to do the work.\" In 2000, he ran in the primaries for the mayor of Sao Paulo, but the PPS party leader suspended the primaries when it became clear that Unger would win the nomination and challenge party control.", "In 2000, he ran in the primaries for the mayor of Sao Paulo, but the PPS party leader suspended the primaries when it became clear that Unger would win the nomination and challenge party control. He launched an exploratory bid for the 2006 presidential election on the PRB ticket, but the party decided not to put forth its own candidate for the presidency and to support Lula of the PT.", "He launched an exploratory bid for the 2006 presidential election on the PRB ticket, but the party decided not to put forth its own candidate for the presidency and to support Lula of the PT. As Minister of Strategic Affairs in the Lula administration Unger found President Lula's first term to be conservative and riddled with scandal.", "As Minister of Strategic Affairs in the Lula administration Unger found President Lula's first term to be conservative and riddled with scandal. He wrote articles calling Lula's administration \"the most corrupt of Brazil's history\" and called for his impeachment.", "He wrote articles calling Lula's administration \"the most corrupt of Brazil's history\" and called for his impeachment. Despite the criticism, many advisers to Lula insisted that he should invite Unger to join his administration.", "Despite the criticism, many advisers to Lula insisted that he should invite Unger to join his administration. In June 2007, after winning his second term, Lula appointed Unger as head of the newly established Long-term Planning Secretariat (a post which would eventually be called The Minister of Strategic Affairs).", "In June 2007, after winning his second term, Lula appointed Unger as head of the newly established Long-term Planning Secretariat (a post which would eventually be called The Minister of Strategic Affairs). Unger's work in office was an attempt to enact his program.", "Unger's work in office was an attempt to enact his program. Seeing the future in small enterprises and advocating a rotating capital fund that would function like a government run venture capital fund, he pushed for a rapid expansion of credit to smaller producers and a decentralized network of technical support centers that would help broaden the middle class from below.", "Seeing the future in small enterprises and advocating a rotating capital fund that would function like a government run venture capital fund, he pushed for a rapid expansion of credit to smaller producers and a decentralized network of technical support centers that would help broaden the middle class from below. He further called for political solutions that would broaden access to production forces such as information technology, and for states to focus on equipping and monitoring civil society rather than trying to provide social services.", "He further called for political solutions that would broaden access to production forces such as information technology, and for states to focus on equipping and monitoring civil society rather than trying to provide social services. Unger's specific projects while in office were focused on giving \"ordinary men and women the instruments with which to render this vitality fertile and productive.\"", "Unger's specific projects while in office were focused on giving \"ordinary men and women the instruments with which to render this vitality fertile and productive.\" He aimed to use state powers and resources to allow the majority of poor workers to \"follow the path of the emergent vanguard\".", "He aimed to use state powers and resources to allow the majority of poor workers to \"follow the path of the emergent vanguard\". He developed a series of sectoral and regional initiatives that would prefigure the model of development based on the broadening of economic and educational opportunity by democratizing the market economy and restructuring civil society.", "He developed a series of sectoral and regional initiatives that would prefigure the model of development based on the broadening of economic and educational opportunity by democratizing the market economy and restructuring civil society. Sectorally, Unger revamped the educational structure and rewrote labor laws.", "Sectorally, Unger revamped the educational structure and rewrote labor laws. In education, he implemented a model of secondary education, where analytical problem-solving education was paired with technical education that focused on conceptual capabilities rather than job-specific skills. There are several hundred of these institutions today.", "There are several hundred of these institutions today. He further drafted legislation to associate national, state and local jurisdictions into common bodies that could intervene when a local school system fell below the minimum acceptable threshold of quality and \"fix it the way an independent administrator would fix a failing business under Chapter 11 bankruptcy.\"", "He further drafted legislation to associate national, state and local jurisdictions into common bodies that could intervene when a local school system fell below the minimum acceptable threshold of quality and \"fix it the way an independent administrator would fix a failing business under Chapter 11 bankruptcy.\" In labor, Unger worked with unions to write new labor laws designed to protect and organize temporary workers, subcontractors, and those working in the informal economy.", "In labor, Unger worked with unions to write new labor laws designed to protect and organize temporary workers, subcontractors, and those working in the informal economy. Regionally, some of Unger's most influential work was the implementation of a developmental strategy for the Amazon that would be sustainable environmentally by making it socially inclusive.", "Regionally, some of Unger's most influential work was the implementation of a developmental strategy for the Amazon that would be sustainable environmentally by making it socially inclusive. He drafted and passed legislation to regularize small-scale squatters on untitled land by giving them clear legal titles, which would create self-interest in preservation while granting them economic opportunity.", "He drafted and passed legislation to regularize small-scale squatters on untitled land by giving them clear legal titles, which would create self-interest in preservation while granting them economic opportunity. Included in this law were protections against large scale land grabbers.", "Included in this law were protections against large scale land grabbers. Such legislation aimed to empower locals living on Amazonian land by giving them ownership rights and linking their interest in preserving it, rather than pillaging it as quickly as possible in the face of ambiguous ownership rights. This legislation passed and was put into law.", "This legislation passed and was put into law. Unger served in the administration for two years. On 26 June 2009, President Lula announced Unger would be leaving the government and returning to Harvard University. He later cited personal and political reasons for his early departure.", "He later cited personal and political reasons for his early departure. Engagement outside Brazil Unger's attempts to develop global social, political, and economic alternatives have led him in episodic engagements in national debates around the world.", "Engagement outside Brazil Unger's attempts to develop global social, political, and economic alternatives have led him in episodic engagements in national debates around the world. His approach in these engagements recognizes that the problems facing contemporary societies are not distinct from nation to nation, and that general structural arrangements can first be implemented, which will allow for local innovation, flexibility, and development in social, economic, and political arenas.", "His approach in these engagements recognizes that the problems facing contemporary societies are not distinct from nation to nation, and that general structural arrangements can first be implemented, which will allow for local innovation, flexibility, and development in social, economic, and political arenas. There is no institutional blueprint for Unger, however, only a direction that can be pointed to and general proposals that can be implemented to allow further institutional innovation and experimentation.", "There is no institutional blueprint for Unger, however, only a direction that can be pointed to and general proposals that can be implemented to allow further institutional innovation and experimentation. Unger's guiding principle is that institutional flexibility needs to be built into the implemented system, and in this way a diversity of local experiments would take hold the world over.", "Unger's guiding principle is that institutional flexibility needs to be built into the implemented system, and in this way a diversity of local experiments would take hold the world over. One of Unger's more promising engagements was the Latin American Alternative in the late 1990s.", "One of Unger's more promising engagements was the Latin American Alternative in the late 1990s. Unger and Mexican politician and political scientist Jorge Castañeda Gutman assembled an informal network of politicians and business leaders dedicated to redrawing the political map.", "Unger and Mexican politician and political scientist Jorge Castañeda Gutman assembled an informal network of politicians and business leaders dedicated to redrawing the political map. The aim of the group was to provide a critique of neoliberalism coupled with a way forward in a distinct strategy and institutional model of development.", "The aim of the group was to provide a critique of neoliberalism coupled with a way forward in a distinct strategy and institutional model of development. They floated proposals such as guaranteeing every citizen \"social rights\" (e.g. education and a job), breaking up media oligopolies, and holding town meetings to help citizens supervise municipal spending.", "education and a job), breaking up media oligopolies, and holding town meetings to help citizens supervise municipal spending. The group held a number of meetings over the years, which included Brazilian finance minister Ciro Gomes, Chilean senator Carlos Ominami, Argentinian politicians Dante Caputo and Rodolfo Terragno, and Mexican politician and future president Vicente Fox.", "The group held a number of meetings over the years, which included Brazilian finance minister Ciro Gomes, Chilean senator Carlos Ominami, Argentinian politicians Dante Caputo and Rodolfo Terragno, and Mexican politician and future president Vicente Fox. The meetings resulted in a document entitled the \"Buenos Aires Consensus\" in 1997, which Castaneda called \"the end of neoliberalism; of the Washington Consensus\".", "The meetings resulted in a document entitled the \"Buenos Aires Consensus\" in 1997, which Castaneda called \"the end of neoliberalism; of the Washington Consensus\". This consensus was formally signed in 2003 by Argentinian President Néstor Kirchner and Brazilian President Lula da Silva.", "This consensus was formally signed in 2003 by Argentinian President Néstor Kirchner and Brazilian President Lula da Silva. Other Latin American leaders who signed it included Fox, future president of Chile Ricardo Lagos, Mexican politician Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas, former vice president of Nicaragua Sergio Ramírez, future president of Argentina Fernando de la Rúa, and former Brazilian president Itamar Franco.", "Other Latin American leaders who signed it included Fox, future president of Chile Ricardo Lagos, Mexican politician Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas, former vice president of Nicaragua Sergio Ramírez, future president of Argentina Fernando de la Rúa, and former Brazilian president Itamar Franco. During the 2008 US presidential campaign, Unger was in frequent contact with candidate Barack Obama via email and Blackberry.", "During the 2008 US presidential campaign, Unger was in frequent contact with candidate Barack Obama via email and Blackberry. He has since become critical of the Obama administration, and called for the defeat of Obama in the 2012 election as a first step to remaking the Democratic party.", "He has since become critical of the Obama administration, and called for the defeat of Obama in the 2012 election as a first step to remaking the Democratic party. Current engagement Unger's recent political work has focused on the north-western Brazilian state of Rondônia.", "Current engagement Unger's recent political work has focused on the north-western Brazilian state of Rondônia. He sees the human and natural resources of the state meeting all the conditions to serve as the vanguard of a new model of development for Brazil.", "He sees the human and natural resources of the state meeting all the conditions to serve as the vanguard of a new model of development for Brazil. Speaking to News Rondônia he said, \"Rondônia is a state formed by a multitude of small and medium entrepreneurs together with the Brazilian government, and that is something truly unique in our country.\"", "Speaking to News Rondônia he said, \"Rondônia is a state formed by a multitude of small and medium entrepreneurs together with the Brazilian government, and that is something truly unique in our country.\" He has been traveling the state giving public lectures and encouraging political discourse and engagement in localities.", "He has been traveling the state giving public lectures and encouraging political discourse and engagement in localities. Working with governor João Aparecido Cahulla on development projects, Unger has outlined a series of important areas of focus.", "Working with governor João Aparecido Cahulla on development projects, Unger has outlined a series of important areas of focus. The first is to change the agricultural model from one of intensive farming to an industrialization of produces through the recuperation of degraded pastures, supply fertilizers and lime, and diversifying crops and livestock farming.", "The first is to change the agricultural model from one of intensive farming to an industrialization of produces through the recuperation of degraded pastures, supply fertilizers and lime, and diversifying crops and livestock farming. The second key project is transforming education from rote learning to creative thinking and engagement. He helped open the School Teixeira in Porto Velho.", "He helped open the School Teixeira in Porto Velho. Another ongoing project is the construction of a new educational center in accordance with his theory of pedagogical reform, where delinquents would be reintegrated into municipal life. Circumstance and influence Unger's philosophical work grapples with some of the most fundamental and enduring problems of human existence.", "Circumstance and influence Unger's philosophical work grapples with some of the most fundamental and enduring problems of human existence. It has been put into direct dialogue with Kant's moral law, and said to have provided one answer to Hume's Guillotine.", "It has been put into direct dialogue with Kant's moral law, and said to have provided one answer to Hume's Guillotine. Unger's analysis of liberalism and the philosophical program he builds around rethinking the individual has also inspired new thinking and approaches to psychiatry.", "Unger's analysis of liberalism and the philosophical program he builds around rethinking the individual has also inspired new thinking and approaches to psychiatry. In 1987, the Northwestern University Law Review devoted an issue to Unger's work, analysing his three volume publication Politics: A Work In Constructive Social Theory.", "In 1987, the Northwestern University Law Review devoted an issue to Unger's work, analysing his three volume publication Politics: A Work In Constructive Social Theory. Michael J. Perry, a professor of law at Northwestern University, praises Unger for producing a vast work of social theory that combines law, history, politics, and philosophy within a single narrative.", "Michael J. Perry, a professor of law at Northwestern University, praises Unger for producing a vast work of social theory that combines law, history, politics, and philosophy within a single narrative. Early reviewers of Politics questioned Unger's seeming predicament of criticizing a system of thought and its historical tradition without subjecting himself to the same critical gaze.", "Early reviewers of Politics questioned Unger's seeming predicament of criticizing a system of thought and its historical tradition without subjecting himself to the same critical gaze. \"There is little acknowledgement that he himself is writing in a particular socio-historical context\", wrote one reviewer, and another asked, \"in what context Unger himself is situated and why that context itself is not offered up to the sledgehammer.\"", "\"There is little acknowledgement that he himself is writing in a particular socio-historical context\", wrote one reviewer, and another asked, \"in what context Unger himself is situated and why that context itself is not offered up to the sledgehammer.\" Critics also balked at the lack of example or concrete vision of his social and political proposals.", "Critics also balked at the lack of example or concrete vision of his social and political proposals. As one critic wrote, \"it is difficult to imagine what Unger's argument would mean in practice\", and that \"he does not tell us what to make.\"", "As one critic wrote, \"it is difficult to imagine what Unger's argument would mean in practice\", and that \"he does not tell us what to make.\" Others have suggested that the lack of imagination of such readers is precisely what is at stake. Books Knowledge and Politics, Free Press, 1975.", "Books Knowledge and Politics, Free Press, 1975. Law In Modern Society: Toward a Criticism of Social Theory, Free Press, 1976. Passion: An Essay on Personality, Free Press, 1986. The Critical Legal Studies Movement, Harvard University Press, 1986.", "The Critical Legal Studies Movement, Harvard University Press, 1986. Politics: A Work In Constructive Social Theory, Cambridge University Press, 1987, in 3 Vols: Vol 1 - False Necessity: Anti-Necessitarian Social Theory in the Service of Radical Democracy.", "Politics: A Work In Constructive Social Theory, Cambridge University Press, 1987, in 3 Vols: Vol 1 - False Necessity: Anti-Necessitarian Social Theory in the Service of Radical Democracy. Vol 2 - Social Theory: Its Situation and Its Task - A Critical Introduction to Politics: A Work in Constructive Social Theory.", "Vol 2 - Social Theory: Its Situation and Its Task - A Critical Introduction to Politics: A Work in Constructive Social Theory. Vol 3 - Plasticity Into Power: Comparative-Historical Studies on the Institutional Conditions of Economic and Military Success.", "Vol 3 - Plasticity Into Power: Comparative-Historical Studies on the Institutional Conditions of Economic and Military Success. What Should Legal Analysis Become?, Verso, 1996 Politics: The Central Texts, Theory Against Fate, Verso, 1997, with Cui Zhiyuan. Democracy Realized: The Progressive Alternative, Verso, 1998.", "Democracy Realized: The Progressive Alternative, Verso, 1998. The Future of American Progressivism: An Initiative for Political and Economic Reform, Beacon, 1998 - with Cornel West What Should the Left Propose?, Verso, 2006. The Self Awakened: Pragmatism Unbound, Harvard, 2007.", "The Self Awakened: Pragmatism Unbound, Harvard, 2007. Free Trade Reimagined: The World Division of Labor and the Method of Economics, Princeton University Press, 2007. The Left Alternative, Verso, 2009 (2nd edition to What Should the Left Propose?, Verso, 2006.).", "The Left Alternative, Verso, 2009 (2nd edition to What Should the Left Propose?, Verso, 2006.). The Religion of the Future, Harvard, 2014. The Singular Universe and the Reality of Time, Cambridge University Press, 2014, with Lee Smolin. The Knowledge Economy, Verso, 2019.", "The Knowledge Economy, Verso, 2019. See also False necessity Formative context Negative capability Empowered democracy Structure and agency Passions References External links Roberto Unger's Harvard Homepage Links to Unger's works via his homepage An interview with Unger on the American Left Biographical articles about Roberto Unger Guggenheim Gives Fellowships for '76: Unger Gets Tenure, Too (The Harvard Crimson April 5, 1976) \"The Passion of Roberto Unger\" , Eyal Press, (Lingua Franca, March 1999) Carlos Castilho, \"Brazil's Consigliere: Unger Leaves Lectern to Stand Behind the Throne.\"", "See also False necessity Formative context Negative capability Empowered democracy Structure and agency Passions References External links Roberto Unger's Harvard Homepage Links to Unger's works via his homepage An interview with Unger on the American Left Biographical articles about Roberto Unger Guggenheim Gives Fellowships for '76: Unger Gets Tenure, Too (The Harvard Crimson April 5, 1976) \"The Passion of Roberto Unger\" , Eyal Press, (Lingua Franca, March 1999) Carlos Castilho, \"Brazil's Consigliere: Unger Leaves Lectern to Stand Behind the Throne.\" (World Paper, April 2000) Simon Romero, \"Destination: São Paulo\" (Metropolis, October 2000) This article is about São Paulo, Brazil, but it has a lengthy discussion of Unger's political activism there and many quotes from Unger.", "(World Paper, April 2000) Simon Romero, \"Destination: São Paulo\" (Metropolis, October 2000) This article is about São Paulo, Brazil, but it has a lengthy discussion of Unger's political activism there and many quotes from Unger. Meltzer Elected to American Academy of Arts and Sciences (HLS News May 13, 2004) (First of the Month, July 1, 2012) 1947 births 20th-century Brazilian male writers 20th-century Brazilian philosophers 20th-century economists 20th-century essayists 21st-century Brazilian male writers 21st-century economists 21st-century essayists 21st-century philosophers Analytic philosophers Anti-poverty advocates Brazilian activists Brazilian essayists Brazilian expatriate academics in the United States Brazilian people of German descent Brazilian social scientists Critical legal studies Cultural critics Epistemologists Ethicists Futurologists Government ministers of Brazil Harvard Law School alumni Harvard Law School faculty Living people Metaphilosophers Metaphysicians Moral philosophers Ontologists People from Rio de Janeiro (city) Philosophers of culture Philosophers of economics Philosophers of education Philosophers of ethics and morality Philosophers of history Philosophers of law Philosophers of mathematics Philosophers of religion Philosophers of science Philosophers of social science Philosophers of technology Philosophy of life Philosophy of time Philosophy writers Political philosophers Politicians from Cambridge, Massachusetts Pragmatists Brazilian social commentators Social critics Social philosophers Social theories Theorists on Western civilization Writers about activism and social change Writers about globalization" ]

[ "Roberto Mangabeira Unger", "Critique of economics", "What does he have to say about economics?", "Unger's critique of economics begins with the identification of a key moment in economic history,", "What is the key moment?", "the analysis of production and exchange turned away from social theory and engaged in a quest for scientific objectivity.", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "In Unger's analysis, classical economics focused on the causal relations among social activities,", "What else did he have to say of note about economics?", "Classical economists asked questions about the true basis of value, activities that contributed to national wealth, systems of rights, or about the forms of government" ]

[ "The Iraq War: A Historiography of Wikipedia Changelogs is a 2010 book artwork compiled by British artist and technology writer James Bridle. It consists of a 12-volume, 7000-page set of printed books that show all 12,000 changes made to the English Wikipedia article on the Iraq War from December 2004 to November 2009. The books are an artistic visualization of the changes made to a particular article at Wikipedia. Only one copy was made, in 2010, so the set has not been published and was not intended for sale. The books have been exhibited in galleries in the United States and in Europe.\n\nAbout\nThe work is a historiography compiled by technology writer James Bridle. It contains changelogs of the page for the Wikipedia article on the Iraq War, including arguments, opinions and vandalism. The work shows the editing process for an article and the process of creation, which includes the opinions and biases of many contributors.\n\nThe author created their book as a demonstration of the process of making history. They say:\n\nThe project encourages viewers to think of editing contributions and the collections of commentary and disagreement as part of the historical record. It is also an exploration of how recent contributions to various media supplant older contributions and what content may be lost when scholars have access only to the latest publications. Bridle has stated that, despite the history button being on every page of every article, few people use it and to them this phenomenon is the most interesting and enlightening part of Wikipedia.\n\nReviews\nA reviewer for Time described the project as a fascinating visual aid. The review in ReadWriteWeb was that the work was \"pretty awesome\".\n\nSee also\n Bibliography of Wikipedia\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nAudio of creator giving talk about this work\nInterview with the artist\nVideo of James Bridle discussing Wikipedia\n\n2010 non-fiction books\nBook arts\nBooks about the 2003 invasion of Iraq\nBooks about Wikipedia\nHistoriography", "This article lists computer monitor screen resolutions that are defined by standards or in common use. Most of them use certain preferred numbers.\n\nComputer graphics\n\n Pixel aspect ratio (PAR) The horizontal to vertical ratio of each, rectangular, physical pixel\n Storage aspect ratio (SAR) The horizontal to vertical ratio of solely the number of pixels in each direction.\n Display aspect ratio (DAR) The combination (which occurs by multiplication) of both the pixel aspect ratio and storage aspect ratio giving the aspect ratio as experienced by the viewer.\n\nTelevision and Media \nFor television, the display aspect ratio (DAR) is shown, not the storage aspect ratio (SAR); analog television does not have well-defined pixels, while several digital television standards have non-square pixels.\n\nAnalog Systems\n\nDigital Standards \n\nMany of these resolutions are also used for video files that are not broadcast. These may also use other aspect ratios by cropping otherwise black bars at the top and bottom which result from cinema aspect ratios greater than , such as 1.85 or 2.35 through 2.40 (dubbed \"Cinemascope\", \"\" etc.), while the standard horizontal resolution, e.g. 1920 pixels, is usually kept. The vertical resolution is usually a multiple of 8 or 16 pixels due to most video codecs processing pixels on such sized blocks. A widescreen FHD video can be for a ratio or for roughly , for instance.\n\nFilms\n\nThe below distinguish SAR (aspect ratio of pixel dimensions), DAR (aspect ratio of displayed image dimensions), and the corresponding PAR (aspect ratio of individual pixels), though it currently contains some errors (inconsistencies), as flagged.\n\nVideo conferencing\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading\n\nExternal links\n Interactive Visualization : Screen Resolutions\n Resolutions for Common Aspect Ratios \n\nDisplay technology\nDisplay resolutions" ]

[ "Roberto Mangabeira Unger (; born 24 March 1947) is a Brazilian philosopher and politician. His work is in the tradition of classical social theory and pragmatism, and is developed across many fields including legal theory, philosophy and religion, social and political theory, progressive alternatives, and economics.", "His work is in the tradition of classical social theory and pragmatism, and is developed across many fields including legal theory, philosophy and religion, social and political theory, progressive alternatives, and economics. In natural philosophy he is known for The Singular Universe and the Reality of Time.", "In natural philosophy he is known for The Singular Universe and the Reality of Time. In social theory he is known for Politics: A Work in Constructive Social Theory. In legal theory he was part of the Critical Legal Studies movement, which helped disrupt the methodological consensus in American law schools.", "In legal theory he was part of the Critical Legal Studies movement, which helped disrupt the methodological consensus in American law schools. His political activity helped the transition to democracy in Brazil in the aftermath of the military regime, and culminated with his appointment as Brazil's Minister of Strategic Affairs in 2007 and again in 2015.", "His political activity helped the transition to democracy in Brazil in the aftermath of the military regime, and culminated with his appointment as Brazil's Minister of Strategic Affairs in 2007 and again in 2015. His work is seen to offer a vision of humanity and a program to empower individuals and change institutions.", "His work is seen to offer a vision of humanity and a program to empower individuals and change institutions. At the core of his philosophy is a view of humanity as greater than the contexts in which it is placed. He sees each individual possessed with the capability to rise to a greater life.", "He sees each individual possessed with the capability to rise to a greater life. At the root of his social thought is the conviction that the social world is made and imagined. His work begins from the premise that no natural or necessary social, political, or economic arrangements underlie individual or social activity.", "His work begins from the premise that no natural or necessary social, political, or economic arrangements underlie individual or social activity. Property rights, liberal democracy, wage labor—for Unger, these are all historical artifacts that have no necessary relation to the goals of free and prosperous human activity.", "Property rights, liberal democracy, wage labor—for Unger, these are all historical artifacts that have no necessary relation to the goals of free and prosperous human activity. For Unger, the market, the state, and human social organization should not be set in predetermined institutional arrangements, but need to be left open to experimentation and revision according to what works for the project of individual and collective empowerment.", "For Unger, the market, the state, and human social organization should not be set in predetermined institutional arrangements, but need to be left open to experimentation and revision according to what works for the project of individual and collective empowerment. Doing so, he holds, will enable human liberation.", "Doing so, he holds, will enable human liberation. Unger has long been active in Brazilian opposition politics. He was one of the founding members of the Brazilian Democratic Movement Party and drafted its manifesto.", "He was one of the founding members of the Brazilian Democratic Movement Party and drafted its manifesto. He directed the presidential campaigns of Leonel Brizola and Ciro Gomes, ran for the Chamber of Deputies, and twice launched exploratory bids for the Brazilian presidency.", "He directed the presidential campaigns of Leonel Brizola and Ciro Gomes, ran for the Chamber of Deputies, and twice launched exploratory bids for the Brazilian presidency. He served as the Minister of Strategic Affairs in the second Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva administration and in the second Dilma administration.", "He served as the Minister of Strategic Affairs in the second Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva administration and in the second Dilma administration. Biography Family Unger's maternal grandfather was Octávio Mangabeira, who served as Brazil's minister of foreign affairs in the late 1920s before the dictatorship of Getúlio Vargas subjected him to a series of imprisonments and exiles in Europe and the United States.", "Biography Family Unger's maternal grandfather was Octávio Mangabeira, who served as Brazil's minister of foreign affairs in the late 1920s before the dictatorship of Getúlio Vargas subjected him to a series of imprisonments and exiles in Europe and the United States. After returning to Brazil in 1945, he co-founded a center-left party.", "After returning to Brazil in 1945, he co-founded a center-left party. He was elected as a representative in the Câmara Federal in 1946, governor of Bahia in 1947, and Senator in 1958. Both of Unger's parents were intellectuals.", "Both of Unger's parents were intellectuals. His German-born father, Artur Unger, from Dresden, arrived in the United States as a child and later became a U.S. citizen. His mother, Edyla Mangabeira, was a Brazilian poet and journalist. Artur and Edyla met in the US during the exile of Octávio Mangabeira.", "Artur and Edyla met in the US during the exile of Octávio Mangabeira. Early life Roberto Mangabeira Unger was born in Rio de Janeiro in 1947, and spent his childhood on Manhattan's Upper East Side. He attended the private Allen-Stevenson School. When he was eleven, his father died and his mother moved the family back to Brazil.", "When he was eleven, his father died and his mother moved the family back to Brazil. He attended a Jesuit school and went on to law school at the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro. Unger was admitted to Harvard Law School in September 1969.", "Unger was admitted to Harvard Law School in September 1969. After receiving his LLM, Unger stayed at Harvard another year on a fellowship, and then entered the doctoral program. At 23 years old, Unger began teaching jurisprudence, among other things, to first year students.", "At 23 years old, Unger began teaching jurisprudence, among other things, to first year students. In 1976, aged 29, he got SJD and became one of the youngest faculty members to receive tenure from the Harvard Law School.", "In 1976, aged 29, he got SJD and became one of the youngest faculty members to receive tenure from the Harvard Law School. Academic career The beginning of Unger's academic career began with the books Knowledge and Politics and Law in Modern Society, published in 1975 and 1976 respectively.", "Academic career The beginning of Unger's academic career began with the books Knowledge and Politics and Law in Modern Society, published in 1975 and 1976 respectively. These works led to the co-founding of Critical Legal Studies (CLS) with Duncan Kennedy and Morton Horwitz.", "These works led to the co-founding of Critical Legal Studies (CLS) with Duncan Kennedy and Morton Horwitz. The movement stirred up controversy in legal schools across America as it challenged standard legal scholarship and made radical proposals for legal education.", "The movement stirred up controversy in legal schools across America as it challenged standard legal scholarship and made radical proposals for legal education. By the early 1980s, the CLS movement touched off a heated internal debate at Harvard, pitting the CLS scholars against the older, more traditional scholars.", "By the early 1980s, the CLS movement touched off a heated internal debate at Harvard, pitting the CLS scholars against the older, more traditional scholars. Throughout much of the 1980s, Unger worked on his magnum opus, Politics: A Work In Constructive Social Theory, a three volume work that assessed classical social theory and developed a political, social, and economic alternative.", "Throughout much of the 1980s, Unger worked on his magnum opus, Politics: A Work In Constructive Social Theory, a three volume work that assessed classical social theory and developed a political, social, and economic alternative. The series is based on the premise of society as an artifact, and rejects the necessity of certain institutional arrangements.", "The series is based on the premise of society as an artifact, and rejects the necessity of certain institutional arrangements. Published in 1987, Politics was foremost a critique of contemporary social theory and politics; it developed a theory of structural and ideological change, and gave an alternative account of world history.", "Published in 1987, Politics was foremost a critique of contemporary social theory and politics; it developed a theory of structural and ideological change, and gave an alternative account of world history. By first attacking the idea that there is a necessary progression from one set of institutional arrangements to another, e.g.", "By first attacking the idea that there is a necessary progression from one set of institutional arrangements to another, e.g. feudalism to capitalism, it then built an anti-necessitarian theory of social change, theorizing the transition from one set of institutional arrangements to another.", "feudalism to capitalism, it then built an anti-necessitarian theory of social change, theorizing the transition from one set of institutional arrangements to another. Unger devoted much of the following decades to further elaborating on the insights developed in Politics by working out the political and social alternatives. What Should Legal Analysis Become?", "What Should Legal Analysis Become? What Should Legal Analysis Become? (Verso, 1996) developed tools to reimagine the organization of social life. Democracy Realized: The Progressive Alternative (Verso, 1998) and What Should the Left Propose? (Verso, 2005) put forth alternative institutional proposals.", "(Verso, 2005) put forth alternative institutional proposals. Intellectual influences Unger's model of philosophical practice is closest to those philosophers who sought to form a view of the whole of reality, and to do so by using and resisting the specialized knowledge of their time.", "Intellectual influences Unger's model of philosophical practice is closest to those philosophers who sought to form a view of the whole of reality, and to do so by using and resisting the specialized knowledge of their time. It has been read as a form of pragmatism, but also as an attempt to disengage ideas and experiences that developed in the West under the influence of Christianity from the categories of Greek philosophy.", "It has been read as a form of pragmatism, but also as an attempt to disengage ideas and experiences that developed in the West under the influence of Christianity from the categories of Greek philosophy. His thought has been called the inverse of Schopenhauer's philosophy, affirming the supreme value of life and the reality and depth of the self and eschewing fecklessness.", "His thought has been called the inverse of Schopenhauer's philosophy, affirming the supreme value of life and the reality and depth of the self and eschewing fecklessness. Philosophical work Social theory Unger's social theory is premised on the idea of classical social theory that society is an artifact and can be created and recreated.", "Philosophical work Social theory Unger's social theory is premised on the idea of classical social theory that society is an artifact and can be created and recreated. Whereas previous thinkers such as Hegel or Marx backslid at some point and held onto the notion that there was a necessary institutional or historical social development, Unger, in the words of one critic, seeks to \"take the idea to the hilt and produce a theory of emancipation that will escape the limitations of liberal and Marxist theories.\"", "Whereas previous thinkers such as Hegel or Marx backslid at some point and held onto the notion that there was a necessary institutional or historical social development, Unger, in the words of one critic, seeks to \"take the idea to the hilt and produce a theory of emancipation that will escape the limitations of liberal and Marxist theories.\" That limitation is the search for an ideal structure of society that can be foreseen and centrally planned; whereas the emancipation leads to societies with greater institutional flexibility and variation.", "That limitation is the search for an ideal structure of society that can be foreseen and centrally planned; whereas the emancipation leads to societies with greater institutional flexibility and variation. For Unger, society emerges not through compromise or the winnowing down of best options, but rather through conflict and struggle for control of political and material resources.", "For Unger, society emerges not through compromise or the winnowing down of best options, but rather through conflict and struggle for control of political and material resources. The victors of this struggle come to set the terms of social interaction and transaction, which is then institutionalized through law. This emergent order Unger calls formative context.", "This emergent order Unger calls formative context. Under a particular formative context, routines are established and people come to believe and act as if their social words were coherent wholes that are perfectly intelligible and defensible. They come to see the existing arrangements as necessary. Unger calls this false necessity.", "Unger calls this false necessity. Unger calls this false necessity. In reality, these arrangements are arbitrary and hold together rather tenuously, which leaves them open to resistance and change. This opposition Unger calls negative capability.", "This opposition Unger calls negative capability. This leads Unger to the conclusion that change happens piecemeal through struggle and vision, rather than suddenly in revolutionary upheaval with the replacement of one set of institutional arrangements with another.", "This leads Unger to the conclusion that change happens piecemeal through struggle and vision, rather than suddenly in revolutionary upheaval with the replacement of one set of institutional arrangements with another. Unger theorizes that cumulative change can alter formative contexts, and he goes on to propose a number of such changes as institutional alternatives to be implemented, which he calls Empowered democracy.", "Unger theorizes that cumulative change can alter formative contexts, and he goes on to propose a number of such changes as institutional alternatives to be implemented, which he calls Empowered democracy. Empowered democracy is Unger's vision of a more open and more plastic set of social institutions through which individuals and groups can interact, propose change, and effectively empower themselves to transform social, economic, and political structures.", "Empowered democracy is Unger's vision of a more open and more plastic set of social institutions through which individuals and groups can interact, propose change, and effectively empower themselves to transform social, economic, and political structures. Unger's strategy in its realization is to combine freedom of commerce and governance at the local level with the ability of political parties at the central government level to promote radical social experiments that would bring about decisive change in social and political institutions.", "Unger's strategy in its realization is to combine freedom of commerce and governance at the local level with the ability of political parties at the central government level to promote radical social experiments that would bring about decisive change in social and political institutions. In practice, the theory would involve radical developments in politics at the center, as well as social innovation in localities.", "In practice, the theory would involve radical developments in politics at the center, as well as social innovation in localities. At the center, by bestowing wide ranging revising powers to those in office, it would give political parties the ability to try out concrete yet profound solutions and proposals.", "At the center, by bestowing wide ranging revising powers to those in office, it would give political parties the ability to try out concrete yet profound solutions and proposals. It would turn partisan conflicts over control and uses of governmental power into an opportunity to question and revise the basic arrangements of social life through a rapid resolution of political impasse.", "It would turn partisan conflicts over control and uses of governmental power into an opportunity to question and revise the basic arrangements of social life through a rapid resolution of political impasse. In local communities, empowered democracy would make capital and technology available through rotating capital funds, which would encourage entrepreneurship and innovation.", "In local communities, empowered democracy would make capital and technology available through rotating capital funds, which would encourage entrepreneurship and innovation. Citizens' rights include individual entitlements to economic and civic security, conditional and temporary group claims to portions of social capital, and destabilization rights, which would empower individuals or groups to disrupt organizations and practices marred by routines of subjugation that normal politics have failed to disrupt.", "Citizens' rights include individual entitlements to economic and civic security, conditional and temporary group claims to portions of social capital, and destabilization rights, which would empower individuals or groups to disrupt organizations and practices marred by routines of subjugation that normal politics have failed to disrupt. Unger's ideas developed in a context where young intellectuals and radicals attempted to reconcile the conventional theories of society and law being taught in university classrooms with the reality of social protest and revolution of the 1960s and 70s.", "Unger's ideas developed in a context where young intellectuals and radicals attempted to reconcile the conventional theories of society and law being taught in university classrooms with the reality of social protest and revolution of the 1960s and 70s. Disillusioned with Marxism, they turned to thinkers like Levi-Strauss, Gramsci, Habermas, and Foucault in attempt to situate understandings of law and society as a benign science of technocratic policy within a broader system of beliefs that legitimized the prevailing social order.", "Disillusioned with Marxism, they turned to thinkers like Levi-Strauss, Gramsci, Habermas, and Foucault in attempt to situate understandings of law and society as a benign science of technocratic policy within a broader system of beliefs that legitimized the prevailing social order. Unlike Habermas, however, who formulates procedures for attaining rational consensus, Unger locates resolution in institutions and their arrangements that remain perpetually open to revision and reconstruction.", "Unlike Habermas, however, who formulates procedures for attaining rational consensus, Unger locates resolution in institutions and their arrangements that remain perpetually open to revision and reconstruction. And, unlike Foucault, who also emphasizes the constructed character of social life, Unger takes this as an opportunity to reimagine institutions and social conditions that will unleash human creativity and enable liberation.", "And, unlike Foucault, who also emphasizes the constructed character of social life, Unger takes this as an opportunity to reimagine institutions and social conditions that will unleash human creativity and enable liberation. Legal thought Unger's work on law has sought to denaturalize the concept of law and how it is represented through particular institutions.", "Legal thought Unger's work on law has sought to denaturalize the concept of law and how it is represented through particular institutions. He begins by inquiring into why modern societies have legal systems with distinctions between institutions, such as legislature and court, as well as a special caste of lawyers possessing a method of reasoning about social problems.", "He begins by inquiring into why modern societies have legal systems with distinctions between institutions, such as legislature and court, as well as a special caste of lawyers possessing a method of reasoning about social problems. Whereas thinkers such as Marx and Weber had argued that such legal arrangements were a product of economic necessity to secure property rights and the autonomy of the individual, Unger shows that this liberal legal order emerged in Europe as a result of the indeterminate relations between monarchy, aristocracy, and bourgeoisie.", "Whereas thinkers such as Marx and Weber had argued that such legal arrangements were a product of economic necessity to secure property rights and the autonomy of the individual, Unger shows that this liberal legal order emerged in Europe as a result of the indeterminate relations between monarchy, aristocracy, and bourgeoisie. It took the particular form that it did by emerging out of the long tradition of natural law and universality, rather than of necessity.", "It took the particular form that it did by emerging out of the long tradition of natural law and universality, rather than of necessity. This early work in historical analysis of law and legal thought laid the basis for Unger's contribution to the Critical Legal Studies movement.", "This early work in historical analysis of law and legal thought laid the basis for Unger's contribution to the Critical Legal Studies movement. The movement itself was born in the late 1970s among young legal scholars at Harvard Law School who denounced the theoretical underpinnings of American jurisprudence, legal realism.", "The movement itself was born in the late 1970s among young legal scholars at Harvard Law School who denounced the theoretical underpinnings of American jurisprudence, legal realism. The participants were committed to shaping society based on a vision of human personality without the hidden interests and class domination of legal institutions.", "The participants were committed to shaping society based on a vision of human personality without the hidden interests and class domination of legal institutions. Two tendencies of the movement developed, one, a radical indeterminacy that criticized law as meaning anything we want it to mean, and the other, a neo-Marxist critique that attacked legal thought as an institutional form of capitalism.", "Two tendencies of the movement developed, one, a radical indeterminacy that criticized law as meaning anything we want it to mean, and the other, a neo-Marxist critique that attacked legal thought as an institutional form of capitalism. Unger offered a third tendency, a constructive vision of rethinking rights based on individual emancipation and empowerment, and structural arrangements that would lend themselves to constant revision with the goal of creating more educational and economic opportunities for more people.", "Unger offered a third tendency, a constructive vision of rethinking rights based on individual emancipation and empowerment, and structural arrangements that would lend themselves to constant revision with the goal of creating more educational and economic opportunities for more people. He laid this out in The Critical Legal Studies Movement, which quickly earned him a following as the philosophical mentor and prophet of the movement.", "He laid this out in The Critical Legal Studies Movement, which quickly earned him a following as the philosophical mentor and prophet of the movement. Economic thought At the center of Unger's thought about the economy is the commitment to reimagining and remaking the institutional arrangements of how humans produce and exchange.", "Economic thought At the center of Unger's thought about the economy is the commitment to reimagining and remaking the institutional arrangements of how humans produce and exchange. For Unger, economic institutions have no inherent or natural forms, and he rejects the necessitarian tendencies of classical and neo-classical economists, seeking instead alternatives to the arrangements of contemporary societies.", "For Unger, economic institutions have no inherent or natural forms, and he rejects the necessitarian tendencies of classical and neo-classical economists, seeking instead alternatives to the arrangements of contemporary societies. In his writings, he has aimed to revise ideas on the importance of market economies and the division of labor in the workplace and national and global economies.", "In his writings, he has aimed to revise ideas on the importance of market economies and the division of labor in the workplace and national and global economies. Critique of economics Unger's critique of economics begins with the identification of a key moment in economic history, when the analysis of production and exchange turned away from social theory and engaged in a quest for scientific objectivity.", "Critique of economics Unger's critique of economics begins with the identification of a key moment in economic history, when the analysis of production and exchange turned away from social theory and engaged in a quest for scientific objectivity. In Unger's analysis, classical economics focused on the causal relations among social activities, which were connected with the production and distribution of wealth.", "In Unger's analysis, classical economics focused on the causal relations among social activities, which were connected with the production and distribution of wealth. Classical economists asked questions about the true basis of value, activities that contributed to national wealth, systems of rights, or about the forms of government under which people grow rich.", "Classical economists asked questions about the true basis of value, activities that contributed to national wealth, systems of rights, or about the forms of government under which people grow rich. In the late-nineteenth century, in response to attacks from socialist ideas and debates about how society works, and as a means to escape the conundrums of value theory and to answer how values could become prices, marginalist economics arose.", "In the late-nineteenth century, in response to attacks from socialist ideas and debates about how society works, and as a means to escape the conundrums of value theory and to answer how values could become prices, marginalist economics arose. This movement in economics disengaged economics from prescriptive and normative commitments to withdraw the study of economies from debates about how society worked and what kind of society we wanted to live in.", "This movement in economics disengaged economics from prescriptive and normative commitments to withdraw the study of economies from debates about how society worked and what kind of society we wanted to live in. For Unger, this moment in the history of economics robbed it of any analytical or practical value.", "For Unger, this moment in the history of economics robbed it of any analytical or practical value. Unger's critique of Marginalism begins with Walras' equilibrium theory, which attempted to achieve a certainty of economic analysis by putting aside normative controversies of social organization.", "Unger's critique of Marginalism begins with Walras' equilibrium theory, which attempted to achieve a certainty of economic analysis by putting aside normative controversies of social organization. Unger finds three weaknesses that crippled the theory: foremost, the theory claimed that equilibrium would be spontaneously generated in a market economy.", "Unger finds three weaknesses that crippled the theory: foremost, the theory claimed that equilibrium would be spontaneously generated in a market economy. In reality, a self-adjusting equilibrium fails to occur. Second, the theory puts forth a determinate image of the market.", "Second, the theory puts forth a determinate image of the market. Historically, however, the market has been shown to be indeterminate with different market arrangements. Third, the polemical use of efficiency fails to account for the differences of distribution among individuals, classes, and generations.", "Third, the polemical use of efficiency fails to account for the differences of distribution among individuals, classes, and generations. The consequences of the marginalist movement were profound for the study of economics, Unger says.", "The consequences of the marginalist movement were profound for the study of economics, Unger says. The most immediate problem is that under this generalizing tendency of economics, there is no means by which to incorporate empirical evidence and thus to re-imagine the world and develop new theories and new directions.", "The most immediate problem is that under this generalizing tendency of economics, there is no means by which to incorporate empirical evidence and thus to re-imagine the world and develop new theories and new directions. In this way, the discipline is always self-referential and theoretical.", "In this way, the discipline is always self-referential and theoretical. Furthermore, the lack of a normative view of the world curtails the ability to propose anything more than a policy prescription, which by definition always assumes a given context. The discipline can only rationalize the world and support a status quo.", "The discipline can only rationalize the world and support a status quo. Lastly, Unger finds that this turn in economics ended up universalizing debates in macroeconomics and leaving the discipline without any historical perspective.", "Lastly, Unger finds that this turn in economics ended up universalizing debates in macroeconomics and leaving the discipline without any historical perspective. A consequence, for example, was that Keynes' solution to a particular historical crisis was turned into a general theory when it should only be understood as a response to a particular situation.", "A consequence, for example, was that Keynes' solution to a particular historical crisis was turned into a general theory when it should only be understood as a response to a particular situation. Reorientating economics Unger's vision of economics is that it cannot be unhinged from ideas about the individual and social life.", "Reorientating economics Unger's vision of economics is that it cannot be unhinged from ideas about the individual and social life. Human activity and political organization must be incorporated into any analysis of trade and economies.", "Human activity and political organization must be incorporated into any analysis of trade and economies. In remaking the discipline, he calls for a return to the normative practice of classical economics but stripped of its necessitarian assumptions and typological references. The development of explanatory claims and prescriptive ideas are necessary.", "The development of explanatory claims and prescriptive ideas are necessary. The discipline must connect the transformation of nature with that of society—the making of things with the reorganization of people. In Free Trade Reimagined: The World Division of Labor and the Method of Economics, he sets forth six ideas to begin thinking about economic activity.", "In Free Trade Reimagined: The World Division of Labor and the Method of Economics, he sets forth six ideas to begin thinking about economic activity. The problem of specialization and discovery.", "The problem of specialization and discovery. Competition comes to inhibit self transformation when trading partners are unequal but not radically unequal, for both are forced into cost cutting rather than innovating and increasing efficiency. The problem of politics over economics. The making and implementation of policy is not one of discovery, but rather of top down implementation.", "The making and implementation of policy is not one of discovery, but rather of top down implementation. Rigid state control will limit how a society can respond to tensions and crisis, and thus politics creates its own presuppositions and limits creativity and alternative solutions.", "Rigid state control will limit how a society can respond to tensions and crisis, and thus politics creates its own presuppositions and limits creativity and alternative solutions. Free trade should strengthen the capacity for self transformation by organizing the trading regime in a way that strengthens the capacity of trading partners to experiment and innovate.", "Free trade should strengthen the capacity for self transformation by organizing the trading regime in a way that strengthens the capacity of trading partners to experiment and innovate. It becomes question not of how much free trade, but what kind. The best arrangements are those that impose the least amount of restraint. Alternative free trade.", "Alternative free trade. Alternative free trade. The market has no necessary and natural form. If the market economy can be organized in a different way then so can a universal order of free trade among market economies. The division of labor remade.", "The division of labor remade. The division of labor remade. The pin factory organization of labor describes the organization of work as if labor were a machine. But we can make machines to do this work. We should then innovate in those areas where we don't yet know how to make the machine to do the work.", "We should then innovate in those areas where we don't yet know how to make the machine to do the work. Production should be one of collective learning and permanent innovation. Mind against context. The mind is both a machine and an anti-machine; it is both formulaic and totalizing.", "The mind is both a machine and an anti-machine; it is both formulaic and totalizing. Thus we never rest in any context, and we need to have arrangements that constantly lend themselves to reinvention. Reconstructing economic institutions For Unger, the economy is not only a device for wealth but also permanent innovation and discovery.", "Reconstructing economic institutions For Unger, the economy is not only a device for wealth but also permanent innovation and discovery. It should allow the greatest freedom of the recombination of people and resources, and allow people to innovate in institutional settings. The market economy should not be single dogmatic version of itself.", "The market economy should not be single dogmatic version of itself. Unger has presented a number of general institutional proposals that aim to restructure the world trade regime and introduce new alternatives in the market economy.", "Unger has presented a number of general institutional proposals that aim to restructure the world trade regime and introduce new alternatives in the market economy. For international and global trade, Unger calls for the need to experiment with different property rights regimes, where multiple forms will coexist in the same market system and not be tied to individual property rights and contractual labor.", "For international and global trade, Unger calls for the need to experiment with different property rights regimes, where multiple forms will coexist in the same market system and not be tied to individual property rights and contractual labor. Generally, rather than maximizing the free trade as the goal, Unger sees the need to build and open the world economy in way that reconciles global openness with national and regional diversification, deviation, heresy, and experiment, where the idea is to support alternatives by making the world safer for them.", "Generally, rather than maximizing the free trade as the goal, Unger sees the need to build and open the world economy in way that reconciles global openness with national and regional diversification, deviation, heresy, and experiment, where the idea is to support alternatives by making the world safer for them. For national economies, he rejects the need to require the free flow of capital, for there are times when it may be necessary to restrict capital flows.", "For national economies, he rejects the need to require the free flow of capital, for there are times when it may be necessary to restrict capital flows. Rather, he puts the emphasis on the free flow of people. Labor should be allowed to move freely throughout the world.", "Labor should be allowed to move freely throughout the world. On the twenty-first-century economic stimulus Most recently, in a YouTube video titled he laid out three key policies to address the current economy: Change the arrangements of finance in relation to production so that finance is in the service of production.", "On the twenty-first-century economic stimulus Most recently, in a YouTube video titled he laid out three key policies to address the current economy: Change the arrangements of finance in relation to production so that finance is in the service of production. Tax and regulate to discourage finance that does not contribute to production.", "Tax and regulate to discourage finance that does not contribute to production. Use public capital for venture capital funds. Broaden economic opportunity by supporting small and medium enterprise. Reject the choice between government regulation and state controlled models. Support cooperation between government and firms, and cooperation and competition among firms. Education.", "Education. Education. A system of schools to meet needs of a vibrant and flexible economy. Vocational schools that teach general concepts and flexibility, not job-specific skills.", "Vocational schools that teach general concepts and flexibility, not job-specific skills. \"Illusions of necessity in the economic order\" Unger's first writing on economic theory was the article \"Illusions of necessity in the economic order\" in the May 1978 issue of American Economic Review.", "\"Illusions of necessity in the economic order\" Unger's first writing on economic theory was the article \"Illusions of necessity in the economic order\" in the May 1978 issue of American Economic Review. In the article he makes a case for the need of contemporary economic thought to imitate classical political economy in which theories of exchange should be incorporated into theories of power and perception.", "In the article he makes a case for the need of contemporary economic thought to imitate classical political economy in which theories of exchange should be incorporated into theories of power and perception. The article articulates the problem of the American economy as one of the inability to realize democracy of production and community in the workplace.", "The article articulates the problem of the American economy as one of the inability to realize democracy of production and community in the workplace. This failure, according to Unger, is the result of the lack of a comprehensive program that encompasses production, society, and state, so that immediate attempts to address inequality get swallowed up and appropriated by the status quo in the course of winning immediate gains for the organization or constituency, e.g.", "This failure, according to Unger, is the result of the lack of a comprehensive program that encompasses production, society, and state, so that immediate attempts to address inequality get swallowed up and appropriated by the status quo in the course of winning immediate gains for the organization or constituency, e.g. unions.", "unions. unions. To realize a democracy in the workplace and the abolition of wealth and poverty, Unger argues for the need to relate the program of worker community and democracy with an enlargement of democracy at the national level—the goal cannot be only one of economic production and worker's rights, but must be accompanied by a national project at the structural level.", "To realize a democracy in the workplace and the abolition of wealth and poverty, Unger argues for the need to relate the program of worker community and democracy with an enlargement of democracy at the national level—the goal cannot be only one of economic production and worker's rights, but must be accompanied by a national project at the structural level. He pushes this idea further by calling not just for a restructuring of the relationship between the firm and state based on private property, but that it also has to be replaced with a new set of rights encompassing access to jobs, markets, and capital.", "He pushes this idea further by calling not just for a restructuring of the relationship between the firm and state based on private property, but that it also has to be replaced with a new set of rights encompassing access to jobs, markets, and capital. Only as private rights are phased out can rights of decentralized decision making and market exchange be extended to workers.", "Only as private rights are phased out can rights of decentralized decision making and market exchange be extended to workers. This needs to be accompanied by limits on the size of enterprise and how profits are used to control others' labor.", "This needs to be accompanied by limits on the size of enterprise and how profits are used to control others' labor. Neoclassical economics is not up to this task because it begins with preconceived standards that it applies to explain empirical data, while leaving out that which is a theoretical anomaly; there is no causal basis of analysis, Unger says, rather everything is embedded in a timeless universal without any account for context.", "Neoclassical economics is not up to this task because it begins with preconceived standards that it applies to explain empirical data, while leaving out that which is a theoretical anomaly; there is no causal basis of analysis, Unger says, rather everything is embedded in a timeless universal without any account for context. Furthermore, the ambiguity of concepts of maximization, efficiency, and rationalization pin the analysis to a certain notion of the behavior of the rationalizing individual, making the analysis either tautological or reduced to a set of power relations translated into the language of material exchange.", "Furthermore, the ambiguity of concepts of maximization, efficiency, and rationalization pin the analysis to a certain notion of the behavior of the rationalizing individual, making the analysis either tautological or reduced to a set of power relations translated into the language of material exchange. Programmatic thought Key in Unger's thinking is the need to re-imagine social institutions before attempting to revise them.", "Programmatic thought Key in Unger's thinking is the need to re-imagine social institutions before attempting to revise them. This calls for a program, or programmatic thought.", "This calls for a program, or programmatic thought. In building this program, however, we must not entertain complete revolutionary overhaul, lest we be plagued by three false assumptions: Typological fallacy: the fallacy that there is closed list of institutional alternatives in history, such as \"feudalism\" or \"capitalism\".", "In building this program, however, we must not entertain complete revolutionary overhaul, lest we be plagued by three false assumptions: Typological fallacy: the fallacy that there is closed list of institutional alternatives in history, such as \"feudalism\" or \"capitalism\". There is not a natural form of society, only the specific result of the piecemeal institutional changes, political movements, and cultural reforms (as well as the accidents and coincidences of history) that came before it.", "There is not a natural form of society, only the specific result of the piecemeal institutional changes, political movements, and cultural reforms (as well as the accidents and coincidences of history) that came before it. Indivisibility fallacy: most subscribers to revolutionary Leftism wrongly believe that institutional structures must stand and fall together.", "Indivisibility fallacy: most subscribers to revolutionary Leftism wrongly believe that institutional structures must stand and fall together. However, structures can be reformed piecemeal. Determinism fallacy: the fallacy that uncontrollable and little understood law-like forces drive the historical succession of institutional systems. However, there is no natural flow of history.", "However, there is no natural flow of history. We make ourselves and our world, and can do so in any way we choose. To think about social transformation programmatically, one must first mark the direction one wants society to move in, and then identify the first steps with which we can move in that direction.", "To think about social transformation programmatically, one must first mark the direction one wants society to move in, and then identify the first steps with which we can move in that direction. In this way we can formulate proposals at points along the trajectory, be they relatively close to how things are now or relatively far away.", "In this way we can formulate proposals at points along the trajectory, be they relatively close to how things are now or relatively far away. This provides a third way between revolution and reform. It is revolutionary reform, where one has a revolutionary vision, but acts on that vision in a sequence of piecemeal reforms.", "It is revolutionary reform, where one has a revolutionary vision, but acts on that vision in a sequence of piecemeal reforms. As Unger puts it, transformative politics is \"not about blueprints; it is about pathways. It is not architecture; it is music\".", "It is not architecture; it is music\". The two Lefts Unger sees two main Lefts in the world today, a recalcitrant Left and a humanizing Left. The recalcitrant Left seeks to slow down the march of markets and globalization, and to return to a time of greater government involvement and stronger social programs.", "The recalcitrant Left seeks to slow down the march of markets and globalization, and to return to a time of greater government involvement and stronger social programs. The humanizing Left (or 'reformist Left') accepts the world in its present form, taking the market economy and globalization as unavoidable, and attempts to humanize their effects through tax-and-transfer policies.", "The humanizing Left (or 'reformist Left') accepts the world in its present form, taking the market economy and globalization as unavoidable, and attempts to humanize their effects through tax-and-transfer policies. Unger finds the two major orientations of contemporary Leftism inadequate and calls for a 'Reconstructive Left' – one which would insist on redirecting the course of globalization by reorganizing the market economy.", "Unger finds the two major orientations of contemporary Leftism inadequate and calls for a 'Reconstructive Left' – one which would insist on redirecting the course of globalization by reorganizing the market economy. In his two books The Left Alternative and The Future of American Progressivism, Unger lays out a program to democratize the market economy and deepen democracy.", "In his two books The Left Alternative and The Future of American Progressivism, Unger lays out a program to democratize the market economy and deepen democracy. This Reconstructive Left would look beyond debates on the appropriate size of government, and instead re-envision the relationship between government and firms in the market economy by experimenting with the coexistence of different regimes of private and social property.", "This Reconstructive Left would look beyond debates on the appropriate size of government, and instead re-envision the relationship between government and firms in the market economy by experimenting with the coexistence of different regimes of private and social property. It would be committed to social solidarity, but \"would refuse to allow our moral interests in social cohesion [to] rest solely upon money transfers commanded by the state in the form of compensatory and retrospective redistribution\", as is the case with federal entitlement programs.", "It would be committed to social solidarity, but \"would refuse to allow our moral interests in social cohesion [to] rest solely upon money transfers commanded by the state in the form of compensatory and retrospective redistribution\", as is the case with federal entitlement programs. Instead, Unger's Reconstructive Left affirms \"the principle that everyone should share, in some way and at some time, responsibility for taking care of other people.\"", "Instead, Unger's Reconstructive Left affirms \"the principle that everyone should share, in some way and at some time, responsibility for taking care of other people.\" The Left Alternative program Unger has laid out concrete policy proposals in areas of economic development, education, civil society, and political democracy.", "The Left Alternative program Unger has laid out concrete policy proposals in areas of economic development, education, civil society, and political democracy. On economic development, Unger has noted that there are only two models for a national economy available to us today: the US model of business control of government, and the northeast Asian model of top down bureaucratic control of the economy.", "On economic development, Unger has noted that there are only two models for a national economy available to us today: the US model of business control of government, and the northeast Asian model of top down bureaucratic control of the economy. Citing the need for greater imagination on the issue, he has offered a third model that is decentralized, pluralistic, participatory, and experimental.", "Citing the need for greater imagination on the issue, he has offered a third model that is decentralized, pluralistic, participatory, and experimental. This would take the form of an economy encouraging small business development and innovation that would create large scale self-employment and cooperation.", "This would take the form of an economy encouraging small business development and innovation that would create large scale self-employment and cooperation. The emphasis is not on the protection of big business as the main sectors of the economy, but the highly mobile and innovative small firm.", "The emphasis is not on the protection of big business as the main sectors of the economy, but the highly mobile and innovative small firm. Unger links the development of such an economy to an education system that encourages creativity and empowers the mind, not one that he now sees geared for a reproduction of the family and to put the individual in service of the state.", "Unger links the development of such an economy to an education system that encourages creativity and empowers the mind, not one that he now sees geared for a reproduction of the family and to put the individual in service of the state. He proposes that such a system should be run locally but have standards enforced through national oversight, as well as a procedure in place to intervene in the case of the failing of local systems.", "He proposes that such a system should be run locally but have standards enforced through national oversight, as well as a procedure in place to intervene in the case of the failing of local systems. Unger's critique of and alternative to social programs goes to the heart of civil society.", "Unger's critique of and alternative to social programs goes to the heart of civil society. The problem we are faced with now, he claims, is that we have a bureaucratic system of distribution that provides lower quality service and prohibits the involvement of civil society in the provision of public services.", "The problem we are faced with now, he claims, is that we have a bureaucratic system of distribution that provides lower quality service and prohibits the involvement of civil society in the provision of public services. The alternative he lays out is to have the state act to equip civil society to partake in public services and care.", "The alternative he lays out is to have the state act to equip civil society to partake in public services and care. This would entail empowering each individual to have two responsibilities, one in the productive economy and one in the caring economy.", "This would entail empowering each individual to have two responsibilities, one in the productive economy and one in the caring economy. Unger's proposal for political democracy calls for a high energy system that diminishes the dependence of change upon crisis.", "Unger's proposal for political democracy calls for a high energy system that diminishes the dependence of change upon crisis. This can be done, he claims, by breaking the constant threat of stasis and institutionalization of politics and parties through five institutional innovations.", "This can be done, he claims, by breaking the constant threat of stasis and institutionalization of politics and parties through five institutional innovations. First, increase collective engagement through the public financing of campaigns and giving free access to media outlets.", "First, increase collective engagement through the public financing of campaigns and giving free access to media outlets. Second, hasten the pace of politics by breaking legislative deadlock through the enabling of the party in power to push through proposals and reforms, and for opposition parties to be able to dissolve the government and call for immediate elections.", "Second, hasten the pace of politics by breaking legislative deadlock through the enabling of the party in power to push through proposals and reforms, and for opposition parties to be able to dissolve the government and call for immediate elections. Third, the option of any segment of society to opt out of the political process and to propose alternative solutions for its own governance.", "Third, the option of any segment of society to opt out of the political process and to propose alternative solutions for its own governance. Fourth, give the state the power to rescue oppressed groups that are unable to liberate themselves through collective action.", "Fourth, give the state the power to rescue oppressed groups that are unable to liberate themselves through collective action. Fifth, direct participatory democracy in which active engagement is not purely in terms of financial support and wealth distribution, but through which people are directly involved in their local and national affairs through proposal and action.", "Fifth, direct participatory democracy in which active engagement is not purely in terms of financial support and wealth distribution, but through which people are directly involved in their local and national affairs through proposal and action. Theoretical philosophy At the core of Unger's theoretical philosophy are two key conceptions: first the infinity of the individual, and secondly the singularity of the world and the reality of time.", "Theoretical philosophy At the core of Unger's theoretical philosophy are two key conceptions: first the infinity of the individual, and secondly the singularity of the world and the reality of time. The premise behind the infinity of the individual is that we exist within social contexts but we are more than the roles that these contexts may define for us—we can overcome them.", "The premise behind the infinity of the individual is that we exist within social contexts but we are more than the roles that these contexts may define for us—we can overcome them. In Unger's terms, we are both \"context-bound and context-transcending; \"we appear as \"the embodied spirit;\" as \"the infinite imprisoned within the finite.\"", "In Unger's terms, we are both \"context-bound and context-transcending; \"we appear as \"the embodied spirit;\" as \"the infinite imprisoned within the finite.\" For Unger, there is no natural state of the individual and his social being. Rather, we are infinite in spirit and unbound in what we can become.", "Rather, we are infinite in spirit and unbound in what we can become. As such, no social institution or convention can contain us. While institutions do exist and shape our beings and our interactions, we can change both their structure and the extent to which they imprison us.", "While institutions do exist and shape our beings and our interactions, we can change both their structure and the extent to which they imprison us. The philosophy of the singularity of the world and the reality of time establishes history as the site of decisive action through the propositions that there is only one real world, not multiple or simultaneous universes, and that time really exists in the world, not as a simulacrum through which we must experience the world.", "The philosophy of the singularity of the world and the reality of time establishes history as the site of decisive action through the propositions that there is only one real world, not multiple or simultaneous universes, and that time really exists in the world, not as a simulacrum through which we must experience the world. These two concepts of infinity and reality lie at the heart of Unger's program calling for metaphysical and institutional revolutions.", "These two concepts of infinity and reality lie at the heart of Unger's program calling for metaphysical and institutional revolutions. From the concept of the self as infinite but constrained, Unger argues that we must continually transform our environment to better express ourselves. This can only be done in a singular world within which time is real.", "This can only be done in a singular world within which time is real. The self and human nature In Passion: An Essay on Personality, Unger explores the individual and his relation to society from the perspective of the root human predicament of the need to establish oneself as a unique individual in the world but at the same time to find commonality and solidarity with others.", "The self and human nature In Passion: An Essay on Personality, Unger explores the individual and his relation to society from the perspective of the root human predicament of the need to establish oneself as a unique individual in the world but at the same time to find commonality and solidarity with others. This exploration is grounded in what Unger calls a modernist image of the human being as one who lives in context but is not bound by context.", "This exploration is grounded in what Unger calls a modernist image of the human being as one who lives in context but is not bound by context. Unger's aim is to level a critique, expansion, and defense of modern thinking about the human and society.", "Unger's aim is to level a critique, expansion, and defense of modern thinking about the human and society. Religion and the human condition Unger has written and spoken extensively on religion and the human condition. Religion, Unger argues, is a vision of the world within which we anchor our orientation to life.", "Religion, Unger argues, is a vision of the world within which we anchor our orientation to life. It is within this orientation that we deal with our greatest terrors and highest hopes.", "It is within this orientation that we deal with our greatest terrors and highest hopes. Because we are doomed to die, we hope for eternal life; because we are unable to grasp to totality of existence or of the universe, we try to dispel the mystery and provide a comprehensible explanation; because we have an insatiable desire, we cry for an object that is worthy of this desire, one that is infinite.", "Because we are doomed to die, we hope for eternal life; because we are unable to grasp to totality of existence or of the universe, we try to dispel the mystery and provide a comprehensible explanation; because we have an insatiable desire, we cry for an object that is worthy of this desire, one that is infinite. Humans initially invested religious discourse in nature and the human susceptibility to nature.", "Humans initially invested religious discourse in nature and the human susceptibility to nature. But as societies evolved and people developed ways to cope with the unpredictability of nature, the emphasis of religion shifted to social existence and its defects.", "But as societies evolved and people developed ways to cope with the unpredictability of nature, the emphasis of religion shifted to social existence and its defects. A new moment in religion will begin, Unger argues, when we stop telling ourselves that all will be fine and we begin to face the incorrigible flaws in human existence.", "A new moment in religion will begin, Unger argues, when we stop telling ourselves that all will be fine and we begin to face the incorrigible flaws in human existence. The future of religion lies in embracing our mortality and our groundlessness. Unger sees four flaws in the human condition.", "Unger sees four flaws in the human condition. They are, our mortality and the facing of imminent death; our groundlessness in that we are unable to grasp the solution to the enigma of existence, see the beginning or end of time, nor put off the discovery of the meaning of life; our insatiability in that we always want more, and demand the infinite from the finite; and our susceptibility to belittlement which places us in a position to constantly confront petty routine forcing us to die many little deaths.", "They are, our mortality and the facing of imminent death; our groundlessness in that we are unable to grasp the solution to the enigma of existence, see the beginning or end of time, nor put off the discovery of the meaning of life; our insatiability in that we always want more, and demand the infinite from the finite; and our susceptibility to belittlement which places us in a position to constantly confront petty routine forcing us to die many little deaths. There are three major responses in the history of human thought to these flaws: escape, humanization, and confrontation.", "There are three major responses in the history of human thought to these flaws: escape, humanization, and confrontation. The overcoming of the world denies the phenomenal world and its distinctions, including the individual. It proclaims a benevolence towards others and an indifference to suffering and change. One achieves serenity by becoming invulnerable to suffering and change.", "One achieves serenity by becoming invulnerable to suffering and change. The religion of Buddhism and philosophical thought of Plato and Schopenhauer best represent this orientation. The humanization of the world creates meaning out of social interactions in a meaningless world by placing all emphasis on our reciprocal responsibility to one another.", "The humanization of the world creates meaning out of social interactions in a meaningless world by placing all emphasis on our reciprocal responsibility to one another. Confucianism and contemporary liberalism represent this strand of thought, both of which aim to soften the cruelties of the world.", "Confucianism and contemporary liberalism represent this strand of thought, both of which aim to soften the cruelties of the world. The struggle with the world is framed by the idea that series of personal and social transformations can increase our share of attributes associated with the divine and give us a larger life.", "The struggle with the world is framed by the idea that series of personal and social transformations can increase our share of attributes associated with the divine and give us a larger life. It emphasizes love over altruism, rejecting the moral of the mastery of self-interest to enhance solidarity, and emphasizing the humility of individual love.", "It emphasizes love over altruism, rejecting the moral of the mastery of self-interest to enhance solidarity, and emphasizing the humility of individual love. This orientation has been articulated in two different voices: the sacred voice of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, and the profane voice of the secular projects of liberation.", "This orientation has been articulated in two different voices: the sacred voice of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, and the profane voice of the secular projects of liberation. The religion of the future The spiritual orientation of the struggle with the world has given rise to the secular movements of emancipation in the modern world, and it is here that Unger sees the religion of the future.", "The religion of the future The spiritual orientation of the struggle with the world has given rise to the secular movements of emancipation in the modern world, and it is here that Unger sees the religion of the future. The problem Unger sees, however, is that as an established religion, this orientation has betrayed its ideological underpinnings and has made peace with existing order.", "The problem Unger sees, however, is that as an established religion, this orientation has betrayed its ideological underpinnings and has made peace with existing order. It has accepted the hierarchies of class structure in society, accepted the transfer of money as serving as the basis of solidarity, and reaffirmed the basis of existing political, economic, and social institutions by investing in a conservative position of their preservation.", "It has accepted the hierarchies of class structure in society, accepted the transfer of money as serving as the basis of solidarity, and reaffirmed the basis of existing political, economic, and social institutions by investing in a conservative position of their preservation. Thus, \"to be faithful to what made this orientation persuasive and powerful in the first place, we must radicalize it against both established institutions and dominant beliefs.\"", "Thus, \"to be faithful to what made this orientation persuasive and powerful in the first place, we must radicalize it against both established institutions and dominant beliefs.\" Unger's call is for a revolution in our religious beliefs that encompasses both individual transformation and institutional reorganization; to create change in the life of the individual as well as in the organization of society.", "Unger's call is for a revolution in our religious beliefs that encompasses both individual transformation and institutional reorganization; to create change in the life of the individual as well as in the organization of society. The first part of the program of individual transformation means waking from the dazed state in which we live our lives, and recognizing our mortality and groundlessness without turning to the “feel-good theologies and philosophies”.", "The first part of the program of individual transformation means waking from the dazed state in which we live our lives, and recognizing our mortality and groundlessness without turning to the “feel-good theologies and philosophies”. The second part of the program of social transformation means supplementing the metaphysical revolution with institutional practices by creating social institutions that allow us to constantly overthrow our constraints and our context, and to make this overthrow not a one time event but a continuing process.", "The second part of the program of social transformation means supplementing the metaphysical revolution with institutional practices by creating social institutions that allow us to constantly overthrow our constraints and our context, and to make this overthrow not a one time event but a continuing process. This is the program of empowered democracy that calls for reforms in the market economy, education, politics, and civil society.", "This is the program of empowered democracy that calls for reforms in the market economy, education, politics, and civil society. \"The goal is not to humanize society but to divinize humanity.\" It is \"to raise ordinary life to a higher level of intensity and capability.\"", "It is \"to raise ordinary life to a higher level of intensity and capability.\" Natural philosophy Unger's philosophy of space and time presented in The Singular Universe and the Reality of Time argues for the singularity of the world and the reality of time. His arguments are grounded in the tradition of natural philosophy.", "His arguments are grounded in the tradition of natural philosophy. He takes on the Newtonian idea of the independent observer standing outside of time and space, addresses the skepticism of David Hume, rejects the position of Kant, and attacks speculations about parallel universes of contemporary cosmology.", "He takes on the Newtonian idea of the independent observer standing outside of time and space, addresses the skepticism of David Hume, rejects the position of Kant, and attacks speculations about parallel universes of contemporary cosmology. At stake is the laying of the foundations for a view of the world and causality that is open to all possibilities; that is not a closed system of options in which our future is governed by deterministic laws and typologies.", "At stake is the laying of the foundations for a view of the world and causality that is open to all possibilities; that is not a closed system of options in which our future is governed by deterministic laws and typologies. It is an understanding of society that rejects the naturalness and necessity of current social arrangements; \"a form of understanding of society and history that refuses to explain the present arrangements in a manner that vindicates their naturalness and necessity.\"", "It is an understanding of society that rejects the naturalness and necessity of current social arrangements; \"a form of understanding of society and history that refuses to explain the present arrangements in a manner that vindicates their naturalness and necessity.\" The thesis of the singularity of the world states that there is one real world.", "The thesis of the singularity of the world states that there is one real world. Such a thesis stands in stark contrast to contemporary theoretical physics and cosmology, which speculate about multiple universes out of the dilemma of how to have law like explanations if the universe is unique—laws will be universal because they don't just apply to this unique universe but to all universes.", "Such a thesis stands in stark contrast to contemporary theoretical physics and cosmology, which speculate about multiple universes out of the dilemma of how to have law like explanations if the universe is unique—laws will be universal because they don't just apply to this unique universe but to all universes. However, there is no empirical evidence for multiple worlds.", "However, there is no empirical evidence for multiple worlds. Unger's singularity thesis can better address our empirical observations and set the conceptual platform to address the four main puzzles in cosmology today: Big Bang, initial conditions, horizon problem, and the precise value of constants, such as gravity, speed of light, and Planck's constant.", "Unger's singularity thesis can better address our empirical observations and set the conceptual platform to address the four main puzzles in cosmology today: Big Bang, initial conditions, horizon problem, and the precise value of constants, such as gravity, speed of light, and Planck's constant. The thesis that time is real states that time \"really is real\" and everything is subject to history.", "The thesis that time is real states that time \"really is real\" and everything is subject to history. This move is to historicize everything, even the laws of nature, and to challenge our acting as if time were real but not too real—we act as if it is somewhat real otherwise there would be no causal relations, but not so real that laws change.", "This move is to historicize everything, even the laws of nature, and to challenge our acting as if time were real but not too real—we act as if it is somewhat real otherwise there would be no causal relations, but not so real that laws change. Unger holds that time is so real that laws of nature are also subject to its force and they too must change.", "Unger holds that time is so real that laws of nature are also subject to its force and they too must change. There are no eternal laws upon which change occurs, rather time precedes structure. This position gives the universe a history and makes time non-emergent, global, irreversible, and continuous.", "This position gives the universe a history and makes time non-emergent, global, irreversible, and continuous. Bringing these two thesis together, Unger theorizes that laws of nature develop together with the phenomenon they explain.", "Bringing these two thesis together, Unger theorizes that laws of nature develop together with the phenomenon they explain. Laws and initial conditions co-evolve, in the same that they do in how cells reproduce and mutate in different levels of complexity of organisms.", "Laws and initial conditions co-evolve, in the same that they do in how cells reproduce and mutate in different levels of complexity of organisms. In cosmological terms Unger explains the passing from one structure to another at the origins of the universe when the state of energy was high but not infinite, and the freedom of movement was greater than when operating under a known set of laws.", "In cosmological terms Unger explains the passing from one structure to another at the origins of the universe when the state of energy was high but not infinite, and the freedom of movement was greater than when operating under a known set of laws. The conditions of the early universe is compatible with the universe that preceded it.", "The conditions of the early universe is compatible with the universe that preceded it. The new universe may be different in structure, but has been made with what existed in the old one, e.g. masses of elementary particles, strength of different forces, and cosmological constants.", "masses of elementary particles, strength of different forces, and cosmological constants. As the universe cools the phenomena and laws work together with materials produced by sequence; they are path dependent materials.", "As the universe cools the phenomena and laws work together with materials produced by sequence; they are path dependent materials. They are also constrained by the family of resemblances of the effective laws against the background of the conceptions of alternative states the universe and succession of universes.", "They are also constrained by the family of resemblances of the effective laws against the background of the conceptions of alternative states the universe and succession of universes. Mathematics and the one real, time-drenched world One consequence of these positions that Unger points to is the revision of the concept and function of mathematics.", "Mathematics and the one real, time-drenched world One consequence of these positions that Unger points to is the revision of the concept and function of mathematics. If there is only one world drenched in time through and through, then mathematics cannot be a timeless expression of multiple universes that captures reality.", "If there is only one world drenched in time through and through, then mathematics cannot be a timeless expression of multiple universes that captures reality. Rather, Unger argues that mathematics is a means of analyzing the world removed of time and phenomenal distinction.", "Rather, Unger argues that mathematics is a means of analyzing the world removed of time and phenomenal distinction. By emptying the world of time and space it is able to better focus on one aspect of reality: the recurrence of certain ways in which pieces of the world relate to other pieces.", "By emptying the world of time and space it is able to better focus on one aspect of reality: the recurrence of certain ways in which pieces of the world relate to other pieces. Its subject matter are the structured wholes and bundles of relations, which we see outside mathematics only as embodied in the time-bound particulars of the manifest world.", "Its subject matter are the structured wholes and bundles of relations, which we see outside mathematics only as embodied in the time-bound particulars of the manifest world. In this way, mathematics extends our problem solving powers as an extension of human insight, but it is not a part of the world.", "In this way, mathematics extends our problem solving powers as an extension of human insight, but it is not a part of the world. Political engagement Unger has a long history of political activity in Brazil.", "Political engagement Unger has a long history of political activity in Brazil. He worked in early opposition parties in the 1970s/80s against the Brazilian military dictatorship, and drafted the founding manifesto for the Brazilian Democratic Movement Party (PMDB) in 1980.", "He worked in early opposition parties in the 1970s/80s against the Brazilian military dictatorship, and drafted the founding manifesto for the Brazilian Democratic Movement Party (PMDB) in 1980. He served as an intimate adviser to two presidential candidates, and launched exploratory bids himself in 2000 and 2006.", "He served as an intimate adviser to two presidential candidates, and launched exploratory bids himself in 2000 and 2006. He was the Secretary for Strategic Affairs in the Lula administration from 2007–09, and is currently working on a number of social and developmental projects in the state of Rondônia.", "He was the Secretary for Strategic Affairs in the Lula administration from 2007–09, and is currently working on a number of social and developmental projects in the state of Rondônia. Driving Unger's political engagement is the idea that society can be made and remade.", "Driving Unger's political engagement is the idea that society can be made and remade. Unlike Mill or Marx, who posited a particular class as the agent of history, Unger does not see a single vehicle for transformative politics.", "Unlike Mill or Marx, who posited a particular class as the agent of history, Unger does not see a single vehicle for transformative politics. He advocates world-wide revolution, but does not see this happening as a single cataclysmic event or undertaken by a class agent, like the Communist movement.", "He advocates world-wide revolution, but does not see this happening as a single cataclysmic event or undertaken by a class agent, like the Communist movement. Rather, he sees the possibility of piecemeal change, where institutions can be replaced one at a time, and permanent plasticity can be built into the institutional infrastructure.", "Rather, he sees the possibility of piecemeal change, where institutions can be replaced one at a time, and permanent plasticity can be built into the institutional infrastructure. Early political activity, 1970s and 1980s Unger's engagement in Brazilian politics began in the late 1970s as Brazil started to democratize.", "Early political activity, 1970s and 1980s Unger's engagement in Brazilian politics began in the late 1970s as Brazil started to democratize. In 1979, he presented himself to the main opposition party, the Brazilian Democratic Movement (MDB), and was appointed chief of staff by party leader Ulysses Guimaraes.", "In 1979, he presented himself to the main opposition party, the Brazilian Democratic Movement (MDB), and was appointed chief of staff by party leader Ulysses Guimaraes. His initial work was to develop the positions of the party and draft policy proposals for their party's congressional representatives.", "His initial work was to develop the positions of the party and draft policy proposals for their party's congressional representatives. When the military regime dissolved the two-party system and established a multi-party system later that year, Unger worked to unite progressive liberals and the independent, non-communist left into the Brazilian Democratic Movement Party (PMDB).", "When the military regime dissolved the two-party system and established a multi-party system later that year, Unger worked to unite progressive liberals and the independent, non-communist left into the Brazilian Democratic Movement Party (PMDB). As a co-founder of the party, he authored its first manifesto.", "As a co-founder of the party, he authored its first manifesto. Unger left the party after the rise of a conservative faction, which was a part of the MDB but had been excluded from the initial formation of the PMDB.", "Unger left the party after the rise of a conservative faction, which was a part of the MDB but had been excluded from the initial formation of the PMDB. After departing the PMDB in the early 1980s, Unger began looking for political agents who would serve as vehicles for his national alternative.", "After departing the PMDB in the early 1980s, Unger began looking for political agents who would serve as vehicles for his national alternative. In 1981, he jointed the Democratic Labour Party of Brazil (PDT) led by Leonel Brizola, a former governor of Rio de Janeiro and a figure of the left prior to the dictatorship.", "In 1981, he jointed the Democratic Labour Party of Brazil (PDT) led by Leonel Brizola, a former governor of Rio de Janeiro and a figure of the left prior to the dictatorship. Brizola had founded the PDT and Unger saw it as the authentic opposition to the military regime.", "Brizola had founded the PDT and Unger saw it as the authentic opposition to the military regime. Throughout the 1980s he worked with Brizola to travel the country recruiting members, and developing policy positions and a political language.", "Throughout the 1980s he worked with Brizola to travel the country recruiting members, and developing policy positions and a political language. In 1983, Brizola, then serving his second of three terms as governor of Rio de Janeiro, appointed Unger to head the State Foundation for the Education of Minors (FEEM), a state-run foundation for homeless children.", "In 1983, Brizola, then serving his second of three terms as governor of Rio de Janeiro, appointed Unger to head the State Foundation for the Education of Minors (FEEM), a state-run foundation for homeless children. During his year-long tenure, he began a process of radical reforms of the institutions, such as opening the door to international adoption and reintegrating children with their families.", "During his year-long tenure, he began a process of radical reforms of the institutions, such as opening the door to international adoption and reintegrating children with their families. He also set up community organizations in the slums to help support families in order to prevent the abandonment of children.", "He also set up community organizations in the slums to help support families in order to prevent the abandonment of children. Political campaigns, 1990s and 2000s In 1990, Unger ran a symbolic campaign for a seat in the national chamber of deputies. He had no money, no structure, and only campaigned for eight weeks.", "He had no money, no structure, and only campaigned for eight weeks. He ran on a platform of reforming the slums, and went around the slum neighborhoods giving lectures. He received 9,000 votes, just 1,000 votes short of winning the seat. None of the votes came from the slums, however.", "None of the votes came from the slums, however. All his votes had come from the middle class, although he had never campaigned in those neighborhoods or to that constituency. Recalling the experience, Unger says \"it was kind of absurd...", "Recalling the experience, Unger says \"it was kind of absurd... I had no money, no staff, and I would go into these slums, alone, to hand out pamphlets, often to the local drug pushers.\"", "I had no money, no staff, and I would go into these slums, alone, to hand out pamphlets, often to the local drug pushers.\" It is an experience that Unger cites as leading to his belief that the system and possibilities were much more open than he had previously imagined.", "It is an experience that Unger cites as leading to his belief that the system and possibilities were much more open than he had previously imagined. Unger served as Brizola's campaign organizer and primary political adviser in his bids for the Brazilian Presidency in 1989 and 1994.", "Unger served as Brizola's campaign organizer and primary political adviser in his bids for the Brazilian Presidency in 1989 and 1994. In 1989, Brizola finished in third place, losing the second position, which would have qualified him for a runoff against Fernando Collor de Mello, by a very narrow margin to Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva.", "In 1989, Brizola finished in third place, losing the second position, which would have qualified him for a runoff against Fernando Collor de Mello, by a very narrow margin to Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva. Brizola and Unger both supported Lula in the second round of the election, but Collor would go on to beat Lula and win the Presidency.", "Brizola and Unger both supported Lula in the second round of the election, but Collor would go on to beat Lula and win the Presidency. Unger also helped organize the presidential bids of former finance minister and governor of Ceará, Ciro Gomes, in 1998 and 2002.", "Unger also helped organize the presidential bids of former finance minister and governor of Ceará, Ciro Gomes, in 1998 and 2002. In 1998, Gomes came in third place with 11% of the vote, and in 2002 he came in fourth place with 12% of the vote.", "In 1998, Gomes came in third place with 11% of the vote, and in 2002 he came in fourth place with 12% of the vote. Unger had written The Next Step: An Alternative to Neoliberalism with Gomes in 1996.", "Unger had written The Next Step: An Alternative to Neoliberalism with Gomes in 1996. At the national level in 2002, again in the second round of the election, Unger supported Lula who went on to defeat José Serra to win the Presidency.", "At the national level in 2002, again in the second round of the election, Unger supported Lula who went on to defeat José Serra to win the Presidency. With the experience of supporting others who imploded politically, Unger discovered that, as he put it, he was committing \"the classic mistake of the philosophers in politics, which is to try to find someone else to do the work.\"", "With the experience of supporting others who imploded politically, Unger discovered that, as he put it, he was committing \"the classic mistake of the philosophers in politics, which is to try to find someone else to do the work.\" In 2000, he ran in the primaries for the mayor of Sao Paulo, but the PPS party leader suspended the primaries when it became clear that Unger would win the nomination and challenge party control.", "In 2000, he ran in the primaries for the mayor of Sao Paulo, but the PPS party leader suspended the primaries when it became clear that Unger would win the nomination and challenge party control. He launched an exploratory bid for the 2006 presidential election on the PRB ticket, but the party decided not to put forth its own candidate for the presidency and to support Lula of the PT.", "He launched an exploratory bid for the 2006 presidential election on the PRB ticket, but the party decided not to put forth its own candidate for the presidency and to support Lula of the PT. As Minister of Strategic Affairs in the Lula administration Unger found President Lula's first term to be conservative and riddled with scandal.", "As Minister of Strategic Affairs in the Lula administration Unger found President Lula's first term to be conservative and riddled with scandal. He wrote articles calling Lula's administration \"the most corrupt of Brazil's history\" and called for his impeachment.", "He wrote articles calling Lula's administration \"the most corrupt of Brazil's history\" and called for his impeachment. Despite the criticism, many advisers to Lula insisted that he should invite Unger to join his administration.", "Despite the criticism, many advisers to Lula insisted that he should invite Unger to join his administration. In June 2007, after winning his second term, Lula appointed Unger as head of the newly established Long-term Planning Secretariat (a post which would eventually be called The Minister of Strategic Affairs).", "In June 2007, after winning his second term, Lula appointed Unger as head of the newly established Long-term Planning Secretariat (a post which would eventually be called The Minister of Strategic Affairs). Unger's work in office was an attempt to enact his program.", "Unger's work in office was an attempt to enact his program. Seeing the future in small enterprises and advocating a rotating capital fund that would function like a government run venture capital fund, he pushed for a rapid expansion of credit to smaller producers and a decentralized network of technical support centers that would help broaden the middle class from below.", "Seeing the future in small enterprises and advocating a rotating capital fund that would function like a government run venture capital fund, he pushed for a rapid expansion of credit to smaller producers and a decentralized network of technical support centers that would help broaden the middle class from below. He further called for political solutions that would broaden access to production forces such as information technology, and for states to focus on equipping and monitoring civil society rather than trying to provide social services.", "He further called for political solutions that would broaden access to production forces such as information technology, and for states to focus on equipping and monitoring civil society rather than trying to provide social services. Unger's specific projects while in office were focused on giving \"ordinary men and women the instruments with which to render this vitality fertile and productive.\"", "Unger's specific projects while in office were focused on giving \"ordinary men and women the instruments with which to render this vitality fertile and productive.\" He aimed to use state powers and resources to allow the majority of poor workers to \"follow the path of the emergent vanguard\".", "He aimed to use state powers and resources to allow the majority of poor workers to \"follow the path of the emergent vanguard\". He developed a series of sectoral and regional initiatives that would prefigure the model of development based on the broadening of economic and educational opportunity by democratizing the market economy and restructuring civil society.", "He developed a series of sectoral and regional initiatives that would prefigure the model of development based on the broadening of economic and educational opportunity by democratizing the market economy and restructuring civil society. Sectorally, Unger revamped the educational structure and rewrote labor laws.", "Sectorally, Unger revamped the educational structure and rewrote labor laws. In education, he implemented a model of secondary education, where analytical problem-solving education was paired with technical education that focused on conceptual capabilities rather than job-specific skills. There are several hundred of these institutions today.", "There are several hundred of these institutions today. He further drafted legislation to associate national, state and local jurisdictions into common bodies that could intervene when a local school system fell below the minimum acceptable threshold of quality and \"fix it the way an independent administrator would fix a failing business under Chapter 11 bankruptcy.\"", "He further drafted legislation to associate national, state and local jurisdictions into common bodies that could intervene when a local school system fell below the minimum acceptable threshold of quality and \"fix it the way an independent administrator would fix a failing business under Chapter 11 bankruptcy.\" In labor, Unger worked with unions to write new labor laws designed to protect and organize temporary workers, subcontractors, and those working in the informal economy.", "In labor, Unger worked with unions to write new labor laws designed to protect and organize temporary workers, subcontractors, and those working in the informal economy. Regionally, some of Unger's most influential work was the implementation of a developmental strategy for the Amazon that would be sustainable environmentally by making it socially inclusive.", "Regionally, some of Unger's most influential work was the implementation of a developmental strategy for the Amazon that would be sustainable environmentally by making it socially inclusive. He drafted and passed legislation to regularize small-scale squatters on untitled land by giving them clear legal titles, which would create self-interest in preservation while granting them economic opportunity.", "He drafted and passed legislation to regularize small-scale squatters on untitled land by giving them clear legal titles, which would create self-interest in preservation while granting them economic opportunity. Included in this law were protections against large scale land grabbers.", "Included in this law were protections against large scale land grabbers. Such legislation aimed to empower locals living on Amazonian land by giving them ownership rights and linking their interest in preserving it, rather than pillaging it as quickly as possible in the face of ambiguous ownership rights. This legislation passed and was put into law.", "This legislation passed and was put into law. Unger served in the administration for two years. On 26 June 2009, President Lula announced Unger would be leaving the government and returning to Harvard University. He later cited personal and political reasons for his early departure.", "He later cited personal and political reasons for his early departure. Engagement outside Brazil Unger's attempts to develop global social, political, and economic alternatives have led him in episodic engagements in national debates around the world.", "Engagement outside Brazil Unger's attempts to develop global social, political, and economic alternatives have led him in episodic engagements in national debates around the world. His approach in these engagements recognizes that the problems facing contemporary societies are not distinct from nation to nation, and that general structural arrangements can first be implemented, which will allow for local innovation, flexibility, and development in social, economic, and political arenas.", "His approach in these engagements recognizes that the problems facing contemporary societies are not distinct from nation to nation, and that general structural arrangements can first be implemented, which will allow for local innovation, flexibility, and development in social, economic, and political arenas. There is no institutional blueprint for Unger, however, only a direction that can be pointed to and general proposals that can be implemented to allow further institutional innovation and experimentation.", "There is no institutional blueprint for Unger, however, only a direction that can be pointed to and general proposals that can be implemented to allow further institutional innovation and experimentation. Unger's guiding principle is that institutional flexibility needs to be built into the implemented system, and in this way a diversity of local experiments would take hold the world over.", "Unger's guiding principle is that institutional flexibility needs to be built into the implemented system, and in this way a diversity of local experiments would take hold the world over. One of Unger's more promising engagements was the Latin American Alternative in the late 1990s.", "One of Unger's more promising engagements was the Latin American Alternative in the late 1990s. Unger and Mexican politician and political scientist Jorge Castañeda Gutman assembled an informal network of politicians and business leaders dedicated to redrawing the political map.", "Unger and Mexican politician and political scientist Jorge Castañeda Gutman assembled an informal network of politicians and business leaders dedicated to redrawing the political map. The aim of the group was to provide a critique of neoliberalism coupled with a way forward in a distinct strategy and institutional model of development.", "The aim of the group was to provide a critique of neoliberalism coupled with a way forward in a distinct strategy and institutional model of development. They floated proposals such as guaranteeing every citizen \"social rights\" (e.g. education and a job), breaking up media oligopolies, and holding town meetings to help citizens supervise municipal spending.", "education and a job), breaking up media oligopolies, and holding town meetings to help citizens supervise municipal spending. The group held a number of meetings over the years, which included Brazilian finance minister Ciro Gomes, Chilean senator Carlos Ominami, Argentinian politicians Dante Caputo and Rodolfo Terragno, and Mexican politician and future president Vicente Fox.", "The group held a number of meetings over the years, which included Brazilian finance minister Ciro Gomes, Chilean senator Carlos Ominami, Argentinian politicians Dante Caputo and Rodolfo Terragno, and Mexican politician and future president Vicente Fox. The meetings resulted in a document entitled the \"Buenos Aires Consensus\" in 1997, which Castaneda called \"the end of neoliberalism; of the Washington Consensus\".", "The meetings resulted in a document entitled the \"Buenos Aires Consensus\" in 1997, which Castaneda called \"the end of neoliberalism; of the Washington Consensus\". This consensus was formally signed in 2003 by Argentinian President Néstor Kirchner and Brazilian President Lula da Silva.", "This consensus was formally signed in 2003 by Argentinian President Néstor Kirchner and Brazilian President Lula da Silva. Other Latin American leaders who signed it included Fox, future president of Chile Ricardo Lagos, Mexican politician Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas, former vice president of Nicaragua Sergio Ramírez, future president of Argentina Fernando de la Rúa, and former Brazilian president Itamar Franco.", "Other Latin American leaders who signed it included Fox, future president of Chile Ricardo Lagos, Mexican politician Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas, former vice president of Nicaragua Sergio Ramírez, future president of Argentina Fernando de la Rúa, and former Brazilian president Itamar Franco. During the 2008 US presidential campaign, Unger was in frequent contact with candidate Barack Obama via email and Blackberry.", "During the 2008 US presidential campaign, Unger was in frequent contact with candidate Barack Obama via email and Blackberry. He has since become critical of the Obama administration, and called for the defeat of Obama in the 2012 election as a first step to remaking the Democratic party.", "He has since become critical of the Obama administration, and called for the defeat of Obama in the 2012 election as a first step to remaking the Democratic party. Current engagement Unger's recent political work has focused on the north-western Brazilian state of Rondônia.", "Current engagement Unger's recent political work has focused on the north-western Brazilian state of Rondônia. He sees the human and natural resources of the state meeting all the conditions to serve as the vanguard of a new model of development for Brazil.", "He sees the human and natural resources of the state meeting all the conditions to serve as the vanguard of a new model of development for Brazil. Speaking to News Rondônia he said, \"Rondônia is a state formed by a multitude of small and medium entrepreneurs together with the Brazilian government, and that is something truly unique in our country.\"", "Speaking to News Rondônia he said, \"Rondônia is a state formed by a multitude of small and medium entrepreneurs together with the Brazilian government, and that is something truly unique in our country.\" He has been traveling the state giving public lectures and encouraging political discourse and engagement in localities.", "He has been traveling the state giving public lectures and encouraging political discourse and engagement in localities. Working with governor João Aparecido Cahulla on development projects, Unger has outlined a series of important areas of focus.", "Working with governor João Aparecido Cahulla on development projects, Unger has outlined a series of important areas of focus. The first is to change the agricultural model from one of intensive farming to an industrialization of produces through the recuperation of degraded pastures, supply fertilizers and lime, and diversifying crops and livestock farming.", "The first is to change the agricultural model from one of intensive farming to an industrialization of produces through the recuperation of degraded pastures, supply fertilizers and lime, and diversifying crops and livestock farming. The second key project is transforming education from rote learning to creative thinking and engagement. He helped open the School Teixeira in Porto Velho.", "He helped open the School Teixeira in Porto Velho. Another ongoing project is the construction of a new educational center in accordance with his theory of pedagogical reform, where delinquents would be reintegrated into municipal life. Circumstance and influence Unger's philosophical work grapples with some of the most fundamental and enduring problems of human existence.", "Circumstance and influence Unger's philosophical work grapples with some of the most fundamental and enduring problems of human existence. It has been put into direct dialogue with Kant's moral law, and said to have provided one answer to Hume's Guillotine.", "It has been put into direct dialogue with Kant's moral law, and said to have provided one answer to Hume's Guillotine. Unger's analysis of liberalism and the philosophical program he builds around rethinking the individual has also inspired new thinking and approaches to psychiatry.", "Unger's analysis of liberalism and the philosophical program he builds around rethinking the individual has also inspired new thinking and approaches to psychiatry. In 1987, the Northwestern University Law Review devoted an issue to Unger's work, analysing his three volume publication Politics: A Work In Constructive Social Theory.", "In 1987, the Northwestern University Law Review devoted an issue to Unger's work, analysing his three volume publication Politics: A Work In Constructive Social Theory. Michael J. Perry, a professor of law at Northwestern University, praises Unger for producing a vast work of social theory that combines law, history, politics, and philosophy within a single narrative.", "Michael J. Perry, a professor of law at Northwestern University, praises Unger for producing a vast work of social theory that combines law, history, politics, and philosophy within a single narrative. Early reviewers of Politics questioned Unger's seeming predicament of criticizing a system of thought and its historical tradition without subjecting himself to the same critical gaze.", "Early reviewers of Politics questioned Unger's seeming predicament of criticizing a system of thought and its historical tradition without subjecting himself to the same critical gaze. \"There is little acknowledgement that he himself is writing in a particular socio-historical context\", wrote one reviewer, and another asked, \"in what context Unger himself is situated and why that context itself is not offered up to the sledgehammer.\"", "\"There is little acknowledgement that he himself is writing in a particular socio-historical context\", wrote one reviewer, and another asked, \"in what context Unger himself is situated and why that context itself is not offered up to the sledgehammer.\" Critics also balked at the lack of example or concrete vision of his social and political proposals.", "Critics also balked at the lack of example or concrete vision of his social and political proposals. As one critic wrote, \"it is difficult to imagine what Unger's argument would mean in practice\", and that \"he does not tell us what to make.\"", "As one critic wrote, \"it is difficult to imagine what Unger's argument would mean in practice\", and that \"he does not tell us what to make.\" Others have suggested that the lack of imagination of such readers is precisely what is at stake. Books Knowledge and Politics, Free Press, 1975.", "Books Knowledge and Politics, Free Press, 1975. Law In Modern Society: Toward a Criticism of Social Theory, Free Press, 1976. Passion: An Essay on Personality, Free Press, 1986. The Critical Legal Studies Movement, Harvard University Press, 1986.", "The Critical Legal Studies Movement, Harvard University Press, 1986. Politics: A Work In Constructive Social Theory, Cambridge University Press, 1987, in 3 Vols: Vol 1 - False Necessity: Anti-Necessitarian Social Theory in the Service of Radical Democracy.", "Politics: A Work In Constructive Social Theory, Cambridge University Press, 1987, in 3 Vols: Vol 1 - False Necessity: Anti-Necessitarian Social Theory in the Service of Radical Democracy. Vol 2 - Social Theory: Its Situation and Its Task - A Critical Introduction to Politics: A Work in Constructive Social Theory.", "Vol 2 - Social Theory: Its Situation and Its Task - A Critical Introduction to Politics: A Work in Constructive Social Theory. Vol 3 - Plasticity Into Power: Comparative-Historical Studies on the Institutional Conditions of Economic and Military Success.", "Vol 3 - Plasticity Into Power: Comparative-Historical Studies on the Institutional Conditions of Economic and Military Success. What Should Legal Analysis Become?, Verso, 1996 Politics: The Central Texts, Theory Against Fate, Verso, 1997, with Cui Zhiyuan. Democracy Realized: The Progressive Alternative, Verso, 1998.", "Democracy Realized: The Progressive Alternative, Verso, 1998. The Future of American Progressivism: An Initiative for Political and Economic Reform, Beacon, 1998 - with Cornel West What Should the Left Propose?, Verso, 2006. The Self Awakened: Pragmatism Unbound, Harvard, 2007.", "The Self Awakened: Pragmatism Unbound, Harvard, 2007. Free Trade Reimagined: The World Division of Labor and the Method of Economics, Princeton University Press, 2007. The Left Alternative, Verso, 2009 (2nd edition to What Should the Left Propose?, Verso, 2006.).", "The Left Alternative, Verso, 2009 (2nd edition to What Should the Left Propose?, Verso, 2006.). The Religion of the Future, Harvard, 2014. The Singular Universe and the Reality of Time, Cambridge University Press, 2014, with Lee Smolin. The Knowledge Economy, Verso, 2019.", "The Knowledge Economy, Verso, 2019. See also False necessity Formative context Negative capability Empowered democracy Structure and agency Passions References External links Roberto Unger's Harvard Homepage Links to Unger's works via his homepage An interview with Unger on the American Left Biographical articles about Roberto Unger Guggenheim Gives Fellowships for '76: Unger Gets Tenure, Too (The Harvard Crimson April 5, 1976) \"The Passion of Roberto Unger\" , Eyal Press, (Lingua Franca, March 1999) Carlos Castilho, \"Brazil's Consigliere: Unger Leaves Lectern to Stand Behind the Throne.\"", "See also False necessity Formative context Negative capability Empowered democracy Structure and agency Passions References External links Roberto Unger's Harvard Homepage Links to Unger's works via his homepage An interview with Unger on the American Left Biographical articles about Roberto Unger Guggenheim Gives Fellowships for '76: Unger Gets Tenure, Too (The Harvard Crimson April 5, 1976) \"The Passion of Roberto Unger\" , Eyal Press, (Lingua Franca, March 1999) Carlos Castilho, \"Brazil's Consigliere: Unger Leaves Lectern to Stand Behind the Throne.\" (World Paper, April 2000) Simon Romero, \"Destination: São Paulo\" (Metropolis, October 2000) This article is about São Paulo, Brazil, but it has a lengthy discussion of Unger's political activism there and many quotes from Unger.", "(World Paper, April 2000) Simon Romero, \"Destination: São Paulo\" (Metropolis, October 2000) This article is about São Paulo, Brazil, but it has a lengthy discussion of Unger's political activism there and many quotes from Unger. Meltzer Elected to American Academy of Arts and Sciences (HLS News May 13, 2004) (First of the Month, July 1, 2012) 1947 births 20th-century Brazilian male writers 20th-century Brazilian philosophers 20th-century economists 20th-century essayists 21st-century Brazilian male writers 21st-century economists 21st-century essayists 21st-century philosophers Analytic philosophers Anti-poverty advocates Brazilian activists Brazilian essayists Brazilian expatriate academics in the United States Brazilian people of German descent Brazilian social scientists Critical legal studies Cultural critics Epistemologists Ethicists Futurologists Government ministers of Brazil Harvard Law School alumni Harvard Law School faculty Living people Metaphilosophers Metaphysicians Moral philosophers Ontologists People from Rio de Janeiro (city) Philosophers of culture Philosophers of economics Philosophers of education Philosophers of ethics and morality Philosophers of history Philosophers of law Philosophers of mathematics Philosophers of religion Philosophers of science Philosophers of social science Philosophers of technology Philosophy of life Philosophy of time Philosophy writers Political philosophers Politicians from Cambridge, Massachusetts Pragmatists Brazilian social commentators Social critics Social philosophers Social theories Theorists on Western civilization Writers about activism and social change Writers about globalization" ]

[ "Roberto Mangabeira Unger", "Critique of economics", "What does he have to say about economics?", "Unger's critique of economics begins with the identification of a key moment in economic history,", "What is the key moment?", "the analysis of production and exchange turned away from social theory and engaged in a quest for scientific objectivity.", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "In Unger's analysis, classical economics focused on the causal relations among social activities,", "What else did he have to say of note about economics?", "Classical economists asked questions about the true basis of value, activities that contributed to national wealth, systems of rights, or about the forms of government", "What is the most fascinating aspect of this article?", " The consequences of the marginalist movement were profound for the study of economics, Unger says. The" ]

[ "To Your Good Health! () is a Russian fairy tale. Andrew Lang included it in The Crimson Fairy Book.\n\nSynopsis\n\nEveryone in a king's country had to say \"To your good health!\" whenever he sneezed, but a shepherd with the staring eyes would not say it. The king summoned him and demanded it, but the shepherd would only say, \"To my good health.\" The chamberlain told him he would be killed if he did not, and the shepherd said that he would say it only if he married the princess. The princess thought him handsome enough to marry, but the king was enraged. He had the shepherd thrown in the white bear's pit, but the shepherd's eyes scared it off. Then he had him thrown into a pit of wild boars, but the shepherd played a pipe and made them dance, so they did not harm him. Then he was to have him thrown into a well of scythes, but the shepherd told the guard to give him a minute to look down the well, he might decide to say it after all, and in that minute, he whipped up a dummy that the soldier threw down instead of him. \n\nThen the king offered him a silver wood, a golden castle, and a diamond lake to say it, but the shepherd still said he would say it only he had the princess to wife. The king married him to the princess. At the wedding feast, he sneezed, and the shepherd said, first of all, \"To your good health!\" which so delighted the king that he did not mind the marriage.\n\nIn time, the shepherd succeeded the king. He did not order his people to wish him well against their wills, but everyone did wish him well because he was a good king.\n\nExternal links\nTo your Good Health!\n\nRussian fairy tales", "John 1:33 is the 33rd verse in the first chapter of the Gospel of John in the New Testament of the Christian Bible.\n\nContent\nIn the original Greek according to Westcott-Hort this verse is:\nΚἀγὼ οὐκ ᾔδειν αὐτόν· ἀλλ᾿ ὁ πέμψας με βαπτίζειν ἐν ὕδατι, ἐκεῖνός μοι εἶπεν, Ἐφ᾿ ὃν ἂν ἴδῃς τὸ πνεῦμα καταβαῖνον καὶ μένον ἐπ᾿ αὐτόν, οὗτός ἐστιν ὁ βαπτίζων ἐν πνεύματι ἁγίῳ.\n\nIn the King James Version of the Bible the text reads:\nAnd I knew him not: but he that sent me to baptize with water, the same said unto me, Upon whom thou shalt see the Spirit descending, and remaining on him, the same is he which baptizeth with the Holy Ghost.\n\nThe New International Version translates the passage as:\nI would not have known him, except that the one who sent me to baptize with water told me, 'The man on whom you see the Spirit come down and remain is he who will baptize with the Holy Spirit.'\n\nAnalysis\nMacEvilly comments on the phrase \"I knew Him not,\" saying that since John had been in the wilderness he did not personally know Christ. However\nGod, who sent him to baptize, revealed Jesus apart from the large crowds by divine revelation in the same way that he revealed him in\nhis mother's womb to John. And so John responded with the words of Matthew 3:14, \"I ought to be baptized by you.\"\n\nCommentary from the Church Fathers\nAugustine: \"But who sent John? If we say the Father, we say true; if we say the Son, we say true. But it would be truer to say, the Father and the Son. How then knew he not Him, by Whom he was sent? For if he knew not Him, by Whom he wished to be baptized, it was rash in him to say, I have need to be baptized by Thee. So then he knew Him; and why saith he, I knew Him not?\"\n\nChrysostom: \"When he saith, I knew Him not, he is speaking of time past, not of the time of his baptism, when he forbad Him, saying, I have need to be baptized of Thee.\"\n\nAugustine: \"Let us turn to the other Evangelists, who relate the matter more clearly, and we shall find most satisfactorily, that the dove descended when our Lord ascended from the water. If then the dove descended after baptism, but John said before the baptism, I have need to be baptized of Thee, he knew Him before His baptism also. How then said he, I knew him not, but He which sent me to baptize? Was this the first revelation made to John of Christ's person, or was it not rather a fuller disclosure of what had been already revealed? John knew the Lord to be the Son of God, knew that He would baptize with the Holy Ghost: for before Christ came to the river, many having come together to hear John, he said unto them, He that comes after me is mightier than I: He shall baptize you with the Holy Ghost and with fire. (Matt. 3:11) What then? He did not know that our Lord (lest Paul or Peter might say, my baptism, as we find Paul did say, my Gospel,) would have and retain to Himself the power of baptism, the ministering of it however passing to good and bad indiscriminately. What hindrance is the badness of the minister, when the Lord is good? So then we baptize again after John's baptism; after a homicide's we baptize not: because John gave his own baptism, the homicide gives Christ's; which is so holy a sacrament, that not even a homicide's ministration can pollute it. Our Lord could, had He so willed, have given power to any servant of His to give baptism as it were in His own stead; and to the baptism, thus transferred to the servant, have imparted the same power, that it would have had, when given by Himself. But this He did not choose to do; that the hope of the baptized might be directed to Him, Who had baptized them; He wished not the servant to place hope in the servant. And again, had He given this power to servants, there would have been as many baptisms as servants; as there had been the baptism of John, so should we have had the baptism of Paul and of Peter. It is by this power then, which Christ retains in His own possession exclusively, that the unity of the Church is established; of which it is said, My dove is one. (Cant. 6:9) A man may have a baptism besides the dove; but that any besides the dove should profit, is impossible.\"\n\nChrysostom: \"The Father having sent forth a voice proclaiming the Son, the Holy Spirit came besides, bringing the voice upon the head of Christ, in order that no one present might think that what was said of Christ, was said of John. But it will be asked: How was it that the Jews believed not, if they saw the Spirit? Such sights however require the mental vision, rather than the bodily. If those who saw Christ working miracles were so drunken with malice, that they denied what their own eyes had seen, how could the appearance of the Holy Spirit in the form of a dove overcome their incredulity? Some say however that the sight was not visible to all, but only to John, and the more devotional part. But even if the descent of the Spirit, as a dove, was visible to the outward eye, it does not follow that because all saw it, all understood it. Zacharias himself, Daniel, Ezechiel, and Moses saw many things, appearing to their senses, which no one else saw: and therefore John adds, And I saw and bare record that this is the Son of God. He had called Him the Lamb before, and said that He would baptize with the Spirit; but he had no where called Him the Son before.\"\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nOther translations of John 1:33 at BibleHub\n\n01:33" ]

[ "Roberto Mangabeira Unger (; born 24 March 1947) is a Brazilian philosopher and politician. His work is in the tradition of classical social theory and pragmatism, and is developed across many fields including legal theory, philosophy and religion, social and political theory, progressive alternatives, and economics.", "His work is in the tradition of classical social theory and pragmatism, and is developed across many fields including legal theory, philosophy and religion, social and political theory, progressive alternatives, and economics. In natural philosophy he is known for The Singular Universe and the Reality of Time.", "In natural philosophy he is known for The Singular Universe and the Reality of Time. In social theory he is known for Politics: A Work in Constructive Social Theory. In legal theory he was part of the Critical Legal Studies movement, which helped disrupt the methodological consensus in American law schools.", "In legal theory he was part of the Critical Legal Studies movement, which helped disrupt the methodological consensus in American law schools. His political activity helped the transition to democracy in Brazil in the aftermath of the military regime, and culminated with his appointment as Brazil's Minister of Strategic Affairs in 2007 and again in 2015.", "His political activity helped the transition to democracy in Brazil in the aftermath of the military regime, and culminated with his appointment as Brazil's Minister of Strategic Affairs in 2007 and again in 2015. His work is seen to offer a vision of humanity and a program to empower individuals and change institutions.", "His work is seen to offer a vision of humanity and a program to empower individuals and change institutions. At the core of his philosophy is a view of humanity as greater than the contexts in which it is placed. He sees each individual possessed with the capability to rise to a greater life.", "He sees each individual possessed with the capability to rise to a greater life. At the root of his social thought is the conviction that the social world is made and imagined. His work begins from the premise that no natural or necessary social, political, or economic arrangements underlie individual or social activity.", "His work begins from the premise that no natural or necessary social, political, or economic arrangements underlie individual or social activity. Property rights, liberal democracy, wage labor—for Unger, these are all historical artifacts that have no necessary relation to the goals of free and prosperous human activity.", "Property rights, liberal democracy, wage labor—for Unger, these are all historical artifacts that have no necessary relation to the goals of free and prosperous human activity. For Unger, the market, the state, and human social organization should not be set in predetermined institutional arrangements, but need to be left open to experimentation and revision according to what works for the project of individual and collective empowerment.", "For Unger, the market, the state, and human social organization should not be set in predetermined institutional arrangements, but need to be left open to experimentation and revision according to what works for the project of individual and collective empowerment. Doing so, he holds, will enable human liberation.", "Doing so, he holds, will enable human liberation. Unger has long been active in Brazilian opposition politics. He was one of the founding members of the Brazilian Democratic Movement Party and drafted its manifesto.", "He was one of the founding members of the Brazilian Democratic Movement Party and drafted its manifesto. He directed the presidential campaigns of Leonel Brizola and Ciro Gomes, ran for the Chamber of Deputies, and twice launched exploratory bids for the Brazilian presidency.", "He directed the presidential campaigns of Leonel Brizola and Ciro Gomes, ran for the Chamber of Deputies, and twice launched exploratory bids for the Brazilian presidency. He served as the Minister of Strategic Affairs in the second Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva administration and in the second Dilma administration.", "He served as the Minister of Strategic Affairs in the second Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva administration and in the second Dilma administration. Biography Family Unger's maternal grandfather was Octávio Mangabeira, who served as Brazil's minister of foreign affairs in the late 1920s before the dictatorship of Getúlio Vargas subjected him to a series of imprisonments and exiles in Europe and the United States.", "Biography Family Unger's maternal grandfather was Octávio Mangabeira, who served as Brazil's minister of foreign affairs in the late 1920s before the dictatorship of Getúlio Vargas subjected him to a series of imprisonments and exiles in Europe and the United States. After returning to Brazil in 1945, he co-founded a center-left party.", "After returning to Brazil in 1945, he co-founded a center-left party. He was elected as a representative in the Câmara Federal in 1946, governor of Bahia in 1947, and Senator in 1958. Both of Unger's parents were intellectuals.", "Both of Unger's parents were intellectuals. His German-born father, Artur Unger, from Dresden, arrived in the United States as a child and later became a U.S. citizen. His mother, Edyla Mangabeira, was a Brazilian poet and journalist. Artur and Edyla met in the US during the exile of Octávio Mangabeira.", "Artur and Edyla met in the US during the exile of Octávio Mangabeira. Early life Roberto Mangabeira Unger was born in Rio de Janeiro in 1947, and spent his childhood on Manhattan's Upper East Side. He attended the private Allen-Stevenson School. When he was eleven, his father died and his mother moved the family back to Brazil.", "When he was eleven, his father died and his mother moved the family back to Brazil. He attended a Jesuit school and went on to law school at the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro. Unger was admitted to Harvard Law School in September 1969.", "Unger was admitted to Harvard Law School in September 1969. After receiving his LLM, Unger stayed at Harvard another year on a fellowship, and then entered the doctoral program. At 23 years old, Unger began teaching jurisprudence, among other things, to first year students.", "At 23 years old, Unger began teaching jurisprudence, among other things, to first year students. In 1976, aged 29, he got SJD and became one of the youngest faculty members to receive tenure from the Harvard Law School.", "In 1976, aged 29, he got SJD and became one of the youngest faculty members to receive tenure from the Harvard Law School. Academic career The beginning of Unger's academic career began with the books Knowledge and Politics and Law in Modern Society, published in 1975 and 1976 respectively.", "Academic career The beginning of Unger's academic career began with the books Knowledge and Politics and Law in Modern Society, published in 1975 and 1976 respectively. These works led to the co-founding of Critical Legal Studies (CLS) with Duncan Kennedy and Morton Horwitz.", "These works led to the co-founding of Critical Legal Studies (CLS) with Duncan Kennedy and Morton Horwitz. The movement stirred up controversy in legal schools across America as it challenged standard legal scholarship and made radical proposals for legal education.", "The movement stirred up controversy in legal schools across America as it challenged standard legal scholarship and made radical proposals for legal education. By the early 1980s, the CLS movement touched off a heated internal debate at Harvard, pitting the CLS scholars against the older, more traditional scholars.", "By the early 1980s, the CLS movement touched off a heated internal debate at Harvard, pitting the CLS scholars against the older, more traditional scholars. Throughout much of the 1980s, Unger worked on his magnum opus, Politics: A Work In Constructive Social Theory, a three volume work that assessed classical social theory and developed a political, social, and economic alternative.", "Throughout much of the 1980s, Unger worked on his magnum opus, Politics: A Work In Constructive Social Theory, a three volume work that assessed classical social theory and developed a political, social, and economic alternative. The series is based on the premise of society as an artifact, and rejects the necessity of certain institutional arrangements.", "The series is based on the premise of society as an artifact, and rejects the necessity of certain institutional arrangements. Published in 1987, Politics was foremost a critique of contemporary social theory and politics; it developed a theory of structural and ideological change, and gave an alternative account of world history.", "Published in 1987, Politics was foremost a critique of contemporary social theory and politics; it developed a theory of structural and ideological change, and gave an alternative account of world history. By first attacking the idea that there is a necessary progression from one set of institutional arrangements to another, e.g.", "By first attacking the idea that there is a necessary progression from one set of institutional arrangements to another, e.g. feudalism to capitalism, it then built an anti-necessitarian theory of social change, theorizing the transition from one set of institutional arrangements to another.", "feudalism to capitalism, it then built an anti-necessitarian theory of social change, theorizing the transition from one set of institutional arrangements to another. Unger devoted much of the following decades to further elaborating on the insights developed in Politics by working out the political and social alternatives. What Should Legal Analysis Become?", "What Should Legal Analysis Become? What Should Legal Analysis Become? (Verso, 1996) developed tools to reimagine the organization of social life. Democracy Realized: The Progressive Alternative (Verso, 1998) and What Should the Left Propose? (Verso, 2005) put forth alternative institutional proposals.", "(Verso, 2005) put forth alternative institutional proposals. Intellectual influences Unger's model of philosophical practice is closest to those philosophers who sought to form a view of the whole of reality, and to do so by using and resisting the specialized knowledge of their time.", "Intellectual influences Unger's model of philosophical practice is closest to those philosophers who sought to form a view of the whole of reality, and to do so by using and resisting the specialized knowledge of their time. It has been read as a form of pragmatism, but also as an attempt to disengage ideas and experiences that developed in the West under the influence of Christianity from the categories of Greek philosophy.", "It has been read as a form of pragmatism, but also as an attempt to disengage ideas and experiences that developed in the West under the influence of Christianity from the categories of Greek philosophy. His thought has been called the inverse of Schopenhauer's philosophy, affirming the supreme value of life and the reality and depth of the self and eschewing fecklessness.", "His thought has been called the inverse of Schopenhauer's philosophy, affirming the supreme value of life and the reality and depth of the self and eschewing fecklessness. Philosophical work Social theory Unger's social theory is premised on the idea of classical social theory that society is an artifact and can be created and recreated.", "Philosophical work Social theory Unger's social theory is premised on the idea of classical social theory that society is an artifact and can be created and recreated. Whereas previous thinkers such as Hegel or Marx backslid at some point and held onto the notion that there was a necessary institutional or historical social development, Unger, in the words of one critic, seeks to \"take the idea to the hilt and produce a theory of emancipation that will escape the limitations of liberal and Marxist theories.\"", "Whereas previous thinkers such as Hegel or Marx backslid at some point and held onto the notion that there was a necessary institutional or historical social development, Unger, in the words of one critic, seeks to \"take the idea to the hilt and produce a theory of emancipation that will escape the limitations of liberal and Marxist theories.\" That limitation is the search for an ideal structure of society that can be foreseen and centrally planned; whereas the emancipation leads to societies with greater institutional flexibility and variation.", "That limitation is the search for an ideal structure of society that can be foreseen and centrally planned; whereas the emancipation leads to societies with greater institutional flexibility and variation. For Unger, society emerges not through compromise or the winnowing down of best options, but rather through conflict and struggle for control of political and material resources.", "For Unger, society emerges not through compromise or the winnowing down of best options, but rather through conflict and struggle for control of political and material resources. The victors of this struggle come to set the terms of social interaction and transaction, which is then institutionalized through law. This emergent order Unger calls formative context.", "This emergent order Unger calls formative context. Under a particular formative context, routines are established and people come to believe and act as if their social words were coherent wholes that are perfectly intelligible and defensible. They come to see the existing arrangements as necessary. Unger calls this false necessity.", "Unger calls this false necessity. Unger calls this false necessity. In reality, these arrangements are arbitrary and hold together rather tenuously, which leaves them open to resistance and change. This opposition Unger calls negative capability.", "This opposition Unger calls negative capability. This leads Unger to the conclusion that change happens piecemeal through struggle and vision, rather than suddenly in revolutionary upheaval with the replacement of one set of institutional arrangements with another.", "This leads Unger to the conclusion that change happens piecemeal through struggle and vision, rather than suddenly in revolutionary upheaval with the replacement of one set of institutional arrangements with another. Unger theorizes that cumulative change can alter formative contexts, and he goes on to propose a number of such changes as institutional alternatives to be implemented, which he calls Empowered democracy.", "Unger theorizes that cumulative change can alter formative contexts, and he goes on to propose a number of such changes as institutional alternatives to be implemented, which he calls Empowered democracy. Empowered democracy is Unger's vision of a more open and more plastic set of social institutions through which individuals and groups can interact, propose change, and effectively empower themselves to transform social, economic, and political structures.", "Empowered democracy is Unger's vision of a more open and more plastic set of social institutions through which individuals and groups can interact, propose change, and effectively empower themselves to transform social, economic, and political structures. Unger's strategy in its realization is to combine freedom of commerce and governance at the local level with the ability of political parties at the central government level to promote radical social experiments that would bring about decisive change in social and political institutions.", "Unger's strategy in its realization is to combine freedom of commerce and governance at the local level with the ability of political parties at the central government level to promote radical social experiments that would bring about decisive change in social and political institutions. In practice, the theory would involve radical developments in politics at the center, as well as social innovation in localities.", "In practice, the theory would involve radical developments in politics at the center, as well as social innovation in localities. At the center, by bestowing wide ranging revising powers to those in office, it would give political parties the ability to try out concrete yet profound solutions and proposals.", "At the center, by bestowing wide ranging revising powers to those in office, it would give political parties the ability to try out concrete yet profound solutions and proposals. It would turn partisan conflicts over control and uses of governmental power into an opportunity to question and revise the basic arrangements of social life through a rapid resolution of political impasse.", "It would turn partisan conflicts over control and uses of governmental power into an opportunity to question and revise the basic arrangements of social life through a rapid resolution of political impasse. In local communities, empowered democracy would make capital and technology available through rotating capital funds, which would encourage entrepreneurship and innovation.", "In local communities, empowered democracy would make capital and technology available through rotating capital funds, which would encourage entrepreneurship and innovation. Citizens' rights include individual entitlements to economic and civic security, conditional and temporary group claims to portions of social capital, and destabilization rights, which would empower individuals or groups to disrupt organizations and practices marred by routines of subjugation that normal politics have failed to disrupt.", "Citizens' rights include individual entitlements to economic and civic security, conditional and temporary group claims to portions of social capital, and destabilization rights, which would empower individuals or groups to disrupt organizations and practices marred by routines of subjugation that normal politics have failed to disrupt. Unger's ideas developed in a context where young intellectuals and radicals attempted to reconcile the conventional theories of society and law being taught in university classrooms with the reality of social protest and revolution of the 1960s and 70s.", "Unger's ideas developed in a context where young intellectuals and radicals attempted to reconcile the conventional theories of society and law being taught in university classrooms with the reality of social protest and revolution of the 1960s and 70s. Disillusioned with Marxism, they turned to thinkers like Levi-Strauss, Gramsci, Habermas, and Foucault in attempt to situate understandings of law and society as a benign science of technocratic policy within a broader system of beliefs that legitimized the prevailing social order.", "Disillusioned with Marxism, they turned to thinkers like Levi-Strauss, Gramsci, Habermas, and Foucault in attempt to situate understandings of law and society as a benign science of technocratic policy within a broader system of beliefs that legitimized the prevailing social order. Unlike Habermas, however, who formulates procedures for attaining rational consensus, Unger locates resolution in institutions and their arrangements that remain perpetually open to revision and reconstruction.", "Unlike Habermas, however, who formulates procedures for attaining rational consensus, Unger locates resolution in institutions and their arrangements that remain perpetually open to revision and reconstruction. And, unlike Foucault, who also emphasizes the constructed character of social life, Unger takes this as an opportunity to reimagine institutions and social conditions that will unleash human creativity and enable liberation.", "And, unlike Foucault, who also emphasizes the constructed character of social life, Unger takes this as an opportunity to reimagine institutions and social conditions that will unleash human creativity and enable liberation. Legal thought Unger's work on law has sought to denaturalize the concept of law and how it is represented through particular institutions.", "Legal thought Unger's work on law has sought to denaturalize the concept of law and how it is represented through particular institutions. He begins by inquiring into why modern societies have legal systems with distinctions between institutions, such as legislature and court, as well as a special caste of lawyers possessing a method of reasoning about social problems.", "He begins by inquiring into why modern societies have legal systems with distinctions between institutions, such as legislature and court, as well as a special caste of lawyers possessing a method of reasoning about social problems. Whereas thinkers such as Marx and Weber had argued that such legal arrangements were a product of economic necessity to secure property rights and the autonomy of the individual, Unger shows that this liberal legal order emerged in Europe as a result of the indeterminate relations between monarchy, aristocracy, and bourgeoisie.", "Whereas thinkers such as Marx and Weber had argued that such legal arrangements were a product of economic necessity to secure property rights and the autonomy of the individual, Unger shows that this liberal legal order emerged in Europe as a result of the indeterminate relations between monarchy, aristocracy, and bourgeoisie. It took the particular form that it did by emerging out of the long tradition of natural law and universality, rather than of necessity.", "It took the particular form that it did by emerging out of the long tradition of natural law and universality, rather than of necessity. This early work in historical analysis of law and legal thought laid the basis for Unger's contribution to the Critical Legal Studies movement.", "This early work in historical analysis of law and legal thought laid the basis for Unger's contribution to the Critical Legal Studies movement. The movement itself was born in the late 1970s among young legal scholars at Harvard Law School who denounced the theoretical underpinnings of American jurisprudence, legal realism.", "The movement itself was born in the late 1970s among young legal scholars at Harvard Law School who denounced the theoretical underpinnings of American jurisprudence, legal realism. The participants were committed to shaping society based on a vision of human personality without the hidden interests and class domination of legal institutions.", "The participants were committed to shaping society based on a vision of human personality without the hidden interests and class domination of legal institutions. Two tendencies of the movement developed, one, a radical indeterminacy that criticized law as meaning anything we want it to mean, and the other, a neo-Marxist critique that attacked legal thought as an institutional form of capitalism.", "Two tendencies of the movement developed, one, a radical indeterminacy that criticized law as meaning anything we want it to mean, and the other, a neo-Marxist critique that attacked legal thought as an institutional form of capitalism. Unger offered a third tendency, a constructive vision of rethinking rights based on individual emancipation and empowerment, and structural arrangements that would lend themselves to constant revision with the goal of creating more educational and economic opportunities for more people.", "Unger offered a third tendency, a constructive vision of rethinking rights based on individual emancipation and empowerment, and structural arrangements that would lend themselves to constant revision with the goal of creating more educational and economic opportunities for more people. He laid this out in The Critical Legal Studies Movement, which quickly earned him a following as the philosophical mentor and prophet of the movement.", "He laid this out in The Critical Legal Studies Movement, which quickly earned him a following as the philosophical mentor and prophet of the movement. Economic thought At the center of Unger's thought about the economy is the commitment to reimagining and remaking the institutional arrangements of how humans produce and exchange.", "Economic thought At the center of Unger's thought about the economy is the commitment to reimagining and remaking the institutional arrangements of how humans produce and exchange. For Unger, economic institutions have no inherent or natural forms, and he rejects the necessitarian tendencies of classical and neo-classical economists, seeking instead alternatives to the arrangements of contemporary societies.", "For Unger, economic institutions have no inherent or natural forms, and he rejects the necessitarian tendencies of classical and neo-classical economists, seeking instead alternatives to the arrangements of contemporary societies. In his writings, he has aimed to revise ideas on the importance of market economies and the division of labor in the workplace and national and global economies.", "In his writings, he has aimed to revise ideas on the importance of market economies and the division of labor in the workplace and national and global economies. Critique of economics Unger's critique of economics begins with the identification of a key moment in economic history, when the analysis of production and exchange turned away from social theory and engaged in a quest for scientific objectivity.", "Critique of economics Unger's critique of economics begins with the identification of a key moment in economic history, when the analysis of production and exchange turned away from social theory and engaged in a quest for scientific objectivity. In Unger's analysis, classical economics focused on the causal relations among social activities, which were connected with the production and distribution of wealth.", "In Unger's analysis, classical economics focused on the causal relations among social activities, which were connected with the production and distribution of wealth. Classical economists asked questions about the true basis of value, activities that contributed to national wealth, systems of rights, or about the forms of government under which people grow rich.", "Classical economists asked questions about the true basis of value, activities that contributed to national wealth, systems of rights, or about the forms of government under which people grow rich. In the late-nineteenth century, in response to attacks from socialist ideas and debates about how society works, and as a means to escape the conundrums of value theory and to answer how values could become prices, marginalist economics arose.", "In the late-nineteenth century, in response to attacks from socialist ideas and debates about how society works, and as a means to escape the conundrums of value theory and to answer how values could become prices, marginalist economics arose. This movement in economics disengaged economics from prescriptive and normative commitments to withdraw the study of economies from debates about how society worked and what kind of society we wanted to live in.", "This movement in economics disengaged economics from prescriptive and normative commitments to withdraw the study of economies from debates about how society worked and what kind of society we wanted to live in. For Unger, this moment in the history of economics robbed it of any analytical or practical value.", "For Unger, this moment in the history of economics robbed it of any analytical or practical value. Unger's critique of Marginalism begins with Walras' equilibrium theory, which attempted to achieve a certainty of economic analysis by putting aside normative controversies of social organization.", "Unger's critique of Marginalism begins with Walras' equilibrium theory, which attempted to achieve a certainty of economic analysis by putting aside normative controversies of social organization. Unger finds three weaknesses that crippled the theory: foremost, the theory claimed that equilibrium would be spontaneously generated in a market economy.", "Unger finds three weaknesses that crippled the theory: foremost, the theory claimed that equilibrium would be spontaneously generated in a market economy. In reality, a self-adjusting equilibrium fails to occur. Second, the theory puts forth a determinate image of the market.", "Second, the theory puts forth a determinate image of the market. Historically, however, the market has been shown to be indeterminate with different market arrangements. Third, the polemical use of efficiency fails to account for the differences of distribution among individuals, classes, and generations.", "Third, the polemical use of efficiency fails to account for the differences of distribution among individuals, classes, and generations. The consequences of the marginalist movement were profound for the study of economics, Unger says.", "The consequences of the marginalist movement were profound for the study of economics, Unger says. The most immediate problem is that under this generalizing tendency of economics, there is no means by which to incorporate empirical evidence and thus to re-imagine the world and develop new theories and new directions.", "The most immediate problem is that under this generalizing tendency of economics, there is no means by which to incorporate empirical evidence and thus to re-imagine the world and develop new theories and new directions. In this way, the discipline is always self-referential and theoretical.", "In this way, the discipline is always self-referential and theoretical. Furthermore, the lack of a normative view of the world curtails the ability to propose anything more than a policy prescription, which by definition always assumes a given context. The discipline can only rationalize the world and support a status quo.", "The discipline can only rationalize the world and support a status quo. Lastly, Unger finds that this turn in economics ended up universalizing debates in macroeconomics and leaving the discipline without any historical perspective.", "Lastly, Unger finds that this turn in economics ended up universalizing debates in macroeconomics and leaving the discipline without any historical perspective. A consequence, for example, was that Keynes' solution to a particular historical crisis was turned into a general theory when it should only be understood as a response to a particular situation.", "A consequence, for example, was that Keynes' solution to a particular historical crisis was turned into a general theory when it should only be understood as a response to a particular situation. Reorientating economics Unger's vision of economics is that it cannot be unhinged from ideas about the individual and social life.", "Reorientating economics Unger's vision of economics is that it cannot be unhinged from ideas about the individual and social life. Human activity and political organization must be incorporated into any analysis of trade and economies.", "Human activity and political organization must be incorporated into any analysis of trade and economies. In remaking the discipline, he calls for a return to the normative practice of classical economics but stripped of its necessitarian assumptions and typological references. The development of explanatory claims and prescriptive ideas are necessary.", "The development of explanatory claims and prescriptive ideas are necessary. The discipline must connect the transformation of nature with that of society—the making of things with the reorganization of people. In Free Trade Reimagined: The World Division of Labor and the Method of Economics, he sets forth six ideas to begin thinking about economic activity.", "In Free Trade Reimagined: The World Division of Labor and the Method of Economics, he sets forth six ideas to begin thinking about economic activity. The problem of specialization and discovery.", "The problem of specialization and discovery. Competition comes to inhibit self transformation when trading partners are unequal but not radically unequal, for both are forced into cost cutting rather than innovating and increasing efficiency. The problem of politics over economics. The making and implementation of policy is not one of discovery, but rather of top down implementation.", "The making and implementation of policy is not one of discovery, but rather of top down implementation. Rigid state control will limit how a society can respond to tensions and crisis, and thus politics creates its own presuppositions and limits creativity and alternative solutions.", "Rigid state control will limit how a society can respond to tensions and crisis, and thus politics creates its own presuppositions and limits creativity and alternative solutions. Free trade should strengthen the capacity for self transformation by organizing the trading regime in a way that strengthens the capacity of trading partners to experiment and innovate.", "Free trade should strengthen the capacity for self transformation by organizing the trading regime in a way that strengthens the capacity of trading partners to experiment and innovate. It becomes question not of how much free trade, but what kind. The best arrangements are those that impose the least amount of restraint. Alternative free trade.", "Alternative free trade. Alternative free trade. The market has no necessary and natural form. If the market economy can be organized in a different way then so can a universal order of free trade among market economies. The division of labor remade.", "The division of labor remade. The division of labor remade. The pin factory organization of labor describes the organization of work as if labor were a machine. But we can make machines to do this work. We should then innovate in those areas where we don't yet know how to make the machine to do the work.", "We should then innovate in those areas where we don't yet know how to make the machine to do the work. Production should be one of collective learning and permanent innovation. Mind against context. The mind is both a machine and an anti-machine; it is both formulaic and totalizing.", "The mind is both a machine and an anti-machine; it is both formulaic and totalizing. Thus we never rest in any context, and we need to have arrangements that constantly lend themselves to reinvention. Reconstructing economic institutions For Unger, the economy is not only a device for wealth but also permanent innovation and discovery.", "Reconstructing economic institutions For Unger, the economy is not only a device for wealth but also permanent innovation and discovery. It should allow the greatest freedom of the recombination of people and resources, and allow people to innovate in institutional settings. The market economy should not be single dogmatic version of itself.", "The market economy should not be single dogmatic version of itself. Unger has presented a number of general institutional proposals that aim to restructure the world trade regime and introduce new alternatives in the market economy.", "Unger has presented a number of general institutional proposals that aim to restructure the world trade regime and introduce new alternatives in the market economy. For international and global trade, Unger calls for the need to experiment with different property rights regimes, where multiple forms will coexist in the same market system and not be tied to individual property rights and contractual labor.", "For international and global trade, Unger calls for the need to experiment with different property rights regimes, where multiple forms will coexist in the same market system and not be tied to individual property rights and contractual labor. Generally, rather than maximizing the free trade as the goal, Unger sees the need to build and open the world economy in way that reconciles global openness with national and regional diversification, deviation, heresy, and experiment, where the idea is to support alternatives by making the world safer for them.", "Generally, rather than maximizing the free trade as the goal, Unger sees the need to build and open the world economy in way that reconciles global openness with national and regional diversification, deviation, heresy, and experiment, where the idea is to support alternatives by making the world safer for them. For national economies, he rejects the need to require the free flow of capital, for there are times when it may be necessary to restrict capital flows.", "For national economies, he rejects the need to require the free flow of capital, for there are times when it may be necessary to restrict capital flows. Rather, he puts the emphasis on the free flow of people. Labor should be allowed to move freely throughout the world.", "Labor should be allowed to move freely throughout the world. On the twenty-first-century economic stimulus Most recently, in a YouTube video titled he laid out three key policies to address the current economy: Change the arrangements of finance in relation to production so that finance is in the service of production.", "On the twenty-first-century economic stimulus Most recently, in a YouTube video titled he laid out three key policies to address the current economy: Change the arrangements of finance in relation to production so that finance is in the service of production. Tax and regulate to discourage finance that does not contribute to production.", "Tax and regulate to discourage finance that does not contribute to production. Use public capital for venture capital funds. Broaden economic opportunity by supporting small and medium enterprise. Reject the choice between government regulation and state controlled models. Support cooperation between government and firms, and cooperation and competition among firms. Education.", "Education. Education. A system of schools to meet needs of a vibrant and flexible economy. Vocational schools that teach general concepts and flexibility, not job-specific skills.", "Vocational schools that teach general concepts and flexibility, not job-specific skills. \"Illusions of necessity in the economic order\" Unger's first writing on economic theory was the article \"Illusions of necessity in the economic order\" in the May 1978 issue of American Economic Review.", "\"Illusions of necessity in the economic order\" Unger's first writing on economic theory was the article \"Illusions of necessity in the economic order\" in the May 1978 issue of American Economic Review. In the article he makes a case for the need of contemporary economic thought to imitate classical political economy in which theories of exchange should be incorporated into theories of power and perception.", "In the article he makes a case for the need of contemporary economic thought to imitate classical political economy in which theories of exchange should be incorporated into theories of power and perception. The article articulates the problem of the American economy as one of the inability to realize democracy of production and community in the workplace.", "The article articulates the problem of the American economy as one of the inability to realize democracy of production and community in the workplace. This failure, according to Unger, is the result of the lack of a comprehensive program that encompasses production, society, and state, so that immediate attempts to address inequality get swallowed up and appropriated by the status quo in the course of winning immediate gains for the organization or constituency, e.g.", "This failure, according to Unger, is the result of the lack of a comprehensive program that encompasses production, society, and state, so that immediate attempts to address inequality get swallowed up and appropriated by the status quo in the course of winning immediate gains for the organization or constituency, e.g. unions.", "unions. unions. To realize a democracy in the workplace and the abolition of wealth and poverty, Unger argues for the need to relate the program of worker community and democracy with an enlargement of democracy at the national level—the goal cannot be only one of economic production and worker's rights, but must be accompanied by a national project at the structural level.", "To realize a democracy in the workplace and the abolition of wealth and poverty, Unger argues for the need to relate the program of worker community and democracy with an enlargement of democracy at the national level—the goal cannot be only one of economic production and worker's rights, but must be accompanied by a national project at the structural level. He pushes this idea further by calling not just for a restructuring of the relationship between the firm and state based on private property, but that it also has to be replaced with a new set of rights encompassing access to jobs, markets, and capital.", "He pushes this idea further by calling not just for a restructuring of the relationship between the firm and state based on private property, but that it also has to be replaced with a new set of rights encompassing access to jobs, markets, and capital. Only as private rights are phased out can rights of decentralized decision making and market exchange be extended to workers.", "Only as private rights are phased out can rights of decentralized decision making and market exchange be extended to workers. This needs to be accompanied by limits on the size of enterprise and how profits are used to control others' labor.", "This needs to be accompanied by limits on the size of enterprise and how profits are used to control others' labor. Neoclassical economics is not up to this task because it begins with preconceived standards that it applies to explain empirical data, while leaving out that which is a theoretical anomaly; there is no causal basis of analysis, Unger says, rather everything is embedded in a timeless universal without any account for context.", "Neoclassical economics is not up to this task because it begins with preconceived standards that it applies to explain empirical data, while leaving out that which is a theoretical anomaly; there is no causal basis of analysis, Unger says, rather everything is embedded in a timeless universal without any account for context. Furthermore, the ambiguity of concepts of maximization, efficiency, and rationalization pin the analysis to a certain notion of the behavior of the rationalizing individual, making the analysis either tautological or reduced to a set of power relations translated into the language of material exchange.", "Furthermore, the ambiguity of concepts of maximization, efficiency, and rationalization pin the analysis to a certain notion of the behavior of the rationalizing individual, making the analysis either tautological or reduced to a set of power relations translated into the language of material exchange. Programmatic thought Key in Unger's thinking is the need to re-imagine social institutions before attempting to revise them.", "Programmatic thought Key in Unger's thinking is the need to re-imagine social institutions before attempting to revise them. This calls for a program, or programmatic thought.", "This calls for a program, or programmatic thought. In building this program, however, we must not entertain complete revolutionary overhaul, lest we be plagued by three false assumptions: Typological fallacy: the fallacy that there is closed list of institutional alternatives in history, such as \"feudalism\" or \"capitalism\".", "In building this program, however, we must not entertain complete revolutionary overhaul, lest we be plagued by three false assumptions: Typological fallacy: the fallacy that there is closed list of institutional alternatives in history, such as \"feudalism\" or \"capitalism\". There is not a natural form of society, only the specific result of the piecemeal institutional changes, political movements, and cultural reforms (as well as the accidents and coincidences of history) that came before it.", "There is not a natural form of society, only the specific result of the piecemeal institutional changes, political movements, and cultural reforms (as well as the accidents and coincidences of history) that came before it. Indivisibility fallacy: most subscribers to revolutionary Leftism wrongly believe that institutional structures must stand and fall together.", "Indivisibility fallacy: most subscribers to revolutionary Leftism wrongly believe that institutional structures must stand and fall together. However, structures can be reformed piecemeal. Determinism fallacy: the fallacy that uncontrollable and little understood law-like forces drive the historical succession of institutional systems. However, there is no natural flow of history.", "However, there is no natural flow of history. We make ourselves and our world, and can do so in any way we choose. To think about social transformation programmatically, one must first mark the direction one wants society to move in, and then identify the first steps with which we can move in that direction.", "To think about social transformation programmatically, one must first mark the direction one wants society to move in, and then identify the first steps with which we can move in that direction. In this way we can formulate proposals at points along the trajectory, be they relatively close to how things are now or relatively far away.", "In this way we can formulate proposals at points along the trajectory, be they relatively close to how things are now or relatively far away. This provides a third way between revolution and reform. It is revolutionary reform, where one has a revolutionary vision, but acts on that vision in a sequence of piecemeal reforms.", "It is revolutionary reform, where one has a revolutionary vision, but acts on that vision in a sequence of piecemeal reforms. As Unger puts it, transformative politics is \"not about blueprints; it is about pathways. It is not architecture; it is music\".", "It is not architecture; it is music\". The two Lefts Unger sees two main Lefts in the world today, a recalcitrant Left and a humanizing Left. The recalcitrant Left seeks to slow down the march of markets and globalization, and to return to a time of greater government involvement and stronger social programs.", "The recalcitrant Left seeks to slow down the march of markets and globalization, and to return to a time of greater government involvement and stronger social programs. The humanizing Left (or 'reformist Left') accepts the world in its present form, taking the market economy and globalization as unavoidable, and attempts to humanize their effects through tax-and-transfer policies.", "The humanizing Left (or 'reformist Left') accepts the world in its present form, taking the market economy and globalization as unavoidable, and attempts to humanize their effects through tax-and-transfer policies. Unger finds the two major orientations of contemporary Leftism inadequate and calls for a 'Reconstructive Left' – one which would insist on redirecting the course of globalization by reorganizing the market economy.", "Unger finds the two major orientations of contemporary Leftism inadequate and calls for a 'Reconstructive Left' – one which would insist on redirecting the course of globalization by reorganizing the market economy. In his two books The Left Alternative and The Future of American Progressivism, Unger lays out a program to democratize the market economy and deepen democracy.", "In his two books The Left Alternative and The Future of American Progressivism, Unger lays out a program to democratize the market economy and deepen democracy. This Reconstructive Left would look beyond debates on the appropriate size of government, and instead re-envision the relationship between government and firms in the market economy by experimenting with the coexistence of different regimes of private and social property.", "This Reconstructive Left would look beyond debates on the appropriate size of government, and instead re-envision the relationship between government and firms in the market economy by experimenting with the coexistence of different regimes of private and social property. It would be committed to social solidarity, but \"would refuse to allow our moral interests in social cohesion [to] rest solely upon money transfers commanded by the state in the form of compensatory and retrospective redistribution\", as is the case with federal entitlement programs.", "It would be committed to social solidarity, but \"would refuse to allow our moral interests in social cohesion [to] rest solely upon money transfers commanded by the state in the form of compensatory and retrospective redistribution\", as is the case with federal entitlement programs. Instead, Unger's Reconstructive Left affirms \"the principle that everyone should share, in some way and at some time, responsibility for taking care of other people.\"", "Instead, Unger's Reconstructive Left affirms \"the principle that everyone should share, in some way and at some time, responsibility for taking care of other people.\" The Left Alternative program Unger has laid out concrete policy proposals in areas of economic development, education, civil society, and political democracy.", "The Left Alternative program Unger has laid out concrete policy proposals in areas of economic development, education, civil society, and political democracy. On economic development, Unger has noted that there are only two models for a national economy available to us today: the US model of business control of government, and the northeast Asian model of top down bureaucratic control of the economy.", "On economic development, Unger has noted that there are only two models for a national economy available to us today: the US model of business control of government, and the northeast Asian model of top down bureaucratic control of the economy. Citing the need for greater imagination on the issue, he has offered a third model that is decentralized, pluralistic, participatory, and experimental.", "Citing the need for greater imagination on the issue, he has offered a third model that is decentralized, pluralistic, participatory, and experimental. This would take the form of an economy encouraging small business development and innovation that would create large scale self-employment and cooperation.", "This would take the form of an economy encouraging small business development and innovation that would create large scale self-employment and cooperation. The emphasis is not on the protection of big business as the main sectors of the economy, but the highly mobile and innovative small firm.", "The emphasis is not on the protection of big business as the main sectors of the economy, but the highly mobile and innovative small firm. Unger links the development of such an economy to an education system that encourages creativity and empowers the mind, not one that he now sees geared for a reproduction of the family and to put the individual in service of the state.", "Unger links the development of such an economy to an education system that encourages creativity and empowers the mind, not one that he now sees geared for a reproduction of the family and to put the individual in service of the state. He proposes that such a system should be run locally but have standards enforced through national oversight, as well as a procedure in place to intervene in the case of the failing of local systems.", "He proposes that such a system should be run locally but have standards enforced through national oversight, as well as a procedure in place to intervene in the case of the failing of local systems. Unger's critique of and alternative to social programs goes to the heart of civil society.", "Unger's critique of and alternative to social programs goes to the heart of civil society. The problem we are faced with now, he claims, is that we have a bureaucratic system of distribution that provides lower quality service and prohibits the involvement of civil society in the provision of public services.", "The problem we are faced with now, he claims, is that we have a bureaucratic system of distribution that provides lower quality service and prohibits the involvement of civil society in the provision of public services. The alternative he lays out is to have the state act to equip civil society to partake in public services and care.", "The alternative he lays out is to have the state act to equip civil society to partake in public services and care. This would entail empowering each individual to have two responsibilities, one in the productive economy and one in the caring economy.", "This would entail empowering each individual to have two responsibilities, one in the productive economy and one in the caring economy. Unger's proposal for political democracy calls for a high energy system that diminishes the dependence of change upon crisis.", "Unger's proposal for political democracy calls for a high energy system that diminishes the dependence of change upon crisis. This can be done, he claims, by breaking the constant threat of stasis and institutionalization of politics and parties through five institutional innovations.", "This can be done, he claims, by breaking the constant threat of stasis and institutionalization of politics and parties through five institutional innovations. First, increase collective engagement through the public financing of campaigns and giving free access to media outlets.", "First, increase collective engagement through the public financing of campaigns and giving free access to media outlets. Second, hasten the pace of politics by breaking legislative deadlock through the enabling of the party in power to push through proposals and reforms, and for opposition parties to be able to dissolve the government and call for immediate elections.", "Second, hasten the pace of politics by breaking legislative deadlock through the enabling of the party in power to push through proposals and reforms, and for opposition parties to be able to dissolve the government and call for immediate elections. Third, the option of any segment of society to opt out of the political process and to propose alternative solutions for its own governance.", "Third, the option of any segment of society to opt out of the political process and to propose alternative solutions for its own governance. Fourth, give the state the power to rescue oppressed groups that are unable to liberate themselves through collective action.", "Fourth, give the state the power to rescue oppressed groups that are unable to liberate themselves through collective action. Fifth, direct participatory democracy in which active engagement is not purely in terms of financial support and wealth distribution, but through which people are directly involved in their local and national affairs through proposal and action.", "Fifth, direct participatory democracy in which active engagement is not purely in terms of financial support and wealth distribution, but through which people are directly involved in their local and national affairs through proposal and action. Theoretical philosophy At the core of Unger's theoretical philosophy are two key conceptions: first the infinity of the individual, and secondly the singularity of the world and the reality of time.", "Theoretical philosophy At the core of Unger's theoretical philosophy are two key conceptions: first the infinity of the individual, and secondly the singularity of the world and the reality of time. The premise behind the infinity of the individual is that we exist within social contexts but we are more than the roles that these contexts may define for us—we can overcome them.", "The premise behind the infinity of the individual is that we exist within social contexts but we are more than the roles that these contexts may define for us—we can overcome them. In Unger's terms, we are both \"context-bound and context-transcending; \"we appear as \"the embodied spirit;\" as \"the infinite imprisoned within the finite.\"", "In Unger's terms, we are both \"context-bound and context-transcending; \"we appear as \"the embodied spirit;\" as \"the infinite imprisoned within the finite.\" For Unger, there is no natural state of the individual and his social being. Rather, we are infinite in spirit and unbound in what we can become.", "Rather, we are infinite in spirit and unbound in what we can become. As such, no social institution or convention can contain us. While institutions do exist and shape our beings and our interactions, we can change both their structure and the extent to which they imprison us.", "While institutions do exist and shape our beings and our interactions, we can change both their structure and the extent to which they imprison us. The philosophy of the singularity of the world and the reality of time establishes history as the site of decisive action through the propositions that there is only one real world, not multiple or simultaneous universes, and that time really exists in the world, not as a simulacrum through which we must experience the world.", "The philosophy of the singularity of the world and the reality of time establishes history as the site of decisive action through the propositions that there is only one real world, not multiple or simultaneous universes, and that time really exists in the world, not as a simulacrum through which we must experience the world. These two concepts of infinity and reality lie at the heart of Unger's program calling for metaphysical and institutional revolutions.", "These two concepts of infinity and reality lie at the heart of Unger's program calling for metaphysical and institutional revolutions. From the concept of the self as infinite but constrained, Unger argues that we must continually transform our environment to better express ourselves. This can only be done in a singular world within which time is real.", "This can only be done in a singular world within which time is real. The self and human nature In Passion: An Essay on Personality, Unger explores the individual and his relation to society from the perspective of the root human predicament of the need to establish oneself as a unique individual in the world but at the same time to find commonality and solidarity with others.", "The self and human nature In Passion: An Essay on Personality, Unger explores the individual and his relation to society from the perspective of the root human predicament of the need to establish oneself as a unique individual in the world but at the same time to find commonality and solidarity with others. This exploration is grounded in what Unger calls a modernist image of the human being as one who lives in context but is not bound by context.", "This exploration is grounded in what Unger calls a modernist image of the human being as one who lives in context but is not bound by context. Unger's aim is to level a critique, expansion, and defense of modern thinking about the human and society.", "Unger's aim is to level a critique, expansion, and defense of modern thinking about the human and society. Religion and the human condition Unger has written and spoken extensively on religion and the human condition. Religion, Unger argues, is a vision of the world within which we anchor our orientation to life.", "Religion, Unger argues, is a vision of the world within which we anchor our orientation to life. It is within this orientation that we deal with our greatest terrors and highest hopes.", "It is within this orientation that we deal with our greatest terrors and highest hopes. Because we are doomed to die, we hope for eternal life; because we are unable to grasp to totality of existence or of the universe, we try to dispel the mystery and provide a comprehensible explanation; because we have an insatiable desire, we cry for an object that is worthy of this desire, one that is infinite.", "Because we are doomed to die, we hope for eternal life; because we are unable to grasp to totality of existence or of the universe, we try to dispel the mystery and provide a comprehensible explanation; because we have an insatiable desire, we cry for an object that is worthy of this desire, one that is infinite. Humans initially invested religious discourse in nature and the human susceptibility to nature.", "Humans initially invested religious discourse in nature and the human susceptibility to nature. But as societies evolved and people developed ways to cope with the unpredictability of nature, the emphasis of religion shifted to social existence and its defects.", "But as societies evolved and people developed ways to cope with the unpredictability of nature, the emphasis of religion shifted to social existence and its defects. A new moment in religion will begin, Unger argues, when we stop telling ourselves that all will be fine and we begin to face the incorrigible flaws in human existence.", "A new moment in religion will begin, Unger argues, when we stop telling ourselves that all will be fine and we begin to face the incorrigible flaws in human existence. The future of religion lies in embracing our mortality and our groundlessness. Unger sees four flaws in the human condition.", "Unger sees four flaws in the human condition. They are, our mortality and the facing of imminent death; our groundlessness in that we are unable to grasp the solution to the enigma of existence, see the beginning or end of time, nor put off the discovery of the meaning of life; our insatiability in that we always want more, and demand the infinite from the finite; and our susceptibility to belittlement which places us in a position to constantly confront petty routine forcing us to die many little deaths.", "They are, our mortality and the facing of imminent death; our groundlessness in that we are unable to grasp the solution to the enigma of existence, see the beginning or end of time, nor put off the discovery of the meaning of life; our insatiability in that we always want more, and demand the infinite from the finite; and our susceptibility to belittlement which places us in a position to constantly confront petty routine forcing us to die many little deaths. There are three major responses in the history of human thought to these flaws: escape, humanization, and confrontation.", "There are three major responses in the history of human thought to these flaws: escape, humanization, and confrontation. The overcoming of the world denies the phenomenal world and its distinctions, including the individual. It proclaims a benevolence towards others and an indifference to suffering and change. One achieves serenity by becoming invulnerable to suffering and change.", "One achieves serenity by becoming invulnerable to suffering and change. The religion of Buddhism and philosophical thought of Plato and Schopenhauer best represent this orientation. The humanization of the world creates meaning out of social interactions in a meaningless world by placing all emphasis on our reciprocal responsibility to one another.", "The humanization of the world creates meaning out of social interactions in a meaningless world by placing all emphasis on our reciprocal responsibility to one another. Confucianism and contemporary liberalism represent this strand of thought, both of which aim to soften the cruelties of the world.", "Confucianism and contemporary liberalism represent this strand of thought, both of which aim to soften the cruelties of the world. The struggle with the world is framed by the idea that series of personal and social transformations can increase our share of attributes associated with the divine and give us a larger life.", "The struggle with the world is framed by the idea that series of personal and social transformations can increase our share of attributes associated with the divine and give us a larger life. It emphasizes love over altruism, rejecting the moral of the mastery of self-interest to enhance solidarity, and emphasizing the humility of individual love.", "It emphasizes love over altruism, rejecting the moral of the mastery of self-interest to enhance solidarity, and emphasizing the humility of individual love. This orientation has been articulated in two different voices: the sacred voice of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, and the profane voice of the secular projects of liberation.", "This orientation has been articulated in two different voices: the sacred voice of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, and the profane voice of the secular projects of liberation. The religion of the future The spiritual orientation of the struggle with the world has given rise to the secular movements of emancipation in the modern world, and it is here that Unger sees the religion of the future.", "The religion of the future The spiritual orientation of the struggle with the world has given rise to the secular movements of emancipation in the modern world, and it is here that Unger sees the religion of the future. The problem Unger sees, however, is that as an established religion, this orientation has betrayed its ideological underpinnings and has made peace with existing order.", "The problem Unger sees, however, is that as an established religion, this orientation has betrayed its ideological underpinnings and has made peace with existing order. It has accepted the hierarchies of class structure in society, accepted the transfer of money as serving as the basis of solidarity, and reaffirmed the basis of existing political, economic, and social institutions by investing in a conservative position of their preservation.", "It has accepted the hierarchies of class structure in society, accepted the transfer of money as serving as the basis of solidarity, and reaffirmed the basis of existing political, economic, and social institutions by investing in a conservative position of their preservation. Thus, \"to be faithful to what made this orientation persuasive and powerful in the first place, we must radicalize it against both established institutions and dominant beliefs.\"", "Thus, \"to be faithful to what made this orientation persuasive and powerful in the first place, we must radicalize it against both established institutions and dominant beliefs.\" Unger's call is for a revolution in our religious beliefs that encompasses both individual transformation and institutional reorganization; to create change in the life of the individual as well as in the organization of society.", "Unger's call is for a revolution in our religious beliefs that encompasses both individual transformation and institutional reorganization; to create change in the life of the individual as well as in the organization of society. The first part of the program of individual transformation means waking from the dazed state in which we live our lives, and recognizing our mortality and groundlessness without turning to the “feel-good theologies and philosophies”.", "The first part of the program of individual transformation means waking from the dazed state in which we live our lives, and recognizing our mortality and groundlessness without turning to the “feel-good theologies and philosophies”. The second part of the program of social transformation means supplementing the metaphysical revolution with institutional practices by creating social institutions that allow us to constantly overthrow our constraints and our context, and to make this overthrow not a one time event but a continuing process.", "The second part of the program of social transformation means supplementing the metaphysical revolution with institutional practices by creating social institutions that allow us to constantly overthrow our constraints and our context, and to make this overthrow not a one time event but a continuing process. This is the program of empowered democracy that calls for reforms in the market economy, education, politics, and civil society.", "This is the program of empowered democracy that calls for reforms in the market economy, education, politics, and civil society. \"The goal is not to humanize society but to divinize humanity.\" It is \"to raise ordinary life to a higher level of intensity and capability.\"", "It is \"to raise ordinary life to a higher level of intensity and capability.\" Natural philosophy Unger's philosophy of space and time presented in The Singular Universe and the Reality of Time argues for the singularity of the world and the reality of time. His arguments are grounded in the tradition of natural philosophy.", "His arguments are grounded in the tradition of natural philosophy. He takes on the Newtonian idea of the independent observer standing outside of time and space, addresses the skepticism of David Hume, rejects the position of Kant, and attacks speculations about parallel universes of contemporary cosmology.", "He takes on the Newtonian idea of the independent observer standing outside of time and space, addresses the skepticism of David Hume, rejects the position of Kant, and attacks speculations about parallel universes of contemporary cosmology. At stake is the laying of the foundations for a view of the world and causality that is open to all possibilities; that is not a closed system of options in which our future is governed by deterministic laws and typologies.", "At stake is the laying of the foundations for a view of the world and causality that is open to all possibilities; that is not a closed system of options in which our future is governed by deterministic laws and typologies. It is an understanding of society that rejects the naturalness and necessity of current social arrangements; \"a form of understanding of society and history that refuses to explain the present arrangements in a manner that vindicates their naturalness and necessity.\"", "It is an understanding of society that rejects the naturalness and necessity of current social arrangements; \"a form of understanding of society and history that refuses to explain the present arrangements in a manner that vindicates their naturalness and necessity.\" The thesis of the singularity of the world states that there is one real world.", "The thesis of the singularity of the world states that there is one real world. Such a thesis stands in stark contrast to contemporary theoretical physics and cosmology, which speculate about multiple universes out of the dilemma of how to have law like explanations if the universe is unique—laws will be universal because they don't just apply to this unique universe but to all universes.", "Such a thesis stands in stark contrast to contemporary theoretical physics and cosmology, which speculate about multiple universes out of the dilemma of how to have law like explanations if the universe is unique—laws will be universal because they don't just apply to this unique universe but to all universes. However, there is no empirical evidence for multiple worlds.", "However, there is no empirical evidence for multiple worlds. Unger's singularity thesis can better address our empirical observations and set the conceptual platform to address the four main puzzles in cosmology today: Big Bang, initial conditions, horizon problem, and the precise value of constants, such as gravity, speed of light, and Planck's constant.", "Unger's singularity thesis can better address our empirical observations and set the conceptual platform to address the four main puzzles in cosmology today: Big Bang, initial conditions, horizon problem, and the precise value of constants, such as gravity, speed of light, and Planck's constant. The thesis that time is real states that time \"really is real\" and everything is subject to history.", "The thesis that time is real states that time \"really is real\" and everything is subject to history. This move is to historicize everything, even the laws of nature, and to challenge our acting as if time were real but not too real—we act as if it is somewhat real otherwise there would be no causal relations, but not so real that laws change.", "This move is to historicize everything, even the laws of nature, and to challenge our acting as if time were real but not too real—we act as if it is somewhat real otherwise there would be no causal relations, but not so real that laws change. Unger holds that time is so real that laws of nature are also subject to its force and they too must change.", "Unger holds that time is so real that laws of nature are also subject to its force and they too must change. There are no eternal laws upon which change occurs, rather time precedes structure. This position gives the universe a history and makes time non-emergent, global, irreversible, and continuous.", "This position gives the universe a history and makes time non-emergent, global, irreversible, and continuous. Bringing these two thesis together, Unger theorizes that laws of nature develop together with the phenomenon they explain.", "Bringing these two thesis together, Unger theorizes that laws of nature develop together with the phenomenon they explain. Laws and initial conditions co-evolve, in the same that they do in how cells reproduce and mutate in different levels of complexity of organisms.", "Laws and initial conditions co-evolve, in the same that they do in how cells reproduce and mutate in different levels of complexity of organisms. In cosmological terms Unger explains the passing from one structure to another at the origins of the universe when the state of energy was high but not infinite, and the freedom of movement was greater than when operating under a known set of laws.", "In cosmological terms Unger explains the passing from one structure to another at the origins of the universe when the state of energy was high but not infinite, and the freedom of movement was greater than when operating under a known set of laws. The conditions of the early universe is compatible with the universe that preceded it.", "The conditions of the early universe is compatible with the universe that preceded it. The new universe may be different in structure, but has been made with what existed in the old one, e.g. masses of elementary particles, strength of different forces, and cosmological constants.", "masses of elementary particles, strength of different forces, and cosmological constants. As the universe cools the phenomena and laws work together with materials produced by sequence; they are path dependent materials.", "As the universe cools the phenomena and laws work together with materials produced by sequence; they are path dependent materials. They are also constrained by the family of resemblances of the effective laws against the background of the conceptions of alternative states the universe and succession of universes.", "They are also constrained by the family of resemblances of the effective laws against the background of the conceptions of alternative states the universe and succession of universes. Mathematics and the one real, time-drenched world One consequence of these positions that Unger points to is the revision of the concept and function of mathematics.", "Mathematics and the one real, time-drenched world One consequence of these positions that Unger points to is the revision of the concept and function of mathematics. If there is only one world drenched in time through and through, then mathematics cannot be a timeless expression of multiple universes that captures reality.", "If there is only one world drenched in time through and through, then mathematics cannot be a timeless expression of multiple universes that captures reality. Rather, Unger argues that mathematics is a means of analyzing the world removed of time and phenomenal distinction.", "Rather, Unger argues that mathematics is a means of analyzing the world removed of time and phenomenal distinction. By emptying the world of time and space it is able to better focus on one aspect of reality: the recurrence of certain ways in which pieces of the world relate to other pieces.", "By emptying the world of time and space it is able to better focus on one aspect of reality: the recurrence of certain ways in which pieces of the world relate to other pieces. Its subject matter are the structured wholes and bundles of relations, which we see outside mathematics only as embodied in the time-bound particulars of the manifest world.", "Its subject matter are the structured wholes and bundles of relations, which we see outside mathematics only as embodied in the time-bound particulars of the manifest world. In this way, mathematics extends our problem solving powers as an extension of human insight, but it is not a part of the world.", "In this way, mathematics extends our problem solving powers as an extension of human insight, but it is not a part of the world. Political engagement Unger has a long history of political activity in Brazil.", "Political engagement Unger has a long history of political activity in Brazil. He worked in early opposition parties in the 1970s/80s against the Brazilian military dictatorship, and drafted the founding manifesto for the Brazilian Democratic Movement Party (PMDB) in 1980.", "He worked in early opposition parties in the 1970s/80s against the Brazilian military dictatorship, and drafted the founding manifesto for the Brazilian Democratic Movement Party (PMDB) in 1980. He served as an intimate adviser to two presidential candidates, and launched exploratory bids himself in 2000 and 2006.", "He served as an intimate adviser to two presidential candidates, and launched exploratory bids himself in 2000 and 2006. He was the Secretary for Strategic Affairs in the Lula administration from 2007–09, and is currently working on a number of social and developmental projects in the state of Rondônia.", "He was the Secretary for Strategic Affairs in the Lula administration from 2007–09, and is currently working on a number of social and developmental projects in the state of Rondônia. Driving Unger's political engagement is the idea that society can be made and remade.", "Driving Unger's political engagement is the idea that society can be made and remade. Unlike Mill or Marx, who posited a particular class as the agent of history, Unger does not see a single vehicle for transformative politics.", "Unlike Mill or Marx, who posited a particular class as the agent of history, Unger does not see a single vehicle for transformative politics. He advocates world-wide revolution, but does not see this happening as a single cataclysmic event or undertaken by a class agent, like the Communist movement.", "He advocates world-wide revolution, but does not see this happening as a single cataclysmic event or undertaken by a class agent, like the Communist movement. Rather, he sees the possibility of piecemeal change, where institutions can be replaced one at a time, and permanent plasticity can be built into the institutional infrastructure.", "Rather, he sees the possibility of piecemeal change, where institutions can be replaced one at a time, and permanent plasticity can be built into the institutional infrastructure. Early political activity, 1970s and 1980s Unger's engagement in Brazilian politics began in the late 1970s as Brazil started to democratize.", "Early political activity, 1970s and 1980s Unger's engagement in Brazilian politics began in the late 1970s as Brazil started to democratize. In 1979, he presented himself to the main opposition party, the Brazilian Democratic Movement (MDB), and was appointed chief of staff by party leader Ulysses Guimaraes.", "In 1979, he presented himself to the main opposition party, the Brazilian Democratic Movement (MDB), and was appointed chief of staff by party leader Ulysses Guimaraes. His initial work was to develop the positions of the party and draft policy proposals for their party's congressional representatives.", "His initial work was to develop the positions of the party and draft policy proposals for their party's congressional representatives. When the military regime dissolved the two-party system and established a multi-party system later that year, Unger worked to unite progressive liberals and the independent, non-communist left into the Brazilian Democratic Movement Party (PMDB).", "When the military regime dissolved the two-party system and established a multi-party system later that year, Unger worked to unite progressive liberals and the independent, non-communist left into the Brazilian Democratic Movement Party (PMDB). As a co-founder of the party, he authored its first manifesto.", "As a co-founder of the party, he authored its first manifesto. Unger left the party after the rise of a conservative faction, which was a part of the MDB but had been excluded from the initial formation of the PMDB.", "Unger left the party after the rise of a conservative faction, which was a part of the MDB but had been excluded from the initial formation of the PMDB. After departing the PMDB in the early 1980s, Unger began looking for political agents who would serve as vehicles for his national alternative.", "After departing the PMDB in the early 1980s, Unger began looking for political agents who would serve as vehicles for his national alternative. In 1981, he jointed the Democratic Labour Party of Brazil (PDT) led by Leonel Brizola, a former governor of Rio de Janeiro and a figure of the left prior to the dictatorship.", "In 1981, he jointed the Democratic Labour Party of Brazil (PDT) led by Leonel Brizola, a former governor of Rio de Janeiro and a figure of the left prior to the dictatorship. Brizola had founded the PDT and Unger saw it as the authentic opposition to the military regime.", "Brizola had founded the PDT and Unger saw it as the authentic opposition to the military regime. Throughout the 1980s he worked with Brizola to travel the country recruiting members, and developing policy positions and a political language.", "Throughout the 1980s he worked with Brizola to travel the country recruiting members, and developing policy positions and a political language. In 1983, Brizola, then serving his second of three terms as governor of Rio de Janeiro, appointed Unger to head the State Foundation for the Education of Minors (FEEM), a state-run foundation for homeless children.", "In 1983, Brizola, then serving his second of three terms as governor of Rio de Janeiro, appointed Unger to head the State Foundation for the Education of Minors (FEEM), a state-run foundation for homeless children. During his year-long tenure, he began a process of radical reforms of the institutions, such as opening the door to international adoption and reintegrating children with their families.", "During his year-long tenure, he began a process of radical reforms of the institutions, such as opening the door to international adoption and reintegrating children with their families. He also set up community organizations in the slums to help support families in order to prevent the abandonment of children.", "He also set up community organizations in the slums to help support families in order to prevent the abandonment of children. Political campaigns, 1990s and 2000s In 1990, Unger ran a symbolic campaign for a seat in the national chamber of deputies. He had no money, no structure, and only campaigned for eight weeks.", "He had no money, no structure, and only campaigned for eight weeks. He ran on a platform of reforming the slums, and went around the slum neighborhoods giving lectures. He received 9,000 votes, just 1,000 votes short of winning the seat. None of the votes came from the slums, however.", "None of the votes came from the slums, however. All his votes had come from the middle class, although he had never campaigned in those neighborhoods or to that constituency. Recalling the experience, Unger says \"it was kind of absurd...", "Recalling the experience, Unger says \"it was kind of absurd... I had no money, no staff, and I would go into these slums, alone, to hand out pamphlets, often to the local drug pushers.\"", "I had no money, no staff, and I would go into these slums, alone, to hand out pamphlets, often to the local drug pushers.\" It is an experience that Unger cites as leading to his belief that the system and possibilities were much more open than he had previously imagined.", "It is an experience that Unger cites as leading to his belief that the system and possibilities were much more open than he had previously imagined. Unger served as Brizola's campaign organizer and primary political adviser in his bids for the Brazilian Presidency in 1989 and 1994.", "Unger served as Brizola's campaign organizer and primary political adviser in his bids for the Brazilian Presidency in 1989 and 1994. In 1989, Brizola finished in third place, losing the second position, which would have qualified him for a runoff against Fernando Collor de Mello, by a very narrow margin to Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva.", "In 1989, Brizola finished in third place, losing the second position, which would have qualified him for a runoff against Fernando Collor de Mello, by a very narrow margin to Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva. Brizola and Unger both supported Lula in the second round of the election, but Collor would go on to beat Lula and win the Presidency.", "Brizola and Unger both supported Lula in the second round of the election, but Collor would go on to beat Lula and win the Presidency. Unger also helped organize the presidential bids of former finance minister and governor of Ceará, Ciro Gomes, in 1998 and 2002.", "Unger also helped organize the presidential bids of former finance minister and governor of Ceará, Ciro Gomes, in 1998 and 2002. In 1998, Gomes came in third place with 11% of the vote, and in 2002 he came in fourth place with 12% of the vote.", "In 1998, Gomes came in third place with 11% of the vote, and in 2002 he came in fourth place with 12% of the vote. Unger had written The Next Step: An Alternative to Neoliberalism with Gomes in 1996.", "Unger had written The Next Step: An Alternative to Neoliberalism with Gomes in 1996. At the national level in 2002, again in the second round of the election, Unger supported Lula who went on to defeat José Serra to win the Presidency.", "At the national level in 2002, again in the second round of the election, Unger supported Lula who went on to defeat José Serra to win the Presidency. With the experience of supporting others who imploded politically, Unger discovered that, as he put it, he was committing \"the classic mistake of the philosophers in politics, which is to try to find someone else to do the work.\"", "With the experience of supporting others who imploded politically, Unger discovered that, as he put it, he was committing \"the classic mistake of the philosophers in politics, which is to try to find someone else to do the work.\" In 2000, he ran in the primaries for the mayor of Sao Paulo, but the PPS party leader suspended the primaries when it became clear that Unger would win the nomination and challenge party control.", "In 2000, he ran in the primaries for the mayor of Sao Paulo, but the PPS party leader suspended the primaries when it became clear that Unger would win the nomination and challenge party control. He launched an exploratory bid for the 2006 presidential election on the PRB ticket, but the party decided not to put forth its own candidate for the presidency and to support Lula of the PT.", "He launched an exploratory bid for the 2006 presidential election on the PRB ticket, but the party decided not to put forth its own candidate for the presidency and to support Lula of the PT. As Minister of Strategic Affairs in the Lula administration Unger found President Lula's first term to be conservative and riddled with scandal.", "As Minister of Strategic Affairs in the Lula administration Unger found President Lula's first term to be conservative and riddled with scandal. He wrote articles calling Lula's administration \"the most corrupt of Brazil's history\" and called for his impeachment.", "He wrote articles calling Lula's administration \"the most corrupt of Brazil's history\" and called for his impeachment. Despite the criticism, many advisers to Lula insisted that he should invite Unger to join his administration.", "Despite the criticism, many advisers to Lula insisted that he should invite Unger to join his administration. In June 2007, after winning his second term, Lula appointed Unger as head of the newly established Long-term Planning Secretariat (a post which would eventually be called The Minister of Strategic Affairs).", "In June 2007, after winning his second term, Lula appointed Unger as head of the newly established Long-term Planning Secretariat (a post which would eventually be called The Minister of Strategic Affairs). Unger's work in office was an attempt to enact his program.", "Unger's work in office was an attempt to enact his program. Seeing the future in small enterprises and advocating a rotating capital fund that would function like a government run venture capital fund, he pushed for a rapid expansion of credit to smaller producers and a decentralized network of technical support centers that would help broaden the middle class from below.", "Seeing the future in small enterprises and advocating a rotating capital fund that would function like a government run venture capital fund, he pushed for a rapid expansion of credit to smaller producers and a decentralized network of technical support centers that would help broaden the middle class from below. He further called for political solutions that would broaden access to production forces such as information technology, and for states to focus on equipping and monitoring civil society rather than trying to provide social services.", "He further called for political solutions that would broaden access to production forces such as information technology, and for states to focus on equipping and monitoring civil society rather than trying to provide social services. Unger's specific projects while in office were focused on giving \"ordinary men and women the instruments with which to render this vitality fertile and productive.\"", "Unger's specific projects while in office were focused on giving \"ordinary men and women the instruments with which to render this vitality fertile and productive.\" He aimed to use state powers and resources to allow the majority of poor workers to \"follow the path of the emergent vanguard\".", "He aimed to use state powers and resources to allow the majority of poor workers to \"follow the path of the emergent vanguard\". He developed a series of sectoral and regional initiatives that would prefigure the model of development based on the broadening of economic and educational opportunity by democratizing the market economy and restructuring civil society.", "He developed a series of sectoral and regional initiatives that would prefigure the model of development based on the broadening of economic and educational opportunity by democratizing the market economy and restructuring civil society. Sectorally, Unger revamped the educational structure and rewrote labor laws.", "Sectorally, Unger revamped the educational structure and rewrote labor laws. In education, he implemented a model of secondary education, where analytical problem-solving education was paired with technical education that focused on conceptual capabilities rather than job-specific skills. There are several hundred of these institutions today.", "There are several hundred of these institutions today. He further drafted legislation to associate national, state and local jurisdictions into common bodies that could intervene when a local school system fell below the minimum acceptable threshold of quality and \"fix it the way an independent administrator would fix a failing business under Chapter 11 bankruptcy.\"", "He further drafted legislation to associate national, state and local jurisdictions into common bodies that could intervene when a local school system fell below the minimum acceptable threshold of quality and \"fix it the way an independent administrator would fix a failing business under Chapter 11 bankruptcy.\" In labor, Unger worked with unions to write new labor laws designed to protect and organize temporary workers, subcontractors, and those working in the informal economy.", "In labor, Unger worked with unions to write new labor laws designed to protect and organize temporary workers, subcontractors, and those working in the informal economy. Regionally, some of Unger's most influential work was the implementation of a developmental strategy for the Amazon that would be sustainable environmentally by making it socially inclusive.", "Regionally, some of Unger's most influential work was the implementation of a developmental strategy for the Amazon that would be sustainable environmentally by making it socially inclusive. He drafted and passed legislation to regularize small-scale squatters on untitled land by giving them clear legal titles, which would create self-interest in preservation while granting them economic opportunity.", "He drafted and passed legislation to regularize small-scale squatters on untitled land by giving them clear legal titles, which would create self-interest in preservation while granting them economic opportunity. Included in this law were protections against large scale land grabbers.", "Included in this law were protections against large scale land grabbers. Such legislation aimed to empower locals living on Amazonian land by giving them ownership rights and linking their interest in preserving it, rather than pillaging it as quickly as possible in the face of ambiguous ownership rights. This legislation passed and was put into law.", "This legislation passed and was put into law. Unger served in the administration for two years. On 26 June 2009, President Lula announced Unger would be leaving the government and returning to Harvard University. He later cited personal and political reasons for his early departure.", "He later cited personal and political reasons for his early departure. Engagement outside Brazil Unger's attempts to develop global social, political, and economic alternatives have led him in episodic engagements in national debates around the world.", "Engagement outside Brazil Unger's attempts to develop global social, political, and economic alternatives have led him in episodic engagements in national debates around the world. His approach in these engagements recognizes that the problems facing contemporary societies are not distinct from nation to nation, and that general structural arrangements can first be implemented, which will allow for local innovation, flexibility, and development in social, economic, and political arenas.", "His approach in these engagements recognizes that the problems facing contemporary societies are not distinct from nation to nation, and that general structural arrangements can first be implemented, which will allow for local innovation, flexibility, and development in social, economic, and political arenas. There is no institutional blueprint for Unger, however, only a direction that can be pointed to and general proposals that can be implemented to allow further institutional innovation and experimentation.", "There is no institutional blueprint for Unger, however, only a direction that can be pointed to and general proposals that can be implemented to allow further institutional innovation and experimentation. Unger's guiding principle is that institutional flexibility needs to be built into the implemented system, and in this way a diversity of local experiments would take hold the world over.", "Unger's guiding principle is that institutional flexibility needs to be built into the implemented system, and in this way a diversity of local experiments would take hold the world over. One of Unger's more promising engagements was the Latin American Alternative in the late 1990s.", "One of Unger's more promising engagements was the Latin American Alternative in the late 1990s. Unger and Mexican politician and political scientist Jorge Castañeda Gutman assembled an informal network of politicians and business leaders dedicated to redrawing the political map.", "Unger and Mexican politician and political scientist Jorge Castañeda Gutman assembled an informal network of politicians and business leaders dedicated to redrawing the political map. The aim of the group was to provide a critique of neoliberalism coupled with a way forward in a distinct strategy and institutional model of development.", "The aim of the group was to provide a critique of neoliberalism coupled with a way forward in a distinct strategy and institutional model of development. They floated proposals such as guaranteeing every citizen \"social rights\" (e.g. education and a job), breaking up media oligopolies, and holding town meetings to help citizens supervise municipal spending.", "education and a job), breaking up media oligopolies, and holding town meetings to help citizens supervise municipal spending. The group held a number of meetings over the years, which included Brazilian finance minister Ciro Gomes, Chilean senator Carlos Ominami, Argentinian politicians Dante Caputo and Rodolfo Terragno, and Mexican politician and future president Vicente Fox.", "The group held a number of meetings over the years, which included Brazilian finance minister Ciro Gomes, Chilean senator Carlos Ominami, Argentinian politicians Dante Caputo and Rodolfo Terragno, and Mexican politician and future president Vicente Fox. The meetings resulted in a document entitled the \"Buenos Aires Consensus\" in 1997, which Castaneda called \"the end of neoliberalism; of the Washington Consensus\".", "The meetings resulted in a document entitled the \"Buenos Aires Consensus\" in 1997, which Castaneda called \"the end of neoliberalism; of the Washington Consensus\". This consensus was formally signed in 2003 by Argentinian President Néstor Kirchner and Brazilian President Lula da Silva.", "This consensus was formally signed in 2003 by Argentinian President Néstor Kirchner and Brazilian President Lula da Silva. Other Latin American leaders who signed it included Fox, future president of Chile Ricardo Lagos, Mexican politician Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas, former vice president of Nicaragua Sergio Ramírez, future president of Argentina Fernando de la Rúa, and former Brazilian president Itamar Franco.", "Other Latin American leaders who signed it included Fox, future president of Chile Ricardo Lagos, Mexican politician Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas, former vice president of Nicaragua Sergio Ramírez, future president of Argentina Fernando de la Rúa, and former Brazilian president Itamar Franco. During the 2008 US presidential campaign, Unger was in frequent contact with candidate Barack Obama via email and Blackberry.", "During the 2008 US presidential campaign, Unger was in frequent contact with candidate Barack Obama via email and Blackberry. He has since become critical of the Obama administration, and called for the defeat of Obama in the 2012 election as a first step to remaking the Democratic party.", "He has since become critical of the Obama administration, and called for the defeat of Obama in the 2012 election as a first step to remaking the Democratic party. Current engagement Unger's recent political work has focused on the north-western Brazilian state of Rondônia.", "Current engagement Unger's recent political work has focused on the north-western Brazilian state of Rondônia. He sees the human and natural resources of the state meeting all the conditions to serve as the vanguard of a new model of development for Brazil.", "He sees the human and natural resources of the state meeting all the conditions to serve as the vanguard of a new model of development for Brazil. Speaking to News Rondônia he said, \"Rondônia is a state formed by a multitude of small and medium entrepreneurs together with the Brazilian government, and that is something truly unique in our country.\"", "Speaking to News Rondônia he said, \"Rondônia is a state formed by a multitude of small and medium entrepreneurs together with the Brazilian government, and that is something truly unique in our country.\" He has been traveling the state giving public lectures and encouraging political discourse and engagement in localities.", "He has been traveling the state giving public lectures and encouraging political discourse and engagement in localities. Working with governor João Aparecido Cahulla on development projects, Unger has outlined a series of important areas of focus.", "Working with governor João Aparecido Cahulla on development projects, Unger has outlined a series of important areas of focus. The first is to change the agricultural model from one of intensive farming to an industrialization of produces through the recuperation of degraded pastures, supply fertilizers and lime, and diversifying crops and livestock farming.", "The first is to change the agricultural model from one of intensive farming to an industrialization of produces through the recuperation of degraded pastures, supply fertilizers and lime, and diversifying crops and livestock farming. The second key project is transforming education from rote learning to creative thinking and engagement. He helped open the School Teixeira in Porto Velho.", "He helped open the School Teixeira in Porto Velho. Another ongoing project is the construction of a new educational center in accordance with his theory of pedagogical reform, where delinquents would be reintegrated into municipal life. Circumstance and influence Unger's philosophical work grapples with some of the most fundamental and enduring problems of human existence.", "Circumstance and influence Unger's philosophical work grapples with some of the most fundamental and enduring problems of human existence. It has been put into direct dialogue with Kant's moral law, and said to have provided one answer to Hume's Guillotine.", "It has been put into direct dialogue with Kant's moral law, and said to have provided one answer to Hume's Guillotine. Unger's analysis of liberalism and the philosophical program he builds around rethinking the individual has also inspired new thinking and approaches to psychiatry.", "Unger's analysis of liberalism and the philosophical program he builds around rethinking the individual has also inspired new thinking and approaches to psychiatry. In 1987, the Northwestern University Law Review devoted an issue to Unger's work, analysing his three volume publication Politics: A Work In Constructive Social Theory.", "In 1987, the Northwestern University Law Review devoted an issue to Unger's work, analysing his three volume publication Politics: A Work In Constructive Social Theory. Michael J. Perry, a professor of law at Northwestern University, praises Unger for producing a vast work of social theory that combines law, history, politics, and philosophy within a single narrative.", "Michael J. Perry, a professor of law at Northwestern University, praises Unger for producing a vast work of social theory that combines law, history, politics, and philosophy within a single narrative. Early reviewers of Politics questioned Unger's seeming predicament of criticizing a system of thought and its historical tradition without subjecting himself to the same critical gaze.", "Early reviewers of Politics questioned Unger's seeming predicament of criticizing a system of thought and its historical tradition without subjecting himself to the same critical gaze. \"There is little acknowledgement that he himself is writing in a particular socio-historical context\", wrote one reviewer, and another asked, \"in what context Unger himself is situated and why that context itself is not offered up to the sledgehammer.\"", "\"There is little acknowledgement that he himself is writing in a particular socio-historical context\", wrote one reviewer, and another asked, \"in what context Unger himself is situated and why that context itself is not offered up to the sledgehammer.\" Critics also balked at the lack of example or concrete vision of his social and political proposals.", "Critics also balked at the lack of example or concrete vision of his social and political proposals. As one critic wrote, \"it is difficult to imagine what Unger's argument would mean in practice\", and that \"he does not tell us what to make.\"", "As one critic wrote, \"it is difficult to imagine what Unger's argument would mean in practice\", and that \"he does not tell us what to make.\" Others have suggested that the lack of imagination of such readers is precisely what is at stake. Books Knowledge and Politics, Free Press, 1975.", "Books Knowledge and Politics, Free Press, 1975. Law In Modern Society: Toward a Criticism of Social Theory, Free Press, 1976. Passion: An Essay on Personality, Free Press, 1986. The Critical Legal Studies Movement, Harvard University Press, 1986.", "The Critical Legal Studies Movement, Harvard University Press, 1986. Politics: A Work In Constructive Social Theory, Cambridge University Press, 1987, in 3 Vols: Vol 1 - False Necessity: Anti-Necessitarian Social Theory in the Service of Radical Democracy.", "Politics: A Work In Constructive Social Theory, Cambridge University Press, 1987, in 3 Vols: Vol 1 - False Necessity: Anti-Necessitarian Social Theory in the Service of Radical Democracy. Vol 2 - Social Theory: Its Situation and Its Task - A Critical Introduction to Politics: A Work in Constructive Social Theory.", "Vol 2 - Social Theory: Its Situation and Its Task - A Critical Introduction to Politics: A Work in Constructive Social Theory. Vol 3 - Plasticity Into Power: Comparative-Historical Studies on the Institutional Conditions of Economic and Military Success.", "Vol 3 - Plasticity Into Power: Comparative-Historical Studies on the Institutional Conditions of Economic and Military Success. What Should Legal Analysis Become?, Verso, 1996 Politics: The Central Texts, Theory Against Fate, Verso, 1997, with Cui Zhiyuan. Democracy Realized: The Progressive Alternative, Verso, 1998.", "Democracy Realized: The Progressive Alternative, Verso, 1998. The Future of American Progressivism: An Initiative for Political and Economic Reform, Beacon, 1998 - with Cornel West What Should the Left Propose?, Verso, 2006. The Self Awakened: Pragmatism Unbound, Harvard, 2007.", "The Self Awakened: Pragmatism Unbound, Harvard, 2007. Free Trade Reimagined: The World Division of Labor and the Method of Economics, Princeton University Press, 2007. The Left Alternative, Verso, 2009 (2nd edition to What Should the Left Propose?, Verso, 2006.).", "The Left Alternative, Verso, 2009 (2nd edition to What Should the Left Propose?, Verso, 2006.). The Religion of the Future, Harvard, 2014. The Singular Universe and the Reality of Time, Cambridge University Press, 2014, with Lee Smolin. The Knowledge Economy, Verso, 2019.", "The Knowledge Economy, Verso, 2019. See also False necessity Formative context Negative capability Empowered democracy Structure and agency Passions References External links Roberto Unger's Harvard Homepage Links to Unger's works via his homepage An interview with Unger on the American Left Biographical articles about Roberto Unger Guggenheim Gives Fellowships for '76: Unger Gets Tenure, Too (The Harvard Crimson April 5, 1976) \"The Passion of Roberto Unger\" , Eyal Press, (Lingua Franca, March 1999) Carlos Castilho, \"Brazil's Consigliere: Unger Leaves Lectern to Stand Behind the Throne.\"", "See also False necessity Formative context Negative capability Empowered democracy Structure and agency Passions References External links Roberto Unger's Harvard Homepage Links to Unger's works via his homepage An interview with Unger on the American Left Biographical articles about Roberto Unger Guggenheim Gives Fellowships for '76: Unger Gets Tenure, Too (The Harvard Crimson April 5, 1976) \"The Passion of Roberto Unger\" , Eyal Press, (Lingua Franca, March 1999) Carlos Castilho, \"Brazil's Consigliere: Unger Leaves Lectern to Stand Behind the Throne.\" (World Paper, April 2000) Simon Romero, \"Destination: São Paulo\" (Metropolis, October 2000) This article is about São Paulo, Brazil, but it has a lengthy discussion of Unger's political activism there and many quotes from Unger.", "(World Paper, April 2000) Simon Romero, \"Destination: São Paulo\" (Metropolis, October 2000) This article is about São Paulo, Brazil, but it has a lengthy discussion of Unger's political activism there and many quotes from Unger. Meltzer Elected to American Academy of Arts and Sciences (HLS News May 13, 2004) (First of the Month, July 1, 2012) 1947 births 20th-century Brazilian male writers 20th-century Brazilian philosophers 20th-century economists 20th-century essayists 21st-century Brazilian male writers 21st-century economists 21st-century essayists 21st-century philosophers Analytic philosophers Anti-poverty advocates Brazilian activists Brazilian essayists Brazilian expatriate academics in the United States Brazilian people of German descent Brazilian social scientists Critical legal studies Cultural critics Epistemologists Ethicists Futurologists Government ministers of Brazil Harvard Law School alumni Harvard Law School faculty Living people Metaphilosophers Metaphysicians Moral philosophers Ontologists People from Rio de Janeiro (city) Philosophers of culture Philosophers of economics Philosophers of education Philosophers of ethics and morality Philosophers of history Philosophers of law Philosophers of mathematics Philosophers of religion Philosophers of science Philosophers of social science Philosophers of technology Philosophy of life Philosophy of time Philosophy writers Political philosophers Politicians from Cambridge, Massachusetts Pragmatists Brazilian social commentators Social critics Social philosophers Social theories Theorists on Western civilization Writers about activism and social change Writers about globalization" ]

[ "Judith Miller", "Refusal to disclose source" ]

[ "Vashti is a 1879 oil on canvas painting by the English painter Edwin Long depicting a character in the book of Esther in the Hebrew Bible. Long was greatly influenced by the paintings of Velasquez and other Spanish masters, and his earlier pictures. It was housed in the Museum and Gallery at Bob Jones University.\n\nDescription \nHis painting of Vashti captures the dramatic opening of the biblical narrative Vashti’s refusal of the King’s summons. Vashti was Queen of Persia and the first wife of Persian King Ahasuerus in the Book of Esther. Ahasuerus ordered his chief eunuchs to carry out his command to bring Queen Vashti to stand before his courtiers and show off her exceptional beauty. But she was refused. She was banished for her refusal to appear at the king's banquet to show off her beauty as the king wished. She is viewed as an independent-minded heroine in feminism.\n\nReferences \n\nPortraits of women", "Paula is a 1994 memoir by Isabel Allende. She intended to write a straightforward narrative about the darkest experience of her own life. But the book is a tribute to her deceased daughter Paula Frías Allende, who fell into a porphyria-induced coma in 1991 and never recovered.\n\nPlot summary\nIsabel Allende wrote Paula while tending to her daughter, Paula Frías Allende, who was in a coma arising from complications of porphyria. Allende started the book as a letter to Paula, explaining what she was missing so she would not be confused when she recovered. The novel includes accounts both of Paula's treatment and of Allende's life, sometimes overlapping with the content of Allende's first novel, The House of the Spirits. Paula died on December 6, 1992. She was survived by her husband, Ernesto Diaz, and other family members.\n\nCharacters\nPaula Frías Allende\nIsabel Allende Llona\nAllende family\n\nThemes and issues\nIn her agonized self-questioning after she finally concedes defeat and surrenders her daughter to death, Isabel strips to her core in the presence of her brother Juan, who has become a priest:\n \n\nIn the letter Paula wrote her family on her honeymoon, with the proviso that it was not to be read until after her death, she appears to have foreseen her coma, and her mother's refusal to let her die:\n\nReferences\nAllende, Isabel - Pagina oficial\nMetroactive Arts | Isabel Allende\nLife and loss after 'Paula' : Books : The Rocky Mountain News\nReading Guide on Paula from harpercollins Publishers\nPaula by Isabel Allende\nPaula by Isabel Allende | librarything\nPaula Summary and Study Guide - Isabel Allende\nsabel Allende en clubcultura.com\n\nAutobiographical novels\n1994 novels\nNovels by Isabel Allende" ]

[ "Judith Miller (born January 2, 1948) is an American journalist and commentator known for her coverage of Iraq's Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) program both before and after the 2003 invasion, which was later discovered to have been based on inaccurate information from the intelligence community. She worked in The New York Times Washington bureau before joining Fox News in 2008.", "She worked in The New York Times Washington bureau before joining Fox News in 2008. Miller co-wrote a book Germs: Biological Weapons and America's Secret War, which became a top New York Times best seller shortly after she became a victim of a hoax anthrax letter at the time of the 2001 anthrax attacks.", "Miller co-wrote a book Germs: Biological Weapons and America's Secret War, which became a top New York Times best seller shortly after she became a victim of a hoax anthrax letter at the time of the 2001 anthrax attacks. The New York Times determined that several stories she wrote about Iraq were inaccurate, and she was forced to resign from the paper in 2005.", "The New York Times determined that several stories she wrote about Iraq were inaccurate, and she was forced to resign from the paper in 2005. According to commentator Ken Silverstein, Miller's Iraq reporting \"effectively ended her career as a respectable journalist\".", "According to commentator Ken Silverstein, Miller's Iraq reporting \"effectively ended her career as a respectable journalist\". Miller defended her reporting, stating \"My job isn't to assess the government's information and be an independent intelligence analyst myself.", "Miller defended her reporting, stating \"My job isn't to assess the government's information and be an independent intelligence analyst myself. My job is to tell readers of The New York Times what the government thought about Iraq's arsenal.\" She published a memoir, The Story: A Reporter's Journey, in April 2015.", "She published a memoir, The Story: A Reporter's Journey, in April 2015. Miller was involved in the Plame Affair, where Valerie Plame was outed as a Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) spy by Richard Armitage after her husband published a New York Times op-ed casting doubts on claims that Saddam Hussein sought to purchase uranium from Africa.", "Miller was involved in the Plame Affair, where Valerie Plame was outed as a Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) spy by Richard Armitage after her husband published a New York Times op-ed casting doubts on claims that Saddam Hussein sought to purchase uranium from Africa. Miller spent 85 days in jail for refusing to reveal that her source in the Plame Affair was Scooter Libby.", "Miller spent 85 days in jail for refusing to reveal that her source in the Plame Affair was Scooter Libby. Later, she contributed to the conservative Fox News Channel and Newsmax, and was a fellow at the conservative Manhattan Institute. Early life Miller was born in New York City. Her Russian-born father, Bill Miller, was Jewish.", "Her Russian-born father, Bill Miller, was Jewish. He owned the Riviera night club in New Jersey and later operated several casinos in Las Vegas. Bill Miller was known for booking iconic Las Vegas performers. His biggest success was getting Elvis Presley to return to Las Vegas after initially being an unsuccessful booking.", "His biggest success was getting Elvis Presley to return to Las Vegas after initially being an unsuccessful booking. Her mother was a \"pretty Irish Catholic showgirl.\" Miller attended Ohio State University, where she was a member of Kappa Alpha Theta sorority.", "Miller attended Ohio State University, where she was a member of Kappa Alpha Theta sorority. She graduated from Barnard College of Columbia University in 1969 and received a master's degree in public affairs from Princeton University's School of Public and International Affairs.", "She graduated from Barnard College of Columbia University in 1969 and received a master's degree in public affairs from Princeton University's School of Public and International Affairs. Early in her career at The New York Times bureau in Washington, D.C. she dated one of the newspaper's other reporters (and future investment banker) Steven Rattner.", "Early in her career at The New York Times bureau in Washington, D.C. she dated one of the newspaper's other reporters (and future investment banker) Steven Rattner. In 1993, she married Jason Epstein, an editor and publisher.", "In 1993, she married Jason Epstein, an editor and publisher. Judith Miller is the half-sister of Jimmy Miller who was a record producer for many classic rock bands of the 1960s through to the 1990s including the Rolling Stones, Traffic and Cream.", "Judith Miller is the half-sister of Jimmy Miller who was a record producer for many classic rock bands of the 1960s through to the 1990s including the Rolling Stones, Traffic and Cream. Career at The New York Times During Miller's tenure at The New York Times, she was a member of the team that won the Pulitzer Prize for Explanatory Reporting, for its 2001 coverage of global terrorism before and after the September 11 attacks.", "Career at The New York Times During Miller's tenure at The New York Times, she was a member of the team that won the Pulitzer Prize for Explanatory Reporting, for its 2001 coverage of global terrorism before and after the September 11 attacks. She and James Risen received the award and one of the cited articles appeared under her byline.", "She and James Risen received the award and one of the cited articles appeared under her byline. Her writing during this period was criticised by Middle-east scholar Edward Said for evincing an anti-Islamic bias.", "Her writing during this period was criticised by Middle-east scholar Edward Said for evincing an anti-Islamic bias. In his book Covering Islam Said stated that Miller's book God Has Ninety-Nine Names \"is like a textbook of the inadequacies and distortions of media coverage of Islam.\"", "In his book Covering Islam Said stated that Miller's book God Has Ninety-Nine Names \"is like a textbook of the inadequacies and distortions of media coverage of Islam.\" He criticised her poor grasp of Arabic, saying that \"nearly every time she tries to impress us with her ability to say a phrase or two in Arabic she unerringly gets it wrong...", "He criticised her poor grasp of Arabic, saying that \"nearly every time she tries to impress us with her ability to say a phrase or two in Arabic she unerringly gets it wrong... They are the crude mistakes committed by a foreigner who neither has care nor... respect for her subject.\"", "They are the crude mistakes committed by a foreigner who neither has care nor... respect for her subject.\" He concluded Miller fears and dislikes Lebanon, hates Syria, laughs at Libya, dismisses Sudan, feels sorry for and a little alarmed by Egypt and is repulsed by Saudi Arabia.", "He concluded Miller fears and dislikes Lebanon, hates Syria, laughs at Libya, dismisses Sudan, feels sorry for and a little alarmed by Egypt and is repulsed by Saudi Arabia. She hasn't bothered to learn the language and is relentlessly only concerned with the dangers of Islamic militancy, which, I would hazard a guess, accounts for less than 5 percent of the billion-strong Islamic world.", "She hasn't bothered to learn the language and is relentlessly only concerned with the dangers of Islamic militancy, which, I would hazard a guess, accounts for less than 5 percent of the billion-strong Islamic world. However, Miller asserted that in the wake of the September 11 attacks she argued that militant Islamism of the type represented by Al Qaeda had peaked and was fading into insignificance.", "However, Miller asserted that in the wake of the September 11 attacks she argued that militant Islamism of the type represented by Al Qaeda had peaked and was fading into insignificance. Anthrax hoax victim On October 12, 2001, Miller opened an anthrax hoax letter mailed to her New York Times office.", "Anthrax hoax victim On October 12, 2001, Miller opened an anthrax hoax letter mailed to her New York Times office. The 2001 anthrax attacks had begun occurring in the wake of the September 11 attacks in 2001, with anthrax-laced letters sent to ABC News, CBS News, NBC News, and the New York Post, all in New York City, as well as the National Enquirer in Boca Raton, Florida.", "The 2001 anthrax attacks had begun occurring in the wake of the September 11 attacks in 2001, with anthrax-laced letters sent to ABC News, CBS News, NBC News, and the New York Post, all in New York City, as well as the National Enquirer in Boca Raton, Florida. Two additional letters (with a higher grade of anthrax) were sent on October 9, 2001, to Senators Tom Daschle and Patrick Leahy in Washington.", "Two additional letters (with a higher grade of anthrax) were sent on October 9, 2001, to Senators Tom Daschle and Patrick Leahy in Washington. Miller was the only major U.S. media reporter, and The New York Times the only major U.S. media organization, to be victimized by a fake anthrax letter in the fall of 2001.", "Miller was the only major U.S. media reporter, and The New York Times the only major U.S. media organization, to be victimized by a fake anthrax letter in the fall of 2001. Miller had reported extensively on the subject of biological threats and had co-authored, with Stephen Engelberg and William Broad, a book on bio-terrorism, Germs: Biological Weapons and America's Secret War, which was published on October 2, 2001.", "Miller had reported extensively on the subject of biological threats and had co-authored, with Stephen Engelberg and William Broad, a book on bio-terrorism, Germs: Biological Weapons and America's Secret War, which was published on October 2, 2001. Miller co-authored an article on Pentagon plans to develop a more potent version of weaponized anthrax, \"U.S. Germ Warfare Research Pushes Treaty Limits\", published in The New York Times on September 4, 2001, weeks before the first anthrax mailings.", "Miller co-authored an article on Pentagon plans to develop a more potent version of weaponized anthrax, \"U.S. Germ Warfare Research Pushes Treaty Limits\", published in The New York Times on September 4, 2001, weeks before the first anthrax mailings. Islamic charities search leak Shortly after the September 11 attacks, the U.S. government was considering adding the Holy Land Foundation to a list of organizations with suspected links to terrorism and was planning to search the premises of the organization.", "Islamic charities search leak Shortly after the September 11 attacks, the U.S. government was considering adding the Holy Land Foundation to a list of organizations with suspected links to terrorism and was planning to search the premises of the organization. The information about the impending raid was given to Miller by a confidential source.", "The information about the impending raid was given to Miller by a confidential source. On December 3, 2001, Miller telephoned the Holy Land Foundation for comment, and The New York Times published an article in the late edition papers and on its website that day. The next day, the government searched HLF's offices.", "The next day, the government searched HLF's offices. These occurrences led to a lawsuit brought by US Attorney General Alberto Gonzales, with prosecutors claiming that Miller and her colleague Philip Shenon had queried this Islamic charity, and another, in ways that made them aware of the planned searches.", "These occurrences led to a lawsuit brought by US Attorney General Alberto Gonzales, with prosecutors claiming that Miller and her colleague Philip Shenon had queried this Islamic charity, and another, in ways that made them aware of the planned searches. The Iraq War At The New York Times, Miller wrote on security issues, particularly about Iraq and weapons of mass destruction.", "The Iraq War At The New York Times, Miller wrote on security issues, particularly about Iraq and weapons of mass destruction. Many of these stories later turned out to have been based upon faulty information. (One of her stories that was not disproved reported that inspectors in Iraq \"saw nothing to prompt a war.\")", "(One of her stories that was not disproved reported that inspectors in Iraq \"saw nothing to prompt a war.\") On September 8, 2002, Miller and her Times colleague Michael R. Gordon reported the interception of \"aluminum tubes\" bound for Iraq.", "On September 8, 2002, Miller and her Times colleague Michael R. Gordon reported the interception of \"aluminum tubes\" bound for Iraq. Her front-page story quoted unnamed \"American officials\" and \"American intelligence experts\" who said the tubes were intended to be used to enrich nuclear material, and cited unnamed \"Bush administration officials\" who said that, in recent months, Iraq had \"stepped up its quest for nuclear weapons and [had] embarked on a worldwide hunt for materials to make an atomic bomb\".", "Her front-page story quoted unnamed \"American officials\" and \"American intelligence experts\" who said the tubes were intended to be used to enrich nuclear material, and cited unnamed \"Bush administration officials\" who said that, in recent months, Iraq had \"stepped up its quest for nuclear weapons and [had] embarked on a worldwide hunt for materials to make an atomic bomb\". Miller added that Mr. Hussein's dogged insistence on pursuing his nuclear ambitions, along with what defectors described in interviews as Iraq's push to improve and expand Baghdad's chemical and biological arsenals, have brought Iraq and the United States to the brink of war.", "Miller added that Mr. Hussein's dogged insistence on pursuing his nuclear ambitions, along with what defectors described in interviews as Iraq's push to improve and expand Baghdad's chemical and biological arsenals, have brought Iraq and the United States to the brink of war. Shortly after Miller's article was published, Condoleezza Rice, Colin Powell, and Donald Rumsfeld appeared on television and pointed to Miller's story in support of their position.", "Shortly after Miller's article was published, Condoleezza Rice, Colin Powell, and Donald Rumsfeld appeared on television and pointed to Miller's story in support of their position. As summarized by The New York Review of Books, \"in the following months, the tubes would become a key prop in the administration's case for war, and the Times played a critical part in legitimizing it.\"", "As summarized by The New York Review of Books, \"in the following months, the tubes would become a key prop in the administration's case for war, and the Times played a critical part in legitimizing it.\" Miller later said of the controversy [M]y job isn't to assess the government's information and be an independent intelligence analyst myself.", "Miller later said of the controversy [M]y job isn't to assess the government's information and be an independent intelligence analyst myself. My job is to tell readers of The New York Times what the government thought about Iraq's arsenal.", "My job is to tell readers of The New York Times what the government thought about Iraq's arsenal. In an April 21, 2003 article, Miller, ostensibly on the basis of statements from the military unit in which she was embedded, reported claims allegedly made by an Iraqi scientist that Iraq had kept biological and chemical weapons until \"right before the invasion.\"", "In an April 21, 2003 article, Miller, ostensibly on the basis of statements from the military unit in which she was embedded, reported claims allegedly made by an Iraqi scientist that Iraq had kept biological and chemical weapons until \"right before the invasion.\" This report was covered extensively in the press.", "This report was covered extensively in the press. Miller went on The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer and stated: Well, I think they found something more than a smoking gun.", "Miller went on The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer and stated: Well, I think they found something more than a smoking gun. What they've found is a silver bullet in the form of a person, an Iraqi individual, a scientist, as we've called him, who really worked on the programs, who knows them firsthand, and who has led MET Alpha people to some pretty startling conclusions.", "What they've found is a silver bullet in the form of a person, an Iraqi individual, a scientist, as we've called him, who really worked on the programs, who knows them firsthand, and who has led MET Alpha people to some pretty startling conclusions. There was strong internal dissent amongst other Times reporters regarding publication of the inflammatory, unsourced accusations, however, and that the military were allowed to censor it before it appeared.", "There was strong internal dissent amongst other Times reporters regarding publication of the inflammatory, unsourced accusations, however, and that the military were allowed to censor it before it appeared. A week after it appeared, one Times insider called Miller's piece \"wacky-assed\" and complained there were \"real questions about it and why it was on page 1.\"", "A week after it appeared, one Times insider called Miller's piece \"wacky-assed\" and complained there were \"real questions about it and why it was on page 1.\" On May 26, 2003, Howard Kurtz of The Washington Post reported on a Miller internal email sent to John Burns, the Times Baghdad bureau chief.", "On May 26, 2003, Howard Kurtz of The Washington Post reported on a Miller internal email sent to John Burns, the Times Baghdad bureau chief. In it she admitted her source regarding the alleged WMDs, according to Seymour Hersh writing for The New Yorker, was none other than Ahmed Chalabi's Iraqi National Congress, which alleges Pentagon officials passed on to Miller, despite the Central Intelligence Agency disagreeing with its content.", "In it she admitted her source regarding the alleged WMDs, according to Seymour Hersh writing for The New Yorker, was none other than Ahmed Chalabi's Iraqi National Congress, which alleges Pentagon officials passed on to Miller, despite the Central Intelligence Agency disagreeing with its content. Her Times editor, Andrew Rosenthal, criticized Hersh for its release.", "Her Times editor, Andrew Rosenthal, criticized Hersh for its release. A year later, on May 26, 2004, a week after the U.S. government apparently severed ties with Chalabi, a Times editorial acknowledged that some of the paper's coverage in the run-up to the war had relied too heavily on Chalabi and other Iraqi exiles, who were bent on regime change.", "A year later, on May 26, 2004, a week after the U.S. government apparently severed ties with Chalabi, a Times editorial acknowledged that some of the paper's coverage in the run-up to the war had relied too heavily on Chalabi and other Iraqi exiles, who were bent on regime change. The editorial also expressed \"regret\" that \"information that was controversial [was] allowed to stand unchallenged.\"", "The editorial also expressed \"regret\" that \"information that was controversial [was] allowed to stand unchallenged.\" However, the editorial explicitly rejected \"blame on individual reporters.\"", "However, the editorial explicitly rejected \"blame on individual reporters.\" On May 27, 2004, the day after the Times mea culpa',' James C. Moore quoted Miller in an article in Salon: You know what, ... I was proved fucking right. That's what happened.", "That's what happened. That's what happened. People who disagreed with me were saying, 'There she goes again.' But I was proved fucking right.\"", "But I was proved fucking right.\" The statement about being \"proved ... right\" was in relation to another Miller story, wherein she had written trailers found in Iraq had been shown to be mobile weapons labs.", "The statement about being \"proved ... right\" was in relation to another Miller story, wherein she had written trailers found in Iraq had been shown to be mobile weapons labs. However that claim, too, was subsequently refuted as false.Byron Calame (Oct. 23, 2005), \"The Miller Mess: Lingering Issues Among the Answers\" , The New York Times It was alleged later in Editor & Publisher that, while Miller's reporting \"frequently [did] not meet published Times standards\", she was not sanctioned and was given a relatively free rein, because she consistently delivered frequent front-page scoops for the paper by \"cultivating top-ranking sources.", "However that claim, too, was subsequently refuted as false.Byron Calame (Oct. 23, 2005), \"The Miller Mess: Lingering Issues Among the Answers\" , The New York Times It was alleged later in Editor & Publisher that, while Miller's reporting \"frequently [did] not meet published Times standards\", she was not sanctioned and was given a relatively free rein, because she consistently delivered frequent front-page scoops for the paper by \"cultivating top-ranking sources. \"Douglas Jehl (Sept. 29, 2003), \"AGENCY BELITTLES INFORMATION GIVEN BY IRAQ DEFECTORS\" , The New York Times In 2005, facing federal court proceedings for refusing to divulge a source in the Plame affair criminal investigation, Miller spent 85 days in jail in Alexandria, Va. (where French terrorist Zacarias Moussaoui was also held).", "\"Douglas Jehl (Sept. 29, 2003), \"AGENCY BELITTLES INFORMATION GIVEN BY IRAQ DEFECTORS\" , The New York Times In 2005, facing federal court proceedings for refusing to divulge a source in the Plame affair criminal investigation, Miller spent 85 days in jail in Alexandria, Va. (where French terrorist Zacarias Moussaoui was also held). After her release, the Times' Public Editor Byron Calame wrote: Ms. Miller may still be best known for her role in a series of Times articles in 2002 and 2003 that strongly suggested Saddam Hussein already had or was acquiring an arsenal of weapons of mass destruction ...", "After her release, the Times' Public Editor Byron Calame wrote: Ms. Miller may still be best known for her role in a series of Times articles in 2002 and 2003 that strongly suggested Saddam Hussein already had or was acquiring an arsenal of weapons of mass destruction ... Many of those articles turned out to be inaccurate ... [T]he problems facing her inside and outside the newsroom will make it difficult for her to return to the paper as a reporter.", "Many of those articles turned out to be inaccurate ... [T]he problems facing her inside and outside the newsroom will make it difficult for her to return to the paper as a reporter. Two weeks later, Miller negotiated a private severance package with Times publisher Arthur Ochs Sulzberger Jr. She contested Calame's claims about her reporting and gave no ground in defending her work.", "Two weeks later, Miller negotiated a private severance package with Times publisher Arthur Ochs Sulzberger Jr. She contested Calame's claims about her reporting and gave no ground in defending her work. She cited \"difficulty\" in performing her job effectively after having become \"an integral part of the stories [she] was sent to cover.\"", "She cited \"difficulty\" in performing her job effectively after having become \"an integral part of the stories [she] was sent to cover.\" In a 2018 interview with The Intercept, James Risen defended Miller by saying that there was a \"systemic problem at the paper\" in regards to reporting about the existence of WMD's.", "In a 2018 interview with The Intercept, James Risen defended Miller by saying that there was a \"systemic problem at the paper\" in regards to reporting about the existence of WMD's. He said the paper wanted \"stories about the existence of WMD\" rather than \"skeptical stories\".", "He said the paper wanted \"stories about the existence of WMD\" rather than \"skeptical stories\". Contempt of court On October 1, 2004, federal Judge Thomas F. Hogan found Miller in contempt of court for refusing to appear before a federal grand jury, which was investigating who had leaked to reporters the fact that Valerie Plame was a CIA operative.", "Contempt of court On October 1, 2004, federal Judge Thomas F. Hogan found Miller in contempt of court for refusing to appear before a federal grand jury, which was investigating who had leaked to reporters the fact that Valerie Plame was a CIA operative. Miller did not write an article about the subject at the time of the leak, but others did, notably Robert Novak, spurring the investigation.", "Miller did not write an article about the subject at the time of the leak, but others did, notably Robert Novak, spurring the investigation. Judge Hogan sentenced her to 18 months in jail, but stayed the sentence while her appeal proceeded.", "Judge Hogan sentenced her to 18 months in jail, but stayed the sentence while her appeal proceeded. On February 15, 2005, the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit unanimously upheld Judge Hogan's ruling. On June 17, 2005, the US Supreme Court declined to hear the case.", "On June 17, 2005, the US Supreme Court declined to hear the case. On July 6, 2005, Judge Hogan ordered Miller to serve her sentence at \"a suitable jail within the metropolitan area of the District of Columbia\". She was taken to Alexandria City Jail on July 7, 2005.", "She was taken to Alexandria City Jail on July 7, 2005. In a separate case, Federal Judge Robert W. Sweet ruled on February 24, 2005, that Miller was not required to reveal who in the government leaked word of an impending raid to her.", "In a separate case, Federal Judge Robert W. Sweet ruled on February 24, 2005, that Miller was not required to reveal who in the government leaked word of an impending raid to her. Patrick Fitzgerald, the same prosecutor who had had Miller jailed in the Plame case, argued that Miller's calls to groups suspected of funding terrorists had tipped them off to the raid and allowed them time to destroy evidence.", "Patrick Fitzgerald, the same prosecutor who had had Miller jailed in the Plame case, argued that Miller's calls to groups suspected of funding terrorists had tipped them off to the raid and allowed them time to destroy evidence. Fitzgerald wanted Miller's phone records to confirm the time of the tip and determine who had leaked the information to Miller in the first place.", "Fitzgerald wanted Miller's phone records to confirm the time of the tip and determine who had leaked the information to Miller in the first place. Judge Sweet held that because Fitzgerald could not demonstrate in advance that the phone records would provide the information he sought the prosecutor's needs were outweighed by a 'reporter's privilege' to keep sources confidential.", "Judge Sweet held that because Fitzgerald could not demonstrate in advance that the phone records would provide the information he sought the prosecutor's needs were outweighed by a 'reporter's privilege' to keep sources confidential. On August 1, 2006, a three-judge panel of the Second Circuit Court of Appeals reversed Judge Sweet's decision, holding 2–1 that federal prosecutors could inspect the telephone records of Miller and Philip Shenon.", "On August 1, 2006, a three-judge panel of the Second Circuit Court of Appeals reversed Judge Sweet's decision, holding 2–1 that federal prosecutors could inspect the telephone records of Miller and Philip Shenon. Judge Ralph K. Winter, Jr. wrote: \"No grand jury can make an informed decision to pursue the investigation further, much less to indict or not indict, without the reporters' evidence\".", "Judge Ralph K. Winter, Jr. wrote: \"No grand jury can make an informed decision to pursue the investigation further, much less to indict or not indict, without the reporters' evidence\". Prior to her jailing for civil contempt, Miller's lawyers argued that it was pointless to imprison her because she would never talk or reveal confidential sources.", "Prior to her jailing for civil contempt, Miller's lawyers argued that it was pointless to imprison her because she would never talk or reveal confidential sources. Under such circumstances, argued her lawyers, jail term would be \"merely punitive\" and would serve no purpose.", "Under such circumstances, argued her lawyers, jail term would be \"merely punitive\" and would serve no purpose. Arguing that Miller should be confined to her home and could forego Internet access and cellphone use, Miller's lawyers suggested that \"impairing her unrestricted ability to do her job as an investigative journalist ... would present the strictest form of coercion to her\".", "Arguing that Miller should be confined to her home and could forego Internet access and cellphone use, Miller's lawyers suggested that \"impairing her unrestricted ability to do her job as an investigative journalist ... would present the strictest form of coercion to her\". Failing that, Miller's lawyers asked that she be sent to a women's facility in Danbury, Connecticut, nearer to \"Ms. Miller's 76-year-old husband\", retired book publisher Jason Epstein, who lived in New York City, and whose state of health was the subject of a confidential medical report filed by Miller's attorneys.", "Failing that, Miller's lawyers asked that she be sent to a women's facility in Danbury, Connecticut, nearer to \"Ms. Miller's 76-year-old husband\", retired book publisher Jason Epstein, who lived in New York City, and whose state of health was the subject of a confidential medical report filed by Miller's attorneys. Upon being jailed, the Times reported on July 7, 2005, that Miller had purchased a cockapoo puppy to keep her husband company during her absence.", "Upon being jailed, the Times reported on July 7, 2005, that Miller had purchased a cockapoo puppy to keep her husband company during her absence. On September 17, 2005, The Washington Post reported that Miller had received a \"parade of prominent government and media officials\" during her first 11 weeks in prison, including visits by former U.S. Republican Senator Bob Dole, NBC News anchor Tom Brokaw, and John R. Bolton, U.S.", "On September 17, 2005, The Washington Post reported that Miller had received a \"parade of prominent government and media officials\" during her first 11 weeks in prison, including visits by former U.S. Republican Senator Bob Dole, NBC News anchor Tom Brokaw, and John R. Bolton, U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations.", "Ambassador to the United Nations. Ambassador to the United Nations. After her release on September 29, 2005, Miller agreed to disclose to the grand jury the identity of her source, Lewis Libby, Vice President Cheney's chief of staff.", "After her release on September 29, 2005, Miller agreed to disclose to the grand jury the identity of her source, Lewis Libby, Vice President Cheney's chief of staff. On Tuesday, January 30, 2007, Miller took the stand as a witness for the prosecution against Lewis Libby.", "On Tuesday, January 30, 2007, Miller took the stand as a witness for the prosecution against Lewis Libby. Miller discussed three conversations she had had with Libby in June and July 2003, including the meeting on June 23, 2003. In her first appearance before the grand jury, Miller said she could not remember.", "In her first appearance before the grand jury, Miller said she could not remember. According to The New York Times, when asked if Libby discussed Valerie Plame, Miller responded in the affirmative, \"adding that Libby had said Wilson worked at the agency's (C.I.A.)", "According to The New York Times, when asked if Libby discussed Valerie Plame, Miller responded in the affirmative, \"adding that Libby had said Wilson worked at the agency's (C.I.A.) division that dealt with limiting the proliferation of unconventional weapons\". The trial resulted in guilty verdicts against Libby.", "The trial resulted in guilty verdicts against Libby. Refusal to disclose source In July 2005, several months prior to her October 2005 resignation from The New York Times, Miller was jailed for contempt of court for refusing to testify before a federal grand jury investigating a leak naming Valerie Plame as a CIA officer.", "Refusal to disclose source In July 2005, several months prior to her October 2005 resignation from The New York Times, Miller was jailed for contempt of court for refusing to testify before a federal grand jury investigating a leak naming Valerie Plame as a CIA officer. While Miller never wrote about Plame, she was believed to be in possession of evidence relevant to the leak investigation.", "While Miller never wrote about Plame, she was believed to be in possession of evidence relevant to the leak investigation. According to a subpoena, Miller met with an unnamed government official, later revealed to be I. Lewis \"Scooter\" Libby, Vice President Dick Cheney's Chief of Staff, on July 8, 2003.", "According to a subpoena, Miller met with an unnamed government official, later revealed to be I. Lewis \"Scooter\" Libby, Vice President Dick Cheney's Chief of Staff, on July 8, 2003. Plame's CIA identity was divulged publicly in a column by conservative political commentator Robert Novak on July 14, 2003.", "Plame's CIA identity was divulged publicly in a column by conservative political commentator Robert Novak on July 14, 2003. Novak's source was revealed to have not been Libby, but Richard Armitage of the Department of State.", "Novak's source was revealed to have not been Libby, but Richard Armitage of the Department of State. On July 16, 2005, The Washington Post reported that Miller could face criminal contempt charges, which could have extended her jail time six months beyond the four months then anticipated.", "On July 16, 2005, The Washington Post reported that Miller could face criminal contempt charges, which could have extended her jail time six months beyond the four months then anticipated. The Post suggested that special prosecutor Patrick Fitzgerald was particularly interested in hearing Miller's version of her encounter with Libby.", "The Post suggested that special prosecutor Patrick Fitzgerald was particularly interested in hearing Miller's version of her encounter with Libby. Filings by Fitzgerald reportedly alleged that Miller's defiance of the court constituted a crime. On September 29, 2005, after spending 85 days in jail, Miller was released following a telephone call with Libby.", "On September 29, 2005, after spending 85 days in jail, Miller was released following a telephone call with Libby. He had reconfirmed the release of confidentiality.", "He had reconfirmed the release of confidentiality. Under oath, Miller was questioned by Fitzgerald before a federal grand jury the following day, September 30, 2005, but was not relieved of contempt charges until after testifying again on October 12, 2005.", "Under oath, Miller was questioned by Fitzgerald before a federal grand jury the following day, September 30, 2005, but was not relieved of contempt charges until after testifying again on October 12, 2005. For her second grand jury appearance, Miller produced a notebook from a previously undisclosed meeting with Libby on June 23, 2003.", "For her second grand jury appearance, Miller produced a notebook from a previously undisclosed meeting with Libby on June 23, 2003. This was several weeks before Joseph Wilson's New York Times editorial was published. This belied the theory that Libby was retaliating against Wilson for his Times editorial.", "This belied the theory that Libby was retaliating against Wilson for his Times editorial. According to Miller's notes from that earlier meeting, Libby disclosed that Joseph Wilson's wife was a CIA employee involved in her husband's trip to Niger.", "According to Miller's notes from that earlier meeting, Libby disclosed that Joseph Wilson's wife was a CIA employee involved in her husband's trip to Niger. Miller's notebook from her July 8, 2003, meeting with Libby contains the name \"Valerie Flame [sic]\".", "Miller's notebook from her July 8, 2003, meeting with Libby contains the name \"Valerie Flame [sic]\". This reference occurred six days before Novak published Plame's name and unmasked her as a CIA operative. Miller's grand jury account was the basis for her last article in The New York Times.", "Miller's grand jury account was the basis for her last article in The New York Times. The newspaper published Miller's first-person account, \"My Four Hours Testifying in the Federal Grand Jury Room\", on October 16, 2005.", "The newspaper published Miller's first-person account, \"My Four Hours Testifying in the Federal Grand Jury Room\", on October 16, 2005. Miller said she could not remember who gave her the name \"Valerie Plame\" but she was sure it didn't come from Libby.", "Miller said she could not remember who gave her the name \"Valerie Plame\" but she was sure it didn't come from Libby. Miller testified as a witness on January 30, 2007, at the trial of Scooter Libby, which began in January 2007.", "Miller testified as a witness on January 30, 2007, at the trial of Scooter Libby, which began in January 2007. The trial ended on March 6, 2007, with Libby's conviction on four of five counts, though none of the counts had to do with actually revealing Plame's name to the media.", "The trial ended on March 6, 2007, with Libby's conviction on four of five counts, though none of the counts had to do with actually revealing Plame's name to the media. Independent journalist and author Since leaving The New York Times, Miller has continued her work as a writer in Manhattan and has contributed several op-ed pieces to The Wall Street Journal.", "Independent journalist and author Since leaving The New York Times, Miller has continued her work as a writer in Manhattan and has contributed several op-ed pieces to The Wall Street Journal. On May 16, 2006, she summarized her investigations on U.S. foreign policy regarding Libya's dismantling of its weapons programs in an essay published in two parts.", "On May 16, 2006, she summarized her investigations on U.S. foreign policy regarding Libya's dismantling of its weapons programs in an essay published in two parts. On May 17, 2006, NavySEALs.com and MediaChannel.org published an exclusive interview with Miller in which she detailed how the attack on the USS Cole led her to investigate Al-Qaeda and, in July 2001, to her receiving information from a top-level White House source concerning top-secret NSA signals intelligence (SIGINT) about an impending Al-Qaeda attack, possibly against the continental United States.", "On May 17, 2006, NavySEALs.com and MediaChannel.org published an exclusive interview with Miller in which she detailed how the attack on the USS Cole led her to investigate Al-Qaeda and, in July 2001, to her receiving information from a top-level White House source concerning top-secret NSA signals intelligence (SIGINT) about an impending Al-Qaeda attack, possibly against the continental United States. Two months later, on September 11, Miller and her editor at the Times, Stephen Engelberg, both regretted not writing that story.", "Two months later, on September 11, Miller and her editor at the Times, Stephen Engelberg, both regretted not writing that story. On September 7, 2007, she was hired as an adjunct fellow of the Manhattan Institute for Policy Research, a neo-conservative free-market think tank.", "On September 7, 2007, she was hired as an adjunct fellow of the Manhattan Institute for Policy Research, a neo-conservative free-market think tank. Her duties included being a contributing editor for the organization's publication, City Journal. On October 20, 2008, Fox News announced that it had hired Miller.", "On October 20, 2008, Fox News announced that it had hired Miller. As of 2018, she is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations.", "As of 2018, she is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations. She has also been a member of the Aspen Strategy Group, and has served on a prestigious National Academy of Sciences panel examining how best to expand of the work of the Cooperative Threat Reduction program, which since 1991 has sought to stop the spread of WMD material and expertise from the former Soviet Union.", "She has also been a member of the Aspen Strategy Group, and has served on a prestigious National Academy of Sciences panel examining how best to expand of the work of the Cooperative Threat Reduction program, which since 1991 has sought to stop the spread of WMD material and expertise from the former Soviet Union. She lectures frequently on the Middle East, Islam, terrorism, biological and chemical weapons, as well as other national security topics.", "She lectures frequently on the Middle East, Islam, terrorism, biological and chemical weapons, as well as other national security topics. The Iraq War revisited On April 3, 2015, The Wall Street Journal published an op-ed piece by Miller in which she defended her comportment during the lead-up to the war in Iraq, as well as the Bush administration's stance and decisions regarding the war.", "The Iraq War revisited On April 3, 2015, The Wall Street Journal published an op-ed piece by Miller in which she defended her comportment during the lead-up to the war in Iraq, as well as the Bush administration's stance and decisions regarding the war. \"Officials [of the Bush administration] didn't lie, and I wasn't fed a line,\" she wrote.", "\"Officials [of the Bush administration] didn't lie, and I wasn't fed a line,\" she wrote. Miller acknowledged that \"there was no shortage of mistakes about Iraq, and I made my share of them.", "Miller acknowledged that \"there was no shortage of mistakes about Iraq, and I made my share of them. The newsworthy claims of some of my prewar WMD stories were wrong\", but rejected the notion that \"I took America to war in Iraq.", "The newsworthy claims of some of my prewar WMD stories were wrong\", but rejected the notion that \"I took America to war in Iraq. It was all me\", which according to her \"continue[d] to have believers\".", "It was all me\", which according to her \"continue[d] to have believers\". Critics subsequently wrote that \"Miller's war reporting was disastrously wrong, and now she's trying desperately to spin it all away,\".", "Critics subsequently wrote that \"Miller's war reporting was disastrously wrong, and now she's trying desperately to spin it all away,\". Valerie Plame commented that while \"no one is crediting [Miller] with starting the Iraq war,\" and she was \"not actually on the team that took us into the biggest, most tragic US foreign policy debacle ever..., [Miller's] attempt to re-write history is both pathetic and self-serving.", "Valerie Plame commented that while \"no one is crediting [Miller] with starting the Iraq war,\" and she was \"not actually on the team that took us into the biggest, most tragic US foreign policy debacle ever..., [Miller's] attempt to re-write history is both pathetic and self-serving. \"The Guardian wrote that \"in arguing that Bush was a victim of faulty intelligence analysis, Miller ignores extensive reporting showing that the Bush administration was making plans for an Iraq invasion before the advent of intelligence used to justify it.\"", "\"The Guardian wrote that \"in arguing that Bush was a victim of faulty intelligence analysis, Miller ignores extensive reporting showing that the Bush administration was making plans for an Iraq invasion before the advent of intelligence used to justify it.\" Others focused on what they termed as factual inaccuracies, such as Miller's claim that \"Hans Blix, the former chief of the international weapons inspectors, bears some responsibility [for the war]\" because he \"told the U.N. in January 2003 that despite America's ultimatum, Saddam was still not complying fully with his U.N.", "Others focused on what they termed as factual inaccuracies, such as Miller's claim that \"Hans Blix, the former chief of the international weapons inspectors, bears some responsibility [for the war]\" because he \"told the U.N. in January 2003 that despite America's ultimatum, Saddam was still not complying fully with his U.N. pledges.\"", "pledges.\" pledges.\" Her critics pointed out that, although Blix indeed reported that \"Iraq wasn't fully compliant,\" he also reported that Iraq was \"largely cooperative with regard to process,\" and, subsequently, \"made it abundantly clear, in an interview published in The New York Times, that nothing he'd seen at the time justified war,\" an interview taken by Miller herself.", "Her critics pointed out that, although Blix indeed reported that \"Iraq wasn't fully compliant,\" he also reported that Iraq was \"largely cooperative with regard to process,\" and, subsequently, \"made it abundantly clear, in an interview published in The New York Times, that nothing he'd seen at the time justified war,\" an interview taken by Miller herself. Memoir In April 2015, Miller published The Story: A Reporter's Journey, a memoir that focused largely on her reporting during the second Gulf War.", "Memoir In April 2015, Miller published The Story: A Reporter's Journey, a memoir that focused largely on her reporting during the second Gulf War. Her former colleague Neil Lewis characterized most of the reviews as \"unreservedly critical\".", "Her former colleague Neil Lewis characterized most of the reviews as \"unreservedly critical\". Writing in The New York Times, former Los Angeles Times reporter Terry McDermott wrote that although \"this is not a score-settling book\", he found it \"sad and flawed\".", "Writing in The New York Times, former Los Angeles Times reporter Terry McDermott wrote that although \"this is not a score-settling book\", he found it \"sad and flawed\". Ιn The Washington Post, Erik Wemple wrote that the book's \"dynamic\" of \"Judy Miller against the world\" lends her book an aspect that is \"both depressing and desperate\".", "Ιn The Washington Post, Erik Wemple wrote that the book's \"dynamic\" of \"Judy Miller against the world\" lends her book an aspect that is \"both depressing and desperate\". A review in The Columbia Journalism Review called the book \"less a memoir than an apologia and an assault\".", "A review in The Columbia Journalism Review called the book \"less a memoir than an apologia and an assault\". In The Daily Beast, Lloyd Grove characterized Miller's work as \"self-pitying\".", "In The Daily Beast, Lloyd Grove characterized Miller's work as \"self-pitying\". Criticizing Miller's failure to fully take responsibility for the flaws in her reporting, Matt Taibbi wrote in Rolling Stone: \"Most of The Story is a tale of dog after scheming dog eating Miller's homework.", "Criticizing Miller's failure to fully take responsibility for the flaws in her reporting, Matt Taibbi wrote in Rolling Stone: \"Most of The Story is a tale of dog after scheming dog eating Miller's homework. ... Mostly, she just had a lot of rotten luck. Or at least, that's how it reads.", "Or at least, that's how it reads. It's a sweeping, epic non-apology. Every bad thing Miller has ever been accused of turns out to be wrong or taken out of context, according to her.\"", "Every bad thing Miller has ever been accused of turns out to be wrong or taken out of context, according to her.\" BibliographyOne, by One, by One: Facing the Holocaust, Simon & Schuster (1990) Saddam Hussein & the Crisis in the Gulf (with Laurie Mylroie) Random House USA Inc (1990) God Has Ninety Nine Names: Reporting from a Militant Middle East, Simon & Schuster (1997) Germs: Biological Weapons and America's Secret War (with William Broad and Stephen Engelberg) Simon & Schuster (2001) The Story: A Reporter's Journey'', Simon & Schuster, (April 7, 2015), See also Reporters' privilege Journalistic scandal External sources Jon Stewart grills Miller on Iraq War reporting, Interview April 30, 2015.", "BibliographyOne, by One, by One: Facing the Holocaust, Simon & Schuster (1990) Saddam Hussein & the Crisis in the Gulf (with Laurie Mylroie) Random House USA Inc (1990) God Has Ninety Nine Names: Reporting from a Militant Middle East, Simon & Schuster (1997) Germs: Biological Weapons and America's Secret War (with William Broad and Stephen Engelberg) Simon & Schuster (2001) The Story: A Reporter's Journey'', Simon & Schuster, (April 7, 2015), See also Reporters' privilege Journalistic scandal External sources Jon Stewart grills Miller on Iraq War reporting, Interview April 30, 2015. References External links 1948 births American expatriates in Israel American investigative journalists American people of Belarusian-Jewish descent American people of Irish descent American political writers American women non-fiction writers American women war correspondents Barnard College alumni Columbia University alumni Criticism of journalism Fox News people Journalists imprisoned for refusing to reveal sources Living people Manhattan Institute for Policy Research Members of the Council on Foreign Relations Ohio State University alumni People associated with the Plame affair Pulitzer Prize for Explanatory Journalism winners The New York Times writers The New York Times editors Princeton School of Public and International Affairs alumni Writers from Los Angeles Writers from New York City Writers on the Middle East 21st-century American women" ]

[ "Judith Miller", "Refusal to disclose source", "what was her refusal?", "refusing to testify before a federal grand jury" ]

[ "Asking for It may refer to:\n\n \"Asking for It\" (Hole song), a song by Hole from their second studio album Live Through This\n \"Asking for It\" (Shinedown song), a song by Shinedown from their fifth studio album Threat to Survival\n Asking For It, a novel by Irish Author Louise O'Neill, as well as the play based on the novel\n \"Asking 4 It\", a song by Gwen Stefani from her third studio album This Is What the Truth Feels Like\n Victim blaming", "Testify is a Southern Gospel/Contemporary Christian vocal band founded by two brothers, Kenneth Swanner and Brent Swanner in 1995. Testify has performed at the Southern Baptist Convention, multiple State Baptist Conventions, Gaither Homecoming Concerts, Chick-fil-a Corporate Headquarters, Theaters in Branson, at TBN, the Grand Ole Opry, GMT and in Nashville for a concert at Lifeway Christian Resource Center of the Southern Baptist Convention. In October 2001 Testify performed at the Roy Acuff Theater for the \"Heal Our Land Benefit Concert\" for the victims of 9/11.\n\nHistory \nBrent and Kenneth Swanner grew up in a musical family and started singing at an early age. Both were heavily involved in their church and school music programs. Out of college, Kenneth joined The Continental Singers and toured several years all over the world. Meanwhile, while Brent was performing in a school musical, he was discovered by Waine Self, founder of the Southern Gospel group, Higher Kingdom In 1994, Brent and Kenneth collaborated at a Youth Evangelism Conference and \"Testify\" was born. Brent and Kenneth officially formed \"Testify\" in February 1995. After months of concerts with just the two of them they added an old college buddy, Daniel Steele to sing the baritone. They recorded an Independent, Self Titled album at a local studio in 1995. In 1996 Testify won The Albert E Brumley Memorial Gospel Singing Contest in Springdale, AR. A year later Daniel Steele moved to bass and Philip Bergeron took over the baritone. In the meantime, Testify signed with Son Sound Music Group and recorded, Testify Self Titled, produced by Danny Funderburk of The Cathedral Quartet fame. Testify then released their first single ever, \"Jesus Left Heaven for Me\" and garnered major radio play and some chart success. In 1997 , Son Sound Music Group promoted Testify to their major label, Son Sound Masterpiece and Testify recorded Ready to Serve, produced by Danny Funderburk and Lari Goss.\n\nIn 1999, Landon Thompson joined the group and Testify began working with Grammy Award nominee and Dove Award winning producer, Michael Sykes. Michael produced two recordings for Testify. They are called, Something Worth Living For and Keep Walking. Something Worth Living For included Testify's first ever Top 40 song, \"He's Still Keeping Me\". Testify and Michael Sykes second collaboration, Keep Walking, produced Testify's second Top 40 single, \"Doubter To A Shouter\".\n\nIn 2004, with the release of The Highest Call, Testify changed their overall sound. In an effort to keep pushing the creative limits of the group, Testify enlisted Buddy Mullins, former member of The Mullins, The Gaither Vocal Band and Sunday Drive to produce. The first single from The Highest Call, \"All It Takes Is A Shout\", immediately entered the Top 40 on The Singing News chart. Testify's next single from The Highest Call, \"In God We Trust\", prompted a letter from then President, George W. Bush, to write Testify a letter thanking them for such a timely song. With the success of The Highest Call, Testify was nominated for the 2005 Diamond Award Trio of the Year and SGM Awards Trio of the Year. In addition to The Highest Call, Buddy Mullins went on to produce two more Testify recordings, Rhythm of Grace and Shine on Us Buddy's influence and comradery with the guys was undeniable. He became an honorary member of the group filling in for Kenneth Swanner at lead vocals when needed.\n\nThe Farewell concert \nIn 2012, Brent and Kenneth Swanner reevaluated the future of the ministry. After close to eighteen years together, Brent and Kenneth decide to announce their Farewell Tour. On November 17, 2012, they performed their final concert at First West (First Baptist Church West Monroe, LA), the city where Testify's 18-year journey first started. At that concert, various individuals (including family members, record producers, management, former members and Buddy Mullins contributions to Testify's ministry. Several former members and Buddy Mullins performed with Testify. To commemorate the Farewell Tour, Testify recorded their 13th and final album, Songs We Love to honor their Southern Gospel and CCM influences.\n\nDiscography\n\nStudio albums\nsource:\n\nCompilations\n\nLive Albums\n\nReferences \n\nPerformers of contemporary Christian music\n\nSouthern gospel performers\n\nContemporary Christian music" ]

[ "Judith Miller (born January 2, 1948) is an American journalist and commentator known for her coverage of Iraq's Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) program both before and after the 2003 invasion, which was later discovered to have been based on inaccurate information from the intelligence community. She worked in The New York Times Washington bureau before joining Fox News in 2008.", "She worked in The New York Times Washington bureau before joining Fox News in 2008. Miller co-wrote a book Germs: Biological Weapons and America's Secret War, which became a top New York Times best seller shortly after she became a victim of a hoax anthrax letter at the time of the 2001 anthrax attacks.", "Miller co-wrote a book Germs: Biological Weapons and America's Secret War, which became a top New York Times best seller shortly after she became a victim of a hoax anthrax letter at the time of the 2001 anthrax attacks. The New York Times determined that several stories she wrote about Iraq were inaccurate, and she was forced to resign from the paper in 2005.", "The New York Times determined that several stories she wrote about Iraq were inaccurate, and she was forced to resign from the paper in 2005. According to commentator Ken Silverstein, Miller's Iraq reporting \"effectively ended her career as a respectable journalist\".", "According to commentator Ken Silverstein, Miller's Iraq reporting \"effectively ended her career as a respectable journalist\". Miller defended her reporting, stating \"My job isn't to assess the government's information and be an independent intelligence analyst myself.", "Miller defended her reporting, stating \"My job isn't to assess the government's information and be an independent intelligence analyst myself. My job is to tell readers of The New York Times what the government thought about Iraq's arsenal.\" She published a memoir, The Story: A Reporter's Journey, in April 2015.", "She published a memoir, The Story: A Reporter's Journey, in April 2015. Miller was involved in the Plame Affair, where Valerie Plame was outed as a Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) spy by Richard Armitage after her husband published a New York Times op-ed casting doubts on claims that Saddam Hussein sought to purchase uranium from Africa.", "Miller was involved in the Plame Affair, where Valerie Plame was outed as a Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) spy by Richard Armitage after her husband published a New York Times op-ed casting doubts on claims that Saddam Hussein sought to purchase uranium from Africa. Miller spent 85 days in jail for refusing to reveal that her source in the Plame Affair was Scooter Libby.", "Miller spent 85 days in jail for refusing to reveal that her source in the Plame Affair was Scooter Libby. Later, she contributed to the conservative Fox News Channel and Newsmax, and was a fellow at the conservative Manhattan Institute. Early life Miller was born in New York City. Her Russian-born father, Bill Miller, was Jewish.", "Her Russian-born father, Bill Miller, was Jewish. He owned the Riviera night club in New Jersey and later operated several casinos in Las Vegas. Bill Miller was known for booking iconic Las Vegas performers. His biggest success was getting Elvis Presley to return to Las Vegas after initially being an unsuccessful booking.", "His biggest success was getting Elvis Presley to return to Las Vegas after initially being an unsuccessful booking. Her mother was a \"pretty Irish Catholic showgirl.\" Miller attended Ohio State University, where she was a member of Kappa Alpha Theta sorority.", "Miller attended Ohio State University, where she was a member of Kappa Alpha Theta sorority. She graduated from Barnard College of Columbia University in 1969 and received a master's degree in public affairs from Princeton University's School of Public and International Affairs.", "She graduated from Barnard College of Columbia University in 1969 and received a master's degree in public affairs from Princeton University's School of Public and International Affairs. Early in her career at The New York Times bureau in Washington, D.C. she dated one of the newspaper's other reporters (and future investment banker) Steven Rattner.", "Early in her career at The New York Times bureau in Washington, D.C. she dated one of the newspaper's other reporters (and future investment banker) Steven Rattner. In 1993, she married Jason Epstein, an editor and publisher.", "In 1993, she married Jason Epstein, an editor and publisher. Judith Miller is the half-sister of Jimmy Miller who was a record producer for many classic rock bands of the 1960s through to the 1990s including the Rolling Stones, Traffic and Cream.", "Judith Miller is the half-sister of Jimmy Miller who was a record producer for many classic rock bands of the 1960s through to the 1990s including the Rolling Stones, Traffic and Cream. Career at The New York Times During Miller's tenure at The New York Times, she was a member of the team that won the Pulitzer Prize for Explanatory Reporting, for its 2001 coverage of global terrorism before and after the September 11 attacks.", "Career at The New York Times During Miller's tenure at The New York Times, she was a member of the team that won the Pulitzer Prize for Explanatory Reporting, for its 2001 coverage of global terrorism before and after the September 11 attacks. She and James Risen received the award and one of the cited articles appeared under her byline.", "She and James Risen received the award and one of the cited articles appeared under her byline. Her writing during this period was criticised by Middle-east scholar Edward Said for evincing an anti-Islamic bias.", "Her writing during this period was criticised by Middle-east scholar Edward Said for evincing an anti-Islamic bias. In his book Covering Islam Said stated that Miller's book God Has Ninety-Nine Names \"is like a textbook of the inadequacies and distortions of media coverage of Islam.\"", "In his book Covering Islam Said stated that Miller's book God Has Ninety-Nine Names \"is like a textbook of the inadequacies and distortions of media coverage of Islam.\" He criticised her poor grasp of Arabic, saying that \"nearly every time she tries to impress us with her ability to say a phrase or two in Arabic she unerringly gets it wrong...", "He criticised her poor grasp of Arabic, saying that \"nearly every time she tries to impress us with her ability to say a phrase or two in Arabic she unerringly gets it wrong... They are the crude mistakes committed by a foreigner who neither has care nor... respect for her subject.\"", "They are the crude mistakes committed by a foreigner who neither has care nor... respect for her subject.\" He concluded Miller fears and dislikes Lebanon, hates Syria, laughs at Libya, dismisses Sudan, feels sorry for and a little alarmed by Egypt and is repulsed by Saudi Arabia.", "He concluded Miller fears and dislikes Lebanon, hates Syria, laughs at Libya, dismisses Sudan, feels sorry for and a little alarmed by Egypt and is repulsed by Saudi Arabia. She hasn't bothered to learn the language and is relentlessly only concerned with the dangers of Islamic militancy, which, I would hazard a guess, accounts for less than 5 percent of the billion-strong Islamic world.", "She hasn't bothered to learn the language and is relentlessly only concerned with the dangers of Islamic militancy, which, I would hazard a guess, accounts for less than 5 percent of the billion-strong Islamic world. However, Miller asserted that in the wake of the September 11 attacks she argued that militant Islamism of the type represented by Al Qaeda had peaked and was fading into insignificance.", "However, Miller asserted that in the wake of the September 11 attacks she argued that militant Islamism of the type represented by Al Qaeda had peaked and was fading into insignificance. Anthrax hoax victim On October 12, 2001, Miller opened an anthrax hoax letter mailed to her New York Times office.", "Anthrax hoax victim On October 12, 2001, Miller opened an anthrax hoax letter mailed to her New York Times office. The 2001 anthrax attacks had begun occurring in the wake of the September 11 attacks in 2001, with anthrax-laced letters sent to ABC News, CBS News, NBC News, and the New York Post, all in New York City, as well as the National Enquirer in Boca Raton, Florida.", "The 2001 anthrax attacks had begun occurring in the wake of the September 11 attacks in 2001, with anthrax-laced letters sent to ABC News, CBS News, NBC News, and the New York Post, all in New York City, as well as the National Enquirer in Boca Raton, Florida. Two additional letters (with a higher grade of anthrax) were sent on October 9, 2001, to Senators Tom Daschle and Patrick Leahy in Washington.", "Two additional letters (with a higher grade of anthrax) were sent on October 9, 2001, to Senators Tom Daschle and Patrick Leahy in Washington. Miller was the only major U.S. media reporter, and The New York Times the only major U.S. media organization, to be victimized by a fake anthrax letter in the fall of 2001.", "Miller was the only major U.S. media reporter, and The New York Times the only major U.S. media organization, to be victimized by a fake anthrax letter in the fall of 2001. Miller had reported extensively on the subject of biological threats and had co-authored, with Stephen Engelberg and William Broad, a book on bio-terrorism, Germs: Biological Weapons and America's Secret War, which was published on October 2, 2001.", "Miller had reported extensively on the subject of biological threats and had co-authored, with Stephen Engelberg and William Broad, a book on bio-terrorism, Germs: Biological Weapons and America's Secret War, which was published on October 2, 2001. Miller co-authored an article on Pentagon plans to develop a more potent version of weaponized anthrax, \"U.S. Germ Warfare Research Pushes Treaty Limits\", published in The New York Times on September 4, 2001, weeks before the first anthrax mailings.", "Miller co-authored an article on Pentagon plans to develop a more potent version of weaponized anthrax, \"U.S. Germ Warfare Research Pushes Treaty Limits\", published in The New York Times on September 4, 2001, weeks before the first anthrax mailings. Islamic charities search leak Shortly after the September 11 attacks, the U.S. government was considering adding the Holy Land Foundation to a list of organizations with suspected links to terrorism and was planning to search the premises of the organization.", "Islamic charities search leak Shortly after the September 11 attacks, the U.S. government was considering adding the Holy Land Foundation to a list of organizations with suspected links to terrorism and was planning to search the premises of the organization. The information about the impending raid was given to Miller by a confidential source.", "The information about the impending raid was given to Miller by a confidential source. On December 3, 2001, Miller telephoned the Holy Land Foundation for comment, and The New York Times published an article in the late edition papers and on its website that day. The next day, the government searched HLF's offices.", "The next day, the government searched HLF's offices. These occurrences led to a lawsuit brought by US Attorney General Alberto Gonzales, with prosecutors claiming that Miller and her colleague Philip Shenon had queried this Islamic charity, and another, in ways that made them aware of the planned searches.", "These occurrences led to a lawsuit brought by US Attorney General Alberto Gonzales, with prosecutors claiming that Miller and her colleague Philip Shenon had queried this Islamic charity, and another, in ways that made them aware of the planned searches. The Iraq War At The New York Times, Miller wrote on security issues, particularly about Iraq and weapons of mass destruction.", "The Iraq War At The New York Times, Miller wrote on security issues, particularly about Iraq and weapons of mass destruction. Many of these stories later turned out to have been based upon faulty information. (One of her stories that was not disproved reported that inspectors in Iraq \"saw nothing to prompt a war.\")", "(One of her stories that was not disproved reported that inspectors in Iraq \"saw nothing to prompt a war.\") On September 8, 2002, Miller and her Times colleague Michael R. Gordon reported the interception of \"aluminum tubes\" bound for Iraq.", "On September 8, 2002, Miller and her Times colleague Michael R. Gordon reported the interception of \"aluminum tubes\" bound for Iraq. Her front-page story quoted unnamed \"American officials\" and \"American intelligence experts\" who said the tubes were intended to be used to enrich nuclear material, and cited unnamed \"Bush administration officials\" who said that, in recent months, Iraq had \"stepped up its quest for nuclear weapons and [had] embarked on a worldwide hunt for materials to make an atomic bomb\".", "Her front-page story quoted unnamed \"American officials\" and \"American intelligence experts\" who said the tubes were intended to be used to enrich nuclear material, and cited unnamed \"Bush administration officials\" who said that, in recent months, Iraq had \"stepped up its quest for nuclear weapons and [had] embarked on a worldwide hunt for materials to make an atomic bomb\". Miller added that Mr. Hussein's dogged insistence on pursuing his nuclear ambitions, along with what defectors described in interviews as Iraq's push to improve and expand Baghdad's chemical and biological arsenals, have brought Iraq and the United States to the brink of war.", "Miller added that Mr. Hussein's dogged insistence on pursuing his nuclear ambitions, along with what defectors described in interviews as Iraq's push to improve and expand Baghdad's chemical and biological arsenals, have brought Iraq and the United States to the brink of war. Shortly after Miller's article was published, Condoleezza Rice, Colin Powell, and Donald Rumsfeld appeared on television and pointed to Miller's story in support of their position.", "Shortly after Miller's article was published, Condoleezza Rice, Colin Powell, and Donald Rumsfeld appeared on television and pointed to Miller's story in support of their position. As summarized by The New York Review of Books, \"in the following months, the tubes would become a key prop in the administration's case for war, and the Times played a critical part in legitimizing it.\"", "As summarized by The New York Review of Books, \"in the following months, the tubes would become a key prop in the administration's case for war, and the Times played a critical part in legitimizing it.\" Miller later said of the controversy [M]y job isn't to assess the government's information and be an independent intelligence analyst myself.", "Miller later said of the controversy [M]y job isn't to assess the government's information and be an independent intelligence analyst myself. My job is to tell readers of The New York Times what the government thought about Iraq's arsenal.", "My job is to tell readers of The New York Times what the government thought about Iraq's arsenal. In an April 21, 2003 article, Miller, ostensibly on the basis of statements from the military unit in which she was embedded, reported claims allegedly made by an Iraqi scientist that Iraq had kept biological and chemical weapons until \"right before the invasion.\"", "In an April 21, 2003 article, Miller, ostensibly on the basis of statements from the military unit in which she was embedded, reported claims allegedly made by an Iraqi scientist that Iraq had kept biological and chemical weapons until \"right before the invasion.\" This report was covered extensively in the press.", "This report was covered extensively in the press. Miller went on The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer and stated: Well, I think they found something more than a smoking gun.", "Miller went on The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer and stated: Well, I think they found something more than a smoking gun. What they've found is a silver bullet in the form of a person, an Iraqi individual, a scientist, as we've called him, who really worked on the programs, who knows them firsthand, and who has led MET Alpha people to some pretty startling conclusions.", "What they've found is a silver bullet in the form of a person, an Iraqi individual, a scientist, as we've called him, who really worked on the programs, who knows them firsthand, and who has led MET Alpha people to some pretty startling conclusions. There was strong internal dissent amongst other Times reporters regarding publication of the inflammatory, unsourced accusations, however, and that the military were allowed to censor it before it appeared.", "There was strong internal dissent amongst other Times reporters regarding publication of the inflammatory, unsourced accusations, however, and that the military were allowed to censor it before it appeared. A week after it appeared, one Times insider called Miller's piece \"wacky-assed\" and complained there were \"real questions about it and why it was on page 1.\"", "A week after it appeared, one Times insider called Miller's piece \"wacky-assed\" and complained there were \"real questions about it and why it was on page 1.\" On May 26, 2003, Howard Kurtz of The Washington Post reported on a Miller internal email sent to John Burns, the Times Baghdad bureau chief.", "On May 26, 2003, Howard Kurtz of The Washington Post reported on a Miller internal email sent to John Burns, the Times Baghdad bureau chief. In it she admitted her source regarding the alleged WMDs, according to Seymour Hersh writing for The New Yorker, was none other than Ahmed Chalabi's Iraqi National Congress, which alleges Pentagon officials passed on to Miller, despite the Central Intelligence Agency disagreeing with its content.", "In it she admitted her source regarding the alleged WMDs, according to Seymour Hersh writing for The New Yorker, was none other than Ahmed Chalabi's Iraqi National Congress, which alleges Pentagon officials passed on to Miller, despite the Central Intelligence Agency disagreeing with its content. Her Times editor, Andrew Rosenthal, criticized Hersh for its release.", "Her Times editor, Andrew Rosenthal, criticized Hersh for its release. A year later, on May 26, 2004, a week after the U.S. government apparently severed ties with Chalabi, a Times editorial acknowledged that some of the paper's coverage in the run-up to the war had relied too heavily on Chalabi and other Iraqi exiles, who were bent on regime change.", "A year later, on May 26, 2004, a week after the U.S. government apparently severed ties with Chalabi, a Times editorial acknowledged that some of the paper's coverage in the run-up to the war had relied too heavily on Chalabi and other Iraqi exiles, who were bent on regime change. The editorial also expressed \"regret\" that \"information that was controversial [was] allowed to stand unchallenged.\"", "The editorial also expressed \"regret\" that \"information that was controversial [was] allowed to stand unchallenged.\" However, the editorial explicitly rejected \"blame on individual reporters.\"", "However, the editorial explicitly rejected \"blame on individual reporters.\" On May 27, 2004, the day after the Times mea culpa',' James C. Moore quoted Miller in an article in Salon: You know what, ... I was proved fucking right. That's what happened.", "That's what happened. That's what happened. People who disagreed with me were saying, 'There she goes again.' But I was proved fucking right.\"", "But I was proved fucking right.\" The statement about being \"proved ... right\" was in relation to another Miller story, wherein she had written trailers found in Iraq had been shown to be mobile weapons labs.", "The statement about being \"proved ... right\" was in relation to another Miller story, wherein she had written trailers found in Iraq had been shown to be mobile weapons labs. However that claim, too, was subsequently refuted as false.Byron Calame (Oct. 23, 2005), \"The Miller Mess: Lingering Issues Among the Answers\" , The New York Times It was alleged later in Editor & Publisher that, while Miller's reporting \"frequently [did] not meet published Times standards\", she was not sanctioned and was given a relatively free rein, because she consistently delivered frequent front-page scoops for the paper by \"cultivating top-ranking sources.", "However that claim, too, was subsequently refuted as false.Byron Calame (Oct. 23, 2005), \"The Miller Mess: Lingering Issues Among the Answers\" , The New York Times It was alleged later in Editor & Publisher that, while Miller's reporting \"frequently [did] not meet published Times standards\", she was not sanctioned and was given a relatively free rein, because she consistently delivered frequent front-page scoops for the paper by \"cultivating top-ranking sources. \"Douglas Jehl (Sept. 29, 2003), \"AGENCY BELITTLES INFORMATION GIVEN BY IRAQ DEFECTORS\" , The New York Times In 2005, facing federal court proceedings for refusing to divulge a source in the Plame affair criminal investigation, Miller spent 85 days in jail in Alexandria, Va. (where French terrorist Zacarias Moussaoui was also held).", "\"Douglas Jehl (Sept. 29, 2003), \"AGENCY BELITTLES INFORMATION GIVEN BY IRAQ DEFECTORS\" , The New York Times In 2005, facing federal court proceedings for refusing to divulge a source in the Plame affair criminal investigation, Miller spent 85 days in jail in Alexandria, Va. (where French terrorist Zacarias Moussaoui was also held). After her release, the Times' Public Editor Byron Calame wrote: Ms. Miller may still be best known for her role in a series of Times articles in 2002 and 2003 that strongly suggested Saddam Hussein already had or was acquiring an arsenal of weapons of mass destruction ...", "After her release, the Times' Public Editor Byron Calame wrote: Ms. Miller may still be best known for her role in a series of Times articles in 2002 and 2003 that strongly suggested Saddam Hussein already had or was acquiring an arsenal of weapons of mass destruction ... Many of those articles turned out to be inaccurate ... [T]he problems facing her inside and outside the newsroom will make it difficult for her to return to the paper as a reporter.", "Many of those articles turned out to be inaccurate ... [T]he problems facing her inside and outside the newsroom will make it difficult for her to return to the paper as a reporter. Two weeks later, Miller negotiated a private severance package with Times publisher Arthur Ochs Sulzberger Jr. She contested Calame's claims about her reporting and gave no ground in defending her work.", "Two weeks later, Miller negotiated a private severance package with Times publisher Arthur Ochs Sulzberger Jr. She contested Calame's claims about her reporting and gave no ground in defending her work. She cited \"difficulty\" in performing her job effectively after having become \"an integral part of the stories [she] was sent to cover.\"", "She cited \"difficulty\" in performing her job effectively after having become \"an integral part of the stories [she] was sent to cover.\" In a 2018 interview with The Intercept, James Risen defended Miller by saying that there was a \"systemic problem at the paper\" in regards to reporting about the existence of WMD's.", "In a 2018 interview with The Intercept, James Risen defended Miller by saying that there was a \"systemic problem at the paper\" in regards to reporting about the existence of WMD's. He said the paper wanted \"stories about the existence of WMD\" rather than \"skeptical stories\".", "He said the paper wanted \"stories about the existence of WMD\" rather than \"skeptical stories\". Contempt of court On October 1, 2004, federal Judge Thomas F. Hogan found Miller in contempt of court for refusing to appear before a federal grand jury, which was investigating who had leaked to reporters the fact that Valerie Plame was a CIA operative.", "Contempt of court On October 1, 2004, federal Judge Thomas F. Hogan found Miller in contempt of court for refusing to appear before a federal grand jury, which was investigating who had leaked to reporters the fact that Valerie Plame was a CIA operative. Miller did not write an article about the subject at the time of the leak, but others did, notably Robert Novak, spurring the investigation.", "Miller did not write an article about the subject at the time of the leak, but others did, notably Robert Novak, spurring the investigation. Judge Hogan sentenced her to 18 months in jail, but stayed the sentence while her appeal proceeded.", "Judge Hogan sentenced her to 18 months in jail, but stayed the sentence while her appeal proceeded. On February 15, 2005, the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit unanimously upheld Judge Hogan's ruling. On June 17, 2005, the US Supreme Court declined to hear the case.", "On June 17, 2005, the US Supreme Court declined to hear the case. On July 6, 2005, Judge Hogan ordered Miller to serve her sentence at \"a suitable jail within the metropolitan area of the District of Columbia\". She was taken to Alexandria City Jail on July 7, 2005.", "She was taken to Alexandria City Jail on July 7, 2005. In a separate case, Federal Judge Robert W. Sweet ruled on February 24, 2005, that Miller was not required to reveal who in the government leaked word of an impending raid to her.", "In a separate case, Federal Judge Robert W. Sweet ruled on February 24, 2005, that Miller was not required to reveal who in the government leaked word of an impending raid to her. Patrick Fitzgerald, the same prosecutor who had had Miller jailed in the Plame case, argued that Miller's calls to groups suspected of funding terrorists had tipped them off to the raid and allowed them time to destroy evidence.", "Patrick Fitzgerald, the same prosecutor who had had Miller jailed in the Plame case, argued that Miller's calls to groups suspected of funding terrorists had tipped them off to the raid and allowed them time to destroy evidence. Fitzgerald wanted Miller's phone records to confirm the time of the tip and determine who had leaked the information to Miller in the first place.", "Fitzgerald wanted Miller's phone records to confirm the time of the tip and determine who had leaked the information to Miller in the first place. Judge Sweet held that because Fitzgerald could not demonstrate in advance that the phone records would provide the information he sought the prosecutor's needs were outweighed by a 'reporter's privilege' to keep sources confidential.", "Judge Sweet held that because Fitzgerald could not demonstrate in advance that the phone records would provide the information he sought the prosecutor's needs were outweighed by a 'reporter's privilege' to keep sources confidential. On August 1, 2006, a three-judge panel of the Second Circuit Court of Appeals reversed Judge Sweet's decision, holding 2–1 that federal prosecutors could inspect the telephone records of Miller and Philip Shenon.", "On August 1, 2006, a three-judge panel of the Second Circuit Court of Appeals reversed Judge Sweet's decision, holding 2–1 that federal prosecutors could inspect the telephone records of Miller and Philip Shenon. Judge Ralph K. Winter, Jr. wrote: \"No grand jury can make an informed decision to pursue the investigation further, much less to indict or not indict, without the reporters' evidence\".", "Judge Ralph K. Winter, Jr. wrote: \"No grand jury can make an informed decision to pursue the investigation further, much less to indict or not indict, without the reporters' evidence\". Prior to her jailing for civil contempt, Miller's lawyers argued that it was pointless to imprison her because she would never talk or reveal confidential sources.", "Prior to her jailing for civil contempt, Miller's lawyers argued that it was pointless to imprison her because she would never talk or reveal confidential sources. Under such circumstances, argued her lawyers, jail term would be \"merely punitive\" and would serve no purpose.", "Under such circumstances, argued her lawyers, jail term would be \"merely punitive\" and would serve no purpose. Arguing that Miller should be confined to her home and could forego Internet access and cellphone use, Miller's lawyers suggested that \"impairing her unrestricted ability to do her job as an investigative journalist ... would present the strictest form of coercion to her\".", "Arguing that Miller should be confined to her home and could forego Internet access and cellphone use, Miller's lawyers suggested that \"impairing her unrestricted ability to do her job as an investigative journalist ... would present the strictest form of coercion to her\". Failing that, Miller's lawyers asked that she be sent to a women's facility in Danbury, Connecticut, nearer to \"Ms. Miller's 76-year-old husband\", retired book publisher Jason Epstein, who lived in New York City, and whose state of health was the subject of a confidential medical report filed by Miller's attorneys.", "Failing that, Miller's lawyers asked that she be sent to a women's facility in Danbury, Connecticut, nearer to \"Ms. Miller's 76-year-old husband\", retired book publisher Jason Epstein, who lived in New York City, and whose state of health was the subject of a confidential medical report filed by Miller's attorneys. Upon being jailed, the Times reported on July 7, 2005, that Miller had purchased a cockapoo puppy to keep her husband company during her absence.", "Upon being jailed, the Times reported on July 7, 2005, that Miller had purchased a cockapoo puppy to keep her husband company during her absence. On September 17, 2005, The Washington Post reported that Miller had received a \"parade of prominent government and media officials\" during her first 11 weeks in prison, including visits by former U.S. Republican Senator Bob Dole, NBC News anchor Tom Brokaw, and John R. Bolton, U.S.", "On September 17, 2005, The Washington Post reported that Miller had received a \"parade of prominent government and media officials\" during her first 11 weeks in prison, including visits by former U.S. Republican Senator Bob Dole, NBC News anchor Tom Brokaw, and John R. Bolton, U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations.", "Ambassador to the United Nations. Ambassador to the United Nations. After her release on September 29, 2005, Miller agreed to disclose to the grand jury the identity of her source, Lewis Libby, Vice President Cheney's chief of staff.", "After her release on September 29, 2005, Miller agreed to disclose to the grand jury the identity of her source, Lewis Libby, Vice President Cheney's chief of staff. On Tuesday, January 30, 2007, Miller took the stand as a witness for the prosecution against Lewis Libby.", "On Tuesday, January 30, 2007, Miller took the stand as a witness for the prosecution against Lewis Libby. Miller discussed three conversations she had had with Libby in June and July 2003, including the meeting on June 23, 2003. In her first appearance before the grand jury, Miller said she could not remember.", "In her first appearance before the grand jury, Miller said she could not remember. According to The New York Times, when asked if Libby discussed Valerie Plame, Miller responded in the affirmative, \"adding that Libby had said Wilson worked at the agency's (C.I.A.)", "According to The New York Times, when asked if Libby discussed Valerie Plame, Miller responded in the affirmative, \"adding that Libby had said Wilson worked at the agency's (C.I.A.) division that dealt with limiting the proliferation of unconventional weapons\". The trial resulted in guilty verdicts against Libby.", "The trial resulted in guilty verdicts against Libby. Refusal to disclose source In July 2005, several months prior to her October 2005 resignation from The New York Times, Miller was jailed for contempt of court for refusing to testify before a federal grand jury investigating a leak naming Valerie Plame as a CIA officer.", "Refusal to disclose source In July 2005, several months prior to her October 2005 resignation from The New York Times, Miller was jailed for contempt of court for refusing to testify before a federal grand jury investigating a leak naming Valerie Plame as a CIA officer. While Miller never wrote about Plame, she was believed to be in possession of evidence relevant to the leak investigation.", "While Miller never wrote about Plame, she was believed to be in possession of evidence relevant to the leak investigation. According to a subpoena, Miller met with an unnamed government official, later revealed to be I. Lewis \"Scooter\" Libby, Vice President Dick Cheney's Chief of Staff, on July 8, 2003.", "According to a subpoena, Miller met with an unnamed government official, later revealed to be I. Lewis \"Scooter\" Libby, Vice President Dick Cheney's Chief of Staff, on July 8, 2003. Plame's CIA identity was divulged publicly in a column by conservative political commentator Robert Novak on July 14, 2003.", "Plame's CIA identity was divulged publicly in a column by conservative political commentator Robert Novak on July 14, 2003. Novak's source was revealed to have not been Libby, but Richard Armitage of the Department of State.", "Novak's source was revealed to have not been Libby, but Richard Armitage of the Department of State. On July 16, 2005, The Washington Post reported that Miller could face criminal contempt charges, which could have extended her jail time six months beyond the four months then anticipated.", "On July 16, 2005, The Washington Post reported that Miller could face criminal contempt charges, which could have extended her jail time six months beyond the four months then anticipated. The Post suggested that special prosecutor Patrick Fitzgerald was particularly interested in hearing Miller's version of her encounter with Libby.", "The Post suggested that special prosecutor Patrick Fitzgerald was particularly interested in hearing Miller's version of her encounter with Libby. Filings by Fitzgerald reportedly alleged that Miller's defiance of the court constituted a crime. On September 29, 2005, after spending 85 days in jail, Miller was released following a telephone call with Libby.", "On September 29, 2005, after spending 85 days in jail, Miller was released following a telephone call with Libby. He had reconfirmed the release of confidentiality.", "He had reconfirmed the release of confidentiality. Under oath, Miller was questioned by Fitzgerald before a federal grand jury the following day, September 30, 2005, but was not relieved of contempt charges until after testifying again on October 12, 2005.", "Under oath, Miller was questioned by Fitzgerald before a federal grand jury the following day, September 30, 2005, but was not relieved of contempt charges until after testifying again on October 12, 2005. For her second grand jury appearance, Miller produced a notebook from a previously undisclosed meeting with Libby on June 23, 2003.", "For her second grand jury appearance, Miller produced a notebook from a previously undisclosed meeting with Libby on June 23, 2003. This was several weeks before Joseph Wilson's New York Times editorial was published. This belied the theory that Libby was retaliating against Wilson for his Times editorial.", "This belied the theory that Libby was retaliating against Wilson for his Times editorial. According to Miller's notes from that earlier meeting, Libby disclosed that Joseph Wilson's wife was a CIA employee involved in her husband's trip to Niger.", "According to Miller's notes from that earlier meeting, Libby disclosed that Joseph Wilson's wife was a CIA employee involved in her husband's trip to Niger. Miller's notebook from her July 8, 2003, meeting with Libby contains the name \"Valerie Flame [sic]\".", "Miller's notebook from her July 8, 2003, meeting with Libby contains the name \"Valerie Flame [sic]\". This reference occurred six days before Novak published Plame's name and unmasked her as a CIA operative. Miller's grand jury account was the basis for her last article in The New York Times.", "Miller's grand jury account was the basis for her last article in The New York Times. The newspaper published Miller's first-person account, \"My Four Hours Testifying in the Federal Grand Jury Room\", on October 16, 2005.", "The newspaper published Miller's first-person account, \"My Four Hours Testifying in the Federal Grand Jury Room\", on October 16, 2005. Miller said she could not remember who gave her the name \"Valerie Plame\" but she was sure it didn't come from Libby.", "Miller said she could not remember who gave her the name \"Valerie Plame\" but she was sure it didn't come from Libby. Miller testified as a witness on January 30, 2007, at the trial of Scooter Libby, which began in January 2007.", "Miller testified as a witness on January 30, 2007, at the trial of Scooter Libby, which began in January 2007. The trial ended on March 6, 2007, with Libby's conviction on four of five counts, though none of the counts had to do with actually revealing Plame's name to the media.", "The trial ended on March 6, 2007, with Libby's conviction on four of five counts, though none of the counts had to do with actually revealing Plame's name to the media. Independent journalist and author Since leaving The New York Times, Miller has continued her work as a writer in Manhattan and has contributed several op-ed pieces to The Wall Street Journal.", "Independent journalist and author Since leaving The New York Times, Miller has continued her work as a writer in Manhattan and has contributed several op-ed pieces to The Wall Street Journal. On May 16, 2006, she summarized her investigations on U.S. foreign policy regarding Libya's dismantling of its weapons programs in an essay published in two parts.", "On May 16, 2006, she summarized her investigations on U.S. foreign policy regarding Libya's dismantling of its weapons programs in an essay published in two parts. On May 17, 2006, NavySEALs.com and MediaChannel.org published an exclusive interview with Miller in which she detailed how the attack on the USS Cole led her to investigate Al-Qaeda and, in July 2001, to her receiving information from a top-level White House source concerning top-secret NSA signals intelligence (SIGINT) about an impending Al-Qaeda attack, possibly against the continental United States.", "On May 17, 2006, NavySEALs.com and MediaChannel.org published an exclusive interview with Miller in which she detailed how the attack on the USS Cole led her to investigate Al-Qaeda and, in July 2001, to her receiving information from a top-level White House source concerning top-secret NSA signals intelligence (SIGINT) about an impending Al-Qaeda attack, possibly against the continental United States. Two months later, on September 11, Miller and her editor at the Times, Stephen Engelberg, both regretted not writing that story.", "Two months later, on September 11, Miller and her editor at the Times, Stephen Engelberg, both regretted not writing that story. On September 7, 2007, she was hired as an adjunct fellow of the Manhattan Institute for Policy Research, a neo-conservative free-market think tank.", "On September 7, 2007, she was hired as an adjunct fellow of the Manhattan Institute for Policy Research, a neo-conservative free-market think tank. Her duties included being a contributing editor for the organization's publication, City Journal. On October 20, 2008, Fox News announced that it had hired Miller.", "On October 20, 2008, Fox News announced that it had hired Miller. As of 2018, she is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations.", "As of 2018, she is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations. She has also been a member of the Aspen Strategy Group, and has served on a prestigious National Academy of Sciences panel examining how best to expand of the work of the Cooperative Threat Reduction program, which since 1991 has sought to stop the spread of WMD material and expertise from the former Soviet Union.", "She has also been a member of the Aspen Strategy Group, and has served on a prestigious National Academy of Sciences panel examining how best to expand of the work of the Cooperative Threat Reduction program, which since 1991 has sought to stop the spread of WMD material and expertise from the former Soviet Union. She lectures frequently on the Middle East, Islam, terrorism, biological and chemical weapons, as well as other national security topics.", "She lectures frequently on the Middle East, Islam, terrorism, biological and chemical weapons, as well as other national security topics. The Iraq War revisited On April 3, 2015, The Wall Street Journal published an op-ed piece by Miller in which she defended her comportment during the lead-up to the war in Iraq, as well as the Bush administration's stance and decisions regarding the war.", "The Iraq War revisited On April 3, 2015, The Wall Street Journal published an op-ed piece by Miller in which she defended her comportment during the lead-up to the war in Iraq, as well as the Bush administration's stance and decisions regarding the war. \"Officials [of the Bush administration] didn't lie, and I wasn't fed a line,\" she wrote.", "\"Officials [of the Bush administration] didn't lie, and I wasn't fed a line,\" she wrote. Miller acknowledged that \"there was no shortage of mistakes about Iraq, and I made my share of them.", "Miller acknowledged that \"there was no shortage of mistakes about Iraq, and I made my share of them. The newsworthy claims of some of my prewar WMD stories were wrong\", but rejected the notion that \"I took America to war in Iraq.", "The newsworthy claims of some of my prewar WMD stories were wrong\", but rejected the notion that \"I took America to war in Iraq. It was all me\", which according to her \"continue[d] to have believers\".", "It was all me\", which according to her \"continue[d] to have believers\". Critics subsequently wrote that \"Miller's war reporting was disastrously wrong, and now she's trying desperately to spin it all away,\".", "Critics subsequently wrote that \"Miller's war reporting was disastrously wrong, and now she's trying desperately to spin it all away,\". Valerie Plame commented that while \"no one is crediting [Miller] with starting the Iraq war,\" and she was \"not actually on the team that took us into the biggest, most tragic US foreign policy debacle ever..., [Miller's] attempt to re-write history is both pathetic and self-serving.", "Valerie Plame commented that while \"no one is crediting [Miller] with starting the Iraq war,\" and she was \"not actually on the team that took us into the biggest, most tragic US foreign policy debacle ever..., [Miller's] attempt to re-write history is both pathetic and self-serving. \"The Guardian wrote that \"in arguing that Bush was a victim of faulty intelligence analysis, Miller ignores extensive reporting showing that the Bush administration was making plans for an Iraq invasion before the advent of intelligence used to justify it.\"", "\"The Guardian wrote that \"in arguing that Bush was a victim of faulty intelligence analysis, Miller ignores extensive reporting showing that the Bush administration was making plans for an Iraq invasion before the advent of intelligence used to justify it.\" Others focused on what they termed as factual inaccuracies, such as Miller's claim that \"Hans Blix, the former chief of the international weapons inspectors, bears some responsibility [for the war]\" because he \"told the U.N. in January 2003 that despite America's ultimatum, Saddam was still not complying fully with his U.N.", "Others focused on what they termed as factual inaccuracies, such as Miller's claim that \"Hans Blix, the former chief of the international weapons inspectors, bears some responsibility [for the war]\" because he \"told the U.N. in January 2003 that despite America's ultimatum, Saddam was still not complying fully with his U.N. pledges.\"", "pledges.\" pledges.\" Her critics pointed out that, although Blix indeed reported that \"Iraq wasn't fully compliant,\" he also reported that Iraq was \"largely cooperative with regard to process,\" and, subsequently, \"made it abundantly clear, in an interview published in The New York Times, that nothing he'd seen at the time justified war,\" an interview taken by Miller herself.", "Her critics pointed out that, although Blix indeed reported that \"Iraq wasn't fully compliant,\" he also reported that Iraq was \"largely cooperative with regard to process,\" and, subsequently, \"made it abundantly clear, in an interview published in The New York Times, that nothing he'd seen at the time justified war,\" an interview taken by Miller herself. Memoir In April 2015, Miller published The Story: A Reporter's Journey, a memoir that focused largely on her reporting during the second Gulf War.", "Memoir In April 2015, Miller published The Story: A Reporter's Journey, a memoir that focused largely on her reporting during the second Gulf War. Her former colleague Neil Lewis characterized most of the reviews as \"unreservedly critical\".", "Her former colleague Neil Lewis characterized most of the reviews as \"unreservedly critical\". Writing in The New York Times, former Los Angeles Times reporter Terry McDermott wrote that although \"this is not a score-settling book\", he found it \"sad and flawed\".", "Writing in The New York Times, former Los Angeles Times reporter Terry McDermott wrote that although \"this is not a score-settling book\", he found it \"sad and flawed\". Ιn The Washington Post, Erik Wemple wrote that the book's \"dynamic\" of \"Judy Miller against the world\" lends her book an aspect that is \"both depressing and desperate\".", "Ιn The Washington Post, Erik Wemple wrote that the book's \"dynamic\" of \"Judy Miller against the world\" lends her book an aspect that is \"both depressing and desperate\". A review in The Columbia Journalism Review called the book \"less a memoir than an apologia and an assault\".", "A review in The Columbia Journalism Review called the book \"less a memoir than an apologia and an assault\". In The Daily Beast, Lloyd Grove characterized Miller's work as \"self-pitying\".", "In The Daily Beast, Lloyd Grove characterized Miller's work as \"self-pitying\". Criticizing Miller's failure to fully take responsibility for the flaws in her reporting, Matt Taibbi wrote in Rolling Stone: \"Most of The Story is a tale of dog after scheming dog eating Miller's homework.", "Criticizing Miller's failure to fully take responsibility for the flaws in her reporting, Matt Taibbi wrote in Rolling Stone: \"Most of The Story is a tale of dog after scheming dog eating Miller's homework. ... Mostly, she just had a lot of rotten luck. Or at least, that's how it reads.", "Or at least, that's how it reads. It's a sweeping, epic non-apology. Every bad thing Miller has ever been accused of turns out to be wrong or taken out of context, according to her.\"", "Every bad thing Miller has ever been accused of turns out to be wrong or taken out of context, according to her.\" BibliographyOne, by One, by One: Facing the Holocaust, Simon & Schuster (1990) Saddam Hussein & the Crisis in the Gulf (with Laurie Mylroie) Random House USA Inc (1990) God Has Ninety Nine Names: Reporting from a Militant Middle East, Simon & Schuster (1997) Germs: Biological Weapons and America's Secret War (with William Broad and Stephen Engelberg) Simon & Schuster (2001) The Story: A Reporter's Journey'', Simon & Schuster, (April 7, 2015), See also Reporters' privilege Journalistic scandal External sources Jon Stewart grills Miller on Iraq War reporting, Interview April 30, 2015.", "BibliographyOne, by One, by One: Facing the Holocaust, Simon & Schuster (1990) Saddam Hussein & the Crisis in the Gulf (with Laurie Mylroie) Random House USA Inc (1990) God Has Ninety Nine Names: Reporting from a Militant Middle East, Simon & Schuster (1997) Germs: Biological Weapons and America's Secret War (with William Broad and Stephen Engelberg) Simon & Schuster (2001) The Story: A Reporter's Journey'', Simon & Schuster, (April 7, 2015), See also Reporters' privilege Journalistic scandal External sources Jon Stewart grills Miller on Iraq War reporting, Interview April 30, 2015. References External links 1948 births American expatriates in Israel American investigative journalists American people of Belarusian-Jewish descent American people of Irish descent American political writers American women non-fiction writers American women war correspondents Barnard College alumni Columbia University alumni Criticism of journalism Fox News people Journalists imprisoned for refusing to reveal sources Living people Manhattan Institute for Policy Research Members of the Council on Foreign Relations Ohio State University alumni People associated with the Plame affair Pulitzer Prize for Explanatory Journalism winners The New York Times writers The New York Times editors Princeton School of Public and International Affairs alumni Writers from Los Angeles Writers from New York City Writers on the Middle East 21st-century American women" ]

[ "Judith Miller", "Refusal to disclose source", "what was her refusal?", "refusing to testify before a federal grand jury", "what were they asking her to testify for?", "investigating a leak naming Valerie Plame as a CIA officer." ]

[ "Holtzman v. Hellenbrand (1983) was a case in the U.S. state of New York concerning the admissibility of a prior statement by a person who later refused to testify in court. American law assures a defendant an opportunity to confront people testifying against them (so the prior statement would only be someone's hearsay statement), but prohibits a person from profiting by their wrongdoing so should not be able to avoid the statement if they criminally induced the person to not testify in court.\n\nFactual Background \nThe defendant, Mr. Neil Sirois, was charged in Kings County with second-degree murder. Mr. Sirois's wife was present at the scene of the alleged murder on December 6, 1980. Following her testimony before a grand jury, and the subsequent indictment of hertially recanted and informed the Assistant District Attorney that she would not testify. She then fled the jurisdiction.\n\nOn March 1, 1983, Mrs. Sirois was arrested on a material witness order, in Kings County, where she had assumed a different name. Sirois continued to refuse to testify against her husband. The judge threatened contempt, offered in-camera testimony, and offered transactional immunity, and she continued to refuse to testify.\n\nMrs. Sirois was held in contempt of the court's order and sentenced to 30 days' incarceration and a $250 fine. Based on the incarceration, the People moved to adjourn for the 30 days, which the trial court denied. Without further evidence, the case was dismissed.\n\nThe People appealed, arguing that U.S. v. Mastrangelo required the court hold a hearing to determine whether or not \"the defendant by his misconduct had induced his wife to unlawfully refused to testify at trial.\"\n\nHolding \nIn 1983, the Second Department of New York's Appellate Division held that hearsay statements of a declarant who refuses to testify at trial are admissible for the truth of the matter asserted. The Court, while recognizing the Constitutional mandates of the Confrontation Clause, held that a defendant should not benefit from his or her wrongdoing in preventing a witness from testifying against him or her, and hearsay statements of the declarant are thus ade if the prosecution can meet its burden. Holtzman established the New York precedent of Sirois hearings—an evidentiary hearing to determine the admissibility of out-of-court statements by an unavailable witness.\n\nReferences\n\nNew York (state) state case law\nLaw articles needing an infobox", "Silvia Veleva () is a fictional character and one of the main protagonists on the BNT crime series Pod Prikritie. She is portrayed by Irena Milyankova. She was Martin Hristov's love interest.\n\nLife\nSilvia Veleva, also known as Sunny is mistress of Petar Tudzarov and, later a lover of Martin Hristov. Her mother, Yoana, believed that it was good for her to be Tudzharov's mistress because in that way she is not going to be poor.\n\nDescription\n\nSeason 1\nSunny met Martin on the night when she was beaten by Tudzharov's men when he saved her. She slept with him in his place that night and vanished the morning after. Sunny later saw Martin in Tudzharov's cafe and realised he is now working for him. She and Martin had a brief strained relationship, but reconciled later and became lovers. Ivo, later, found her bracelet in Martin's bed when places of every male worker of Tudzharov was searched and threat some time Martin. Throughout the first season, Sunny wanted to left Tudzharov and Martin offered her to go with him to Rio. In Episode 1.10, Sunny offered Martin help. She offered him that she wear a bug when go with Tudzharov on a dinner with some powerful people, but Tudzharov found a bug and ordered Ivo to kill her, but instead, Ivo hide her in his house and ordered her not to leave the house.\n\nSeason 2\nIn season two, Martin found her and met with her in the night when Ivo was wounded when she went to pharmacy to take some medicines for him. Martin offered her protection in exchange for her testimony, but she refused and told him that she can't testify now. She returned in Ivo's house, where Ivo earlier brought his mother too. When a local criminal was arrested for robbery of the same pharmacy in which Sunny took the medicines, just after she went from there, CCTV footage was shown to criminal's attorney, who happened to be Tudzharov's lawyer too, Boyana Vasileva. Vasileva saw that Sunny is alive and passed it to Tudzharov. Sunny, later, departed Ivo's house and moved to Martin's place. Ivo, then, went to Martin's place and told him to keep her safe and then returned to his house. Tudzharov again ordered her murder. Sunny later agreed to testify and was brought to the court, but was shot and killed by Tudzharov's assassin. Martin chased him to the street where the assassin got hit by the car and died instantly.\n\nIn season two finale, Martin was arrested after visiting her grave where he spoke to Ivo.\n\nReferences \n\nFictional Bulgarian people\nFictional murderers\nTelevision characters introduced in 2011" ]

[ "Judith Miller (born January 2, 1948) is an American journalist and commentator known for her coverage of Iraq's Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) program both before and after the 2003 invasion, which was later discovered to have been based on inaccurate information from the intelligence community. She worked in The New York Times Washington bureau before joining Fox News in 2008.", "She worked in The New York Times Washington bureau before joining Fox News in 2008. Miller co-wrote a book Germs: Biological Weapons and America's Secret War, which became a top New York Times best seller shortly after she became a victim of a hoax anthrax letter at the time of the 2001 anthrax attacks.", "Miller co-wrote a book Germs: Biological Weapons and America's Secret War, which became a top New York Times best seller shortly after she became a victim of a hoax anthrax letter at the time of the 2001 anthrax attacks. The New York Times determined that several stories she wrote about Iraq were inaccurate, and she was forced to resign from the paper in 2005.", "The New York Times determined that several stories she wrote about Iraq were inaccurate, and she was forced to resign from the paper in 2005. According to commentator Ken Silverstein, Miller's Iraq reporting \"effectively ended her career as a respectable journalist\".", "According to commentator Ken Silverstein, Miller's Iraq reporting \"effectively ended her career as a respectable journalist\". Miller defended her reporting, stating \"My job isn't to assess the government's information and be an independent intelligence analyst myself.", "Miller defended her reporting, stating \"My job isn't to assess the government's information and be an independent intelligence analyst myself. My job is to tell readers of The New York Times what the government thought about Iraq's arsenal.\" She published a memoir, The Story: A Reporter's Journey, in April 2015.", "She published a memoir, The Story: A Reporter's Journey, in April 2015. Miller was involved in the Plame Affair, where Valerie Plame was outed as a Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) spy by Richard Armitage after her husband published a New York Times op-ed casting doubts on claims that Saddam Hussein sought to purchase uranium from Africa.", "Miller was involved in the Plame Affair, where Valerie Plame was outed as a Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) spy by Richard Armitage after her husband published a New York Times op-ed casting doubts on claims that Saddam Hussein sought to purchase uranium from Africa. Miller spent 85 days in jail for refusing to reveal that her source in the Plame Affair was Scooter Libby.", "Miller spent 85 days in jail for refusing to reveal that her source in the Plame Affair was Scooter Libby. Later, she contributed to the conservative Fox News Channel and Newsmax, and was a fellow at the conservative Manhattan Institute. Early life Miller was born in New York City. Her Russian-born father, Bill Miller, was Jewish.", "Her Russian-born father, Bill Miller, was Jewish. He owned the Riviera night club in New Jersey and later operated several casinos in Las Vegas. Bill Miller was known for booking iconic Las Vegas performers. His biggest success was getting Elvis Presley to return to Las Vegas after initially being an unsuccessful booking.", "His biggest success was getting Elvis Presley to return to Las Vegas after initially being an unsuccessful booking. Her mother was a \"pretty Irish Catholic showgirl.\" Miller attended Ohio State University, where she was a member of Kappa Alpha Theta sorority.", "Miller attended Ohio State University, where she was a member of Kappa Alpha Theta sorority. She graduated from Barnard College of Columbia University in 1969 and received a master's degree in public affairs from Princeton University's School of Public and International Affairs.", "She graduated from Barnard College of Columbia University in 1969 and received a master's degree in public affairs from Princeton University's School of Public and International Affairs. Early in her career at The New York Times bureau in Washington, D.C. she dated one of the newspaper's other reporters (and future investment banker) Steven Rattner.", "Early in her career at The New York Times bureau in Washington, D.C. she dated one of the newspaper's other reporters (and future investment banker) Steven Rattner. In 1993, she married Jason Epstein, an editor and publisher.", "In 1993, she married Jason Epstein, an editor and publisher. Judith Miller is the half-sister of Jimmy Miller who was a record producer for many classic rock bands of the 1960s through to the 1990s including the Rolling Stones, Traffic and Cream.", "Judith Miller is the half-sister of Jimmy Miller who was a record producer for many classic rock bands of the 1960s through to the 1990s including the Rolling Stones, Traffic and Cream. Career at The New York Times During Miller's tenure at The New York Times, she was a member of the team that won the Pulitzer Prize for Explanatory Reporting, for its 2001 coverage of global terrorism before and after the September 11 attacks.", "Career at The New York Times During Miller's tenure at The New York Times, she was a member of the team that won the Pulitzer Prize for Explanatory Reporting, for its 2001 coverage of global terrorism before and after the September 11 attacks. She and James Risen received the award and one of the cited articles appeared under her byline.", "She and James Risen received the award and one of the cited articles appeared under her byline. Her writing during this period was criticised by Middle-east scholar Edward Said for evincing an anti-Islamic bias.", "Her writing during this period was criticised by Middle-east scholar Edward Said for evincing an anti-Islamic bias. In his book Covering Islam Said stated that Miller's book God Has Ninety-Nine Names \"is like a textbook of the inadequacies and distortions of media coverage of Islam.\"", "In his book Covering Islam Said stated that Miller's book God Has Ninety-Nine Names \"is like a textbook of the inadequacies and distortions of media coverage of Islam.\" He criticised her poor grasp of Arabic, saying that \"nearly every time she tries to impress us with her ability to say a phrase or two in Arabic she unerringly gets it wrong...", "He criticised her poor grasp of Arabic, saying that \"nearly every time she tries to impress us with her ability to say a phrase or two in Arabic she unerringly gets it wrong... They are the crude mistakes committed by a foreigner who neither has care nor... respect for her subject.\"", "They are the crude mistakes committed by a foreigner who neither has care nor... respect for her subject.\" He concluded Miller fears and dislikes Lebanon, hates Syria, laughs at Libya, dismisses Sudan, feels sorry for and a little alarmed by Egypt and is repulsed by Saudi Arabia.", "He concluded Miller fears and dislikes Lebanon, hates Syria, laughs at Libya, dismisses Sudan, feels sorry for and a little alarmed by Egypt and is repulsed by Saudi Arabia. She hasn't bothered to learn the language and is relentlessly only concerned with the dangers of Islamic militancy, which, I would hazard a guess, accounts for less than 5 percent of the billion-strong Islamic world.", "She hasn't bothered to learn the language and is relentlessly only concerned with the dangers of Islamic militancy, which, I would hazard a guess, accounts for less than 5 percent of the billion-strong Islamic world. However, Miller asserted that in the wake of the September 11 attacks she argued that militant Islamism of the type represented by Al Qaeda had peaked and was fading into insignificance.", "However, Miller asserted that in the wake of the September 11 attacks she argued that militant Islamism of the type represented by Al Qaeda had peaked and was fading into insignificance. Anthrax hoax victim On October 12, 2001, Miller opened an anthrax hoax letter mailed to her New York Times office.", "Anthrax hoax victim On October 12, 2001, Miller opened an anthrax hoax letter mailed to her New York Times office. The 2001 anthrax attacks had begun occurring in the wake of the September 11 attacks in 2001, with anthrax-laced letters sent to ABC News, CBS News, NBC News, and the New York Post, all in New York City, as well as the National Enquirer in Boca Raton, Florida.", "The 2001 anthrax attacks had begun occurring in the wake of the September 11 attacks in 2001, with anthrax-laced letters sent to ABC News, CBS News, NBC News, and the New York Post, all in New York City, as well as the National Enquirer in Boca Raton, Florida. Two additional letters (with a higher grade of anthrax) were sent on October 9, 2001, to Senators Tom Daschle and Patrick Leahy in Washington.", "Two additional letters (with a higher grade of anthrax) were sent on October 9, 2001, to Senators Tom Daschle and Patrick Leahy in Washington. Miller was the only major U.S. media reporter, and The New York Times the only major U.S. media organization, to be victimized by a fake anthrax letter in the fall of 2001.", "Miller was the only major U.S. media reporter, and The New York Times the only major U.S. media organization, to be victimized by a fake anthrax letter in the fall of 2001. Miller had reported extensively on the subject of biological threats and had co-authored, with Stephen Engelberg and William Broad, a book on bio-terrorism, Germs: Biological Weapons and America's Secret War, which was published on October 2, 2001.", "Miller had reported extensively on the subject of biological threats and had co-authored, with Stephen Engelberg and William Broad, a book on bio-terrorism, Germs: Biological Weapons and America's Secret War, which was published on October 2, 2001. Miller co-authored an article on Pentagon plans to develop a more potent version of weaponized anthrax, \"U.S. Germ Warfare Research Pushes Treaty Limits\", published in The New York Times on September 4, 2001, weeks before the first anthrax mailings.", "Miller co-authored an article on Pentagon plans to develop a more potent version of weaponized anthrax, \"U.S. Germ Warfare Research Pushes Treaty Limits\", published in The New York Times on September 4, 2001, weeks before the first anthrax mailings. Islamic charities search leak Shortly after the September 11 attacks, the U.S. government was considering adding the Holy Land Foundation to a list of organizations with suspected links to terrorism and was planning to search the premises of the organization.", "Islamic charities search leak Shortly after the September 11 attacks, the U.S. government was considering adding the Holy Land Foundation to a list of organizations with suspected links to terrorism and was planning to search the premises of the organization. The information about the impending raid was given to Miller by a confidential source.", "The information about the impending raid was given to Miller by a confidential source. On December 3, 2001, Miller telephoned the Holy Land Foundation for comment, and The New York Times published an article in the late edition papers and on its website that day. The next day, the government searched HLF's offices.", "The next day, the government searched HLF's offices. These occurrences led to a lawsuit brought by US Attorney General Alberto Gonzales, with prosecutors claiming that Miller and her colleague Philip Shenon had queried this Islamic charity, and another, in ways that made them aware of the planned searches.", "These occurrences led to a lawsuit brought by US Attorney General Alberto Gonzales, with prosecutors claiming that Miller and her colleague Philip Shenon had queried this Islamic charity, and another, in ways that made them aware of the planned searches. The Iraq War At The New York Times, Miller wrote on security issues, particularly about Iraq and weapons of mass destruction.", "The Iraq War At The New York Times, Miller wrote on security issues, particularly about Iraq and weapons of mass destruction. Many of these stories later turned out to have been based upon faulty information. (One of her stories that was not disproved reported that inspectors in Iraq \"saw nothing to prompt a war.\")", "(One of her stories that was not disproved reported that inspectors in Iraq \"saw nothing to prompt a war.\") On September 8, 2002, Miller and her Times colleague Michael R. Gordon reported the interception of \"aluminum tubes\" bound for Iraq.", "On September 8, 2002, Miller and her Times colleague Michael R. Gordon reported the interception of \"aluminum tubes\" bound for Iraq. Her front-page story quoted unnamed \"American officials\" and \"American intelligence experts\" who said the tubes were intended to be used to enrich nuclear material, and cited unnamed \"Bush administration officials\" who said that, in recent months, Iraq had \"stepped up its quest for nuclear weapons and [had] embarked on a worldwide hunt for materials to make an atomic bomb\".", "Her front-page story quoted unnamed \"American officials\" and \"American intelligence experts\" who said the tubes were intended to be used to enrich nuclear material, and cited unnamed \"Bush administration officials\" who said that, in recent months, Iraq had \"stepped up its quest for nuclear weapons and [had] embarked on a worldwide hunt for materials to make an atomic bomb\". Miller added that Mr. Hussein's dogged insistence on pursuing his nuclear ambitions, along with what defectors described in interviews as Iraq's push to improve and expand Baghdad's chemical and biological arsenals, have brought Iraq and the United States to the brink of war.", "Miller added that Mr. Hussein's dogged insistence on pursuing his nuclear ambitions, along with what defectors described in interviews as Iraq's push to improve and expand Baghdad's chemical and biological arsenals, have brought Iraq and the United States to the brink of war. Shortly after Miller's article was published, Condoleezza Rice, Colin Powell, and Donald Rumsfeld appeared on television and pointed to Miller's story in support of their position.", "Shortly after Miller's article was published, Condoleezza Rice, Colin Powell, and Donald Rumsfeld appeared on television and pointed to Miller's story in support of their position. As summarized by The New York Review of Books, \"in the following months, the tubes would become a key prop in the administration's case for war, and the Times played a critical part in legitimizing it.\"", "As summarized by The New York Review of Books, \"in the following months, the tubes would become a key prop in the administration's case for war, and the Times played a critical part in legitimizing it.\" Miller later said of the controversy [M]y job isn't to assess the government's information and be an independent intelligence analyst myself.", "Miller later said of the controversy [M]y job isn't to assess the government's information and be an independent intelligence analyst myself. My job is to tell readers of The New York Times what the government thought about Iraq's arsenal.", "My job is to tell readers of The New York Times what the government thought about Iraq's arsenal. In an April 21, 2003 article, Miller, ostensibly on the basis of statements from the military unit in which she was embedded, reported claims allegedly made by an Iraqi scientist that Iraq had kept biological and chemical weapons until \"right before the invasion.\"", "In an April 21, 2003 article, Miller, ostensibly on the basis of statements from the military unit in which she was embedded, reported claims allegedly made by an Iraqi scientist that Iraq had kept biological and chemical weapons until \"right before the invasion.\" This report was covered extensively in the press.", "This report was covered extensively in the press. Miller went on The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer and stated: Well, I think they found something more than a smoking gun.", "Miller went on The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer and stated: Well, I think they found something more than a smoking gun. What they've found is a silver bullet in the form of a person, an Iraqi individual, a scientist, as we've called him, who really worked on the programs, who knows them firsthand, and who has led MET Alpha people to some pretty startling conclusions.", "What they've found is a silver bullet in the form of a person, an Iraqi individual, a scientist, as we've called him, who really worked on the programs, who knows them firsthand, and who has led MET Alpha people to some pretty startling conclusions. There was strong internal dissent amongst other Times reporters regarding publication of the inflammatory, unsourced accusations, however, and that the military were allowed to censor it before it appeared.", "There was strong internal dissent amongst other Times reporters regarding publication of the inflammatory, unsourced accusations, however, and that the military were allowed to censor it before it appeared. A week after it appeared, one Times insider called Miller's piece \"wacky-assed\" and complained there were \"real questions about it and why it was on page 1.\"", "A week after it appeared, one Times insider called Miller's piece \"wacky-assed\" and complained there were \"real questions about it and why it was on page 1.\" On May 26, 2003, Howard Kurtz of The Washington Post reported on a Miller internal email sent to John Burns, the Times Baghdad bureau chief.", "On May 26, 2003, Howard Kurtz of The Washington Post reported on a Miller internal email sent to John Burns, the Times Baghdad bureau chief. In it she admitted her source regarding the alleged WMDs, according to Seymour Hersh writing for The New Yorker, was none other than Ahmed Chalabi's Iraqi National Congress, which alleges Pentagon officials passed on to Miller, despite the Central Intelligence Agency disagreeing with its content.", "In it she admitted her source regarding the alleged WMDs, according to Seymour Hersh writing for The New Yorker, was none other than Ahmed Chalabi's Iraqi National Congress, which alleges Pentagon officials passed on to Miller, despite the Central Intelligence Agency disagreeing with its content. Her Times editor, Andrew Rosenthal, criticized Hersh for its release.", "Her Times editor, Andrew Rosenthal, criticized Hersh for its release. A year later, on May 26, 2004, a week after the U.S. government apparently severed ties with Chalabi, a Times editorial acknowledged that some of the paper's coverage in the run-up to the war had relied too heavily on Chalabi and other Iraqi exiles, who were bent on regime change.", "A year later, on May 26, 2004, a week after the U.S. government apparently severed ties with Chalabi, a Times editorial acknowledged that some of the paper's coverage in the run-up to the war had relied too heavily on Chalabi and other Iraqi exiles, who were bent on regime change. The editorial also expressed \"regret\" that \"information that was controversial [was] allowed to stand unchallenged.\"", "The editorial also expressed \"regret\" that \"information that was controversial [was] allowed to stand unchallenged.\" However, the editorial explicitly rejected \"blame on individual reporters.\"", "However, the editorial explicitly rejected \"blame on individual reporters.\" On May 27, 2004, the day after the Times mea culpa',' James C. Moore quoted Miller in an article in Salon: You know what, ... I was proved fucking right. That's what happened.", "That's what happened. That's what happened. People who disagreed with me were saying, 'There she goes again.' But I was proved fucking right.\"", "But I was proved fucking right.\" The statement about being \"proved ... right\" was in relation to another Miller story, wherein she had written trailers found in Iraq had been shown to be mobile weapons labs.", "The statement about being \"proved ... right\" was in relation to another Miller story, wherein she had written trailers found in Iraq had been shown to be mobile weapons labs. However that claim, too, was subsequently refuted as false.Byron Calame (Oct. 23, 2005), \"The Miller Mess: Lingering Issues Among the Answers\" , The New York Times It was alleged later in Editor & Publisher that, while Miller's reporting \"frequently [did] not meet published Times standards\", she was not sanctioned and was given a relatively free rein, because she consistently delivered frequent front-page scoops for the paper by \"cultivating top-ranking sources.", "However that claim, too, was subsequently refuted as false.Byron Calame (Oct. 23, 2005), \"The Miller Mess: Lingering Issues Among the Answers\" , The New York Times It was alleged later in Editor & Publisher that, while Miller's reporting \"frequently [did] not meet published Times standards\", she was not sanctioned and was given a relatively free rein, because she consistently delivered frequent front-page scoops for the paper by \"cultivating top-ranking sources. \"Douglas Jehl (Sept. 29, 2003), \"AGENCY BELITTLES INFORMATION GIVEN BY IRAQ DEFECTORS\" , The New York Times In 2005, facing federal court proceedings for refusing to divulge a source in the Plame affair criminal investigation, Miller spent 85 days in jail in Alexandria, Va. (where French terrorist Zacarias Moussaoui was also held).", "\"Douglas Jehl (Sept. 29, 2003), \"AGENCY BELITTLES INFORMATION GIVEN BY IRAQ DEFECTORS\" , The New York Times In 2005, facing federal court proceedings for refusing to divulge a source in the Plame affair criminal investigation, Miller spent 85 days in jail in Alexandria, Va. (where French terrorist Zacarias Moussaoui was also held). After her release, the Times' Public Editor Byron Calame wrote: Ms. Miller may still be best known for her role in a series of Times articles in 2002 and 2003 that strongly suggested Saddam Hussein already had or was acquiring an arsenal of weapons of mass destruction ...", "After her release, the Times' Public Editor Byron Calame wrote: Ms. Miller may still be best known for her role in a series of Times articles in 2002 and 2003 that strongly suggested Saddam Hussein already had or was acquiring an arsenal of weapons of mass destruction ... Many of those articles turned out to be inaccurate ... [T]he problems facing her inside and outside the newsroom will make it difficult for her to return to the paper as a reporter.", "Many of those articles turned out to be inaccurate ... [T]he problems facing her inside and outside the newsroom will make it difficult for her to return to the paper as a reporter. Two weeks later, Miller negotiated a private severance package with Times publisher Arthur Ochs Sulzberger Jr. She contested Calame's claims about her reporting and gave no ground in defending her work.", "Two weeks later, Miller negotiated a private severance package with Times publisher Arthur Ochs Sulzberger Jr. She contested Calame's claims about her reporting and gave no ground in defending her work. She cited \"difficulty\" in performing her job effectively after having become \"an integral part of the stories [she] was sent to cover.\"", "She cited \"difficulty\" in performing her job effectively after having become \"an integral part of the stories [she] was sent to cover.\" In a 2018 interview with The Intercept, James Risen defended Miller by saying that there was a \"systemic problem at the paper\" in regards to reporting about the existence of WMD's.", "In a 2018 interview with The Intercept, James Risen defended Miller by saying that there was a \"systemic problem at the paper\" in regards to reporting about the existence of WMD's. He said the paper wanted \"stories about the existence of WMD\" rather than \"skeptical stories\".", "He said the paper wanted \"stories about the existence of WMD\" rather than \"skeptical stories\". Contempt of court On October 1, 2004, federal Judge Thomas F. Hogan found Miller in contempt of court for refusing to appear before a federal grand jury, which was investigating who had leaked to reporters the fact that Valerie Plame was a CIA operative.", "Contempt of court On October 1, 2004, federal Judge Thomas F. Hogan found Miller in contempt of court for refusing to appear before a federal grand jury, which was investigating who had leaked to reporters the fact that Valerie Plame was a CIA operative. Miller did not write an article about the subject at the time of the leak, but others did, notably Robert Novak, spurring the investigation.", "Miller did not write an article about the subject at the time of the leak, but others did, notably Robert Novak, spurring the investigation. Judge Hogan sentenced her to 18 months in jail, but stayed the sentence while her appeal proceeded.", "Judge Hogan sentenced her to 18 months in jail, but stayed the sentence while her appeal proceeded. On February 15, 2005, the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit unanimously upheld Judge Hogan's ruling. On June 17, 2005, the US Supreme Court declined to hear the case.", "On June 17, 2005, the US Supreme Court declined to hear the case. On July 6, 2005, Judge Hogan ordered Miller to serve her sentence at \"a suitable jail within the metropolitan area of the District of Columbia\". She was taken to Alexandria City Jail on July 7, 2005.", "She was taken to Alexandria City Jail on July 7, 2005. In a separate case, Federal Judge Robert W. Sweet ruled on February 24, 2005, that Miller was not required to reveal who in the government leaked word of an impending raid to her.", "In a separate case, Federal Judge Robert W. Sweet ruled on February 24, 2005, that Miller was not required to reveal who in the government leaked word of an impending raid to her. Patrick Fitzgerald, the same prosecutor who had had Miller jailed in the Plame case, argued that Miller's calls to groups suspected of funding terrorists had tipped them off to the raid and allowed them time to destroy evidence.", "Patrick Fitzgerald, the same prosecutor who had had Miller jailed in the Plame case, argued that Miller's calls to groups suspected of funding terrorists had tipped them off to the raid and allowed them time to destroy evidence. Fitzgerald wanted Miller's phone records to confirm the time of the tip and determine who had leaked the information to Miller in the first place.", "Fitzgerald wanted Miller's phone records to confirm the time of the tip and determine who had leaked the information to Miller in the first place. Judge Sweet held that because Fitzgerald could not demonstrate in advance that the phone records would provide the information he sought the prosecutor's needs were outweighed by a 'reporter's privilege' to keep sources confidential.", "Judge Sweet held that because Fitzgerald could not demonstrate in advance that the phone records would provide the information he sought the prosecutor's needs were outweighed by a 'reporter's privilege' to keep sources confidential. On August 1, 2006, a three-judge panel of the Second Circuit Court of Appeals reversed Judge Sweet's decision, holding 2–1 that federal prosecutors could inspect the telephone records of Miller and Philip Shenon.", "On August 1, 2006, a three-judge panel of the Second Circuit Court of Appeals reversed Judge Sweet's decision, holding 2–1 that federal prosecutors could inspect the telephone records of Miller and Philip Shenon. Judge Ralph K. Winter, Jr. wrote: \"No grand jury can make an informed decision to pursue the investigation further, much less to indict or not indict, without the reporters' evidence\".", "Judge Ralph K. Winter, Jr. wrote: \"No grand jury can make an informed decision to pursue the investigation further, much less to indict or not indict, without the reporters' evidence\". Prior to her jailing for civil contempt, Miller's lawyers argued that it was pointless to imprison her because she would never talk or reveal confidential sources.", "Prior to her jailing for civil contempt, Miller's lawyers argued that it was pointless to imprison her because she would never talk or reveal confidential sources. Under such circumstances, argued her lawyers, jail term would be \"merely punitive\" and would serve no purpose.", "Under such circumstances, argued her lawyers, jail term would be \"merely punitive\" and would serve no purpose. Arguing that Miller should be confined to her home and could forego Internet access and cellphone use, Miller's lawyers suggested that \"impairing her unrestricted ability to do her job as an investigative journalist ... would present the strictest form of coercion to her\".", "Arguing that Miller should be confined to her home and could forego Internet access and cellphone use, Miller's lawyers suggested that \"impairing her unrestricted ability to do her job as an investigative journalist ... would present the strictest form of coercion to her\". Failing that, Miller's lawyers asked that she be sent to a women's facility in Danbury, Connecticut, nearer to \"Ms. Miller's 76-year-old husband\", retired book publisher Jason Epstein, who lived in New York City, and whose state of health was the subject of a confidential medical report filed by Miller's attorneys.", "Failing that, Miller's lawyers asked that she be sent to a women's facility in Danbury, Connecticut, nearer to \"Ms. Miller's 76-year-old husband\", retired book publisher Jason Epstein, who lived in New York City, and whose state of health was the subject of a confidential medical report filed by Miller's attorneys. Upon being jailed, the Times reported on July 7, 2005, that Miller had purchased a cockapoo puppy to keep her husband company during her absence.", "Upon being jailed, the Times reported on July 7, 2005, that Miller had purchased a cockapoo puppy to keep her husband company during her absence. On September 17, 2005, The Washington Post reported that Miller had received a \"parade of prominent government and media officials\" during her first 11 weeks in prison, including visits by former U.S. Republican Senator Bob Dole, NBC News anchor Tom Brokaw, and John R. Bolton, U.S.", "On September 17, 2005, The Washington Post reported that Miller had received a \"parade of prominent government and media officials\" during her first 11 weeks in prison, including visits by former U.S. Republican Senator Bob Dole, NBC News anchor Tom Brokaw, and John R. Bolton, U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations.", "Ambassador to the United Nations. Ambassador to the United Nations. After her release on September 29, 2005, Miller agreed to disclose to the grand jury the identity of her source, Lewis Libby, Vice President Cheney's chief of staff.", "After her release on September 29, 2005, Miller agreed to disclose to the grand jury the identity of her source, Lewis Libby, Vice President Cheney's chief of staff. On Tuesday, January 30, 2007, Miller took the stand as a witness for the prosecution against Lewis Libby.", "On Tuesday, January 30, 2007, Miller took the stand as a witness for the prosecution against Lewis Libby. Miller discussed three conversations she had had with Libby in June and July 2003, including the meeting on June 23, 2003. In her first appearance before the grand jury, Miller said she could not remember.", "In her first appearance before the grand jury, Miller said she could not remember. According to The New York Times, when asked if Libby discussed Valerie Plame, Miller responded in the affirmative, \"adding that Libby had said Wilson worked at the agency's (C.I.A.)", "According to The New York Times, when asked if Libby discussed Valerie Plame, Miller responded in the affirmative, \"adding that Libby had said Wilson worked at the agency's (C.I.A.) division that dealt with limiting the proliferation of unconventional weapons\". The trial resulted in guilty verdicts against Libby.", "The trial resulted in guilty verdicts against Libby. Refusal to disclose source In July 2005, several months prior to her October 2005 resignation from The New York Times, Miller was jailed for contempt of court for refusing to testify before a federal grand jury investigating a leak naming Valerie Plame as a CIA officer.", "Refusal to disclose source In July 2005, several months prior to her October 2005 resignation from The New York Times, Miller was jailed for contempt of court for refusing to testify before a federal grand jury investigating a leak naming Valerie Plame as a CIA officer. While Miller never wrote about Plame, she was believed to be in possession of evidence relevant to the leak investigation.", "While Miller never wrote about Plame, she was believed to be in possession of evidence relevant to the leak investigation. According to a subpoena, Miller met with an unnamed government official, later revealed to be I. Lewis \"Scooter\" Libby, Vice President Dick Cheney's Chief of Staff, on July 8, 2003.", "According to a subpoena, Miller met with an unnamed government official, later revealed to be I. Lewis \"Scooter\" Libby, Vice President Dick Cheney's Chief of Staff, on July 8, 2003. Plame's CIA identity was divulged publicly in a column by conservative political commentator Robert Novak on July 14, 2003.", "Plame's CIA identity was divulged publicly in a column by conservative political commentator Robert Novak on July 14, 2003. Novak's source was revealed to have not been Libby, but Richard Armitage of the Department of State.", "Novak's source was revealed to have not been Libby, but Richard Armitage of the Department of State. On July 16, 2005, The Washington Post reported that Miller could face criminal contempt charges, which could have extended her jail time six months beyond the four months then anticipated.", "On July 16, 2005, The Washington Post reported that Miller could face criminal contempt charges, which could have extended her jail time six months beyond the four months then anticipated. The Post suggested that special prosecutor Patrick Fitzgerald was particularly interested in hearing Miller's version of her encounter with Libby.", "The Post suggested that special prosecutor Patrick Fitzgerald was particularly interested in hearing Miller's version of her encounter with Libby. Filings by Fitzgerald reportedly alleged that Miller's defiance of the court constituted a crime. On September 29, 2005, after spending 85 days in jail, Miller was released following a telephone call with Libby.", "On September 29, 2005, after spending 85 days in jail, Miller was released following a telephone call with Libby. He had reconfirmed the release of confidentiality.", "He had reconfirmed the release of confidentiality. Under oath, Miller was questioned by Fitzgerald before a federal grand jury the following day, September 30, 2005, but was not relieved of contempt charges until after testifying again on October 12, 2005.", "Under oath, Miller was questioned by Fitzgerald before a federal grand jury the following day, September 30, 2005, but was not relieved of contempt charges until after testifying again on October 12, 2005. For her second grand jury appearance, Miller produced a notebook from a previously undisclosed meeting with Libby on June 23, 2003.", "For her second grand jury appearance, Miller produced a notebook from a previously undisclosed meeting with Libby on June 23, 2003. This was several weeks before Joseph Wilson's New York Times editorial was published. This belied the theory that Libby was retaliating against Wilson for his Times editorial.", "This belied the theory that Libby was retaliating against Wilson for his Times editorial. According to Miller's notes from that earlier meeting, Libby disclosed that Joseph Wilson's wife was a CIA employee involved in her husband's trip to Niger.", "According to Miller's notes from that earlier meeting, Libby disclosed that Joseph Wilson's wife was a CIA employee involved in her husband's trip to Niger. Miller's notebook from her July 8, 2003, meeting with Libby contains the name \"Valerie Flame [sic]\".", "Miller's notebook from her July 8, 2003, meeting with Libby contains the name \"Valerie Flame [sic]\". This reference occurred six days before Novak published Plame's name and unmasked her as a CIA operative. Miller's grand jury account was the basis for her last article in The New York Times.", "Miller's grand jury account was the basis for her last article in The New York Times. The newspaper published Miller's first-person account, \"My Four Hours Testifying in the Federal Grand Jury Room\", on October 16, 2005.", "The newspaper published Miller's first-person account, \"My Four Hours Testifying in the Federal Grand Jury Room\", on October 16, 2005. Miller said she could not remember who gave her the name \"Valerie Plame\" but she was sure it didn't come from Libby.", "Miller said she could not remember who gave her the name \"Valerie Plame\" but she was sure it didn't come from Libby. Miller testified as a witness on January 30, 2007, at the trial of Scooter Libby, which began in January 2007.", "Miller testified as a witness on January 30, 2007, at the trial of Scooter Libby, which began in January 2007. The trial ended on March 6, 2007, with Libby's conviction on four of five counts, though none of the counts had to do with actually revealing Plame's name to the media.", "The trial ended on March 6, 2007, with Libby's conviction on four of five counts, though none of the counts had to do with actually revealing Plame's name to the media. Independent journalist and author Since leaving The New York Times, Miller has continued her work as a writer in Manhattan and has contributed several op-ed pieces to The Wall Street Journal.", "Independent journalist and author Since leaving The New York Times, Miller has continued her work as a writer in Manhattan and has contributed several op-ed pieces to The Wall Street Journal. On May 16, 2006, she summarized her investigations on U.S. foreign policy regarding Libya's dismantling of its weapons programs in an essay published in two parts.", "On May 16, 2006, she summarized her investigations on U.S. foreign policy regarding Libya's dismantling of its weapons programs in an essay published in two parts. On May 17, 2006, NavySEALs.com and MediaChannel.org published an exclusive interview with Miller in which she detailed how the attack on the USS Cole led her to investigate Al-Qaeda and, in July 2001, to her receiving information from a top-level White House source concerning top-secret NSA signals intelligence (SIGINT) about an impending Al-Qaeda attack, possibly against the continental United States.", "On May 17, 2006, NavySEALs.com and MediaChannel.org published an exclusive interview with Miller in which she detailed how the attack on the USS Cole led her to investigate Al-Qaeda and, in July 2001, to her receiving information from a top-level White House source concerning top-secret NSA signals intelligence (SIGINT) about an impending Al-Qaeda attack, possibly against the continental United States. Two months later, on September 11, Miller and her editor at the Times, Stephen Engelberg, both regretted not writing that story.", "Two months later, on September 11, Miller and her editor at the Times, Stephen Engelberg, both regretted not writing that story. On September 7, 2007, she was hired as an adjunct fellow of the Manhattan Institute for Policy Research, a neo-conservative free-market think tank.", "On September 7, 2007, she was hired as an adjunct fellow of the Manhattan Institute for Policy Research, a neo-conservative free-market think tank. Her duties included being a contributing editor for the organization's publication, City Journal. On October 20, 2008, Fox News announced that it had hired Miller.", "On October 20, 2008, Fox News announced that it had hired Miller. As of 2018, she is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations.", "As of 2018, she is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations. She has also been a member of the Aspen Strategy Group, and has served on a prestigious National Academy of Sciences panel examining how best to expand of the work of the Cooperative Threat Reduction program, which since 1991 has sought to stop the spread of WMD material and expertise from the former Soviet Union.", "She has also been a member of the Aspen Strategy Group, and has served on a prestigious National Academy of Sciences panel examining how best to expand of the work of the Cooperative Threat Reduction program, which since 1991 has sought to stop the spread of WMD material and expertise from the former Soviet Union. She lectures frequently on the Middle East, Islam, terrorism, biological and chemical weapons, as well as other national security topics.", "She lectures frequently on the Middle East, Islam, terrorism, biological and chemical weapons, as well as other national security topics. The Iraq War revisited On April 3, 2015, The Wall Street Journal published an op-ed piece by Miller in which she defended her comportment during the lead-up to the war in Iraq, as well as the Bush administration's stance and decisions regarding the war.", "The Iraq War revisited On April 3, 2015, The Wall Street Journal published an op-ed piece by Miller in which she defended her comportment during the lead-up to the war in Iraq, as well as the Bush administration's stance and decisions regarding the war. \"Officials [of the Bush administration] didn't lie, and I wasn't fed a line,\" she wrote.", "\"Officials [of the Bush administration] didn't lie, and I wasn't fed a line,\" she wrote. Miller acknowledged that \"there was no shortage of mistakes about Iraq, and I made my share of them.", "Miller acknowledged that \"there was no shortage of mistakes about Iraq, and I made my share of them. The newsworthy claims of some of my prewar WMD stories were wrong\", but rejected the notion that \"I took America to war in Iraq.", "The newsworthy claims of some of my prewar WMD stories were wrong\", but rejected the notion that \"I took America to war in Iraq. It was all me\", which according to her \"continue[d] to have believers\".", "It was all me\", which according to her \"continue[d] to have believers\". Critics subsequently wrote that \"Miller's war reporting was disastrously wrong, and now she's trying desperately to spin it all away,\".", "Critics subsequently wrote that \"Miller's war reporting was disastrously wrong, and now she's trying desperately to spin it all away,\". Valerie Plame commented that while \"no one is crediting [Miller] with starting the Iraq war,\" and she was \"not actually on the team that took us into the biggest, most tragic US foreign policy debacle ever..., [Miller's] attempt to re-write history is both pathetic and self-serving.", "Valerie Plame commented that while \"no one is crediting [Miller] with starting the Iraq war,\" and she was \"not actually on the team that took us into the biggest, most tragic US foreign policy debacle ever..., [Miller's] attempt to re-write history is both pathetic and self-serving. \"The Guardian wrote that \"in arguing that Bush was a victim of faulty intelligence analysis, Miller ignores extensive reporting showing that the Bush administration was making plans for an Iraq invasion before the advent of intelligence used to justify it.\"", "\"The Guardian wrote that \"in arguing that Bush was a victim of faulty intelligence analysis, Miller ignores extensive reporting showing that the Bush administration was making plans for an Iraq invasion before the advent of intelligence used to justify it.\" Others focused on what they termed as factual inaccuracies, such as Miller's claim that \"Hans Blix, the former chief of the international weapons inspectors, bears some responsibility [for the war]\" because he \"told the U.N. in January 2003 that despite America's ultimatum, Saddam was still not complying fully with his U.N.", "Others focused on what they termed as factual inaccuracies, such as Miller's claim that \"Hans Blix, the former chief of the international weapons inspectors, bears some responsibility [for the war]\" because he \"told the U.N. in January 2003 that despite America's ultimatum, Saddam was still not complying fully with his U.N. pledges.\"", "pledges.\" pledges.\" Her critics pointed out that, although Blix indeed reported that \"Iraq wasn't fully compliant,\" he also reported that Iraq was \"largely cooperative with regard to process,\" and, subsequently, \"made it abundantly clear, in an interview published in The New York Times, that nothing he'd seen at the time justified war,\" an interview taken by Miller herself.", "Her critics pointed out that, although Blix indeed reported that \"Iraq wasn't fully compliant,\" he also reported that Iraq was \"largely cooperative with regard to process,\" and, subsequently, \"made it abundantly clear, in an interview published in The New York Times, that nothing he'd seen at the time justified war,\" an interview taken by Miller herself. Memoir In April 2015, Miller published The Story: A Reporter's Journey, a memoir that focused largely on her reporting during the second Gulf War.", "Memoir In April 2015, Miller published The Story: A Reporter's Journey, a memoir that focused largely on her reporting during the second Gulf War. Her former colleague Neil Lewis characterized most of the reviews as \"unreservedly critical\".", "Her former colleague Neil Lewis characterized most of the reviews as \"unreservedly critical\". Writing in The New York Times, former Los Angeles Times reporter Terry McDermott wrote that although \"this is not a score-settling book\", he found it \"sad and flawed\".", "Writing in The New York Times, former Los Angeles Times reporter Terry McDermott wrote that although \"this is not a score-settling book\", he found it \"sad and flawed\". Ιn The Washington Post, Erik Wemple wrote that the book's \"dynamic\" of \"Judy Miller against the world\" lends her book an aspect that is \"both depressing and desperate\".", "Ιn The Washington Post, Erik Wemple wrote that the book's \"dynamic\" of \"Judy Miller against the world\" lends her book an aspect that is \"both depressing and desperate\". A review in The Columbia Journalism Review called the book \"less a memoir than an apologia and an assault\".", "A review in The Columbia Journalism Review called the book \"less a memoir than an apologia and an assault\". In The Daily Beast, Lloyd Grove characterized Miller's work as \"self-pitying\".", "In The Daily Beast, Lloyd Grove characterized Miller's work as \"self-pitying\". Criticizing Miller's failure to fully take responsibility for the flaws in her reporting, Matt Taibbi wrote in Rolling Stone: \"Most of The Story is a tale of dog after scheming dog eating Miller's homework.", "Criticizing Miller's failure to fully take responsibility for the flaws in her reporting, Matt Taibbi wrote in Rolling Stone: \"Most of The Story is a tale of dog after scheming dog eating Miller's homework. ... Mostly, she just had a lot of rotten luck. Or at least, that's how it reads.", "Or at least, that's how it reads. It's a sweeping, epic non-apology. Every bad thing Miller has ever been accused of turns out to be wrong or taken out of context, according to her.\"", "Every bad thing Miller has ever been accused of turns out to be wrong or taken out of context, according to her.\" BibliographyOne, by One, by One: Facing the Holocaust, Simon & Schuster (1990) Saddam Hussein & the Crisis in the Gulf (with Laurie Mylroie) Random House USA Inc (1990) God Has Ninety Nine Names: Reporting from a Militant Middle East, Simon & Schuster (1997) Germs: Biological Weapons and America's Secret War (with William Broad and Stephen Engelberg) Simon & Schuster (2001) The Story: A Reporter's Journey'', Simon & Schuster, (April 7, 2015), See also Reporters' privilege Journalistic scandal External sources Jon Stewart grills Miller on Iraq War reporting, Interview April 30, 2015.", "BibliographyOne, by One, by One: Facing the Holocaust, Simon & Schuster (1990) Saddam Hussein & the Crisis in the Gulf (with Laurie Mylroie) Random House USA Inc (1990) God Has Ninety Nine Names: Reporting from a Militant Middle East, Simon & Schuster (1997) Germs: Biological Weapons and America's Secret War (with William Broad and Stephen Engelberg) Simon & Schuster (2001) The Story: A Reporter's Journey'', Simon & Schuster, (April 7, 2015), See also Reporters' privilege Journalistic scandal External sources Jon Stewart grills Miller on Iraq War reporting, Interview April 30, 2015. References External links 1948 births American expatriates in Israel American investigative journalists American people of Belarusian-Jewish descent American people of Irish descent American political writers American women non-fiction writers American women war correspondents Barnard College alumni Columbia University alumni Criticism of journalism Fox News people Journalists imprisoned for refusing to reveal sources Living people Manhattan Institute for Policy Research Members of the Council on Foreign Relations Ohio State University alumni People associated with the Plame affair Pulitzer Prize for Explanatory Journalism winners The New York Times writers The New York Times editors Princeton School of Public and International Affairs alumni Writers from Los Angeles Writers from New York City Writers on the Middle East 21st-century American women" ]

[ "Judith Miller", "Refusal to disclose source", "what was her refusal?", "refusing to testify before a federal grand jury", "what were they asking her to testify for?", "investigating a leak naming Valerie Plame as a CIA officer.", "what happened when she refused to testify?", "Miller was jailed for contempt of court for refusing to testify before a federal grand jury investigating", "when was miller released from jail, if ever?", "I don't know." ]

[ "Přírodní park Třebíčsko (before Oblast klidu Třebíčsko) is a natural park near Třebíč in the Czech Republic. There are many interesting plants. The park was founded in 1983.\n\nKobylinec and Ptáčovský kopeček\n\nKobylinec is a natural monument situated ca 0,5 km from the village of Trnava.\nThe area of this monument is 0,44 ha. Pulsatilla grandis can be found here and in the Ptáčovský kopeček park near Ptáčov near Třebíč. Both monuments are very popular for tourists.\n\nPonds\n\nIn the natural park there are some interesting ponds such as Velký Bor, Malý Bor, Buršík near Přeckov and a brook Březinka. Dams on the brook are examples of European beaver activity.\n\nSyenitové skály near Pocoucov\n\nSyenitové skály (rocks of syenit) near Pocoucov is one of famed locations. There are interesting granite boulders. The area of the reservation is 0,77 ha.\n\nExternal links\nParts of this article or all article was translated from Czech. The original article is :cs:Přírodní park Třebíčsko.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nNature near the village Trnava which is there\n\nTřebíč\nParks in the Czech Republic\nTourist attractions in the Vysočina Region", "Damn Interesting is an independent website founded by Alan Bellows in 2005. The website presents true stories from science, history, and psychology, primarily as long-form articles, often illustrated with original artwork. Works are written by various authors, and published at irregular intervals. The website openly rejects advertising, relying on reader and listener donations to cover operating costs.\n\nAs of October 2012, each article is also published as a podcast under the same name. In November 2019, a second podcast was launched under the title Damn Interesting Week, featuring unscripted commentary on an assortment of news articles featured on the website's \"Curated Links\" section that week. In mid-2020, a third podcast called Damn Interesting Curio Cabinet began highlighting the website's periodic short-form articles in the same radioplay format as the original podcast.\n\nIn July 2009, Damn Interesting published the print book Alien Hand Syndrome through Workman Publishing. It contains some favorites from the site and some exclusive content.\n\nAwards and recognition \nIn August 2007, PC Magazine named Damn Interesting one of the \"Top 100 Undiscovered Web Sites\".\nThe article \"The Zero-Armed Bandit\" by Alan Bellows won a 2015 Sidney Award from David Brooks in The New York Times.\nThe article \"Ghoulish Acts and Dastardly Deeds\" by Alan Bellows was cited as \"nonfiction journalism from 2017 that will stand the test of time\" by Conor Friedersdorf in The Atlantic.\nThe article \"Dupes and Duplicity\" by Jennifer Lee Noonan won a 2020 Sidney Award from David Brooks in the New York Times.\n\nAccusing The Dollop of plagiarism \n\nOn July 9, 2015, Bellows posted an open letter accusing The Dollop, a comedy podcast about history, of plagiarism due to their repeated use of verbatim text from Damn Interesting articles without permission or attribution. Dave Anthony, the writer of The Dollop, responded on reddit, admitting to using Damn Interesting content, but claiming that the use was protected by fair use, and that \"historical facts are not copyrightable.\" In an article about the controversy on Plagiarism Today, Jonathan Bailey concluded, \"Any way one looks at it, The Dollop failed its ethical obligations to all of the people, not just those writing for Damn Interesting, who put in the time, energy and expertise into writing the original content upon which their show is based.\"\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n Official website\n\n2005 podcast debuts" ]

[ "Judith Miller (born January 2, 1948) is an American journalist and commentator known for her coverage of Iraq's Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) program both before and after the 2003 invasion, which was later discovered to have been based on inaccurate information from the intelligence community. She worked in The New York Times Washington bureau before joining Fox News in 2008.", "She worked in The New York Times Washington bureau before joining Fox News in 2008. Miller co-wrote a book Germs: Biological Weapons and America's Secret War, which became a top New York Times best seller shortly after she became a victim of a hoax anthrax letter at the time of the 2001 anthrax attacks.", "Miller co-wrote a book Germs: Biological Weapons and America's Secret War, which became a top New York Times best seller shortly after she became a victim of a hoax anthrax letter at the time of the 2001 anthrax attacks. The New York Times determined that several stories she wrote about Iraq were inaccurate, and she was forced to resign from the paper in 2005.", "The New York Times determined that several stories she wrote about Iraq were inaccurate, and she was forced to resign from the paper in 2005. According to commentator Ken Silverstein, Miller's Iraq reporting \"effectively ended her career as a respectable journalist\".", "According to commentator Ken Silverstein, Miller's Iraq reporting \"effectively ended her career as a respectable journalist\". Miller defended her reporting, stating \"My job isn't to assess the government's information and be an independent intelligence analyst myself.", "Miller defended her reporting, stating \"My job isn't to assess the government's information and be an independent intelligence analyst myself. My job is to tell readers of The New York Times what the government thought about Iraq's arsenal.\" She published a memoir, The Story: A Reporter's Journey, in April 2015.", "She published a memoir, The Story: A Reporter's Journey, in April 2015. Miller was involved in the Plame Affair, where Valerie Plame was outed as a Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) spy by Richard Armitage after her husband published a New York Times op-ed casting doubts on claims that Saddam Hussein sought to purchase uranium from Africa.", "Miller was involved in the Plame Affair, where Valerie Plame was outed as a Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) spy by Richard Armitage after her husband published a New York Times op-ed casting doubts on claims that Saddam Hussein sought to purchase uranium from Africa. Miller spent 85 days in jail for refusing to reveal that her source in the Plame Affair was Scooter Libby.", "Miller spent 85 days in jail for refusing to reveal that her source in the Plame Affair was Scooter Libby. Later, she contributed to the conservative Fox News Channel and Newsmax, and was a fellow at the conservative Manhattan Institute. Early life Miller was born in New York City. Her Russian-born father, Bill Miller, was Jewish.", "Her Russian-born father, Bill Miller, was Jewish. He owned the Riviera night club in New Jersey and later operated several casinos in Las Vegas. Bill Miller was known for booking iconic Las Vegas performers. His biggest success was getting Elvis Presley to return to Las Vegas after initially being an unsuccessful booking.", "His biggest success was getting Elvis Presley to return to Las Vegas after initially being an unsuccessful booking. Her mother was a \"pretty Irish Catholic showgirl.\" Miller attended Ohio State University, where she was a member of Kappa Alpha Theta sorority.", "Miller attended Ohio State University, where she was a member of Kappa Alpha Theta sorority. She graduated from Barnard College of Columbia University in 1969 and received a master's degree in public affairs from Princeton University's School of Public and International Affairs.", "She graduated from Barnard College of Columbia University in 1969 and received a master's degree in public affairs from Princeton University's School of Public and International Affairs. Early in her career at The New York Times bureau in Washington, D.C. she dated one of the newspaper's other reporters (and future investment banker) Steven Rattner.", "Early in her career at The New York Times bureau in Washington, D.C. she dated one of the newspaper's other reporters (and future investment banker) Steven Rattner. In 1993, she married Jason Epstein, an editor and publisher.", "In 1993, she married Jason Epstein, an editor and publisher. Judith Miller is the half-sister of Jimmy Miller who was a record producer for many classic rock bands of the 1960s through to the 1990s including the Rolling Stones, Traffic and Cream.", "Judith Miller is the half-sister of Jimmy Miller who was a record producer for many classic rock bands of the 1960s through to the 1990s including the Rolling Stones, Traffic and Cream. Career at The New York Times During Miller's tenure at The New York Times, she was a member of the team that won the Pulitzer Prize for Explanatory Reporting, for its 2001 coverage of global terrorism before and after the September 11 attacks.", "Career at The New York Times During Miller's tenure at The New York Times, she was a member of the team that won the Pulitzer Prize for Explanatory Reporting, for its 2001 coverage of global terrorism before and after the September 11 attacks. She and James Risen received the award and one of the cited articles appeared under her byline.", "She and James Risen received the award and one of the cited articles appeared under her byline. Her writing during this period was criticised by Middle-east scholar Edward Said for evincing an anti-Islamic bias.", "Her writing during this period was criticised by Middle-east scholar Edward Said for evincing an anti-Islamic bias. In his book Covering Islam Said stated that Miller's book God Has Ninety-Nine Names \"is like a textbook of the inadequacies and distortions of media coverage of Islam.\"", "In his book Covering Islam Said stated that Miller's book God Has Ninety-Nine Names \"is like a textbook of the inadequacies and distortions of media coverage of Islam.\" He criticised her poor grasp of Arabic, saying that \"nearly every time she tries to impress us with her ability to say a phrase or two in Arabic she unerringly gets it wrong...", "He criticised her poor grasp of Arabic, saying that \"nearly every time she tries to impress us with her ability to say a phrase or two in Arabic she unerringly gets it wrong... They are the crude mistakes committed by a foreigner who neither has care nor... respect for her subject.\"", "They are the crude mistakes committed by a foreigner who neither has care nor... respect for her subject.\" He concluded Miller fears and dislikes Lebanon, hates Syria, laughs at Libya, dismisses Sudan, feels sorry for and a little alarmed by Egypt and is repulsed by Saudi Arabia.", "He concluded Miller fears and dislikes Lebanon, hates Syria, laughs at Libya, dismisses Sudan, feels sorry for and a little alarmed by Egypt and is repulsed by Saudi Arabia. She hasn't bothered to learn the language and is relentlessly only concerned with the dangers of Islamic militancy, which, I would hazard a guess, accounts for less than 5 percent of the billion-strong Islamic world.", "She hasn't bothered to learn the language and is relentlessly only concerned with the dangers of Islamic militancy, which, I would hazard a guess, accounts for less than 5 percent of the billion-strong Islamic world. However, Miller asserted that in the wake of the September 11 attacks she argued that militant Islamism of the type represented by Al Qaeda had peaked and was fading into insignificance.", "However, Miller asserted that in the wake of the September 11 attacks she argued that militant Islamism of the type represented by Al Qaeda had peaked and was fading into insignificance. Anthrax hoax victim On October 12, 2001, Miller opened an anthrax hoax letter mailed to her New York Times office.", "Anthrax hoax victim On October 12, 2001, Miller opened an anthrax hoax letter mailed to her New York Times office. The 2001 anthrax attacks had begun occurring in the wake of the September 11 attacks in 2001, with anthrax-laced letters sent to ABC News, CBS News, NBC News, and the New York Post, all in New York City, as well as the National Enquirer in Boca Raton, Florida.", "The 2001 anthrax attacks had begun occurring in the wake of the September 11 attacks in 2001, with anthrax-laced letters sent to ABC News, CBS News, NBC News, and the New York Post, all in New York City, as well as the National Enquirer in Boca Raton, Florida. Two additional letters (with a higher grade of anthrax) were sent on October 9, 2001, to Senators Tom Daschle and Patrick Leahy in Washington.", "Two additional letters (with a higher grade of anthrax) were sent on October 9, 2001, to Senators Tom Daschle and Patrick Leahy in Washington. Miller was the only major U.S. media reporter, and The New York Times the only major U.S. media organization, to be victimized by a fake anthrax letter in the fall of 2001.", "Miller was the only major U.S. media reporter, and The New York Times the only major U.S. media organization, to be victimized by a fake anthrax letter in the fall of 2001. Miller had reported extensively on the subject of biological threats and had co-authored, with Stephen Engelberg and William Broad, a book on bio-terrorism, Germs: Biological Weapons and America's Secret War, which was published on October 2, 2001.", "Miller had reported extensively on the subject of biological threats and had co-authored, with Stephen Engelberg and William Broad, a book on bio-terrorism, Germs: Biological Weapons and America's Secret War, which was published on October 2, 2001. Miller co-authored an article on Pentagon plans to develop a more potent version of weaponized anthrax, \"U.S. Germ Warfare Research Pushes Treaty Limits\", published in The New York Times on September 4, 2001, weeks before the first anthrax mailings.", "Miller co-authored an article on Pentagon plans to develop a more potent version of weaponized anthrax, \"U.S. Germ Warfare Research Pushes Treaty Limits\", published in The New York Times on September 4, 2001, weeks before the first anthrax mailings. Islamic charities search leak Shortly after the September 11 attacks, the U.S. government was considering adding the Holy Land Foundation to a list of organizations with suspected links to terrorism and was planning to search the premises of the organization.", "Islamic charities search leak Shortly after the September 11 attacks, the U.S. government was considering adding the Holy Land Foundation to a list of organizations with suspected links to terrorism and was planning to search the premises of the organization. The information about the impending raid was given to Miller by a confidential source.", "The information about the impending raid was given to Miller by a confidential source. On December 3, 2001, Miller telephoned the Holy Land Foundation for comment, and The New York Times published an article in the late edition papers and on its website that day. The next day, the government searched HLF's offices.", "The next day, the government searched HLF's offices. These occurrences led to a lawsuit brought by US Attorney General Alberto Gonzales, with prosecutors claiming that Miller and her colleague Philip Shenon had queried this Islamic charity, and another, in ways that made them aware of the planned searches.", "These occurrences led to a lawsuit brought by US Attorney General Alberto Gonzales, with prosecutors claiming that Miller and her colleague Philip Shenon had queried this Islamic charity, and another, in ways that made them aware of the planned searches. The Iraq War At The New York Times, Miller wrote on security issues, particularly about Iraq and weapons of mass destruction.", "The Iraq War At The New York Times, Miller wrote on security issues, particularly about Iraq and weapons of mass destruction. Many of these stories later turned out to have been based upon faulty information. (One of her stories that was not disproved reported that inspectors in Iraq \"saw nothing to prompt a war.\")", "(One of her stories that was not disproved reported that inspectors in Iraq \"saw nothing to prompt a war.\") On September 8, 2002, Miller and her Times colleague Michael R. Gordon reported the interception of \"aluminum tubes\" bound for Iraq.", "On September 8, 2002, Miller and her Times colleague Michael R. Gordon reported the interception of \"aluminum tubes\" bound for Iraq. Her front-page story quoted unnamed \"American officials\" and \"American intelligence experts\" who said the tubes were intended to be used to enrich nuclear material, and cited unnamed \"Bush administration officials\" who said that, in recent months, Iraq had \"stepped up its quest for nuclear weapons and [had] embarked on a worldwide hunt for materials to make an atomic bomb\".", "Her front-page story quoted unnamed \"American officials\" and \"American intelligence experts\" who said the tubes were intended to be used to enrich nuclear material, and cited unnamed \"Bush administration officials\" who said that, in recent months, Iraq had \"stepped up its quest for nuclear weapons and [had] embarked on a worldwide hunt for materials to make an atomic bomb\". Miller added that Mr. Hussein's dogged insistence on pursuing his nuclear ambitions, along with what defectors described in interviews as Iraq's push to improve and expand Baghdad's chemical and biological arsenals, have brought Iraq and the United States to the brink of war.", "Miller added that Mr. Hussein's dogged insistence on pursuing his nuclear ambitions, along with what defectors described in interviews as Iraq's push to improve and expand Baghdad's chemical and biological arsenals, have brought Iraq and the United States to the brink of war. Shortly after Miller's article was published, Condoleezza Rice, Colin Powell, and Donald Rumsfeld appeared on television and pointed to Miller's story in support of their position.", "Shortly after Miller's article was published, Condoleezza Rice, Colin Powell, and Donald Rumsfeld appeared on television and pointed to Miller's story in support of their position. As summarized by The New York Review of Books, \"in the following months, the tubes would become a key prop in the administration's case for war, and the Times played a critical part in legitimizing it.\"", "As summarized by The New York Review of Books, \"in the following months, the tubes would become a key prop in the administration's case for war, and the Times played a critical part in legitimizing it.\" Miller later said of the controversy [M]y job isn't to assess the government's information and be an independent intelligence analyst myself.", "Miller later said of the controversy [M]y job isn't to assess the government's information and be an independent intelligence analyst myself. My job is to tell readers of The New York Times what the government thought about Iraq's arsenal.", "My job is to tell readers of The New York Times what the government thought about Iraq's arsenal. In an April 21, 2003 article, Miller, ostensibly on the basis of statements from the military unit in which she was embedded, reported claims allegedly made by an Iraqi scientist that Iraq had kept biological and chemical weapons until \"right before the invasion.\"", "In an April 21, 2003 article, Miller, ostensibly on the basis of statements from the military unit in which she was embedded, reported claims allegedly made by an Iraqi scientist that Iraq had kept biological and chemical weapons until \"right before the invasion.\" This report was covered extensively in the press.", "This report was covered extensively in the press. Miller went on The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer and stated: Well, I think they found something more than a smoking gun.", "Miller went on The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer and stated: Well, I think they found something more than a smoking gun. What they've found is a silver bullet in the form of a person, an Iraqi individual, a scientist, as we've called him, who really worked on the programs, who knows them firsthand, and who has led MET Alpha people to some pretty startling conclusions.", "What they've found is a silver bullet in the form of a person, an Iraqi individual, a scientist, as we've called him, who really worked on the programs, who knows them firsthand, and who has led MET Alpha people to some pretty startling conclusions. There was strong internal dissent amongst other Times reporters regarding publication of the inflammatory, unsourced accusations, however, and that the military were allowed to censor it before it appeared.", "There was strong internal dissent amongst other Times reporters regarding publication of the inflammatory, unsourced accusations, however, and that the military were allowed to censor it before it appeared. A week after it appeared, one Times insider called Miller's piece \"wacky-assed\" and complained there were \"real questions about it and why it was on page 1.\"", "A week after it appeared, one Times insider called Miller's piece \"wacky-assed\" and complained there were \"real questions about it and why it was on page 1.\" On May 26, 2003, Howard Kurtz of The Washington Post reported on a Miller internal email sent to John Burns, the Times Baghdad bureau chief.", "On May 26, 2003, Howard Kurtz of The Washington Post reported on a Miller internal email sent to John Burns, the Times Baghdad bureau chief. In it she admitted her source regarding the alleged WMDs, according to Seymour Hersh writing for The New Yorker, was none other than Ahmed Chalabi's Iraqi National Congress, which alleges Pentagon officials passed on to Miller, despite the Central Intelligence Agency disagreeing with its content.", "In it she admitted her source regarding the alleged WMDs, according to Seymour Hersh writing for The New Yorker, was none other than Ahmed Chalabi's Iraqi National Congress, which alleges Pentagon officials passed on to Miller, despite the Central Intelligence Agency disagreeing with its content. Her Times editor, Andrew Rosenthal, criticized Hersh for its release.", "Her Times editor, Andrew Rosenthal, criticized Hersh for its release. A year later, on May 26, 2004, a week after the U.S. government apparently severed ties with Chalabi, a Times editorial acknowledged that some of the paper's coverage in the run-up to the war had relied too heavily on Chalabi and other Iraqi exiles, who were bent on regime change.", "A year later, on May 26, 2004, a week after the U.S. government apparently severed ties with Chalabi, a Times editorial acknowledged that some of the paper's coverage in the run-up to the war had relied too heavily on Chalabi and other Iraqi exiles, who were bent on regime change. The editorial also expressed \"regret\" that \"information that was controversial [was] allowed to stand unchallenged.\"", "The editorial also expressed \"regret\" that \"information that was controversial [was] allowed to stand unchallenged.\" However, the editorial explicitly rejected \"blame on individual reporters.\"", "However, the editorial explicitly rejected \"blame on individual reporters.\" On May 27, 2004, the day after the Times mea culpa',' James C. Moore quoted Miller in an article in Salon: You know what, ... I was proved fucking right. That's what happened.", "That's what happened. That's what happened. People who disagreed with me were saying, 'There she goes again.' But I was proved fucking right.\"", "But I was proved fucking right.\" The statement about being \"proved ... right\" was in relation to another Miller story, wherein she had written trailers found in Iraq had been shown to be mobile weapons labs.", "The statement about being \"proved ... right\" was in relation to another Miller story, wherein she had written trailers found in Iraq had been shown to be mobile weapons labs. However that claim, too, was subsequently refuted as false.Byron Calame (Oct. 23, 2005), \"The Miller Mess: Lingering Issues Among the Answers\" , The New York Times It was alleged later in Editor & Publisher that, while Miller's reporting \"frequently [did] not meet published Times standards\", she was not sanctioned and was given a relatively free rein, because she consistently delivered frequent front-page scoops for the paper by \"cultivating top-ranking sources.", "However that claim, too, was subsequently refuted as false.Byron Calame (Oct. 23, 2005), \"The Miller Mess: Lingering Issues Among the Answers\" , The New York Times It was alleged later in Editor & Publisher that, while Miller's reporting \"frequently [did] not meet published Times standards\", she was not sanctioned and was given a relatively free rein, because she consistently delivered frequent front-page scoops for the paper by \"cultivating top-ranking sources. \"Douglas Jehl (Sept. 29, 2003), \"AGENCY BELITTLES INFORMATION GIVEN BY IRAQ DEFECTORS\" , The New York Times In 2005, facing federal court proceedings for refusing to divulge a source in the Plame affair criminal investigation, Miller spent 85 days in jail in Alexandria, Va. (where French terrorist Zacarias Moussaoui was also held).", "\"Douglas Jehl (Sept. 29, 2003), \"AGENCY BELITTLES INFORMATION GIVEN BY IRAQ DEFECTORS\" , The New York Times In 2005, facing federal court proceedings for refusing to divulge a source in the Plame affair criminal investigation, Miller spent 85 days in jail in Alexandria, Va. (where French terrorist Zacarias Moussaoui was also held). After her release, the Times' Public Editor Byron Calame wrote: Ms. Miller may still be best known for her role in a series of Times articles in 2002 and 2003 that strongly suggested Saddam Hussein already had or was acquiring an arsenal of weapons of mass destruction ...", "After her release, the Times' Public Editor Byron Calame wrote: Ms. Miller may still be best known for her role in a series of Times articles in 2002 and 2003 that strongly suggested Saddam Hussein already had or was acquiring an arsenal of weapons of mass destruction ... Many of those articles turned out to be inaccurate ... [T]he problems facing her inside and outside the newsroom will make it difficult for her to return to the paper as a reporter.", "Many of those articles turned out to be inaccurate ... [T]he problems facing her inside and outside the newsroom will make it difficult for her to return to the paper as a reporter. Two weeks later, Miller negotiated a private severance package with Times publisher Arthur Ochs Sulzberger Jr. She contested Calame's claims about her reporting and gave no ground in defending her work.", "Two weeks later, Miller negotiated a private severance package with Times publisher Arthur Ochs Sulzberger Jr. She contested Calame's claims about her reporting and gave no ground in defending her work. She cited \"difficulty\" in performing her job effectively after having become \"an integral part of the stories [she] was sent to cover.\"", "She cited \"difficulty\" in performing her job effectively after having become \"an integral part of the stories [she] was sent to cover.\" In a 2018 interview with The Intercept, James Risen defended Miller by saying that there was a \"systemic problem at the paper\" in regards to reporting about the existence of WMD's.", "In a 2018 interview with The Intercept, James Risen defended Miller by saying that there was a \"systemic problem at the paper\" in regards to reporting about the existence of WMD's. He said the paper wanted \"stories about the existence of WMD\" rather than \"skeptical stories\".", "He said the paper wanted \"stories about the existence of WMD\" rather than \"skeptical stories\". Contempt of court On October 1, 2004, federal Judge Thomas F. Hogan found Miller in contempt of court for refusing to appear before a federal grand jury, which was investigating who had leaked to reporters the fact that Valerie Plame was a CIA operative.", "Contempt of court On October 1, 2004, federal Judge Thomas F. Hogan found Miller in contempt of court for refusing to appear before a federal grand jury, which was investigating who had leaked to reporters the fact that Valerie Plame was a CIA operative. Miller did not write an article about the subject at the time of the leak, but others did, notably Robert Novak, spurring the investigation.", "Miller did not write an article about the subject at the time of the leak, but others did, notably Robert Novak, spurring the investigation. Judge Hogan sentenced her to 18 months in jail, but stayed the sentence while her appeal proceeded.", "Judge Hogan sentenced her to 18 months in jail, but stayed the sentence while her appeal proceeded. On February 15, 2005, the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit unanimously upheld Judge Hogan's ruling. On June 17, 2005, the US Supreme Court declined to hear the case.", "On June 17, 2005, the US Supreme Court declined to hear the case. On July 6, 2005, Judge Hogan ordered Miller to serve her sentence at \"a suitable jail within the metropolitan area of the District of Columbia\". She was taken to Alexandria City Jail on July 7, 2005.", "She was taken to Alexandria City Jail on July 7, 2005. In a separate case, Federal Judge Robert W. Sweet ruled on February 24, 2005, that Miller was not required to reveal who in the government leaked word of an impending raid to her.", "In a separate case, Federal Judge Robert W. Sweet ruled on February 24, 2005, that Miller was not required to reveal who in the government leaked word of an impending raid to her. Patrick Fitzgerald, the same prosecutor who had had Miller jailed in the Plame case, argued that Miller's calls to groups suspected of funding terrorists had tipped them off to the raid and allowed them time to destroy evidence.", "Patrick Fitzgerald, the same prosecutor who had had Miller jailed in the Plame case, argued that Miller's calls to groups suspected of funding terrorists had tipped them off to the raid and allowed them time to destroy evidence. Fitzgerald wanted Miller's phone records to confirm the time of the tip and determine who had leaked the information to Miller in the first place.", "Fitzgerald wanted Miller's phone records to confirm the time of the tip and determine who had leaked the information to Miller in the first place. Judge Sweet held that because Fitzgerald could not demonstrate in advance that the phone records would provide the information he sought the prosecutor's needs were outweighed by a 'reporter's privilege' to keep sources confidential.", "Judge Sweet held that because Fitzgerald could not demonstrate in advance that the phone records would provide the information he sought the prosecutor's needs were outweighed by a 'reporter's privilege' to keep sources confidential. On August 1, 2006, a three-judge panel of the Second Circuit Court of Appeals reversed Judge Sweet's decision, holding 2–1 that federal prosecutors could inspect the telephone records of Miller and Philip Shenon.", "On August 1, 2006, a three-judge panel of the Second Circuit Court of Appeals reversed Judge Sweet's decision, holding 2–1 that federal prosecutors could inspect the telephone records of Miller and Philip Shenon. Judge Ralph K. Winter, Jr. wrote: \"No grand jury can make an informed decision to pursue the investigation further, much less to indict or not indict, without the reporters' evidence\".", "Judge Ralph K. Winter, Jr. wrote: \"No grand jury can make an informed decision to pursue the investigation further, much less to indict or not indict, without the reporters' evidence\". Prior to her jailing for civil contempt, Miller's lawyers argued that it was pointless to imprison her because she would never talk or reveal confidential sources.", "Prior to her jailing for civil contempt, Miller's lawyers argued that it was pointless to imprison her because she would never talk or reveal confidential sources. Under such circumstances, argued her lawyers, jail term would be \"merely punitive\" and would serve no purpose.", "Under such circumstances, argued her lawyers, jail term would be \"merely punitive\" and would serve no purpose. Arguing that Miller should be confined to her home and could forego Internet access and cellphone use, Miller's lawyers suggested that \"impairing her unrestricted ability to do her job as an investigative journalist ... would present the strictest form of coercion to her\".", "Arguing that Miller should be confined to her home and could forego Internet access and cellphone use, Miller's lawyers suggested that \"impairing her unrestricted ability to do her job as an investigative journalist ... would present the strictest form of coercion to her\". Failing that, Miller's lawyers asked that she be sent to a women's facility in Danbury, Connecticut, nearer to \"Ms. Miller's 76-year-old husband\", retired book publisher Jason Epstein, who lived in New York City, and whose state of health was the subject of a confidential medical report filed by Miller's attorneys.", "Failing that, Miller's lawyers asked that she be sent to a women's facility in Danbury, Connecticut, nearer to \"Ms. Miller's 76-year-old husband\", retired book publisher Jason Epstein, who lived in New York City, and whose state of health was the subject of a confidential medical report filed by Miller's attorneys. Upon being jailed, the Times reported on July 7, 2005, that Miller had purchased a cockapoo puppy to keep her husband company during her absence.", "Upon being jailed, the Times reported on July 7, 2005, that Miller had purchased a cockapoo puppy to keep her husband company during her absence. On September 17, 2005, The Washington Post reported that Miller had received a \"parade of prominent government and media officials\" during her first 11 weeks in prison, including visits by former U.S. Republican Senator Bob Dole, NBC News anchor Tom Brokaw, and John R. Bolton, U.S.", "On September 17, 2005, The Washington Post reported that Miller had received a \"parade of prominent government and media officials\" during her first 11 weeks in prison, including visits by former U.S. Republican Senator Bob Dole, NBC News anchor Tom Brokaw, and John R. Bolton, U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations.", "Ambassador to the United Nations. Ambassador to the United Nations. After her release on September 29, 2005, Miller agreed to disclose to the grand jury the identity of her source, Lewis Libby, Vice President Cheney's chief of staff.", "After her release on September 29, 2005, Miller agreed to disclose to the grand jury the identity of her source, Lewis Libby, Vice President Cheney's chief of staff. On Tuesday, January 30, 2007, Miller took the stand as a witness for the prosecution against Lewis Libby.", "On Tuesday, January 30, 2007, Miller took the stand as a witness for the prosecution against Lewis Libby. Miller discussed three conversations she had had with Libby in June and July 2003, including the meeting on June 23, 2003. In her first appearance before the grand jury, Miller said she could not remember.", "In her first appearance before the grand jury, Miller said she could not remember. According to The New York Times, when asked if Libby discussed Valerie Plame, Miller responded in the affirmative, \"adding that Libby had said Wilson worked at the agency's (C.I.A.)", "According to The New York Times, when asked if Libby discussed Valerie Plame, Miller responded in the affirmative, \"adding that Libby had said Wilson worked at the agency's (C.I.A.) division that dealt with limiting the proliferation of unconventional weapons\". The trial resulted in guilty verdicts against Libby.", "The trial resulted in guilty verdicts against Libby. Refusal to disclose source In July 2005, several months prior to her October 2005 resignation from The New York Times, Miller was jailed for contempt of court for refusing to testify before a federal grand jury investigating a leak naming Valerie Plame as a CIA officer.", "Refusal to disclose source In July 2005, several months prior to her October 2005 resignation from The New York Times, Miller was jailed for contempt of court for refusing to testify before a federal grand jury investigating a leak naming Valerie Plame as a CIA officer. While Miller never wrote about Plame, she was believed to be in possession of evidence relevant to the leak investigation.", "While Miller never wrote about Plame, she was believed to be in possession of evidence relevant to the leak investigation. According to a subpoena, Miller met with an unnamed government official, later revealed to be I. Lewis \"Scooter\" Libby, Vice President Dick Cheney's Chief of Staff, on July 8, 2003.", "According to a subpoena, Miller met with an unnamed government official, later revealed to be I. Lewis \"Scooter\" Libby, Vice President Dick Cheney's Chief of Staff, on July 8, 2003. Plame's CIA identity was divulged publicly in a column by conservative political commentator Robert Novak on July 14, 2003.", "Plame's CIA identity was divulged publicly in a column by conservative political commentator Robert Novak on July 14, 2003. Novak's source was revealed to have not been Libby, but Richard Armitage of the Department of State.", "Novak's source was revealed to have not been Libby, but Richard Armitage of the Department of State. On July 16, 2005, The Washington Post reported that Miller could face criminal contempt charges, which could have extended her jail time six months beyond the four months then anticipated.", "On July 16, 2005, The Washington Post reported that Miller could face criminal contempt charges, which could have extended her jail time six months beyond the four months then anticipated. The Post suggested that special prosecutor Patrick Fitzgerald was particularly interested in hearing Miller's version of her encounter with Libby.", "The Post suggested that special prosecutor Patrick Fitzgerald was particularly interested in hearing Miller's version of her encounter with Libby. Filings by Fitzgerald reportedly alleged that Miller's defiance of the court constituted a crime. On September 29, 2005, after spending 85 days in jail, Miller was released following a telephone call with Libby.", "On September 29, 2005, after spending 85 days in jail, Miller was released following a telephone call with Libby. He had reconfirmed the release of confidentiality.", "He had reconfirmed the release of confidentiality. Under oath, Miller was questioned by Fitzgerald before a federal grand jury the following day, September 30, 2005, but was not relieved of contempt charges until after testifying again on October 12, 2005.", "Under oath, Miller was questioned by Fitzgerald before a federal grand jury the following day, September 30, 2005, but was not relieved of contempt charges until after testifying again on October 12, 2005. For her second grand jury appearance, Miller produced a notebook from a previously undisclosed meeting with Libby on June 23, 2003.", "For her second grand jury appearance, Miller produced a notebook from a previously undisclosed meeting with Libby on June 23, 2003. This was several weeks before Joseph Wilson's New York Times editorial was published. This belied the theory that Libby was retaliating against Wilson for his Times editorial.", "This belied the theory that Libby was retaliating against Wilson for his Times editorial. According to Miller's notes from that earlier meeting, Libby disclosed that Joseph Wilson's wife was a CIA employee involved in her husband's trip to Niger.", "According to Miller's notes from that earlier meeting, Libby disclosed that Joseph Wilson's wife was a CIA employee involved in her husband's trip to Niger. Miller's notebook from her July 8, 2003, meeting with Libby contains the name \"Valerie Flame [sic]\".", "Miller's notebook from her July 8, 2003, meeting with Libby contains the name \"Valerie Flame [sic]\". This reference occurred six days before Novak published Plame's name and unmasked her as a CIA operative. Miller's grand jury account was the basis for her last article in The New York Times.", "Miller's grand jury account was the basis for her last article in The New York Times. The newspaper published Miller's first-person account, \"My Four Hours Testifying in the Federal Grand Jury Room\", on October 16, 2005.", "The newspaper published Miller's first-person account, \"My Four Hours Testifying in the Federal Grand Jury Room\", on October 16, 2005. Miller said she could not remember who gave her the name \"Valerie Plame\" but she was sure it didn't come from Libby.", "Miller said she could not remember who gave her the name \"Valerie Plame\" but she was sure it didn't come from Libby. Miller testified as a witness on January 30, 2007, at the trial of Scooter Libby, which began in January 2007.", "Miller testified as a witness on January 30, 2007, at the trial of Scooter Libby, which began in January 2007. The trial ended on March 6, 2007, with Libby's conviction on four of five counts, though none of the counts had to do with actually revealing Plame's name to the media.", "The trial ended on March 6, 2007, with Libby's conviction on four of five counts, though none of the counts had to do with actually revealing Plame's name to the media. Independent journalist and author Since leaving The New York Times, Miller has continued her work as a writer in Manhattan and has contributed several op-ed pieces to The Wall Street Journal.", "Independent journalist and author Since leaving The New York Times, Miller has continued her work as a writer in Manhattan and has contributed several op-ed pieces to The Wall Street Journal. On May 16, 2006, she summarized her investigations on U.S. foreign policy regarding Libya's dismantling of its weapons programs in an essay published in two parts.", "On May 16, 2006, she summarized her investigations on U.S. foreign policy regarding Libya's dismantling of its weapons programs in an essay published in two parts. On May 17, 2006, NavySEALs.com and MediaChannel.org published an exclusive interview with Miller in which she detailed how the attack on the USS Cole led her to investigate Al-Qaeda and, in July 2001, to her receiving information from a top-level White House source concerning top-secret NSA signals intelligence (SIGINT) about an impending Al-Qaeda attack, possibly against the continental United States.", "On May 17, 2006, NavySEALs.com and MediaChannel.org published an exclusive interview with Miller in which she detailed how the attack on the USS Cole led her to investigate Al-Qaeda and, in July 2001, to her receiving information from a top-level White House source concerning top-secret NSA signals intelligence (SIGINT) about an impending Al-Qaeda attack, possibly against the continental United States. Two months later, on September 11, Miller and her editor at the Times, Stephen Engelberg, both regretted not writing that story.", "Two months later, on September 11, Miller and her editor at the Times, Stephen Engelberg, both regretted not writing that story. On September 7, 2007, she was hired as an adjunct fellow of the Manhattan Institute for Policy Research, a neo-conservative free-market think tank.", "On September 7, 2007, she was hired as an adjunct fellow of the Manhattan Institute for Policy Research, a neo-conservative free-market think tank. Her duties included being a contributing editor for the organization's publication, City Journal. On October 20, 2008, Fox News announced that it had hired Miller.", "On October 20, 2008, Fox News announced that it had hired Miller. As of 2018, she is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations.", "As of 2018, she is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations. She has also been a member of the Aspen Strategy Group, and has served on a prestigious National Academy of Sciences panel examining how best to expand of the work of the Cooperative Threat Reduction program, which since 1991 has sought to stop the spread of WMD material and expertise from the former Soviet Union.", "She has also been a member of the Aspen Strategy Group, and has served on a prestigious National Academy of Sciences panel examining how best to expand of the work of the Cooperative Threat Reduction program, which since 1991 has sought to stop the spread of WMD material and expertise from the former Soviet Union. She lectures frequently on the Middle East, Islam, terrorism, biological and chemical weapons, as well as other national security topics.", "She lectures frequently on the Middle East, Islam, terrorism, biological and chemical weapons, as well as other national security topics. The Iraq War revisited On April 3, 2015, The Wall Street Journal published an op-ed piece by Miller in which she defended her comportment during the lead-up to the war in Iraq, as well as the Bush administration's stance and decisions regarding the war.", "The Iraq War revisited On April 3, 2015, The Wall Street Journal published an op-ed piece by Miller in which she defended her comportment during the lead-up to the war in Iraq, as well as the Bush administration's stance and decisions regarding the war. \"Officials [of the Bush administration] didn't lie, and I wasn't fed a line,\" she wrote.", "\"Officials [of the Bush administration] didn't lie, and I wasn't fed a line,\" she wrote. Miller acknowledged that \"there was no shortage of mistakes about Iraq, and I made my share of them.", "Miller acknowledged that \"there was no shortage of mistakes about Iraq, and I made my share of them. The newsworthy claims of some of my prewar WMD stories were wrong\", but rejected the notion that \"I took America to war in Iraq.", "The newsworthy claims of some of my prewar WMD stories were wrong\", but rejected the notion that \"I took America to war in Iraq. It was all me\", which according to her \"continue[d] to have believers\".", "It was all me\", which according to her \"continue[d] to have believers\". Critics subsequently wrote that \"Miller's war reporting was disastrously wrong, and now she's trying desperately to spin it all away,\".", "Critics subsequently wrote that \"Miller's war reporting was disastrously wrong, and now she's trying desperately to spin it all away,\". Valerie Plame commented that while \"no one is crediting [Miller] with starting the Iraq war,\" and she was \"not actually on the team that took us into the biggest, most tragic US foreign policy debacle ever..., [Miller's] attempt to re-write history is both pathetic and self-serving.", "Valerie Plame commented that while \"no one is crediting [Miller] with starting the Iraq war,\" and she was \"not actually on the team that took us into the biggest, most tragic US foreign policy debacle ever..., [Miller's] attempt to re-write history is both pathetic and self-serving. \"The Guardian wrote that \"in arguing that Bush was a victim of faulty intelligence analysis, Miller ignores extensive reporting showing that the Bush administration was making plans for an Iraq invasion before the advent of intelligence used to justify it.\"", "\"The Guardian wrote that \"in arguing that Bush was a victim of faulty intelligence analysis, Miller ignores extensive reporting showing that the Bush administration was making plans for an Iraq invasion before the advent of intelligence used to justify it.\" Others focused on what they termed as factual inaccuracies, such as Miller's claim that \"Hans Blix, the former chief of the international weapons inspectors, bears some responsibility [for the war]\" because he \"told the U.N. in January 2003 that despite America's ultimatum, Saddam was still not complying fully with his U.N.", "Others focused on what they termed as factual inaccuracies, such as Miller's claim that \"Hans Blix, the former chief of the international weapons inspectors, bears some responsibility [for the war]\" because he \"told the U.N. in January 2003 that despite America's ultimatum, Saddam was still not complying fully with his U.N. pledges.\"", "pledges.\" pledges.\" Her critics pointed out that, although Blix indeed reported that \"Iraq wasn't fully compliant,\" he also reported that Iraq was \"largely cooperative with regard to process,\" and, subsequently, \"made it abundantly clear, in an interview published in The New York Times, that nothing he'd seen at the time justified war,\" an interview taken by Miller herself.", "Her critics pointed out that, although Blix indeed reported that \"Iraq wasn't fully compliant,\" he also reported that Iraq was \"largely cooperative with regard to process,\" and, subsequently, \"made it abundantly clear, in an interview published in The New York Times, that nothing he'd seen at the time justified war,\" an interview taken by Miller herself. Memoir In April 2015, Miller published The Story: A Reporter's Journey, a memoir that focused largely on her reporting during the second Gulf War.", "Memoir In April 2015, Miller published The Story: A Reporter's Journey, a memoir that focused largely on her reporting during the second Gulf War. Her former colleague Neil Lewis characterized most of the reviews as \"unreservedly critical\".", "Her former colleague Neil Lewis characterized most of the reviews as \"unreservedly critical\". Writing in The New York Times, former Los Angeles Times reporter Terry McDermott wrote that although \"this is not a score-settling book\", he found it \"sad and flawed\".", "Writing in The New York Times, former Los Angeles Times reporter Terry McDermott wrote that although \"this is not a score-settling book\", he found it \"sad and flawed\". Ιn The Washington Post, Erik Wemple wrote that the book's \"dynamic\" of \"Judy Miller against the world\" lends her book an aspect that is \"both depressing and desperate\".", "Ιn The Washington Post, Erik Wemple wrote that the book's \"dynamic\" of \"Judy Miller against the world\" lends her book an aspect that is \"both depressing and desperate\". A review in The Columbia Journalism Review called the book \"less a memoir than an apologia and an assault\".", "A review in The Columbia Journalism Review called the book \"less a memoir than an apologia and an assault\". In The Daily Beast, Lloyd Grove characterized Miller's work as \"self-pitying\".", "In The Daily Beast, Lloyd Grove characterized Miller's work as \"self-pitying\". Criticizing Miller's failure to fully take responsibility for the flaws in her reporting, Matt Taibbi wrote in Rolling Stone: \"Most of The Story is a tale of dog after scheming dog eating Miller's homework.", "Criticizing Miller's failure to fully take responsibility for the flaws in her reporting, Matt Taibbi wrote in Rolling Stone: \"Most of The Story is a tale of dog after scheming dog eating Miller's homework. ... Mostly, she just had a lot of rotten luck. Or at least, that's how it reads.", "Or at least, that's how it reads. It's a sweeping, epic non-apology. Every bad thing Miller has ever been accused of turns out to be wrong or taken out of context, according to her.\"", "Every bad thing Miller has ever been accused of turns out to be wrong or taken out of context, according to her.\" BibliographyOne, by One, by One: Facing the Holocaust, Simon & Schuster (1990) Saddam Hussein & the Crisis in the Gulf (with Laurie Mylroie) Random House USA Inc (1990) God Has Ninety Nine Names: Reporting from a Militant Middle East, Simon & Schuster (1997) Germs: Biological Weapons and America's Secret War (with William Broad and Stephen Engelberg) Simon & Schuster (2001) The Story: A Reporter's Journey'', Simon & Schuster, (April 7, 2015), See also Reporters' privilege Journalistic scandal External sources Jon Stewart grills Miller on Iraq War reporting, Interview April 30, 2015.", "BibliographyOne, by One, by One: Facing the Holocaust, Simon & Schuster (1990) Saddam Hussein & the Crisis in the Gulf (with Laurie Mylroie) Random House USA Inc (1990) God Has Ninety Nine Names: Reporting from a Militant Middle East, Simon & Schuster (1997) Germs: Biological Weapons and America's Secret War (with William Broad and Stephen Engelberg) Simon & Schuster (2001) The Story: A Reporter's Journey'', Simon & Schuster, (April 7, 2015), See also Reporters' privilege Journalistic scandal External sources Jon Stewart grills Miller on Iraq War reporting, Interview April 30, 2015. References External links 1948 births American expatriates in Israel American investigative journalists American people of Belarusian-Jewish descent American people of Irish descent American political writers American women non-fiction writers American women war correspondents Barnard College alumni Columbia University alumni Criticism of journalism Fox News people Journalists imprisoned for refusing to reveal sources Living people Manhattan Institute for Policy Research Members of the Council on Foreign Relations Ohio State University alumni People associated with the Plame affair Pulitzer Prize for Explanatory Journalism winners The New York Times writers The New York Times editors Princeton School of Public and International Affairs alumni Writers from Los Angeles Writers from New York City Writers on the Middle East 21st-century American women" ]

[ "Judith Miller", "Refusal to disclose source", "what was her refusal?", "refusing to testify before a federal grand jury", "what were they asking her to testify for?", "investigating a leak naming Valerie Plame as a CIA officer.", "what happened when she refused to testify?", "Miller was jailed for contempt of court for refusing to testify before a federal grand jury investigating", "when was miller released from jail, if ever?", "I don't know.", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "On September 29, 2005, after spending 85 days in jail, Miller was released following a telephone call with Libby." ]

[ "Operator assistance refers to a telephone call in which the calling party requires an operator to provide some form of assistance in completing the call. This may include telephone calls made from pay phones, calls placed station-to-station, person-to-person, collect, third number calls, calls billed to a credit card, and certain international calls which cannot be dialed directly. The telephone operator may also be able to assist with determining what kind of technical difficulties are occurring on a phone line, to verify whether a line is busy (Busy Line Verification, or BLV), or left off the hook, and break in on a phone line to request for the caller to clear the line for an incoming call (Busy Line Interruption, or BLI). The latter service is often utilized by emergency police. In addition, operators are often a first point of contact for the elderly wanting information on the current date and time. \n\nBefore the advent of emergency telephone numbers, operators identified and connected emergency calls to the correct emergency service. Directory assistance was also part of the operator's job. \n\nOperator-assisted calls can be more expensive than direct dial calls. In the Bell System, an operator-assisted call had a 50% premium, but only on the initial period, usually three minutes.\n\nA person-to-person call is an operator-assisted call in which the calling party requests to speak to a specific party and not simply to anyone who answers. The caller is not charged for the call unless the requested party is reached. This method was popular when telephone calls were relatively expensive. The alternative, in which the calling party agrees to talk to whoever answers the telephone, is known as station-to-station. Since the introduction of direct dial telephone service and the subsequent drop in the price of long distance telephone calls, person-to-person service has virtually disappeared. This service may still be used if the calling party wishes to remain anonymous to whoever answered, and wishes to have the operator initiate contact with the desired person.\n\nA messenger call has been used in countries in which home telephones are unusual, and before the boom in cell phones in the early 21st century. A messenger, usually a boy, would go to the recipient's location to advise him or her to come to a central location at a designated time to receive a phone call.\n\nAn operator-assisted conference call is one in which the conference call is managed by an operator. The telephone operator will greet each call participant, gather specific information from each participant, introduce key speakers, and manage questions and answers, all from the telephone. \n\nA third number call or third party call is an operator assisted telephone call that can be billed to the party other than the calling and called party. The operator calls the third number for the party to accept the charges before the call can proceed.\n\nTime and charges was a service often requested of the operator before a call begins. After completion of the call, the operator calls back and specifies the length of the call (in minutes) and the charge for the call. While it was used by guests in a residence or business to compensate the host for use of the phone, it was almost always requested by hotel switchboards so that they could bill the room occupant for the charges before the occupant checked out. Modern telephone systems in hotels make this unnecessary, as the calls are rated automatically by the hotel or by a service provider the hotel has contracted with. (Hotels often contract with resellers that charge unusually high rates, with the profit shared between the reseller and the hotel, thus helping the hotel defray the cost of the telephone system.)\n\nList of active operator assistance numbers \n\n Australia: 1234\n Hong Kong: 10010 (national), 10013 (international)\n North America (North American Numbering Plan): 0 (local), 00 (national non-local), 01 (international)\n United Kingdom: 100 (national), 155 (international)\n\nList of historical/withdrawn operator assistance numbers \n\n Ireland: 10 (national), 114 (international). Service withdrawn in 2007.\n\nSee also\n Long-distance operator\n\nTelephone services", "GOOG-411 (or Google Voice Local Search) was a telephone service launched by Google in 2007, that provided a speech-recognition-based business directory search, and placed a call to the resulting number in the United States or Canada. The service was accessible via a toll-free telephone number. It was an alternative to 4-1-1, an often-expensive service provided by local and long-distance phone companies, and was therefore commonly known as Google 411. This service was discontinued on November 12, 2010.\n\nHistory\nGOOG 411 had been assisting people with obtaining phone numbers since 2007. On November 12, 2010, GOOG-411 shut down its service. While Google did not provide an official reason for the shut down, many believe that Google had simply gathered enough voice samples for its research purposes. Google also operated a similar service from SMS number 466453 which has also been discontinued.\n\nOperations\nUsers who called the toll-free telephone numbers 800-466-4411 or 877-466-4411 (800-GOOG-411 and 877-GOOG-411) or the local number 425-296-4774 were asked for the city and state of the sought business. Users were also able to search for by business name or category, which generated a list of up to eight search results. Search was also invoked by using the keypad if the user preferred. This worked in a similar manner to predictive text input on a cellular phone. Users were able to select the destination by speaking or pressing the number that corresponded to the desired result. Once the destination was selected, the service placed a call to the business or returned a text message with the phone number. Alternatively, users were able to listen to the street address and phone number by saying \"details\". U.S. users could narrow search results by ZIP code or street intersection.\n\nAlthough Google's FAQ stated that users were able to prevent their phone number from being saved by blocking their caller ID, this is ineffective when calling the 800 number (due to ANI) and only works when calling the other two.\nThe service announced that the call may be recorded for the purpose of service improvements.\n\nGoogle advised users not to use the service for emergency calls, recommending that they call 9-1-1.\n\nBusiness model\nGoogle stated that the company originally implemented GOOG-411 to build a large phoneme database from users' voice queries. This phoneme database, in turn, allowed Google engineers to refine and improve the speech recognition engine that Google uses to index audio content for searching.\n\nSee also\n 1-800-FREE-411\n 800-The-Info\n Bing Mobile\n List of speech recognition software\n Tellme Networks\n\nReferences\n\nDiscontinued Google services\nTelephony\nTelephone numbers in Canada\nTelephone numbers in the United States\nDirectory assistance services\nInternet properties established in 2007\nInternet properties disestablished in 2010" ]

[ "Judith Miller (born January 2, 1948) is an American journalist and commentator known for her coverage of Iraq's Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) program both before and after the 2003 invasion, which was later discovered to have been based on inaccurate information from the intelligence community. She worked in The New York Times Washington bureau before joining Fox News in 2008.", "She worked in The New York Times Washington bureau before joining Fox News in 2008. Miller co-wrote a book Germs: Biological Weapons and America's Secret War, which became a top New York Times best seller shortly after she became a victim of a hoax anthrax letter at the time of the 2001 anthrax attacks.", "Miller co-wrote a book Germs: Biological Weapons and America's Secret War, which became a top New York Times best seller shortly after she became a victim of a hoax anthrax letter at the time of the 2001 anthrax attacks. The New York Times determined that several stories she wrote about Iraq were inaccurate, and she was forced to resign from the paper in 2005.", "The New York Times determined that several stories she wrote about Iraq were inaccurate, and she was forced to resign from the paper in 2005. According to commentator Ken Silverstein, Miller's Iraq reporting \"effectively ended her career as a respectable journalist\".", "According to commentator Ken Silverstein, Miller's Iraq reporting \"effectively ended her career as a respectable journalist\". Miller defended her reporting, stating \"My job isn't to assess the government's information and be an independent intelligence analyst myself.", "Miller defended her reporting, stating \"My job isn't to assess the government's information and be an independent intelligence analyst myself. My job is to tell readers of The New York Times what the government thought about Iraq's arsenal.\" She published a memoir, The Story: A Reporter's Journey, in April 2015.", "She published a memoir, The Story: A Reporter's Journey, in April 2015. Miller was involved in the Plame Affair, where Valerie Plame was outed as a Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) spy by Richard Armitage after her husband published a New York Times op-ed casting doubts on claims that Saddam Hussein sought to purchase uranium from Africa.", "Miller was involved in the Plame Affair, where Valerie Plame was outed as a Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) spy by Richard Armitage after her husband published a New York Times op-ed casting doubts on claims that Saddam Hussein sought to purchase uranium from Africa. Miller spent 85 days in jail for refusing to reveal that her source in the Plame Affair was Scooter Libby.", "Miller spent 85 days in jail for refusing to reveal that her source in the Plame Affair was Scooter Libby. Later, she contributed to the conservative Fox News Channel and Newsmax, and was a fellow at the conservative Manhattan Institute. Early life Miller was born in New York City. Her Russian-born father, Bill Miller, was Jewish.", "Her Russian-born father, Bill Miller, was Jewish. He owned the Riviera night club in New Jersey and later operated several casinos in Las Vegas. Bill Miller was known for booking iconic Las Vegas performers. His biggest success was getting Elvis Presley to return to Las Vegas after initially being an unsuccessful booking.", "His biggest success was getting Elvis Presley to return to Las Vegas after initially being an unsuccessful booking. Her mother was a \"pretty Irish Catholic showgirl.\" Miller attended Ohio State University, where she was a member of Kappa Alpha Theta sorority.", "Miller attended Ohio State University, where she was a member of Kappa Alpha Theta sorority. She graduated from Barnard College of Columbia University in 1969 and received a master's degree in public affairs from Princeton University's School of Public and International Affairs.", "She graduated from Barnard College of Columbia University in 1969 and received a master's degree in public affairs from Princeton University's School of Public and International Affairs. Early in her career at The New York Times bureau in Washington, D.C. she dated one of the newspaper's other reporters (and future investment banker) Steven Rattner.", "Early in her career at The New York Times bureau in Washington, D.C. she dated one of the newspaper's other reporters (and future investment banker) Steven Rattner. In 1993, she married Jason Epstein, an editor and publisher.", "In 1993, she married Jason Epstein, an editor and publisher. Judith Miller is the half-sister of Jimmy Miller who was a record producer for many classic rock bands of the 1960s through to the 1990s including the Rolling Stones, Traffic and Cream.", "Judith Miller is the half-sister of Jimmy Miller who was a record producer for many classic rock bands of the 1960s through to the 1990s including the Rolling Stones, Traffic and Cream. Career at The New York Times During Miller's tenure at The New York Times, she was a member of the team that won the Pulitzer Prize for Explanatory Reporting, for its 2001 coverage of global terrorism before and after the September 11 attacks.", "Career at The New York Times During Miller's tenure at The New York Times, she was a member of the team that won the Pulitzer Prize for Explanatory Reporting, for its 2001 coverage of global terrorism before and after the September 11 attacks. She and James Risen received the award and one of the cited articles appeared under her byline.", "She and James Risen received the award and one of the cited articles appeared under her byline. Her writing during this period was criticised by Middle-east scholar Edward Said for evincing an anti-Islamic bias.", "Her writing during this period was criticised by Middle-east scholar Edward Said for evincing an anti-Islamic bias. In his book Covering Islam Said stated that Miller's book God Has Ninety-Nine Names \"is like a textbook of the inadequacies and distortions of media coverage of Islam.\"", "In his book Covering Islam Said stated that Miller's book God Has Ninety-Nine Names \"is like a textbook of the inadequacies and distortions of media coverage of Islam.\" He criticised her poor grasp of Arabic, saying that \"nearly every time she tries to impress us with her ability to say a phrase or two in Arabic she unerringly gets it wrong...", "He criticised her poor grasp of Arabic, saying that \"nearly every time she tries to impress us with her ability to say a phrase or two in Arabic she unerringly gets it wrong... They are the crude mistakes committed by a foreigner who neither has care nor... respect for her subject.\"", "They are the crude mistakes committed by a foreigner who neither has care nor... respect for her subject.\" He concluded Miller fears and dislikes Lebanon, hates Syria, laughs at Libya, dismisses Sudan, feels sorry for and a little alarmed by Egypt and is repulsed by Saudi Arabia.", "He concluded Miller fears and dislikes Lebanon, hates Syria, laughs at Libya, dismisses Sudan, feels sorry for and a little alarmed by Egypt and is repulsed by Saudi Arabia. She hasn't bothered to learn the language and is relentlessly only concerned with the dangers of Islamic militancy, which, I would hazard a guess, accounts for less than 5 percent of the billion-strong Islamic world.", "She hasn't bothered to learn the language and is relentlessly only concerned with the dangers of Islamic militancy, which, I would hazard a guess, accounts for less than 5 percent of the billion-strong Islamic world. However, Miller asserted that in the wake of the September 11 attacks she argued that militant Islamism of the type represented by Al Qaeda had peaked and was fading into insignificance.", "However, Miller asserted that in the wake of the September 11 attacks she argued that militant Islamism of the type represented by Al Qaeda had peaked and was fading into insignificance. Anthrax hoax victim On October 12, 2001, Miller opened an anthrax hoax letter mailed to her New York Times office.", "Anthrax hoax victim On October 12, 2001, Miller opened an anthrax hoax letter mailed to her New York Times office. The 2001 anthrax attacks had begun occurring in the wake of the September 11 attacks in 2001, with anthrax-laced letters sent to ABC News, CBS News, NBC News, and the New York Post, all in New York City, as well as the National Enquirer in Boca Raton, Florida.", "The 2001 anthrax attacks had begun occurring in the wake of the September 11 attacks in 2001, with anthrax-laced letters sent to ABC News, CBS News, NBC News, and the New York Post, all in New York City, as well as the National Enquirer in Boca Raton, Florida. Two additional letters (with a higher grade of anthrax) were sent on October 9, 2001, to Senators Tom Daschle and Patrick Leahy in Washington.", "Two additional letters (with a higher grade of anthrax) were sent on October 9, 2001, to Senators Tom Daschle and Patrick Leahy in Washington. Miller was the only major U.S. media reporter, and The New York Times the only major U.S. media organization, to be victimized by a fake anthrax letter in the fall of 2001.", "Miller was the only major U.S. media reporter, and The New York Times the only major U.S. media organization, to be victimized by a fake anthrax letter in the fall of 2001. Miller had reported extensively on the subject of biological threats and had co-authored, with Stephen Engelberg and William Broad, a book on bio-terrorism, Germs: Biological Weapons and America's Secret War, which was published on October 2, 2001.", "Miller had reported extensively on the subject of biological threats and had co-authored, with Stephen Engelberg and William Broad, a book on bio-terrorism, Germs: Biological Weapons and America's Secret War, which was published on October 2, 2001. Miller co-authored an article on Pentagon plans to develop a more potent version of weaponized anthrax, \"U.S. Germ Warfare Research Pushes Treaty Limits\", published in The New York Times on September 4, 2001, weeks before the first anthrax mailings.", "Miller co-authored an article on Pentagon plans to develop a more potent version of weaponized anthrax, \"U.S. Germ Warfare Research Pushes Treaty Limits\", published in The New York Times on September 4, 2001, weeks before the first anthrax mailings. Islamic charities search leak Shortly after the September 11 attacks, the U.S. government was considering adding the Holy Land Foundation to a list of organizations with suspected links to terrorism and was planning to search the premises of the organization.", "Islamic charities search leak Shortly after the September 11 attacks, the U.S. government was considering adding the Holy Land Foundation to a list of organizations with suspected links to terrorism and was planning to search the premises of the organization. The information about the impending raid was given to Miller by a confidential source.", "The information about the impending raid was given to Miller by a confidential source. On December 3, 2001, Miller telephoned the Holy Land Foundation for comment, and The New York Times published an article in the late edition papers and on its website that day. The next day, the government searched HLF's offices.", "The next day, the government searched HLF's offices. These occurrences led to a lawsuit brought by US Attorney General Alberto Gonzales, with prosecutors claiming that Miller and her colleague Philip Shenon had queried this Islamic charity, and another, in ways that made them aware of the planned searches.", "These occurrences led to a lawsuit brought by US Attorney General Alberto Gonzales, with prosecutors claiming that Miller and her colleague Philip Shenon had queried this Islamic charity, and another, in ways that made them aware of the planned searches. The Iraq War At The New York Times, Miller wrote on security issues, particularly about Iraq and weapons of mass destruction.", "The Iraq War At The New York Times, Miller wrote on security issues, particularly about Iraq and weapons of mass destruction. Many of these stories later turned out to have been based upon faulty information. (One of her stories that was not disproved reported that inspectors in Iraq \"saw nothing to prompt a war.\")", "(One of her stories that was not disproved reported that inspectors in Iraq \"saw nothing to prompt a war.\") On September 8, 2002, Miller and her Times colleague Michael R. Gordon reported the interception of \"aluminum tubes\" bound for Iraq.", "On September 8, 2002, Miller and her Times colleague Michael R. Gordon reported the interception of \"aluminum tubes\" bound for Iraq. Her front-page story quoted unnamed \"American officials\" and \"American intelligence experts\" who said the tubes were intended to be used to enrich nuclear material, and cited unnamed \"Bush administration officials\" who said that, in recent months, Iraq had \"stepped up its quest for nuclear weapons and [had] embarked on a worldwide hunt for materials to make an atomic bomb\".", "Her front-page story quoted unnamed \"American officials\" and \"American intelligence experts\" who said the tubes were intended to be used to enrich nuclear material, and cited unnamed \"Bush administration officials\" who said that, in recent months, Iraq had \"stepped up its quest for nuclear weapons and [had] embarked on a worldwide hunt for materials to make an atomic bomb\". Miller added that Mr. Hussein's dogged insistence on pursuing his nuclear ambitions, along with what defectors described in interviews as Iraq's push to improve and expand Baghdad's chemical and biological arsenals, have brought Iraq and the United States to the brink of war.", "Miller added that Mr. Hussein's dogged insistence on pursuing his nuclear ambitions, along with what defectors described in interviews as Iraq's push to improve and expand Baghdad's chemical and biological arsenals, have brought Iraq and the United States to the brink of war. Shortly after Miller's article was published, Condoleezza Rice, Colin Powell, and Donald Rumsfeld appeared on television and pointed to Miller's story in support of their position.", "Shortly after Miller's article was published, Condoleezza Rice, Colin Powell, and Donald Rumsfeld appeared on television and pointed to Miller's story in support of their position. As summarized by The New York Review of Books, \"in the following months, the tubes would become a key prop in the administration's case for war, and the Times played a critical part in legitimizing it.\"", "As summarized by The New York Review of Books, \"in the following months, the tubes would become a key prop in the administration's case for war, and the Times played a critical part in legitimizing it.\" Miller later said of the controversy [M]y job isn't to assess the government's information and be an independent intelligence analyst myself.", "Miller later said of the controversy [M]y job isn't to assess the government's information and be an independent intelligence analyst myself. My job is to tell readers of The New York Times what the government thought about Iraq's arsenal.", "My job is to tell readers of The New York Times what the government thought about Iraq's arsenal. In an April 21, 2003 article, Miller, ostensibly on the basis of statements from the military unit in which she was embedded, reported claims allegedly made by an Iraqi scientist that Iraq had kept biological and chemical weapons until \"right before the invasion.\"", "In an April 21, 2003 article, Miller, ostensibly on the basis of statements from the military unit in which she was embedded, reported claims allegedly made by an Iraqi scientist that Iraq had kept biological and chemical weapons until \"right before the invasion.\" This report was covered extensively in the press.", "This report was covered extensively in the press. Miller went on The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer and stated: Well, I think they found something more than a smoking gun.", "Miller went on The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer and stated: Well, I think they found something more than a smoking gun. What they've found is a silver bullet in the form of a person, an Iraqi individual, a scientist, as we've called him, who really worked on the programs, who knows them firsthand, and who has led MET Alpha people to some pretty startling conclusions.", "What they've found is a silver bullet in the form of a person, an Iraqi individual, a scientist, as we've called him, who really worked on the programs, who knows them firsthand, and who has led MET Alpha people to some pretty startling conclusions. There was strong internal dissent amongst other Times reporters regarding publication of the inflammatory, unsourced accusations, however, and that the military were allowed to censor it before it appeared.", "There was strong internal dissent amongst other Times reporters regarding publication of the inflammatory, unsourced accusations, however, and that the military were allowed to censor it before it appeared. A week after it appeared, one Times insider called Miller's piece \"wacky-assed\" and complained there were \"real questions about it and why it was on page 1.\"", "A week after it appeared, one Times insider called Miller's piece \"wacky-assed\" and complained there were \"real questions about it and why it was on page 1.\" On May 26, 2003, Howard Kurtz of The Washington Post reported on a Miller internal email sent to John Burns, the Times Baghdad bureau chief.", "On May 26, 2003, Howard Kurtz of The Washington Post reported on a Miller internal email sent to John Burns, the Times Baghdad bureau chief. In it she admitted her source regarding the alleged WMDs, according to Seymour Hersh writing for The New Yorker, was none other than Ahmed Chalabi's Iraqi National Congress, which alleges Pentagon officials passed on to Miller, despite the Central Intelligence Agency disagreeing with its content.", "In it she admitted her source regarding the alleged WMDs, according to Seymour Hersh writing for The New Yorker, was none other than Ahmed Chalabi's Iraqi National Congress, which alleges Pentagon officials passed on to Miller, despite the Central Intelligence Agency disagreeing with its content. Her Times editor, Andrew Rosenthal, criticized Hersh for its release.", "Her Times editor, Andrew Rosenthal, criticized Hersh for its release. A year later, on May 26, 2004, a week after the U.S. government apparently severed ties with Chalabi, a Times editorial acknowledged that some of the paper's coverage in the run-up to the war had relied too heavily on Chalabi and other Iraqi exiles, who were bent on regime change.", "A year later, on May 26, 2004, a week after the U.S. government apparently severed ties with Chalabi, a Times editorial acknowledged that some of the paper's coverage in the run-up to the war had relied too heavily on Chalabi and other Iraqi exiles, who were bent on regime change. The editorial also expressed \"regret\" that \"information that was controversial [was] allowed to stand unchallenged.\"", "The editorial also expressed \"regret\" that \"information that was controversial [was] allowed to stand unchallenged.\" However, the editorial explicitly rejected \"blame on individual reporters.\"", "However, the editorial explicitly rejected \"blame on individual reporters.\" On May 27, 2004, the day after the Times mea culpa',' James C. Moore quoted Miller in an article in Salon: You know what, ... I was proved fucking right. That's what happened.", "That's what happened. That's what happened. People who disagreed with me were saying, 'There she goes again.' But I was proved fucking right.\"", "But I was proved fucking right.\" The statement about being \"proved ... right\" was in relation to another Miller story, wherein she had written trailers found in Iraq had been shown to be mobile weapons labs.", "The statement about being \"proved ... right\" was in relation to another Miller story, wherein she had written trailers found in Iraq had been shown to be mobile weapons labs. However that claim, too, was subsequently refuted as false.Byron Calame (Oct. 23, 2005), \"The Miller Mess: Lingering Issues Among the Answers\" , The New York Times It was alleged later in Editor & Publisher that, while Miller's reporting \"frequently [did] not meet published Times standards\", she was not sanctioned and was given a relatively free rein, because she consistently delivered frequent front-page scoops for the paper by \"cultivating top-ranking sources.", "However that claim, too, was subsequently refuted as false.Byron Calame (Oct. 23, 2005), \"The Miller Mess: Lingering Issues Among the Answers\" , The New York Times It was alleged later in Editor & Publisher that, while Miller's reporting \"frequently [did] not meet published Times standards\", she was not sanctioned and was given a relatively free rein, because she consistently delivered frequent front-page scoops for the paper by \"cultivating top-ranking sources. \"Douglas Jehl (Sept. 29, 2003), \"AGENCY BELITTLES INFORMATION GIVEN BY IRAQ DEFECTORS\" , The New York Times In 2005, facing federal court proceedings for refusing to divulge a source in the Plame affair criminal investigation, Miller spent 85 days in jail in Alexandria, Va. (where French terrorist Zacarias Moussaoui was also held).", "\"Douglas Jehl (Sept. 29, 2003), \"AGENCY BELITTLES INFORMATION GIVEN BY IRAQ DEFECTORS\" , The New York Times In 2005, facing federal court proceedings for refusing to divulge a source in the Plame affair criminal investigation, Miller spent 85 days in jail in Alexandria, Va. (where French terrorist Zacarias Moussaoui was also held). After her release, the Times' Public Editor Byron Calame wrote: Ms. Miller may still be best known for her role in a series of Times articles in 2002 and 2003 that strongly suggested Saddam Hussein already had or was acquiring an arsenal of weapons of mass destruction ...", "After her release, the Times' Public Editor Byron Calame wrote: Ms. Miller may still be best known for her role in a series of Times articles in 2002 and 2003 that strongly suggested Saddam Hussein already had or was acquiring an arsenal of weapons of mass destruction ... Many of those articles turned out to be inaccurate ... [T]he problems facing her inside and outside the newsroom will make it difficult for her to return to the paper as a reporter.", "Many of those articles turned out to be inaccurate ... [T]he problems facing her inside and outside the newsroom will make it difficult for her to return to the paper as a reporter. Two weeks later, Miller negotiated a private severance package with Times publisher Arthur Ochs Sulzberger Jr. She contested Calame's claims about her reporting and gave no ground in defending her work.", "Two weeks later, Miller negotiated a private severance package with Times publisher Arthur Ochs Sulzberger Jr. She contested Calame's claims about her reporting and gave no ground in defending her work. She cited \"difficulty\" in performing her job effectively after having become \"an integral part of the stories [she] was sent to cover.\"", "She cited \"difficulty\" in performing her job effectively after having become \"an integral part of the stories [she] was sent to cover.\" In a 2018 interview with The Intercept, James Risen defended Miller by saying that there was a \"systemic problem at the paper\" in regards to reporting about the existence of WMD's.", "In a 2018 interview with The Intercept, James Risen defended Miller by saying that there was a \"systemic problem at the paper\" in regards to reporting about the existence of WMD's. He said the paper wanted \"stories about the existence of WMD\" rather than \"skeptical stories\".", "He said the paper wanted \"stories about the existence of WMD\" rather than \"skeptical stories\". Contempt of court On October 1, 2004, federal Judge Thomas F. Hogan found Miller in contempt of court for refusing to appear before a federal grand jury, which was investigating who had leaked to reporters the fact that Valerie Plame was a CIA operative.", "Contempt of court On October 1, 2004, federal Judge Thomas F. Hogan found Miller in contempt of court for refusing to appear before a federal grand jury, which was investigating who had leaked to reporters the fact that Valerie Plame was a CIA operative. Miller did not write an article about the subject at the time of the leak, but others did, notably Robert Novak, spurring the investigation.", "Miller did not write an article about the subject at the time of the leak, but others did, notably Robert Novak, spurring the investigation. Judge Hogan sentenced her to 18 months in jail, but stayed the sentence while her appeal proceeded.", "Judge Hogan sentenced her to 18 months in jail, but stayed the sentence while her appeal proceeded. On February 15, 2005, the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit unanimously upheld Judge Hogan's ruling. On June 17, 2005, the US Supreme Court declined to hear the case.", "On June 17, 2005, the US Supreme Court declined to hear the case. On July 6, 2005, Judge Hogan ordered Miller to serve her sentence at \"a suitable jail within the metropolitan area of the District of Columbia\". She was taken to Alexandria City Jail on July 7, 2005.", "She was taken to Alexandria City Jail on July 7, 2005. In a separate case, Federal Judge Robert W. Sweet ruled on February 24, 2005, that Miller was not required to reveal who in the government leaked word of an impending raid to her.", "In a separate case, Federal Judge Robert W. Sweet ruled on February 24, 2005, that Miller was not required to reveal who in the government leaked word of an impending raid to her. Patrick Fitzgerald, the same prosecutor who had had Miller jailed in the Plame case, argued that Miller's calls to groups suspected of funding terrorists had tipped them off to the raid and allowed them time to destroy evidence.", "Patrick Fitzgerald, the same prosecutor who had had Miller jailed in the Plame case, argued that Miller's calls to groups suspected of funding terrorists had tipped them off to the raid and allowed them time to destroy evidence. Fitzgerald wanted Miller's phone records to confirm the time of the tip and determine who had leaked the information to Miller in the first place.", "Fitzgerald wanted Miller's phone records to confirm the time of the tip and determine who had leaked the information to Miller in the first place. Judge Sweet held that because Fitzgerald could not demonstrate in advance that the phone records would provide the information he sought the prosecutor's needs were outweighed by a 'reporter's privilege' to keep sources confidential.", "Judge Sweet held that because Fitzgerald could not demonstrate in advance that the phone records would provide the information he sought the prosecutor's needs were outweighed by a 'reporter's privilege' to keep sources confidential. On August 1, 2006, a three-judge panel of the Second Circuit Court of Appeals reversed Judge Sweet's decision, holding 2–1 that federal prosecutors could inspect the telephone records of Miller and Philip Shenon.", "On August 1, 2006, a three-judge panel of the Second Circuit Court of Appeals reversed Judge Sweet's decision, holding 2–1 that federal prosecutors could inspect the telephone records of Miller and Philip Shenon. Judge Ralph K. Winter, Jr. wrote: \"No grand jury can make an informed decision to pursue the investigation further, much less to indict or not indict, without the reporters' evidence\".", "Judge Ralph K. Winter, Jr. wrote: \"No grand jury can make an informed decision to pursue the investigation further, much less to indict or not indict, without the reporters' evidence\". Prior to her jailing for civil contempt, Miller's lawyers argued that it was pointless to imprison her because she would never talk or reveal confidential sources.", "Prior to her jailing for civil contempt, Miller's lawyers argued that it was pointless to imprison her because she would never talk or reveal confidential sources. Under such circumstances, argued her lawyers, jail term would be \"merely punitive\" and would serve no purpose.", "Under such circumstances, argued her lawyers, jail term would be \"merely punitive\" and would serve no purpose. Arguing that Miller should be confined to her home and could forego Internet access and cellphone use, Miller's lawyers suggested that \"impairing her unrestricted ability to do her job as an investigative journalist ... would present the strictest form of coercion to her\".", "Arguing that Miller should be confined to her home and could forego Internet access and cellphone use, Miller's lawyers suggested that \"impairing her unrestricted ability to do her job as an investigative journalist ... would present the strictest form of coercion to her\". Failing that, Miller's lawyers asked that she be sent to a women's facility in Danbury, Connecticut, nearer to \"Ms. Miller's 76-year-old husband\", retired book publisher Jason Epstein, who lived in New York City, and whose state of health was the subject of a confidential medical report filed by Miller's attorneys.", "Failing that, Miller's lawyers asked that she be sent to a women's facility in Danbury, Connecticut, nearer to \"Ms. Miller's 76-year-old husband\", retired book publisher Jason Epstein, who lived in New York City, and whose state of health was the subject of a confidential medical report filed by Miller's attorneys. Upon being jailed, the Times reported on July 7, 2005, that Miller had purchased a cockapoo puppy to keep her husband company during her absence.", "Upon being jailed, the Times reported on July 7, 2005, that Miller had purchased a cockapoo puppy to keep her husband company during her absence. On September 17, 2005, The Washington Post reported that Miller had received a \"parade of prominent government and media officials\" during her first 11 weeks in prison, including visits by former U.S. Republican Senator Bob Dole, NBC News anchor Tom Brokaw, and John R. Bolton, U.S.", "On September 17, 2005, The Washington Post reported that Miller had received a \"parade of prominent government and media officials\" during her first 11 weeks in prison, including visits by former U.S. Republican Senator Bob Dole, NBC News anchor Tom Brokaw, and John R. Bolton, U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations.", "Ambassador to the United Nations. Ambassador to the United Nations. After her release on September 29, 2005, Miller agreed to disclose to the grand jury the identity of her source, Lewis Libby, Vice President Cheney's chief of staff.", "After her release on September 29, 2005, Miller agreed to disclose to the grand jury the identity of her source, Lewis Libby, Vice President Cheney's chief of staff. On Tuesday, January 30, 2007, Miller took the stand as a witness for the prosecution against Lewis Libby.", "On Tuesday, January 30, 2007, Miller took the stand as a witness for the prosecution against Lewis Libby. Miller discussed three conversations she had had with Libby in June and July 2003, including the meeting on June 23, 2003. In her first appearance before the grand jury, Miller said she could not remember.", "In her first appearance before the grand jury, Miller said she could not remember. According to The New York Times, when asked if Libby discussed Valerie Plame, Miller responded in the affirmative, \"adding that Libby had said Wilson worked at the agency's (C.I.A.)", "According to The New York Times, when asked if Libby discussed Valerie Plame, Miller responded in the affirmative, \"adding that Libby had said Wilson worked at the agency's (C.I.A.) division that dealt with limiting the proliferation of unconventional weapons\". The trial resulted in guilty verdicts against Libby.", "The trial resulted in guilty verdicts against Libby. Refusal to disclose source In July 2005, several months prior to her October 2005 resignation from The New York Times, Miller was jailed for contempt of court for refusing to testify before a federal grand jury investigating a leak naming Valerie Plame as a CIA officer.", "Refusal to disclose source In July 2005, several months prior to her October 2005 resignation from The New York Times, Miller was jailed for contempt of court for refusing to testify before a federal grand jury investigating a leak naming Valerie Plame as a CIA officer. While Miller never wrote about Plame, she was believed to be in possession of evidence relevant to the leak investigation.", "While Miller never wrote about Plame, she was believed to be in possession of evidence relevant to the leak investigation. According to a subpoena, Miller met with an unnamed government official, later revealed to be I. Lewis \"Scooter\" Libby, Vice President Dick Cheney's Chief of Staff, on July 8, 2003.", "According to a subpoena, Miller met with an unnamed government official, later revealed to be I. Lewis \"Scooter\" Libby, Vice President Dick Cheney's Chief of Staff, on July 8, 2003. Plame's CIA identity was divulged publicly in a column by conservative political commentator Robert Novak on July 14, 2003.", "Plame's CIA identity was divulged publicly in a column by conservative political commentator Robert Novak on July 14, 2003. Novak's source was revealed to have not been Libby, but Richard Armitage of the Department of State.", "Novak's source was revealed to have not been Libby, but Richard Armitage of the Department of State. On July 16, 2005, The Washington Post reported that Miller could face criminal contempt charges, which could have extended her jail time six months beyond the four months then anticipated.", "On July 16, 2005, The Washington Post reported that Miller could face criminal contempt charges, which could have extended her jail time six months beyond the four months then anticipated. The Post suggested that special prosecutor Patrick Fitzgerald was particularly interested in hearing Miller's version of her encounter with Libby.", "The Post suggested that special prosecutor Patrick Fitzgerald was particularly interested in hearing Miller's version of her encounter with Libby. Filings by Fitzgerald reportedly alleged that Miller's defiance of the court constituted a crime. On September 29, 2005, after spending 85 days in jail, Miller was released following a telephone call with Libby.", "On September 29, 2005, after spending 85 days in jail, Miller was released following a telephone call with Libby. He had reconfirmed the release of confidentiality.", "He had reconfirmed the release of confidentiality. Under oath, Miller was questioned by Fitzgerald before a federal grand jury the following day, September 30, 2005, but was not relieved of contempt charges until after testifying again on October 12, 2005.", "Under oath, Miller was questioned by Fitzgerald before a federal grand jury the following day, September 30, 2005, but was not relieved of contempt charges until after testifying again on October 12, 2005. For her second grand jury appearance, Miller produced a notebook from a previously undisclosed meeting with Libby on June 23, 2003.", "For her second grand jury appearance, Miller produced a notebook from a previously undisclosed meeting with Libby on June 23, 2003. This was several weeks before Joseph Wilson's New York Times editorial was published. This belied the theory that Libby was retaliating against Wilson for his Times editorial.", "This belied the theory that Libby was retaliating against Wilson for his Times editorial. According to Miller's notes from that earlier meeting, Libby disclosed that Joseph Wilson's wife was a CIA employee involved in her husband's trip to Niger.", "According to Miller's notes from that earlier meeting, Libby disclosed that Joseph Wilson's wife was a CIA employee involved in her husband's trip to Niger. Miller's notebook from her July 8, 2003, meeting with Libby contains the name \"Valerie Flame [sic]\".", "Miller's notebook from her July 8, 2003, meeting with Libby contains the name \"Valerie Flame [sic]\". This reference occurred six days before Novak published Plame's name and unmasked her as a CIA operative. Miller's grand jury account was the basis for her last article in The New York Times.", "Miller's grand jury account was the basis for her last article in The New York Times. The newspaper published Miller's first-person account, \"My Four Hours Testifying in the Federal Grand Jury Room\", on October 16, 2005.", "The newspaper published Miller's first-person account, \"My Four Hours Testifying in the Federal Grand Jury Room\", on October 16, 2005. Miller said she could not remember who gave her the name \"Valerie Plame\" but she was sure it didn't come from Libby.", "Miller said she could not remember who gave her the name \"Valerie Plame\" but she was sure it didn't come from Libby. Miller testified as a witness on January 30, 2007, at the trial of Scooter Libby, which began in January 2007.", "Miller testified as a witness on January 30, 2007, at the trial of Scooter Libby, which began in January 2007. The trial ended on March 6, 2007, with Libby's conviction on four of five counts, though none of the counts had to do with actually revealing Plame's name to the media.", "The trial ended on March 6, 2007, with Libby's conviction on four of five counts, though none of the counts had to do with actually revealing Plame's name to the media. Independent journalist and author Since leaving The New York Times, Miller has continued her work as a writer in Manhattan and has contributed several op-ed pieces to The Wall Street Journal.", "Independent journalist and author Since leaving The New York Times, Miller has continued her work as a writer in Manhattan and has contributed several op-ed pieces to The Wall Street Journal. On May 16, 2006, she summarized her investigations on U.S. foreign policy regarding Libya's dismantling of its weapons programs in an essay published in two parts.", "On May 16, 2006, she summarized her investigations on U.S. foreign policy regarding Libya's dismantling of its weapons programs in an essay published in two parts. On May 17, 2006, NavySEALs.com and MediaChannel.org published an exclusive interview with Miller in which she detailed how the attack on the USS Cole led her to investigate Al-Qaeda and, in July 2001, to her receiving information from a top-level White House source concerning top-secret NSA signals intelligence (SIGINT) about an impending Al-Qaeda attack, possibly against the continental United States.", "On May 17, 2006, NavySEALs.com and MediaChannel.org published an exclusive interview with Miller in which she detailed how the attack on the USS Cole led her to investigate Al-Qaeda and, in July 2001, to her receiving information from a top-level White House source concerning top-secret NSA signals intelligence (SIGINT) about an impending Al-Qaeda attack, possibly against the continental United States. Two months later, on September 11, Miller and her editor at the Times, Stephen Engelberg, both regretted not writing that story.", "Two months later, on September 11, Miller and her editor at the Times, Stephen Engelberg, both regretted not writing that story. On September 7, 2007, she was hired as an adjunct fellow of the Manhattan Institute for Policy Research, a neo-conservative free-market think tank.", "On September 7, 2007, she was hired as an adjunct fellow of the Manhattan Institute for Policy Research, a neo-conservative free-market think tank. Her duties included being a contributing editor for the organization's publication, City Journal. On October 20, 2008, Fox News announced that it had hired Miller.", "On October 20, 2008, Fox News announced that it had hired Miller. As of 2018, she is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations.", "As of 2018, she is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations. She has also been a member of the Aspen Strategy Group, and has served on a prestigious National Academy of Sciences panel examining how best to expand of the work of the Cooperative Threat Reduction program, which since 1991 has sought to stop the spread of WMD material and expertise from the former Soviet Union.", "She has also been a member of the Aspen Strategy Group, and has served on a prestigious National Academy of Sciences panel examining how best to expand of the work of the Cooperative Threat Reduction program, which since 1991 has sought to stop the spread of WMD material and expertise from the former Soviet Union. She lectures frequently on the Middle East, Islam, terrorism, biological and chemical weapons, as well as other national security topics.", "She lectures frequently on the Middle East, Islam, terrorism, biological and chemical weapons, as well as other national security topics. The Iraq War revisited On April 3, 2015, The Wall Street Journal published an op-ed piece by Miller in which she defended her comportment during the lead-up to the war in Iraq, as well as the Bush administration's stance and decisions regarding the war.", "The Iraq War revisited On April 3, 2015, The Wall Street Journal published an op-ed piece by Miller in which she defended her comportment during the lead-up to the war in Iraq, as well as the Bush administration's stance and decisions regarding the war. \"Officials [of the Bush administration] didn't lie, and I wasn't fed a line,\" she wrote.", "\"Officials [of the Bush administration] didn't lie, and I wasn't fed a line,\" she wrote. Miller acknowledged that \"there was no shortage of mistakes about Iraq, and I made my share of them.", "Miller acknowledged that \"there was no shortage of mistakes about Iraq, and I made my share of them. The newsworthy claims of some of my prewar WMD stories were wrong\", but rejected the notion that \"I took America to war in Iraq.", "The newsworthy claims of some of my prewar WMD stories were wrong\", but rejected the notion that \"I took America to war in Iraq. It was all me\", which according to her \"continue[d] to have believers\".", "It was all me\", which according to her \"continue[d] to have believers\". Critics subsequently wrote that \"Miller's war reporting was disastrously wrong, and now she's trying desperately to spin it all away,\".", "Critics subsequently wrote that \"Miller's war reporting was disastrously wrong, and now she's trying desperately to spin it all away,\". Valerie Plame commented that while \"no one is crediting [Miller] with starting the Iraq war,\" and she was \"not actually on the team that took us into the biggest, most tragic US foreign policy debacle ever..., [Miller's] attempt to re-write history is both pathetic and self-serving.", "Valerie Plame commented that while \"no one is crediting [Miller] with starting the Iraq war,\" and she was \"not actually on the team that took us into the biggest, most tragic US foreign policy debacle ever..., [Miller's] attempt to re-write history is both pathetic and self-serving. \"The Guardian wrote that \"in arguing that Bush was a victim of faulty intelligence analysis, Miller ignores extensive reporting showing that the Bush administration was making plans for an Iraq invasion before the advent of intelligence used to justify it.\"", "\"The Guardian wrote that \"in arguing that Bush was a victim of faulty intelligence analysis, Miller ignores extensive reporting showing that the Bush administration was making plans for an Iraq invasion before the advent of intelligence used to justify it.\" Others focused on what they termed as factual inaccuracies, such as Miller's claim that \"Hans Blix, the former chief of the international weapons inspectors, bears some responsibility [for the war]\" because he \"told the U.N. in January 2003 that despite America's ultimatum, Saddam was still not complying fully with his U.N.", "Others focused on what they termed as factual inaccuracies, such as Miller's claim that \"Hans Blix, the former chief of the international weapons inspectors, bears some responsibility [for the war]\" because he \"told the U.N. in January 2003 that despite America's ultimatum, Saddam was still not complying fully with his U.N. pledges.\"", "pledges.\" pledges.\" Her critics pointed out that, although Blix indeed reported that \"Iraq wasn't fully compliant,\" he also reported that Iraq was \"largely cooperative with regard to process,\" and, subsequently, \"made it abundantly clear, in an interview published in The New York Times, that nothing he'd seen at the time justified war,\" an interview taken by Miller herself.", "Her critics pointed out that, although Blix indeed reported that \"Iraq wasn't fully compliant,\" he also reported that Iraq was \"largely cooperative with regard to process,\" and, subsequently, \"made it abundantly clear, in an interview published in The New York Times, that nothing he'd seen at the time justified war,\" an interview taken by Miller herself. Memoir In April 2015, Miller published The Story: A Reporter's Journey, a memoir that focused largely on her reporting during the second Gulf War.", "Memoir In April 2015, Miller published The Story: A Reporter's Journey, a memoir that focused largely on her reporting during the second Gulf War. Her former colleague Neil Lewis characterized most of the reviews as \"unreservedly critical\".", "Her former colleague Neil Lewis characterized most of the reviews as \"unreservedly critical\". Writing in The New York Times, former Los Angeles Times reporter Terry McDermott wrote that although \"this is not a score-settling book\", he found it \"sad and flawed\".", "Writing in The New York Times, former Los Angeles Times reporter Terry McDermott wrote that although \"this is not a score-settling book\", he found it \"sad and flawed\". Ιn The Washington Post, Erik Wemple wrote that the book's \"dynamic\" of \"Judy Miller against the world\" lends her book an aspect that is \"both depressing and desperate\".", "Ιn The Washington Post, Erik Wemple wrote that the book's \"dynamic\" of \"Judy Miller against the world\" lends her book an aspect that is \"both depressing and desperate\". A review in The Columbia Journalism Review called the book \"less a memoir than an apologia and an assault\".", "A review in The Columbia Journalism Review called the book \"less a memoir than an apologia and an assault\". In The Daily Beast, Lloyd Grove characterized Miller's work as \"self-pitying\".", "In The Daily Beast, Lloyd Grove characterized Miller's work as \"self-pitying\". Criticizing Miller's failure to fully take responsibility for the flaws in her reporting, Matt Taibbi wrote in Rolling Stone: \"Most of The Story is a tale of dog after scheming dog eating Miller's homework.", "Criticizing Miller's failure to fully take responsibility for the flaws in her reporting, Matt Taibbi wrote in Rolling Stone: \"Most of The Story is a tale of dog after scheming dog eating Miller's homework. ... Mostly, she just had a lot of rotten luck. Or at least, that's how it reads.", "Or at least, that's how it reads. It's a sweeping, epic non-apology. Every bad thing Miller has ever been accused of turns out to be wrong or taken out of context, according to her.\"", "Every bad thing Miller has ever been accused of turns out to be wrong or taken out of context, according to her.\" BibliographyOne, by One, by One: Facing the Holocaust, Simon & Schuster (1990) Saddam Hussein & the Crisis in the Gulf (with Laurie Mylroie) Random House USA Inc (1990) God Has Ninety Nine Names: Reporting from a Militant Middle East, Simon & Schuster (1997) Germs: Biological Weapons and America's Secret War (with William Broad and Stephen Engelberg) Simon & Schuster (2001) The Story: A Reporter's Journey'', Simon & Schuster, (April 7, 2015), See also Reporters' privilege Journalistic scandal External sources Jon Stewart grills Miller on Iraq War reporting, Interview April 30, 2015.", "BibliographyOne, by One, by One: Facing the Holocaust, Simon & Schuster (1990) Saddam Hussein & the Crisis in the Gulf (with Laurie Mylroie) Random House USA Inc (1990) God Has Ninety Nine Names: Reporting from a Militant Middle East, Simon & Schuster (1997) Germs: Biological Weapons and America's Secret War (with William Broad and Stephen Engelberg) Simon & Schuster (2001) The Story: A Reporter's Journey'', Simon & Schuster, (April 7, 2015), See also Reporters' privilege Journalistic scandal External sources Jon Stewart grills Miller on Iraq War reporting, Interview April 30, 2015. References External links 1948 births American expatriates in Israel American investigative journalists American people of Belarusian-Jewish descent American people of Irish descent American political writers American women non-fiction writers American women war correspondents Barnard College alumni Columbia University alumni Criticism of journalism Fox News people Journalists imprisoned for refusing to reveal sources Living people Manhattan Institute for Policy Research Members of the Council on Foreign Relations Ohio State University alumni People associated with the Plame affair Pulitzer Prize for Explanatory Journalism winners The New York Times writers The New York Times editors Princeton School of Public and International Affairs alumni Writers from Los Angeles Writers from New York City Writers on the Middle East 21st-century American women" ]

[ "René Descartes", "Philosophical work", "What was one of Descartes' philosophical writings?", "Descartes arrives at only a single principle: thought exists. Thought cannot be separated from me, therefore, I exist", "Did this theory become popular?", "I don't know." ]

[ "Shaun Edwards (born 13 December 1993) is a former professional Australian rules footballer who played for the Greater Western Sydney Giants and Essendon Football Club in the Australian Football League (AFL).\n\nAFL career\nEdwards was drafted by Greater Western Sydney in 2011, where he played his debut year in the NEAFL before they moved into the AFL, his first NEAFL match was against the Northern Territory Thunder at TIO Stadium. He made his AFL debut against at AAMI Stadium in round 4, 2012. In October 2013, he was traded to for pick 48, in a deal that also saw Kurt Aylett arrive at Essendon. Edwards played the 2014 season in the Essendon VFL team before breaking into the senior team in round 11 of the 2015 season. Edwards won the Bill Hutchinson Community Award at the 2016 Crichton Medal presentations.\n\nAt the conclusion of the 2016 season, despite strong performances in the VFL, Edwards was delisted by Essendon. He was subsequently drafted by Sydney in the 2017 rookie draft. After failing to play a match during the 2017 season, he retired from AFL football at the conclusion of the season to focus on Indigenous education in Australia and around the world.\n\nStatistics\n Statistics are correct to the end of the 2017 season\n\n|- style=\"background-color: #EAEAEA\"\n! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 2012\n|\n| 22 || 10 || 2 || 4 || 91 || 41 || 132 || 31 || 11 || 0.2 || 0.4 || 9.1 || 4.1 || 13.2 || 3.1 || 1.1\n|-\n! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 2013\n|\n| 22 || 2 || 0 || 1 || 10 || 15 || 25 || 6 || 2 || 0.0 || 0.5 || 5.0 || 7.5 || 12.5 || 3.0 || 1.0\n|- style=\"background:#eaeaea;\"\n! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 2014\n|\n| 19 || 0 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || —\n|-\n! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 2015\n|\n| 19 || 9 || 8 || 6 || 62 || 28 || 90 || 21 || 19 || 0.9 || 0.7 || 6.9 || 3.1 || 10.0 || 2.3 || 2.1\n|- style=\"background:#eaeaea;\"\n! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 2016\n|\n| 19 || 3 || 0 || 1 || 33 || 16 || 49 || 7 || 5 || 0.0 || 0.3 || 11.0 || 5.3 || 16.3 || 2.3 || 1.7\n|-\n! scope=\"row\" style=\"text-align:center\" | 2017\n|\n| 19 || 0 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || —\n|- class=\"sortbottom\"\n! colspan=3| Career\n! 24\n! 10\n! 12\n! 196\n! 100\n! 296\n! 65\n! 37\n! 0.4\n! 0.5\n! 8.2\n! 4.2\n! 12.3\n! 2.7\n! 1.5\n|}\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n1993 births\nLiving people\nGreater Western Sydney Giants players\nEssendon Football Club players\nAustralian rules footballers from the Northern Territory\nIndigenous Australian players of Australian rules football\nAustralia international rules football team players\nSt Mary's Football Club (NTFL) players\nSydney University Australian National Football Club players", "The 2010 Tri Nations Indoor Netball Series took place 12–21 March 2010 in Sun City, South Africa.\n\nHost selection\nThe Tri Nations was awarded to South Africa by the WINA at the conclusion of the previous World Cup.\n\nVenue\nAction Sports SA determined that the Rustenburg Action Sports Centre in Rustenburg would host all Tri Nations matches and Rustenburg became the host city as a result.\n\nMedia coverage\n\nTelevision\nSupersport has arranged for limited delayed telecast of the finals series on SuperSport in South Africa. This show will repeat numerous times during the month of April.\n\nOnline coverage\nAction Sports SA provided online coverage of the results on the official Action Sport SA Website.\n\nA number of players, officials and spectators also provided coverage for friends and members of the public via social networking sites such as Facebook and Twitter.\n\nParticipants\nMen's Division\n Australia\n England\n South Africa\n South Africa Invitation\n\nWomen's Division\n Australia\n England\n South Africa\n South Africa Invitation\n\nMixed Division\n Australia\n England\n South Africa\n South Africa Invitation\n\n21 and Under Division\n Australia\n England\n South Africa\n South Africa Invitation\n\nNew Zealand were also entered but withdraw just a few months before the commencement of the tournament. South African Invitation were replacements for the New Zealand teams\n\nRound robin tournament\n\nDay One (6-a-side)\n\nMen's Division\n\nLadder at conclusion of Day One\n\nWomen's Division\n\nLadder at conclusion of Day One\n\nMixed Division\n\nLadder at conclusion of Day One\n\n21 and Under Division\n\nLadder at conclusion of Day One\n\nDay Two (6-a-side)\n\nThe evening session on was ticketed and in keeping with the theme of \"Aussie Juniors Night\" featured few matches from the open divisions and instead focused on the simultaneously run 2009 Junior World Series of Indoor Cricket. Most open matches therefore took place whilst free entry to the venue was permitted.\n\nMen's Division\n\nLadder at conclusion of Day Two\n\nWomen's Division\n\nLadder at conclusion of Day Two\n\nMixed Division\n\nLadder at conclusion of Day Two\n\n21 and Under Division\n\nLadder at conclusion of Day Two\n\nDay Three (Semi Finals)\n\nDay three of the tournament featured all of the semi finals from all the 6-a-side divisions and a semi final is played between second place and third place.\n\nMen's Division\n\nA: Semi Final (2v3)\n\nWomen's Division\n\nA: Semi Final (2v3)\n\nMixed Division\n\nA: Semi Final (2v3)\n\n21 and Under Division\n\nA: Semi Final (2v3)\n\nDay Three (Finals)\n\nMen's Division\n\nA: Final (1 v winner)\n\nWomen's Division\n\nA: Final (1 v winner)\n\nMixed Division\n\nA: Final (1 v winner)\n\n21 and Under Division\n\nA: Final (1 v winner)\n\nDay Four (7-a-side)\n\nMen's Division\n\nLadder at conclusion of Day Four\n\nWomen's Division\n\nLadder at conclusion of Day Four\n\nMixed Division\n\nLadder at conclusion of Day Four\n\n21 and Under Division\n\nLadder at conclusion of Day Four\n\nDay Five (7-a-side)\n\nMen's Division\n\nLadder at conclusion of Day Two\n\nWomen's Division\n\nLadder at conclusion of Day Two\n\nMixed Division\n\nLadder at conclusion of Day Two\n\n21 and Under Division\n\nLadder at conclusion of Day Two\n\nDay Three (Semi Finals)\n\nDay three of the tournament featured all of the semi finals from all the 6-a-side divisions and a semi final is played between second place and third place.\n\nMen's Division\n\nA: Semi Final (2v3)\n\nWomen's Division\n\nA: Semi Final (2v3)\n\nMixed Division\n\nA: Semi Final (2v3)\n\n21 and Under Division\n\nA: Semi Final (2v3)\n\nDay Three (Finals)\n\nMen's Division\n\nA: Final (1 v winner)\n\nWomen's Division\n\nA: Final (1 v winner)\n\nMixed Division\n\nA: Final (1 v winner)\n\n21 and Under Division\n\nA: Final (1 v winner)\n\nNotes\n\nInternational netball competitions hosted by South Africa\n2010 in netball\n2010 in South African women's sport\n2010 in Australian netball\n2010 in English netball" ]

[ "René Descartes ( or ; ; Latinized: Renatus Cartesius; 31 March 1596 – 11 February 1650) was a French philosopher, mathematician, scientist and lay Catholic who invented analytic geometry, linking the previously separate fields of geometry and algebra. He spent a large portion of his working life in the Dutch Republic, initially serving the Dutch States Army of Maurice of Nassau, Prince of Orange and the Stadtholder of the United Provinces.", "He spent a large portion of his working life in the Dutch Republic, initially serving the Dutch States Army of Maurice of Nassau, Prince of Orange and the Stadtholder of the United Provinces. One of the most notable intellectual figures of the Dutch Golden Age, Descartes is also widely regarded as one of the founders of modern philosophy and algebraic geometry.", "One of the most notable intellectual figures of the Dutch Golden Age, Descartes is also widely regarded as one of the founders of modern philosophy and algebraic geometry. Many elements of Descartes' philosophy have precedents in late Aristotelianism, the revived Stoicism of the 16th century, or in earlier philosophers like Augustine.", "Many elements of Descartes' philosophy have precedents in late Aristotelianism, the revived Stoicism of the 16th century, or in earlier philosophers like Augustine. In his natural philosophy, he differed from the schools on two major points: first, he rejected the splitting of corporeal substance into matter and form; second, he rejected any appeal to final ends, divine or natural, in explaining natural phenomena.", "In his natural philosophy, he differed from the schools on two major points: first, he rejected the splitting of corporeal substance into matter and form; second, he rejected any appeal to final ends, divine or natural, in explaining natural phenomena. In his theology, he insists on the absolute freedom of God's act of creation.", "In his theology, he insists on the absolute freedom of God's act of creation. Refusing to accept the authority of previous philosophers, Descartes frequently set his views apart from the philosophers who preceded him.", "Refusing to accept the authority of previous philosophers, Descartes frequently set his views apart from the philosophers who preceded him. In the opening section of the Passions of the Soul, an early modern treatise on emotions, Descartes goes so far as to assert that he will write on this topic \"as if no one had written on these matters before.\"", "In the opening section of the Passions of the Soul, an early modern treatise on emotions, Descartes goes so far as to assert that he will write on this topic \"as if no one had written on these matters before.\" His best known philosophical statement is \"\" (\"I think, therefore I am\"; ), found in Discourse on the Method (1637; in French and Latin) and Principles of Philosophy (1644, in Latin).", "His best known philosophical statement is \"\" (\"I think, therefore I am\"; ), found in Discourse on the Method (1637; in French and Latin) and Principles of Philosophy (1644, in Latin). Descartes has often been called the father of modern philosophy, and is largely seen as responsible for the increased attention given to epistemology in the 17th century.", "Descartes has often been called the father of modern philosophy, and is largely seen as responsible for the increased attention given to epistemology in the 17th century. He laid the foundation for 17th-century continental rationalism, later advocated by Spinoza and Leibniz, and was later opposed by the empiricist school of thought consisting of Hobbes, Locke, Berkeley, and Hume.", "He laid the foundation for 17th-century continental rationalism, later advocated by Spinoza and Leibniz, and was later opposed by the empiricist school of thought consisting of Hobbes, Locke, Berkeley, and Hume. In the 17th-century Dutch Republic, the rise of early modern rationalism – as a highly systematic school of philosophy in its own right for the first time in history – exerted an immense and profound influence on modern Western thought in general, with the birth of two influential rationalistic philosophical systems of Descartes (who spent most of his adult life and wrote all his major work in the United Provinces of the Netherlands) and Spinoza – namely Cartesianism and Spinozism.", "In the 17th-century Dutch Republic, the rise of early modern rationalism – as a highly systematic school of philosophy in its own right for the first time in history – exerted an immense and profound influence on modern Western thought in general, with the birth of two influential rationalistic philosophical systems of Descartes (who spent most of his adult life and wrote all his major work in the United Provinces of the Netherlands) and Spinoza – namely Cartesianism and Spinozism. It was the 17th-century arch-rationalists like Descartes, Spinoza and Leibniz who have given the \"Age of Reason\" its name and place in history.", "It was the 17th-century arch-rationalists like Descartes, Spinoza and Leibniz who have given the \"Age of Reason\" its name and place in history. Leibniz, Spinoza, and Descartes were all well-versed in mathematics as well as philosophy, and Descartes and Leibniz contributed greatly to science as well.", "Leibniz, Spinoza, and Descartes were all well-versed in mathematics as well as philosophy, and Descartes and Leibniz contributed greatly to science as well. Descartes' Meditations on First Philosophy (1641) continues to be a standard text at most university philosophy departments.", "Descartes' Meditations on First Philosophy (1641) continues to be a standard text at most university philosophy departments. Descartes' influence in mathematics is equally apparent; the Cartesian coordinate system was named after him. He is credited as the father of analytic geometry, the bridge between algebra and geometry—used in the discovery of infinitesimal calculus and analysis.", "He is credited as the father of analytic geometry, the bridge between algebra and geometry—used in the discovery of infinitesimal calculus and analysis. Descartes was also one of the key figures in the Scientific Revolution.", "Descartes was also one of the key figures in the Scientific Revolution. Life Early life René Descartes was born in La Haye en Touraine, Province of Touraine (now Descartes, Indre-et-Loire), France, on 31 March 1596.", "Life Early life René Descartes was born in La Haye en Touraine, Province of Touraine (now Descartes, Indre-et-Loire), France, on 31 March 1596. His mother, Jeanne Brochard, died soon after giving birth to him, and so he was not expected to survive.", "His mother, Jeanne Brochard, died soon after giving birth to him, and so he was not expected to survive. Descartes' father, Joachim, was a member of the Parlement of Brittany at Rennes. René lived with his grandmother and with his great-uncle.", "René lived with his grandmother and with his great-uncle. Although the Descartes family was Roman Catholic, the Poitou region was controlled by the Protestant Huguenots. In 1607, late because of his fragile health, he entered the Jesuit Collège Royal Henry-Le-Grand at La Flèche, where he was introduced to mathematics and physics, including Galileo's work.", "In 1607, late because of his fragile health, he entered the Jesuit Collège Royal Henry-Le-Grand at La Flèche, where he was introduced to mathematics and physics, including Galileo's work. After graduation in 1614, he studied for two years (1615–16) at the University of Poitiers, earning a Baccalauréat and Licence in canon and civil law in 1616, in accordance with his father's wishes that he should become a lawyer.", "After graduation in 1614, he studied for two years (1615–16) at the University of Poitiers, earning a Baccalauréat and Licence in canon and civil law in 1616, in accordance with his father's wishes that he should become a lawyer. From there, he moved to Paris.", "From there, he moved to Paris. In Discourse on the Method, Descartes recalls: I entirely abandoned the study of letters.", "In Discourse on the Method, Descartes recalls: I entirely abandoned the study of letters. Resolving to seek no knowledge other than that of which could be found in myself or else in the great book of the world, I spent the rest of my youth traveling, visiting courts and armies, mixing with people of diverse temperaments and ranks, gathering various experiences, testing myself in the situations which fortune offered me, and at all times reflecting upon whatever came my way to derive some profit from it.", "Resolving to seek no knowledge other than that of which could be found in myself or else in the great book of the world, I spent the rest of my youth traveling, visiting courts and armies, mixing with people of diverse temperaments and ranks, gathering various experiences, testing myself in the situations which fortune offered me, and at all times reflecting upon whatever came my way to derive some profit from it. In accordance with his ambition to become a professional military officer in 1618, Descartes joined, as a mercenary, the Protestant Dutch States Army in Breda under the command of Maurice of Nassau, and undertook a formal study of military engineering, as established by Simon Stevin.", "In accordance with his ambition to become a professional military officer in 1618, Descartes joined, as a mercenary, the Protestant Dutch States Army in Breda under the command of Maurice of Nassau, and undertook a formal study of military engineering, as established by Simon Stevin. Descartes, therefore, received much encouragement in Breda to advance his knowledge of mathematics.", "Descartes, therefore, received much encouragement in Breda to advance his knowledge of mathematics. In this way, he became acquainted with Isaac Beeckman, the principal of a Dordrecht school, for whom he wrote the Compendium of Music (written 1618, published 1650).", "In this way, he became acquainted with Isaac Beeckman, the principal of a Dordrecht school, for whom he wrote the Compendium of Music (written 1618, published 1650). Together, they worked on free fall, catenary, conic section, and fluid statics.", "Together, they worked on free fall, catenary, conic section, and fluid statics. Both believed that it was necessary to create a method that thoroughly linked mathematics and physics.", "Both believed that it was necessary to create a method that thoroughly linked mathematics and physics. While in the service of the Catholic Duke Maximilian of Bavaria since 1619, Descartes was present at the Battle of the White Mountain near Prague, in November 1620.", "While in the service of the Catholic Duke Maximilian of Bavaria since 1619, Descartes was present at the Battle of the White Mountain near Prague, in November 1620. According to Adrien Baillet, on the night of 10–11 November 1619 (St. Martin's Day), while stationed in Neuburg an der Donau, Descartes shut himself in a room with an \"oven\" (probably a cocklestove) to escape the cold.", "According to Adrien Baillet, on the night of 10–11 November 1619 (St. Martin's Day), while stationed in Neuburg an der Donau, Descartes shut himself in a room with an \"oven\" (probably a cocklestove) to escape the cold. While within, he had three dreams, and believed that a divine spirit revealed to him a new philosophy.", "While within, he had three dreams, and believed that a divine spirit revealed to him a new philosophy. However, it is speculated that what Descartes considered to be his second dream was actually an episode of exploding head syndrome. Upon exiting, he had formulated analytic geometry and the idea of applying the mathematical method to philosophy.", "Upon exiting, he had formulated analytic geometry and the idea of applying the mathematical method to philosophy. He concluded from these visions that the pursuit of science would prove to be, for him, the pursuit of true wisdom and a central part of his life's work.", "He concluded from these visions that the pursuit of science would prove to be, for him, the pursuit of true wisdom and a central part of his life's work. Descartes also saw very clearly that all truths were linked with one another, so that finding a fundamental truth and proceeding with logic would open the way to all science.", "Descartes also saw very clearly that all truths were linked with one another, so that finding a fundamental truth and proceeding with logic would open the way to all science. Descartes discovered this basic truth quite soon: his famous \"I think, therefore I am.\" Career France In 1620, Descartes left the army.", "Career France In 1620, Descartes left the army. He visited Basilica della Santa Casa in Loreto, then visited various countries before returning to France, and during the next few years, he spent time in Paris.", "He visited Basilica della Santa Casa in Loreto, then visited various countries before returning to France, and during the next few years, he spent time in Paris. It was there that he composed his first essay on method: Regulae ad Directionem Ingenii (Rules for the Direction of the Mind).", "It was there that he composed his first essay on method: Regulae ad Directionem Ingenii (Rules for the Direction of the Mind). He arrived in La Haye in 1623, selling all of his property to invest in bonds, which provided a comfortable income for the rest of his life.", "He arrived in La Haye in 1623, selling all of his property to invest in bonds, which provided a comfortable income for the rest of his life. Descartes was present at the siege of La Rochelle by Cardinal Richelieu in 1627.", "Descartes was present at the siege of La Rochelle by Cardinal Richelieu in 1627. In the autumn of that year, in the residence of the papal nuncio Guidi di Bagno, where he came with Mersenne and many other scholars to listen to a lecture given by the alchemist, Nicolas de Villiers, Sieur de Chandoux, on the principles of a supposed new philosophy, Cardinal Bérulle urged him to write an exposition of his new philosophy in some location beyond the reach of the Inquisition.", "In the autumn of that year, in the residence of the papal nuncio Guidi di Bagno, where he came with Mersenne and many other scholars to listen to a lecture given by the alchemist, Nicolas de Villiers, Sieur de Chandoux, on the principles of a supposed new philosophy, Cardinal Bérulle urged him to write an exposition of his new philosophy in some location beyond the reach of the Inquisition. Netherlands Descartes returned to the Dutch Republic in 1628.", "Netherlands Descartes returned to the Dutch Republic in 1628. In April 1629, he joined the University of Franeker, studying under Adriaan Metius, either living with a Catholic family or renting the Sjaerdemaslot.", "In April 1629, he joined the University of Franeker, studying under Adriaan Metius, either living with a Catholic family or renting the Sjaerdemaslot. The next year, under the name \"Poitevin\", he enrolled at Leiden University to study both mathematics with Jacobus Golius, who confronted him with Pappus's hexagon theorem, and astronomy with Martin Hortensius.", "The next year, under the name \"Poitevin\", he enrolled at Leiden University to study both mathematics with Jacobus Golius, who confronted him with Pappus's hexagon theorem, and astronomy with Martin Hortensius. In October 1630, he had a falling-out with Beeckman, whom he accused of plagiarizing some of his ideas.", "In October 1630, he had a falling-out with Beeckman, whom he accused of plagiarizing some of his ideas. In Amsterdam, he had a relationship with a servant girl, Helena Jans van der Strom, with whom he had a daughter, Francine, who was born in 1635 in Deventer.", "In Amsterdam, he had a relationship with a servant girl, Helena Jans van der Strom, with whom he had a daughter, Francine, who was born in 1635 in Deventer. She died of scarlet fever at the age of 5.", "She died of scarlet fever at the age of 5. Unlike many moralists of the time, Descartes did not deprecate the passions but rather defended them; he wept upon Francine's death in 1640.", "Unlike many moralists of the time, Descartes did not deprecate the passions but rather defended them; he wept upon Francine's death in 1640. According to a recent biography by Jason Porterfield, \"Descartes said that he did not believe that one must refrain from tears to prove oneself a man.\"", "According to a recent biography by Jason Porterfield, \"Descartes said that he did not believe that one must refrain from tears to prove oneself a man.\" Russell Shorto speculates that the experience of fatherhood and losing a child formed a turning point in Descartes's work, changing its focus from medicine to a quest for universal answers.", "Russell Shorto speculates that the experience of fatherhood and losing a child formed a turning point in Descartes's work, changing its focus from medicine to a quest for universal answers. Despite frequent moves, he wrote all of his major work during his 20-plus years in the Netherlands, initiating a revolution in mathematics and philosophy.", "Despite frequent moves, he wrote all of his major work during his 20-plus years in the Netherlands, initiating a revolution in mathematics and philosophy. In 1633, Galileo was condemned by the Italian Inquisition, and Descartes abandoned plans to publish Treatise on the World, his work of the previous four years.", "In 1633, Galileo was condemned by the Italian Inquisition, and Descartes abandoned plans to publish Treatise on the World, his work of the previous four years. Nevertheless, in 1637, he published parts of this work in three essays: \"Les Météores\" (The Meteors), \"La Dioptrique\" (Dioptrics) and La Géométrie (Geometry), preceded by an introduction, his famous Discours de la méthode (Discourse on the Method).", "Nevertheless, in 1637, he published parts of this work in three essays: \"Les Météores\" (The Meteors), \"La Dioptrique\" (Dioptrics) and La Géométrie (Geometry), preceded by an introduction, his famous Discours de la méthode (Discourse on the Method). In it, Descartes lays out four rules of thought, meant to ensure that our knowledge rests upon a firm foundation: In La Géométrie, Descartes exploited the discoveries he made with Pierre de Fermat, having been able to do so because his paper, Introduction to Loci, was published posthumously in 1679.", "In it, Descartes lays out four rules of thought, meant to ensure that our knowledge rests upon a firm foundation: In La Géométrie, Descartes exploited the discoveries he made with Pierre de Fermat, having been able to do so because his paper, Introduction to Loci, was published posthumously in 1679. This later became known as Cartesian Geometry.", "This later became known as Cartesian Geometry. Descartes continued to publish works concerning both mathematics and philosophy for the rest of his life. In 1641, he published a metaphysics treatise, Meditationes de Prima Philosophia (Meditations on First Philosophy), written in Latin and thus addressed to the learned.", "In 1641, he published a metaphysics treatise, Meditationes de Prima Philosophia (Meditations on First Philosophy), written in Latin and thus addressed to the learned. It was followed in 1644 by Principia Philosophiae (Principles of Philosophy), a kind of synthesis of the Discourse on the Method and Meditations on First Philosophy.", "It was followed in 1644 by Principia Philosophiae (Principles of Philosophy), a kind of synthesis of the Discourse on the Method and Meditations on First Philosophy. In 1643, Cartesian philosophy was condemned at the University of Utrecht, and Descartes was obliged to flee to the Hague, settling in Egmond-Binnen.", "In 1643, Cartesian philosophy was condemned at the University of Utrecht, and Descartes was obliged to flee to the Hague, settling in Egmond-Binnen. Christia Mercer suggested that Descartes may have been influenced by Spanish author and Roman Catholic nun Teresa of Ávila, who, fifty years earlier, published The Interior Castle, concerning the role of philosophical reflection in intellectual growth.", "Christia Mercer suggested that Descartes may have been influenced by Spanish author and Roman Catholic nun Teresa of Ávila, who, fifty years earlier, published The Interior Castle, concerning the role of philosophical reflection in intellectual growth. Descartes began (through Alfonso Polloti, an Italian general in Dutch service) a six-year correspondence with Princess Elisabeth of Bohemia, devoted mainly to moral and psychological subjects.", "Descartes began (through Alfonso Polloti, an Italian general in Dutch service) a six-year correspondence with Princess Elisabeth of Bohemia, devoted mainly to moral and psychological subjects. Connected with this correspondence, in 1649 he published Les Passions de l'âme (The Passions of the Soul), which he dedicated to the Princess.", "Connected with this correspondence, in 1649 he published Les Passions de l'âme (The Passions of the Soul), which he dedicated to the Princess. A French translation of Principia Philosophiae, prepared by Abbot Claude Picot, was published in 1647. This edition was also dedicated to Princess Elisabeth.", "This edition was also dedicated to Princess Elisabeth. In the preface to the French edition, Descartes praised true philosophy as a means to attain wisdom. He identifies four ordinary sources to reach wisdom and finally says that there is a fifth, better and more secure, consisting in the search for first causes.", "He identifies four ordinary sources to reach wisdom and finally says that there is a fifth, better and more secure, consisting in the search for first causes. Sweden By 1649, Descartes had become one of Europe's most famous philosophers and scientists.", "Sweden By 1649, Descartes had become one of Europe's most famous philosophers and scientists. That year, Queen Christina of Sweden invited him to her court to organize a new scientific academy and tutor her in his ideas about love. Descartes accepted, and moved to Sweden in the middle of winter.", "Descartes accepted, and moved to Sweden in the middle of winter. She was interested in and stimulated Descartes to publish The Passions of the Soul. He was a guest at the house of Pierre Chanut, living on Västerlånggatan, less than 500 meters from Tre Kronor in Stockholm.", "He was a guest at the house of Pierre Chanut, living on Västerlånggatan, less than 500 meters from Tre Kronor in Stockholm. There, Chanut and Descartes made observations with a Torricellian mercury barometer.", "There, Chanut and Descartes made observations with a Torricellian mercury barometer. Challenging Blaise Pascal, Descartes took the first set of barometric readings in Stockholm to see if atmospheric pressure could be used in forecasting the weather.", "Challenging Blaise Pascal, Descartes took the first set of barometric readings in Stockholm to see if atmospheric pressure could be used in forecasting the weather. Death Descartes arranged to give lessons to Queen Christina after her birthday, three times a week at 5 am, in her cold and draughty castle.", "Death Descartes arranged to give lessons to Queen Christina after her birthday, three times a week at 5 am, in her cold and draughty castle. It soon became clear they did not like each other; she did not care for his mechanical philosophy, nor did he share her interest in Ancient Greek.", "It soon became clear they did not like each other; she did not care for his mechanical philosophy, nor did he share her interest in Ancient Greek. By 15 January 1650, Descartes had seen Christina only four or five times. On 1 February, he contracted pneumonia and died on 11 February.", "On 1 February, he contracted pneumonia and died on 11 February. The cause of death was pneumonia according to Chanut, but peripneumonia according to Christina's physician Johann van Wullen who was not allowed to bleed him.", "The cause of death was pneumonia according to Chanut, but peripneumonia according to Christina's physician Johann van Wullen who was not allowed to bleed him. (The winter seems to have been mild, except for the second half of January which was harsh as described by Descartes himself; however, \"this remark was probably intended to be as much Descartes' take on the intellectual climate as it was about the weather.\")", "(The winter seems to have been mild, except for the second half of January which was harsh as described by Descartes himself; however, \"this remark was probably intended to be as much Descartes' take on the intellectual climate as it was about the weather.\") E. Pies has questioned this account, based on a letter by the Doctor van Wullen; however, Descartes had refused his treatment, and more arguments against its veracity have been raised since.", "E. Pies has questioned this account, based on a letter by the Doctor van Wullen; however, Descartes had refused his treatment, and more arguments against its veracity have been raised since. In a 2009 book, German philosopher Theodor Ebert argues that Descartes was poisoned by a Catholic missionary who opposed his religious views.", "In a 2009 book, German philosopher Theodor Ebert argues that Descartes was poisoned by a Catholic missionary who opposed his religious views. As a Catholic in a Protestant nation, he was interred in a graveyard used mainly for orphans in Adolf Fredriks kyrka in Stockholm.", "As a Catholic in a Protestant nation, he was interred in a graveyard used mainly for orphans in Adolf Fredriks kyrka in Stockholm. His manuscripts came into the possession of Claude Clerselier, Chanut's brother-in-law, and \"a devout Catholic who has begun the process of turning Descartes into a saint by cutting, adding and publishing his letters selectively.\"", "His manuscripts came into the possession of Claude Clerselier, Chanut's brother-in-law, and \"a devout Catholic who has begun the process of turning Descartes into a saint by cutting, adding and publishing his letters selectively.\" In 1663, the Pope placed Descartes' works on the Index of Prohibited Books.", "In 1663, the Pope placed Descartes' works on the Index of Prohibited Books. In 1666, sixteen years after his death, his remains were taken to France and buried in Saint-Étienne-du-Mont. In 1671, Louis XIV prohibited all lectures in Cartesianism.", "In 1671, Louis XIV prohibited all lectures in Cartesianism. Although the National Convention in 1792 had planned to transfer his remains to the Panthéon, he was reburied in the Abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Prés in 1819, missing a finger and the skull. His skull is on display in the Musée de l'Homme in Paris.", "His skull is on display in the Musée de l'Homme in Paris. Philosophical work In his Discourse on the Method, he attempts to arrive at a fundamental set of principles that one can know as true without any doubt.", "Philosophical work In his Discourse on the Method, he attempts to arrive at a fundamental set of principles that one can know as true without any doubt. To achieve this, he employs a method called hyperbolical/metaphysical doubt, also sometimes referred to as methodological skepticism or Cartesian doubt: he rejects any ideas that can be doubted and then re-establishes them in order to acquire a firm foundation for genuine knowledge.", "To achieve this, he employs a method called hyperbolical/metaphysical doubt, also sometimes referred to as methodological skepticism or Cartesian doubt: he rejects any ideas that can be doubted and then re-establishes them in order to acquire a firm foundation for genuine knowledge. Descartes built his ideas from scratch which he does in The Meditations on First Philosophy.", "Descartes built his ideas from scratch which he does in The Meditations on First Philosophy. He relates this to architecture: the top soil is taken away to create a new building or structure. Descartes calls his doubt the soil and new knowledge the buildings. To Descartes, Aristotle's foundationalism is incomplete and his method of doubt enhances foundationalism.", "To Descartes, Aristotle's foundationalism is incomplete and his method of doubt enhances foundationalism. Initially, Descartes arrives at only a single first principle that he thinks. This is expressed in the Latin phrase in the Discourse on Method \"Cogito, ergo sum\" (English: \"I think, therefore I am\").", "This is expressed in the Latin phrase in the Discourse on Method \"Cogito, ergo sum\" (English: \"I think, therefore I am\"). Descartes concluded, if he doubted, then something or someone must be doing the doubting; therefore, the very fact that he doubted proved his existence.", "Descartes concluded, if he doubted, then something or someone must be doing the doubting; therefore, the very fact that he doubted proved his existence. \"The simple meaning of the phrase is that if one is skeptical of existence, that is in and of itself proof that he does exist.\"", "\"The simple meaning of the phrase is that if one is skeptical of existence, that is in and of itself proof that he does exist.\" These two first principles—I think and I exist—were later confirmed by Descartes' clear and distinct perception (delineated in his Third Meditation from The Meditations): as he clearly and distinctly perceives these two principles, Descartes reasoned, ensures their indubitability.", "These two first principles—I think and I exist—were later confirmed by Descartes' clear and distinct perception (delineated in his Third Meditation from The Meditations): as he clearly and distinctly perceives these two principles, Descartes reasoned, ensures their indubitability. Descartes concludes that he can be certain that he exists because he thinks. But in what form?", "But in what form? But in what form? He perceives his body through the use of the senses; however, these have previously been unreliable. So Descartes determines that the only indubitable knowledge is that he is a thinking thing. Thinking is what he does, and his power must come from his essence.", "Thinking is what he does, and his power must come from his essence. Descartes defines \"thought\" (cogitatio) as \"what happens in me such that I am immediately conscious of it, insofar as I am conscious of it\". Thinking is thus every activity of a person of which the person is immediately conscious.", "Thinking is thus every activity of a person of which the person is immediately conscious. He gave reasons for thinking that waking thoughts are distinguishable from dreams, and that one's mind cannot have been \"hijacked\" by an evil demon placing an illusory external world before one's senses.", "He gave reasons for thinking that waking thoughts are distinguishable from dreams, and that one's mind cannot have been \"hijacked\" by an evil demon placing an illusory external world before one's senses. In this manner, Descartes proceeds to construct a system of knowledge, discarding perception as unreliable and, instead, admitting only deduction as a method.", "In this manner, Descartes proceeds to construct a system of knowledge, discarding perception as unreliable and, instead, admitting only deduction as a method. Mind–Body Dualism Descartes, influenced by the automatons on display throughout the city of Paris, began to investigate the connection between the mind and body, and how the two interact.", "Mind–Body Dualism Descartes, influenced by the automatons on display throughout the city of Paris, began to investigate the connection between the mind and body, and how the two interact. His main influences for dualism were theology and physics. The theory on the dualism of mind and body is Descartes' signature doctrine and permeates other theories he advanced.", "The theory on the dualism of mind and body is Descartes' signature doctrine and permeates other theories he advanced. Known as Cartesian dualism (or mind–body dualism), his theory on the separation between the mind and the body went on to influence subsequent Western philosophies.", "Known as Cartesian dualism (or mind–body dualism), his theory on the separation between the mind and the body went on to influence subsequent Western philosophies. In Meditations on First Philosophy, Descartes attempted to demonstrate the existence of God and the distinction between the human soul and the body.", "In Meditations on First Philosophy, Descartes attempted to demonstrate the existence of God and the distinction between the human soul and the body. Humans are a union of mind and body; thus Descartes's dualism embraced the idea that mind and body are distinct but closely joined.", "Humans are a union of mind and body; thus Descartes's dualism embraced the idea that mind and body are distinct but closely joined. While many contemporary readers of Descartes found the distinction between mind and body difficult to grasp, he thought it was entirely straightforward.", "While many contemporary readers of Descartes found the distinction between mind and body difficult to grasp, he thought it was entirely straightforward. Descartes employed the concept of modes, which are the ways in which substances exist.", "Descartes employed the concept of modes, which are the ways in which substances exist. In Principles of Philosophy, Descartes explained, \"we can clearly perceive a substance apart from the mode which we say differs from it, whereas we cannot, conversely, understand the mode apart from the substance\".", "In Principles of Philosophy, Descartes explained, \"we can clearly perceive a substance apart from the mode which we say differs from it, whereas we cannot, conversely, understand the mode apart from the substance\". To perceive a mode apart from its substance requires an intellectual abstraction, which Descartes explained as follows: The intellectual abstraction consists in my turning my thought away from one part of the contents of this richer idea the better to apply it to the other part with greater attention.", "To perceive a mode apart from its substance requires an intellectual abstraction, which Descartes explained as follows: The intellectual abstraction consists in my turning my thought away from one part of the contents of this richer idea the better to apply it to the other part with greater attention. Thus, when I consider a shape without thinking of the substance or the extension whose shape it is, I make a mental abstraction.", "Thus, when I consider a shape without thinking of the substance or the extension whose shape it is, I make a mental abstraction. According to Descartes, two substances are really distinct when each of them can exist apart from the other.", "According to Descartes, two substances are really distinct when each of them can exist apart from the other. Thus, Descartes reasoned that God is distinct from humans, and the body and mind of a human are also distinct from one another.", "Thus, Descartes reasoned that God is distinct from humans, and the body and mind of a human are also distinct from one another. He argued that the great differences between body (an extended thing) and mind (an un-extended, immaterial thing) make the two ontologically distinct.", "He argued that the great differences between body (an extended thing) and mind (an un-extended, immaterial thing) make the two ontologically distinct. According to Descartes' indivisibility argument, the mind is utterly indivisible: because \"when I consider the mind, or myself in so far as I am merely a thinking thing, I am unable to distinguish any part within myself; I understand myself to be something quite single and complete.\"", "According to Descartes' indivisibility argument, the mind is utterly indivisible: because \"when I consider the mind, or myself in so far as I am merely a thinking thing, I am unable to distinguish any part within myself; I understand myself to be something quite single and complete.\" Moreover, in The Meditations, Descartes discusses a piece of wax and exposes the single most characteristic doctrine of Cartesian dualism: that the universe contained two radically different kinds of substances—the mind or soul defined as thinking, and the body defined as matter and unthinking.", "Moreover, in The Meditations, Descartes discusses a piece of wax and exposes the single most characteristic doctrine of Cartesian dualism: that the universe contained two radically different kinds of substances—the mind or soul defined as thinking, and the body defined as matter and unthinking. The Aristotelian philosophy of Descartes' days held that the universe was inherently purposeful or teleological.", "The Aristotelian philosophy of Descartes' days held that the universe was inherently purposeful or teleological. Everything that happened, be it the motion of the stars or the growth of a tree, was supposedly explainable by a certain purpose, goal or end that worked its way out within nature.", "Everything that happened, be it the motion of the stars or the growth of a tree, was supposedly explainable by a certain purpose, goal or end that worked its way out within nature. Aristotle called this the \"final cause,\" and these final causes were indispensable for explaining the ways nature operated.", "Aristotle called this the \"final cause,\" and these final causes were indispensable for explaining the ways nature operated. Descartes' theory of dualism supports the distinction between traditional Aristotelian science and the new science of Kepler and Galileo, which denied the role of a divine power and \"final causes\" in its attempts to explain nature.", "Descartes' theory of dualism supports the distinction between traditional Aristotelian science and the new science of Kepler and Galileo, which denied the role of a divine power and \"final causes\" in its attempts to explain nature. Descartes' dualism provided the philosophical rationale for the latter by expelling the final cause from the physical universe (or res extensa) in favor of the mind (or res cogitans).", "Descartes' dualism provided the philosophical rationale for the latter by expelling the final cause from the physical universe (or res extensa) in favor of the mind (or res cogitans). Therefore, while Cartesian dualism paved the way for modern physics, it also held the door open for religious beliefs about the immortality of the soul.", "Therefore, while Cartesian dualism paved the way for modern physics, it also held the door open for religious beliefs about the immortality of the soul. Descartes' dualism of mind and matter implied a concept of human beings. A human was, according to Descartes, a composite entity of mind and body.", "A human was, according to Descartes, a composite entity of mind and body. Descartes gave priority to the mind and argued that the mind could exist without the body, but the body could not exist without the mind.", "Descartes gave priority to the mind and argued that the mind could exist without the body, but the body could not exist without the mind. In The Meditations, Descartes even argues that while the mind is a substance, the body is composed only of \"accidents\".", "In The Meditations, Descartes even argues that while the mind is a substance, the body is composed only of \"accidents\". But he did argue that mind and body are closely joined: Nature also teaches me, by the sensations of pain, hunger, thirst and so on, that I am not merely present in my body as a pilot in his ship, but that I am very closely joined and, as it were, intermingled with it, so that I and the body form a unit.", "But he did argue that mind and body are closely joined: Nature also teaches me, by the sensations of pain, hunger, thirst and so on, that I am not merely present in my body as a pilot in his ship, but that I am very closely joined and, as it were, intermingled with it, so that I and the body form a unit. If this were not so, I, who am nothing but a thinking thing, would not feel pain when the body was hurt, but would perceive the damage purely by the intellect, just as a sailor perceives by sight if anything in his ship is broken.", "If this were not so, I, who am nothing but a thinking thing, would not feel pain when the body was hurt, but would perceive the damage purely by the intellect, just as a sailor perceives by sight if anything in his ship is broken. Descartes' discussion on embodiment raised one of the most perplexing problems of his dualism philosophy: What exactly is the relationship of union between the mind and the body of a person?", "Descartes' discussion on embodiment raised one of the most perplexing problems of his dualism philosophy: What exactly is the relationship of union between the mind and the body of a person? Therefore, Cartesian dualism set the agenda for philosophical discussion of the mind–body problem for many years after Descartes' death.", "Therefore, Cartesian dualism set the agenda for philosophical discussion of the mind–body problem for many years after Descartes' death. Descartes was also a rationalist and believed in the power of innate ideas. Descartes argued the theory of innate knowledge and that all humans were born with knowledge through the higher power of God.", "Descartes argued the theory of innate knowledge and that all humans were born with knowledge through the higher power of God. It was this theory of innate knowledge that was later combated by philosopher John Locke (1632–1704), an empiricist. Empiricism holds that all knowledge is acquired through experience.", "Empiricism holds that all knowledge is acquired through experience. Physiology and psychology In The Passions of the Soul, published in 1649, Descartes discussed the common contemporary belief that the human body contained animal spirits. These animal spirits were believed to be light and roaming fluids circulating rapidly around the nervous system between the brain and the muscles.", "These animal spirits were believed to be light and roaming fluids circulating rapidly around the nervous system between the brain and the muscles. These animal spirits were believed to affect the human soul, or passions of the soul. Descartes distinguished six basic passions: wonder, love, hatred, desire, joy and sadness.", "Descartes distinguished six basic passions: wonder, love, hatred, desire, joy and sadness. All of these passions, he argued, represented different combinations of the original spirit, and influenced the soul to will or want certain actions.", "All of these passions, he argued, represented different combinations of the original spirit, and influenced the soul to will or want certain actions. He argued, for example, that fear is a passion that moves the soul to generate a response in the body.", "He argued, for example, that fear is a passion that moves the soul to generate a response in the body. In line with his dualist teachings on the separation between the soul and the body, he hypothesized that some part of the brain served as a connector between the soul and the body and singled out the pineal gland as connector.", "In line with his dualist teachings on the separation between the soul and the body, he hypothesized that some part of the brain served as a connector between the soul and the body and singled out the pineal gland as connector. Descartes argued that signals passed from the ear and the eye to the pineal gland, through animal spirits.", "Descartes argued that signals passed from the ear and the eye to the pineal gland, through animal spirits. Thus different motions in the gland cause various animal spirits. He argued that these motions in the pineal gland are based on God's will and that humans are supposed to want and like things that are useful to them.", "He argued that these motions in the pineal gland are based on God's will and that humans are supposed to want and like things that are useful to them. But he also argued that the animal spirits that moved around the body could distort the commands from the pineal gland, thus humans had to learn how to control their passions.", "But he also argued that the animal spirits that moved around the body could distort the commands from the pineal gland, thus humans had to learn how to control their passions. Descartes advanced a theory on automatic bodily reactions to external events, which influenced 19th-century reflex theory.", "Descartes advanced a theory on automatic bodily reactions to external events, which influenced 19th-century reflex theory. He argued that external motions, such as touch and sound, reach the endings of the nerves and affect the animal spirits.", "He argued that external motions, such as touch and sound, reach the endings of the nerves and affect the animal spirits. For example, heat from fire affects a spot on the skin and sets in motion a chain of reactions, with the animal spirits reaching the brain through the central nervous system, and in turn, animal spirits are sent back to the muscles to move the hand away from the fire.", "For example, heat from fire affects a spot on the skin and sets in motion a chain of reactions, with the animal spirits reaching the brain through the central nervous system, and in turn, animal spirits are sent back to the muscles to move the hand away from the fire. Through this chain of reactions, the automatic reactions of the body do not require a thought process.", "Through this chain of reactions, the automatic reactions of the body do not require a thought process. Above all, he was among the first scientists who believed that the soul should be subject to scientific investigation. He challenged the views of his contemporaries that the soul was divine, thus religious authorities regarded his books as dangerous .", "He challenged the views of his contemporaries that the soul was divine, thus religious authorities regarded his books as dangerous . Descartes' writings went on to form the basis for theories on emotions and how cognitive evaluations were translated into affective processes.", "Descartes' writings went on to form the basis for theories on emotions and how cognitive evaluations were translated into affective processes. Descartes believed that the brain resembled a working machine and unlike many of his contemporaries, he believed that mathematics and mechanics could explain the most complicated processes of the mind.", "Descartes believed that the brain resembled a working machine and unlike many of his contemporaries, he believed that mathematics and mechanics could explain the most complicated processes of the mind. In the 20th century, Alan Turing advanced computer science based on mathematical biology as inspired by Descartes.", "In the 20th century, Alan Turing advanced computer science based on mathematical biology as inspired by Descartes. His theories on reflexes also served as the foundation for advanced physiological theories, more than 200 years after his death. The physiologist Ivan Pavlov was a great admirer of Descartes.", "The physiologist Ivan Pavlov was a great admirer of Descartes. Moral philosophy For Descartes, ethics was a science, the highest and most perfect of them. Like the rest of the sciences, ethics had its roots in metaphysics.", "Like the rest of the sciences, ethics had its roots in metaphysics. In this way, he argues for the existence of God, investigates the place of man in nature, formulates the theory of mind–body dualism, and defends free will.", "In this way, he argues for the existence of God, investigates the place of man in nature, formulates the theory of mind–body dualism, and defends free will. However, as he was a convinced rationalist, Descartes clearly states that reason is sufficient in the search for the goods that we should seek, and virtue consists in the correct reasoning that should guide our actions.", "However, as he was a convinced rationalist, Descartes clearly states that reason is sufficient in the search for the goods that we should seek, and virtue consists in the correct reasoning that should guide our actions. Nevertheless, the quality of this reasoning depends on knowledge, because a well-informed mind will be more capable of making good choices, and it also depends on mental condition.", "Nevertheless, the quality of this reasoning depends on knowledge, because a well-informed mind will be more capable of making good choices, and it also depends on mental condition. For this reason, he said that a complete moral philosophy should include the study of the body.", "For this reason, he said that a complete moral philosophy should include the study of the body. He discussed this subject in the correspondence with Princess Elisabeth of Bohemia, and as a result wrote his work The Passions of the Soul, that contains a study of the psychosomatic processes and reactions in man, with an emphasis on emotions or passions.", "He discussed this subject in the correspondence with Princess Elisabeth of Bohemia, and as a result wrote his work The Passions of the Soul, that contains a study of the psychosomatic processes and reactions in man, with an emphasis on emotions or passions. His works about human passion and emotion would be the basis for the philosophy of his followers (see Cartesianism), and would have a lasting impact on ideas concerning what literature and art should be, specifically how it should invoke emotion.", "His works about human passion and emotion would be the basis for the philosophy of his followers (see Cartesianism), and would have a lasting impact on ideas concerning what literature and art should be, specifically how it should invoke emotion. Humans should seek the sovereign good that Descartes, following Zeno, identifies with virtue, as this produces blessedness.", "Humans should seek the sovereign good that Descartes, following Zeno, identifies with virtue, as this produces blessedness. For Epicurus, the sovereign good was pleasure, and Descartes says that, in fact, this is not in contradiction with Zeno's teaching, because virtue produces a spiritual pleasure, that is better than bodily pleasure.", "For Epicurus, the sovereign good was pleasure, and Descartes says that, in fact, this is not in contradiction with Zeno's teaching, because virtue produces a spiritual pleasure, that is better than bodily pleasure. Regarding Aristotle's opinion that happiness (eudaimonia) depends on both moral virtue and also on the goods of fortune such as a moderate degree of wealth, Descartes does not deny that fortunes contribute to happiness but remarks that they are in great proportion outside one's own control, whereas one's mind is under one's complete control.", "Regarding Aristotle's opinion that happiness (eudaimonia) depends on both moral virtue and also on the goods of fortune such as a moderate degree of wealth, Descartes does not deny that fortunes contribute to happiness but remarks that they are in great proportion outside one's own control, whereas one's mind is under one's complete control. The moral writings of Descartes came at the last part of his life, but earlier, in his Discourse on the Method, he adopted three maxims to be able to act while he put all his ideas into doubt.", "The moral writings of Descartes came at the last part of his life, but earlier, in his Discourse on the Method, he adopted three maxims to be able to act while he put all his ideas into doubt. This is known as his \"Provisional Morals\".", "This is known as his \"Provisional Morals\". Religion In the third and fifth Meditation, Descartes offers proofs of a benevolent God (the trademark argument and the ontological argument respectively).", "Religion In the third and fifth Meditation, Descartes offers proofs of a benevolent God (the trademark argument and the ontological argument respectively). Because God is benevolent, Descartes has faith in the account of reality his senses provide him, for God has provided him with a working mind and sensory system and does not desire to deceive him.", "Because God is benevolent, Descartes has faith in the account of reality his senses provide him, for God has provided him with a working mind and sensory system and does not desire to deceive him. From this supposition, however, Descartes finally establishes the possibility of acquiring knowledge about the world based on deduction and perception.", "From this supposition, however, Descartes finally establishes the possibility of acquiring knowledge about the world based on deduction and perception. Regarding epistemology, therefore, Descartes can be said to have contributed such ideas as a rigorous conception of foundationalism and the possibility that reason is the only reliable method of attaining knowledge.", "Regarding epistemology, therefore, Descartes can be said to have contributed such ideas as a rigorous conception of foundationalism and the possibility that reason is the only reliable method of attaining knowledge. Descartes, however, was very much aware that experimentation was necessary to verify and validate theories.", "Descartes, however, was very much aware that experimentation was necessary to verify and validate theories. Descartes invokes his causal adequacy principle to support his trademark argument for the existence of God, quoting Lucretius in defence: \"Ex nihilo nihil fit\", meaning \"Nothing comes from nothing\" (Lucretius).", "Descartes invokes his causal adequacy principle to support his trademark argument for the existence of God, quoting Lucretius in defence: \"Ex nihilo nihil fit\", meaning \"Nothing comes from nothing\" (Lucretius). Oxford Reference summarises the argument, as follows, \"that our idea of perfection is related to its perfect origin (God), just as a stamp or trademark is left in an article of workmanship by its maker.\"", "Oxford Reference summarises the argument, as follows, \"that our idea of perfection is related to its perfect origin (God), just as a stamp or trademark is left in an article of workmanship by its maker.\" In the fifth Meditation, Descartes presents a version of the ontological argument which is founded on the possibility of thinking the \"idea of a being that is supremely perfect and infinite,\" and suggests that \"of all the ideas that are in me, the idea that I have of God is the most true, the most clear and distinct.\"", "In the fifth Meditation, Descartes presents a version of the ontological argument which is founded on the possibility of thinking the \"idea of a being that is supremely perfect and infinite,\" and suggests that \"of all the ideas that are in me, the idea that I have of God is the most true, the most clear and distinct.\" Descartes considered himself to be a devout Catholic, and one of the purposes of the Meditations was to defend the Catholic faith.", "Descartes considered himself to be a devout Catholic, and one of the purposes of the Meditations was to defend the Catholic faith. His attempt to ground theological beliefs on reason encountered intense opposition in his time.", "His attempt to ground theological beliefs on reason encountered intense opposition in his time. Pascal regarded Descartes' views as a rationalist and mechanist, and accused him of deism: \"I cannot forgive Descartes; in all his philosophy, Descartes did his best to dispense with God.", "Pascal regarded Descartes' views as a rationalist and mechanist, and accused him of deism: \"I cannot forgive Descartes; in all his philosophy, Descartes did his best to dispense with God. But Descartes could not avoid prodding God to set the world in motion with a snap of his lordly fingers; after that, he had no more use for God,\" while a powerful contemporary, Martin Schoock, accused him of atheist beliefs, though Descartes had provided an explicit critique of atheism in his Meditations.", "But Descartes could not avoid prodding God to set the world in motion with a snap of his lordly fingers; after that, he had no more use for God,\" while a powerful contemporary, Martin Schoock, accused him of atheist beliefs, though Descartes had provided an explicit critique of atheism in his Meditations. The Catholic Church prohibited his books in 1663.", "The Catholic Church prohibited his books in 1663. Descartes also wrote a response to external world skepticism. Through this method of scepticism, he does not doubt for the sake of doubting but to achieve concrete and reliable information. In other words, certainty.", "In other words, certainty. In other words, certainty. He argues that sensory perceptions come to him involuntarily, and are not willed by him. They are external to his senses, and according to Descartes, this is evidence of the existence of something outside of his mind, and thus, an external world.", "They are external to his senses, and according to Descartes, this is evidence of the existence of something outside of his mind, and thus, an external world. Descartes goes on to show that the things in the external world are material by arguing that God would not deceive him as to the ideas that are being transmitted, and that God has given him the \"propensity\" to believe that such ideas are caused by material things.", "Descartes goes on to show that the things in the external world are material by arguing that God would not deceive him as to the ideas that are being transmitted, and that God has given him the \"propensity\" to believe that such ideas are caused by material things. Descartes also believes a substance is something that does not need any assistance to function or exist.", "Descartes also believes a substance is something that does not need any assistance to function or exist. Descartes further explains how only God can be a true \"substance\". But minds are substances, meaning they need only God for it to function. The mind is a thinking substance. The means for a thinking substance stem from ideas.", "The means for a thinking substance stem from ideas. Descartes steered clear of theological questions, restricting his attention to showing that there is no incompatibility between his metaphysics and theological orthodoxy. He avoided trying to demonstrate theological dogmas metaphysically.", "He avoided trying to demonstrate theological dogmas metaphysically. When challenged that he had not established the immortality of the soul merely in showing that the soul and the body are distinct substances, he replied, \"I do not take it upon myself to try to use the power of human reason to settle any of those matters which depend on the free will of God.\"", "When challenged that he had not established the immortality of the soul merely in showing that the soul and the body are distinct substances, he replied, \"I do not take it upon myself to try to use the power of human reason to settle any of those matters which depend on the free will of God.\" Natural science Descartes is often regarded as the first thinker to emphasize the use of reason to develop the natural sciences.", "Natural science Descartes is often regarded as the first thinker to emphasize the use of reason to develop the natural sciences. For him, philosophy was a thinking system that embodied all knowledge, as he related in a letter to a French translator: On animals Descartes denied that animals had reason or intelligence.", "For him, philosophy was a thinking system that embodied all knowledge, as he related in a letter to a French translator: On animals Descartes denied that animals had reason or intelligence. He argued that animals did not lack sensations or perceptions, but these could be explained mechanistically.", "He argued that animals did not lack sensations or perceptions, but these could be explained mechanistically. Whereas humans had a soul, or mind, and were able to feel pain and anxiety, animals by virtue of not having a soul could not feel pain or anxiety.", "Whereas humans had a soul, or mind, and were able to feel pain and anxiety, animals by virtue of not having a soul could not feel pain or anxiety. If animals showed signs of distress then this was to protect the body from damage, but the innate state needed for them to suffer was absent.", "If animals showed signs of distress then this was to protect the body from damage, but the innate state needed for them to suffer was absent. Although Descartes' views were not universally accepted, they became prominent in Europe and North America, allowing humans to treat animals with impunity.", "Although Descartes' views were not universally accepted, they became prominent in Europe and North America, allowing humans to treat animals with impunity. The view that animals were quite separate from humanity and merely machines allowed for the maltreatment of animals, and was sanctioned in law and societal norms until the middle of the 19th century.", "The view that animals were quite separate from humanity and merely machines allowed for the maltreatment of animals, and was sanctioned in law and societal norms until the middle of the 19th century. The publications of Charles Darwin would eventually erode the Cartesian view of animals.", "The publications of Charles Darwin would eventually erode the Cartesian view of animals. Darwin argued that the continuity between humans and other species opened the possibilities that animals did not have dissimilar properties to suffer.", "Darwin argued that the continuity between humans and other species opened the possibilities that animals did not have dissimilar properties to suffer. Historical impact Emancipation from Church doctrine Descartes has often been dubbed the father of modern Western philosophy, the thinker whose approach has profoundly changed the course of Western philosophy and set the basis for modernity.", "Historical impact Emancipation from Church doctrine Descartes has often been dubbed the father of modern Western philosophy, the thinker whose approach has profoundly changed the course of Western philosophy and set the basis for modernity. The first two of his Meditations on First Philosophy, those that formulate the famous methodic doubt, represent the portion of Descartes's writings that most influenced modern thinking.", "The first two of his Meditations on First Philosophy, those that formulate the famous methodic doubt, represent the portion of Descartes's writings that most influenced modern thinking. It has been argued that Descartes himself did not realize the extent of this revolutionary move.", "It has been argued that Descartes himself did not realize the extent of this revolutionary move. In shifting the debate from \"what is true\" to \"of what can I be certain?", "In shifting the debate from \"what is true\" to \"of what can I be certain? \", Descartes arguably shifted the authoritative guarantor of truth from God to humanity (even though Descartes himself claimed he received his visions from God)—while the traditional concept of \"truth\" implies an external authority, \"certainty\" instead relies on the judgment of the individual.", "\", Descartes arguably shifted the authoritative guarantor of truth from God to humanity (even though Descartes himself claimed he received his visions from God)—while the traditional concept of \"truth\" implies an external authority, \"certainty\" instead relies on the judgment of the individual. In an anthropocentric revolution, the human being is now raised to the level of a subject, an agent, an emancipated being equipped with autonomous reason.", "In an anthropocentric revolution, the human being is now raised to the level of a subject, an agent, an emancipated being equipped with autonomous reason. This was a revolutionary step that established the basis of modernity, the repercussions of which are still being felt: the emancipation of humanity from Christian revelational truth and Church doctrine; humanity making its own law and taking its own stand.", "This was a revolutionary step that established the basis of modernity, the repercussions of which are still being felt: the emancipation of humanity from Christian revelational truth and Church doctrine; humanity making its own law and taking its own stand. In modernity, the guarantor of truth is not God anymore but human beings, each of whom is a \"self-conscious shaper and guarantor\" of their own reality.", "In modernity, the guarantor of truth is not God anymore but human beings, each of whom is a \"self-conscious shaper and guarantor\" of their own reality. In that way, each person is turned into a reasoning adult, a subject and agent, as opposed to a child obedient to God.", "In that way, each person is turned into a reasoning adult, a subject and agent, as opposed to a child obedient to God. This change in perspective was characteristic of the shift from the Christian medieval period to the modern period, a shift that had been anticipated in other fields, and which was now being formulated in the field of philosophy by Descartes.", "This change in perspective was characteristic of the shift from the Christian medieval period to the modern period, a shift that had been anticipated in other fields, and which was now being formulated in the field of philosophy by Descartes. This anthropocentric perspective of Descartes's work, establishing human reason as autonomous, provided the basis for the Enlightenment's emancipation from God and the Church.", "This anthropocentric perspective of Descartes's work, establishing human reason as autonomous, provided the basis for the Enlightenment's emancipation from God and the Church. According to Martin Heidegger, the perspective of Descartes's work also provided the basis for all subsequent anthropology. Descartes's philosophical revolution is sometimes said to have sparked modern anthropocentrism and subjectivism.", "Descartes's philosophical revolution is sometimes said to have sparked modern anthropocentrism and subjectivism. Mathematical legacy One of Descartes's most enduring legacies was his development of Cartesian or analytic geometry, which uses algebra to describe geometry.", "Mathematical legacy One of Descartes's most enduring legacies was his development of Cartesian or analytic geometry, which uses algebra to describe geometry. Descartes \"invented the convention of representing unknowns in equations by x, y, and z, and knowns by a, b, and c\".", "Descartes \"invented the convention of representing unknowns in equations by x, y, and z, and knowns by a, b, and c\". He also \"pioneered the standard notation\" that uses superscripts to show the powers or exponents; for example, the 2 used in x2 to indicate x squared.", "He also \"pioneered the standard notation\" that uses superscripts to show the powers or exponents; for example, the 2 used in x2 to indicate x squared. He was first to assign a fundamental place for algebra in the system of knowledge, using it as a method to automate or mechanize reasoning, particularly about abstract, unknown quantities.", "He was first to assign a fundamental place for algebra in the system of knowledge, using it as a method to automate or mechanize reasoning, particularly about abstract, unknown quantities. European mathematicians had previously viewed geometry as a more fundamental form of mathematics, serving as the foundation of algebra.", "European mathematicians had previously viewed geometry as a more fundamental form of mathematics, serving as the foundation of algebra. Algebraic rules were given geometric proofs by mathematicians such as Pacioli, Cardan, Tartaglia and Ferrari.", "Algebraic rules were given geometric proofs by mathematicians such as Pacioli, Cardan, Tartaglia and Ferrari. Equations of degree higher than the third were regarded as unreal, because a three-dimensional form, such as a cube, occupied the largest dimension of reality. Descartes professed that the abstract quantity a2 could represent length as well as an area.", "Descartes professed that the abstract quantity a2 could represent length as well as an area. This was in opposition to the teachings of mathematicians such as François Viète, who insisted that a second power must represent an area.", "This was in opposition to the teachings of mathematicians such as François Viète, who insisted that a second power must represent an area. Although Descartes did not pursue the subject, he preceded Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in envisioning a more general science of algebra or \"universal mathematics,\" as a precursor to symbolic logic, that could encompass logical principles and methods symbolically, and mechanize general reasoning.", "Although Descartes did not pursue the subject, he preceded Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in envisioning a more general science of algebra or \"universal mathematics,\" as a precursor to symbolic logic, that could encompass logical principles and methods symbolically, and mechanize general reasoning. Descartes's work provided the basis for the calculus developed by Newton and Leibniz, who applied the infinitesimal calculus to the tangent line problem, thus permitting the evolution of that branch of modern mathematics.", "Descartes's work provided the basis for the calculus developed by Newton and Leibniz, who applied the infinitesimal calculus to the tangent line problem, thus permitting the evolution of that branch of modern mathematics. His rule of signs is also a commonly used method to determine the number of positive and negative roots of a polynomial.", "His rule of signs is also a commonly used method to determine the number of positive and negative roots of a polynomial. The beginning to Descartes's interest in physics is accredited to the amateur scientist and mathematician Isaac Beeckman, who was at the forefront of a new school of thought known as mechanical philosophy.", "The beginning to Descartes's interest in physics is accredited to the amateur scientist and mathematician Isaac Beeckman, who was at the forefront of a new school of thought known as mechanical philosophy. With this foundation of reasoning, Descartes formulated many of his theories on mechanical and geometric physics.", "With this foundation of reasoning, Descartes formulated many of his theories on mechanical and geometric physics. Descartes discovered an early form of the law of conservation of momentum (a measure of the motion of an object), and envisioned it as pertaining to motion in a straight line, as opposed to perfect circular motion, as Galileo had envisioned it.", "Descartes discovered an early form of the law of conservation of momentum (a measure of the motion of an object), and envisioned it as pertaining to motion in a straight line, as opposed to perfect circular motion, as Galileo had envisioned it. He outlined his views on the universe in his Principles of Philosophy, where he describes his three laws of motion.", "He outlined his views on the universe in his Principles of Philosophy, where he describes his three laws of motion. (Newton's own laws of motion would later be modeled on Descartes' exposition.) Descartes also made contributions to the field of optics.", "Descartes also made contributions to the field of optics. He showed by using geometric construction and the law of refraction (also known as Descartes's law, or more commonly Snell's law outside France) that the angular radius of a rainbow is 42 degrees (i.e., the angle subtended at the eye by the edge of the rainbow and the ray passing from the sun through the rainbow's centre is 42°).", "He showed by using geometric construction and the law of refraction (also known as Descartes's law, or more commonly Snell's law outside France) that the angular radius of a rainbow is 42 degrees (i.e., the angle subtended at the eye by the edge of the rainbow and the ray passing from the sun through the rainbow's centre is 42°). He also independently discovered the law of reflection, and his essay on optics was the first published mention of this law.", "He also independently discovered the law of reflection, and his essay on optics was the first published mention of this law. Influence on Newton's mathematics Current popular opinion holds that Descartes had the most influence of anyone on the young Isaac Newton, and this is arguably one of his most important contributions.", "Influence on Newton's mathematics Current popular opinion holds that Descartes had the most influence of anyone on the young Isaac Newton, and this is arguably one of his most important contributions. Decartes' influence extended not directly from his original French edition of La Géométrie, however, but rather from Frans van Schooten's expanded second Latin edition of the work.", "Decartes' influence extended not directly from his original French edition of La Géométrie, however, but rather from Frans van Schooten's expanded second Latin edition of the work. Newton continued Descartes' work on cubic equations, which freed the subject from fetters of the Greek perspectives.", "Newton continued Descartes' work on cubic equations, which freed the subject from fetters of the Greek perspectives. The most important concept was his very modern treatment of single variables.", "The most important concept was his very modern treatment of single variables. Newton rejected Descartes' vortex theory of planetary motion in favor of his law of universal gravitation, and most of the second book of Newton's Principia is devoted to his counterargument.", "Newton rejected Descartes' vortex theory of planetary motion in favor of his law of universal gravitation, and most of the second book of Newton's Principia is devoted to his counterargument. Contemporary reception In commercial terms, The Discourse appeared during Descartes's lifetime in a single edition of 500 copies, 200 of which were set aside for the author.", "Contemporary reception In commercial terms, The Discourse appeared during Descartes's lifetime in a single edition of 500 copies, 200 of which were set aside for the author. Sharing a similar fate was the only French edition of The Meditations, which had not managed to sell out by the time of Descartes's death.", "Sharing a similar fate was the only French edition of The Meditations, which had not managed to sell out by the time of Descartes's death. A concomitant Latin edition of the latter was, however, eagerly sought out by Europe's scholarly community and proved a commercial success for Descartes.", "A concomitant Latin edition of the latter was, however, eagerly sought out by Europe's scholarly community and proved a commercial success for Descartes. Although Descartes was well known in academic circles towards the end of his life, the teaching of his works in schools was controversial.", "Although Descartes was well known in academic circles towards the end of his life, the teaching of his works in schools was controversial. Henri de Roy (Henricus Regius, 1598–1679), Professor of Medicine at the University of Utrecht, was condemned by the Rector of the university, Gijsbert Voet (Voetius), for teaching Descartes's physics.", "Henri de Roy (Henricus Regius, 1598–1679), Professor of Medicine at the University of Utrecht, was condemned by the Rector of the university, Gijsbert Voet (Voetius), for teaching Descartes's physics. Purported Rosicrucianism The membership of Descartes to the Rosicrucians is debated. The initials of his name have been linked to the R.C.", "The initials of his name have been linked to the R.C. acronym widely used by Rosicrucians. Furthermore, in 1619 Descartes moved to Ulm which was a well renowned international center of the Rosicrucian movement. During his journey in Germany, Descartes met Johannes Faulhaber who had previously expressed his personal commitment to join the brotherhood.", "During his journey in Germany, Descartes met Johannes Faulhaber who had previously expressed his personal commitment to join the brotherhood. Descartes dedicated the work titled The Mathematical Treasure Trove of Polybius, Citizen of the World to \"learned men throughout the world and especially to the distinguished B.R.C. (Brothers of the Rosy Cross) in Germany\".", "(Brothers of the Rosy Cross) in Germany\". The work wasn't completed and its publication is uncertain. Bibliography Writings 1618. Musicae Compendium. A treatise on music theory and the aesthetics of music, which Descartes dedicated to early collaborator Isaac Beeckman (written in 1618, first published—posthumously—in 1650). 1626–1628.", "1626–1628. 1626–1628. Regulae ad directionem ingenii (Rules for the Direction of the Mind). Incomplete. First published posthumously in Dutch translation in 1684 and in the original Latin at Amsterdam in 1701 (R. Des-Cartes Opuscula Posthuma Physica et Mathematica).", "First published posthumously in Dutch translation in 1684 and in the original Latin at Amsterdam in 1701 (R. Des-Cartes Opuscula Posthuma Physica et Mathematica). The best critical edition, which includes the Dutch translation of 1684, is edited by Giovanni Crapulli (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1966). c. 1630. De solidorum elementis.", "c. 1630. De solidorum elementis. De solidorum elementis. Concerns the classification of Platonic solids and three-dimensional figurate numbers. Said by some scholars to prefigure Euler's polyhedral formula.", "Said by some scholars to prefigure Euler's polyhedral formula. Unpublished; discovered in Descartes' estate in Stockholm 1650, soaked for three days in the Seine in a shipwreck while being shipped back to Paris, copied in 1676 by Leibniz, and lost. Leibniz's copy, also lost, was rediscovered circa 1860 in Hannover. 1630–1631.", "1630–1631. 1630–1631. La recherche de la vérité par la lumière naturelle (The Search for Truth) unfinished dialogue published in 1701. 1630–1633. Le Monde (The World) and L'Homme (Man). Descartes's first systematic presentation of his natural philosophy.", "Descartes's first systematic presentation of his natural philosophy. Man was published posthumously in Latin translation in 1662; and The World posthumously in 1664. 1637. Discours de la méthode (Discourse on the Method). An introduction to the Essais, which include the Dioptrique, the Météores and the Géométrie. 1637.", "1637. 1637. La Géométrie (Geometry). Descartes's major work in mathematics. There is an English translation by Michael Mahoney (New York: Dover, 1979). 1641. Meditationes de prima philosophia (Meditations on First Philosophy), also known as Metaphysical Meditations.", "Meditationes de prima philosophia (Meditations on First Philosophy), also known as Metaphysical Meditations. In Latin; a second edition, published the following year, included an additional objection and reply, and a Letter to Dinet. A French translation by the Duke of Luynes, probably done without Descartes's supervision, was published in 1647.", "A French translation by the Duke of Luynes, probably done without Descartes's supervision, was published in 1647. Includes six Objections and Replies. 1644. Principia philosophiae (Principles of Philosophy), a Latin textbook at first intended by Descartes to replace the Aristotelian textbooks then used in universities.", "Principia philosophiae (Principles of Philosophy), a Latin textbook at first intended by Descartes to replace the Aristotelian textbooks then used in universities. A French translation, Principes de philosophie by Claude Picot, under the supervision of Descartes, appeared in 1647 with a letter-preface to Princess Elisabeth of Bohemia. 1647.", "1647. 1647. Notae in programma (Comments on a Certain Broadsheet). A reply to Descartes's one-time disciple Henricus Regius. 1648. La description du corps humain (The Description of the Human Body). Published posthumously by Clerselier in 1667. 1648. Responsiones Renati Des Cartes... (Conversation with Burman).", "Responsiones Renati Des Cartes... (Conversation with Burman). Notes on a Q&A session between Descartes and Frans Burman on 16 April 1648. Rediscovered in 1895 and published for the first time in 1896.", "Rediscovered in 1895 and published for the first time in 1896. An annotated bilingual edition (Latin with French translation), edited by Jean-Marie Beyssade, was published in 1981 (Paris: PUF). 1649. Les passions de l'âme (Passions of the Soul). Dedicated to Princess Elisabeth of the Palatinate. 1657.", "Dedicated to Princess Elisabeth of the Palatinate. 1657. 1657. Correspondance (three volumes: 1657, 1659, 1667). Published by Descartes's literary executor Claude Clerselier. The third edition, in 1667, was the most complete; Clerselier omitted, however, much of the material pertaining to mathematics.", "The third edition, in 1667, was the most complete; Clerselier omitted, however, much of the material pertaining to mathematics. In January 2010, a previously unknown letter from Descartes, dated 27 May 1641, was found by the Dutch philosopher Erik-Jan Bos when browsing through Google.", "In January 2010, a previously unknown letter from Descartes, dated 27 May 1641, was found by the Dutch philosopher Erik-Jan Bos when browsing through Google. Bos found the letter mentioned in a summary of autographs kept by Haverford College in Haverford, Pennsylvania. The college was unaware that the letter had never been published.", "The college was unaware that the letter had never been published. This was the third letter by Descartes found in the last 25 years.", "This was the third letter by Descartes found in the last 25 years. Collected editions Oeuvres de Descartes edited by Charles Adam and Paul Tannery, Paris: Léopold Cerf, 1897–1913, 13 volumes; new revised edition, Paris: Vrin-CNRS, 1964–1974, 11 volumes (the first 5 volumes contains the correspondence).", "Collected editions Oeuvres de Descartes edited by Charles Adam and Paul Tannery, Paris: Léopold Cerf, 1897–1913, 13 volumes; new revised edition, Paris: Vrin-CNRS, 1964–1974, 11 volumes (the first 5 volumes contains the correspondence). [This edition is traditionally cited with the initials AT (for Adam and Tannery) followed by a volume number in Roman numerals; thus AT VII refers to Oeuvres de Descartes volume 7.]", "[This edition is traditionally cited with the initials AT (for Adam and Tannery) followed by a volume number in Roman numerals; thus AT VII refers to Oeuvres de Descartes volume 7.] Étude du bon sens, La recherche de la vérité et autres écrits de jeunesse (1616–1631) edited by Vincent Carraud and Gilles Olivo, Paris: PUF, 2013.", "Étude du bon sens, La recherche de la vérité et autres écrits de jeunesse (1616–1631) edited by Vincent Carraud and Gilles Olivo, Paris: PUF, 2013. Descartes, Œuvres complètes, new edition by Jean-Marie Beyssade and Denis Kambouchner, Paris: Gallimard, published volumes: I: Premiers écrits.", "Descartes, Œuvres complètes, new edition by Jean-Marie Beyssade and Denis Kambouchner, Paris: Gallimard, published volumes: I: Premiers écrits. Règles pour la direction de l'esprit, 2016. III: Discours de la Méthode et Essais, 2009. VIII.1: Correspondance, 1 edited by Jean-Robert Armogathe, 2013.", "VIII.1: Correspondance, 1 edited by Jean-Robert Armogathe, 2013. VIII.2: Correspondance, 2 edited by Jean-Robert Armogathe, 2013. René Descartes. Opere 1637–1649, Milano, Bompiani, 2009, pp. 2531.", "2531. 2531. Edizione integrale (di prime edizioni) e traduzione italiana a fronte, a cura di G. Belgioioso con la collaborazione di I. Agostini, M. Marrone, M. Savini . René Descartes. Opere 1650–2009, Milano, Bompiani, 2009, pp. 1723.", "1723. 1723. Edizione integrale delle opere postume e traduzione italiana a fronte, a cura di G. Belgioioso con la collaborazione di I. Agostini, M. Marrone, M. Savini . René Descartes. Tutte le lettere 1619–1650, Milano, Bompiani, 2009 IIa ed., pp. 3104.", "3104. 3104. Nuova edizione integrale dell'epistolario cartesiano con traduzione italiana a fronte, a cura di G. Belgioioso con la collaborazione di I. Agostini, M. Marrone, F.A. Meschini, M. Savini e J.-R. Armogathe . René Descartes, Isaac Beeckman, Marin Mersenne. Lettere 1619–1648, Milano, Bompiani, 2015 pp. 1696.", "1696. 1696. Edizione integrale con traduzione italiana a fronte, a cura di Giulia Beglioioso e Jean Robert-Armogathe .", "Edizione integrale con traduzione italiana a fronte, a cura di Giulia Beglioioso e Jean Robert-Armogathe . Early editions of specific works Discours de la methode, 1637 Renati Des-Cartes Principia philosophiæ, 1644 Le monde de Mr. Descartes ou le traité de la lumiere, 1664 Geometria, 1659 Meditationes de prima philosophia, 1670 Opera philosophica, 1672 Collected English translations 1955.", "Early editions of specific works Discours de la methode, 1637 Renati Des-Cartes Principia philosophiæ, 1644 Le monde de Mr. Descartes ou le traité de la lumiere, 1664 Geometria, 1659 Meditationes de prima philosophia, 1670 Opera philosophica, 1672 Collected English translations 1955. The Philosophical Works, E.S. Haldane and G.R.T. Ross, trans.", "Haldane and G.R.T. Ross, trans. Ross, trans. Dover Publications. This work is traditionally cited with the initials HR (for Haldane and Ross) followed by a volume number in Roman numerals; thus HR II refers to volume 2 of this edition. 1988. The Philosophical Writings of Descartes in 3 vols.", "The Philosophical Writings of Descartes in 3 vols. Cottingham, J., Stoothoff, R., Kenny, A., and Murdoch, D., trans. Cambridge University Press.", "Cambridge University Press. Cambridge University Press. This work is traditionally cited with the initials CSM (for Cottingham, Stoothoff, and Murdoch) or CSMK (for Cottingham, Stoothoff, Murdoch, and Kenny) followed by a volume number in Roman numeral; thus CSM II refers to volume 2 of this edition. 1998.", "1998. 1998. René Descartes: The World and Other Writings. Translated and edited by Stephen Gaukroger. Cambridge University Press.", "Cambridge University Press. Cambridge University Press. (This consists mainly of scientific writings, on physics, biology, astronomy, optics, etc., which were very influential in the 17th and 18th centuries, but which are routinely omitted or much abridged in modern collections of Descartes's philosophical works.) Translation of single works 1628.", "Translation of single works 1628. Translation of single works 1628. Regulae ad directionem ingenii. Rules for the Direction of the Natural Intelligence. A Bilingual Edition of the Cartesian Treatise on Method, ed. & trans. G. Heffernan (Amsterdam/Atlanta: Rodopi, 1998). 1633. The World, or Treatise on Light, tr.", "The World, or Treatise on Light, tr. by Michael S. Mahoney. 1633. Treatise of Man, tr. by T. S. Hall. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1972. 1637. Discourse on the Method, Optics, Geometry and Meteorology, trans.", "Discourse on the Method, Optics, Geometry and Meteorology, trans. P. J. Olscamp, Revised edition (Indianapolis: Hackett, 2001). 1637. The Geometry of René Descartes, trans. D. E. Smith & Marcia Latham (Chicago: Open Court, 1925). 1641. Meditations on First Philosophy, tr.", "Meditations on First Philosophy, tr. by J. Cottingham, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996. Latin original. Alternative English title: Metaphysical Meditations. Includes six Objections and Replies. A second edition published the following year, includes an additional Objection and Reply and a Letter to Dinet. HTML Online Latin-French-English Edition. 1644.", "HTML Online Latin-French-English Edition. 1644. 1644. Principles of Philosophy, trans. V. R. Miller & R. P. Miller: (Dordrecht/Boston/London: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1982). 1648. Descartes' Conversation with Burman, tr. by J. Cottingham, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989. 1649. Passions of the Soul, trans.", "Passions of the Soul, trans. S. H. Voss (Indianapolis: Hackett, 1989). Dedicated to Elisabeth of the Palatinate. 1619–1648. René Descartes, Isaac Beeckman, Marin Mersenne. Lettere 1619–1648, ed. by Giulia Beglioioso and Jean Robert-Armogathe, Milano, Bompiani, 2015 pp. 1696.", "1696. 1696. See also 3587 Descartes, asteroid Cartesian circle Cartesian doubt Cartesian materialism (not a view that was held by or formulated by Descartes) Descartes number Cartesian plane Descartes Prize Descartes-Huygens Prize Cartesian product Cartesian product of graphs Cartesian theater Cartesian tree Descartes crater and Highlands on the Moon (Apollo 16 landing site) Descartes' rule of signs Descartes's theorem (4 tangent circles) Descartes' theorem on total angular defect Folium of Descartes Bucket argument Paris Descartes University Notes References Citations Sources ; (2009) Third Edition, edited with a new introduction by James McGilvray, Cambridge University Press, .", "See also 3587 Descartes, asteroid Cartesian circle Cartesian doubt Cartesian materialism (not a view that was held by or formulated by Descartes) Descartes number Cartesian plane Descartes Prize Descartes-Huygens Prize Cartesian product Cartesian product of graphs Cartesian theater Cartesian tree Descartes crater and Highlands on the Moon (Apollo 16 landing site) Descartes' rule of signs Descartes's theorem (4 tangent circles) Descartes' theorem on total angular defect Folium of Descartes Bucket argument Paris Descartes University Notes References Citations Sources ; (2009) Third Edition, edited with a new introduction by James McGilvray, Cambridge University Press, . Farrell, John.", "Farrell, John. Farrell, John. \"Demons of Descartes and Hobbes.\" Paranoia and Modernity: Cervantes to Rousseau (Cornell UP, 2006), chapter 7. Gillespie, A. (2006). Descartes' demon: A dialogical analysis of 'Meditations on First Philosophy.' Theory & Psychology, 16, 761–781.", "Theory & Psychology, 16, 761–781. Heidegger, Martin [1938] (2002) The Age of the World Picture in Off the beaten track pp. 57–85 Monnoyeur, Françoise (November 2017), Matière et espace dans le système cartésien, Paris, Harmattan, 266 pages. .", ". . Moreno Romo, Juan Carlos, Vindicación del cartesianismo radical, Anthropos, Barcelona, 2010. Moreno Romo, Juan Carlos (Coord. ), Descartes vivo. Ejercicios de hermenéutica cartesiana, Anthropos, Barcelona, 2007. Negri, Antonio (2007) The Political Descartes, Verso. Sasaki Chikara (2003).", "Sasaki Chikara (2003). Sasaki Chikara (2003). Descartes's Mathematical Thought. (Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science, 237.) xiv + 496 pp., bibl., indexes. Dordrecht/Boston/London: Kluwer Academic Publishers.", "Dordrecht/Boston/London: Kluwer Academic Publishers. Dordrecht/Boston/London: Kluwer Academic Publishers. Serfati, Michel, 2005, \"Géometrie\" in Ivor Grattan-Guinness, ed., Landmark Writings in Western Mathematics. Elsevier: 1–22. Watson, Richard A. (2007). Cogito, Ergo Sum: a life of René Descartes. David R Godine.", "David R Godine. David R Godine. 2002, reprint 2007. . Was chosen by the New York Public library as one of \"25 Books to Remember from 2002\" External links General The Correspondence of René Descartes in EMLO Detailed biography of Descartes at MacTutor John Cottingham translation of Meditations and Objections and Replies.", "Was chosen by the New York Public library as one of \"25 Books to Remember from 2002\" External links General The Correspondence of René Descartes in EMLO Detailed biography of Descartes at MacTutor John Cottingham translation of Meditations and Objections and Replies. René Descartes (1596–1650) Published in Encyclopedia of Rhetoric and Composition (1996) A site containing Descartes's main works, including correspondence, slightly modified for easier reading Descartes Philosophical Writings tr.", "René Descartes (1596–1650) Published in Encyclopedia of Rhetoric and Composition (1996) A site containing Descartes's main works, including correspondence, slightly modified for easier reading Descartes Philosophical Writings tr. by Norman Kemp Smith at archive.org Studies in the Cartesian philosophy (1902) by Norman Kemp Smith at archive.org The Philosophical Works Of Descartes Volume II (1934) at archive.org Descartes featured on the 100 French Franc banknote from 1942.", "by Norman Kemp Smith at archive.org Studies in the Cartesian philosophy (1902) by Norman Kemp Smith at archive.org The Philosophical Works Of Descartes Volume II (1934) at archive.org Descartes featured on the 100 French Franc banknote from 1942. Centro Interdipartimentale di Studi su Descartes e il Seicento Livre Premier, La Géométrie, online and analyzed by A. Warusfel, BibNum[click \"à télécharger\" for English analysis] Bibliographies Bibliografia cartesiana/Bibliographie cartésienne on-line (1997–2012) Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Descartes Life and works Epistemology Mathematics Physics Ethics Modal Metaphysics Ontological Argument Theory of Ideas Pineal Gland Law Thesis Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy Descartes Descartes: Ethics Descartes: Mind-Body Distinction Descartes: Scientific Method Other Bernard Williams interviewed about Descartes on Men of ideas 1596 births 1650 deaths 17th-century Dutch mathematicians 17th-century Dutch philosophers 17th-century Dutch scientists 17th-century Dutch writers 17th-century French mathematicians 17th-century French philosophers 17th-century French scientists 17th-century French writers 17th-century Latin-language writers 17th-century male writers 17th-century non-fiction writers 17th-century philosophers Age of Enlightenment Aphorists Augustinian philosophers Burials at Saint-Germain-des-Prés (abbey) Catholic philosophers Consciousness researchers and theorists Constructed language creators Critics of animal rights Deaths from pneumonia in Sweden Enlightenment philosophers Epistemologists Founders of philosophical traditions French emigrants to the Dutch Republic French ethicists French expatriates in Sweden French expatriates in the Dutch Republic French logicians French mercenaries French music theorists French philosophers French Roman Catholics Geometric algebra History of algebra History of cartography History of education History of education in Europe History of ethics History of geometry History of logic History of mathematics History of measurement History of philosophy History of science Humor researchers Intellectual history Leiden University alumni Metaphilosophers Metaphysicians Metaphysics writers Military personnel of the Thirty Years' War Mind–body problem Moral philosophers Natural philosophers Ontologists People from Indre-et-Loire People of the Age of Enlightenment Philosophers of art Philosophers of culture Philosophers of education Philosophers of ethics and morality Philosophers of history Philosophers of logic Philosophers of mathematics Philosophers of mind Philosophers of psychology Philosophers of science Philosophers of social science Philosophy writers Rationalists Rationality theorists Science and technology in the Dutch Republic Social critics Social philosophers Theorists on Western civilization University of Poitiers alumni Western philosophy Writers about activism and social change Writers about religion and science Writers who illustrated their own writing" ]

[ "René Descartes", "Philosophical work", "What was one of Descartes' philosophical writings?", "Descartes arrives at only a single principle: thought exists. Thought cannot be separated from me, therefore, I exist", "Did this theory become popular?", "I don't know.", "How did he arrive at this conclusion?", "Descartes concludes that he can be certain that he exists because he thinks. But in what form? He perceives his body through the use of the senses;" ]

[ "A Natural History of the Senses is a 1990 non-fiction book by American author, poet, and naturalist Diane Ackerman. In this book, Ackerman examines both the science of how the different senses work, and the varied means by which different cultures have sought to stimulate the senses. The book was the inspiration for the five-part Nova miniseries Mystery of the Senses (1995) in which Ackerman appeared as the presenter.\n\n“What is most amazing is not how our senses span distance or cultures, but how they span time. Our senses connect us intimately to the past, connect us in ways that most of our cherished ideas never could.”\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nNew York Times Book Review\n A Natural History of the Senses, Reviews\n\nSensory systems\n1990 non-fiction books", "In the time of William Shakespeare, there were commonly reckoned to be five wits and five senses. The five wits were sometimes taken to be synonymous with the five senses, but were otherwise also known and regarded as the five inward wits, distinguishing them from the five senses, which were the five outward wits.\n\nMuch of this conflation has resulted from changes in meaning. In Early Modern English, \"wit\" and \"sense\" overlapped in meaning. Both could mean a faculty of perception (although this sense dropped from the word \"wit\" during the 17th century). Thus \"five wits\" and \"five senses\" could describe both groups of wits/senses, the inward and the outward, although the common distinction, where it was made, was \"five wits\" for the inward and \"five senses\" for the outward.\n\nThe inward and outward wits are a product of many centuries of philosophical and psychological thought, over which the concepts gradually developed, that have their origins in the works of Aristotle. The concept of five outward wits came to medieval thinking from Classical philosophy, and found its most major expression in Christian devotional literature of the Middle Ages. The concept of five inward wits similarly came from Classical views on psychology.\n\nModern thinking is that there are more than five (outward) senses, and the idea that there are five (corresponding to the gross anatomical features — eyes, ears, nose, skin, and mouth — of many higher animals) does not stand up to scientific scrutiny. (For more on this, see Definition of sense.) But the idea of five senses/wits from Aristotelian, medieval, and 16th century thought still lingers so strongly in modern thinking that a sense beyond the natural ones is still called a \"sixth sense\".\n\nThe \"inward\" wits \nStephen Hawes' poem Graunde Amoure shows that the five (inward) wits were \"common wit\", \"imagination\", \"fantasy\", \"estimation\", and \"memory\". \"Common wit\" corresponds to Aristotle's concept of common sense (sensus communis), and \"estimation\" roughly corresponds to the modern notion of instinct.\n\nShakespeare himself refers to these wits several times, in Romeo and Juliet (Act I, scene 4, and Act II, scene iv), King Lear (Act III, scene iv), Much Ado About Nothing (Act I, scene i, 55), and Twelfth Night (Act IV, scene ii, 92). He distinguished between the five wits and the five senses, as can be seen from Sonnet 141.\n\nThe five wits are derived from the faculties of the soul that Aristotle describes in De Anima.\n\nThe inward wits are part of medieval psychological thought. Geoffrey Chaucer translated Boethius' Consolation of Philosophy into Middle English. According to Chaucer's translation, \"ymaginacioun\" is the most basic internal faculty of perception. One can, with the imagination, call to mind the image of an object, either one directly experienced or a purely imaginary fabrication. Above that comes \"resoun\", by which such images of individual objects are related to the universal classes to which they belong. Above that comes \"intelligence\", which relates the universal classes to eternal \"symple forme\" (akin to a Platonic ideal). Humans are thus \"sensible\", \"ymaginable\", and \"reasonable\" (i.e. capable of sensing, imagination, and reason, as defined), all three of which feed into memory. (Intelligence is the sole remit of Divine Providence.)\n\nTo that quartet is also added \"phantasia\", a creative facet of imagination. A famous example of this is given by Augustine, who distinguishes between imagining Carthage, from memory (since he had been there), and imagining Alexandria, a pure fantasy image of a place that he had never been to.\n\nThe \"outward\" wits \n\nThe five (outward) senses, as described in Cursor Mundi, are \"hering\" (hearing), \"sight\", \"smelling\" (smell), \"fele\" (touch) and \"cheuing\" (taste). It relates them to the five Empedoclean elements (which Aristotle describes in De Caelo), with sight coming from fire, hearing from the upper air (the aether), smell from the lower air, taste from water, and touch from earth. This definition of the origins of human senses was an exceedingly popular one throughout the Middle Ages in Europe, not least because of its rough agreement with chapter 30 of the Second Book of Enoch.\n\nThe use of \"wit\" to describe these five senses is illustrated by The World and the Chylde (at right) and the following two quotations: \n\nThis definition of five senses has its origins in thinkers that came after Aristotle. Aristotle himself, in De Sensu et Sensibilibus defined four senses: sight (associated with water because the eye contains water), sound (corresponding to air), smell (corresponding to fire), and touch (corresponding to earth). Aristotle viewed taste as merely a specialized form of touch, which he in turn viewed as the primary sense (because all life-forms possess it). He rejected the earlier view by Democritus that there was in fact only one sense, touch.\n\nSimilarly, Plato, in Theaetetus, has Socrates stating that there are innumerable senses without names, and that the senses with names include hearing, sight, smell, senses of heat and cold, pleasure, pain, desire, and fear.\n\nAulus Gellius defined five senses, saying \"Ex quinque his sensibus quose animantibus natura tribit, visu, auditu, gustu, tactu, odoratu, quas Graeci αισθητεισ appellant\" (\"Nature has given five senses to living beings, sight, hearing, taste, touch, and smell, called αισθητεισ by the Greeks\"). But there is no evidence that this topos existed in the thinking of the Anglo-Saxons, since Old English does not possess the requisite taxonomy, and has difficulty with translations of Latin texts that do.\n\nThe concept of there being five senses occurs in Christian sermons, devotional literature, and religious allegories of Middle English, although not all authors agreed exactly which senses the five were. Peter Damian in the 11th century correlated the five wounds that Jesus suffered during his crucifixion with the five senses, which was echoed by John Bromyard in Summa cantium, although the latter only explicitly mentions hearing, touch, taste, and sight. By the 14th century, Richard Rolle was giving the formulation of five senses that is now familiar:\n\nChaucer had the same formulation:\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading \n \nhttp://chestofbooks.com/reference/Manual-Useful-Information/The-Five-Wits.html\nhttp://dev.hil.unb.ca/Texts/EPD/UNB/view-works.cgi?c=hawesste.812&pos=5\nhttp://www.lib.rochester.edu/camelot/sggk.htm\nhttps://archive.today/20130221092422/http://dictionary.die.net/the%20five%20wits\n\nMedieval philosophy\nConcepts in the philosophy of mind" ]

[ "René Descartes ( or ; ; Latinized: Renatus Cartesius; 31 March 1596 – 11 February 1650) was a French philosopher, mathematician, scientist and lay Catholic who invented analytic geometry, linking the previously separate fields of geometry and algebra. He spent a large portion of his working life in the Dutch Republic, initially serving the Dutch States Army of Maurice of Nassau, Prince of Orange and the Stadtholder of the United Provinces.", "He spent a large portion of his working life in the Dutch Republic, initially serving the Dutch States Army of Maurice of Nassau, Prince of Orange and the Stadtholder of the United Provinces. One of the most notable intellectual figures of the Dutch Golden Age, Descartes is also widely regarded as one of the founders of modern philosophy and algebraic geometry.", "One of the most notable intellectual figures of the Dutch Golden Age, Descartes is also widely regarded as one of the founders of modern philosophy and algebraic geometry. Many elements of Descartes' philosophy have precedents in late Aristotelianism, the revived Stoicism of the 16th century, or in earlier philosophers like Augustine.", "Many elements of Descartes' philosophy have precedents in late Aristotelianism, the revived Stoicism of the 16th century, or in earlier philosophers like Augustine. In his natural philosophy, he differed from the schools on two major points: first, he rejected the splitting of corporeal substance into matter and form; second, he rejected any appeal to final ends, divine or natural, in explaining natural phenomena.", "In his natural philosophy, he differed from the schools on two major points: first, he rejected the splitting of corporeal substance into matter and form; second, he rejected any appeal to final ends, divine or natural, in explaining natural phenomena. In his theology, he insists on the absolute freedom of God's act of creation.", "In his theology, he insists on the absolute freedom of God's act of creation. Refusing to accept the authority of previous philosophers, Descartes frequently set his views apart from the philosophers who preceded him.", "Refusing to accept the authority of previous philosophers, Descartes frequently set his views apart from the philosophers who preceded him. In the opening section of the Passions of the Soul, an early modern treatise on emotions, Descartes goes so far as to assert that he will write on this topic \"as if no one had written on these matters before.\"", "In the opening section of the Passions of the Soul, an early modern treatise on emotions, Descartes goes so far as to assert that he will write on this topic \"as if no one had written on these matters before.\" His best known philosophical statement is \"\" (\"I think, therefore I am\"; ), found in Discourse on the Method (1637; in French and Latin) and Principles of Philosophy (1644, in Latin).", "His best known philosophical statement is \"\" (\"I think, therefore I am\"; ), found in Discourse on the Method (1637; in French and Latin) and Principles of Philosophy (1644, in Latin). Descartes has often been called the father of modern philosophy, and is largely seen as responsible for the increased attention given to epistemology in the 17th century.", "Descartes has often been called the father of modern philosophy, and is largely seen as responsible for the increased attention given to epistemology in the 17th century. He laid the foundation for 17th-century continental rationalism, later advocated by Spinoza and Leibniz, and was later opposed by the empiricist school of thought consisting of Hobbes, Locke, Berkeley, and Hume.", "He laid the foundation for 17th-century continental rationalism, later advocated by Spinoza and Leibniz, and was later opposed by the empiricist school of thought consisting of Hobbes, Locke, Berkeley, and Hume. In the 17th-century Dutch Republic, the rise of early modern rationalism – as a highly systematic school of philosophy in its own right for the first time in history – exerted an immense and profound influence on modern Western thought in general, with the birth of two influential rationalistic philosophical systems of Descartes (who spent most of his adult life and wrote all his major work in the United Provinces of the Netherlands) and Spinoza – namely Cartesianism and Spinozism.", "In the 17th-century Dutch Republic, the rise of early modern rationalism – as a highly systematic school of philosophy in its own right for the first time in history – exerted an immense and profound influence on modern Western thought in general, with the birth of two influential rationalistic philosophical systems of Descartes (who spent most of his adult life and wrote all his major work in the United Provinces of the Netherlands) and Spinoza – namely Cartesianism and Spinozism. It was the 17th-century arch-rationalists like Descartes, Spinoza and Leibniz who have given the \"Age of Reason\" its name and place in history.", "It was the 17th-century arch-rationalists like Descartes, Spinoza and Leibniz who have given the \"Age of Reason\" its name and place in history. Leibniz, Spinoza, and Descartes were all well-versed in mathematics as well as philosophy, and Descartes and Leibniz contributed greatly to science as well.", "Leibniz, Spinoza, and Descartes were all well-versed in mathematics as well as philosophy, and Descartes and Leibniz contributed greatly to science as well. Descartes' Meditations on First Philosophy (1641) continues to be a standard text at most university philosophy departments.", "Descartes' Meditations on First Philosophy (1641) continues to be a standard text at most university philosophy departments. Descartes' influence in mathematics is equally apparent; the Cartesian coordinate system was named after him. He is credited as the father of analytic geometry, the bridge between algebra and geometry—used in the discovery of infinitesimal calculus and analysis.", "He is credited as the father of analytic geometry, the bridge between algebra and geometry—used in the discovery of infinitesimal calculus and analysis. Descartes was also one of the key figures in the Scientific Revolution.", "Descartes was also one of the key figures in the Scientific Revolution. Life Early life René Descartes was born in La Haye en Touraine, Province of Touraine (now Descartes, Indre-et-Loire), France, on 31 March 1596.", "Life Early life René Descartes was born in La Haye en Touraine, Province of Touraine (now Descartes, Indre-et-Loire), France, on 31 March 1596. His mother, Jeanne Brochard, died soon after giving birth to him, and so he was not expected to survive.", "His mother, Jeanne Brochard, died soon after giving birth to him, and so he was not expected to survive. Descartes' father, Joachim, was a member of the Parlement of Brittany at Rennes. René lived with his grandmother and with his great-uncle.", "René lived with his grandmother and with his great-uncle. Although the Descartes family was Roman Catholic, the Poitou region was controlled by the Protestant Huguenots. In 1607, late because of his fragile health, he entered the Jesuit Collège Royal Henry-Le-Grand at La Flèche, where he was introduced to mathematics and physics, including Galileo's work.", "In 1607, late because of his fragile health, he entered the Jesuit Collège Royal Henry-Le-Grand at La Flèche, where he was introduced to mathematics and physics, including Galileo's work. After graduation in 1614, he studied for two years (1615–16) at the University of Poitiers, earning a Baccalauréat and Licence in canon and civil law in 1616, in accordance with his father's wishes that he should become a lawyer.", "After graduation in 1614, he studied for two years (1615–16) at the University of Poitiers, earning a Baccalauréat and Licence in canon and civil law in 1616, in accordance with his father's wishes that he should become a lawyer. From there, he moved to Paris.", "From there, he moved to Paris. In Discourse on the Method, Descartes recalls: I entirely abandoned the study of letters.", "In Discourse on the Method, Descartes recalls: I entirely abandoned the study of letters. Resolving to seek no knowledge other than that of which could be found in myself or else in the great book of the world, I spent the rest of my youth traveling, visiting courts and armies, mixing with people of diverse temperaments and ranks, gathering various experiences, testing myself in the situations which fortune offered me, and at all times reflecting upon whatever came my way to derive some profit from it.", "Resolving to seek no knowledge other than that of which could be found in myself or else in the great book of the world, I spent the rest of my youth traveling, visiting courts and armies, mixing with people of diverse temperaments and ranks, gathering various experiences, testing myself in the situations which fortune offered me, and at all times reflecting upon whatever came my way to derive some profit from it. In accordance with his ambition to become a professional military officer in 1618, Descartes joined, as a mercenary, the Protestant Dutch States Army in Breda under the command of Maurice of Nassau, and undertook a formal study of military engineering, as established by Simon Stevin.", "In accordance with his ambition to become a professional military officer in 1618, Descartes joined, as a mercenary, the Protestant Dutch States Army in Breda under the command of Maurice of Nassau, and undertook a formal study of military engineering, as established by Simon Stevin. Descartes, therefore, received much encouragement in Breda to advance his knowledge of mathematics.", "Descartes, therefore, received much encouragement in Breda to advance his knowledge of mathematics. In this way, he became acquainted with Isaac Beeckman, the principal of a Dordrecht school, for whom he wrote the Compendium of Music (written 1618, published 1650).", "In this way, he became acquainted with Isaac Beeckman, the principal of a Dordrecht school, for whom he wrote the Compendium of Music (written 1618, published 1650). Together, they worked on free fall, catenary, conic section, and fluid statics.", "Together, they worked on free fall, catenary, conic section, and fluid statics. Both believed that it was necessary to create a method that thoroughly linked mathematics and physics.", "Both believed that it was necessary to create a method that thoroughly linked mathematics and physics. While in the service of the Catholic Duke Maximilian of Bavaria since 1619, Descartes was present at the Battle of the White Mountain near Prague, in November 1620.", "While in the service of the Catholic Duke Maximilian of Bavaria since 1619, Descartes was present at the Battle of the White Mountain near Prague, in November 1620. According to Adrien Baillet, on the night of 10–11 November 1619 (St. Martin's Day), while stationed in Neuburg an der Donau, Descartes shut himself in a room with an \"oven\" (probably a cocklestove) to escape the cold.", "According to Adrien Baillet, on the night of 10–11 November 1619 (St. Martin's Day), while stationed in Neuburg an der Donau, Descartes shut himself in a room with an \"oven\" (probably a cocklestove) to escape the cold. While within, he had three dreams, and believed that a divine spirit revealed to him a new philosophy.", "While within, he had three dreams, and believed that a divine spirit revealed to him a new philosophy. However, it is speculated that what Descartes considered to be his second dream was actually an episode of exploding head syndrome. Upon exiting, he had formulated analytic geometry and the idea of applying the mathematical method to philosophy.", "Upon exiting, he had formulated analytic geometry and the idea of applying the mathematical method to philosophy. He concluded from these visions that the pursuit of science would prove to be, for him, the pursuit of true wisdom and a central part of his life's work.", "He concluded from these visions that the pursuit of science would prove to be, for him, the pursuit of true wisdom and a central part of his life's work. Descartes also saw very clearly that all truths were linked with one another, so that finding a fundamental truth and proceeding with logic would open the way to all science.", "Descartes also saw very clearly that all truths were linked with one another, so that finding a fundamental truth and proceeding with logic would open the way to all science. Descartes discovered this basic truth quite soon: his famous \"I think, therefore I am.\" Career France In 1620, Descartes left the army.", "Career France In 1620, Descartes left the army. He visited Basilica della Santa Casa in Loreto, then visited various countries before returning to France, and during the next few years, he spent time in Paris.", "He visited Basilica della Santa Casa in Loreto, then visited various countries before returning to France, and during the next few years, he spent time in Paris. It was there that he composed his first essay on method: Regulae ad Directionem Ingenii (Rules for the Direction of the Mind).", "It was there that he composed his first essay on method: Regulae ad Directionem Ingenii (Rules for the Direction of the Mind). He arrived in La Haye in 1623, selling all of his property to invest in bonds, which provided a comfortable income for the rest of his life.", "He arrived in La Haye in 1623, selling all of his property to invest in bonds, which provided a comfortable income for the rest of his life. Descartes was present at the siege of La Rochelle by Cardinal Richelieu in 1627.", "Descartes was present at the siege of La Rochelle by Cardinal Richelieu in 1627. In the autumn of that year, in the residence of the papal nuncio Guidi di Bagno, where he came with Mersenne and many other scholars to listen to a lecture given by the alchemist, Nicolas de Villiers, Sieur de Chandoux, on the principles of a supposed new philosophy, Cardinal Bérulle urged him to write an exposition of his new philosophy in some location beyond the reach of the Inquisition.", "In the autumn of that year, in the residence of the papal nuncio Guidi di Bagno, where he came with Mersenne and many other scholars to listen to a lecture given by the alchemist, Nicolas de Villiers, Sieur de Chandoux, on the principles of a supposed new philosophy, Cardinal Bérulle urged him to write an exposition of his new philosophy in some location beyond the reach of the Inquisition. Netherlands Descartes returned to the Dutch Republic in 1628.", "Netherlands Descartes returned to the Dutch Republic in 1628. In April 1629, he joined the University of Franeker, studying under Adriaan Metius, either living with a Catholic family or renting the Sjaerdemaslot.", "In April 1629, he joined the University of Franeker, studying under Adriaan Metius, either living with a Catholic family or renting the Sjaerdemaslot. The next year, under the name \"Poitevin\", he enrolled at Leiden University to study both mathematics with Jacobus Golius, who confronted him with Pappus's hexagon theorem, and astronomy with Martin Hortensius.", "The next year, under the name \"Poitevin\", he enrolled at Leiden University to study both mathematics with Jacobus Golius, who confronted him with Pappus's hexagon theorem, and astronomy with Martin Hortensius. In October 1630, he had a falling-out with Beeckman, whom he accused of plagiarizing some of his ideas.", "In October 1630, he had a falling-out with Beeckman, whom he accused of plagiarizing some of his ideas. In Amsterdam, he had a relationship with a servant girl, Helena Jans van der Strom, with whom he had a daughter, Francine, who was born in 1635 in Deventer.", "In Amsterdam, he had a relationship with a servant girl, Helena Jans van der Strom, with whom he had a daughter, Francine, who was born in 1635 in Deventer. She died of scarlet fever at the age of 5.", "She died of scarlet fever at the age of 5. Unlike many moralists of the time, Descartes did not deprecate the passions but rather defended them; he wept upon Francine's death in 1640.", "Unlike many moralists of the time, Descartes did not deprecate the passions but rather defended them; he wept upon Francine's death in 1640. According to a recent biography by Jason Porterfield, \"Descartes said that he did not believe that one must refrain from tears to prove oneself a man.\"", "According to a recent biography by Jason Porterfield, \"Descartes said that he did not believe that one must refrain from tears to prove oneself a man.\" Russell Shorto speculates that the experience of fatherhood and losing a child formed a turning point in Descartes's work, changing its focus from medicine to a quest for universal answers.", "Russell Shorto speculates that the experience of fatherhood and losing a child formed a turning point in Descartes's work, changing its focus from medicine to a quest for universal answers. Despite frequent moves, he wrote all of his major work during his 20-plus years in the Netherlands, initiating a revolution in mathematics and philosophy.", "Despite frequent moves, he wrote all of his major work during his 20-plus years in the Netherlands, initiating a revolution in mathematics and philosophy. In 1633, Galileo was condemned by the Italian Inquisition, and Descartes abandoned plans to publish Treatise on the World, his work of the previous four years.", "In 1633, Galileo was condemned by the Italian Inquisition, and Descartes abandoned plans to publish Treatise on the World, his work of the previous four years. Nevertheless, in 1637, he published parts of this work in three essays: \"Les Météores\" (The Meteors), \"La Dioptrique\" (Dioptrics) and La Géométrie (Geometry), preceded by an introduction, his famous Discours de la méthode (Discourse on the Method).", "Nevertheless, in 1637, he published parts of this work in three essays: \"Les Météores\" (The Meteors), \"La Dioptrique\" (Dioptrics) and La Géométrie (Geometry), preceded by an introduction, his famous Discours de la méthode (Discourse on the Method). In it, Descartes lays out four rules of thought, meant to ensure that our knowledge rests upon a firm foundation: In La Géométrie, Descartes exploited the discoveries he made with Pierre de Fermat, having been able to do so because his paper, Introduction to Loci, was published posthumously in 1679.", "In it, Descartes lays out four rules of thought, meant to ensure that our knowledge rests upon a firm foundation: In La Géométrie, Descartes exploited the discoveries he made with Pierre de Fermat, having been able to do so because his paper, Introduction to Loci, was published posthumously in 1679. This later became known as Cartesian Geometry.", "This later became known as Cartesian Geometry. Descartes continued to publish works concerning both mathematics and philosophy for the rest of his life. In 1641, he published a metaphysics treatise, Meditationes de Prima Philosophia (Meditations on First Philosophy), written in Latin and thus addressed to the learned.", "In 1641, he published a metaphysics treatise, Meditationes de Prima Philosophia (Meditations on First Philosophy), written in Latin and thus addressed to the learned. It was followed in 1644 by Principia Philosophiae (Principles of Philosophy), a kind of synthesis of the Discourse on the Method and Meditations on First Philosophy.", "It was followed in 1644 by Principia Philosophiae (Principles of Philosophy), a kind of synthesis of the Discourse on the Method and Meditations on First Philosophy. In 1643, Cartesian philosophy was condemned at the University of Utrecht, and Descartes was obliged to flee to the Hague, settling in Egmond-Binnen.", "In 1643, Cartesian philosophy was condemned at the University of Utrecht, and Descartes was obliged to flee to the Hague, settling in Egmond-Binnen. Christia Mercer suggested that Descartes may have been influenced by Spanish author and Roman Catholic nun Teresa of Ávila, who, fifty years earlier, published The Interior Castle, concerning the role of philosophical reflection in intellectual growth.", "Christia Mercer suggested that Descartes may have been influenced by Spanish author and Roman Catholic nun Teresa of Ávila, who, fifty years earlier, published The Interior Castle, concerning the role of philosophical reflection in intellectual growth. Descartes began (through Alfonso Polloti, an Italian general in Dutch service) a six-year correspondence with Princess Elisabeth of Bohemia, devoted mainly to moral and psychological subjects.", "Descartes began (through Alfonso Polloti, an Italian general in Dutch service) a six-year correspondence with Princess Elisabeth of Bohemia, devoted mainly to moral and psychological subjects. Connected with this correspondence, in 1649 he published Les Passions de l'âme (The Passions of the Soul), which he dedicated to the Princess.", "Connected with this correspondence, in 1649 he published Les Passions de l'âme (The Passions of the Soul), which he dedicated to the Princess. A French translation of Principia Philosophiae, prepared by Abbot Claude Picot, was published in 1647. This edition was also dedicated to Princess Elisabeth.", "This edition was also dedicated to Princess Elisabeth. In the preface to the French edition, Descartes praised true philosophy as a means to attain wisdom. He identifies four ordinary sources to reach wisdom and finally says that there is a fifth, better and more secure, consisting in the search for first causes.", "He identifies four ordinary sources to reach wisdom and finally says that there is a fifth, better and more secure, consisting in the search for first causes. Sweden By 1649, Descartes had become one of Europe's most famous philosophers and scientists.", "Sweden By 1649, Descartes had become one of Europe's most famous philosophers and scientists. That year, Queen Christina of Sweden invited him to her court to organize a new scientific academy and tutor her in his ideas about love. Descartes accepted, and moved to Sweden in the middle of winter.", "Descartes accepted, and moved to Sweden in the middle of winter. She was interested in and stimulated Descartes to publish The Passions of the Soul. He was a guest at the house of Pierre Chanut, living on Västerlånggatan, less than 500 meters from Tre Kronor in Stockholm.", "He was a guest at the house of Pierre Chanut, living on Västerlånggatan, less than 500 meters from Tre Kronor in Stockholm. There, Chanut and Descartes made observations with a Torricellian mercury barometer.", "There, Chanut and Descartes made observations with a Torricellian mercury barometer. Challenging Blaise Pascal, Descartes took the first set of barometric readings in Stockholm to see if atmospheric pressure could be used in forecasting the weather.", "Challenging Blaise Pascal, Descartes took the first set of barometric readings in Stockholm to see if atmospheric pressure could be used in forecasting the weather. Death Descartes arranged to give lessons to Queen Christina after her birthday, three times a week at 5 am, in her cold and draughty castle.", "Death Descartes arranged to give lessons to Queen Christina after her birthday, three times a week at 5 am, in her cold and draughty castle. It soon became clear they did not like each other; she did not care for his mechanical philosophy, nor did he share her interest in Ancient Greek.", "It soon became clear they did not like each other; she did not care for his mechanical philosophy, nor did he share her interest in Ancient Greek. By 15 January 1650, Descartes had seen Christina only four or five times. On 1 February, he contracted pneumonia and died on 11 February.", "On 1 February, he contracted pneumonia and died on 11 February. The cause of death was pneumonia according to Chanut, but peripneumonia according to Christina's physician Johann van Wullen who was not allowed to bleed him.", "The cause of death was pneumonia according to Chanut, but peripneumonia according to Christina's physician Johann van Wullen who was not allowed to bleed him. (The winter seems to have been mild, except for the second half of January which was harsh as described by Descartes himself; however, \"this remark was probably intended to be as much Descartes' take on the intellectual climate as it was about the weather.\")", "(The winter seems to have been mild, except for the second half of January which was harsh as described by Descartes himself; however, \"this remark was probably intended to be as much Descartes' take on the intellectual climate as it was about the weather.\") E. Pies has questioned this account, based on a letter by the Doctor van Wullen; however, Descartes had refused his treatment, and more arguments against its veracity have been raised since.", "E. Pies has questioned this account, based on a letter by the Doctor van Wullen; however, Descartes had refused his treatment, and more arguments against its veracity have been raised since. In a 2009 book, German philosopher Theodor Ebert argues that Descartes was poisoned by a Catholic missionary who opposed his religious views.", "In a 2009 book, German philosopher Theodor Ebert argues that Descartes was poisoned by a Catholic missionary who opposed his religious views. As a Catholic in a Protestant nation, he was interred in a graveyard used mainly for orphans in Adolf Fredriks kyrka in Stockholm.", "As a Catholic in a Protestant nation, he was interred in a graveyard used mainly for orphans in Adolf Fredriks kyrka in Stockholm. His manuscripts came into the possession of Claude Clerselier, Chanut's brother-in-law, and \"a devout Catholic who has begun the process of turning Descartes into a saint by cutting, adding and publishing his letters selectively.\"", "His manuscripts came into the possession of Claude Clerselier, Chanut's brother-in-law, and \"a devout Catholic who has begun the process of turning Descartes into a saint by cutting, adding and publishing his letters selectively.\" In 1663, the Pope placed Descartes' works on the Index of Prohibited Books.", "In 1663, the Pope placed Descartes' works on the Index of Prohibited Books. In 1666, sixteen years after his death, his remains were taken to France and buried in Saint-Étienne-du-Mont. In 1671, Louis XIV prohibited all lectures in Cartesianism.", "In 1671, Louis XIV prohibited all lectures in Cartesianism. Although the National Convention in 1792 had planned to transfer his remains to the Panthéon, he was reburied in the Abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Prés in 1819, missing a finger and the skull. His skull is on display in the Musée de l'Homme in Paris.", "His skull is on display in the Musée de l'Homme in Paris. Philosophical work In his Discourse on the Method, he attempts to arrive at a fundamental set of principles that one can know as true without any doubt.", "Philosophical work In his Discourse on the Method, he attempts to arrive at a fundamental set of principles that one can know as true without any doubt. To achieve this, he employs a method called hyperbolical/metaphysical doubt, also sometimes referred to as methodological skepticism or Cartesian doubt: he rejects any ideas that can be doubted and then re-establishes them in order to acquire a firm foundation for genuine knowledge.", "To achieve this, he employs a method called hyperbolical/metaphysical doubt, also sometimes referred to as methodological skepticism or Cartesian doubt: he rejects any ideas that can be doubted and then re-establishes them in order to acquire a firm foundation for genuine knowledge. Descartes built his ideas from scratch which he does in The Meditations on First Philosophy.", "Descartes built his ideas from scratch which he does in The Meditations on First Philosophy. He relates this to architecture: the top soil is taken away to create a new building or structure. Descartes calls his doubt the soil and new knowledge the buildings. To Descartes, Aristotle's foundationalism is incomplete and his method of doubt enhances foundationalism.", "To Descartes, Aristotle's foundationalism is incomplete and his method of doubt enhances foundationalism. Initially, Descartes arrives at only a single first principle that he thinks. This is expressed in the Latin phrase in the Discourse on Method \"Cogito, ergo sum\" (English: \"I think, therefore I am\").", "This is expressed in the Latin phrase in the Discourse on Method \"Cogito, ergo sum\" (English: \"I think, therefore I am\"). Descartes concluded, if he doubted, then something or someone must be doing the doubting; therefore, the very fact that he doubted proved his existence.", "Descartes concluded, if he doubted, then something or someone must be doing the doubting; therefore, the very fact that he doubted proved his existence. \"The simple meaning of the phrase is that if one is skeptical of existence, that is in and of itself proof that he does exist.\"", "\"The simple meaning of the phrase is that if one is skeptical of existence, that is in and of itself proof that he does exist.\" These two first principles—I think and I exist—were later confirmed by Descartes' clear and distinct perception (delineated in his Third Meditation from The Meditations): as he clearly and distinctly perceives these two principles, Descartes reasoned, ensures their indubitability.", "These two first principles—I think and I exist—were later confirmed by Descartes' clear and distinct perception (delineated in his Third Meditation from The Meditations): as he clearly and distinctly perceives these two principles, Descartes reasoned, ensures their indubitability. Descartes concludes that he can be certain that he exists because he thinks. But in what form?", "But in what form? But in what form? He perceives his body through the use of the senses; however, these have previously been unreliable. So Descartes determines that the only indubitable knowledge is that he is a thinking thing. Thinking is what he does, and his power must come from his essence.", "Thinking is what he does, and his power must come from his essence. Descartes defines \"thought\" (cogitatio) as \"what happens in me such that I am immediately conscious of it, insofar as I am conscious of it\". Thinking is thus every activity of a person of which the person is immediately conscious.", "Thinking is thus every activity of a person of which the person is immediately conscious. He gave reasons for thinking that waking thoughts are distinguishable from dreams, and that one's mind cannot have been \"hijacked\" by an evil demon placing an illusory external world before one's senses.", "He gave reasons for thinking that waking thoughts are distinguishable from dreams, and that one's mind cannot have been \"hijacked\" by an evil demon placing an illusory external world before one's senses. In this manner, Descartes proceeds to construct a system of knowledge, discarding perception as unreliable and, instead, admitting only deduction as a method.", "In this manner, Descartes proceeds to construct a system of knowledge, discarding perception as unreliable and, instead, admitting only deduction as a method. Mind–Body Dualism Descartes, influenced by the automatons on display throughout the city of Paris, began to investigate the connection between the mind and body, and how the two interact.", "Mind–Body Dualism Descartes, influenced by the automatons on display throughout the city of Paris, began to investigate the connection between the mind and body, and how the two interact. His main influences for dualism were theology and physics. The theory on the dualism of mind and body is Descartes' signature doctrine and permeates other theories he advanced.", "The theory on the dualism of mind and body is Descartes' signature doctrine and permeates other theories he advanced. Known as Cartesian dualism (or mind–body dualism), his theory on the separation between the mind and the body went on to influence subsequent Western philosophies.", "Known as Cartesian dualism (or mind–body dualism), his theory on the separation between the mind and the body went on to influence subsequent Western philosophies. In Meditations on First Philosophy, Descartes attempted to demonstrate the existence of God and the distinction between the human soul and the body.", "In Meditations on First Philosophy, Descartes attempted to demonstrate the existence of God and the distinction between the human soul and the body. Humans are a union of mind and body; thus Descartes's dualism embraced the idea that mind and body are distinct but closely joined.", "Humans are a union of mind and body; thus Descartes's dualism embraced the idea that mind and body are distinct but closely joined. While many contemporary readers of Descartes found the distinction between mind and body difficult to grasp, he thought it was entirely straightforward.", "While many contemporary readers of Descartes found the distinction between mind and body difficult to grasp, he thought it was entirely straightforward. Descartes employed the concept of modes, which are the ways in which substances exist.", "Descartes employed the concept of modes, which are the ways in which substances exist. In Principles of Philosophy, Descartes explained, \"we can clearly perceive a substance apart from the mode which we say differs from it, whereas we cannot, conversely, understand the mode apart from the substance\".", "In Principles of Philosophy, Descartes explained, \"we can clearly perceive a substance apart from the mode which we say differs from it, whereas we cannot, conversely, understand the mode apart from the substance\". To perceive a mode apart from its substance requires an intellectual abstraction, which Descartes explained as follows: The intellectual abstraction consists in my turning my thought away from one part of the contents of this richer idea the better to apply it to the other part with greater attention.", "To perceive a mode apart from its substance requires an intellectual abstraction, which Descartes explained as follows: The intellectual abstraction consists in my turning my thought away from one part of the contents of this richer idea the better to apply it to the other part with greater attention. Thus, when I consider a shape without thinking of the substance or the extension whose shape it is, I make a mental abstraction.", "Thus, when I consider a shape without thinking of the substance or the extension whose shape it is, I make a mental abstraction. According to Descartes, two substances are really distinct when each of them can exist apart from the other.", "According to Descartes, two substances are really distinct when each of them can exist apart from the other. Thus, Descartes reasoned that God is distinct from humans, and the body and mind of a human are also distinct from one another.", "Thus, Descartes reasoned that God is distinct from humans, and the body and mind of a human are also distinct from one another. He argued that the great differences between body (an extended thing) and mind (an un-extended, immaterial thing) make the two ontologically distinct.", "He argued that the great differences between body (an extended thing) and mind (an un-extended, immaterial thing) make the two ontologically distinct. According to Descartes' indivisibility argument, the mind is utterly indivisible: because \"when I consider the mind, or myself in so far as I am merely a thinking thing, I am unable to distinguish any part within myself; I understand myself to be something quite single and complete.\"", "According to Descartes' indivisibility argument, the mind is utterly indivisible: because \"when I consider the mind, or myself in so far as I am merely a thinking thing, I am unable to distinguish any part within myself; I understand myself to be something quite single and complete.\" Moreover, in The Meditations, Descartes discusses a piece of wax and exposes the single most characteristic doctrine of Cartesian dualism: that the universe contained two radically different kinds of substances—the mind or soul defined as thinking, and the body defined as matter and unthinking.", "Moreover, in The Meditations, Descartes discusses a piece of wax and exposes the single most characteristic doctrine of Cartesian dualism: that the universe contained two radically different kinds of substances—the mind or soul defined as thinking, and the body defined as matter and unthinking. The Aristotelian philosophy of Descartes' days held that the universe was inherently purposeful or teleological.", "The Aristotelian philosophy of Descartes' days held that the universe was inherently purposeful or teleological. Everything that happened, be it the motion of the stars or the growth of a tree, was supposedly explainable by a certain purpose, goal or end that worked its way out within nature.", "Everything that happened, be it the motion of the stars or the growth of a tree, was supposedly explainable by a certain purpose, goal or end that worked its way out within nature. Aristotle called this the \"final cause,\" and these final causes were indispensable for explaining the ways nature operated.", "Aristotle called this the \"final cause,\" and these final causes were indispensable for explaining the ways nature operated. Descartes' theory of dualism supports the distinction between traditional Aristotelian science and the new science of Kepler and Galileo, which denied the role of a divine power and \"final causes\" in its attempts to explain nature.", "Descartes' theory of dualism supports the distinction between traditional Aristotelian science and the new science of Kepler and Galileo, which denied the role of a divine power and \"final causes\" in its attempts to explain nature. Descartes' dualism provided the philosophical rationale for the latter by expelling the final cause from the physical universe (or res extensa) in favor of the mind (or res cogitans).", "Descartes' dualism provided the philosophical rationale for the latter by expelling the final cause from the physical universe (or res extensa) in favor of the mind (or res cogitans). Therefore, while Cartesian dualism paved the way for modern physics, it also held the door open for religious beliefs about the immortality of the soul.", "Therefore, while Cartesian dualism paved the way for modern physics, it also held the door open for religious beliefs about the immortality of the soul. Descartes' dualism of mind and matter implied a concept of human beings. A human was, according to Descartes, a composite entity of mind and body.", "A human was, according to Descartes, a composite entity of mind and body. Descartes gave priority to the mind and argued that the mind could exist without the body, but the body could not exist without the mind.", "Descartes gave priority to the mind and argued that the mind could exist without the body, but the body could not exist without the mind. In The Meditations, Descartes even argues that while the mind is a substance, the body is composed only of \"accidents\".", "In The Meditations, Descartes even argues that while the mind is a substance, the body is composed only of \"accidents\". But he did argue that mind and body are closely joined: Nature also teaches me, by the sensations of pain, hunger, thirst and so on, that I am not merely present in my body as a pilot in his ship, but that I am very closely joined and, as it were, intermingled with it, so that I and the body form a unit.", "But he did argue that mind and body are closely joined: Nature also teaches me, by the sensations of pain, hunger, thirst and so on, that I am not merely present in my body as a pilot in his ship, but that I am very closely joined and, as it were, intermingled with it, so that I and the body form a unit. If this were not so, I, who am nothing but a thinking thing, would not feel pain when the body was hurt, but would perceive the damage purely by the intellect, just as a sailor perceives by sight if anything in his ship is broken.", "If this were not so, I, who am nothing but a thinking thing, would not feel pain when the body was hurt, but would perceive the damage purely by the intellect, just as a sailor perceives by sight if anything in his ship is broken. Descartes' discussion on embodiment raised one of the most perplexing problems of his dualism philosophy: What exactly is the relationship of union between the mind and the body of a person?", "Descartes' discussion on embodiment raised one of the most perplexing problems of his dualism philosophy: What exactly is the relationship of union between the mind and the body of a person? Therefore, Cartesian dualism set the agenda for philosophical discussion of the mind–body problem for many years after Descartes' death.", "Therefore, Cartesian dualism set the agenda for philosophical discussion of the mind–body problem for many years after Descartes' death. Descartes was also a rationalist and believed in the power of innate ideas. Descartes argued the theory of innate knowledge and that all humans were born with knowledge through the higher power of God.", "Descartes argued the theory of innate knowledge and that all humans were born with knowledge through the higher power of God. It was this theory of innate knowledge that was later combated by philosopher John Locke (1632–1704), an empiricist. Empiricism holds that all knowledge is acquired through experience.", "Empiricism holds that all knowledge is acquired through experience. Physiology and psychology In The Passions of the Soul, published in 1649, Descartes discussed the common contemporary belief that the human body contained animal spirits. These animal spirits were believed to be light and roaming fluids circulating rapidly around the nervous system between the brain and the muscles.", "These animal spirits were believed to be light and roaming fluids circulating rapidly around the nervous system between the brain and the muscles. These animal spirits were believed to affect the human soul, or passions of the soul. Descartes distinguished six basic passions: wonder, love, hatred, desire, joy and sadness.", "Descartes distinguished six basic passions: wonder, love, hatred, desire, joy and sadness. All of these passions, he argued, represented different combinations of the original spirit, and influenced the soul to will or want certain actions.", "All of these passions, he argued, represented different combinations of the original spirit, and influenced the soul to will or want certain actions. He argued, for example, that fear is a passion that moves the soul to generate a response in the body.", "He argued, for example, that fear is a passion that moves the soul to generate a response in the body. In line with his dualist teachings on the separation between the soul and the body, he hypothesized that some part of the brain served as a connector between the soul and the body and singled out the pineal gland as connector.", "In line with his dualist teachings on the separation between the soul and the body, he hypothesized that some part of the brain served as a connector between the soul and the body and singled out the pineal gland as connector. Descartes argued that signals passed from the ear and the eye to the pineal gland, through animal spirits.", "Descartes argued that signals passed from the ear and the eye to the pineal gland, through animal spirits. Thus different motions in the gland cause various animal spirits. He argued that these motions in the pineal gland are based on God's will and that humans are supposed to want and like things that are useful to them.", "He argued that these motions in the pineal gland are based on God's will and that humans are supposed to want and like things that are useful to them. But he also argued that the animal spirits that moved around the body could distort the commands from the pineal gland, thus humans had to learn how to control their passions.", "But he also argued that the animal spirits that moved around the body could distort the commands from the pineal gland, thus humans had to learn how to control their passions. Descartes advanced a theory on automatic bodily reactions to external events, which influenced 19th-century reflex theory.", "Descartes advanced a theory on automatic bodily reactions to external events, which influenced 19th-century reflex theory. He argued that external motions, such as touch and sound, reach the endings of the nerves and affect the animal spirits.", "He argued that external motions, such as touch and sound, reach the endings of the nerves and affect the animal spirits. For example, heat from fire affects a spot on the skin and sets in motion a chain of reactions, with the animal spirits reaching the brain through the central nervous system, and in turn, animal spirits are sent back to the muscles to move the hand away from the fire.", "For example, heat from fire affects a spot on the skin and sets in motion a chain of reactions, with the animal spirits reaching the brain through the central nervous system, and in turn, animal spirits are sent back to the muscles to move the hand away from the fire. Through this chain of reactions, the automatic reactions of the body do not require a thought process.", "Through this chain of reactions, the automatic reactions of the body do not require a thought process. Above all, he was among the first scientists who believed that the soul should be subject to scientific investigation. He challenged the views of his contemporaries that the soul was divine, thus religious authorities regarded his books as dangerous .", "He challenged the views of his contemporaries that the soul was divine, thus religious authorities regarded his books as dangerous . Descartes' writings went on to form the basis for theories on emotions and how cognitive evaluations were translated into affective processes.", "Descartes' writings went on to form the basis for theories on emotions and how cognitive evaluations were translated into affective processes. Descartes believed that the brain resembled a working machine and unlike many of his contemporaries, he believed that mathematics and mechanics could explain the most complicated processes of the mind.", "Descartes believed that the brain resembled a working machine and unlike many of his contemporaries, he believed that mathematics and mechanics could explain the most complicated processes of the mind. In the 20th century, Alan Turing advanced computer science based on mathematical biology as inspired by Descartes.", "In the 20th century, Alan Turing advanced computer science based on mathematical biology as inspired by Descartes. His theories on reflexes also served as the foundation for advanced physiological theories, more than 200 years after his death. The physiologist Ivan Pavlov was a great admirer of Descartes.", "The physiologist Ivan Pavlov was a great admirer of Descartes. Moral philosophy For Descartes, ethics was a science, the highest and most perfect of them. Like the rest of the sciences, ethics had its roots in metaphysics.", "Like the rest of the sciences, ethics had its roots in metaphysics. In this way, he argues for the existence of God, investigates the place of man in nature, formulates the theory of mind–body dualism, and defends free will.", "In this way, he argues for the existence of God, investigates the place of man in nature, formulates the theory of mind–body dualism, and defends free will. However, as he was a convinced rationalist, Descartes clearly states that reason is sufficient in the search for the goods that we should seek, and virtue consists in the correct reasoning that should guide our actions.", "However, as he was a convinced rationalist, Descartes clearly states that reason is sufficient in the search for the goods that we should seek, and virtue consists in the correct reasoning that should guide our actions. Nevertheless, the quality of this reasoning depends on knowledge, because a well-informed mind will be more capable of making good choices, and it also depends on mental condition.", "Nevertheless, the quality of this reasoning depends on knowledge, because a well-informed mind will be more capable of making good choices, and it also depends on mental condition. For this reason, he said that a complete moral philosophy should include the study of the body.", "For this reason, he said that a complete moral philosophy should include the study of the body. He discussed this subject in the correspondence with Princess Elisabeth of Bohemia, and as a result wrote his work The Passions of the Soul, that contains a study of the psychosomatic processes and reactions in man, with an emphasis on emotions or passions.", "He discussed this subject in the correspondence with Princess Elisabeth of Bohemia, and as a result wrote his work The Passions of the Soul, that contains a study of the psychosomatic processes and reactions in man, with an emphasis on emotions or passions. His works about human passion and emotion would be the basis for the philosophy of his followers (see Cartesianism), and would have a lasting impact on ideas concerning what literature and art should be, specifically how it should invoke emotion.", "His works about human passion and emotion would be the basis for the philosophy of his followers (see Cartesianism), and would have a lasting impact on ideas concerning what literature and art should be, specifically how it should invoke emotion. Humans should seek the sovereign good that Descartes, following Zeno, identifies with virtue, as this produces blessedness.", "Humans should seek the sovereign good that Descartes, following Zeno, identifies with virtue, as this produces blessedness. For Epicurus, the sovereign good was pleasure, and Descartes says that, in fact, this is not in contradiction with Zeno's teaching, because virtue produces a spiritual pleasure, that is better than bodily pleasure.", "For Epicurus, the sovereign good was pleasure, and Descartes says that, in fact, this is not in contradiction with Zeno's teaching, because virtue produces a spiritual pleasure, that is better than bodily pleasure. Regarding Aristotle's opinion that happiness (eudaimonia) depends on both moral virtue and also on the goods of fortune such as a moderate degree of wealth, Descartes does not deny that fortunes contribute to happiness but remarks that they are in great proportion outside one's own control, whereas one's mind is under one's complete control.", "Regarding Aristotle's opinion that happiness (eudaimonia) depends on both moral virtue and also on the goods of fortune such as a moderate degree of wealth, Descartes does not deny that fortunes contribute to happiness but remarks that they are in great proportion outside one's own control, whereas one's mind is under one's complete control. The moral writings of Descartes came at the last part of his life, but earlier, in his Discourse on the Method, he adopted three maxims to be able to act while he put all his ideas into doubt.", "The moral writings of Descartes came at the last part of his life, but earlier, in his Discourse on the Method, he adopted three maxims to be able to act while he put all his ideas into doubt. This is known as his \"Provisional Morals\".", "This is known as his \"Provisional Morals\". Religion In the third and fifth Meditation, Descartes offers proofs of a benevolent God (the trademark argument and the ontological argument respectively).", "Religion In the third and fifth Meditation, Descartes offers proofs of a benevolent God (the trademark argument and the ontological argument respectively). Because God is benevolent, Descartes has faith in the account of reality his senses provide him, for God has provided him with a working mind and sensory system and does not desire to deceive him.", "Because God is benevolent, Descartes has faith in the account of reality his senses provide him, for God has provided him with a working mind and sensory system and does not desire to deceive him. From this supposition, however, Descartes finally establishes the possibility of acquiring knowledge about the world based on deduction and perception.", "From this supposition, however, Descartes finally establishes the possibility of acquiring knowledge about the world based on deduction and perception. Regarding epistemology, therefore, Descartes can be said to have contributed such ideas as a rigorous conception of foundationalism and the possibility that reason is the only reliable method of attaining knowledge.", "Regarding epistemology, therefore, Descartes can be said to have contributed such ideas as a rigorous conception of foundationalism and the possibility that reason is the only reliable method of attaining knowledge. Descartes, however, was very much aware that experimentation was necessary to verify and validate theories.", "Descartes, however, was very much aware that experimentation was necessary to verify and validate theories. Descartes invokes his causal adequacy principle to support his trademark argument for the existence of God, quoting Lucretius in defence: \"Ex nihilo nihil fit\", meaning \"Nothing comes from nothing\" (Lucretius).", "Descartes invokes his causal adequacy principle to support his trademark argument for the existence of God, quoting Lucretius in defence: \"Ex nihilo nihil fit\", meaning \"Nothing comes from nothing\" (Lucretius). Oxford Reference summarises the argument, as follows, \"that our idea of perfection is related to its perfect origin (God), just as a stamp or trademark is left in an article of workmanship by its maker.\"", "Oxford Reference summarises the argument, as follows, \"that our idea of perfection is related to its perfect origin (God), just as a stamp or trademark is left in an article of workmanship by its maker.\" In the fifth Meditation, Descartes presents a version of the ontological argument which is founded on the possibility of thinking the \"idea of a being that is supremely perfect and infinite,\" and suggests that \"of all the ideas that are in me, the idea that I have of God is the most true, the most clear and distinct.\"", "In the fifth Meditation, Descartes presents a version of the ontological argument which is founded on the possibility of thinking the \"idea of a being that is supremely perfect and infinite,\" and suggests that \"of all the ideas that are in me, the idea that I have of God is the most true, the most clear and distinct.\" Descartes considered himself to be a devout Catholic, and one of the purposes of the Meditations was to defend the Catholic faith.", "Descartes considered himself to be a devout Catholic, and one of the purposes of the Meditations was to defend the Catholic faith. His attempt to ground theological beliefs on reason encountered intense opposition in his time.", "His attempt to ground theological beliefs on reason encountered intense opposition in his time. Pascal regarded Descartes' views as a rationalist and mechanist, and accused him of deism: \"I cannot forgive Descartes; in all his philosophy, Descartes did his best to dispense with God.", "Pascal regarded Descartes' views as a rationalist and mechanist, and accused him of deism: \"I cannot forgive Descartes; in all his philosophy, Descartes did his best to dispense with God. But Descartes could not avoid prodding God to set the world in motion with a snap of his lordly fingers; after that, he had no more use for God,\" while a powerful contemporary, Martin Schoock, accused him of atheist beliefs, though Descartes had provided an explicit critique of atheism in his Meditations.", "But Descartes could not avoid prodding God to set the world in motion with a snap of his lordly fingers; after that, he had no more use for God,\" while a powerful contemporary, Martin Schoock, accused him of atheist beliefs, though Descartes had provided an explicit critique of atheism in his Meditations. The Catholic Church prohibited his books in 1663.", "The Catholic Church prohibited his books in 1663. Descartes also wrote a response to external world skepticism. Through this method of scepticism, he does not doubt for the sake of doubting but to achieve concrete and reliable information. In other words, certainty.", "In other words, certainty. In other words, certainty. He argues that sensory perceptions come to him involuntarily, and are not willed by him. They are external to his senses, and according to Descartes, this is evidence of the existence of something outside of his mind, and thus, an external world.", "They are external to his senses, and according to Descartes, this is evidence of the existence of something outside of his mind, and thus, an external world. Descartes goes on to show that the things in the external world are material by arguing that God would not deceive him as to the ideas that are being transmitted, and that God has given him the \"propensity\" to believe that such ideas are caused by material things.", "Descartes goes on to show that the things in the external world are material by arguing that God would not deceive him as to the ideas that are being transmitted, and that God has given him the \"propensity\" to believe that such ideas are caused by material things. Descartes also believes a substance is something that does not need any assistance to function or exist.", "Descartes also believes a substance is something that does not need any assistance to function or exist. Descartes further explains how only God can be a true \"substance\". But minds are substances, meaning they need only God for it to function. The mind is a thinking substance. The means for a thinking substance stem from ideas.", "The means for a thinking substance stem from ideas. Descartes steered clear of theological questions, restricting his attention to showing that there is no incompatibility between his metaphysics and theological orthodoxy. He avoided trying to demonstrate theological dogmas metaphysically.", "He avoided trying to demonstrate theological dogmas metaphysically. When challenged that he had not established the immortality of the soul merely in showing that the soul and the body are distinct substances, he replied, \"I do not take it upon myself to try to use the power of human reason to settle any of those matters which depend on the free will of God.\"", "When challenged that he had not established the immortality of the soul merely in showing that the soul and the body are distinct substances, he replied, \"I do not take it upon myself to try to use the power of human reason to settle any of those matters which depend on the free will of God.\" Natural science Descartes is often regarded as the first thinker to emphasize the use of reason to develop the natural sciences.", "Natural science Descartes is often regarded as the first thinker to emphasize the use of reason to develop the natural sciences. For him, philosophy was a thinking system that embodied all knowledge, as he related in a letter to a French translator: On animals Descartes denied that animals had reason or intelligence.", "For him, philosophy was a thinking system that embodied all knowledge, as he related in a letter to a French translator: On animals Descartes denied that animals had reason or intelligence. He argued that animals did not lack sensations or perceptions, but these could be explained mechanistically.", "He argued that animals did not lack sensations or perceptions, but these could be explained mechanistically. Whereas humans had a soul, or mind, and were able to feel pain and anxiety, animals by virtue of not having a soul could not feel pain or anxiety.", "Whereas humans had a soul, or mind, and were able to feel pain and anxiety, animals by virtue of not having a soul could not feel pain or anxiety. If animals showed signs of distress then this was to protect the body from damage, but the innate state needed for them to suffer was absent.", "If animals showed signs of distress then this was to protect the body from damage, but the innate state needed for them to suffer was absent. Although Descartes' views were not universally accepted, they became prominent in Europe and North America, allowing humans to treat animals with impunity.", "Although Descartes' views were not universally accepted, they became prominent in Europe and North America, allowing humans to treat animals with impunity. The view that animals were quite separate from humanity and merely machines allowed for the maltreatment of animals, and was sanctioned in law and societal norms until the middle of the 19th century.", "The view that animals were quite separate from humanity and merely machines allowed for the maltreatment of animals, and was sanctioned in law and societal norms until the middle of the 19th century. The publications of Charles Darwin would eventually erode the Cartesian view of animals.", "The publications of Charles Darwin would eventually erode the Cartesian view of animals. Darwin argued that the continuity between humans and other species opened the possibilities that animals did not have dissimilar properties to suffer.", "Darwin argued that the continuity between humans and other species opened the possibilities that animals did not have dissimilar properties to suffer. Historical impact Emancipation from Church doctrine Descartes has often been dubbed the father of modern Western philosophy, the thinker whose approach has profoundly changed the course of Western philosophy and set the basis for modernity.", "Historical impact Emancipation from Church doctrine Descartes has often been dubbed the father of modern Western philosophy, the thinker whose approach has profoundly changed the course of Western philosophy and set the basis for modernity. The first two of his Meditations on First Philosophy, those that formulate the famous methodic doubt, represent the portion of Descartes's writings that most influenced modern thinking.", "The first two of his Meditations on First Philosophy, those that formulate the famous methodic doubt, represent the portion of Descartes's writings that most influenced modern thinking. It has been argued that Descartes himself did not realize the extent of this revolutionary move.", "It has been argued that Descartes himself did not realize the extent of this revolutionary move. In shifting the debate from \"what is true\" to \"of what can I be certain?", "In shifting the debate from \"what is true\" to \"of what can I be certain? \", Descartes arguably shifted the authoritative guarantor of truth from God to humanity (even though Descartes himself claimed he received his visions from God)—while the traditional concept of \"truth\" implies an external authority, \"certainty\" instead relies on the judgment of the individual.", "\", Descartes arguably shifted the authoritative guarantor of truth from God to humanity (even though Descartes himself claimed he received his visions from God)—while the traditional concept of \"truth\" implies an external authority, \"certainty\" instead relies on the judgment of the individual. In an anthropocentric revolution, the human being is now raised to the level of a subject, an agent, an emancipated being equipped with autonomous reason.", "In an anthropocentric revolution, the human being is now raised to the level of a subject, an agent, an emancipated being equipped with autonomous reason. This was a revolutionary step that established the basis of modernity, the repercussions of which are still being felt: the emancipation of humanity from Christian revelational truth and Church doctrine; humanity making its own law and taking its own stand.", "This was a revolutionary step that established the basis of modernity, the repercussions of which are still being felt: the emancipation of humanity from Christian revelational truth and Church doctrine; humanity making its own law and taking its own stand. In modernity, the guarantor of truth is not God anymore but human beings, each of whom is a \"self-conscious shaper and guarantor\" of their own reality.", "In modernity, the guarantor of truth is not God anymore but human beings, each of whom is a \"self-conscious shaper and guarantor\" of their own reality. In that way, each person is turned into a reasoning adult, a subject and agent, as opposed to a child obedient to God.", "In that way, each person is turned into a reasoning adult, a subject and agent, as opposed to a child obedient to God. This change in perspective was characteristic of the shift from the Christian medieval period to the modern period, a shift that had been anticipated in other fields, and which was now being formulated in the field of philosophy by Descartes.", "This change in perspective was characteristic of the shift from the Christian medieval period to the modern period, a shift that had been anticipated in other fields, and which was now being formulated in the field of philosophy by Descartes. This anthropocentric perspective of Descartes's work, establishing human reason as autonomous, provided the basis for the Enlightenment's emancipation from God and the Church.", "This anthropocentric perspective of Descartes's work, establishing human reason as autonomous, provided the basis for the Enlightenment's emancipation from God and the Church. According to Martin Heidegger, the perspective of Descartes's work also provided the basis for all subsequent anthropology. Descartes's philosophical revolution is sometimes said to have sparked modern anthropocentrism and subjectivism.", "Descartes's philosophical revolution is sometimes said to have sparked modern anthropocentrism and subjectivism. Mathematical legacy One of Descartes's most enduring legacies was his development of Cartesian or analytic geometry, which uses algebra to describe geometry.", "Mathematical legacy One of Descartes's most enduring legacies was his development of Cartesian or analytic geometry, which uses algebra to describe geometry. Descartes \"invented the convention of representing unknowns in equations by x, y, and z, and knowns by a, b, and c\".", "Descartes \"invented the convention of representing unknowns in equations by x, y, and z, and knowns by a, b, and c\". He also \"pioneered the standard notation\" that uses superscripts to show the powers or exponents; for example, the 2 used in x2 to indicate x squared.", "He also \"pioneered the standard notation\" that uses superscripts to show the powers or exponents; for example, the 2 used in x2 to indicate x squared. He was first to assign a fundamental place for algebra in the system of knowledge, using it as a method to automate or mechanize reasoning, particularly about abstract, unknown quantities.", "He was first to assign a fundamental place for algebra in the system of knowledge, using it as a method to automate or mechanize reasoning, particularly about abstract, unknown quantities. European mathematicians had previously viewed geometry as a more fundamental form of mathematics, serving as the foundation of algebra.", "European mathematicians had previously viewed geometry as a more fundamental form of mathematics, serving as the foundation of algebra. Algebraic rules were given geometric proofs by mathematicians such as Pacioli, Cardan, Tartaglia and Ferrari.", "Algebraic rules were given geometric proofs by mathematicians such as Pacioli, Cardan, Tartaglia and Ferrari. Equations of degree higher than the third were regarded as unreal, because a three-dimensional form, such as a cube, occupied the largest dimension of reality. Descartes professed that the abstract quantity a2 could represent length as well as an area.", "Descartes professed that the abstract quantity a2 could represent length as well as an area. This was in opposition to the teachings of mathematicians such as François Viète, who insisted that a second power must represent an area.", "This was in opposition to the teachings of mathematicians such as François Viète, who insisted that a second power must represent an area. Although Descartes did not pursue the subject, he preceded Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in envisioning a more general science of algebra or \"universal mathematics,\" as a precursor to symbolic logic, that could encompass logical principles and methods symbolically, and mechanize general reasoning.", "Although Descartes did not pursue the subject, he preceded Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in envisioning a more general science of algebra or \"universal mathematics,\" as a precursor to symbolic logic, that could encompass logical principles and methods symbolically, and mechanize general reasoning. Descartes's work provided the basis for the calculus developed by Newton and Leibniz, who applied the infinitesimal calculus to the tangent line problem, thus permitting the evolution of that branch of modern mathematics.", "Descartes's work provided the basis for the calculus developed by Newton and Leibniz, who applied the infinitesimal calculus to the tangent line problem, thus permitting the evolution of that branch of modern mathematics. His rule of signs is also a commonly used method to determine the number of positive and negative roots of a polynomial.", "His rule of signs is also a commonly used method to determine the number of positive and negative roots of a polynomial. The beginning to Descartes's interest in physics is accredited to the amateur scientist and mathematician Isaac Beeckman, who was at the forefront of a new school of thought known as mechanical philosophy.", "The beginning to Descartes's interest in physics is accredited to the amateur scientist and mathematician Isaac Beeckman, who was at the forefront of a new school of thought known as mechanical philosophy. With this foundation of reasoning, Descartes formulated many of his theories on mechanical and geometric physics.", "With this foundation of reasoning, Descartes formulated many of his theories on mechanical and geometric physics. Descartes discovered an early form of the law of conservation of momentum (a measure of the motion of an object), and envisioned it as pertaining to motion in a straight line, as opposed to perfect circular motion, as Galileo had envisioned it.", "Descartes discovered an early form of the law of conservation of momentum (a measure of the motion of an object), and envisioned it as pertaining to motion in a straight line, as opposed to perfect circular motion, as Galileo had envisioned it. He outlined his views on the universe in his Principles of Philosophy, where he describes his three laws of motion.", "He outlined his views on the universe in his Principles of Philosophy, where he describes his three laws of motion. (Newton's own laws of motion would later be modeled on Descartes' exposition.) Descartes also made contributions to the field of optics.", "Descartes also made contributions to the field of optics. He showed by using geometric construction and the law of refraction (also known as Descartes's law, or more commonly Snell's law outside France) that the angular radius of a rainbow is 42 degrees (i.e., the angle subtended at the eye by the edge of the rainbow and the ray passing from the sun through the rainbow's centre is 42°).", "He showed by using geometric construction and the law of refraction (also known as Descartes's law, or more commonly Snell's law outside France) that the angular radius of a rainbow is 42 degrees (i.e., the angle subtended at the eye by the edge of the rainbow and the ray passing from the sun through the rainbow's centre is 42°). He also independently discovered the law of reflection, and his essay on optics was the first published mention of this law.", "He also independently discovered the law of reflection, and his essay on optics was the first published mention of this law. Influence on Newton's mathematics Current popular opinion holds that Descartes had the most influence of anyone on the young Isaac Newton, and this is arguably one of his most important contributions.", "Influence on Newton's mathematics Current popular opinion holds that Descartes had the most influence of anyone on the young Isaac Newton, and this is arguably one of his most important contributions. Decartes' influence extended not directly from his original French edition of La Géométrie, however, but rather from Frans van Schooten's expanded second Latin edition of the work.", "Decartes' influence extended not directly from his original French edition of La Géométrie, however, but rather from Frans van Schooten's expanded second Latin edition of the work. Newton continued Descartes' work on cubic equations, which freed the subject from fetters of the Greek perspectives.", "Newton continued Descartes' work on cubic equations, which freed the subject from fetters of the Greek perspectives. The most important concept was his very modern treatment of single variables.", "The most important concept was his very modern treatment of single variables. Newton rejected Descartes' vortex theory of planetary motion in favor of his law of universal gravitation, and most of the second book of Newton's Principia is devoted to his counterargument.", "Newton rejected Descartes' vortex theory of planetary motion in favor of his law of universal gravitation, and most of the second book of Newton's Principia is devoted to his counterargument. Contemporary reception In commercial terms, The Discourse appeared during Descartes's lifetime in a single edition of 500 copies, 200 of which were set aside for the author.", "Contemporary reception In commercial terms, The Discourse appeared during Descartes's lifetime in a single edition of 500 copies, 200 of which were set aside for the author. Sharing a similar fate was the only French edition of The Meditations, which had not managed to sell out by the time of Descartes's death.", "Sharing a similar fate was the only French edition of The Meditations, which had not managed to sell out by the time of Descartes's death. A concomitant Latin edition of the latter was, however, eagerly sought out by Europe's scholarly community and proved a commercial success for Descartes.", "A concomitant Latin edition of the latter was, however, eagerly sought out by Europe's scholarly community and proved a commercial success for Descartes. Although Descartes was well known in academic circles towards the end of his life, the teaching of his works in schools was controversial.", "Although Descartes was well known in academic circles towards the end of his life, the teaching of his works in schools was controversial. Henri de Roy (Henricus Regius, 1598–1679), Professor of Medicine at the University of Utrecht, was condemned by the Rector of the university, Gijsbert Voet (Voetius), for teaching Descartes's physics.", "Henri de Roy (Henricus Regius, 1598–1679), Professor of Medicine at the University of Utrecht, was condemned by the Rector of the university, Gijsbert Voet (Voetius), for teaching Descartes's physics. Purported Rosicrucianism The membership of Descartes to the Rosicrucians is debated. The initials of his name have been linked to the R.C.", "The initials of his name have been linked to the R.C. acronym widely used by Rosicrucians. Furthermore, in 1619 Descartes moved to Ulm which was a well renowned international center of the Rosicrucian movement. During his journey in Germany, Descartes met Johannes Faulhaber who had previously expressed his personal commitment to join the brotherhood.", "During his journey in Germany, Descartes met Johannes Faulhaber who had previously expressed his personal commitment to join the brotherhood. Descartes dedicated the work titled The Mathematical Treasure Trove of Polybius, Citizen of the World to \"learned men throughout the world and especially to the distinguished B.R.C. (Brothers of the Rosy Cross) in Germany\".", "(Brothers of the Rosy Cross) in Germany\". The work wasn't completed and its publication is uncertain. Bibliography Writings 1618. Musicae Compendium. A treatise on music theory and the aesthetics of music, which Descartes dedicated to early collaborator Isaac Beeckman (written in 1618, first published—posthumously—in 1650). 1626–1628.", "1626–1628. 1626–1628. Regulae ad directionem ingenii (Rules for the Direction of the Mind). Incomplete. First published posthumously in Dutch translation in 1684 and in the original Latin at Amsterdam in 1701 (R. Des-Cartes Opuscula Posthuma Physica et Mathematica).", "First published posthumously in Dutch translation in 1684 and in the original Latin at Amsterdam in 1701 (R. Des-Cartes Opuscula Posthuma Physica et Mathematica). The best critical edition, which includes the Dutch translation of 1684, is edited by Giovanni Crapulli (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1966). c. 1630. De solidorum elementis.", "c. 1630. De solidorum elementis. De solidorum elementis. Concerns the classification of Platonic solids and three-dimensional figurate numbers. Said by some scholars to prefigure Euler's polyhedral formula.", "Said by some scholars to prefigure Euler's polyhedral formula. Unpublished; discovered in Descartes' estate in Stockholm 1650, soaked for three days in the Seine in a shipwreck while being shipped back to Paris, copied in 1676 by Leibniz, and lost. Leibniz's copy, also lost, was rediscovered circa 1860 in Hannover. 1630–1631.", "1630–1631. 1630–1631. La recherche de la vérité par la lumière naturelle (The Search for Truth) unfinished dialogue published in 1701. 1630–1633. Le Monde (The World) and L'Homme (Man). Descartes's first systematic presentation of his natural philosophy.", "Descartes's first systematic presentation of his natural philosophy. Man was published posthumously in Latin translation in 1662; and The World posthumously in 1664. 1637. Discours de la méthode (Discourse on the Method). An introduction to the Essais, which include the Dioptrique, the Météores and the Géométrie. 1637.", "1637. 1637. La Géométrie (Geometry). Descartes's major work in mathematics. There is an English translation by Michael Mahoney (New York: Dover, 1979). 1641. Meditationes de prima philosophia (Meditations on First Philosophy), also known as Metaphysical Meditations.", "Meditationes de prima philosophia (Meditations on First Philosophy), also known as Metaphysical Meditations. In Latin; a second edition, published the following year, included an additional objection and reply, and a Letter to Dinet. A French translation by the Duke of Luynes, probably done without Descartes's supervision, was published in 1647.", "A French translation by the Duke of Luynes, probably done without Descartes's supervision, was published in 1647. Includes six Objections and Replies. 1644. Principia philosophiae (Principles of Philosophy), a Latin textbook at first intended by Descartes to replace the Aristotelian textbooks then used in universities.", "Principia philosophiae (Principles of Philosophy), a Latin textbook at first intended by Descartes to replace the Aristotelian textbooks then used in universities. A French translation, Principes de philosophie by Claude Picot, under the supervision of Descartes, appeared in 1647 with a letter-preface to Princess Elisabeth of Bohemia. 1647.", "1647. 1647. Notae in programma (Comments on a Certain Broadsheet). A reply to Descartes's one-time disciple Henricus Regius. 1648. La description du corps humain (The Description of the Human Body). Published posthumously by Clerselier in 1667. 1648. Responsiones Renati Des Cartes... (Conversation with Burman).", "Responsiones Renati Des Cartes... (Conversation with Burman). Notes on a Q&A session between Descartes and Frans Burman on 16 April 1648. Rediscovered in 1895 and published for the first time in 1896.", "Rediscovered in 1895 and published for the first time in 1896. An annotated bilingual edition (Latin with French translation), edited by Jean-Marie Beyssade, was published in 1981 (Paris: PUF). 1649. Les passions de l'âme (Passions of the Soul). Dedicated to Princess Elisabeth of the Palatinate. 1657.", "Dedicated to Princess Elisabeth of the Palatinate. 1657. 1657. Correspondance (three volumes: 1657, 1659, 1667). Published by Descartes's literary executor Claude Clerselier. The third edition, in 1667, was the most complete; Clerselier omitted, however, much of the material pertaining to mathematics.", "The third edition, in 1667, was the most complete; Clerselier omitted, however, much of the material pertaining to mathematics. In January 2010, a previously unknown letter from Descartes, dated 27 May 1641, was found by the Dutch philosopher Erik-Jan Bos when browsing through Google.", "In January 2010, a previously unknown letter from Descartes, dated 27 May 1641, was found by the Dutch philosopher Erik-Jan Bos when browsing through Google. Bos found the letter mentioned in a summary of autographs kept by Haverford College in Haverford, Pennsylvania. The college was unaware that the letter had never been published.", "The college was unaware that the letter had never been published. This was the third letter by Descartes found in the last 25 years.", "This was the third letter by Descartes found in the last 25 years. Collected editions Oeuvres de Descartes edited by Charles Adam and Paul Tannery, Paris: Léopold Cerf, 1897–1913, 13 volumes; new revised edition, Paris: Vrin-CNRS, 1964–1974, 11 volumes (the first 5 volumes contains the correspondence).", "Collected editions Oeuvres de Descartes edited by Charles Adam and Paul Tannery, Paris: Léopold Cerf, 1897–1913, 13 volumes; new revised edition, Paris: Vrin-CNRS, 1964–1974, 11 volumes (the first 5 volumes contains the correspondence). [This edition is traditionally cited with the initials AT (for Adam and Tannery) followed by a volume number in Roman numerals; thus AT VII refers to Oeuvres de Descartes volume 7.]", "[This edition is traditionally cited with the initials AT (for Adam and Tannery) followed by a volume number in Roman numerals; thus AT VII refers to Oeuvres de Descartes volume 7.] Étude du bon sens, La recherche de la vérité et autres écrits de jeunesse (1616–1631) edited by Vincent Carraud and Gilles Olivo, Paris: PUF, 2013.", "Étude du bon sens, La recherche de la vérité et autres écrits de jeunesse (1616–1631) edited by Vincent Carraud and Gilles Olivo, Paris: PUF, 2013. Descartes, Œuvres complètes, new edition by Jean-Marie Beyssade and Denis Kambouchner, Paris: Gallimard, published volumes: I: Premiers écrits.", "Descartes, Œuvres complètes, new edition by Jean-Marie Beyssade and Denis Kambouchner, Paris: Gallimard, published volumes: I: Premiers écrits. Règles pour la direction de l'esprit, 2016. III: Discours de la Méthode et Essais, 2009. VIII.1: Correspondance, 1 edited by Jean-Robert Armogathe, 2013.", "VIII.1: Correspondance, 1 edited by Jean-Robert Armogathe, 2013. VIII.2: Correspondance, 2 edited by Jean-Robert Armogathe, 2013. René Descartes. Opere 1637–1649, Milano, Bompiani, 2009, pp. 2531.", "2531. 2531. Edizione integrale (di prime edizioni) e traduzione italiana a fronte, a cura di G. Belgioioso con la collaborazione di I. Agostini, M. Marrone, M. Savini . René Descartes. Opere 1650–2009, Milano, Bompiani, 2009, pp. 1723.", "1723. 1723. Edizione integrale delle opere postume e traduzione italiana a fronte, a cura di G. Belgioioso con la collaborazione di I. Agostini, M. Marrone, M. Savini . René Descartes. Tutte le lettere 1619–1650, Milano, Bompiani, 2009 IIa ed., pp. 3104.", "3104. 3104. Nuova edizione integrale dell'epistolario cartesiano con traduzione italiana a fronte, a cura di G. Belgioioso con la collaborazione di I. Agostini, M. Marrone, F.A. Meschini, M. Savini e J.-R. Armogathe . René Descartes, Isaac Beeckman, Marin Mersenne. Lettere 1619–1648, Milano, Bompiani, 2015 pp. 1696.", "1696. 1696. Edizione integrale con traduzione italiana a fronte, a cura di Giulia Beglioioso e Jean Robert-Armogathe .", "Edizione integrale con traduzione italiana a fronte, a cura di Giulia Beglioioso e Jean Robert-Armogathe . Early editions of specific works Discours de la methode, 1637 Renati Des-Cartes Principia philosophiæ, 1644 Le monde de Mr. Descartes ou le traité de la lumiere, 1664 Geometria, 1659 Meditationes de prima philosophia, 1670 Opera philosophica, 1672 Collected English translations 1955.", "Early editions of specific works Discours de la methode, 1637 Renati Des-Cartes Principia philosophiæ, 1644 Le monde de Mr. Descartes ou le traité de la lumiere, 1664 Geometria, 1659 Meditationes de prima philosophia, 1670 Opera philosophica, 1672 Collected English translations 1955. The Philosophical Works, E.S. Haldane and G.R.T. Ross, trans.", "Haldane and G.R.T. Ross, trans. Ross, trans. Dover Publications. This work is traditionally cited with the initials HR (for Haldane and Ross) followed by a volume number in Roman numerals; thus HR II refers to volume 2 of this edition. 1988. The Philosophical Writings of Descartes in 3 vols.", "The Philosophical Writings of Descartes in 3 vols. Cottingham, J., Stoothoff, R., Kenny, A., and Murdoch, D., trans. Cambridge University Press.", "Cambridge University Press. Cambridge University Press. This work is traditionally cited with the initials CSM (for Cottingham, Stoothoff, and Murdoch) or CSMK (for Cottingham, Stoothoff, Murdoch, and Kenny) followed by a volume number in Roman numeral; thus CSM II refers to volume 2 of this edition. 1998.", "1998. 1998. René Descartes: The World and Other Writings. Translated and edited by Stephen Gaukroger. Cambridge University Press.", "Cambridge University Press. Cambridge University Press. (This consists mainly of scientific writings, on physics, biology, astronomy, optics, etc., which were very influential in the 17th and 18th centuries, but which are routinely omitted or much abridged in modern collections of Descartes's philosophical works.) Translation of single works 1628.", "Translation of single works 1628. Translation of single works 1628. Regulae ad directionem ingenii. Rules for the Direction of the Natural Intelligence. A Bilingual Edition of the Cartesian Treatise on Method, ed. & trans. G. Heffernan (Amsterdam/Atlanta: Rodopi, 1998). 1633. The World, or Treatise on Light, tr.", "The World, or Treatise on Light, tr. by Michael S. Mahoney. 1633. Treatise of Man, tr. by T. S. Hall. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1972. 1637. Discourse on the Method, Optics, Geometry and Meteorology, trans.", "Discourse on the Method, Optics, Geometry and Meteorology, trans. P. J. Olscamp, Revised edition (Indianapolis: Hackett, 2001). 1637. The Geometry of René Descartes, trans. D. E. Smith & Marcia Latham (Chicago: Open Court, 1925). 1641. Meditations on First Philosophy, tr.", "Meditations on First Philosophy, tr. by J. Cottingham, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996. Latin original. Alternative English title: Metaphysical Meditations. Includes six Objections and Replies. A second edition published the following year, includes an additional Objection and Reply and a Letter to Dinet. HTML Online Latin-French-English Edition. 1644.", "HTML Online Latin-French-English Edition. 1644. 1644. Principles of Philosophy, trans. V. R. Miller & R. P. Miller: (Dordrecht/Boston/London: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1982). 1648. Descartes' Conversation with Burman, tr. by J. Cottingham, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989. 1649. Passions of the Soul, trans.", "Passions of the Soul, trans. S. H. Voss (Indianapolis: Hackett, 1989). Dedicated to Elisabeth of the Palatinate. 1619–1648. René Descartes, Isaac Beeckman, Marin Mersenne. Lettere 1619–1648, ed. by Giulia Beglioioso and Jean Robert-Armogathe, Milano, Bompiani, 2015 pp. 1696.", "1696. 1696. See also 3587 Descartes, asteroid Cartesian circle Cartesian doubt Cartesian materialism (not a view that was held by or formulated by Descartes) Descartes number Cartesian plane Descartes Prize Descartes-Huygens Prize Cartesian product Cartesian product of graphs Cartesian theater Cartesian tree Descartes crater and Highlands on the Moon (Apollo 16 landing site) Descartes' rule of signs Descartes's theorem (4 tangent circles) Descartes' theorem on total angular defect Folium of Descartes Bucket argument Paris Descartes University Notes References Citations Sources ; (2009) Third Edition, edited with a new introduction by James McGilvray, Cambridge University Press, .", "See also 3587 Descartes, asteroid Cartesian circle Cartesian doubt Cartesian materialism (not a view that was held by or formulated by Descartes) Descartes number Cartesian plane Descartes Prize Descartes-Huygens Prize Cartesian product Cartesian product of graphs Cartesian theater Cartesian tree Descartes crater and Highlands on the Moon (Apollo 16 landing site) Descartes' rule of signs Descartes's theorem (4 tangent circles) Descartes' theorem on total angular defect Folium of Descartes Bucket argument Paris Descartes University Notes References Citations Sources ; (2009) Third Edition, edited with a new introduction by James McGilvray, Cambridge University Press, . Farrell, John.", "Farrell, John. Farrell, John. \"Demons of Descartes and Hobbes.\" Paranoia and Modernity: Cervantes to Rousseau (Cornell UP, 2006), chapter 7. Gillespie, A. (2006). Descartes' demon: A dialogical analysis of 'Meditations on First Philosophy.' Theory & Psychology, 16, 761–781.", "Theory & Psychology, 16, 761–781. Heidegger, Martin [1938] (2002) The Age of the World Picture in Off the beaten track pp. 57–85 Monnoyeur, Françoise (November 2017), Matière et espace dans le système cartésien, Paris, Harmattan, 266 pages. .", ". . Moreno Romo, Juan Carlos, Vindicación del cartesianismo radical, Anthropos, Barcelona, 2010. Moreno Romo, Juan Carlos (Coord. ), Descartes vivo. Ejercicios de hermenéutica cartesiana, Anthropos, Barcelona, 2007. Negri, Antonio (2007) The Political Descartes, Verso. Sasaki Chikara (2003).", "Sasaki Chikara (2003). Sasaki Chikara (2003). Descartes's Mathematical Thought. (Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science, 237.) xiv + 496 pp., bibl., indexes. Dordrecht/Boston/London: Kluwer Academic Publishers.", "Dordrecht/Boston/London: Kluwer Academic Publishers. Dordrecht/Boston/London: Kluwer Academic Publishers. Serfati, Michel, 2005, \"Géometrie\" in Ivor Grattan-Guinness, ed., Landmark Writings in Western Mathematics. Elsevier: 1–22. Watson, Richard A. (2007). Cogito, Ergo Sum: a life of René Descartes. David R Godine.", "David R Godine. David R Godine. 2002, reprint 2007. . Was chosen by the New York Public library as one of \"25 Books to Remember from 2002\" External links General The Correspondence of René Descartes in EMLO Detailed biography of Descartes at MacTutor John Cottingham translation of Meditations and Objections and Replies.", "Was chosen by the New York Public library as one of \"25 Books to Remember from 2002\" External links General The Correspondence of René Descartes in EMLO Detailed biography of Descartes at MacTutor John Cottingham translation of Meditations and Objections and Replies. René Descartes (1596–1650) Published in Encyclopedia of Rhetoric and Composition (1996) A site containing Descartes's main works, including correspondence, slightly modified for easier reading Descartes Philosophical Writings tr.", "René Descartes (1596–1650) Published in Encyclopedia of Rhetoric and Composition (1996) A site containing Descartes's main works, including correspondence, slightly modified for easier reading Descartes Philosophical Writings tr. by Norman Kemp Smith at archive.org Studies in the Cartesian philosophy (1902) by Norman Kemp Smith at archive.org The Philosophical Works Of Descartes Volume II (1934) at archive.org Descartes featured on the 100 French Franc banknote from 1942.", "by Norman Kemp Smith at archive.org Studies in the Cartesian philosophy (1902) by Norman Kemp Smith at archive.org The Philosophical Works Of Descartes Volume II (1934) at archive.org Descartes featured on the 100 French Franc banknote from 1942. Centro Interdipartimentale di Studi su Descartes e il Seicento Livre Premier, La Géométrie, online and analyzed by A. Warusfel, BibNum[click \"à télécharger\" for English analysis] Bibliographies Bibliografia cartesiana/Bibliographie cartésienne on-line (1997–2012) Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Descartes Life and works Epistemology Mathematics Physics Ethics Modal Metaphysics Ontological Argument Theory of Ideas Pineal Gland Law Thesis Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy Descartes Descartes: Ethics Descartes: Mind-Body Distinction Descartes: Scientific Method Other Bernard Williams interviewed about Descartes on Men of ideas 1596 births 1650 deaths 17th-century Dutch mathematicians 17th-century Dutch philosophers 17th-century Dutch scientists 17th-century Dutch writers 17th-century French mathematicians 17th-century French philosophers 17th-century French scientists 17th-century French writers 17th-century Latin-language writers 17th-century male writers 17th-century non-fiction writers 17th-century philosophers Age of Enlightenment Aphorists Augustinian philosophers Burials at Saint-Germain-des-Prés (abbey) Catholic philosophers Consciousness researchers and theorists Constructed language creators Critics of animal rights Deaths from pneumonia in Sweden Enlightenment philosophers Epistemologists Founders of philosophical traditions French emigrants to the Dutch Republic French ethicists French expatriates in Sweden French expatriates in the Dutch Republic French logicians French mercenaries French music theorists French philosophers French Roman Catholics Geometric algebra History of algebra History of cartography History of education History of education in Europe History of ethics History of geometry History of logic History of mathematics History of measurement History of philosophy History of science Humor researchers Intellectual history Leiden University alumni Metaphilosophers Metaphysicians Metaphysics writers Military personnel of the Thirty Years' War Mind–body problem Moral philosophers Natural philosophers Ontologists People from Indre-et-Loire People of the Age of Enlightenment Philosophers of art Philosophers of culture Philosophers of education Philosophers of ethics and morality Philosophers of history Philosophers of logic Philosophers of mathematics Philosophers of mind Philosophers of psychology Philosophers of science Philosophers of social science Philosophy writers Rationalists Rationality theorists Science and technology in the Dutch Republic Social critics Social philosophers Theorists on Western civilization University of Poitiers alumni Western philosophy Writers about activism and social change Writers about religion and science Writers who illustrated their own writing" ]

[ "Josie and the Pussycats (comics)", "Josie" ]

[ "\"More Cattle, Less Bull\" is the fifth episode of the third season of Scandal. It premiered on October 31, 2013 in the U.S.\n\nPlot\n\nOlivia has her weekly dinner with her father while Jake and Huck break into his house to look for clues on Operation Remington. They find footage of Rowan and Fitz talking together about the operation and realize that he was not the pilot on the flight but was instead involved in another secret mission somewhere in Iceland.\n\nJosie Marcus hires Olivia and her team to cover up a teenage pregnancy she had. The team goes to Montana and manages to bribe the few people who knew about the pregnancy into not speaking to the media. They do, however, discover that Josephine’s child was never given up for adoption and that the child was raised as Josephine’s younger sister, Candace, who now works with Josie. Right before Josie’s debate against Governor Reston Olivia discovers that Reston has been leaked the news by Cyrus prompting her to advise Josie to come clean and admit that she gave a child up for adoption. Candace does the math and figures out she’s actually Josie’s daughter prompting Josie to fire Olivia.\n\nIn the meantime Olivia finds herself struggling with her relationship with Fitz. She throws her secret Fitz phone in the trash only to retrieve it when he calls. She asks Jake to accompany her to the White House Correspondents' Dinner as a cover but when she is called away from the table by the Secret Service she encounters Mellie who begs her to come back and run Fitz’s re-election campaign. At the end of the night Jake reveals that he knew he was there as an excuse for Olivia to see Fitz and warns her that he isn’t willing to play second fiddle.\n\nAbby and David’s relationship continues to progress along a positive note until she lies to him that she’s still in Montana to avoid going to the White House Correspondents' Dinner with him. David later realizes that Abby skipped the dinner as her abusive ex-husband was in attendance.\n\nAt the end of the night, after leaving Jake, Olivia receives an offer from Josie to work as her campaign manager leaving her with the option of working with either Fitz or Josie.\n\nJake returns to his home where Huck informs him that he has discovered that a plane was shot down in Iceland when Fitz was there and that one of the passengers was Maya Lewis, Olivia’s mother. The two rush to Olivia’s apartment to present her with this new evidence.\n\nProduction\n\nPaul Adelstein was announced as a recurring guest star on September 9, 2013. Adelstein’s wife Liza Weil played Amanda Tanner during the first season of the show.\n\nReferences\n\nScandal (TV series) episodes\n2013 American television episodes", "Josie as a given name may refer to:\n\nPeople:\n Josie Arlington (1864–1914), American brothel madam\n Josie Bassett (1874–1964), American rancher associated with outlaws\n Josie Bissett (born 1970), American actress\n Josie Carroll (born 1957), Canadian Thoroughbred horse trainer\n Josie d'Arby (born 1972), Welsh television presenter\n Josie Davis (born 1973), American actress and producer\n Josie DeCarlo (1923–2012), inspiration and namesake of the fictional Josie of Josie and the Pussycats (see below)\n Josephine Earp (1861–1944), American actress and dancer called Josie by her common law husband, Western legend Wyatt Earp\n Josie Gibson (born 1985), British media personality and winner of Big Brother 2010\n Josie Ho (born 1974), Hong Kong singer and actress; daughter of Macau gambling magnate Stanley Ho\n Josie Lawrence (born 1959), British comedian and actress\n Josie Long (born 1982), British comedian\n Josie Loren (born 1987), American actress\n Josie MacAvin (1919–2005), Irish set designer\n Josie Maran (born 1978), American model and actress\n Josie Rourke (born 1976), British theatre and film director\n A ring name of professional wrestler Josette Bynum (born 1977)\n\nFictional characters:\n Josie, lead singer and guitarist of the comic book band Josie and the Pussycats\n Josie McFarlane, in the BBC soap opera EastEnders\n Josie Moraine, from Ruta Sepetys book Out of the Easy\n Josie Packard, in the television series Twin Peaks\n Josie Pye in Anne of Green Gables\n Josie Russell (Home and Away), in the Australian soap opera Home and Away\n Josie, heroine of the 1967 Western film The Ballad of Josie, played by Doris Day\n Josie Jump, a character in the children's show Balamory.\n\nSee also\nJo\nJoseph\nJosephine\nJosey\n\nEnglish feminine given names" ]

[ "Josie and the Pussycats (initially published as She's Josie and Josie) is a teen-humor comic book about a fictional rock band, created by Dan DeCarlo and published by Archie Comics. It was published from 1963 until 1982; since then, one-shot issues have appeared on an irregular basis.", "It was published from 1963 until 1982; since then, one-shot issues have appeared on an irregular basis. A second series, set in the New Riverdale universe, launched in September 2016.", "A second series, set in the New Riverdale universe, launched in September 2016. The series was adapted into a Saturday morning cartoon by Hanna–Barbera in 1970 and a live-action motion picture by Universal Studios and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in 2001; each of these productions was accompanied by a Josie and the Pussycats soundtrack album.", "The series was adapted into a Saturday morning cartoon by Hanna–Barbera in 1970 and a live-action motion picture by Universal Studios and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in 2001; each of these productions was accompanied by a Josie and the Pussycats soundtrack album. A completely African-American version of the band also appeared in the drama series Riverdale on The CW, after which the character Josie joined Katy Keene.", "A completely African-American version of the band also appeared in the drama series Riverdale on The CW, after which the character Josie joined Katy Keene. Publication history Cartoonist Dan DeCarlo, who had spent most of the 1950s drawing teen and career-girl humor comics such as Millie the Model for Atlas Comics, that decade's forerunner of Marvel Comics, began freelancing for Archie Comics.", "Publication history Cartoonist Dan DeCarlo, who had spent most of the 1950s drawing teen and career-girl humor comics such as Millie the Model for Atlas Comics, that decade's forerunner of Marvel Comics, began freelancing for Archie Comics. In 1960, he and Atlas editor-in-chief Stan Lee co-created the short-lived syndicated comic strip Willie Lumpkin, about a suburban mail carrier, for the Chicago, Illinois-based Publishers Syndicate.", "In 1960, he and Atlas editor-in-chief Stan Lee co-created the short-lived syndicated comic strip Willie Lumpkin, about a suburban mail carrier, for the Chicago, Illinois-based Publishers Syndicate. Casting about for more comic-strip work, DeCarlo created the characters of Josie and her friends.", "Casting about for more comic-strip work, DeCarlo created the characters of Josie and her friends. Josie DeCarlo, the artist's wife and Josie's namesake, explained that \"We went on a Caribbean cruise, and I had a [cat] costume for the cruise, and that's the way it started.\"", "Josie DeCarlo, the artist's wife and Josie's namesake, explained that \"We went on a Caribbean cruise, and I had a [cat] costume for the cruise, and that's the way it started.\" DeCarlo first tried to sell the character as a syndicated comic strip called Here's Josie, recalling in 2001: Josie was introduced in December 1962, when her appearances in Archie's Pals 'n' Gals #23 (Winter 1962-1963) hit the stands.", "DeCarlo first tried to sell the character as a syndicated comic strip called Here's Josie, recalling in 2001: Josie was introduced in December 1962, when her appearances in Archie's Pals 'n' Gals #23 (Winter 1962-1963) hit the stands. A new solo series, She's Josie, debuted in February 1963.", "A new solo series, She's Josie, debuted in February 1963. The series featured levelheaded, sweet-natured redhead Josie, her ditzy blonde bombshell friend Melody, and the brainy, cynical, bespectacled brunette Pepper.", "The series featured levelheaded, sweet-natured redhead Josie, her ditzy blonde bombshell friend Melody, and the brainy, cynical, bespectacled brunette Pepper. These early years also featured the characters of Josie's beatnik boyfriend Albert; Pepper's strong but not-too-bright boyfriend Socrates (\"Sock\" for short); Albert's rival Alexander Cabot III, who chased after both Josie and Melody; and Alex's obnoxious twin sister Alexandra Cabot.", "These early years also featured the characters of Josie's beatnik boyfriend Albert; Pepper's strong but not-too-bright boyfriend Socrates (\"Sock\" for short); Albert's rival Alexander Cabot III, who chased after both Josie and Melody; and Alex's obnoxious twin sister Alexandra Cabot. None of the mainstream Archie characters appeared with Josie until the ninth issue of her own title.", "None of the mainstream Archie characters appeared with Josie until the ninth issue of her own title. Josie and her friends occasionally appeared in \"crossover\" issues with the main Archie characters.", "Josie and her friends occasionally appeared in \"crossover\" issues with the main Archie characters. She's Josie displayed a new Josie-only logo beginning with issue #14 (August, 1965), was officially renamed Josie with issue #17 (December, 1965), and again renamed, to Josie and the Pussycats, with issue #45 (December, 1969).", "She's Josie displayed a new Josie-only logo beginning with issue #14 (August, 1965), was officially renamed Josie with issue #17 (December, 1965), and again renamed, to Josie and the Pussycats, with issue #45 (December, 1969). The series finished its run under this title with issue #106 (October, 1982).", "The series finished its run under this title with issue #106 (October, 1982). Josie and her gang also made irregular appearances in Pep Comics and Laugh Comics during the 1960s.", "Josie and her gang also made irregular appearances in Pep Comics and Laugh Comics during the 1960s. In 1969, Archie Comics made several changes to the Josie comic: In Josie #42 (August 1969), Josie met a heavily built blond folk singer named Alan M. who, over time, became Josie's on-again, off-again boyfriend (much to the chagrin of Alexandra, who was also immediately smitten with Alan M. and never missed an opportunity to try and steal him away).", "In 1969, Archie Comics made several changes to the Josie comic: In Josie #42 (August 1969), Josie met a heavily built blond folk singer named Alan M. who, over time, became Josie's on-again, off-again boyfriend (much to the chagrin of Alexandra, who was also immediately smitten with Alan M. and never missed an opportunity to try and steal him away). In Josie #43 (September 1969), Alexandra discovered that her cat Sebastian was actually a reincarnation of an ancestor of the Cabot family, who was executed for consorting with witches.", "In Josie #43 (September 1969), Alexandra discovered that her cat Sebastian was actually a reincarnation of an ancestor of the Cabot family, who was executed for consorting with witches. Whenever Alexandra held Sebastian in her arms, she could cast magic spells.", "Whenever Alexandra held Sebastian in her arms, she could cast magic spells. Alexandra generally used her powers to compete with Josie for Alan M., but the spells she cast usually backfired in some way. Moreover, her spells ended whenever someone nearby snapped their fingers (which happened often).", "Moreover, her spells ended whenever someone nearby snapped their fingers (which happened often). Alexandra and Sebastian's witchy powers were not used in Hanna-Barbera's TV show, and they were soon discontinued in the comic as well.", "Alexandra and Sebastian's witchy powers were not used in Hanna-Barbera's TV show, and they were soon discontinued in the comic as well. In Josie and the Pussycats #45 (December 1969), the first issue to bear that new title, Josie and Melody decided to start a band called the Pussycats.", "In Josie and the Pussycats #45 (December 1969), the first issue to bear that new title, Josie and Melody decided to start a band called the Pussycats. Alexandra was asked to be their bassist, but she insisted that the group's name be to \"Alexandra's Cool Time Cats\"; so, instead, Valerie Smith, a new girl in school, was recruited to play bass.", "Alexandra was asked to be their bassist, but she insisted that the group's name be to \"Alexandra's Cool Time Cats\"; so, instead, Valerie Smith, a new girl in school, was recruited to play bass. The Pussycats made their leopard print band uniforms (complete with cat-ear headbands and long tails) and performed at their first gig, a school dance, as a seething Alexandra tried unsuccessfully to use her witchcraft for revenge.", "The Pussycats made their leopard print band uniforms (complete with cat-ear headbands and long tails) and performed at their first gig, a school dance, as a seething Alexandra tried unsuccessfully to use her witchcraft for revenge. The reimagining of the comic resulted in three casualties: Albert, Sock, and Pepper, who were phased out altogether.", "The reimagining of the comic resulted in three casualties: Albert, Sock, and Pepper, who were phased out altogether. From 1970 on, most of the stories in the comic book revolved around the Pussycats traveling around the country and the world to perform gigs, with Alan M., Alex, and Alexandra (and sometimes Sebastian) in tow.", "From 1970 on, most of the stories in the comic book revolved around the Pussycats traveling around the country and the world to perform gigs, with Alan M., Alex, and Alexandra (and sometimes Sebastian) in tow. When the girls were not performing, they dealt with the various trials and tribulations of teenage life, often including Alex's jealousy of Alan M. and Alexandra's jealousy of Josie.", "When the girls were not performing, they dealt with the various trials and tribulations of teenage life, often including Alex's jealousy of Alan M. and Alexandra's jealousy of Josie. The Josie and the Pussycats comic ran until 1982, after which the girls were featured in various Archie Giant Series issues and miniseries and one-shot comics of their own.", "The Josie and the Pussycats comic ran until 1982, after which the girls were featured in various Archie Giant Series issues and miniseries and one-shot comics of their own. Reprinted Josie stories (including the occasional pre-Pussycats stories) appear frequently in the various Archie Library digests.", "Reprinted Josie stories (including the occasional pre-Pussycats stories) appear frequently in the various Archie Library digests. Archie & Friends #47-95 (June 2001-November 2005) featured new Josie and the Pussycats stories in the regular house style after the 2001 film renewed interest in the series.", "Archie & Friends #47-95 (June 2001-November 2005) featured new Josie and the Pussycats stories in the regular house style after the 2001 film renewed interest in the series. They later appeared in a new two-part story, \"Battle of the Bands\", in Archie & Friends #130-131 (June–July 2009).", "They later appeared in a new two-part story, \"Battle of the Bands\", in Archie & Friends #130-131 (June–July 2009). Manga makeover In March 2005, Archie Comics announced that a manga version of the title would be published, with art by Tania del Rio, who was also responsible for the manga makeover of Sabrina, the Teenage Witch.", "Manga makeover In March 2005, Archie Comics announced that a manga version of the title would be published, with art by Tania del Rio, who was also responsible for the manga makeover of Sabrina, the Teenage Witch. The first such \"Josie and the Pussycasts\" story, \"Opening Act\" ran in Tales from Riverdale Digest #3 (August 2005) The band had previously appeared in manga form in issue Sabrina, The Teenage Witch #67 (August 2005).", "The first such \"Josie and the Pussycasts\" story, \"Opening Act\" ran in Tales from Riverdale Digest #3 (August 2005) The band had previously appeared in manga form in issue Sabrina, The Teenage Witch #67 (August 2005). In Archie & Friends #96 (January 2006) the origin of the Pussycats was retconned.", "In Archie & Friends #96 (January 2006) the origin of the Pussycats was retconned. The manga version implies that none of the characters previously knew each other. Josie Jones was cut from the school choir, but met Valerie Smith and the two founded the band.", "Josie Jones was cut from the school choir, but met Valerie Smith and the two founded the band. They recruited Melody, whose idea it was to wear cat outfits. The band was not doing well at first, but Alex liked the group, though Alexandra could tell he was more interested in Josie.", "The band was not doing well at first, but Alex liked the group, though Alexandra could tell he was more interested in Josie. Alex's father let him be the manager as long as he did not use his wealth to help make them stars.", "Alex's father let him be the manager as long as he did not use his wealth to help make them stars. In Sabrina the Teenage Witch #72 (February 2006), a stranger named Alan helped carry their equipment. Josie, already attracted to Alan, jealously thought there was an attraction between Alan and Melody.", "Josie, already attracted to Alan, jealously thought there was an attraction between Alan and Melody. Alex hired him as their stagehand. The manga focused on the group's attempt to reach fame rather than on their career after they have already achieved it.", "The manga focused on the group's attempt to reach fame rather than on their career after they have already achieved it. It featured characters not seen in other comics, including Alan's younger sister Alison and the rival group the Vixens. The manga version was not popular among readers, who preferred the traditional style.", "The manga version was not popular among readers, who preferred the traditional style. Its final appearance was in Archie & Friends #104 (December 2006). A Katy Keene revival replaced it (both featured alongside each other in the latter part of the manga's run), though it, too, did not last.", "A Katy Keene revival replaced it (both featured alongside each other in the latter part of the manga's run), though it, too, did not last. Afterlife with Archie In the world of Afterlife with Archie, Josie and the Pussycats are revealed to be vampires.", "Afterlife with Archie In the world of Afterlife with Archie, Josie and the Pussycats are revealed to be vampires. Josephine McCoy is orphaned shortly after her birth in 1906 and winds up in an orphanage run by Alexandra Cabot, who has three other children: Melody, Valerie, and Pepper.", "Josephine McCoy is orphaned shortly after her birth in 1906 and winds up in an orphanage run by Alexandra Cabot, who has three other children: Melody, Valerie, and Pepper. Due to their singing talent, \"Uncle Buddy\" (one of Alexandra's friends) takes the trio on tour, eventually forcing Pepper to marry him.", "Due to their singing talent, \"Uncle Buddy\" (one of Alexandra's friends) takes the trio on tour, eventually forcing Pepper to marry him. Shortly after this, Josie, Melody and Valerie are turned into vampires.", "Shortly after this, Josie, Melody and Valerie are turned into vampires. The three then go on to become several short lived groups, with \"Josie and the Pussycats\" being the latest incarnation. In the 1980s, Pepper finds Josie and tries to blackmail Josie into turning her into a vampire.", "In the 1980s, Pepper finds Josie and tries to blackmail Josie into turning her into a vampire. Josie tries to explain that becoming a vampire locks you into the state you were in when you were turned. Pepper won't listen and Josie is forced to kill her childhood friend.", "Pepper won't listen and Josie is forced to kill her childhood friend. Josie them mesmerizes the interviewer she has been telling this to so the three of them can feed. Later on, on their jet, they detect irregularities at their destination of Riverdale, deciding to land there anyway rather than detour.", "Later on, on their jet, they detect irregularities at their destination of Riverdale, deciding to land there anyway rather than detour. Reboot On June 8, 2016 a reboot of the series was announced in the same style of the Archie, Jughead, and Betty & Veronica reboots as part of the New Riverdale imprint.", "Reboot On June 8, 2016 a reboot of the series was announced in the same style of the Archie, Jughead, and Betty & Veronica reboots as part of the New Riverdale imprint. The series is co-written by Marguerite Bennett and Cameron DeOrdio with the art by Audrey Mok.", "The series is co-written by Marguerite Bennett and Cameron DeOrdio with the art by Audrey Mok. The reboot features Josie uniting the band to take their big shot at musical stardom, only to contend with the machinations of Alexandra Cabot, the ever-Machiavellian daughter of the Pussycats’ manager. The first issue was released on September 28, 2016.", "The first issue was released on September 28, 2016. Characters Josie McCoy A short-haired redhead, Josie is the leader and co-founder of the Pussycats. She is the lead vocalist and songwriter and plays guitar.", "She is the lead vocalist and songwriter and plays guitar. Portrayed as a sweet, attractive, and level-headed teenage girl, Josie is usually the stable center in the middle of the chaos surrounding her band and her friends. Josie's surname has been inconsistent.", "Josie's surname has been inconsistent. It was alternately \"Jones\" or \"James\" for much of the comic's run. McCoy was her surname for the 2001 movie. Archie Comics later sometimes acknowledged the surnames from the movie as canonical, though not consistently.", "Archie Comics later sometimes acknowledged the surnames from the movie as canonical, though not consistently. In a few stories reprinted in the 2000s decade, Archie Comics changed her surname to McCoy. However, the manga version used \"Jones\", which was her first surname to actually appear in the comics.", "However, the manga version used \"Jones\", which was her first surname to actually appear in the comics. During the early years of her comic (1963–1969), Josie dated a guitarist named Albert. During and after the Josie and the Pussycats revamp, she dated Alan M. Mayberry.", "During and after the Josie and the Pussycats revamp, she dated Alan M. Mayberry. Alexander Cabot is regularly attracted to her in the comics.", "Alexander Cabot is regularly attracted to her in the comics. Though she is known to date him, she really loves Alan M. In the cartoon series, Josie's speaking voice was performed by Janet Waldo (the voice of Judy Jetson and Penelope Pitstop) and her singing voice was performed by Cathy Dougher.", "Though she is known to date him, she really loves Alan M. In the cartoon series, Josie's speaking voice was performed by Janet Waldo (the voice of Judy Jetson and Penelope Pitstop) and her singing voice was performed by Cathy Dougher. She was played by Rachael Leigh Cook in the 2001 live-action Josie and the Pussycats movie (singing voice performed by Kay Hanley).", "She was played by Rachael Leigh Cook in the 2001 live-action Josie and the Pussycats movie (singing voice performed by Kay Hanley). She appeared in The CW series Riverdale with Ashleigh Murray portraying her as an African American and lead singer of the band. Murray eventually left the show and joined the spinoff Katy Keene.", "Murray eventually left the show and joined the spinoff Katy Keene. She returns as a special guest star in the musical episode \"Chapter Ninety-One: The Return of the Pussycats\", which is centered on her and the group. Josie was ranked 77th in Comics Buyer's Guide's \"100 Sexiest Women in Comics\" list.", "Josie was ranked 77th in Comics Buyer's Guide's \"100 Sexiest Women in Comics\" list. Melody Valentine The co-founder and drummer for the Pussycats (she also sang occasional lead vocals for the TV series), Melody is a cute blonde and usually speaks in a sing-song voice, denoted by the musical notes in her cartoon word balloons.", "Melody Valentine The co-founder and drummer for the Pussycats (she also sang occasional lead vocals for the TV series), Melody is a cute blonde and usually speaks in a sing-song voice, denoted by the musical notes in her cartoon word balloons. She is an absent-minded, bubbly sort of character often taken to using silly, nonsense language, and provides much of the comic relief of the series.", "She is an absent-minded, bubbly sort of character often taken to using silly, nonsense language, and provides much of the comic relief of the series. Melody is almost never given a surname in a comic story. Occasionally, she is called \"Melody Jones\".", "Occasionally, she is called \"Melody Jones\". At these times, the name \"James\" is used for Josie to avoid confusion. However, the manga, having settled on the name \"Josie Jones\", essentially nullifies this. The 2001 movie establishes her surname as Valentine, a name that Archie Comics has accepted.", "The 2001 movie establishes her surname as Valentine, a name that Archie Comics has accepted. Many comic stories use Melody's beauty as a plot device. When male characters see her, they uncontrollably fall for her and lose all sense of anything else, frequently leading to chaos; although, she is usually oblivious to this.", "When male characters see her, they uncontrollably fall for her and lose all sense of anything else, frequently leading to chaos; although, she is usually oblivious to this. Despite any trouble that occurs for her or her friends, Melody maintains a cheerful, optimistic attitude.", "Despite any trouble that occurs for her or her friends, Melody maintains a cheerful, optimistic attitude. In the cartoon series, whenever the group is in a dangerous or potentially dangerous situation, Melody's ears would wiggle. In the cartoon, she frequently gets brainwashed, but is already very dim-witted.", "In the cartoon, she frequently gets brainwashed, but is already very dim-witted. Later, in the Josie and the Pussycats in Outer Space series, she adopts a cute little alien named Bleep. Melody's speaking voice is performed by Jackie Joseph, and her singing voice is performed by Cheryl Ladd (credited as Cherie Moor).", "Melody's speaking voice is performed by Jackie Joseph, and her singing voice is performed by Cheryl Ladd (credited as Cherie Moor). She was played by Tara Reid in the live-action film.", "She was played by Tara Reid in the live-action film. Bleep's voice was done by Don Messick (also the voice of Scooby-Doo, Astro, Dr. Benton Quest, Boo Boo, and more). Ashanti Bromfield portrayed her in the CW series Riverdale.", "Ashanti Bromfield portrayed her in the CW series Riverdale. Valerie Brown In addition to being the group's main songwriter and a multi-instrumentalist, dark-haired Valerie also performs back-up vocals (in the comics, cartoons, and the movie) and occasionally sings lead (nearly always in the TV series) for the Pussycats.", "Valerie Brown In addition to being the group's main songwriter and a multi-instrumentalist, dark-haired Valerie also performs back-up vocals (in the comics, cartoons, and the movie) and occasionally sings lead (nearly always in the TV series) for the Pussycats. In the comics and the movie, she is the group's dedicated bassist; in the cartoons, she plays tambourine.", "In the comics and the movie, she is the group's dedicated bassist; in the cartoons, she plays tambourine. In the comic book, she replaced Pepper, a sharp-minded spectacled brunette. Valerie's surname may be the most definite of the three.", "Valerie's surname may be the most definite of the three. Archie Comics have occasionally used the name \"Brown\" from the movie on their website and in promotional material, but in the comics, she is always called Valerie Smith.", "Archie Comics have occasionally used the name \"Brown\" from the movie on their website and in promotional material, but in the comics, she is always called Valerie Smith. But recently, the \"Brown\" surname has been used again in comics and the Riverdale TV series.", "But recently, the \"Brown\" surname has been used again in comics and the Riverdale TV series. The return of the Brown surname happens due to the return of the Pepper Smith character in the New Riverdale and Archie Horror universe. In the comics, Valerie is more tomboyish than her two bandmates.", "In the comics, Valerie is more tomboyish than her two bandmates. Besides being good at science and a skilled auto mechanic, she occasionally shows a quick temper as well as being physically stronger than she might appear.", "Besides being good at science and a skilled auto mechanic, she occasionally shows a quick temper as well as being physically stronger than she might appear. She is also less concerned about her appearance or her love life than Josie, Melody or Alexandra, and had rarely been seen in a romantic relationship, though in the cartoons she seems attracted to Alexander.", "She is also less concerned about her appearance or her love life than Josie, Melody or Alexandra, and had rarely been seen in a romantic relationship, though in the cartoons she seems attracted to Alexander. In 2010, she began an on-again, off-again romantic relationship with Archie Andrews, although her band's touring schedule often keeps her out of Riverdale and away from Archie (much to the relief of Veronica Lodge and Betty Cooper, Archie's other girlfriends).", "In 2010, she began an on-again, off-again romantic relationship with Archie Andrews, although her band's touring schedule often keeps her out of Riverdale and away from Archie (much to the relief of Veronica Lodge and Betty Cooper, Archie's other girlfriends). In the animated series, she is somewhat similar to Velma Dinkley from Scooby-Doo and they met in a 1973 episode of The New Scooby-Doo Movies, \"The Haunted Showboat\".", "In the animated series, she is somewhat similar to Velma Dinkley from Scooby-Doo and they met in a 1973 episode of The New Scooby-Doo Movies, \"The Haunted Showboat\". She is the character who saves the day the most often, thanks to her street smarts and her mechanical and scientific genius.", "She is the character who saves the day the most often, thanks to her street smarts and her mechanical and scientific genius. In the comics, this is downplayed, although she is still the most intelligent of the group. Valerie is the first African-American female cartoon character on a regular animated television series.", "Valerie is the first African-American female cartoon character on a regular animated television series. Valerie's speaking voice is performed by Barbara Pariot, and her singing voice is performed by Patrice Holloway, sister of Motown recording artist Brenda Holloway. She was played by Rosario Dawson in the live-action film. Hayley Law portrayed her in the CW series Riverdale.", "Hayley Law portrayed her in the CW series Riverdale. Alexander Cabot III Rich, temperamental, and cowardly, Alexander is the Pussycats' shifty and not-too-dependable manager. He often gets the group in hot water because of his crazy promotional schemes. Alexander wears sunglasses often and likes to flaunt his wealth, typically dressing in flamboyant and expensive clothing.", "Alexander wears sunglasses often and likes to flaunt his wealth, typically dressing in flamboyant and expensive clothing. In the comics, Alexander is reminiscent of Reggie Mantle.", "In the comics, Alexander is reminiscent of Reggie Mantle. He has a crush on Josie and often tries to divert her attention from her boyfriend, Alan M. He is blunt and critical towards Alan M., regarding him as all brawn and no brains. Occasionally, Alexander will take an interest in Melody, particularly when Josie is unavailable.", "Occasionally, Alexander will take an interest in Melody, particularly when Josie is unavailable. The interest seems genuine, since, unlike other boys, who fall helplessly in love with Melody at first sight, Alexander tends to remain composed around her.", "The interest seems genuine, since, unlike other boys, who fall helplessly in love with Melody at first sight, Alexander tends to remain composed around her. Alexander's personality is markedly different in the animated series; he is much friendlier, though no more dependable and far more cowardly than his comic strip alter ego.", "Alexander's personality is markedly different in the animated series; he is much friendlier, though no more dependable and far more cowardly than his comic strip alter ego. In this context, he most often serves as a comedic foil for Alexandra's constant scheming.", "In this context, he most often serves as a comedic foil for Alexandra's constant scheming. The animated version of Alexander also exhibits no romantic feelings towards Josie, tends to gravitate towards Melody or Valerie, depending on interpretation, and is very similar to Shaggy Rogers from Scooby-Doo.", "The animated version of Alexander also exhibits no romantic feelings towards Josie, tends to gravitate towards Melody or Valerie, depending on interpretation, and is very similar to Shaggy Rogers from Scooby-Doo. The animated depiction of Alexander was voiced by Casey Kasem, who also voiced Shaggy.", "The animated depiction of Alexander was voiced by Casey Kasem, who also voiced Shaggy. In a 1973 Josie-guested episode of The New Scooby-Doo Movies, Alexander and Shaggy both appear on-screen together for quite some time. Alexander was played by Paulo Costanzo in the 2001 live-action motion picture.", "Alexander was played by Paulo Costanzo in the 2001 live-action motion picture. He appears as a supporting regular character on The CW's live-action series Katy Keene, portrayed by Lucien Laviscount. Alexandra Cabot and Sebastian Alexandra is technically a supporting character, but often overshadows the rest of the cast in both the comics and the cartoons.", "Alexandra Cabot and Sebastian Alexandra is technically a supporting character, but often overshadows the rest of the cast in both the comics and the cartoons. She is Alexander's fraternal twin sister in the comics; the 1970 cartoon series does not establish the siblings as twins, nor which sibling is older.", "She is Alexander's fraternal twin sister in the comics; the 1970 cartoon series does not establish the siblings as twins, nor which sibling is older. Alexandra has black hair with a white lightning-bolt shaped stripe running through the middle of it, giving her ponytail a slight impression of a skunk's tail.", "Alexandra has black hair with a white lightning-bolt shaped stripe running through the middle of it, giving her ponytail a slight impression of a skunk's tail. In contrast to the good-natured girls in the Pussycats, Alexandra is cynical, hateful, cantankerous, mean, offensive, rude, envious, scheming and self-centered.", "In contrast to the good-natured girls in the Pussycats, Alexandra is cynical, hateful, cantankerous, mean, offensive, rude, envious, scheming and self-centered. She is insanely jealous of the Pussycats, especially Josie, about whom she never has a kind word.", "She is insanely jealous of the Pussycats, especially Josie, about whom she never has a kind word. Despite having no vocal or musical talent at all, Alexandra desperately wants to be a star; her conditions for joining the Pussycats were that she be made the lead and that the band be renamed Alexandra's Cool Time Cats.", "Despite having no vocal or musical talent at all, Alexandra desperately wants to be a star; her conditions for joining the Pussycats were that she be made the lead and that the band be renamed Alexandra's Cool Time Cats. Alexandra has an enormous crush on Alan M., and often tries to steal him away from Josie.", "Alexandra has an enormous crush on Alan M., and often tries to steal him away from Josie. In the comics, although she is not particularly fond of her brother, Alexandra often joins forces with him to separate Alan M. and Josie, which would benefit both siblings, since Alexander is interested in Josie.", "In the comics, although she is not particularly fond of her brother, Alexandra often joins forces with him to separate Alan M. and Josie, which would benefit both siblings, since Alexander is interested in Josie. Alexandra's personality in the cartoon is largely unchanged. Sebastian is a tuxedo cat, and Alexandra's sidekick.", "Sebastian is a tuxedo cat, and Alexandra's sidekick. In the comics, Sebastian is the reincarnation of Sebastian Cabot, a witchcraft-practicing ancestor of the Cabot family.", "In the comics, Sebastian is the reincarnation of Sebastian Cabot, a witchcraft-practicing ancestor of the Cabot family. Alexandra finds that, by holding Sebastian in her arms, she can cast powerful magic spells (Alexandra and Sebastian's bond is represented in that they both have a matching white stripe in the middle of their hair/fur).", "Alexandra finds that, by holding Sebastian in her arms, she can cast powerful magic spells (Alexandra and Sebastian's bond is represented in that they both have a matching white stripe in the middle of their hair/fur). This plot device was sporadically employed by various writers at Archie over the years; Alexandra was later shown to be able to cast spells on her own.", "This plot device was sporadically employed by various writers at Archie over the years; Alexandra was later shown to be able to cast spells on her own. In the cartoon, Alexandra and Sebastian do not have magic powers but they still have their white stripes.", "In the cartoon, Alexandra and Sebastian do not have magic powers but they still have their white stripes. Sebastian usually follows Alexandra's schemes when it comes to getting in between Josie and Alan, but unlike Alexandra, he has no real grudge or dislike towards Josie and is usually shown to be friendly to her.", "Sebastian usually follows Alexandra's schemes when it comes to getting in between Josie and Alan, but unlike Alexandra, he has no real grudge or dislike towards Josie and is usually shown to be friendly to her. Alexandra's voice in the cartoons is provided by former Mouseketeer Sherry Alberoni, while Don Messick supplies the meows, screams, and Muttley-esque snickers for Sebastian.", "Alexandra's voice in the cartoons is provided by former Mouseketeer Sherry Alberoni, while Don Messick supplies the meows, screams, and Muttley-esque snickers for Sebastian. Alexandra was played by Missi Pyle in the live-action Josie and the Pussycats movie, while Sebastian does not appear in the live-action film.", "Alexandra was played by Missi Pyle in the live-action Josie and the Pussycats movie, while Sebastian does not appear in the live-action film. Alexandra appears as a supporting regular character who dislikes Josie McCoy on The CW's live-action series Katy Keene, portrayed by Camille Hyde. This version of Alexandra is the senior vice president of Cabot Entertainment.", "This version of Alexandra is the senior vice president of Cabot Entertainment. Similar to in the comics, she dislikes Josie. In Katy Keene, Alexander and Alexandra are step-siblings (posing as twins in public), a relationship complicated by their having dated in high school before Alexander's father and Alexandra's mother later married.", "In Katy Keene, Alexander and Alexandra are step-siblings (posing as twins in public), a relationship complicated by their having dated in high school before Alexander's father and Alexandra's mother later married. Hyde also reprised her role in the musical episode \"Chapter Ninety-One: The Return of the Pussycats\" from the fifth season of Riverdale.", "Hyde also reprised her role in the musical episode \"Chapter Ninety-One: The Return of the Pussycats\" from the fifth season of Riverdale. Alan M. Mayberry Alan M. Mayberry (known as \"Alan M.\" in the comics, and as simply \"Alan\" in the cartoon series) is a tall, blond, muscular folk singer who serves as the Pussycats' roadie.", "Alan M. Mayberry Alan M. Mayberry (known as \"Alan M.\" in the comics, and as simply \"Alan\" in the cartoon series) is a tall, blond, muscular folk singer who serves as the Pussycats' roadie. He is also Josie's on-off boyfriend, but Alexandra is constantly trying to win a date with him.", "He is also Josie's on-off boyfriend, but Alexandra is constantly trying to win a date with him. In the comics, he replaced Josie's former boyfriend and Alex's former rival Albert.", "In the comics, he replaced Josie's former boyfriend and Alex's former rival Albert. In his first comic book appearance, the creators tried to give him and Alex their own band, The Jesters, but it did not last beyond one issue, and the comic took a different direction.", "In his first comic book appearance, the creators tried to give him and Alex their own band, The Jesters, but it did not last beyond one issue, and the comic took a different direction. Though Alex looks down on Alan M. and insults his intelligence, Alan M. has more common sense than Alex does.", "Though Alex looks down on Alan M. and insults his intelligence, Alan M. has more common sense than Alex does. Despite being one of the six main characters, he appeared less often in the comics in the 1980s onward.", "Despite being one of the six main characters, he appeared less often in the comics in the 1980s onward. In the cartoon series, he plays the role of the self-appointed group leader, similar to that of Fred Jones from Scooby-Doo (and perhaps not coincidentally does bear some resemblance to him as well).", "In the cartoon series, he plays the role of the self-appointed group leader, similar to that of Fred Jones from Scooby-Doo (and perhaps not coincidentally does bear some resemblance to him as well). His and Alex's characters were changed in an attempt to recapture Scooby-Doos success. Alan M.'s animated persona is voiced by Jerry Dexter.", "Alan M.'s animated persona is voiced by Jerry Dexter. He was played by Gabriel Mann in the live-action film. In Riverdale, he appears as a guest character in the musical episode \"Chapter Ninety-One: The Return of the Pussycats\", portrayed by Chris McNally.", "In Riverdale, he appears as a guest character in the musical episode \"Chapter Ninety-One: The Return of the Pussycats\", portrayed by Chris McNally. Other recurring characters Pepper Smith: Josie's best friend in the original comics, and, until the 1969 renovation, one of the main five characters (along with Josie, Melody, Albert and Alex).", "Other recurring characters Pepper Smith: Josie's best friend in the original comics, and, until the 1969 renovation, one of the main five characters (along with Josie, Melody, Albert and Alex). She had short-cropped black hair, conservative spectacles, wore clothes that were less formfitting than her friends, and was noted for her sharp wit and cynical nature.", "She had short-cropped black hair, conservative spectacles, wore clothes that were less formfitting than her friends, and was noted for her sharp wit and cynical nature. She dated Sock, but to his frustration, she preferred to remain emotionally reserved when it came to boys.", "She dated Sock, but to his frustration, she preferred to remain emotionally reserved when it came to boys. The original comic focused on three girls (a redhead, a brunette and a blonde) who were frequently seen together, but Pepper was dropped from the comics and replaced by Valerie.", "The original comic focused on three girls (a redhead, a brunette and a blonde) who were frequently seen together, but Pepper was dropped from the comics and replaced by Valerie. This change has no explanation, as Albert and Pepper's roles are similar to their replacements’.", "This change has no explanation, as Albert and Pepper's roles are similar to their replacements’. Pepper made a small cameo appearance in Part 3 of 2007's “Civil Chore” in Tales from Riverdale (Alan M. was notably absent).", "Pepper made a small cameo appearance in Part 3 of 2007's “Civil Chore” in Tales from Riverdale (Alan M. was notably absent). Pepper later had a more prominent role in the 2016-17 Josie and the Pussycats comic series by Marguerite Bennett and Cameron DeOrdio.", "Pepper later had a more prominent role in the 2016-17 Josie and the Pussycats comic series by Marguerite Bennett and Cameron DeOrdio. She appears as a lead character in The CW's live-action series Katy Keene, portrayed by Julia Chan.", "She appears as a lead character in The CW's live-action series Katy Keene, portrayed by Julia Chan. Albert: Sometimes seen as a mischievous goofball, but at other times quite sensitive, he was Josie's boyfriend in the original comics and one of the original male leads. He was also Alex's rival.", "He was also Alex's rival. However, while the Pussycats-era Alex was similar to Reggie Mantle, Albert and Alex were more like a male Betty and Veronica: good friends until it came to the girl they competed for. Alexandra tried unsuccessfully to get him to date her.", "Alexandra tried unsuccessfully to get him to date her. Albert was fond of playing the guitar and singing, and also liked to ride his motor scooter.", "Albert was fond of playing the guitar and singing, and also liked to ride his motor scooter. Often portrayed as member of the 1960s counterculture, he went from being a beatnik to a folk singer to a mod and finally to a hippie (depending on the year of the issue) before he was finally dropped from the comics.", "Often portrayed as member of the 1960s counterculture, he went from being a beatnik to a folk singer to a mod and finally to a hippie (depending on the year of the issue) before he was finally dropped from the comics. Alan M. would fill his old role.", "Alan M. would fill his old role. Since then, he, Pepper and a few other characters would only appear in stories reprinted in digests. Sock: His real name was Socrates, and he was a jock who dated Pepper and was a good friend of Albert's.", "Sock: His real name was Socrates, and he was a jock who dated Pepper and was a good friend of Albert's. Like a stereotypical jock, he was not very intelligent, but this was not exaggerated as it is with Moose Mason.", "Like a stereotypical jock, he was not very intelligent, but this was not exaggerated as it is with Moose Mason. Despite lasting up to and including Alan M.'s first story, he, like Alexandra, remained a supporting character. Unlike Albert and Pepper, he was removed from the comics with no actual replacement character.", "Unlike Albert and Pepper, he was removed from the comics with no actual replacement character. Alexander Cabot II: Alex and Alexandra's very rich father. He is slightly heavyset, his hair is turning white, and he is often frustrated with the ideas of his children.", "He is slightly heavyset, his hair is turning white, and he is often frustrated with the ideas of his children. He insists that the band his son manages earn their own fame without the help of his millions. He appears as a guest character in The CW's live-action series Katy Keene, portrayed by Peter Francis James.", "He appears as a guest character in The CW's live-action series Katy Keene, portrayed by Peter Francis James. Josie's father: He is a slim, middle-aged man who has dark hair with a wisp of gray. His name, depending on the source, is Mr. McCoy, Mr. Jones or Mr. James.", "His name, depending on the source, is Mr. McCoy, Mr. Jones or Mr. James. He is totally supportive of his daughter's music career. In Riverdale, he is named Myles McCoy and he appears as a guest character, portrayed by Reese Alexander.", "In Riverdale, he is named Myles McCoy and he appears as a guest character, portrayed by Reese Alexander. Cricket O'Dell: The familiar Archie character made a few appearances in the original Josie comics. A pert, friendly girl with an amazing talent: she is able to smell money or monetary values.", "A pert, friendly girl with an amazing talent: she is able to smell money or monetary values. In Katy Keene, she appears as a recurring character and was portrayed by Azriel Crews. Sheldon: A short, fat glutton from a few stories in the late 1960s who occasionally dated Melody.", "Sheldon: A short, fat glutton from a few stories in the late 1960s who occasionally dated Melody. Despite his lack of importance, his final appearance was after the Pussycats' makeover. Clyde Didit: Best known as the star of Archie's Mad House, Clyde appeared for a few issues in Josie in the late 1960s.", "Clyde Didit: Best known as the star of Archie's Mad House, Clyde appeared for a few issues in Josie in the late 1960s. Mr. Tuttle: The principal of Midvale High School where Josie and her friends attend. He made a number appearances in the pre-Pussycats comics.", "He made a number appearances in the pre-Pussycats comics. Archie's Gang: The main characters often crossover with Josie and the Pussycats (and vice versa), sometimes in stories involving the Archies. The Vixens: A rival rock trio that Alexandra manages.", "The Vixens: A rival rock trio that Alexandra manages. Although they are glamorous, they have no musical talent (a fact that Alexandra somehow overlooked). Exclusive to the manga version. In other media Film Live-action Josie and the Pussycats is a 2001 Canadian-American musical comedy film released by Universal Pictures, and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.", "In other media Film Live-action Josie and the Pussycats is a 2001 Canadian-American musical comedy film released by Universal Pictures, and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. Directed and co-written by Harry Elfont and Deborah Kaplan, the film is loosely based upon the comic and the Hanna-Barbera cartoon.", "Directed and co-written by Harry Elfont and Deborah Kaplan, the film is loosely based upon the comic and the Hanna-Barbera cartoon. The film is about a young all-female band that signs a record contract with a major record label, only to discover that the company does not have the musicians' best interests at heart.", "The film is about a young all-female band that signs a record contract with a major record label, only to discover that the company does not have the musicians' best interests at heart. The film stars Rachael Leigh Cook, Tara Reid, and Rosario Dawson as the Pussycats, with Alan Cumming, Parker Posey, and Gabriel Mann in supporting roles.", "The film stars Rachael Leigh Cook, Tara Reid, and Rosario Dawson as the Pussycats, with Alan Cumming, Parker Posey, and Gabriel Mann in supporting roles. The film received mixed reviews and was a box office bomb, earning about $15 million against a $39 million budget.", "The film received mixed reviews and was a box office bomb, earning about $15 million against a $39 million budget. Television Animated During the 1968-1969 television season, the first Archie-based Saturday morning cartoon, The Archie Show, debuted on CBS.", "Television Animated During the 1968-1969 television season, the first Archie-based Saturday morning cartoon, The Archie Show, debuted on CBS. The Archie Show, produced by Filmation Studios, was not only a hit on TV, but spun off a radio hit as well (the Archies' song \"Sugar, Sugar\" hit the number one spot on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in September 1969 and went on to be Billboards number one \"Hot 100 Single\" of that year).", "The Archie Show, produced by Filmation Studios, was not only a hit on TV, but spun off a radio hit as well (the Archies' song \"Sugar, Sugar\" hit the number one spot on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in September 1969 and went on to be Billboards number one \"Hot 100 Single\" of that year). Competing animation studio Hanna-Barbera Productions contacted Archie Comics about possibly adapting another of its properties into a similar show.", "Competing animation studio Hanna-Barbera Productions contacted Archie Comics about possibly adapting another of its properties into a similar show. Archie Comics offering to redevelop the Josie series into one about a teenage music band, and allowing Hanna-Barbera to adapt it into a music-based Saturday morning show. The show aired 16 episodes during the 1970-71 television season.", "The show aired 16 episodes during the 1970-71 television season. In the 1972-73 television season, the show was re-conceptualized as Josie and the Pussycats in Outer Space and aired another 16 episodes.", "In the 1972-73 television season, the show was re-conceptualized as Josie and the Pussycats in Outer Space and aired another 16 episodes. After the show's cancellation, Josie and the Pussycats made a final appearance in a guest shot on the September 22, 1973 episode of The New Scooby-Doo Movies, \"The Haunted Showboat\".", "After the show's cancellation, Josie and the Pussycats made a final appearance in a guest shot on the September 22, 1973 episode of The New Scooby-Doo Movies, \"The Haunted Showboat\". Live-action Josie and the Pussycats appear in Riverdale on The CW.", "Live-action Josie and the Pussycats appear in Riverdale on The CW. They are high school students who are dedicated to perfecting the \"Pussycat\" brand. Ashleigh Murray portrays Josephine \"Josie\" McCoy, named for Josephine Baker, whose father is a jazz musician and wishes his daughter played more serious music. Her mother is Riverdale's mayor.", "Her mother is Riverdale's mayor. Asha Bromfield and Hayley Law portray Melody Valentine and Valerie Brown, respectively. All three of them are African-Americans. Josie would later emigrate to the spin-off series Katy Keene as an adult, with Murray reprising her role.", "Josie would later emigrate to the spin-off series Katy Keene as an adult, with Murray reprising her role. In this, Josie finds two new Pussycats, Cricket O'dell and Trula Twyst portrayed by Azriel Patricia and Emily Rafala. References External links Archie Comics' Josie and the Pussycats homepage Josie and the Pussycats at Don Markstein's Toonopedia.", "References External links Archie Comics' Josie and the Pussycats homepage Josie and the Pussycats at Don Markstein's Toonopedia. Archived from the original on October 22, 2016.", "Archived from the original on October 22, 2016. Josie and the Pussycats Comics characters introduced in 1963 Characters created by Dan DeCarlo 1963 comics debuts 1982 comics endings 2016 comics debuts 2017 comics endings Archie Comics titles Archie Comics characters Comics about women American comics adapted into films Comics adapted into animated series Female characters in comics Fictional female musicians Music-themed comics" ]

[ "Josie and the Pussycats (comics)", "Josie", "When did Josie come out?", "1963", "Had she been featured in Archie comics before?", "I don't know.", "Did Josie tell about the formation of the Pussycats?", "I don't know." ]

[ "Nineteen Minutes (2007) is the fourteenth novel by the American author, Jodi Picoult. It was Picoult's first book to debut at #1 on the New York Times Best Seller list. This novel follows the unfolding of a school shooting, including the events leading up to the incident and the aftermath of the incident.\n\nPlot\nThe story begins on March 6, 2007 in the small town of Sterling, New Hampshire, tracking the lives of a number of characters on an \"ordinary day.\" The characters include Alex Cormier, a superior court judge; her daughter Josie, a junior in high school; Lacy, Lewis, and Peter Houghton; Detective Patrick Ducharme; and several victims-to-be.\n\nAt the local high school, Sterling High, the story follows a routine day of students in classes, at the gym, and in the cafeteria. Suddenly, a loud bang is heard from the parking lot, which turns out to be a bomb set off in Matt Royston's car. As the students are distracted by the noise, gunshots are fired. When Patrick, the only detective on the Sterling police force, arrives at Sterling High, he searches the school to seek out the gunman, who is alleged to be a student. After passing several dead and wounded victims, Patrick traps and arrests the shooter, Peter Houghton, in the locker room, where he finds two students, Josie Cormier and Matt Royston, lying on the floor surrounded in blood. While Matt is dead, having been the only victim shot twice, Josie is not seriously injured, but only shocked: she cannot remember what happened.\n\nThe shooting kills ten people (nine students and one teacher) and wounds many other people.\n\nThroughout the book, time flashes back and forth between events before and after the shooting. In the past, the reader learns that Peter and Josie were once close friends. Peter was frequently the target of severe bullying at school, and Josie often stuck up for him. The friends slowly drifted apart as they got older: Josie joined the popular crowd in order to protect her own interests, seeing her relationship to Peter as embarrassing. The story pictures Peter as an outcast at home as well; Peter believes his older brother Joey is favored by their parents. Joey is a popular straight-A student and athlete, but feels it necessary to ridicule Peter to protect his reputation, even fabricating a story that Peter was adopted. When Joey is killed in a car accident in 2006, Lacy and Lewis Houghton are too upset to pay attention to their remaining son, causing a bigger rift between Peter and his parents.\n\nIn their sophomore year, Josie begins dating Matt, a popular jock who leads his friends Drew Girard and John Eberhard in bullying Peter. Matt often calls Peter \"homo\" and \"fag,\" leading Peter to question his sexual orientation. The bullying intensifies once Matt begins dating Josie, in his possessive efforts to keep her away from other boys. On one occasion, Peter approaches Josie after school to try talking to her. Matt beats him up, leaving Peter humiliated in front of the school.\n\nThe flashbacks also reveal several subplots: the difficult relationship between Josie and her single mother Alex, Alex's dilemma of being a judge and a mother, Peter's escape from bullying into the world of video games, Josie's fear of falling out of the popular crowd and her suicide back-up plan when she does, Matt's abusive behavior toward Josie, Josie's pregnancy and subsequent miscarriage, as well as Lewis Houghton's hunting lessons with his son Peter.\n\nOne month before the shooting, Peter realizes that he has feelings for Josie, and sends her an email expressing his love. Courtney Ignatio reads this email before Josie and has Drew forward it to the entire school. Courtney then convinces Peter that Josie likes him. Peter asks Josie to join him later during lunch, only to suffer public humiliation as Matt pulls down Peter's pants and exposes his genitals to a cafeteria full of students. Peter's psychotic break is triggered on the morning of the shooting when he turns on his computer and accidentally opens the email he wrote to Josie.\n\nAfter the shooting, Peter is sent to jail while the trial proceeds. The probable cause hearing is waived as Peter admits to killing ten people and wounding nineteen others. Jordan, Peter's defense attorney, uses battered person syndrome caused by severe bullying and abuse as a basis to convince the jury that Peter’s actions were justified as a result of his suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder. Jordan argues that he was in a dissociative state at the time of the shooting. In the final stage of the trial, Josie reveals that she was the one who shot Matt the first time in the stomach after grabbing a gun that fell out of Peter's bag. She admits later that she did this on account of the abusive behavior that she had endured while in a relationship with him. Peter later fired the fatal second shot; a blow to the head. Peter promised her he wouldn't tell anyone what she had done, and he kept this promise, happy to have Josie as his friend again.\n\nPeter is convicted of eight counts of first-degree murder and two counts of second-degree murder and is sentenced to life in prison. A month afterward, Peter commits suicide by stuffing a sock into his throat.\n\nAt the end of the book, one year from the date of the massacre, Josie has received a five-year sentence for accessory of manslaughter and is regularly visited in jail by her mother. Throughout the book, Josie never told the whole story, instead repeating, \"I can't remember.\" When Josie admits to shooting Matt, Peter's sentence is reduced. Alex and Patrick, who are expecting their first child, walk the halls of the high school. Sterling High has been extensively remodeled after the shooting. The cafeteria, the gym and locker room where the massacre took place have been replaced by a large glass atrium with a memorial to the dead in the center, a row of ten white chairs bolted to the floor. A plaque declares the building \"A Safe Harbor.\"\n\nCharacters\nPeter Houghton: The protagonist. An odd kid, who has been mercilessly bullied for most of his life. He has an avid interest in computers and video games. Peter wears glasses, making him a frequent target of teasing. Peter maintained a friendship with Josie Cormier until middle school, when she distanced herself from him and instead chose to befriend the popular students. After his friendship with Josie deteriorates, Peter befriends Derek, often co-creating video games with him. Peter's home life is rocky; he never seemed to relate to his parents, despite his mother's best efforts. His older brother, Joey, teased Peter and often encouraged bullying, even fabricating that Peter was adopted. During his high school years, Peter realizes he is in love with Josie, sparking a drastic chain of events. Peter emails Josie a love letter, which is intercepted by some of Josie's popular friends. This event is the catalyst in Peter's actions. After a lengthy trial and eventual conviction for murdering and severely injuring his classmates, Peter dies by suicide in prison by stuffing a sock down his throat.\nJosie Cormier: Once Peter's loyal, sweet best friend, their relationship fractures in middle school when Josie becomes part of the popular clique. Over the years, Josie has great difficulty maintaining her image, torn between what she is expected to be and how she wants to be. Josie realizes the shallowness of her clique and even acknowledges it on occasion, but she is too afraid to leave them, fearing social obscurity and alienation. Josie deeply dislikes her friends’ and boyfriend's treatment of less popular students, but is never able to stand up to them. Josie's home life isn't perfect; she has a strained relationship with her mother and never knew her father. She clings to Matt for emotional support and comfort. However, Matt is physically abusive towards her and she never leaves him. In a final twist in the novel, it is revealed that Josie shot Matt in the stomach the day of Peter's rampage. Josie is sentenced to five years in prison. \nAlex Cormier: Josie's mother. Throughout the novel, flashbacks reveal that she had trouble connecting with her daughter. Alex is also the judge assigned to Peter's trial, until Josie is called as a witness. \nPatrick Ducharme: A detective on the Sterling Police Force and Alex's love interest. He is a recurring character, appearing previously in Perfect Match. Patrick is the chief detective on the Sterling High School shooting case. At the end of the novel, he and Alex are romantically involved and expecting their first child. \nLacy Houghton: Peter's mother. She is a midwife, and struggles to understand her son's actions. When she discovers Joey, Peter's older brother, was a heroin addict, she disposes of the evidence, as she cannot bring herself to accept her deceased son was anything other than perfect.\nLewis Houghton: Peter's father. A happiness economist and college lecturer. He owns many guns, which are stored in the house, and used frequently for hunting. Lewis tried to introduce Peter to hunting, and often took him on trips, but Peter was uninterested. When Peter was in jail, awaiting trial, Lewis doesn't visit him, instead, he went to the grave of the victims of the shooting. It is revealed that Lewis favoured Joey, Peter's older brother, over Peter, but he only acknowledges this truth near the end of the novel. \nMatt Royston: Josie's boyfriend. Matt is the most popular boy in at Sterling High and is an aggressive hockey player. Matt and his best friend, Drew, often bullied Peter, beginning in kindergarten. The bullying includes shoving, elbowing, hitting, pulling Peter's pants down, taunting and name-calling. Matt is abusive towards Josie, on one occasion, causing her to break her leg, and manipulating her into having sex. Matt is the final victim in the school shooting, and the only victim to be shot twice.\nJordan McAfee: Peter's defense attorney. He is a recurring character, appearing in The Pact and Salem Falls. He has a baby son, as well as an older son, Thomas McAfee (who appears in The Pact and Salem Falls) and is married to Selena McAfee. He represents Peter at trial because he believes that he deserves a fair trial. \nSelena McAfee: Jordan's wife who assists with her husband's case and one of the few people who is sympathetic towards Peter. Selena is a recurring character, appearing along with Jordan, and Jordan's son from his first marriage, Thomas McAfee. \nDrew Girard: A popular student, and Matt's best friend. He, along with Matt, would repeatedly bully Peter. Drew was shot in the shoulder while he was running away from the gunfire with Matt and Josie.\nJohn Eberhard: A popular student who was sustained a head wound during the shooting. He is left with severe brain damage, and is now mentally handicapped. \nBrady Pryce: A popular student who dated Haley Weaver. He and Haley were considered \"The Brangelina of Sterling High\". He was injured protecting Haley during the shooting.\nHaley Weaver: The girlfriend of Brady Pryce a Sterling High senior. She and Brady were considered \"The Brangelina of Sterling High\". Prior to the shooting, she was elected Homecoming Queen. She was badly disfigured in the shooting, needing a multitude of plastic surgery operations to her face. \nDerek Markowitz: Peter's only friend after Josie becomes friends with the designated \"popular crowd\". He and Peter met when their mothers forced them to play soccer together. The teens have been friends since. Derek enjoys making computer games, several of which were co-created with Peter.\nEd McCabe: A closeted gay math teacher who dies during the shooting. He offered support to Peter, who was confused about his sexuality in a flashback in the novel.\nCourtney Ignatio: A popular girl who is friends with Josie, after she and Peter have a falling-out. Courtney dies after being shot in the chest during the shooting. She relentlessly bullied Peter; convincing him that Josie had feelings for him and then publicly humiliating him.\nJoey Houghton: Peter's dead brother. Joey was seen as the \"all American son\", good grades, great athlete, etc. However, this is contradicted by his actions later in the story (such as when he bullied Peter or when he used heroin.) Joey was killed by an impaired driver. \nLogan Rourke: Josie's biological father. Married, and not interested in Josie's life. He tried to bribe Josie with money to leave him alone.\n\nVictims\nIn order of death:\nMaddie Shaw: Josie's friend and a popular student. She is the first to die.\nCourtney Ignatio: Josie's friend and a popular student. It is revealed that Courtney and Matt Royston were the catalysts that caused the shooting.\nWhit Obermeyer: A student shot in the hallway.\nTopher McPhee: The school's well-known marijuana dealer.\nGrace Murtaugh: The daughter of the town's minister.\nKaitlyn Harvey: A freshman student with Down syndrome.\nEdward McCabe: The only teacher killed and Peter's former math teacher.\nNoah James: A senior student and a jock.\nJustin Friedman: Notably, fluent in Elvish and unathletic, Jewish.\nMatt Royston: A popular jock, Josie's boyfriend. It is revealed that he was shot once in the stomach by Josie and once in the head by Peter.\n\nReception\nThe book received generally favorable reviews by critics, for the writing, character development, plot twists, and the moral issues raised, including peer pressure, popularity, self-image, school bullying, betrayal and deception, sexual orientation doubt, teen dating violence, suicide, video game violence, single parenthood and communication barriers between adolescents and adults.\n\nThe Associated Press acknowledged that although Peter's guilt cannot be in doubt from a legal perspective, it is hard for readers to know where to put the blame as the story unfolds. Rocky Mountain News agreed, stating that while the beginning shooting scene makes it \"painfully clear who the victims and killer are. As the novel unfolds, Picoult succeeds in lifting those assumptions up for scrutiny, until villains and victims seem to blend into a motley jumble of alliances and rejection.\"\n\nThe Free Lance-Star mentioned that Nineteen Minutes created a two-sided story that helps readers understand everything about the school shooting, which is more than what normal media coverage will provide about this type of tragedy. The New York Times praised Picoult's writing, commenting that she \"writes articulately and clearly, making her all too much of a rarity among popular authors.\" The Washington Post called the book not only a thriller that is \"complete with dismaying carnage, urgent discoveries and 11th-hour revelations\", but also a source of serious moral questions about relationships between children and adults, and among children themselves. The Boston Globe considered Nineteen Minutes \"an insightful deconstruction of youthful alienation, of the shattering repercussions of bullying, and the disturbing effects of benign neglect.\"\n\nAn ambiguous point in the story is the identity of the author of the handwritten journal entries at the start of the book chapters, with New York Times saying this writer may or may not be Peter, although \"it doesn't sound like him\", and Hippo Press analyzing that whether or not the writer is identified \"doesn’t matter\"; the author maybe either Josie or Peter, and the point is that the diary pieces \"provide insight into the workings of the teenage mind\", showing that they are \"not all that different.\" Peter, the shooter, is also noted by USA Today as a lonely bullied student more similar to the offender in Heath High School shooting in Paducah, Kentucky than the offenders in Columbine High School massacre (Both shooting incidents are mentioned in the story and used by Picoult as materials for research).\n\nAutobiographical elements \nJodi Picoult says her \"children struggled with fitting in and being bullied\" which made them \"guinea pigs\" for her characters in the novel. Picoult understood that the topic of bullying was universal because everyone has experienced bullying in some form.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n \n Official Nineteen Minutes entry on MySpace\n\n2007 American novels\nNovels by Jodi Picoult\nAmerican crime novels\nNovels set in New Hampshire\nNovels about revenge\nNovels about bullying\nNovels about mass murder\nAtria Publishing Group books", "Klara and the Sun is the eighth novel by the Nobel Prize-winning British writer Kazuo Ishiguro, published on 2 March 2021. It is a dystopian science fiction story.\n\nSet in the U.S. in an unspecified future, the book is told from the point of view of Klara, a solar-powered AF (Artificial Friend), who is chosen by Josie, a sickly child, to be her companion. \n\nThe novel was longlisted for the 2021 Booker Prize.\n\nPlot \nThe novel is set in a dystopian future in which some children are genetically engineered (\"lifted\") for enhanced academic ability. As schooling is provided entirely at home by on-screen tutors, opportunities for socialization are limited and parents who can afford it often buy their children androids as companions. The book is narrated by one such Artificial Friend (AF) called Klara. Although Klara is exceptionally intelligent and observant, her knowledge of the world is limited.\n\nFrom the window of the store in which she is for sale, Klara learns about the world outside and watches the sun, which she always refers to as \"he\" and treats as a living entity. As a solar-powered AF, the sun's nourishment is of great importance to her. On one occasion she notices that a beggar and his dog are not in their usual position; they are lying like discarded bags and do not move all day. It seems obvious to Klara that they have died, and she is surprised the next morning to see that they are living and that the sun has with his great kindness saved them with a special kind of nourishment.\n\nKlara comes to fear and hate what she calls the \"Cootings Machine\" (from the name printed on its side) which stands for several days in the street outside, spewing out pollution that entirely blocks the sun's rays.\n\nKlara is chosen by 14-year-old Josie, who lives with her mother in a remote region of a prairie. Soon after joining them, Klara learns that the lifting process carries some risk: Josie's older sister Sal had earlier died, and Josie herself is gravely ill.\n\nJosie's only near neighbour and childhood friend is Rick, a boy of about her own age. Although academically able, Rick has not been lifted and faces discrimination and reduced career prospects. In spite of this, Josie and Rick have always known that they will be together forever.\n\nFrom Josie's bedroom Klara has a good view of the sun's progress across the sky, and comes to believe that he goes to his nightly rest within a farmer's barn that stands on the horizon. With Rick's help, she makes her way there one evening across the grasslands. Although surprised to find the sun's resting place is not actually in the barn, she pleads with him to pour his special kind of nourishment onto Josie and to save her life, as he did the beggar. She offers in return to find and destroy the pollution-creating Cootings Machine.\n\nJosie's mother unexpectedly asks Klara to imitate Josie, which due to her exceptional powers of observation she can do almost perfectly. The mother regularly takes Josie to sit for her portrait, although unknown to her daughter the artist is making not a painting but a highly-accurate AF body. She intends that Klara will integrate her intelligence into it if Josie dies, becoming not simply a facsimile but Josie's true continuation.\n\nWhen Klara next accompanies Josie into town, she finds and destroys a Cootings Machine, sacrificing in the process some of the P-E-G Nine solution she carries in her head and accepting that the loss may result in a reduction in her abilities. But Josie's condition worsens and the sun does not respond. Klara returns to the barn to make another plea, reminding the sun of Josie and Rick's genuine and everlasting love. Several days later as Josie seems near death Klara suddenly sees the dark clouds part, and the sun sends his special nourishment flooding into her sick room. Josie seems better immediately, and over the following months recovers her health.\n\nAs Josie grows older she starts to drift away from Rick. Klara worries that she has misled the sun and Rick comforts her, explaining that although his and Josie's paths in life may differ, their love really was genuine and they will always, at some level, be together. Josie leaves for college, and says goodbye to Klara.\n\nThe novel closes with Klara settled in a yard for scrapped AFs. She is no longer able to move around, but says she is content with her spot in the yard and declines to socialise with other AFs. The manager of her old store visits, and Klara tells her of happy memories and of the sun's great kindness towards Josie.\n\nPublication \nKlara and the Sun was published on 2 March 2021 by Faber and Faber (UK) and Alfred A. Knopf (US).\n\nThe novel debuted at number six on The New York Times fiction best-seller list for the week ending 6 March 2021.\n\nReception \nKlara and the Sun received favourable reviews, with a cumulative \"Positive\" rating at the review aggregator website Book Marks.\n\nIn its starred review, Kirkus Reviews compared the novel to Ishiguro's Never Let Me Go and called it a \"haunting fable of a lonely, moribund world that is entirely too plausible.\"\n\nPublishers Weekly praised the \"rich inner reflections\" of Ishiguro's protagonist, writing, \"Klara's quiet but astute observations of human nature land with profound gravity.\" Publishers Weekly proclaims, \"This dazzling genre-bending work is a delight.\"\n\nIn her review for The New York Times, Radhika Jones notes that Klara and the Sun returns to the theme of The Remains of the Day as \"Ishiguro gives voice to: not the human, but the clone; not the lord, but the servant. Klara and the Sun complements his brilliant vision, though it doesn't reach the artistic heights of his past achievements. . .when Klara says, \"I have my memories to go through and place in the right order,\" it strikes the quintessential Ishiguro chord.\"\n\nIn a positive review, Cherwell described Ishiguro's novel as characterised by \"elegance and poise\", praising the narrator Klara as \"a memorable first-person narrative voice, simultaneously robotic and infantile, scrupulous yet naïve.\" The novel's central image of the \"paganistic worship of the sun, nearly to the level of deification, by a purely mechanical vessel\" is particularly celebrated. Yet, the book's inclusion of gene editing is criticised as \"overly vague\".\n\nThe Economist praised the book and mentioned that it affects \"a cross between Never Let Me Go and The Remains of the Day, with Klara in the place of Stevens, the butler whose first-person narration provided a between-the-lines portrait of morality among the English upper crust in the interwar years.\"\n\nAnne Enright, writing in The Guardian, found parallels with a different work by the author: \"The themes of replication and authenticity are similar to those in Kazuo Ishiguro's Never Let Me Go, published in 2005. Both novels are set in a speculative future that feels quite like the present. Both also contain a secret moral shift: an advance in technology that has changed people's sense of what it is to be human, and the emotional punch of Klara, as with Never Let Me Go, comes from the fact that the central character doesn't know what is going on.\" Enright added, \"The novel requires the reader to ask and settle, over and again, while the philosophical content quietly takes hold. Klara and the Sun is a book about what it is to be human. The fact that Ishiguro can make such huge concerns seem so essential and so simple is just one of the reasons he was awarded the Nobel prize. [...] People will absolutely love this book, in part because it enacts the way we learn how to love. Klara and the Sun is wise like a child who decides, just for a little while, to love their doll. 'What can children know about genuine love?' Klara asks. The answer, of course, is everything.\"\n\nThe novel was longlisted for the 2021 Booker Prize and the 2022 Andrew Carnegie Medal for Excellence in Fiction. It was selected for The Washington Posts \"10 Best Books of 2021\" list.\n\nAdaptations \nThe novel was read on BBC Radio 4 by actress Lydia Wilson, abridged by Richard Hamilton. It was broadcast in ten parts between 7 March and 19 March 2021.\n\nScreen \nIn July 2020, Sony's 3000 Pictures acquired the screen rights for Klara and the Sun. Dahvi Waller is set to adapt the novel.\n\nReferences \n\n2021 British novels\n2021 science fiction novels\nBritish science fiction novels\nDystopian novels\nFaber and Faber books\nNovels by Kazuo Ishiguro\nNovels about androids\nNovels set in the future\nFirst-person narrative novels" ]

[ "Josie and the Pussycats (initially published as She's Josie and Josie) is a teen-humor comic book about a fictional rock band, created by Dan DeCarlo and published by Archie Comics. It was published from 1963 until 1982; since then, one-shot issues have appeared on an irregular basis.", "It was published from 1963 until 1982; since then, one-shot issues have appeared on an irregular basis. A second series, set in the New Riverdale universe, launched in September 2016.", "A second series, set in the New Riverdale universe, launched in September 2016. The series was adapted into a Saturday morning cartoon by Hanna–Barbera in 1970 and a live-action motion picture by Universal Studios and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in 2001; each of these productions was accompanied by a Josie and the Pussycats soundtrack album.", "The series was adapted into a Saturday morning cartoon by Hanna–Barbera in 1970 and a live-action motion picture by Universal Studios and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in 2001; each of these productions was accompanied by a Josie and the Pussycats soundtrack album. A completely African-American version of the band also appeared in the drama series Riverdale on The CW, after which the character Josie joined Katy Keene.", "A completely African-American version of the band also appeared in the drama series Riverdale on The CW, after which the character Josie joined Katy Keene. Publication history Cartoonist Dan DeCarlo, who had spent most of the 1950s drawing teen and career-girl humor comics such as Millie the Model for Atlas Comics, that decade's forerunner of Marvel Comics, began freelancing for Archie Comics.", "Publication history Cartoonist Dan DeCarlo, who had spent most of the 1950s drawing teen and career-girl humor comics such as Millie the Model for Atlas Comics, that decade's forerunner of Marvel Comics, began freelancing for Archie Comics. In 1960, he and Atlas editor-in-chief Stan Lee co-created the short-lived syndicated comic strip Willie Lumpkin, about a suburban mail carrier, for the Chicago, Illinois-based Publishers Syndicate.", "In 1960, he and Atlas editor-in-chief Stan Lee co-created the short-lived syndicated comic strip Willie Lumpkin, about a suburban mail carrier, for the Chicago, Illinois-based Publishers Syndicate. Casting about for more comic-strip work, DeCarlo created the characters of Josie and her friends.", "Casting about for more comic-strip work, DeCarlo created the characters of Josie and her friends. Josie DeCarlo, the artist's wife and Josie's namesake, explained that \"We went on a Caribbean cruise, and I had a [cat] costume for the cruise, and that's the way it started.\"", "Josie DeCarlo, the artist's wife and Josie's namesake, explained that \"We went on a Caribbean cruise, and I had a [cat] costume for the cruise, and that's the way it started.\" DeCarlo first tried to sell the character as a syndicated comic strip called Here's Josie, recalling in 2001: Josie was introduced in December 1962, when her appearances in Archie's Pals 'n' Gals #23 (Winter 1962-1963) hit the stands.", "DeCarlo first tried to sell the character as a syndicated comic strip called Here's Josie, recalling in 2001: Josie was introduced in December 1962, when her appearances in Archie's Pals 'n' Gals #23 (Winter 1962-1963) hit the stands. A new solo series, She's Josie, debuted in February 1963.", "A new solo series, She's Josie, debuted in February 1963. The series featured levelheaded, sweet-natured redhead Josie, her ditzy blonde bombshell friend Melody, and the brainy, cynical, bespectacled brunette Pepper.", "The series featured levelheaded, sweet-natured redhead Josie, her ditzy blonde bombshell friend Melody, and the brainy, cynical, bespectacled brunette Pepper. These early years also featured the characters of Josie's beatnik boyfriend Albert; Pepper's strong but not-too-bright boyfriend Socrates (\"Sock\" for short); Albert's rival Alexander Cabot III, who chased after both Josie and Melody; and Alex's obnoxious twin sister Alexandra Cabot.", "These early years also featured the characters of Josie's beatnik boyfriend Albert; Pepper's strong but not-too-bright boyfriend Socrates (\"Sock\" for short); Albert's rival Alexander Cabot III, who chased after both Josie and Melody; and Alex's obnoxious twin sister Alexandra Cabot. None of the mainstream Archie characters appeared with Josie until the ninth issue of her own title.", "None of the mainstream Archie characters appeared with Josie until the ninth issue of her own title. Josie and her friends occasionally appeared in \"crossover\" issues with the main Archie characters.", "Josie and her friends occasionally appeared in \"crossover\" issues with the main Archie characters. She's Josie displayed a new Josie-only logo beginning with issue #14 (August, 1965), was officially renamed Josie with issue #17 (December, 1965), and again renamed, to Josie and the Pussycats, with issue #45 (December, 1969).", "She's Josie displayed a new Josie-only logo beginning with issue #14 (August, 1965), was officially renamed Josie with issue #17 (December, 1965), and again renamed, to Josie and the Pussycats, with issue #45 (December, 1969). The series finished its run under this title with issue #106 (October, 1982).", "The series finished its run under this title with issue #106 (October, 1982). Josie and her gang also made irregular appearances in Pep Comics and Laugh Comics during the 1960s.", "Josie and her gang also made irregular appearances in Pep Comics and Laugh Comics during the 1960s. In 1969, Archie Comics made several changes to the Josie comic: In Josie #42 (August 1969), Josie met a heavily built blond folk singer named Alan M. who, over time, became Josie's on-again, off-again boyfriend (much to the chagrin of Alexandra, who was also immediately smitten with Alan M. and never missed an opportunity to try and steal him away).", "In 1969, Archie Comics made several changes to the Josie comic: In Josie #42 (August 1969), Josie met a heavily built blond folk singer named Alan M. who, over time, became Josie's on-again, off-again boyfriend (much to the chagrin of Alexandra, who was also immediately smitten with Alan M. and never missed an opportunity to try and steal him away). In Josie #43 (September 1969), Alexandra discovered that her cat Sebastian was actually a reincarnation of an ancestor of the Cabot family, who was executed for consorting with witches.", "In Josie #43 (September 1969), Alexandra discovered that her cat Sebastian was actually a reincarnation of an ancestor of the Cabot family, who was executed for consorting with witches. Whenever Alexandra held Sebastian in her arms, she could cast magic spells.", "Whenever Alexandra held Sebastian in her arms, she could cast magic spells. Alexandra generally used her powers to compete with Josie for Alan M., but the spells she cast usually backfired in some way. Moreover, her spells ended whenever someone nearby snapped their fingers (which happened often).", "Moreover, her spells ended whenever someone nearby snapped their fingers (which happened often). Alexandra and Sebastian's witchy powers were not used in Hanna-Barbera's TV show, and they were soon discontinued in the comic as well.", "Alexandra and Sebastian's witchy powers were not used in Hanna-Barbera's TV show, and they were soon discontinued in the comic as well. In Josie and the Pussycats #45 (December 1969), the first issue to bear that new title, Josie and Melody decided to start a band called the Pussycats.", "In Josie and the Pussycats #45 (December 1969), the first issue to bear that new title, Josie and Melody decided to start a band called the Pussycats. Alexandra was asked to be their bassist, but she insisted that the group's name be to \"Alexandra's Cool Time Cats\"; so, instead, Valerie Smith, a new girl in school, was recruited to play bass.", "Alexandra was asked to be their bassist, but she insisted that the group's name be to \"Alexandra's Cool Time Cats\"; so, instead, Valerie Smith, a new girl in school, was recruited to play bass. The Pussycats made their leopard print band uniforms (complete with cat-ear headbands and long tails) and performed at their first gig, a school dance, as a seething Alexandra tried unsuccessfully to use her witchcraft for revenge.", "The Pussycats made their leopard print band uniforms (complete with cat-ear headbands and long tails) and performed at their first gig, a school dance, as a seething Alexandra tried unsuccessfully to use her witchcraft for revenge. The reimagining of the comic resulted in three casualties: Albert, Sock, and Pepper, who were phased out altogether.", "The reimagining of the comic resulted in three casualties: Albert, Sock, and Pepper, who were phased out altogether. From 1970 on, most of the stories in the comic book revolved around the Pussycats traveling around the country and the world to perform gigs, with Alan M., Alex, and Alexandra (and sometimes Sebastian) in tow.", "From 1970 on, most of the stories in the comic book revolved around the Pussycats traveling around the country and the world to perform gigs, with Alan M., Alex, and Alexandra (and sometimes Sebastian) in tow. When the girls were not performing, they dealt with the various trials and tribulations of teenage life, often including Alex's jealousy of Alan M. and Alexandra's jealousy of Josie.", "When the girls were not performing, they dealt with the various trials and tribulations of teenage life, often including Alex's jealousy of Alan M. and Alexandra's jealousy of Josie. The Josie and the Pussycats comic ran until 1982, after which the girls were featured in various Archie Giant Series issues and miniseries and one-shot comics of their own.", "The Josie and the Pussycats comic ran until 1982, after which the girls were featured in various Archie Giant Series issues and miniseries and one-shot comics of their own. Reprinted Josie stories (including the occasional pre-Pussycats stories) appear frequently in the various Archie Library digests.", "Reprinted Josie stories (including the occasional pre-Pussycats stories) appear frequently in the various Archie Library digests. Archie & Friends #47-95 (June 2001-November 2005) featured new Josie and the Pussycats stories in the regular house style after the 2001 film renewed interest in the series.", "Archie & Friends #47-95 (June 2001-November 2005) featured new Josie and the Pussycats stories in the regular house style after the 2001 film renewed interest in the series. They later appeared in a new two-part story, \"Battle of the Bands\", in Archie & Friends #130-131 (June–July 2009).", "They later appeared in a new two-part story, \"Battle of the Bands\", in Archie & Friends #130-131 (June–July 2009). Manga makeover In March 2005, Archie Comics announced that a manga version of the title would be published, with art by Tania del Rio, who was also responsible for the manga makeover of Sabrina, the Teenage Witch.", "Manga makeover In March 2005, Archie Comics announced that a manga version of the title would be published, with art by Tania del Rio, who was also responsible for the manga makeover of Sabrina, the Teenage Witch. The first such \"Josie and the Pussycasts\" story, \"Opening Act\" ran in Tales from Riverdale Digest #3 (August 2005) The band had previously appeared in manga form in issue Sabrina, The Teenage Witch #67 (August 2005).", "The first such \"Josie and the Pussycasts\" story, \"Opening Act\" ran in Tales from Riverdale Digest #3 (August 2005) The band had previously appeared in manga form in issue Sabrina, The Teenage Witch #67 (August 2005). In Archie & Friends #96 (January 2006) the origin of the Pussycats was retconned.", "In Archie & Friends #96 (January 2006) the origin of the Pussycats was retconned. The manga version implies that none of the characters previously knew each other. Josie Jones was cut from the school choir, but met Valerie Smith and the two founded the band.", "Josie Jones was cut from the school choir, but met Valerie Smith and the two founded the band. They recruited Melody, whose idea it was to wear cat outfits. The band was not doing well at first, but Alex liked the group, though Alexandra could tell he was more interested in Josie.", "The band was not doing well at first, but Alex liked the group, though Alexandra could tell he was more interested in Josie. Alex's father let him be the manager as long as he did not use his wealth to help make them stars.", "Alex's father let him be the manager as long as he did not use his wealth to help make them stars. In Sabrina the Teenage Witch #72 (February 2006), a stranger named Alan helped carry their equipment. Josie, already attracted to Alan, jealously thought there was an attraction between Alan and Melody.", "Josie, already attracted to Alan, jealously thought there was an attraction between Alan and Melody. Alex hired him as their stagehand. The manga focused on the group's attempt to reach fame rather than on their career after they have already achieved it.", "The manga focused on the group's attempt to reach fame rather than on their career after they have already achieved it. It featured characters not seen in other comics, including Alan's younger sister Alison and the rival group the Vixens. The manga version was not popular among readers, who preferred the traditional style.", "The manga version was not popular among readers, who preferred the traditional style. Its final appearance was in Archie & Friends #104 (December 2006). A Katy Keene revival replaced it (both featured alongside each other in the latter part of the manga's run), though it, too, did not last.", "A Katy Keene revival replaced it (both featured alongside each other in the latter part of the manga's run), though it, too, did not last. Afterlife with Archie In the world of Afterlife with Archie, Josie and the Pussycats are revealed to be vampires.", "Afterlife with Archie In the world of Afterlife with Archie, Josie and the Pussycats are revealed to be vampires. Josephine McCoy is orphaned shortly after her birth in 1906 and winds up in an orphanage run by Alexandra Cabot, who has three other children: Melody, Valerie, and Pepper.", "Josephine McCoy is orphaned shortly after her birth in 1906 and winds up in an orphanage run by Alexandra Cabot, who has three other children: Melody, Valerie, and Pepper. Due to their singing talent, \"Uncle Buddy\" (one of Alexandra's friends) takes the trio on tour, eventually forcing Pepper to marry him.", "Due to their singing talent, \"Uncle Buddy\" (one of Alexandra's friends) takes the trio on tour, eventually forcing Pepper to marry him. Shortly after this, Josie, Melody and Valerie are turned into vampires.", "Shortly after this, Josie, Melody and Valerie are turned into vampires. The three then go on to become several short lived groups, with \"Josie and the Pussycats\" being the latest incarnation. In the 1980s, Pepper finds Josie and tries to blackmail Josie into turning her into a vampire.", "In the 1980s, Pepper finds Josie and tries to blackmail Josie into turning her into a vampire. Josie tries to explain that becoming a vampire locks you into the state you were in when you were turned. Pepper won't listen and Josie is forced to kill her childhood friend.", "Pepper won't listen and Josie is forced to kill her childhood friend. Josie them mesmerizes the interviewer she has been telling this to so the three of them can feed. Later on, on their jet, they detect irregularities at their destination of Riverdale, deciding to land there anyway rather than detour.", "Later on, on their jet, they detect irregularities at their destination of Riverdale, deciding to land there anyway rather than detour. Reboot On June 8, 2016 a reboot of the series was announced in the same style of the Archie, Jughead, and Betty & Veronica reboots as part of the New Riverdale imprint.", "Reboot On June 8, 2016 a reboot of the series was announced in the same style of the Archie, Jughead, and Betty & Veronica reboots as part of the New Riverdale imprint. The series is co-written by Marguerite Bennett and Cameron DeOrdio with the art by Audrey Mok.", "The series is co-written by Marguerite Bennett and Cameron DeOrdio with the art by Audrey Mok. The reboot features Josie uniting the band to take their big shot at musical stardom, only to contend with the machinations of Alexandra Cabot, the ever-Machiavellian daughter of the Pussycats’ manager. The first issue was released on September 28, 2016.", "The first issue was released on September 28, 2016. Characters Josie McCoy A short-haired redhead, Josie is the leader and co-founder of the Pussycats. She is the lead vocalist and songwriter and plays guitar.", "She is the lead vocalist and songwriter and plays guitar. Portrayed as a sweet, attractive, and level-headed teenage girl, Josie is usually the stable center in the middle of the chaos surrounding her band and her friends. Josie's surname has been inconsistent.", "Josie's surname has been inconsistent. It was alternately \"Jones\" or \"James\" for much of the comic's run. McCoy was her surname for the 2001 movie. Archie Comics later sometimes acknowledged the surnames from the movie as canonical, though not consistently.", "Archie Comics later sometimes acknowledged the surnames from the movie as canonical, though not consistently. In a few stories reprinted in the 2000s decade, Archie Comics changed her surname to McCoy. However, the manga version used \"Jones\", which was her first surname to actually appear in the comics.", "However, the manga version used \"Jones\", which was her first surname to actually appear in the comics. During the early years of her comic (1963–1969), Josie dated a guitarist named Albert. During and after the Josie and the Pussycats revamp, she dated Alan M. Mayberry.", "During and after the Josie and the Pussycats revamp, she dated Alan M. Mayberry. Alexander Cabot is regularly attracted to her in the comics.", "Alexander Cabot is regularly attracted to her in the comics. Though she is known to date him, she really loves Alan M. In the cartoon series, Josie's speaking voice was performed by Janet Waldo (the voice of Judy Jetson and Penelope Pitstop) and her singing voice was performed by Cathy Dougher.", "Though she is known to date him, she really loves Alan M. In the cartoon series, Josie's speaking voice was performed by Janet Waldo (the voice of Judy Jetson and Penelope Pitstop) and her singing voice was performed by Cathy Dougher. She was played by Rachael Leigh Cook in the 2001 live-action Josie and the Pussycats movie (singing voice performed by Kay Hanley).", "She was played by Rachael Leigh Cook in the 2001 live-action Josie and the Pussycats movie (singing voice performed by Kay Hanley). She appeared in The CW series Riverdale with Ashleigh Murray portraying her as an African American and lead singer of the band. Murray eventually left the show and joined the spinoff Katy Keene.", "Murray eventually left the show and joined the spinoff Katy Keene. She returns as a special guest star in the musical episode \"Chapter Ninety-One: The Return of the Pussycats\", which is centered on her and the group. Josie was ranked 77th in Comics Buyer's Guide's \"100 Sexiest Women in Comics\" list.", "Josie was ranked 77th in Comics Buyer's Guide's \"100 Sexiest Women in Comics\" list. Melody Valentine The co-founder and drummer for the Pussycats (she also sang occasional lead vocals for the TV series), Melody is a cute blonde and usually speaks in a sing-song voice, denoted by the musical notes in her cartoon word balloons.", "Melody Valentine The co-founder and drummer for the Pussycats (she also sang occasional lead vocals for the TV series), Melody is a cute blonde and usually speaks in a sing-song voice, denoted by the musical notes in her cartoon word balloons. She is an absent-minded, bubbly sort of character often taken to using silly, nonsense language, and provides much of the comic relief of the series.", "She is an absent-minded, bubbly sort of character often taken to using silly, nonsense language, and provides much of the comic relief of the series. Melody is almost never given a surname in a comic story. Occasionally, she is called \"Melody Jones\".", "Occasionally, she is called \"Melody Jones\". At these times, the name \"James\" is used for Josie to avoid confusion. However, the manga, having settled on the name \"Josie Jones\", essentially nullifies this. The 2001 movie establishes her surname as Valentine, a name that Archie Comics has accepted.", "The 2001 movie establishes her surname as Valentine, a name that Archie Comics has accepted. Many comic stories use Melody's beauty as a plot device. When male characters see her, they uncontrollably fall for her and lose all sense of anything else, frequently leading to chaos; although, she is usually oblivious to this.", "When male characters see her, they uncontrollably fall for her and lose all sense of anything else, frequently leading to chaos; although, she is usually oblivious to this. Despite any trouble that occurs for her or her friends, Melody maintains a cheerful, optimistic attitude.", "Despite any trouble that occurs for her or her friends, Melody maintains a cheerful, optimistic attitude. In the cartoon series, whenever the group is in a dangerous or potentially dangerous situation, Melody's ears would wiggle. In the cartoon, she frequently gets brainwashed, but is already very dim-witted.", "In the cartoon, she frequently gets brainwashed, but is already very dim-witted. Later, in the Josie and the Pussycats in Outer Space series, she adopts a cute little alien named Bleep. Melody's speaking voice is performed by Jackie Joseph, and her singing voice is performed by Cheryl Ladd (credited as Cherie Moor).", "Melody's speaking voice is performed by Jackie Joseph, and her singing voice is performed by Cheryl Ladd (credited as Cherie Moor). She was played by Tara Reid in the live-action film.", "She was played by Tara Reid in the live-action film. Bleep's voice was done by Don Messick (also the voice of Scooby-Doo, Astro, Dr. Benton Quest, Boo Boo, and more). Ashanti Bromfield portrayed her in the CW series Riverdale.", "Ashanti Bromfield portrayed her in the CW series Riverdale. Valerie Brown In addition to being the group's main songwriter and a multi-instrumentalist, dark-haired Valerie also performs back-up vocals (in the comics, cartoons, and the movie) and occasionally sings lead (nearly always in the TV series) for the Pussycats.", "Valerie Brown In addition to being the group's main songwriter and a multi-instrumentalist, dark-haired Valerie also performs back-up vocals (in the comics, cartoons, and the movie) and occasionally sings lead (nearly always in the TV series) for the Pussycats. In the comics and the movie, she is the group's dedicated bassist; in the cartoons, she plays tambourine.", "In the comics and the movie, she is the group's dedicated bassist; in the cartoons, she plays tambourine. In the comic book, she replaced Pepper, a sharp-minded spectacled brunette. Valerie's surname may be the most definite of the three.", "Valerie's surname may be the most definite of the three. Archie Comics have occasionally used the name \"Brown\" from the movie on their website and in promotional material, but in the comics, she is always called Valerie Smith.", "Archie Comics have occasionally used the name \"Brown\" from the movie on their website and in promotional material, but in the comics, she is always called Valerie Smith. But recently, the \"Brown\" surname has been used again in comics and the Riverdale TV series.", "But recently, the \"Brown\" surname has been used again in comics and the Riverdale TV series. The return of the Brown surname happens due to the return of the Pepper Smith character in the New Riverdale and Archie Horror universe. In the comics, Valerie is more tomboyish than her two bandmates.", "In the comics, Valerie is more tomboyish than her two bandmates. Besides being good at science and a skilled auto mechanic, she occasionally shows a quick temper as well as being physically stronger than she might appear.", "Besides being good at science and a skilled auto mechanic, she occasionally shows a quick temper as well as being physically stronger than she might appear. She is also less concerned about her appearance or her love life than Josie, Melody or Alexandra, and had rarely been seen in a romantic relationship, though in the cartoons she seems attracted to Alexander.", "She is also less concerned about her appearance or her love life than Josie, Melody or Alexandra, and had rarely been seen in a romantic relationship, though in the cartoons she seems attracted to Alexander. In 2010, she began an on-again, off-again romantic relationship with Archie Andrews, although her band's touring schedule often keeps her out of Riverdale and away from Archie (much to the relief of Veronica Lodge and Betty Cooper, Archie's other girlfriends).", "In 2010, she began an on-again, off-again romantic relationship with Archie Andrews, although her band's touring schedule often keeps her out of Riverdale and away from Archie (much to the relief of Veronica Lodge and Betty Cooper, Archie's other girlfriends). In the animated series, she is somewhat similar to Velma Dinkley from Scooby-Doo and they met in a 1973 episode of The New Scooby-Doo Movies, \"The Haunted Showboat\".", "In the animated series, she is somewhat similar to Velma Dinkley from Scooby-Doo and they met in a 1973 episode of The New Scooby-Doo Movies, \"The Haunted Showboat\". She is the character who saves the day the most often, thanks to her street smarts and her mechanical and scientific genius.", "She is the character who saves the day the most often, thanks to her street smarts and her mechanical and scientific genius. In the comics, this is downplayed, although she is still the most intelligent of the group. Valerie is the first African-American female cartoon character on a regular animated television series.", "Valerie is the first African-American female cartoon character on a regular animated television series. Valerie's speaking voice is performed by Barbara Pariot, and her singing voice is performed by Patrice Holloway, sister of Motown recording artist Brenda Holloway. She was played by Rosario Dawson in the live-action film. Hayley Law portrayed her in the CW series Riverdale.", "Hayley Law portrayed her in the CW series Riverdale. Alexander Cabot III Rich, temperamental, and cowardly, Alexander is the Pussycats' shifty and not-too-dependable manager. He often gets the group in hot water because of his crazy promotional schemes. Alexander wears sunglasses often and likes to flaunt his wealth, typically dressing in flamboyant and expensive clothing.", "Alexander wears sunglasses often and likes to flaunt his wealth, typically dressing in flamboyant and expensive clothing. In the comics, Alexander is reminiscent of Reggie Mantle.", "In the comics, Alexander is reminiscent of Reggie Mantle. He has a crush on Josie and often tries to divert her attention from her boyfriend, Alan M. He is blunt and critical towards Alan M., regarding him as all brawn and no brains. Occasionally, Alexander will take an interest in Melody, particularly when Josie is unavailable.", "Occasionally, Alexander will take an interest in Melody, particularly when Josie is unavailable. The interest seems genuine, since, unlike other boys, who fall helplessly in love with Melody at first sight, Alexander tends to remain composed around her.", "The interest seems genuine, since, unlike other boys, who fall helplessly in love with Melody at first sight, Alexander tends to remain composed around her. Alexander's personality is markedly different in the animated series; he is much friendlier, though no more dependable and far more cowardly than his comic strip alter ego.", "Alexander's personality is markedly different in the animated series; he is much friendlier, though no more dependable and far more cowardly than his comic strip alter ego. In this context, he most often serves as a comedic foil for Alexandra's constant scheming.", "In this context, he most often serves as a comedic foil for Alexandra's constant scheming. The animated version of Alexander also exhibits no romantic feelings towards Josie, tends to gravitate towards Melody or Valerie, depending on interpretation, and is very similar to Shaggy Rogers from Scooby-Doo.", "The animated version of Alexander also exhibits no romantic feelings towards Josie, tends to gravitate towards Melody or Valerie, depending on interpretation, and is very similar to Shaggy Rogers from Scooby-Doo. The animated depiction of Alexander was voiced by Casey Kasem, who also voiced Shaggy.", "The animated depiction of Alexander was voiced by Casey Kasem, who also voiced Shaggy. In a 1973 Josie-guested episode of The New Scooby-Doo Movies, Alexander and Shaggy both appear on-screen together for quite some time. Alexander was played by Paulo Costanzo in the 2001 live-action motion picture.", "Alexander was played by Paulo Costanzo in the 2001 live-action motion picture. He appears as a supporting regular character on The CW's live-action series Katy Keene, portrayed by Lucien Laviscount. Alexandra Cabot and Sebastian Alexandra is technically a supporting character, but often overshadows the rest of the cast in both the comics and the cartoons.", "Alexandra Cabot and Sebastian Alexandra is technically a supporting character, but often overshadows the rest of the cast in both the comics and the cartoons. She is Alexander's fraternal twin sister in the comics; the 1970 cartoon series does not establish the siblings as twins, nor which sibling is older.", "She is Alexander's fraternal twin sister in the comics; the 1970 cartoon series does not establish the siblings as twins, nor which sibling is older. Alexandra has black hair with a white lightning-bolt shaped stripe running through the middle of it, giving her ponytail a slight impression of a skunk's tail.", "Alexandra has black hair with a white lightning-bolt shaped stripe running through the middle of it, giving her ponytail a slight impression of a skunk's tail. In contrast to the good-natured girls in the Pussycats, Alexandra is cynical, hateful, cantankerous, mean, offensive, rude, envious, scheming and self-centered.", "In contrast to the good-natured girls in the Pussycats, Alexandra is cynical, hateful, cantankerous, mean, offensive, rude, envious, scheming and self-centered. She is insanely jealous of the Pussycats, especially Josie, about whom she never has a kind word.", "She is insanely jealous of the Pussycats, especially Josie, about whom she never has a kind word. Despite having no vocal or musical talent at all, Alexandra desperately wants to be a star; her conditions for joining the Pussycats were that she be made the lead and that the band be renamed Alexandra's Cool Time Cats.", "Despite having no vocal or musical talent at all, Alexandra desperately wants to be a star; her conditions for joining the Pussycats were that she be made the lead and that the band be renamed Alexandra's Cool Time Cats. Alexandra has an enormous crush on Alan M., and often tries to steal him away from Josie.", "Alexandra has an enormous crush on Alan M., and often tries to steal him away from Josie. In the comics, although she is not particularly fond of her brother, Alexandra often joins forces with him to separate Alan M. and Josie, which would benefit both siblings, since Alexander is interested in Josie.", "In the comics, although she is not particularly fond of her brother, Alexandra often joins forces with him to separate Alan M. and Josie, which would benefit both siblings, since Alexander is interested in Josie. Alexandra's personality in the cartoon is largely unchanged. Sebastian is a tuxedo cat, and Alexandra's sidekick.", "Sebastian is a tuxedo cat, and Alexandra's sidekick. In the comics, Sebastian is the reincarnation of Sebastian Cabot, a witchcraft-practicing ancestor of the Cabot family.", "In the comics, Sebastian is the reincarnation of Sebastian Cabot, a witchcraft-practicing ancestor of the Cabot family. Alexandra finds that, by holding Sebastian in her arms, she can cast powerful magic spells (Alexandra and Sebastian's bond is represented in that they both have a matching white stripe in the middle of their hair/fur).", "Alexandra finds that, by holding Sebastian in her arms, she can cast powerful magic spells (Alexandra and Sebastian's bond is represented in that they both have a matching white stripe in the middle of their hair/fur). This plot device was sporadically employed by various writers at Archie over the years; Alexandra was later shown to be able to cast spells on her own.", "This plot device was sporadically employed by various writers at Archie over the years; Alexandra was later shown to be able to cast spells on her own. In the cartoon, Alexandra and Sebastian do not have magic powers but they still have their white stripes.", "In the cartoon, Alexandra and Sebastian do not have magic powers but they still have their white stripes. Sebastian usually follows Alexandra's schemes when it comes to getting in between Josie and Alan, but unlike Alexandra, he has no real grudge or dislike towards Josie and is usually shown to be friendly to her.", "Sebastian usually follows Alexandra's schemes when it comes to getting in between Josie and Alan, but unlike Alexandra, he has no real grudge or dislike towards Josie and is usually shown to be friendly to her. Alexandra's voice in the cartoons is provided by former Mouseketeer Sherry Alberoni, while Don Messick supplies the meows, screams, and Muttley-esque snickers for Sebastian.", "Alexandra's voice in the cartoons is provided by former Mouseketeer Sherry Alberoni, while Don Messick supplies the meows, screams, and Muttley-esque snickers for Sebastian. Alexandra was played by Missi Pyle in the live-action Josie and the Pussycats movie, while Sebastian does not appear in the live-action film.", "Alexandra was played by Missi Pyle in the live-action Josie and the Pussycats movie, while Sebastian does not appear in the live-action film. Alexandra appears as a supporting regular character who dislikes Josie McCoy on The CW's live-action series Katy Keene, portrayed by Camille Hyde. This version of Alexandra is the senior vice president of Cabot Entertainment.", "This version of Alexandra is the senior vice president of Cabot Entertainment. Similar to in the comics, she dislikes Josie. In Katy Keene, Alexander and Alexandra are step-siblings (posing as twins in public), a relationship complicated by their having dated in high school before Alexander's father and Alexandra's mother later married.", "In Katy Keene, Alexander and Alexandra are step-siblings (posing as twins in public), a relationship complicated by their having dated in high school before Alexander's father and Alexandra's mother later married. Hyde also reprised her role in the musical episode \"Chapter Ninety-One: The Return of the Pussycats\" from the fifth season of Riverdale.", "Hyde also reprised her role in the musical episode \"Chapter Ninety-One: The Return of the Pussycats\" from the fifth season of Riverdale. Alan M. Mayberry Alan M. Mayberry (known as \"Alan M.\" in the comics, and as simply \"Alan\" in the cartoon series) is a tall, blond, muscular folk singer who serves as the Pussycats' roadie.", "Alan M. Mayberry Alan M. Mayberry (known as \"Alan M.\" in the comics, and as simply \"Alan\" in the cartoon series) is a tall, blond, muscular folk singer who serves as the Pussycats' roadie. He is also Josie's on-off boyfriend, but Alexandra is constantly trying to win a date with him.", "He is also Josie's on-off boyfriend, but Alexandra is constantly trying to win a date with him. In the comics, he replaced Josie's former boyfriend and Alex's former rival Albert.", "In the comics, he replaced Josie's former boyfriend and Alex's former rival Albert. In his first comic book appearance, the creators tried to give him and Alex their own band, The Jesters, but it did not last beyond one issue, and the comic took a different direction.", "In his first comic book appearance, the creators tried to give him and Alex their own band, The Jesters, but it did not last beyond one issue, and the comic took a different direction. Though Alex looks down on Alan M. and insults his intelligence, Alan M. has more common sense than Alex does.", "Though Alex looks down on Alan M. and insults his intelligence, Alan M. has more common sense than Alex does. Despite being one of the six main characters, he appeared less often in the comics in the 1980s onward.", "Despite being one of the six main characters, he appeared less often in the comics in the 1980s onward. In the cartoon series, he plays the role of the self-appointed group leader, similar to that of Fred Jones from Scooby-Doo (and perhaps not coincidentally does bear some resemblance to him as well).", "In the cartoon series, he plays the role of the self-appointed group leader, similar to that of Fred Jones from Scooby-Doo (and perhaps not coincidentally does bear some resemblance to him as well). His and Alex's characters were changed in an attempt to recapture Scooby-Doos success. Alan M.'s animated persona is voiced by Jerry Dexter.", "Alan M.'s animated persona is voiced by Jerry Dexter. He was played by Gabriel Mann in the live-action film. In Riverdale, he appears as a guest character in the musical episode \"Chapter Ninety-One: The Return of the Pussycats\", portrayed by Chris McNally.", "In Riverdale, he appears as a guest character in the musical episode \"Chapter Ninety-One: The Return of the Pussycats\", portrayed by Chris McNally. Other recurring characters Pepper Smith: Josie's best friend in the original comics, and, until the 1969 renovation, one of the main five characters (along with Josie, Melody, Albert and Alex).", "Other recurring characters Pepper Smith: Josie's best friend in the original comics, and, until the 1969 renovation, one of the main five characters (along with Josie, Melody, Albert and Alex). She had short-cropped black hair, conservative spectacles, wore clothes that were less formfitting than her friends, and was noted for her sharp wit and cynical nature.", "She had short-cropped black hair, conservative spectacles, wore clothes that were less formfitting than her friends, and was noted for her sharp wit and cynical nature. She dated Sock, but to his frustration, she preferred to remain emotionally reserved when it came to boys.", "She dated Sock, but to his frustration, she preferred to remain emotionally reserved when it came to boys. The original comic focused on three girls (a redhead, a brunette and a blonde) who were frequently seen together, but Pepper was dropped from the comics and replaced by Valerie.", "The original comic focused on three girls (a redhead, a brunette and a blonde) who were frequently seen together, but Pepper was dropped from the comics and replaced by Valerie. This change has no explanation, as Albert and Pepper's roles are similar to their replacements’.", "This change has no explanation, as Albert and Pepper's roles are similar to their replacements’. Pepper made a small cameo appearance in Part 3 of 2007's “Civil Chore” in Tales from Riverdale (Alan M. was notably absent).", "Pepper made a small cameo appearance in Part 3 of 2007's “Civil Chore” in Tales from Riverdale (Alan M. was notably absent). Pepper later had a more prominent role in the 2016-17 Josie and the Pussycats comic series by Marguerite Bennett and Cameron DeOrdio.", "Pepper later had a more prominent role in the 2016-17 Josie and the Pussycats comic series by Marguerite Bennett and Cameron DeOrdio. She appears as a lead character in The CW's live-action series Katy Keene, portrayed by Julia Chan.", "She appears as a lead character in The CW's live-action series Katy Keene, portrayed by Julia Chan. Albert: Sometimes seen as a mischievous goofball, but at other times quite sensitive, he was Josie's boyfriend in the original comics and one of the original male leads. He was also Alex's rival.", "He was also Alex's rival. However, while the Pussycats-era Alex was similar to Reggie Mantle, Albert and Alex were more like a male Betty and Veronica: good friends until it came to the girl they competed for. Alexandra tried unsuccessfully to get him to date her.", "Alexandra tried unsuccessfully to get him to date her. Albert was fond of playing the guitar and singing, and also liked to ride his motor scooter.", "Albert was fond of playing the guitar and singing, and also liked to ride his motor scooter. Often portrayed as member of the 1960s counterculture, he went from being a beatnik to a folk singer to a mod and finally to a hippie (depending on the year of the issue) before he was finally dropped from the comics.", "Often portrayed as member of the 1960s counterculture, he went from being a beatnik to a folk singer to a mod and finally to a hippie (depending on the year of the issue) before he was finally dropped from the comics. Alan M. would fill his old role.", "Alan M. would fill his old role. Since then, he, Pepper and a few other characters would only appear in stories reprinted in digests. Sock: His real name was Socrates, and he was a jock who dated Pepper and was a good friend of Albert's.", "Sock: His real name was Socrates, and he was a jock who dated Pepper and was a good friend of Albert's. Like a stereotypical jock, he was not very intelligent, but this was not exaggerated as it is with Moose Mason.", "Like a stereotypical jock, he was not very intelligent, but this was not exaggerated as it is with Moose Mason. Despite lasting up to and including Alan M.'s first story, he, like Alexandra, remained a supporting character. Unlike Albert and Pepper, he was removed from the comics with no actual replacement character.", "Unlike Albert and Pepper, he was removed from the comics with no actual replacement character. Alexander Cabot II: Alex and Alexandra's very rich father. He is slightly heavyset, his hair is turning white, and he is often frustrated with the ideas of his children.", "He is slightly heavyset, his hair is turning white, and he is often frustrated with the ideas of his children. He insists that the band his son manages earn their own fame without the help of his millions. He appears as a guest character in The CW's live-action series Katy Keene, portrayed by Peter Francis James.", "He appears as a guest character in The CW's live-action series Katy Keene, portrayed by Peter Francis James. Josie's father: He is a slim, middle-aged man who has dark hair with a wisp of gray. His name, depending on the source, is Mr. McCoy, Mr. Jones or Mr. James.", "His name, depending on the source, is Mr. McCoy, Mr. Jones or Mr. James. He is totally supportive of his daughter's music career. In Riverdale, he is named Myles McCoy and he appears as a guest character, portrayed by Reese Alexander.", "In Riverdale, he is named Myles McCoy and he appears as a guest character, portrayed by Reese Alexander. Cricket O'Dell: The familiar Archie character made a few appearances in the original Josie comics. A pert, friendly girl with an amazing talent: she is able to smell money or monetary values.", "A pert, friendly girl with an amazing talent: she is able to smell money or monetary values. In Katy Keene, she appears as a recurring character and was portrayed by Azriel Crews. Sheldon: A short, fat glutton from a few stories in the late 1960s who occasionally dated Melody.", "Sheldon: A short, fat glutton from a few stories in the late 1960s who occasionally dated Melody. Despite his lack of importance, his final appearance was after the Pussycats' makeover. Clyde Didit: Best known as the star of Archie's Mad House, Clyde appeared for a few issues in Josie in the late 1960s.", "Clyde Didit: Best known as the star of Archie's Mad House, Clyde appeared for a few issues in Josie in the late 1960s. Mr. Tuttle: The principal of Midvale High School where Josie and her friends attend. He made a number appearances in the pre-Pussycats comics.", "He made a number appearances in the pre-Pussycats comics. Archie's Gang: The main characters often crossover with Josie and the Pussycats (and vice versa), sometimes in stories involving the Archies. The Vixens: A rival rock trio that Alexandra manages.", "The Vixens: A rival rock trio that Alexandra manages. Although they are glamorous, they have no musical talent (a fact that Alexandra somehow overlooked). Exclusive to the manga version. In other media Film Live-action Josie and the Pussycats is a 2001 Canadian-American musical comedy film released by Universal Pictures, and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.", "In other media Film Live-action Josie and the Pussycats is a 2001 Canadian-American musical comedy film released by Universal Pictures, and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. Directed and co-written by Harry Elfont and Deborah Kaplan, the film is loosely based upon the comic and the Hanna-Barbera cartoon.", "Directed and co-written by Harry Elfont and Deborah Kaplan, the film is loosely based upon the comic and the Hanna-Barbera cartoon. The film is about a young all-female band that signs a record contract with a major record label, only to discover that the company does not have the musicians' best interests at heart.", "The film is about a young all-female band that signs a record contract with a major record label, only to discover that the company does not have the musicians' best interests at heart. The film stars Rachael Leigh Cook, Tara Reid, and Rosario Dawson as the Pussycats, with Alan Cumming, Parker Posey, and Gabriel Mann in supporting roles.", "The film stars Rachael Leigh Cook, Tara Reid, and Rosario Dawson as the Pussycats, with Alan Cumming, Parker Posey, and Gabriel Mann in supporting roles. The film received mixed reviews and was a box office bomb, earning about $15 million against a $39 million budget.", "The film received mixed reviews and was a box office bomb, earning about $15 million against a $39 million budget. Television Animated During the 1968-1969 television season, the first Archie-based Saturday morning cartoon, The Archie Show, debuted on CBS.", "Television Animated During the 1968-1969 television season, the first Archie-based Saturday morning cartoon, The Archie Show, debuted on CBS. The Archie Show, produced by Filmation Studios, was not only a hit on TV, but spun off a radio hit as well (the Archies' song \"Sugar, Sugar\" hit the number one spot on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in September 1969 and went on to be Billboards number one \"Hot 100 Single\" of that year).", "The Archie Show, produced by Filmation Studios, was not only a hit on TV, but spun off a radio hit as well (the Archies' song \"Sugar, Sugar\" hit the number one spot on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in September 1969 and went on to be Billboards number one \"Hot 100 Single\" of that year). Competing animation studio Hanna-Barbera Productions contacted Archie Comics about possibly adapting another of its properties into a similar show.", "Competing animation studio Hanna-Barbera Productions contacted Archie Comics about possibly adapting another of its properties into a similar show. Archie Comics offering to redevelop the Josie series into one about a teenage music band, and allowing Hanna-Barbera to adapt it into a music-based Saturday morning show. The show aired 16 episodes during the 1970-71 television season.", "The show aired 16 episodes during the 1970-71 television season. In the 1972-73 television season, the show was re-conceptualized as Josie and the Pussycats in Outer Space and aired another 16 episodes.", "In the 1972-73 television season, the show was re-conceptualized as Josie and the Pussycats in Outer Space and aired another 16 episodes. After the show's cancellation, Josie and the Pussycats made a final appearance in a guest shot on the September 22, 1973 episode of The New Scooby-Doo Movies, \"The Haunted Showboat\".", "After the show's cancellation, Josie and the Pussycats made a final appearance in a guest shot on the September 22, 1973 episode of The New Scooby-Doo Movies, \"The Haunted Showboat\". Live-action Josie and the Pussycats appear in Riverdale on The CW.", "Live-action Josie and the Pussycats appear in Riverdale on The CW. They are high school students who are dedicated to perfecting the \"Pussycat\" brand. Ashleigh Murray portrays Josephine \"Josie\" McCoy, named for Josephine Baker, whose father is a jazz musician and wishes his daughter played more serious music. Her mother is Riverdale's mayor.", "Her mother is Riverdale's mayor. Asha Bromfield and Hayley Law portray Melody Valentine and Valerie Brown, respectively. All three of them are African-Americans. Josie would later emigrate to the spin-off series Katy Keene as an adult, with Murray reprising her role.", "Josie would later emigrate to the spin-off series Katy Keene as an adult, with Murray reprising her role. In this, Josie finds two new Pussycats, Cricket O'dell and Trula Twyst portrayed by Azriel Patricia and Emily Rafala. References External links Archie Comics' Josie and the Pussycats homepage Josie and the Pussycats at Don Markstein's Toonopedia.", "References External links Archie Comics' Josie and the Pussycats homepage Josie and the Pussycats at Don Markstein's Toonopedia. Archived from the original on October 22, 2016.", "Archived from the original on October 22, 2016. Josie and the Pussycats Comics characters introduced in 1963 Characters created by Dan DeCarlo 1963 comics debuts 1982 comics endings 2016 comics debuts 2017 comics endings Archie Comics titles Archie Comics characters Comics about women American comics adapted into films Comics adapted into animated series Female characters in comics Fictional female musicians Music-themed comics" ]

[ "Josie and the Pussycats (comics)", "Josie", "When did Josie come out?", "1963", "Had she been featured in Archie comics before?", "I don't know.", "Did Josie tell about the formation of the Pussycats?", "I don't know.", "What is the story of Josie?", "A short-haired redhead, Josie is the leader and co-founder of the Pussycats." ]

[ "Přírodní park Třebíčsko (before Oblast klidu Třebíčsko) is a natural park near Třebíč in the Czech Republic. There are many interesting plants. The park was founded in 1983.\n\nKobylinec and Ptáčovský kopeček\n\nKobylinec is a natural monument situated ca 0,5 km from the village of Trnava.\nThe area of this monument is 0,44 ha. Pulsatilla grandis can be found here and in the Ptáčovský kopeček park near Ptáčov near Třebíč. Both monuments are very popular for tourists.\n\nPonds\n\nIn the natural park there are some interesting ponds such as Velký Bor, Malý Bor, Buršík near Přeckov and a brook Březinka. Dams on the brook are examples of European beaver activity.\n\nSyenitové skály near Pocoucov\n\nSyenitové skály (rocks of syenit) near Pocoucov is one of famed locations. There are interesting granite boulders. The area of the reservation is 0,77 ha.\n\nExternal links\nParts of this article or all article was translated from Czech. The original article is :cs:Přírodní park Třebíčsko.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nNature near the village Trnava which is there\n\nTřebíč\nParks in the Czech Republic\nTourist attractions in the Vysočina Region", "Damn Interesting is an independent website founded by Alan Bellows in 2005. The website presents true stories from science, history, and psychology, primarily as long-form articles, often illustrated with original artwork. Works are written by various authors, and published at irregular intervals. The website openly rejects advertising, relying on reader and listener donations to cover operating costs.\n\nAs of October 2012, each article is also published as a podcast under the same name. In November 2019, a second podcast was launched under the title Damn Interesting Week, featuring unscripted commentary on an assortment of news articles featured on the website's \"Curated Links\" section that week. In mid-2020, a third podcast called Damn Interesting Curio Cabinet began highlighting the website's periodic short-form articles in the same radioplay format as the original podcast.\n\nIn July 2009, Damn Interesting published the print book Alien Hand Syndrome through Workman Publishing. It contains some favorites from the site and some exclusive content.\n\nAwards and recognition \nIn August 2007, PC Magazine named Damn Interesting one of the \"Top 100 Undiscovered Web Sites\".\nThe article \"The Zero-Armed Bandit\" by Alan Bellows won a 2015 Sidney Award from David Brooks in The New York Times.\nThe article \"Ghoulish Acts and Dastardly Deeds\" by Alan Bellows was cited as \"nonfiction journalism from 2017 that will stand the test of time\" by Conor Friedersdorf in The Atlantic.\nThe article \"Dupes and Duplicity\" by Jennifer Lee Noonan won a 2020 Sidney Award from David Brooks in the New York Times.\n\nAccusing The Dollop of plagiarism \n\nOn July 9, 2015, Bellows posted an open letter accusing The Dollop, a comedy podcast about history, of plagiarism due to their repeated use of verbatim text from Damn Interesting articles without permission or attribution. Dave Anthony, the writer of The Dollop, responded on reddit, admitting to using Damn Interesting content, but claiming that the use was protected by fair use, and that \"historical facts are not copyrightable.\" In an article about the controversy on Plagiarism Today, Jonathan Bailey concluded, \"Any way one looks at it, The Dollop failed its ethical obligations to all of the people, not just those writing for Damn Interesting, who put in the time, energy and expertise into writing the original content upon which their show is based.\"\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n Official website\n\n2005 podcast debuts" ]

[ "Josie and the Pussycats (initially published as She's Josie and Josie) is a teen-humor comic book about a fictional rock band, created by Dan DeCarlo and published by Archie Comics. It was published from 1963 until 1982; since then, one-shot issues have appeared on an irregular basis.", "It was published from 1963 until 1982; since then, one-shot issues have appeared on an irregular basis. A second series, set in the New Riverdale universe, launched in September 2016.", "A second series, set in the New Riverdale universe, launched in September 2016. The series was adapted into a Saturday morning cartoon by Hanna–Barbera in 1970 and a live-action motion picture by Universal Studios and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in 2001; each of these productions was accompanied by a Josie and the Pussycats soundtrack album.", "The series was adapted into a Saturday morning cartoon by Hanna–Barbera in 1970 and a live-action motion picture by Universal Studios and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in 2001; each of these productions was accompanied by a Josie and the Pussycats soundtrack album. A completely African-American version of the band also appeared in the drama series Riverdale on The CW, after which the character Josie joined Katy Keene.", "A completely African-American version of the band also appeared in the drama series Riverdale on The CW, after which the character Josie joined Katy Keene. Publication history Cartoonist Dan DeCarlo, who had spent most of the 1950s drawing teen and career-girl humor comics such as Millie the Model for Atlas Comics, that decade's forerunner of Marvel Comics, began freelancing for Archie Comics.", "Publication history Cartoonist Dan DeCarlo, who had spent most of the 1950s drawing teen and career-girl humor comics such as Millie the Model for Atlas Comics, that decade's forerunner of Marvel Comics, began freelancing for Archie Comics. In 1960, he and Atlas editor-in-chief Stan Lee co-created the short-lived syndicated comic strip Willie Lumpkin, about a suburban mail carrier, for the Chicago, Illinois-based Publishers Syndicate.", "In 1960, he and Atlas editor-in-chief Stan Lee co-created the short-lived syndicated comic strip Willie Lumpkin, about a suburban mail carrier, for the Chicago, Illinois-based Publishers Syndicate. Casting about for more comic-strip work, DeCarlo created the characters of Josie and her friends.", "Casting about for more comic-strip work, DeCarlo created the characters of Josie and her friends. Josie DeCarlo, the artist's wife and Josie's namesake, explained that \"We went on a Caribbean cruise, and I had a [cat] costume for the cruise, and that's the way it started.\"", "Josie DeCarlo, the artist's wife and Josie's namesake, explained that \"We went on a Caribbean cruise, and I had a [cat] costume for the cruise, and that's the way it started.\" DeCarlo first tried to sell the character as a syndicated comic strip called Here's Josie, recalling in 2001: Josie was introduced in December 1962, when her appearances in Archie's Pals 'n' Gals #23 (Winter 1962-1963) hit the stands.", "DeCarlo first tried to sell the character as a syndicated comic strip called Here's Josie, recalling in 2001: Josie was introduced in December 1962, when her appearances in Archie's Pals 'n' Gals #23 (Winter 1962-1963) hit the stands. A new solo series, She's Josie, debuted in February 1963.", "A new solo series, She's Josie, debuted in February 1963. The series featured levelheaded, sweet-natured redhead Josie, her ditzy blonde bombshell friend Melody, and the brainy, cynical, bespectacled brunette Pepper.", "The series featured levelheaded, sweet-natured redhead Josie, her ditzy blonde bombshell friend Melody, and the brainy, cynical, bespectacled brunette Pepper. These early years also featured the characters of Josie's beatnik boyfriend Albert; Pepper's strong but not-too-bright boyfriend Socrates (\"Sock\" for short); Albert's rival Alexander Cabot III, who chased after both Josie and Melody; and Alex's obnoxious twin sister Alexandra Cabot.", "These early years also featured the characters of Josie's beatnik boyfriend Albert; Pepper's strong but not-too-bright boyfriend Socrates (\"Sock\" for short); Albert's rival Alexander Cabot III, who chased after both Josie and Melody; and Alex's obnoxious twin sister Alexandra Cabot. None of the mainstream Archie characters appeared with Josie until the ninth issue of her own title.", "None of the mainstream Archie characters appeared with Josie until the ninth issue of her own title. Josie and her friends occasionally appeared in \"crossover\" issues with the main Archie characters.", "Josie and her friends occasionally appeared in \"crossover\" issues with the main Archie characters. She's Josie displayed a new Josie-only logo beginning with issue #14 (August, 1965), was officially renamed Josie with issue #17 (December, 1965), and again renamed, to Josie and the Pussycats, with issue #45 (December, 1969).", "She's Josie displayed a new Josie-only logo beginning with issue #14 (August, 1965), was officially renamed Josie with issue #17 (December, 1965), and again renamed, to Josie and the Pussycats, with issue #45 (December, 1969). The series finished its run under this title with issue #106 (October, 1982).", "The series finished its run under this title with issue #106 (October, 1982). Josie and her gang also made irregular appearances in Pep Comics and Laugh Comics during the 1960s.", "Josie and her gang also made irregular appearances in Pep Comics and Laugh Comics during the 1960s. In 1969, Archie Comics made several changes to the Josie comic: In Josie #42 (August 1969), Josie met a heavily built blond folk singer named Alan M. who, over time, became Josie's on-again, off-again boyfriend (much to the chagrin of Alexandra, who was also immediately smitten with Alan M. and never missed an opportunity to try and steal him away).", "In 1969, Archie Comics made several changes to the Josie comic: In Josie #42 (August 1969), Josie met a heavily built blond folk singer named Alan M. who, over time, became Josie's on-again, off-again boyfriend (much to the chagrin of Alexandra, who was also immediately smitten with Alan M. and never missed an opportunity to try and steal him away). In Josie #43 (September 1969), Alexandra discovered that her cat Sebastian was actually a reincarnation of an ancestor of the Cabot family, who was executed for consorting with witches.", "In Josie #43 (September 1969), Alexandra discovered that her cat Sebastian was actually a reincarnation of an ancestor of the Cabot family, who was executed for consorting with witches. Whenever Alexandra held Sebastian in her arms, she could cast magic spells.", "Whenever Alexandra held Sebastian in her arms, she could cast magic spells. Alexandra generally used her powers to compete with Josie for Alan M., but the spells she cast usually backfired in some way. Moreover, her spells ended whenever someone nearby snapped their fingers (which happened often).", "Moreover, her spells ended whenever someone nearby snapped their fingers (which happened often). Alexandra and Sebastian's witchy powers were not used in Hanna-Barbera's TV show, and they were soon discontinued in the comic as well.", "Alexandra and Sebastian's witchy powers were not used in Hanna-Barbera's TV show, and they were soon discontinued in the comic as well. In Josie and the Pussycats #45 (December 1969), the first issue to bear that new title, Josie and Melody decided to start a band called the Pussycats.", "In Josie and the Pussycats #45 (December 1969), the first issue to bear that new title, Josie and Melody decided to start a band called the Pussycats. Alexandra was asked to be their bassist, but she insisted that the group's name be to \"Alexandra's Cool Time Cats\"; so, instead, Valerie Smith, a new girl in school, was recruited to play bass.", "Alexandra was asked to be their bassist, but she insisted that the group's name be to \"Alexandra's Cool Time Cats\"; so, instead, Valerie Smith, a new girl in school, was recruited to play bass. The Pussycats made their leopard print band uniforms (complete with cat-ear headbands and long tails) and performed at their first gig, a school dance, as a seething Alexandra tried unsuccessfully to use her witchcraft for revenge.", "The Pussycats made their leopard print band uniforms (complete with cat-ear headbands and long tails) and performed at their first gig, a school dance, as a seething Alexandra tried unsuccessfully to use her witchcraft for revenge. The reimagining of the comic resulted in three casualties: Albert, Sock, and Pepper, who were phased out altogether.", "The reimagining of the comic resulted in three casualties: Albert, Sock, and Pepper, who were phased out altogether. From 1970 on, most of the stories in the comic book revolved around the Pussycats traveling around the country and the world to perform gigs, with Alan M., Alex, and Alexandra (and sometimes Sebastian) in tow.", "From 1970 on, most of the stories in the comic book revolved around the Pussycats traveling around the country and the world to perform gigs, with Alan M., Alex, and Alexandra (and sometimes Sebastian) in tow. When the girls were not performing, they dealt with the various trials and tribulations of teenage life, often including Alex's jealousy of Alan M. and Alexandra's jealousy of Josie.", "When the girls were not performing, they dealt with the various trials and tribulations of teenage life, often including Alex's jealousy of Alan M. and Alexandra's jealousy of Josie. The Josie and the Pussycats comic ran until 1982, after which the girls were featured in various Archie Giant Series issues and miniseries and one-shot comics of their own.", "The Josie and the Pussycats comic ran until 1982, after which the girls were featured in various Archie Giant Series issues and miniseries and one-shot comics of their own. Reprinted Josie stories (including the occasional pre-Pussycats stories) appear frequently in the various Archie Library digests.", "Reprinted Josie stories (including the occasional pre-Pussycats stories) appear frequently in the various Archie Library digests. Archie & Friends #47-95 (June 2001-November 2005) featured new Josie and the Pussycats stories in the regular house style after the 2001 film renewed interest in the series.", "Archie & Friends #47-95 (June 2001-November 2005) featured new Josie and the Pussycats stories in the regular house style after the 2001 film renewed interest in the series. They later appeared in a new two-part story, \"Battle of the Bands\", in Archie & Friends #130-131 (June–July 2009).", "They later appeared in a new two-part story, \"Battle of the Bands\", in Archie & Friends #130-131 (June–July 2009). Manga makeover In March 2005, Archie Comics announced that a manga version of the title would be published, with art by Tania del Rio, who was also responsible for the manga makeover of Sabrina, the Teenage Witch.", "Manga makeover In March 2005, Archie Comics announced that a manga version of the title would be published, with art by Tania del Rio, who was also responsible for the manga makeover of Sabrina, the Teenage Witch. The first such \"Josie and the Pussycasts\" story, \"Opening Act\" ran in Tales from Riverdale Digest #3 (August 2005) The band had previously appeared in manga form in issue Sabrina, The Teenage Witch #67 (August 2005).", "The first such \"Josie and the Pussycasts\" story, \"Opening Act\" ran in Tales from Riverdale Digest #3 (August 2005) The band had previously appeared in manga form in issue Sabrina, The Teenage Witch #67 (August 2005). In Archie & Friends #96 (January 2006) the origin of the Pussycats was retconned.", "In Archie & Friends #96 (January 2006) the origin of the Pussycats was retconned. The manga version implies that none of the characters previously knew each other. Josie Jones was cut from the school choir, but met Valerie Smith and the two founded the band.", "Josie Jones was cut from the school choir, but met Valerie Smith and the two founded the band. They recruited Melody, whose idea it was to wear cat outfits. The band was not doing well at first, but Alex liked the group, though Alexandra could tell he was more interested in Josie.", "The band was not doing well at first, but Alex liked the group, though Alexandra could tell he was more interested in Josie. Alex's father let him be the manager as long as he did not use his wealth to help make them stars.", "Alex's father let him be the manager as long as he did not use his wealth to help make them stars. In Sabrina the Teenage Witch #72 (February 2006), a stranger named Alan helped carry their equipment. Josie, already attracted to Alan, jealously thought there was an attraction between Alan and Melody.", "Josie, already attracted to Alan, jealously thought there was an attraction between Alan and Melody. Alex hired him as their stagehand. The manga focused on the group's attempt to reach fame rather than on their career after they have already achieved it.", "The manga focused on the group's attempt to reach fame rather than on their career after they have already achieved it. It featured characters not seen in other comics, including Alan's younger sister Alison and the rival group the Vixens. The manga version was not popular among readers, who preferred the traditional style.", "The manga version was not popular among readers, who preferred the traditional style. Its final appearance was in Archie & Friends #104 (December 2006). A Katy Keene revival replaced it (both featured alongside each other in the latter part of the manga's run), though it, too, did not last.", "A Katy Keene revival replaced it (both featured alongside each other in the latter part of the manga's run), though it, too, did not last. Afterlife with Archie In the world of Afterlife with Archie, Josie and the Pussycats are revealed to be vampires.", "Afterlife with Archie In the world of Afterlife with Archie, Josie and the Pussycats are revealed to be vampires. Josephine McCoy is orphaned shortly after her birth in 1906 and winds up in an orphanage run by Alexandra Cabot, who has three other children: Melody, Valerie, and Pepper.", "Josephine McCoy is orphaned shortly after her birth in 1906 and winds up in an orphanage run by Alexandra Cabot, who has three other children: Melody, Valerie, and Pepper. Due to their singing talent, \"Uncle Buddy\" (one of Alexandra's friends) takes the trio on tour, eventually forcing Pepper to marry him.", "Due to their singing talent, \"Uncle Buddy\" (one of Alexandra's friends) takes the trio on tour, eventually forcing Pepper to marry him. Shortly after this, Josie, Melody and Valerie are turned into vampires.", "Shortly after this, Josie, Melody and Valerie are turned into vampires. The three then go on to become several short lived groups, with \"Josie and the Pussycats\" being the latest incarnation. In the 1980s, Pepper finds Josie and tries to blackmail Josie into turning her into a vampire.", "In the 1980s, Pepper finds Josie and tries to blackmail Josie into turning her into a vampire. Josie tries to explain that becoming a vampire locks you into the state you were in when you were turned. Pepper won't listen and Josie is forced to kill her childhood friend.", "Pepper won't listen and Josie is forced to kill her childhood friend. Josie them mesmerizes the interviewer she has been telling this to so the three of them can feed. Later on, on their jet, they detect irregularities at their destination of Riverdale, deciding to land there anyway rather than detour.", "Later on, on their jet, they detect irregularities at their destination of Riverdale, deciding to land there anyway rather than detour. Reboot On June 8, 2016 a reboot of the series was announced in the same style of the Archie, Jughead, and Betty & Veronica reboots as part of the New Riverdale imprint.", "Reboot On June 8, 2016 a reboot of the series was announced in the same style of the Archie, Jughead, and Betty & Veronica reboots as part of the New Riverdale imprint. The series is co-written by Marguerite Bennett and Cameron DeOrdio with the art by Audrey Mok.", "The series is co-written by Marguerite Bennett and Cameron DeOrdio with the art by Audrey Mok. The reboot features Josie uniting the band to take their big shot at musical stardom, only to contend with the machinations of Alexandra Cabot, the ever-Machiavellian daughter of the Pussycats’ manager. The first issue was released on September 28, 2016.", "The first issue was released on September 28, 2016. Characters Josie McCoy A short-haired redhead, Josie is the leader and co-founder of the Pussycats. She is the lead vocalist and songwriter and plays guitar.", "She is the lead vocalist and songwriter and plays guitar. Portrayed as a sweet, attractive, and level-headed teenage girl, Josie is usually the stable center in the middle of the chaos surrounding her band and her friends. Josie's surname has been inconsistent.", "Josie's surname has been inconsistent. It was alternately \"Jones\" or \"James\" for much of the comic's run. McCoy was her surname for the 2001 movie. Archie Comics later sometimes acknowledged the surnames from the movie as canonical, though not consistently.", "Archie Comics later sometimes acknowledged the surnames from the movie as canonical, though not consistently. In a few stories reprinted in the 2000s decade, Archie Comics changed her surname to McCoy. However, the manga version used \"Jones\", which was her first surname to actually appear in the comics.", "However, the manga version used \"Jones\", which was her first surname to actually appear in the comics. During the early years of her comic (1963–1969), Josie dated a guitarist named Albert. During and after the Josie and the Pussycats revamp, she dated Alan M. Mayberry.", "During and after the Josie and the Pussycats revamp, she dated Alan M. Mayberry. Alexander Cabot is regularly attracted to her in the comics.", "Alexander Cabot is regularly attracted to her in the comics. Though she is known to date him, she really loves Alan M. In the cartoon series, Josie's speaking voice was performed by Janet Waldo (the voice of Judy Jetson and Penelope Pitstop) and her singing voice was performed by Cathy Dougher.", "Though she is known to date him, she really loves Alan M. In the cartoon series, Josie's speaking voice was performed by Janet Waldo (the voice of Judy Jetson and Penelope Pitstop) and her singing voice was performed by Cathy Dougher. She was played by Rachael Leigh Cook in the 2001 live-action Josie and the Pussycats movie (singing voice performed by Kay Hanley).", "She was played by Rachael Leigh Cook in the 2001 live-action Josie and the Pussycats movie (singing voice performed by Kay Hanley). She appeared in The CW series Riverdale with Ashleigh Murray portraying her as an African American and lead singer of the band. Murray eventually left the show and joined the spinoff Katy Keene.", "Murray eventually left the show and joined the spinoff Katy Keene. She returns as a special guest star in the musical episode \"Chapter Ninety-One: The Return of the Pussycats\", which is centered on her and the group. Josie was ranked 77th in Comics Buyer's Guide's \"100 Sexiest Women in Comics\" list.", "Josie was ranked 77th in Comics Buyer's Guide's \"100 Sexiest Women in Comics\" list. Melody Valentine The co-founder and drummer for the Pussycats (she also sang occasional lead vocals for the TV series), Melody is a cute blonde and usually speaks in a sing-song voice, denoted by the musical notes in her cartoon word balloons.", "Melody Valentine The co-founder and drummer for the Pussycats (she also sang occasional lead vocals for the TV series), Melody is a cute blonde and usually speaks in a sing-song voice, denoted by the musical notes in her cartoon word balloons. She is an absent-minded, bubbly sort of character often taken to using silly, nonsense language, and provides much of the comic relief of the series.", "She is an absent-minded, bubbly sort of character often taken to using silly, nonsense language, and provides much of the comic relief of the series. Melody is almost never given a surname in a comic story. Occasionally, she is called \"Melody Jones\".", "Occasionally, she is called \"Melody Jones\". At these times, the name \"James\" is used for Josie to avoid confusion. However, the manga, having settled on the name \"Josie Jones\", essentially nullifies this. The 2001 movie establishes her surname as Valentine, a name that Archie Comics has accepted.", "The 2001 movie establishes her surname as Valentine, a name that Archie Comics has accepted. Many comic stories use Melody's beauty as a plot device. When male characters see her, they uncontrollably fall for her and lose all sense of anything else, frequently leading to chaos; although, she is usually oblivious to this.", "When male characters see her, they uncontrollably fall for her and lose all sense of anything else, frequently leading to chaos; although, she is usually oblivious to this. Despite any trouble that occurs for her or her friends, Melody maintains a cheerful, optimistic attitude.", "Despite any trouble that occurs for her or her friends, Melody maintains a cheerful, optimistic attitude. In the cartoon series, whenever the group is in a dangerous or potentially dangerous situation, Melody's ears would wiggle. In the cartoon, she frequently gets brainwashed, but is already very dim-witted.", "In the cartoon, she frequently gets brainwashed, but is already very dim-witted. Later, in the Josie and the Pussycats in Outer Space series, she adopts a cute little alien named Bleep. Melody's speaking voice is performed by Jackie Joseph, and her singing voice is performed by Cheryl Ladd (credited as Cherie Moor).", "Melody's speaking voice is performed by Jackie Joseph, and her singing voice is performed by Cheryl Ladd (credited as Cherie Moor). She was played by Tara Reid in the live-action film.", "She was played by Tara Reid in the live-action film. Bleep's voice was done by Don Messick (also the voice of Scooby-Doo, Astro, Dr. Benton Quest, Boo Boo, and more). Ashanti Bromfield portrayed her in the CW series Riverdale.", "Ashanti Bromfield portrayed her in the CW series Riverdale. Valerie Brown In addition to being the group's main songwriter and a multi-instrumentalist, dark-haired Valerie also performs back-up vocals (in the comics, cartoons, and the movie) and occasionally sings lead (nearly always in the TV series) for the Pussycats.", "Valerie Brown In addition to being the group's main songwriter and a multi-instrumentalist, dark-haired Valerie also performs back-up vocals (in the comics, cartoons, and the movie) and occasionally sings lead (nearly always in the TV series) for the Pussycats. In the comics and the movie, she is the group's dedicated bassist; in the cartoons, she plays tambourine.", "In the comics and the movie, she is the group's dedicated bassist; in the cartoons, she plays tambourine. In the comic book, she replaced Pepper, a sharp-minded spectacled brunette. Valerie's surname may be the most definite of the three.", "Valerie's surname may be the most definite of the three. Archie Comics have occasionally used the name \"Brown\" from the movie on their website and in promotional material, but in the comics, she is always called Valerie Smith.", "Archie Comics have occasionally used the name \"Brown\" from the movie on their website and in promotional material, but in the comics, she is always called Valerie Smith. But recently, the \"Brown\" surname has been used again in comics and the Riverdale TV series.", "But recently, the \"Brown\" surname has been used again in comics and the Riverdale TV series. The return of the Brown surname happens due to the return of the Pepper Smith character in the New Riverdale and Archie Horror universe. In the comics, Valerie is more tomboyish than her two bandmates.", "In the comics, Valerie is more tomboyish than her two bandmates. Besides being good at science and a skilled auto mechanic, she occasionally shows a quick temper as well as being physically stronger than she might appear.", "Besides being good at science and a skilled auto mechanic, she occasionally shows a quick temper as well as being physically stronger than she might appear. She is also less concerned about her appearance or her love life than Josie, Melody or Alexandra, and had rarely been seen in a romantic relationship, though in the cartoons she seems attracted to Alexander.", "She is also less concerned about her appearance or her love life than Josie, Melody or Alexandra, and had rarely been seen in a romantic relationship, though in the cartoons she seems attracted to Alexander. In 2010, she began an on-again, off-again romantic relationship with Archie Andrews, although her band's touring schedule often keeps her out of Riverdale and away from Archie (much to the relief of Veronica Lodge and Betty Cooper, Archie's other girlfriends).", "In 2010, she began an on-again, off-again romantic relationship with Archie Andrews, although her band's touring schedule often keeps her out of Riverdale and away from Archie (much to the relief of Veronica Lodge and Betty Cooper, Archie's other girlfriends). In the animated series, she is somewhat similar to Velma Dinkley from Scooby-Doo and they met in a 1973 episode of The New Scooby-Doo Movies, \"The Haunted Showboat\".", "In the animated series, she is somewhat similar to Velma Dinkley from Scooby-Doo and they met in a 1973 episode of The New Scooby-Doo Movies, \"The Haunted Showboat\". She is the character who saves the day the most often, thanks to her street smarts and her mechanical and scientific genius.", "She is the character who saves the day the most often, thanks to her street smarts and her mechanical and scientific genius. In the comics, this is downplayed, although she is still the most intelligent of the group. Valerie is the first African-American female cartoon character on a regular animated television series.", "Valerie is the first African-American female cartoon character on a regular animated television series. Valerie's speaking voice is performed by Barbara Pariot, and her singing voice is performed by Patrice Holloway, sister of Motown recording artist Brenda Holloway. She was played by Rosario Dawson in the live-action film. Hayley Law portrayed her in the CW series Riverdale.", "Hayley Law portrayed her in the CW series Riverdale. Alexander Cabot III Rich, temperamental, and cowardly, Alexander is the Pussycats' shifty and not-too-dependable manager. He often gets the group in hot water because of his crazy promotional schemes. Alexander wears sunglasses often and likes to flaunt his wealth, typically dressing in flamboyant and expensive clothing.", "Alexander wears sunglasses often and likes to flaunt his wealth, typically dressing in flamboyant and expensive clothing. In the comics, Alexander is reminiscent of Reggie Mantle.", "In the comics, Alexander is reminiscent of Reggie Mantle. He has a crush on Josie and often tries to divert her attention from her boyfriend, Alan M. He is blunt and critical towards Alan M., regarding him as all brawn and no brains. Occasionally, Alexander will take an interest in Melody, particularly when Josie is unavailable.", "Occasionally, Alexander will take an interest in Melody, particularly when Josie is unavailable. The interest seems genuine, since, unlike other boys, who fall helplessly in love with Melody at first sight, Alexander tends to remain composed around her.", "The interest seems genuine, since, unlike other boys, who fall helplessly in love with Melody at first sight, Alexander tends to remain composed around her. Alexander's personality is markedly different in the animated series; he is much friendlier, though no more dependable and far more cowardly than his comic strip alter ego.", "Alexander's personality is markedly different in the animated series; he is much friendlier, though no more dependable and far more cowardly than his comic strip alter ego. In this context, he most often serves as a comedic foil for Alexandra's constant scheming.", "In this context, he most often serves as a comedic foil for Alexandra's constant scheming. The animated version of Alexander also exhibits no romantic feelings towards Josie, tends to gravitate towards Melody or Valerie, depending on interpretation, and is very similar to Shaggy Rogers from Scooby-Doo.", "The animated version of Alexander also exhibits no romantic feelings towards Josie, tends to gravitate towards Melody or Valerie, depending on interpretation, and is very similar to Shaggy Rogers from Scooby-Doo. The animated depiction of Alexander was voiced by Casey Kasem, who also voiced Shaggy.", "The animated depiction of Alexander was voiced by Casey Kasem, who also voiced Shaggy. In a 1973 Josie-guested episode of The New Scooby-Doo Movies, Alexander and Shaggy both appear on-screen together for quite some time. Alexander was played by Paulo Costanzo in the 2001 live-action motion picture.", "Alexander was played by Paulo Costanzo in the 2001 live-action motion picture. He appears as a supporting regular character on The CW's live-action series Katy Keene, portrayed by Lucien Laviscount. Alexandra Cabot and Sebastian Alexandra is technically a supporting character, but often overshadows the rest of the cast in both the comics and the cartoons.", "Alexandra Cabot and Sebastian Alexandra is technically a supporting character, but often overshadows the rest of the cast in both the comics and the cartoons. She is Alexander's fraternal twin sister in the comics; the 1970 cartoon series does not establish the siblings as twins, nor which sibling is older.", "She is Alexander's fraternal twin sister in the comics; the 1970 cartoon series does not establish the siblings as twins, nor which sibling is older. Alexandra has black hair with a white lightning-bolt shaped stripe running through the middle of it, giving her ponytail a slight impression of a skunk's tail.", "Alexandra has black hair with a white lightning-bolt shaped stripe running through the middle of it, giving her ponytail a slight impression of a skunk's tail. In contrast to the good-natured girls in the Pussycats, Alexandra is cynical, hateful, cantankerous, mean, offensive, rude, envious, scheming and self-centered.", "In contrast to the good-natured girls in the Pussycats, Alexandra is cynical, hateful, cantankerous, mean, offensive, rude, envious, scheming and self-centered. She is insanely jealous of the Pussycats, especially Josie, about whom she never has a kind word.", "She is insanely jealous of the Pussycats, especially Josie, about whom she never has a kind word. Despite having no vocal or musical talent at all, Alexandra desperately wants to be a star; her conditions for joining the Pussycats were that she be made the lead and that the band be renamed Alexandra's Cool Time Cats.", "Despite having no vocal or musical talent at all, Alexandra desperately wants to be a star; her conditions for joining the Pussycats were that she be made the lead and that the band be renamed Alexandra's Cool Time Cats. Alexandra has an enormous crush on Alan M., and often tries to steal him away from Josie.", "Alexandra has an enormous crush on Alan M., and often tries to steal him away from Josie. In the comics, although she is not particularly fond of her brother, Alexandra often joins forces with him to separate Alan M. and Josie, which would benefit both siblings, since Alexander is interested in Josie.", "In the comics, although she is not particularly fond of her brother, Alexandra often joins forces with him to separate Alan M. and Josie, which would benefit both siblings, since Alexander is interested in Josie. Alexandra's personality in the cartoon is largely unchanged. Sebastian is a tuxedo cat, and Alexandra's sidekick.", "Sebastian is a tuxedo cat, and Alexandra's sidekick. In the comics, Sebastian is the reincarnation of Sebastian Cabot, a witchcraft-practicing ancestor of the Cabot family.", "In the comics, Sebastian is the reincarnation of Sebastian Cabot, a witchcraft-practicing ancestor of the Cabot family. Alexandra finds that, by holding Sebastian in her arms, she can cast powerful magic spells (Alexandra and Sebastian's bond is represented in that they both have a matching white stripe in the middle of their hair/fur).", "Alexandra finds that, by holding Sebastian in her arms, she can cast powerful magic spells (Alexandra and Sebastian's bond is represented in that they both have a matching white stripe in the middle of their hair/fur). This plot device was sporadically employed by various writers at Archie over the years; Alexandra was later shown to be able to cast spells on her own.", "This plot device was sporadically employed by various writers at Archie over the years; Alexandra was later shown to be able to cast spells on her own. In the cartoon, Alexandra and Sebastian do not have magic powers but they still have their white stripes.", "In the cartoon, Alexandra and Sebastian do not have magic powers but they still have their white stripes. Sebastian usually follows Alexandra's schemes when it comes to getting in between Josie and Alan, but unlike Alexandra, he has no real grudge or dislike towards Josie and is usually shown to be friendly to her.", "Sebastian usually follows Alexandra's schemes when it comes to getting in between Josie and Alan, but unlike Alexandra, he has no real grudge or dislike towards Josie and is usually shown to be friendly to her. Alexandra's voice in the cartoons is provided by former Mouseketeer Sherry Alberoni, while Don Messick supplies the meows, screams, and Muttley-esque snickers for Sebastian.", "Alexandra's voice in the cartoons is provided by former Mouseketeer Sherry Alberoni, while Don Messick supplies the meows, screams, and Muttley-esque snickers for Sebastian. Alexandra was played by Missi Pyle in the live-action Josie and the Pussycats movie, while Sebastian does not appear in the live-action film.", "Alexandra was played by Missi Pyle in the live-action Josie and the Pussycats movie, while Sebastian does not appear in the live-action film. Alexandra appears as a supporting regular character who dislikes Josie McCoy on The CW's live-action series Katy Keene, portrayed by Camille Hyde. This version of Alexandra is the senior vice president of Cabot Entertainment.", "This version of Alexandra is the senior vice president of Cabot Entertainment. Similar to in the comics, she dislikes Josie. In Katy Keene, Alexander and Alexandra are step-siblings (posing as twins in public), a relationship complicated by their having dated in high school before Alexander's father and Alexandra's mother later married.", "In Katy Keene, Alexander and Alexandra are step-siblings (posing as twins in public), a relationship complicated by their having dated in high school before Alexander's father and Alexandra's mother later married. Hyde also reprised her role in the musical episode \"Chapter Ninety-One: The Return of the Pussycats\" from the fifth season of Riverdale.", "Hyde also reprised her role in the musical episode \"Chapter Ninety-One: The Return of the Pussycats\" from the fifth season of Riverdale. Alan M. Mayberry Alan M. Mayberry (known as \"Alan M.\" in the comics, and as simply \"Alan\" in the cartoon series) is a tall, blond, muscular folk singer who serves as the Pussycats' roadie.", "Alan M. Mayberry Alan M. Mayberry (known as \"Alan M.\" in the comics, and as simply \"Alan\" in the cartoon series) is a tall, blond, muscular folk singer who serves as the Pussycats' roadie. He is also Josie's on-off boyfriend, but Alexandra is constantly trying to win a date with him.", "He is also Josie's on-off boyfriend, but Alexandra is constantly trying to win a date with him. In the comics, he replaced Josie's former boyfriend and Alex's former rival Albert.", "In the comics, he replaced Josie's former boyfriend and Alex's former rival Albert. In his first comic book appearance, the creators tried to give him and Alex their own band, The Jesters, but it did not last beyond one issue, and the comic took a different direction.", "In his first comic book appearance, the creators tried to give him and Alex their own band, The Jesters, but it did not last beyond one issue, and the comic took a different direction. Though Alex looks down on Alan M. and insults his intelligence, Alan M. has more common sense than Alex does.", "Though Alex looks down on Alan M. and insults his intelligence, Alan M. has more common sense than Alex does. Despite being one of the six main characters, he appeared less often in the comics in the 1980s onward.", "Despite being one of the six main characters, he appeared less often in the comics in the 1980s onward. In the cartoon series, he plays the role of the self-appointed group leader, similar to that of Fred Jones from Scooby-Doo (and perhaps not coincidentally does bear some resemblance to him as well).", "In the cartoon series, he plays the role of the self-appointed group leader, similar to that of Fred Jones from Scooby-Doo (and perhaps not coincidentally does bear some resemblance to him as well). His and Alex's characters were changed in an attempt to recapture Scooby-Doos success. Alan M.'s animated persona is voiced by Jerry Dexter.", "Alan M.'s animated persona is voiced by Jerry Dexter. He was played by Gabriel Mann in the live-action film. In Riverdale, he appears as a guest character in the musical episode \"Chapter Ninety-One: The Return of the Pussycats\", portrayed by Chris McNally.", "In Riverdale, he appears as a guest character in the musical episode \"Chapter Ninety-One: The Return of the Pussycats\", portrayed by Chris McNally. Other recurring characters Pepper Smith: Josie's best friend in the original comics, and, until the 1969 renovation, one of the main five characters (along with Josie, Melody, Albert and Alex).", "Other recurring characters Pepper Smith: Josie's best friend in the original comics, and, until the 1969 renovation, one of the main five characters (along with Josie, Melody, Albert and Alex). She had short-cropped black hair, conservative spectacles, wore clothes that were less formfitting than her friends, and was noted for her sharp wit and cynical nature.", "She had short-cropped black hair, conservative spectacles, wore clothes that were less formfitting than her friends, and was noted for her sharp wit and cynical nature. She dated Sock, but to his frustration, she preferred to remain emotionally reserved when it came to boys.", "She dated Sock, but to his frustration, she preferred to remain emotionally reserved when it came to boys. The original comic focused on three girls (a redhead, a brunette and a blonde) who were frequently seen together, but Pepper was dropped from the comics and replaced by Valerie.", "The original comic focused on three girls (a redhead, a brunette and a blonde) who were frequently seen together, but Pepper was dropped from the comics and replaced by Valerie. This change has no explanation, as Albert and Pepper's roles are similar to their replacements’.", "This change has no explanation, as Albert and Pepper's roles are similar to their replacements’. Pepper made a small cameo appearance in Part 3 of 2007's “Civil Chore” in Tales from Riverdale (Alan M. was notably absent).", "Pepper made a small cameo appearance in Part 3 of 2007's “Civil Chore” in Tales from Riverdale (Alan M. was notably absent). Pepper later had a more prominent role in the 2016-17 Josie and the Pussycats comic series by Marguerite Bennett and Cameron DeOrdio.", "Pepper later had a more prominent role in the 2016-17 Josie and the Pussycats comic series by Marguerite Bennett and Cameron DeOrdio. She appears as a lead character in The CW's live-action series Katy Keene, portrayed by Julia Chan.", "She appears as a lead character in The CW's live-action series Katy Keene, portrayed by Julia Chan. Albert: Sometimes seen as a mischievous goofball, but at other times quite sensitive, he was Josie's boyfriend in the original comics and one of the original male leads. He was also Alex's rival.", "He was also Alex's rival. However, while the Pussycats-era Alex was similar to Reggie Mantle, Albert and Alex were more like a male Betty and Veronica: good friends until it came to the girl they competed for. Alexandra tried unsuccessfully to get him to date her.", "Alexandra tried unsuccessfully to get him to date her. Albert was fond of playing the guitar and singing, and also liked to ride his motor scooter.", "Albert was fond of playing the guitar and singing, and also liked to ride his motor scooter. Often portrayed as member of the 1960s counterculture, he went from being a beatnik to a folk singer to a mod and finally to a hippie (depending on the year of the issue) before he was finally dropped from the comics.", "Often portrayed as member of the 1960s counterculture, he went from being a beatnik to a folk singer to a mod and finally to a hippie (depending on the year of the issue) before he was finally dropped from the comics. Alan M. would fill his old role.", "Alan M. would fill his old role. Since then, he, Pepper and a few other characters would only appear in stories reprinted in digests. Sock: His real name was Socrates, and he was a jock who dated Pepper and was a good friend of Albert's.", "Sock: His real name was Socrates, and he was a jock who dated Pepper and was a good friend of Albert's. Like a stereotypical jock, he was not very intelligent, but this was not exaggerated as it is with Moose Mason.", "Like a stereotypical jock, he was not very intelligent, but this was not exaggerated as it is with Moose Mason. Despite lasting up to and including Alan M.'s first story, he, like Alexandra, remained a supporting character. Unlike Albert and Pepper, he was removed from the comics with no actual replacement character.", "Unlike Albert and Pepper, he was removed from the comics with no actual replacement character. Alexander Cabot II: Alex and Alexandra's very rich father. He is slightly heavyset, his hair is turning white, and he is often frustrated with the ideas of his children.", "He is slightly heavyset, his hair is turning white, and he is often frustrated with the ideas of his children. He insists that the band his son manages earn their own fame without the help of his millions. He appears as a guest character in The CW's live-action series Katy Keene, portrayed by Peter Francis James.", "He appears as a guest character in The CW's live-action series Katy Keene, portrayed by Peter Francis James. Josie's father: He is a slim, middle-aged man who has dark hair with a wisp of gray. His name, depending on the source, is Mr. McCoy, Mr. Jones or Mr. James.", "His name, depending on the source, is Mr. McCoy, Mr. Jones or Mr. James. He is totally supportive of his daughter's music career. In Riverdale, he is named Myles McCoy and he appears as a guest character, portrayed by Reese Alexander.", "In Riverdale, he is named Myles McCoy and he appears as a guest character, portrayed by Reese Alexander. Cricket O'Dell: The familiar Archie character made a few appearances in the original Josie comics. A pert, friendly girl with an amazing talent: she is able to smell money or monetary values.", "A pert, friendly girl with an amazing talent: she is able to smell money or monetary values. In Katy Keene, she appears as a recurring character and was portrayed by Azriel Crews. Sheldon: A short, fat glutton from a few stories in the late 1960s who occasionally dated Melody.", "Sheldon: A short, fat glutton from a few stories in the late 1960s who occasionally dated Melody. Despite his lack of importance, his final appearance was after the Pussycats' makeover. Clyde Didit: Best known as the star of Archie's Mad House, Clyde appeared for a few issues in Josie in the late 1960s.", "Clyde Didit: Best known as the star of Archie's Mad House, Clyde appeared for a few issues in Josie in the late 1960s. Mr. Tuttle: The principal of Midvale High School where Josie and her friends attend. He made a number appearances in the pre-Pussycats comics.", "He made a number appearances in the pre-Pussycats comics. Archie's Gang: The main characters often crossover with Josie and the Pussycats (and vice versa), sometimes in stories involving the Archies. The Vixens: A rival rock trio that Alexandra manages.", "The Vixens: A rival rock trio that Alexandra manages. Although they are glamorous, they have no musical talent (a fact that Alexandra somehow overlooked). Exclusive to the manga version. In other media Film Live-action Josie and the Pussycats is a 2001 Canadian-American musical comedy film released by Universal Pictures, and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.", "In other media Film Live-action Josie and the Pussycats is a 2001 Canadian-American musical comedy film released by Universal Pictures, and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. Directed and co-written by Harry Elfont and Deborah Kaplan, the film is loosely based upon the comic and the Hanna-Barbera cartoon.", "Directed and co-written by Harry Elfont and Deborah Kaplan, the film is loosely based upon the comic and the Hanna-Barbera cartoon. The film is about a young all-female band that signs a record contract with a major record label, only to discover that the company does not have the musicians' best interests at heart.", "The film is about a young all-female band that signs a record contract with a major record label, only to discover that the company does not have the musicians' best interests at heart. The film stars Rachael Leigh Cook, Tara Reid, and Rosario Dawson as the Pussycats, with Alan Cumming, Parker Posey, and Gabriel Mann in supporting roles.", "The film stars Rachael Leigh Cook, Tara Reid, and Rosario Dawson as the Pussycats, with Alan Cumming, Parker Posey, and Gabriel Mann in supporting roles. The film received mixed reviews and was a box office bomb, earning about $15 million against a $39 million budget.", "The film received mixed reviews and was a box office bomb, earning about $15 million against a $39 million budget. Television Animated During the 1968-1969 television season, the first Archie-based Saturday morning cartoon, The Archie Show, debuted on CBS.", "Television Animated During the 1968-1969 television season, the first Archie-based Saturday morning cartoon, The Archie Show, debuted on CBS. The Archie Show, produced by Filmation Studios, was not only a hit on TV, but spun off a radio hit as well (the Archies' song \"Sugar, Sugar\" hit the number one spot on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in September 1969 and went on to be Billboards number one \"Hot 100 Single\" of that year).", "The Archie Show, produced by Filmation Studios, was not only a hit on TV, but spun off a radio hit as well (the Archies' song \"Sugar, Sugar\" hit the number one spot on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in September 1969 and went on to be Billboards number one \"Hot 100 Single\" of that year). Competing animation studio Hanna-Barbera Productions contacted Archie Comics about possibly adapting another of its properties into a similar show.", "Competing animation studio Hanna-Barbera Productions contacted Archie Comics about possibly adapting another of its properties into a similar show. Archie Comics offering to redevelop the Josie series into one about a teenage music band, and allowing Hanna-Barbera to adapt it into a music-based Saturday morning show. The show aired 16 episodes during the 1970-71 television season.", "The show aired 16 episodes during the 1970-71 television season. In the 1972-73 television season, the show was re-conceptualized as Josie and the Pussycats in Outer Space and aired another 16 episodes.", "In the 1972-73 television season, the show was re-conceptualized as Josie and the Pussycats in Outer Space and aired another 16 episodes. After the show's cancellation, Josie and the Pussycats made a final appearance in a guest shot on the September 22, 1973 episode of The New Scooby-Doo Movies, \"The Haunted Showboat\".", "After the show's cancellation, Josie and the Pussycats made a final appearance in a guest shot on the September 22, 1973 episode of The New Scooby-Doo Movies, \"The Haunted Showboat\". Live-action Josie and the Pussycats appear in Riverdale on The CW.", "Live-action Josie and the Pussycats appear in Riverdale on The CW. They are high school students who are dedicated to perfecting the \"Pussycat\" brand. Ashleigh Murray portrays Josephine \"Josie\" McCoy, named for Josephine Baker, whose father is a jazz musician and wishes his daughter played more serious music. Her mother is Riverdale's mayor.", "Her mother is Riverdale's mayor. Asha Bromfield and Hayley Law portray Melody Valentine and Valerie Brown, respectively. All three of them are African-Americans. Josie would later emigrate to the spin-off series Katy Keene as an adult, with Murray reprising her role.", "Josie would later emigrate to the spin-off series Katy Keene as an adult, with Murray reprising her role. In this, Josie finds two new Pussycats, Cricket O'dell and Trula Twyst portrayed by Azriel Patricia and Emily Rafala. References External links Archie Comics' Josie and the Pussycats homepage Josie and the Pussycats at Don Markstein's Toonopedia.", "References External links Archie Comics' Josie and the Pussycats homepage Josie and the Pussycats at Don Markstein's Toonopedia. Archived from the original on October 22, 2016.", "Archived from the original on October 22, 2016. Josie and the Pussycats Comics characters introduced in 1963 Characters created by Dan DeCarlo 1963 comics debuts 1982 comics endings 2016 comics debuts 2017 comics endings Archie Comics titles Archie Comics characters Comics about women American comics adapted into films Comics adapted into animated series Female characters in comics Fictional female musicians Music-themed comics" ]

[ "Josie and the Pussycats (comics)", "Josie", "When did Josie come out?", "1963", "Had she been featured in Archie comics before?", "I don't know.", "Did Josie tell about the formation of the Pussycats?", "I don't know.", "What is the story of Josie?", "A short-haired redhead, Josie is the leader and co-founder of the Pussycats.", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "In the cartoon series, Josie's speaking voice was performed by Janet Waldo" ]

[ "Eddie Barth (September 29, 1931 – May 28, 2010; born Edward Michael Bartholetti) was an American actor. Barth earned the nickname Mr. Gravel for his raspy vocals in his voiceover work.\n\nBiography\n\nEarly life\nBarth was born Edward Michael Bartholetti in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.\n\nCareer\nBarth portrayed Myron Fowler, the owner of Peerless Detectives, a rival detective agency in 38 episodes of the television series Simon & Simon between 1981 and 1989. Barth also portrayed a police lieutenant on the series Shaft and appeared in regular roles on Night Court; Murder, She Wrote; Civil Wars and Stone.\n\nBarth's most well-known voiceover commercial work was for an advertising campaign for Miller Lite during the 1980s. Barth closed the Miller Lite television commercials by reading the slogan \"Lite Beer from Miller. Everything you always wanted in a beer. And less.\". His other voiceover credits included Superman: The Animated Series, Osmosis Jones in 2001, and the 1998 film Babe: Pig in the City.\n\nEddie Barth died of heart failure at his home in Los Angeles on May 28, 2010 at the age of 78.\n\nFilmography\n\nFilm\n\nTelevision\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n1931 births\n2010 deaths\nAmerican male film actors\nAmerican male television actors\nAmerican male voice actors\nMale actors from Philadelphia\nMale actors from Los Angeles\n20th-century American male actors", "Germán Horacio Robles San Agustín (March 20, 1929 – November 21, 2015) was a Spanish actor who came to Mexico when he was 17, after Spain’s civil war.\n\nIn Mexican cinema, he is best known for his amazing characterization of vampires in many cult movies, especially in El Vampiro. He is said to have influenced Christopher Lee’s performance in his vampire films. Another well known performance is his dubbing the voice of KITT in the Latin American broadcast of Knight Rider.\n\nFamily \nGermán was son of the painter Germán Horacio and the grandchild of Pachín de Melás.\n\nHe married Ana María Vásquez.\n\nFilmography\nDr. Tom Horton Sr. in Dias de Nuestras Vidas (1965-1994) (voiceover for Macdonald Carey)\nHenry Blake in M*A*S*H* (1978) (voiceover for Roger Bowen)\nKITT in El Auto Fantástico (1982-1986)\nDr. Peter Silberman in Terminator (1984) (voiceover for Earl Boen)\nHenry Blake in M*A*S*H* (1984-1987) (voiceover for McLean Stevenson)\nProfessor Embry in Robotech: La Película (1986)\nSherman T. Potter in M*A*S*H* (1987-1995) (voiceover for Harry Morgan)\nDr. Peter Silberman in Terminator 2: El Juicio Final (1991) (voiceover for Earl Boen)\nVelarmino in Amor de nadie (1990)\nLionel Racer in Meteoro (1993-1994)\nLionel Racer in Meteoro: La Película (1993)\nM. Bison in Street Fighter II V (1994-1995)\nSherman T. Potter in AfterMASH (1995-1997) (voiceover for Harry Morgan)\nCapitan Galimos in Dangaioh (1996)\nRasputin in Anastasia (1997) (voiceover for Christopher Lloyd)\nManny in A Bug's Life (1998) (voiceover for Jonathan Harris)\nGeneral Grievous in Star Wars: Clone Wars (2003-2004) \n Dr. Peter Silberman in Terminator 3: La Rebelión de las Máquinas (2003) (voiceover for Earl Boen)\nGeneral Grievous in Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith (2005) (voiceover for Matthew Wood)\nKrayzie Bone in Montar Sucio (2006)\nDavy Jones in Piratas del Caribe 2: El Cofre de la Muerte (2006) (voiceover for Bill Nighy)\nDavy Jones in Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End (2007) (voiceover for Bill Nighy)\nAnton Ego in Ratatouille (2007) (voiceover for Peter O'Toole)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n1929 births\n2015 deaths\nChespirito actors\nMexican male film actors\nMexican male stage actors\nMexican male television actors\nMexican male voice actors\nMexican people of Asturian descent\nPeople from Gijón\nSpanish emigrants to Mexico" ]

[ "Josie and the Pussycats (initially published as She's Josie and Josie) is a teen-humor comic book about a fictional rock band, created by Dan DeCarlo and published by Archie Comics. It was published from 1963 until 1982; since then, one-shot issues have appeared on an irregular basis.", "It was published from 1963 until 1982; since then, one-shot issues have appeared on an irregular basis. A second series, set in the New Riverdale universe, launched in September 2016.", "A second series, set in the New Riverdale universe, launched in September 2016. The series was adapted into a Saturday morning cartoon by Hanna–Barbera in 1970 and a live-action motion picture by Universal Studios and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in 2001; each of these productions was accompanied by a Josie and the Pussycats soundtrack album.", "The series was adapted into a Saturday morning cartoon by Hanna–Barbera in 1970 and a live-action motion picture by Universal Studios and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in 2001; each of these productions was accompanied by a Josie and the Pussycats soundtrack album. A completely African-American version of the band also appeared in the drama series Riverdale on The CW, after which the character Josie joined Katy Keene.", "A completely African-American version of the band also appeared in the drama series Riverdale on The CW, after which the character Josie joined Katy Keene. Publication history Cartoonist Dan DeCarlo, who had spent most of the 1950s drawing teen and career-girl humor comics such as Millie the Model for Atlas Comics, that decade's forerunner of Marvel Comics, began freelancing for Archie Comics.", "Publication history Cartoonist Dan DeCarlo, who had spent most of the 1950s drawing teen and career-girl humor comics such as Millie the Model for Atlas Comics, that decade's forerunner of Marvel Comics, began freelancing for Archie Comics. In 1960, he and Atlas editor-in-chief Stan Lee co-created the short-lived syndicated comic strip Willie Lumpkin, about a suburban mail carrier, for the Chicago, Illinois-based Publishers Syndicate.", "In 1960, he and Atlas editor-in-chief Stan Lee co-created the short-lived syndicated comic strip Willie Lumpkin, about a suburban mail carrier, for the Chicago, Illinois-based Publishers Syndicate. Casting about for more comic-strip work, DeCarlo created the characters of Josie and her friends.", "Casting about for more comic-strip work, DeCarlo created the characters of Josie and her friends. Josie DeCarlo, the artist's wife and Josie's namesake, explained that \"We went on a Caribbean cruise, and I had a [cat] costume for the cruise, and that's the way it started.\"", "Josie DeCarlo, the artist's wife and Josie's namesake, explained that \"We went on a Caribbean cruise, and I had a [cat] costume for the cruise, and that's the way it started.\" DeCarlo first tried to sell the character as a syndicated comic strip called Here's Josie, recalling in 2001: Josie was introduced in December 1962, when her appearances in Archie's Pals 'n' Gals #23 (Winter 1962-1963) hit the stands.", "DeCarlo first tried to sell the character as a syndicated comic strip called Here's Josie, recalling in 2001: Josie was introduced in December 1962, when her appearances in Archie's Pals 'n' Gals #23 (Winter 1962-1963) hit the stands. A new solo series, She's Josie, debuted in February 1963.", "A new solo series, She's Josie, debuted in February 1963. The series featured levelheaded, sweet-natured redhead Josie, her ditzy blonde bombshell friend Melody, and the brainy, cynical, bespectacled brunette Pepper.", "The series featured levelheaded, sweet-natured redhead Josie, her ditzy blonde bombshell friend Melody, and the brainy, cynical, bespectacled brunette Pepper. These early years also featured the characters of Josie's beatnik boyfriend Albert; Pepper's strong but not-too-bright boyfriend Socrates (\"Sock\" for short); Albert's rival Alexander Cabot III, who chased after both Josie and Melody; and Alex's obnoxious twin sister Alexandra Cabot.", "These early years also featured the characters of Josie's beatnik boyfriend Albert; Pepper's strong but not-too-bright boyfriend Socrates (\"Sock\" for short); Albert's rival Alexander Cabot III, who chased after both Josie and Melody; and Alex's obnoxious twin sister Alexandra Cabot. None of the mainstream Archie characters appeared with Josie until the ninth issue of her own title.", "None of the mainstream Archie characters appeared with Josie until the ninth issue of her own title. Josie and her friends occasionally appeared in \"crossover\" issues with the main Archie characters.", "Josie and her friends occasionally appeared in \"crossover\" issues with the main Archie characters. She's Josie displayed a new Josie-only logo beginning with issue #14 (August, 1965), was officially renamed Josie with issue #17 (December, 1965), and again renamed, to Josie and the Pussycats, with issue #45 (December, 1969).", "She's Josie displayed a new Josie-only logo beginning with issue #14 (August, 1965), was officially renamed Josie with issue #17 (December, 1965), and again renamed, to Josie and the Pussycats, with issue #45 (December, 1969). The series finished its run under this title with issue #106 (October, 1982).", "The series finished its run under this title with issue #106 (October, 1982). Josie and her gang also made irregular appearances in Pep Comics and Laugh Comics during the 1960s.", "Josie and her gang also made irregular appearances in Pep Comics and Laugh Comics during the 1960s. In 1969, Archie Comics made several changes to the Josie comic: In Josie #42 (August 1969), Josie met a heavily built blond folk singer named Alan M. who, over time, became Josie's on-again, off-again boyfriend (much to the chagrin of Alexandra, who was also immediately smitten with Alan M. and never missed an opportunity to try and steal him away).", "In 1969, Archie Comics made several changes to the Josie comic: In Josie #42 (August 1969), Josie met a heavily built blond folk singer named Alan M. who, over time, became Josie's on-again, off-again boyfriend (much to the chagrin of Alexandra, who was also immediately smitten with Alan M. and never missed an opportunity to try and steal him away). In Josie #43 (September 1969), Alexandra discovered that her cat Sebastian was actually a reincarnation of an ancestor of the Cabot family, who was executed for consorting with witches.", "In Josie #43 (September 1969), Alexandra discovered that her cat Sebastian was actually a reincarnation of an ancestor of the Cabot family, who was executed for consorting with witches. Whenever Alexandra held Sebastian in her arms, she could cast magic spells.", "Whenever Alexandra held Sebastian in her arms, she could cast magic spells. Alexandra generally used her powers to compete with Josie for Alan M., but the spells she cast usually backfired in some way. Moreover, her spells ended whenever someone nearby snapped their fingers (which happened often).", "Moreover, her spells ended whenever someone nearby snapped their fingers (which happened often). Alexandra and Sebastian's witchy powers were not used in Hanna-Barbera's TV show, and they were soon discontinued in the comic as well.", "Alexandra and Sebastian's witchy powers were not used in Hanna-Barbera's TV show, and they were soon discontinued in the comic as well. In Josie and the Pussycats #45 (December 1969), the first issue to bear that new title, Josie and Melody decided to start a band called the Pussycats.", "In Josie and the Pussycats #45 (December 1969), the first issue to bear that new title, Josie and Melody decided to start a band called the Pussycats. Alexandra was asked to be their bassist, but she insisted that the group's name be to \"Alexandra's Cool Time Cats\"; so, instead, Valerie Smith, a new girl in school, was recruited to play bass.", "Alexandra was asked to be their bassist, but she insisted that the group's name be to \"Alexandra's Cool Time Cats\"; so, instead, Valerie Smith, a new girl in school, was recruited to play bass. The Pussycats made their leopard print band uniforms (complete with cat-ear headbands and long tails) and performed at their first gig, a school dance, as a seething Alexandra tried unsuccessfully to use her witchcraft for revenge.", "The Pussycats made their leopard print band uniforms (complete with cat-ear headbands and long tails) and performed at their first gig, a school dance, as a seething Alexandra tried unsuccessfully to use her witchcraft for revenge. The reimagining of the comic resulted in three casualties: Albert, Sock, and Pepper, who were phased out altogether.", "The reimagining of the comic resulted in three casualties: Albert, Sock, and Pepper, who were phased out altogether. From 1970 on, most of the stories in the comic book revolved around the Pussycats traveling around the country and the world to perform gigs, with Alan M., Alex, and Alexandra (and sometimes Sebastian) in tow.", "From 1970 on, most of the stories in the comic book revolved around the Pussycats traveling around the country and the world to perform gigs, with Alan M., Alex, and Alexandra (and sometimes Sebastian) in tow. When the girls were not performing, they dealt with the various trials and tribulations of teenage life, often including Alex's jealousy of Alan M. and Alexandra's jealousy of Josie.", "When the girls were not performing, they dealt with the various trials and tribulations of teenage life, often including Alex's jealousy of Alan M. and Alexandra's jealousy of Josie. The Josie and the Pussycats comic ran until 1982, after which the girls were featured in various Archie Giant Series issues and miniseries and one-shot comics of their own.", "The Josie and the Pussycats comic ran until 1982, after which the girls were featured in various Archie Giant Series issues and miniseries and one-shot comics of their own. Reprinted Josie stories (including the occasional pre-Pussycats stories) appear frequently in the various Archie Library digests.", "Reprinted Josie stories (including the occasional pre-Pussycats stories) appear frequently in the various Archie Library digests. Archie & Friends #47-95 (June 2001-November 2005) featured new Josie and the Pussycats stories in the regular house style after the 2001 film renewed interest in the series.", "Archie & Friends #47-95 (June 2001-November 2005) featured new Josie and the Pussycats stories in the regular house style after the 2001 film renewed interest in the series. They later appeared in a new two-part story, \"Battle of the Bands\", in Archie & Friends #130-131 (June–July 2009).", "They later appeared in a new two-part story, \"Battle of the Bands\", in Archie & Friends #130-131 (June–July 2009). Manga makeover In March 2005, Archie Comics announced that a manga version of the title would be published, with art by Tania del Rio, who was also responsible for the manga makeover of Sabrina, the Teenage Witch.", "Manga makeover In March 2005, Archie Comics announced that a manga version of the title would be published, with art by Tania del Rio, who was also responsible for the manga makeover of Sabrina, the Teenage Witch. The first such \"Josie and the Pussycasts\" story, \"Opening Act\" ran in Tales from Riverdale Digest #3 (August 2005) The band had previously appeared in manga form in issue Sabrina, The Teenage Witch #67 (August 2005).", "The first such \"Josie and the Pussycasts\" story, \"Opening Act\" ran in Tales from Riverdale Digest #3 (August 2005) The band had previously appeared in manga form in issue Sabrina, The Teenage Witch #67 (August 2005). In Archie & Friends #96 (January 2006) the origin of the Pussycats was retconned.", "In Archie & Friends #96 (January 2006) the origin of the Pussycats was retconned. The manga version implies that none of the characters previously knew each other. Josie Jones was cut from the school choir, but met Valerie Smith and the two founded the band.", "Josie Jones was cut from the school choir, but met Valerie Smith and the two founded the band. They recruited Melody, whose idea it was to wear cat outfits. The band was not doing well at first, but Alex liked the group, though Alexandra could tell he was more interested in Josie.", "The band was not doing well at first, but Alex liked the group, though Alexandra could tell he was more interested in Josie. Alex's father let him be the manager as long as he did not use his wealth to help make them stars.", "Alex's father let him be the manager as long as he did not use his wealth to help make them stars. In Sabrina the Teenage Witch #72 (February 2006), a stranger named Alan helped carry their equipment. Josie, already attracted to Alan, jealously thought there was an attraction between Alan and Melody.", "Josie, already attracted to Alan, jealously thought there was an attraction between Alan and Melody. Alex hired him as their stagehand. The manga focused on the group's attempt to reach fame rather than on their career after they have already achieved it.", "The manga focused on the group's attempt to reach fame rather than on their career after they have already achieved it. It featured characters not seen in other comics, including Alan's younger sister Alison and the rival group the Vixens. The manga version was not popular among readers, who preferred the traditional style.", "The manga version was not popular among readers, who preferred the traditional style. Its final appearance was in Archie & Friends #104 (December 2006). A Katy Keene revival replaced it (both featured alongside each other in the latter part of the manga's run), though it, too, did not last.", "A Katy Keene revival replaced it (both featured alongside each other in the latter part of the manga's run), though it, too, did not last. Afterlife with Archie In the world of Afterlife with Archie, Josie and the Pussycats are revealed to be vampires.", "Afterlife with Archie In the world of Afterlife with Archie, Josie and the Pussycats are revealed to be vampires. Josephine McCoy is orphaned shortly after her birth in 1906 and winds up in an orphanage run by Alexandra Cabot, who has three other children: Melody, Valerie, and Pepper.", "Josephine McCoy is orphaned shortly after her birth in 1906 and winds up in an orphanage run by Alexandra Cabot, who has three other children: Melody, Valerie, and Pepper. Due to their singing talent, \"Uncle Buddy\" (one of Alexandra's friends) takes the trio on tour, eventually forcing Pepper to marry him.", "Due to their singing talent, \"Uncle Buddy\" (one of Alexandra's friends) takes the trio on tour, eventually forcing Pepper to marry him. Shortly after this, Josie, Melody and Valerie are turned into vampires.", "Shortly after this, Josie, Melody and Valerie are turned into vampires. The three then go on to become several short lived groups, with \"Josie and the Pussycats\" being the latest incarnation. In the 1980s, Pepper finds Josie and tries to blackmail Josie into turning her into a vampire.", "In the 1980s, Pepper finds Josie and tries to blackmail Josie into turning her into a vampire. Josie tries to explain that becoming a vampire locks you into the state you were in when you were turned. Pepper won't listen and Josie is forced to kill her childhood friend.", "Pepper won't listen and Josie is forced to kill her childhood friend. Josie them mesmerizes the interviewer she has been telling this to so the three of them can feed. Later on, on their jet, they detect irregularities at their destination of Riverdale, deciding to land there anyway rather than detour.", "Later on, on their jet, they detect irregularities at their destination of Riverdale, deciding to land there anyway rather than detour. Reboot On June 8, 2016 a reboot of the series was announced in the same style of the Archie, Jughead, and Betty & Veronica reboots as part of the New Riverdale imprint.", "Reboot On June 8, 2016 a reboot of the series was announced in the same style of the Archie, Jughead, and Betty & Veronica reboots as part of the New Riverdale imprint. The series is co-written by Marguerite Bennett and Cameron DeOrdio with the art by Audrey Mok.", "The series is co-written by Marguerite Bennett and Cameron DeOrdio with the art by Audrey Mok. The reboot features Josie uniting the band to take their big shot at musical stardom, only to contend with the machinations of Alexandra Cabot, the ever-Machiavellian daughter of the Pussycats’ manager. The first issue was released on September 28, 2016.", "The first issue was released on September 28, 2016. Characters Josie McCoy A short-haired redhead, Josie is the leader and co-founder of the Pussycats. She is the lead vocalist and songwriter and plays guitar.", "She is the lead vocalist and songwriter and plays guitar. Portrayed as a sweet, attractive, and level-headed teenage girl, Josie is usually the stable center in the middle of the chaos surrounding her band and her friends. Josie's surname has been inconsistent.", "Josie's surname has been inconsistent. It was alternately \"Jones\" or \"James\" for much of the comic's run. McCoy was her surname for the 2001 movie. Archie Comics later sometimes acknowledged the surnames from the movie as canonical, though not consistently.", "Archie Comics later sometimes acknowledged the surnames from the movie as canonical, though not consistently. In a few stories reprinted in the 2000s decade, Archie Comics changed her surname to McCoy. However, the manga version used \"Jones\", which was her first surname to actually appear in the comics.", "However, the manga version used \"Jones\", which was her first surname to actually appear in the comics. During the early years of her comic (1963–1969), Josie dated a guitarist named Albert. During and after the Josie and the Pussycats revamp, she dated Alan M. Mayberry.", "During and after the Josie and the Pussycats revamp, she dated Alan M. Mayberry. Alexander Cabot is regularly attracted to her in the comics.", "Alexander Cabot is regularly attracted to her in the comics. Though she is known to date him, she really loves Alan M. In the cartoon series, Josie's speaking voice was performed by Janet Waldo (the voice of Judy Jetson and Penelope Pitstop) and her singing voice was performed by Cathy Dougher.", "Though she is known to date him, she really loves Alan M. In the cartoon series, Josie's speaking voice was performed by Janet Waldo (the voice of Judy Jetson and Penelope Pitstop) and her singing voice was performed by Cathy Dougher. She was played by Rachael Leigh Cook in the 2001 live-action Josie and the Pussycats movie (singing voice performed by Kay Hanley).", "She was played by Rachael Leigh Cook in the 2001 live-action Josie and the Pussycats movie (singing voice performed by Kay Hanley). She appeared in The CW series Riverdale with Ashleigh Murray portraying her as an African American and lead singer of the band. Murray eventually left the show and joined the spinoff Katy Keene.", "Murray eventually left the show and joined the spinoff Katy Keene. She returns as a special guest star in the musical episode \"Chapter Ninety-One: The Return of the Pussycats\", which is centered on her and the group. Josie was ranked 77th in Comics Buyer's Guide's \"100 Sexiest Women in Comics\" list.", "Josie was ranked 77th in Comics Buyer's Guide's \"100 Sexiest Women in Comics\" list. Melody Valentine The co-founder and drummer for the Pussycats (she also sang occasional lead vocals for the TV series), Melody is a cute blonde and usually speaks in a sing-song voice, denoted by the musical notes in her cartoon word balloons.", "Melody Valentine The co-founder and drummer for the Pussycats (she also sang occasional lead vocals for the TV series), Melody is a cute blonde and usually speaks in a sing-song voice, denoted by the musical notes in her cartoon word balloons. She is an absent-minded, bubbly sort of character often taken to using silly, nonsense language, and provides much of the comic relief of the series.", "She is an absent-minded, bubbly sort of character often taken to using silly, nonsense language, and provides much of the comic relief of the series. Melody is almost never given a surname in a comic story. Occasionally, she is called \"Melody Jones\".", "Occasionally, she is called \"Melody Jones\". At these times, the name \"James\" is used for Josie to avoid confusion. However, the manga, having settled on the name \"Josie Jones\", essentially nullifies this. The 2001 movie establishes her surname as Valentine, a name that Archie Comics has accepted.", "The 2001 movie establishes her surname as Valentine, a name that Archie Comics has accepted. Many comic stories use Melody's beauty as a plot device. When male characters see her, they uncontrollably fall for her and lose all sense of anything else, frequently leading to chaos; although, she is usually oblivious to this.", "When male characters see her, they uncontrollably fall for her and lose all sense of anything else, frequently leading to chaos; although, she is usually oblivious to this. Despite any trouble that occurs for her or her friends, Melody maintains a cheerful, optimistic attitude.", "Despite any trouble that occurs for her or her friends, Melody maintains a cheerful, optimistic attitude. In the cartoon series, whenever the group is in a dangerous or potentially dangerous situation, Melody's ears would wiggle. In the cartoon, she frequently gets brainwashed, but is already very dim-witted.", "In the cartoon, she frequently gets brainwashed, but is already very dim-witted. Later, in the Josie and the Pussycats in Outer Space series, she adopts a cute little alien named Bleep. Melody's speaking voice is performed by Jackie Joseph, and her singing voice is performed by Cheryl Ladd (credited as Cherie Moor).", "Melody's speaking voice is performed by Jackie Joseph, and her singing voice is performed by Cheryl Ladd (credited as Cherie Moor). She was played by Tara Reid in the live-action film.", "She was played by Tara Reid in the live-action film. Bleep's voice was done by Don Messick (also the voice of Scooby-Doo, Astro, Dr. Benton Quest, Boo Boo, and more). Ashanti Bromfield portrayed her in the CW series Riverdale.", "Ashanti Bromfield portrayed her in the CW series Riverdale. Valerie Brown In addition to being the group's main songwriter and a multi-instrumentalist, dark-haired Valerie also performs back-up vocals (in the comics, cartoons, and the movie) and occasionally sings lead (nearly always in the TV series) for the Pussycats.", "Valerie Brown In addition to being the group's main songwriter and a multi-instrumentalist, dark-haired Valerie also performs back-up vocals (in the comics, cartoons, and the movie) and occasionally sings lead (nearly always in the TV series) for the Pussycats. In the comics and the movie, she is the group's dedicated bassist; in the cartoons, she plays tambourine.", "In the comics and the movie, she is the group's dedicated bassist; in the cartoons, she plays tambourine. In the comic book, she replaced Pepper, a sharp-minded spectacled brunette. Valerie's surname may be the most definite of the three.", "Valerie's surname may be the most definite of the three. Archie Comics have occasionally used the name \"Brown\" from the movie on their website and in promotional material, but in the comics, she is always called Valerie Smith.", "Archie Comics have occasionally used the name \"Brown\" from the movie on their website and in promotional material, but in the comics, she is always called Valerie Smith. But recently, the \"Brown\" surname has been used again in comics and the Riverdale TV series.", "But recently, the \"Brown\" surname has been used again in comics and the Riverdale TV series. The return of the Brown surname happens due to the return of the Pepper Smith character in the New Riverdale and Archie Horror universe. In the comics, Valerie is more tomboyish than her two bandmates.", "In the comics, Valerie is more tomboyish than her two bandmates. Besides being good at science and a skilled auto mechanic, she occasionally shows a quick temper as well as being physically stronger than she might appear.", "Besides being good at science and a skilled auto mechanic, she occasionally shows a quick temper as well as being physically stronger than she might appear. She is also less concerned about her appearance or her love life than Josie, Melody or Alexandra, and had rarely been seen in a romantic relationship, though in the cartoons she seems attracted to Alexander.", "She is also less concerned about her appearance or her love life than Josie, Melody or Alexandra, and had rarely been seen in a romantic relationship, though in the cartoons she seems attracted to Alexander. In 2010, she began an on-again, off-again romantic relationship with Archie Andrews, although her band's touring schedule often keeps her out of Riverdale and away from Archie (much to the relief of Veronica Lodge and Betty Cooper, Archie's other girlfriends).", "In 2010, she began an on-again, off-again romantic relationship with Archie Andrews, although her band's touring schedule often keeps her out of Riverdale and away from Archie (much to the relief of Veronica Lodge and Betty Cooper, Archie's other girlfriends). In the animated series, she is somewhat similar to Velma Dinkley from Scooby-Doo and they met in a 1973 episode of The New Scooby-Doo Movies, \"The Haunted Showboat\".", "In the animated series, she is somewhat similar to Velma Dinkley from Scooby-Doo and they met in a 1973 episode of The New Scooby-Doo Movies, \"The Haunted Showboat\". She is the character who saves the day the most often, thanks to her street smarts and her mechanical and scientific genius.", "She is the character who saves the day the most often, thanks to her street smarts and her mechanical and scientific genius. In the comics, this is downplayed, although she is still the most intelligent of the group. Valerie is the first African-American female cartoon character on a regular animated television series.", "Valerie is the first African-American female cartoon character on a regular animated television series. Valerie's speaking voice is performed by Barbara Pariot, and her singing voice is performed by Patrice Holloway, sister of Motown recording artist Brenda Holloway. She was played by Rosario Dawson in the live-action film. Hayley Law portrayed her in the CW series Riverdale.", "Hayley Law portrayed her in the CW series Riverdale. Alexander Cabot III Rich, temperamental, and cowardly, Alexander is the Pussycats' shifty and not-too-dependable manager. He often gets the group in hot water because of his crazy promotional schemes. Alexander wears sunglasses often and likes to flaunt his wealth, typically dressing in flamboyant and expensive clothing.", "Alexander wears sunglasses often and likes to flaunt his wealth, typically dressing in flamboyant and expensive clothing. In the comics, Alexander is reminiscent of Reggie Mantle.", "In the comics, Alexander is reminiscent of Reggie Mantle. He has a crush on Josie and often tries to divert her attention from her boyfriend, Alan M. He is blunt and critical towards Alan M., regarding him as all brawn and no brains. Occasionally, Alexander will take an interest in Melody, particularly when Josie is unavailable.", "Occasionally, Alexander will take an interest in Melody, particularly when Josie is unavailable. The interest seems genuine, since, unlike other boys, who fall helplessly in love with Melody at first sight, Alexander tends to remain composed around her.", "The interest seems genuine, since, unlike other boys, who fall helplessly in love with Melody at first sight, Alexander tends to remain composed around her. Alexander's personality is markedly different in the animated series; he is much friendlier, though no more dependable and far more cowardly than his comic strip alter ego.", "Alexander's personality is markedly different in the animated series; he is much friendlier, though no more dependable and far more cowardly than his comic strip alter ego. In this context, he most often serves as a comedic foil for Alexandra's constant scheming.", "In this context, he most often serves as a comedic foil for Alexandra's constant scheming. The animated version of Alexander also exhibits no romantic feelings towards Josie, tends to gravitate towards Melody or Valerie, depending on interpretation, and is very similar to Shaggy Rogers from Scooby-Doo.", "The animated version of Alexander also exhibits no romantic feelings towards Josie, tends to gravitate towards Melody or Valerie, depending on interpretation, and is very similar to Shaggy Rogers from Scooby-Doo. The animated depiction of Alexander was voiced by Casey Kasem, who also voiced Shaggy.", "The animated depiction of Alexander was voiced by Casey Kasem, who also voiced Shaggy. In a 1973 Josie-guested episode of The New Scooby-Doo Movies, Alexander and Shaggy both appear on-screen together for quite some time. Alexander was played by Paulo Costanzo in the 2001 live-action motion picture.", "Alexander was played by Paulo Costanzo in the 2001 live-action motion picture. He appears as a supporting regular character on The CW's live-action series Katy Keene, portrayed by Lucien Laviscount. Alexandra Cabot and Sebastian Alexandra is technically a supporting character, but often overshadows the rest of the cast in both the comics and the cartoons.", "Alexandra Cabot and Sebastian Alexandra is technically a supporting character, but often overshadows the rest of the cast in both the comics and the cartoons. She is Alexander's fraternal twin sister in the comics; the 1970 cartoon series does not establish the siblings as twins, nor which sibling is older.", "She is Alexander's fraternal twin sister in the comics; the 1970 cartoon series does not establish the siblings as twins, nor which sibling is older. Alexandra has black hair with a white lightning-bolt shaped stripe running through the middle of it, giving her ponytail a slight impression of a skunk's tail.", "Alexandra has black hair with a white lightning-bolt shaped stripe running through the middle of it, giving her ponytail a slight impression of a skunk's tail. In contrast to the good-natured girls in the Pussycats, Alexandra is cynical, hateful, cantankerous, mean, offensive, rude, envious, scheming and self-centered.", "In contrast to the good-natured girls in the Pussycats, Alexandra is cynical, hateful, cantankerous, mean, offensive, rude, envious, scheming and self-centered. She is insanely jealous of the Pussycats, especially Josie, about whom she never has a kind word.", "She is insanely jealous of the Pussycats, especially Josie, about whom she never has a kind word. Despite having no vocal or musical talent at all, Alexandra desperately wants to be a star; her conditions for joining the Pussycats were that she be made the lead and that the band be renamed Alexandra's Cool Time Cats.", "Despite having no vocal or musical talent at all, Alexandra desperately wants to be a star; her conditions for joining the Pussycats were that she be made the lead and that the band be renamed Alexandra's Cool Time Cats. Alexandra has an enormous crush on Alan M., and often tries to steal him away from Josie.", "Alexandra has an enormous crush on Alan M., and often tries to steal him away from Josie. In the comics, although she is not particularly fond of her brother, Alexandra often joins forces with him to separate Alan M. and Josie, which would benefit both siblings, since Alexander is interested in Josie.", "In the comics, although she is not particularly fond of her brother, Alexandra often joins forces with him to separate Alan M. and Josie, which would benefit both siblings, since Alexander is interested in Josie. Alexandra's personality in the cartoon is largely unchanged. Sebastian is a tuxedo cat, and Alexandra's sidekick.", "Sebastian is a tuxedo cat, and Alexandra's sidekick. In the comics, Sebastian is the reincarnation of Sebastian Cabot, a witchcraft-practicing ancestor of the Cabot family.", "In the comics, Sebastian is the reincarnation of Sebastian Cabot, a witchcraft-practicing ancestor of the Cabot family. Alexandra finds that, by holding Sebastian in her arms, she can cast powerful magic spells (Alexandra and Sebastian's bond is represented in that they both have a matching white stripe in the middle of their hair/fur).", "Alexandra finds that, by holding Sebastian in her arms, she can cast powerful magic spells (Alexandra and Sebastian's bond is represented in that they both have a matching white stripe in the middle of their hair/fur). This plot device was sporadically employed by various writers at Archie over the years; Alexandra was later shown to be able to cast spells on her own.", "This plot device was sporadically employed by various writers at Archie over the years; Alexandra was later shown to be able to cast spells on her own. In the cartoon, Alexandra and Sebastian do not have magic powers but they still have their white stripes.", "In the cartoon, Alexandra and Sebastian do not have magic powers but they still have their white stripes. Sebastian usually follows Alexandra's schemes when it comes to getting in between Josie and Alan, but unlike Alexandra, he has no real grudge or dislike towards Josie and is usually shown to be friendly to her.", "Sebastian usually follows Alexandra's schemes when it comes to getting in between Josie and Alan, but unlike Alexandra, he has no real grudge or dislike towards Josie and is usually shown to be friendly to her. Alexandra's voice in the cartoons is provided by former Mouseketeer Sherry Alberoni, while Don Messick supplies the meows, screams, and Muttley-esque snickers for Sebastian.", "Alexandra's voice in the cartoons is provided by former Mouseketeer Sherry Alberoni, while Don Messick supplies the meows, screams, and Muttley-esque snickers for Sebastian. Alexandra was played by Missi Pyle in the live-action Josie and the Pussycats movie, while Sebastian does not appear in the live-action film.", "Alexandra was played by Missi Pyle in the live-action Josie and the Pussycats movie, while Sebastian does not appear in the live-action film. Alexandra appears as a supporting regular character who dislikes Josie McCoy on The CW's live-action series Katy Keene, portrayed by Camille Hyde. This version of Alexandra is the senior vice president of Cabot Entertainment.", "This version of Alexandra is the senior vice president of Cabot Entertainment. Similar to in the comics, she dislikes Josie. In Katy Keene, Alexander and Alexandra are step-siblings (posing as twins in public), a relationship complicated by their having dated in high school before Alexander's father and Alexandra's mother later married.", "In Katy Keene, Alexander and Alexandra are step-siblings (posing as twins in public), a relationship complicated by their having dated in high school before Alexander's father and Alexandra's mother later married. Hyde also reprised her role in the musical episode \"Chapter Ninety-One: The Return of the Pussycats\" from the fifth season of Riverdale.", "Hyde also reprised her role in the musical episode \"Chapter Ninety-One: The Return of the Pussycats\" from the fifth season of Riverdale. Alan M. Mayberry Alan M. Mayberry (known as \"Alan M.\" in the comics, and as simply \"Alan\" in the cartoon series) is a tall, blond, muscular folk singer who serves as the Pussycats' roadie.", "Alan M. Mayberry Alan M. Mayberry (known as \"Alan M.\" in the comics, and as simply \"Alan\" in the cartoon series) is a tall, blond, muscular folk singer who serves as the Pussycats' roadie. He is also Josie's on-off boyfriend, but Alexandra is constantly trying to win a date with him.", "He is also Josie's on-off boyfriend, but Alexandra is constantly trying to win a date with him. In the comics, he replaced Josie's former boyfriend and Alex's former rival Albert.", "In the comics, he replaced Josie's former boyfriend and Alex's former rival Albert. In his first comic book appearance, the creators tried to give him and Alex their own band, The Jesters, but it did not last beyond one issue, and the comic took a different direction.", "In his first comic book appearance, the creators tried to give him and Alex their own band, The Jesters, but it did not last beyond one issue, and the comic took a different direction. Though Alex looks down on Alan M. and insults his intelligence, Alan M. has more common sense than Alex does.", "Though Alex looks down on Alan M. and insults his intelligence, Alan M. has more common sense than Alex does. Despite being one of the six main characters, he appeared less often in the comics in the 1980s onward.", "Despite being one of the six main characters, he appeared less often in the comics in the 1980s onward. In the cartoon series, he plays the role of the self-appointed group leader, similar to that of Fred Jones from Scooby-Doo (and perhaps not coincidentally does bear some resemblance to him as well).", "In the cartoon series, he plays the role of the self-appointed group leader, similar to that of Fred Jones from Scooby-Doo (and perhaps not coincidentally does bear some resemblance to him as well). His and Alex's characters were changed in an attempt to recapture Scooby-Doos success. Alan M.'s animated persona is voiced by Jerry Dexter.", "Alan M.'s animated persona is voiced by Jerry Dexter. He was played by Gabriel Mann in the live-action film. In Riverdale, he appears as a guest character in the musical episode \"Chapter Ninety-One: The Return of the Pussycats\", portrayed by Chris McNally.", "In Riverdale, he appears as a guest character in the musical episode \"Chapter Ninety-One: The Return of the Pussycats\", portrayed by Chris McNally. Other recurring characters Pepper Smith: Josie's best friend in the original comics, and, until the 1969 renovation, one of the main five characters (along with Josie, Melody, Albert and Alex).", "Other recurring characters Pepper Smith: Josie's best friend in the original comics, and, until the 1969 renovation, one of the main five characters (along with Josie, Melody, Albert and Alex). She had short-cropped black hair, conservative spectacles, wore clothes that were less formfitting than her friends, and was noted for her sharp wit and cynical nature.", "She had short-cropped black hair, conservative spectacles, wore clothes that were less formfitting than her friends, and was noted for her sharp wit and cynical nature. She dated Sock, but to his frustration, she preferred to remain emotionally reserved when it came to boys.", "She dated Sock, but to his frustration, she preferred to remain emotionally reserved when it came to boys. The original comic focused on three girls (a redhead, a brunette and a blonde) who were frequently seen together, but Pepper was dropped from the comics and replaced by Valerie.", "The original comic focused on three girls (a redhead, a brunette and a blonde) who were frequently seen together, but Pepper was dropped from the comics and replaced by Valerie. This change has no explanation, as Albert and Pepper's roles are similar to their replacements’.", "This change has no explanation, as Albert and Pepper's roles are similar to their replacements’. Pepper made a small cameo appearance in Part 3 of 2007's “Civil Chore” in Tales from Riverdale (Alan M. was notably absent).", "Pepper made a small cameo appearance in Part 3 of 2007's “Civil Chore” in Tales from Riverdale (Alan M. was notably absent). Pepper later had a more prominent role in the 2016-17 Josie and the Pussycats comic series by Marguerite Bennett and Cameron DeOrdio.", "Pepper later had a more prominent role in the 2016-17 Josie and the Pussycats comic series by Marguerite Bennett and Cameron DeOrdio. She appears as a lead character in The CW's live-action series Katy Keene, portrayed by Julia Chan.", "She appears as a lead character in The CW's live-action series Katy Keene, portrayed by Julia Chan. Albert: Sometimes seen as a mischievous goofball, but at other times quite sensitive, he was Josie's boyfriend in the original comics and one of the original male leads. He was also Alex's rival.", "He was also Alex's rival. However, while the Pussycats-era Alex was similar to Reggie Mantle, Albert and Alex were more like a male Betty and Veronica: good friends until it came to the girl they competed for. Alexandra tried unsuccessfully to get him to date her.", "Alexandra tried unsuccessfully to get him to date her. Albert was fond of playing the guitar and singing, and also liked to ride his motor scooter.", "Albert was fond of playing the guitar and singing, and also liked to ride his motor scooter. Often portrayed as member of the 1960s counterculture, he went from being a beatnik to a folk singer to a mod and finally to a hippie (depending on the year of the issue) before he was finally dropped from the comics.", "Often portrayed as member of the 1960s counterculture, he went from being a beatnik to a folk singer to a mod and finally to a hippie (depending on the year of the issue) before he was finally dropped from the comics. Alan M. would fill his old role.", "Alan M. would fill his old role. Since then, he, Pepper and a few other characters would only appear in stories reprinted in digests. Sock: His real name was Socrates, and he was a jock who dated Pepper and was a good friend of Albert's.", "Sock: His real name was Socrates, and he was a jock who dated Pepper and was a good friend of Albert's. Like a stereotypical jock, he was not very intelligent, but this was not exaggerated as it is with Moose Mason.", "Like a stereotypical jock, he was not very intelligent, but this was not exaggerated as it is with Moose Mason. Despite lasting up to and including Alan M.'s first story, he, like Alexandra, remained a supporting character. Unlike Albert and Pepper, he was removed from the comics with no actual replacement character.", "Unlike Albert and Pepper, he was removed from the comics with no actual replacement character. Alexander Cabot II: Alex and Alexandra's very rich father. He is slightly heavyset, his hair is turning white, and he is often frustrated with the ideas of his children.", "He is slightly heavyset, his hair is turning white, and he is often frustrated with the ideas of his children. He insists that the band his son manages earn their own fame without the help of his millions. He appears as a guest character in The CW's live-action series Katy Keene, portrayed by Peter Francis James.", "He appears as a guest character in The CW's live-action series Katy Keene, portrayed by Peter Francis James. Josie's father: He is a slim, middle-aged man who has dark hair with a wisp of gray. His name, depending on the source, is Mr. McCoy, Mr. Jones or Mr. James.", "His name, depending on the source, is Mr. McCoy, Mr. Jones or Mr. James. He is totally supportive of his daughter's music career. In Riverdale, he is named Myles McCoy and he appears as a guest character, portrayed by Reese Alexander.", "In Riverdale, he is named Myles McCoy and he appears as a guest character, portrayed by Reese Alexander. Cricket O'Dell: The familiar Archie character made a few appearances in the original Josie comics. A pert, friendly girl with an amazing talent: she is able to smell money or monetary values.", "A pert, friendly girl with an amazing talent: she is able to smell money or monetary values. In Katy Keene, she appears as a recurring character and was portrayed by Azriel Crews. Sheldon: A short, fat glutton from a few stories in the late 1960s who occasionally dated Melody.", "Sheldon: A short, fat glutton from a few stories in the late 1960s who occasionally dated Melody. Despite his lack of importance, his final appearance was after the Pussycats' makeover. Clyde Didit: Best known as the star of Archie's Mad House, Clyde appeared for a few issues in Josie in the late 1960s.", "Clyde Didit: Best known as the star of Archie's Mad House, Clyde appeared for a few issues in Josie in the late 1960s. Mr. Tuttle: The principal of Midvale High School where Josie and her friends attend. He made a number appearances in the pre-Pussycats comics.", "He made a number appearances in the pre-Pussycats comics. Archie's Gang: The main characters often crossover with Josie and the Pussycats (and vice versa), sometimes in stories involving the Archies. The Vixens: A rival rock trio that Alexandra manages.", "The Vixens: A rival rock trio that Alexandra manages. Although they are glamorous, they have no musical talent (a fact that Alexandra somehow overlooked). Exclusive to the manga version. In other media Film Live-action Josie and the Pussycats is a 2001 Canadian-American musical comedy film released by Universal Pictures, and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.", "In other media Film Live-action Josie and the Pussycats is a 2001 Canadian-American musical comedy film released by Universal Pictures, and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. Directed and co-written by Harry Elfont and Deborah Kaplan, the film is loosely based upon the comic and the Hanna-Barbera cartoon.", "Directed and co-written by Harry Elfont and Deborah Kaplan, the film is loosely based upon the comic and the Hanna-Barbera cartoon. The film is about a young all-female band that signs a record contract with a major record label, only to discover that the company does not have the musicians' best interests at heart.", "The film is about a young all-female band that signs a record contract with a major record label, only to discover that the company does not have the musicians' best interests at heart. The film stars Rachael Leigh Cook, Tara Reid, and Rosario Dawson as the Pussycats, with Alan Cumming, Parker Posey, and Gabriel Mann in supporting roles.", "The film stars Rachael Leigh Cook, Tara Reid, and Rosario Dawson as the Pussycats, with Alan Cumming, Parker Posey, and Gabriel Mann in supporting roles. The film received mixed reviews and was a box office bomb, earning about $15 million against a $39 million budget.", "The film received mixed reviews and was a box office bomb, earning about $15 million against a $39 million budget. Television Animated During the 1968-1969 television season, the first Archie-based Saturday morning cartoon, The Archie Show, debuted on CBS.", "Television Animated During the 1968-1969 television season, the first Archie-based Saturday morning cartoon, The Archie Show, debuted on CBS. The Archie Show, produced by Filmation Studios, was not only a hit on TV, but spun off a radio hit as well (the Archies' song \"Sugar, Sugar\" hit the number one spot on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in September 1969 and went on to be Billboards number one \"Hot 100 Single\" of that year).", "The Archie Show, produced by Filmation Studios, was not only a hit on TV, but spun off a radio hit as well (the Archies' song \"Sugar, Sugar\" hit the number one spot on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in September 1969 and went on to be Billboards number one \"Hot 100 Single\" of that year). Competing animation studio Hanna-Barbera Productions contacted Archie Comics about possibly adapting another of its properties into a similar show.", "Competing animation studio Hanna-Barbera Productions contacted Archie Comics about possibly adapting another of its properties into a similar show. Archie Comics offering to redevelop the Josie series into one about a teenage music band, and allowing Hanna-Barbera to adapt it into a music-based Saturday morning show. The show aired 16 episodes during the 1970-71 television season.", "The show aired 16 episodes during the 1970-71 television season. In the 1972-73 television season, the show was re-conceptualized as Josie and the Pussycats in Outer Space and aired another 16 episodes.", "In the 1972-73 television season, the show was re-conceptualized as Josie and the Pussycats in Outer Space and aired another 16 episodes. After the show's cancellation, Josie and the Pussycats made a final appearance in a guest shot on the September 22, 1973 episode of The New Scooby-Doo Movies, \"The Haunted Showboat\".", "After the show's cancellation, Josie and the Pussycats made a final appearance in a guest shot on the September 22, 1973 episode of The New Scooby-Doo Movies, \"The Haunted Showboat\". Live-action Josie and the Pussycats appear in Riverdale on The CW.", "Live-action Josie and the Pussycats appear in Riverdale on The CW. They are high school students who are dedicated to perfecting the \"Pussycat\" brand. Ashleigh Murray portrays Josephine \"Josie\" McCoy, named for Josephine Baker, whose father is a jazz musician and wishes his daughter played more serious music. Her mother is Riverdale's mayor.", "Her mother is Riverdale's mayor. Asha Bromfield and Hayley Law portray Melody Valentine and Valerie Brown, respectively. All three of them are African-Americans. Josie would later emigrate to the spin-off series Katy Keene as an adult, with Murray reprising her role.", "Josie would later emigrate to the spin-off series Katy Keene as an adult, with Murray reprising her role. In this, Josie finds two new Pussycats, Cricket O'dell and Trula Twyst portrayed by Azriel Patricia and Emily Rafala. References External links Archie Comics' Josie and the Pussycats homepage Josie and the Pussycats at Don Markstein's Toonopedia.", "References External links Archie Comics' Josie and the Pussycats homepage Josie and the Pussycats at Don Markstein's Toonopedia. Archived from the original on October 22, 2016.", "Archived from the original on October 22, 2016. Josie and the Pussycats Comics characters introduced in 1963 Characters created by Dan DeCarlo 1963 comics debuts 1982 comics endings 2016 comics debuts 2017 comics endings Archie Comics titles Archie Comics characters Comics about women American comics adapted into films Comics adapted into animated series Female characters in comics Fictional female musicians Music-themed comics" ]

[ "George Wright (sportsman)", "New England" ]

[ "This is a list of missionaries to the South Pacific islands. See also Bible translations into Oceanic languages.\n\nProtestant\n Charles Scarborough (1927–2002) from England to Gilbert Islands\n Samuel Marsden (1765–1838) - from England to Australia\n Henry Nott (1774–1844) - from Britain to Tahiti\n Thomas Kendall (1778–1832) - from England to New Zealand\n Lancelot Edward Threlkeld (1788–1859) - from England to Tahiti and Australia\n Henry Williams (1792–1867) - from England to New Zealand\n John Williams (1796–1839) - from England to Tahiti and Samoa\n Robert Clark Morgan (1798–1864) - ship captain to South Australia, New Hebrides\n George Platt (missionary) - from England? to Tahiti and Samoa (not to be confused with George Pratt)\n Aaron Buzacott (1800–1864) - from England to Rarotonga\n Alfred Nesbitt Brown (1803–1884) - from England to New Zealand\n William Gilbert Puckey (1805–1878) - from England to New Zealand\n George Augustus Selwyn (1809–1878) - first Anglican Bishop of New Zealand\n Thomas Powell (botanist) (1809–1887) - from England to Samoa\n William Colenso (1811–1899) - from England to New Zealand\n Samuel Wilson (missionary translator) (c.1812 – after 1840) - from Tahiti (English) to Samoa\n William Charles Cotton (1813–1879) - from England to New Zealand\n Octavius Hadfield (1814–1904) - from Isle of Wight to New Zealand\n John Geddie (missionary) (1815–1872) - from Canada to Vanuatu\n Charles Hardie (c.1816 – after 1843) - from England to Samoa\n George Pratt (1817–1894) - from England to Samoa\n George Turner (missionary) (1818–1891) - from England to Samoa\n Carl Sylvius Völkner (c. 1819–1865) - from Germany to New Zealand\n Carl Wilhelm Schmidt (?–1864) - from Germany to Queensland and Samoa\n William Bambridge (1820–1879) - from England to New Zealand\n Elizabeth Fairburn Colenso (1821–1904) - from England to New Zealand\n George N. Gordon (1822–1861) - from Canada to Vanuatu\n John Gibson Paton (1824–1907) - from Scotland to New Hebrides\n John Coleridge Patteson (1827–1871) - from England to Bishop of Melanesia\nPeter Milne (missionary) (1834-1924) - from Scotland to New Hebrides\nGeorge Brown (1835–1917) - from England to Samoa\n Shirley Waldemar Baker (1836–1903) - from England to Australia and Tonga\n James Cosh (1838–1900) - from Scotland to Vanuatu\n William George Lawes (1839–1907) - from England to Papua New Guinea\n James Chalmers (1841–1901) - from Scotland to New Hebrides and New Guinea\n Oscar Michelsen (1844–1936) - from Norway to Vanuatu\n Florence Young (1856–1940) - from New Zealand to China and the Solomon Islands\n Joseph Copeland (1866-1876) - from Scotland to Vanuatu (Tanna, Aneityum, Futuna)\n John William Gunn (1883-1918) - from Scotland to Vanuatu (Futuna)\n Philip Delaporte - from Germany to Nauru\n David Hand (1918–2006) - first Anglican Bishop of Papua New Guinea\n J. Graham Miller (1913–2008) - from New Zealand and Australia, to New Hebrides\n Don Richardson (1935–2018) - from Canada, to Netherlands New Guinea\n\nSee also\nList of missionaries to Hawaii\nChristian missionaries in New Zealand\nChristian missionaries in Oceania\n\nReferences\n\nList\nSouth Pacific", "The following lists events that happened during 1821 in New Zealand.\n\nEvents\n12 July – Thomas Kendall, Hongi Hika and Waikato arrive back in the Bay of Islands from their trip to England. While in England they have helped to compile a Maori dictionary, met King George IV who gave Hongi a suit of armour, and Hongi has acquired a number of muskets (his primary purpose).\n20 July – Grass is sown for the first time in New Zealand, on land cleared from fern at Kerikeri.\n5 September – Hongi Hika and 2000 Ngā Puhi, armed with 1000 muskets, lay siege to Mauinaina pā at Tamaki. The pā is taken and the inhabitants massacred.\nSeptember\n – John Gare Butler and his family move into the Mission House even though it is still unfinished.\n\nUndated\nConstruction of the Mission House is started.\nLate in the year Hongi Hika and Ngā Puhi lay siege to the Ngāti Maru pā at Te Totara (Thames), but after 2 days they make peace with the defenders and withdraw. They return that night and take the pā without difficulty.\nTe Rauparaha and Ngāti Toa move south from Kawhia to resettle in Taranaki after several defeats by Waikato and Ngāti Maniapoto.\n\nBirths\n 21 February (in Scotland): James Menzies, Superintendent of Southland Province.\n 12 July (in England): William Richmond, politician.\n 10 August (in England): John Turnbull Thomson, engineer and surveyor.\n 29 August (in Kerikeri): Elizabeth Fairburn (later Elizabeth Colenso), missionary and Bible translator.\n 10 September (in England): William Jervois, 10th Governor of New Zealand\n 2 November (in Ireland): George Bowen, 5th Governor of New Zealand.\n\nUndated\n John Bacot, politician.\n (in England): Samuel Bealey, runholder and politician.\n (in England): Thomas Brunner, explorer.\n (in Scotland): John Cargill, politician.\n Oswald Curtis, politician.\n George Hunter, politician.\n (in England): Charles Kettle, surveyor of Dunedin.\n Reader Wood, politician.\nApproximate\n (in England): William Montgomery, politician and merchant.\n (in Ireland): George O'Brien, painter.\n\nDeaths\n\nSee also\nList of years in New Zealand\nTimeline of New Zealand history\nHistory of New Zealand\nMilitary history of New Zealand\nTimeline of the New Zealand environment\nTimeline of New Zealand's links with Antarctica\n\nReferences" ]

[ "George Wright (January 28, 1847 – August 21, 1937) was an American shortstop in professional baseball. He played for the 1869 Cincinnati Red Stockings, the first fully professional team, when he was the game's best player.", "He played for the 1869 Cincinnati Red Stockings, the first fully professional team, when he was the game's best player. He then played for the Boston Red Stockings, helping the team win six league championships from 1871 to 1878. His older brother Harry Wright managed both Red Stockings teams and made George his cornerstone.", "His older brother Harry Wright managed both Red Stockings teams and made George his cornerstone. George was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1937. After arriving in Boston, he also entered the sporting goods business. There he continued in the industry, assisting in the development of golf.", "There he continued in the industry, assisting in the development of golf. Personal life Born in Yonkers, New York, 12 years younger than Harry, George Wright was raised as a cricket \"club pro\", assisting their father Samuel Wright as Harry had done.", "Personal life Born in Yonkers, New York, 12 years younger than Harry, George Wright was raised as a cricket \"club pro\", assisting their father Samuel Wright as Harry had done. Before George's birth, Samuel Wright's St George's Cricket Club moved from Manhattan across the Hudson River to Elysian Fields, Hoboken, New Jersey, where many New York and New Jersey baseball clubs played in the 1850s.", "Before George's birth, Samuel Wright's St George's Cricket Club moved from Manhattan across the Hudson River to Elysian Fields, Hoboken, New Jersey, where many New York and New Jersey baseball clubs played in the 1850s. Both boys learned baseball, too, but George grew up with the \"national game\" and was barely in his teens when the American Civil War curtailed its boom; Harry was already 22 when the baseball fraternity convened for the first time, and 30 when the war ended.", "Both boys learned baseball, too, but George grew up with the \"national game\" and was barely in his teens when the American Civil War curtailed its boom; Harry was already 22 when the baseball fraternity convened for the first time, and 30 when the war ended. George's younger brother Sam Wright also played baseball professionally, with brief appearances in the major leagues.", "George's younger brother Sam Wright also played baseball professionally, with brief appearances in the major leagues. George was the father of tennis great Beals Wright, a U.S. Championship winner and Olympic gold medalist, and Irving Wright, U.S. Championship men's doubles champion.", "George was the father of tennis great Beals Wright, a U.S. Championship winner and Olympic gold medalist, and Irving Wright, U.S. Championship men's doubles champion. Amateur baseball At some times during the war, both Wright brothers played for the venerable Gothams, the second-oldest baseball team after the Knickerbockers.", "Amateur baseball At some times during the war, both Wright brothers played for the venerable Gothams, the second-oldest baseball team after the Knickerbockers. According to Ivor-Campbell (1996), George moved from the Gotham juniors to the senior team when he was 15. At 17 in 1864, he was the regular catcher.", "At 17 in 1864, he was the regular catcher. Baseball's recovery from the American Civil War was far advanced in greater New York City (always untouched by the military conflict), as the leading clubs played more than 20 National Association of Base Ball Players (NABBP) matches, the Gothams 11.", "Baseball's recovery from the American Civil War was far advanced in greater New York City (always untouched by the military conflict), as the leading clubs played more than 20 National Association of Base Ball Players (NABBP) matches, the Gothams 11. George played eight and led the team both in runs, scoring 2.4 times per game, and \"hands lost\", put out only 2.4 times per game, average being three per player in a 9-inning game.", "George played eight and led the team both in runs, scoring 2.4 times per game, and \"hands lost\", put out only 2.4 times per game, average being three per player in a 9-inning game. In seven matches infielder Harry was fourth in scoring at 2.0 and second behind George in hands lost at 2.6 (Wright 2000: 91).", "In seven matches infielder Harry was fourth in scoring at 2.0 and second behind George in hands lost at 2.6 (Wright 2000: 91). For the 1865 season, George was hired by the Philadelphia Cricket Club; that summer he played in five matches for the Olympic Ball Club of that city.", "For the 1865 season, George was hired by the Philadelphia Cricket Club; that summer he played in five matches for the Olympic Ball Club of that city. The Olympic club was the devoted to games in the baseball genus, established in 1833.", "The Olympic club was the devoted to games in the baseball genus, established in 1833. At the December annual meeting, the first in peacetime, NAABP membership tripled, including isolated clubs from as far as Fort Leavenworth, Kansas and Chattanooga, Tennessee.", "At the December annual meeting, the first in peacetime, NAABP membership tripled, including isolated clubs from as far as Fort Leavenworth, Kansas and Chattanooga, Tennessee. Wright returned to the Gothams for baseball; he was 19 and nearing his athletic peak.", "Wright returned to the Gothams for baseball; he was 19 and nearing his athletic peak. At the same time, Harry Wright moved to Cincinnati for a job at the Union Cricket Club.", "At the same time, Harry Wright moved to Cincinnati for a job at the Union Cricket Club. Early in the summer of 1866, Wright moved from catcher for Gotham, which played eight NABBP matches that year, to shortstop for Union, which played 28, the leading number.", "Early in the summer of 1866, Wright moved from catcher for Gotham, which played eight NABBP matches that year, to shortstop for Union, which played 28, the leading number. The Union of Morrisania, now in the New York borough of the Bronx, were another charter member of the first Association, but one that moved toward professionalism in the postwar years, as the Gothams did not.", "The Union of Morrisania, now in the New York borough of the Bronx, were another charter member of the first Association, but one that moved toward professionalism in the postwar years, as the Gothams did not. In 1867, he joined the Nationals of Washington, D.C., the oldest club in that city, whose approach to professionalism was arranging government jobs, mainly with the Treasury.", "In 1867, he joined the Nationals of Washington, D.C., the oldest club in that city, whose approach to professionalism was arranging government jobs, mainly with the Treasury. He played second base, shortstop, and pitcher in 29 of the 30 matches fully on record and in those matches led the team both in scoring and hands lost.", "He played second base, shortstop, and pitcher in 29 of the 30 matches fully on record and in those matches led the team both in scoring and hands lost. Next year he returned to the Unions for the association's last officially all-amateur season and moved permanently to the shortstop position.", "Next year he returned to the Unions for the association's last officially all-amateur season and moved permanently to the shortstop position. In 1868, Wright won the Clipper Medal for being the best shortstop in baseball.", "In 1868, Wright won the Clipper Medal for being the best shortstop in baseball. Cincinnati Red Stockings Meanwhile, George's brother Harry had acquired baseball duties and had organized for Cincinnati the strongest team in the West, led in 1868 by a handful of players from the East — presumably compensated somehow by club members if not by the club.", "Cincinnati Red Stockings Meanwhile, George's brother Harry had acquired baseball duties and had organized for Cincinnati the strongest team in the West, led in 1868 by a handful of players from the East — presumably compensated somehow by club members if not by the club. When the NABBP permitted professionalism for 1869, Harry augmented himself and four incumbents with five new men including his brother George, who was highest paid at $1400 for nine months.", "When the NABBP permitted professionalism for 1869, Harry augmented himself and four incumbents with five new men including his brother George, who was highest paid at $1400 for nine months. George remained a cornerstone of Harry's teams for 10 seasons.", "George remained a cornerstone of Harry's teams for 10 seasons. Cincinnati toured the continent undefeated in 1869, as George batted .633 with 49 home runs in 57 games. It may have been the strongest team in 1870, but the club dropped professional baseball after the second season.", "It may have been the strongest team in 1870, but the club dropped professional baseball after the second season. Major League Baseball Harry Wright was hired to organize a new team in Boston, where he signed three teammates including George for 1871. The new Red Stockings team just missed winning the first National Association pennant.", "The new Red Stockings team just missed winning the first National Association pennant. George suffered a broken leg and missed half the season; one more win would have been decisive in Boston's favor.", "George suffered a broken leg and missed half the season; one more win would have been decisive in Boston's favor. With some personnel changes, the Boston Red Stockings won the other four NA pennants, dominating so severely in 1875 that they helped provoke a new league.", "With some personnel changes, the Boston Red Stockings won the other four NA pennants, dominating so severely in 1875 that they helped provoke a new league. Wright holds the NA career record for the most triples (41), and he led the NA in triples with 15 in 1874.", "Wright holds the NA career record for the most triples (41), and he led the NA in triples with 15 in 1874. On April 22, 1876, Wright became the first batter in National League history, and grounded out to the shortstop.", "On April 22, 1876, Wright became the first batter in National League history, and grounded out to the shortstop. Boston trailed badly in the first NL season after the defection of its Big Four western players to Chicago, but rebounded to win again both 1877 and 1878.", "Boston trailed badly in the first NL season after the defection of its Big Four western players to Chicago, but rebounded to win again both 1877 and 1878. George Wright had played an even decade for Harry's teams. Another 1869 hire, Andy Leonard, was present for all but the 1871 second-place finish.", "Another 1869 hire, Andy Leonard, was present for all but the 1871 second-place finish. The Providence Grays, new in the NL for 1878, hired George to lead the team in 1879.", "The Providence Grays, new in the NL for 1878, hired George to lead the team in 1879. He did as well as possible, wrestling the championship for himself from older brother Harry; for Providence and Rhode Island from older and regionally dominant Boston and Massachusetts.", "He did as well as possible, wrestling the championship for himself from older brother Harry; for Providence and Rhode Island from older and regionally dominant Boston and Massachusetts. However, Wright & Ditson Sporting Goods was growing, so George returned to Boston for business reasons.", "However, Wright & Ditson Sporting Goods was growing, so George returned to Boston for business reasons. He remains the only man to win the pennant in his lone season as manager. Meanwhile, the National League introduced the reserve list system, and Providence listed George, so he was not free to sign with Boston.", "Meanwhile, the National League introduced the reserve list system, and Providence listed George, so he was not free to sign with Boston. Until the 1879–80 off-season, every professional baseball player was a \"free agent\" for every season. During the next two seasons he played only a few games.", "During the next two seasons he played only a few games. When Boston changed managers for 1882, Harry signed to lead Providence and inherited the right to sign his brother. George played another season full-time, retiring after the 1882 season with a .301 batting average in the major leagues from 1871.", "George played another season full-time, retiring after the 1882 season with a .301 batting average in the major leagues from 1871. After Ditson died in 1891, Spalding purchased Wright & Ditson Co in Feb 1892. The name Wright & Ditson Co continued to be used several years after the purchase.", "The name Wright & Ditson Co continued to be used several years after the purchase. Cricket In 1882, George Wright took up cricket seriously again with the Longwood Cricket Club of Boston where he dominated local cricket sides with Isaac Chambers, the Longwood cricket pro and greenskeeper, holding up the other bowling end.", "Cricket In 1882, George Wright took up cricket seriously again with the Longwood Cricket Club of Boston where he dominated local cricket sides with Isaac Chambers, the Longwood cricket pro and greenskeeper, holding up the other bowling end. In 1891, Wright captained the Longwood Cricket Club against Lord Hawke's visiting English side.", "In 1891, Wright captained the Longwood Cricket Club against Lord Hawke's visiting English side. Wright's side surprised the visiting English first-class players with accurate bowling which kept the tourists in check.", "Wright's side surprised the visiting English first-class players with accurate bowling which kept the tourists in check. In 1892, Wright donated cricket gear to British Guianese (Guyana) cricket players, thereby starting a century-old tradition of West Indian cricket in New England.", "In 1892, Wright donated cricket gear to British Guianese (Guyana) cricket players, thereby starting a century-old tradition of West Indian cricket in New England. Golf In 1886, Wright obtained what was said to be the first set of golf clubs and balls in the United States and had them on display in the Wright & Ditson sporting goods shop in Boston where a visitor from Scotland saw them and explained the game.", "Golf In 1886, Wright obtained what was said to be the first set of golf clubs and balls in the United States and had them on display in the Wright & Ditson sporting goods shop in Boston where a visitor from Scotland saw them and explained the game. In December 1890, Wright and three friends obtained a permit and chopped nine holes in the frozen ground of Boston's Franklin Park, playing two rounds.", "In December 1890, Wright and three friends obtained a permit and chopped nine holes in the frozen ground of Boston's Franklin Park, playing two rounds. (Six years later, a public golf course was laid out in Franklin Park.", "(Six years later, a public golf course was laid out in Franklin Park. The course, now known as the William J. Devine Golf Course, is the second oldest public golf course in the United States.)", "The course, now known as the William J. Devine Golf Course, is the second oldest public golf course in the United States.) Wright & Ditson became a major seller of golf clubs; early U.S. Open champion Francis Ouimet worked at the store while pursuing his amateur career.", "Wright & Ditson became a major seller of golf clubs; early U.S. Open champion Francis Ouimet worked at the store while pursuing his amateur career. Wright later donated the , the former Grew estate, for Boston's second municipal course which became the Donald Ross-designed George Wright Golf Course located in the Hyde Park section of Boston.", "Wright later donated the , the former Grew estate, for Boston's second municipal course which became the Donald Ross-designed George Wright Golf Course located in the Hyde Park section of Boston. Baseball legacy George Wright served on the 1906–1907 Mills Commission that—despite a complete lack of historical evidence—determined that Cooperstown, New York was the birthplace of baseball.", "Baseball legacy George Wright served on the 1906–1907 Mills Commission that—despite a complete lack of historical evidence—determined that Cooperstown, New York was the birthplace of baseball. President Mills and secretary Sullivan probably did the work, with the others lending gravity and celebrity. (The commission's determination has never been taken seriously by baseball historians and scholars.)", "(The commission's determination has never been taken seriously by baseball historians and scholars.) Wright accompanied the United States contingent to the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm, Sweden where demonstrations of baseball, involving American track and field athletes and a team of Swedish players, were held.", "Wright accompanied the United States contingent to the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm, Sweden where demonstrations of baseball, involving American track and field athletes and a team of Swedish players, were held. Wright umpired one of the games and provided instruction in the game for the Swedish players.", "Wright umpired one of the games and provided instruction in the game for the Swedish players. Jim Thorpe, winner of the pentathlon and decathlon at that year's Olympics and a future Major League Baseball player, was one of the American players participating in the baseball exhibitions.", "Jim Thorpe, winner of the pentathlon and decathlon at that year's Olympics and a future Major League Baseball player, was one of the American players participating in the baseball exhibitions. Wright was consulted regarding the baseball centennial celebrations of 1939, including the establishment of the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum in Cooperstown.", "Wright was consulted regarding the baseball centennial celebrations of 1939, including the establishment of the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum in Cooperstown. Soon after his own election to the Hall of Fame in 1937, he died in Boston of a stroke, aged 90. He is buried in Holyhood Cemetery, in Brookline, Massachusetts.", "He is buried in Holyhood Cemetery, in Brookline, Massachusetts. See also List of Major League Baseball player-managers References Further reading Ivor-Campbell, Frederick (1996). \"George Wright\". Baseball's First Stars. Edited by Frederick Ivor-Campbell, et al. Cleveland, Ohio: SABR. Retrosheet. \"George Wright\".", "Retrosheet. \"George Wright\". \"George Wright\". Retrieved August 29, 2006. Sentence, David (n.d.). \"Cricket in America – Part 3: America's Oldest Cricket Club\". Retrieved August 31, 2006. Wright, Marshall (2000). The National Association of Base Ball Players, 1857–1870.", "The National Association of Base Ball Players, 1857–1870. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Co.", "Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Co. External links (cricket career) 1847 births 1937 deaths National Baseball Hall of Fame inductees Major League Baseball player-managers Major League Baseball shortstops 19th-century baseball players Cincinnati Red Stockings players Boston Red Stockings players Boston Red Caps players Providence Grays players Baseball players from New York (state) Providence Grays managers New York Gothams (NABBP) players Morrisania Unions players Washington Nationals (NABBP) players American cricketers American cricket umpires Cricketers from New York (state) Sportspeople from Yonkers, New York Burials at Holyhood Cemetery (Brookline)" ]

[ "George Wright (sportsman)", "New England", "When did George move to New England?", "where he signed three teammates including George for 1871." ]

[ "Isaiah Greenhouse (born July 15, 1987) is a former American football linebacker and fullback. He was signed by the Houston Texans as an undrafted free agent in 2010. He played college football at Northwestern State.\n\nProfessional career\n\nHouston Texans\nAfter going undrafted in the 2010 NFL Draft, Greenhouse was signed by the Houston Texans on May 18, 2010. They tried him at fullback, but moved him back to linebacker later. He was cut on September 3, 2010, and signed to the practice squad two days later. He was called up from the practice squad on October 3, 2010, but was waived on October 10, after being on the roster for one week. He was re-signed to the practice squad on November 3, 2010. Greenhouse was promoted on December 29, 2010. He was re-signed on January 5, 2011. The Texans released him on February 18, 2011.\n\nDallas Cowboys\nGreenhouse was signed by the Dallas Cowboys on March 1, 2011.\n\nOn August 16, 2011, he was moved to fullback. He was waived on September 3, 2011, and was signed to the practice squad the next day. He was waived/injured on August 23, 2012.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nHouston Texans bio\n\n1987 births\nLiving people\nAmerican football linebackers\nNorthwestern State Demons football players\nHouston Texans players\nDallas Cowboys players\nPeople from Marksville, Louisiana\nMarksville High School alumni", "Patti Drew (born December 29, 1944, Charleston, South Carolina) is an American pop singer who achieved brief success in the late 1960s.\n\nDrew was raised in Nashville, Tennessee and Evanston, Illinois, where she sang in church with her sisters, Lorraine and Erma. Drew's mother worked for a Capitol Records promoter, who heard Drew and her sisters sing in a church service and signed the group as the Drew-Vels. They first recorded \"Tell Him\" which was written by Carlton Black (and not to be confused with \"Tell Him\" by The Exciters) and featured Black on the record singing bass. The single release was a local pop and R&B hit in 1964 and scraped the lower part of the 'Billboard' pop chart the same year. Two follow-up singles also in 1964 did well in Chicago, \"It's My Time\" and \"I've Known.\" By 1965 the group had broken up.\n\nDrew signed as a solo artist to Quill Records in 1965 and soon after moved up to Capitol, issuing a new recording of \"Tell Him,\" It was the first of three charting singles on Capitol. She released four albums before leaving the industry in 1971, though she recorded a one-off single in 1975 and sang locally in Evanston in the group Front Line in the 1980s.\n\nDiscography\n\nAlbums\nTell Him (Capitol, 1967)\nWorkin' On a Groovy Thing (Capitol, 1968)\nWild Is Love (Capitol, 1969) U.S. R&B #49\nI've Been Here All the Time (Capitol, 1969)\n\nSingles\n\nReferences\n\nAmerican women singers\nLiving people\nMusicians from Charleston, South Carolina\n1944 births\nMusicians from Nashville, Tennessee\nMusicians from Evanston, Illinois\n21st-century American women" ]

[ "George Wright (January 28, 1847 – August 21, 1937) was an American shortstop in professional baseball. He played for the 1869 Cincinnati Red Stockings, the first fully professional team, when he was the game's best player.", "He played for the 1869 Cincinnati Red Stockings, the first fully professional team, when he was the game's best player. He then played for the Boston Red Stockings, helping the team win six league championships from 1871 to 1878. His older brother Harry Wright managed both Red Stockings teams and made George his cornerstone.", "His older brother Harry Wright managed both Red Stockings teams and made George his cornerstone. George was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1937. After arriving in Boston, he also entered the sporting goods business. There he continued in the industry, assisting in the development of golf.", "There he continued in the industry, assisting in the development of golf. Personal life Born in Yonkers, New York, 12 years younger than Harry, George Wright was raised as a cricket \"club pro\", assisting their father Samuel Wright as Harry had done.", "Personal life Born in Yonkers, New York, 12 years younger than Harry, George Wright was raised as a cricket \"club pro\", assisting their father Samuel Wright as Harry had done. Before George's birth, Samuel Wright's St George's Cricket Club moved from Manhattan across the Hudson River to Elysian Fields, Hoboken, New Jersey, where many New York and New Jersey baseball clubs played in the 1850s.", "Before George's birth, Samuel Wright's St George's Cricket Club moved from Manhattan across the Hudson River to Elysian Fields, Hoboken, New Jersey, where many New York and New Jersey baseball clubs played in the 1850s. Both boys learned baseball, too, but George grew up with the \"national game\" and was barely in his teens when the American Civil War curtailed its boom; Harry was already 22 when the baseball fraternity convened for the first time, and 30 when the war ended.", "Both boys learned baseball, too, but George grew up with the \"national game\" and was barely in his teens when the American Civil War curtailed its boom; Harry was already 22 when the baseball fraternity convened for the first time, and 30 when the war ended. George's younger brother Sam Wright also played baseball professionally, with brief appearances in the major leagues.", "George's younger brother Sam Wright also played baseball professionally, with brief appearances in the major leagues. George was the father of tennis great Beals Wright, a U.S. Championship winner and Olympic gold medalist, and Irving Wright, U.S. Championship men's doubles champion.", "George was the father of tennis great Beals Wright, a U.S. Championship winner and Olympic gold medalist, and Irving Wright, U.S. Championship men's doubles champion. Amateur baseball At some times during the war, both Wright brothers played for the venerable Gothams, the second-oldest baseball team after the Knickerbockers.", "Amateur baseball At some times during the war, both Wright brothers played for the venerable Gothams, the second-oldest baseball team after the Knickerbockers. According to Ivor-Campbell (1996), George moved from the Gotham juniors to the senior team when he was 15. At 17 in 1864, he was the regular catcher.", "At 17 in 1864, he was the regular catcher. Baseball's recovery from the American Civil War was far advanced in greater New York City (always untouched by the military conflict), as the leading clubs played more than 20 National Association of Base Ball Players (NABBP) matches, the Gothams 11.", "Baseball's recovery from the American Civil War was far advanced in greater New York City (always untouched by the military conflict), as the leading clubs played more than 20 National Association of Base Ball Players (NABBP) matches, the Gothams 11. George played eight and led the team both in runs, scoring 2.4 times per game, and \"hands lost\", put out only 2.4 times per game, average being three per player in a 9-inning game.", "George played eight and led the team both in runs, scoring 2.4 times per game, and \"hands lost\", put out only 2.4 times per game, average being three per player in a 9-inning game. In seven matches infielder Harry was fourth in scoring at 2.0 and second behind George in hands lost at 2.6 (Wright 2000: 91).", "In seven matches infielder Harry was fourth in scoring at 2.0 and second behind George in hands lost at 2.6 (Wright 2000: 91). For the 1865 season, George was hired by the Philadelphia Cricket Club; that summer he played in five matches for the Olympic Ball Club of that city.", "For the 1865 season, George was hired by the Philadelphia Cricket Club; that summer he played in five matches for the Olympic Ball Club of that city. The Olympic club was the devoted to games in the baseball genus, established in 1833.", "The Olympic club was the devoted to games in the baseball genus, established in 1833. At the December annual meeting, the first in peacetime, NAABP membership tripled, including isolated clubs from as far as Fort Leavenworth, Kansas and Chattanooga, Tennessee.", "At the December annual meeting, the first in peacetime, NAABP membership tripled, including isolated clubs from as far as Fort Leavenworth, Kansas and Chattanooga, Tennessee. Wright returned to the Gothams for baseball; he was 19 and nearing his athletic peak.", "Wright returned to the Gothams for baseball; he was 19 and nearing his athletic peak. At the same time, Harry Wright moved to Cincinnati for a job at the Union Cricket Club.", "At the same time, Harry Wright moved to Cincinnati for a job at the Union Cricket Club. Early in the summer of 1866, Wright moved from catcher for Gotham, which played eight NABBP matches that year, to shortstop for Union, which played 28, the leading number.", "Early in the summer of 1866, Wright moved from catcher for Gotham, which played eight NABBP matches that year, to shortstop for Union, which played 28, the leading number. The Union of Morrisania, now in the New York borough of the Bronx, were another charter member of the first Association, but one that moved toward professionalism in the postwar years, as the Gothams did not.", "The Union of Morrisania, now in the New York borough of the Bronx, were another charter member of the first Association, but one that moved toward professionalism in the postwar years, as the Gothams did not. In 1867, he joined the Nationals of Washington, D.C., the oldest club in that city, whose approach to professionalism was arranging government jobs, mainly with the Treasury.", "In 1867, he joined the Nationals of Washington, D.C., the oldest club in that city, whose approach to professionalism was arranging government jobs, mainly with the Treasury. He played second base, shortstop, and pitcher in 29 of the 30 matches fully on record and in those matches led the team both in scoring and hands lost.", "He played second base, shortstop, and pitcher in 29 of the 30 matches fully on record and in those matches led the team both in scoring and hands lost. Next year he returned to the Unions for the association's last officially all-amateur season and moved permanently to the shortstop position.", "Next year he returned to the Unions for the association's last officially all-amateur season and moved permanently to the shortstop position. In 1868, Wright won the Clipper Medal for being the best shortstop in baseball.", "In 1868, Wright won the Clipper Medal for being the best shortstop in baseball. Cincinnati Red Stockings Meanwhile, George's brother Harry had acquired baseball duties and had organized for Cincinnati the strongest team in the West, led in 1868 by a handful of players from the East — presumably compensated somehow by club members if not by the club.", "Cincinnati Red Stockings Meanwhile, George's brother Harry had acquired baseball duties and had organized for Cincinnati the strongest team in the West, led in 1868 by a handful of players from the East — presumably compensated somehow by club members if not by the club. When the NABBP permitted professionalism for 1869, Harry augmented himself and four incumbents with five new men including his brother George, who was highest paid at $1400 for nine months.", "When the NABBP permitted professionalism for 1869, Harry augmented himself and four incumbents with five new men including his brother George, who was highest paid at $1400 for nine months. George remained a cornerstone of Harry's teams for 10 seasons.", "George remained a cornerstone of Harry's teams for 10 seasons. Cincinnati toured the continent undefeated in 1869, as George batted .633 with 49 home runs in 57 games. It may have been the strongest team in 1870, but the club dropped professional baseball after the second season.", "It may have been the strongest team in 1870, but the club dropped professional baseball after the second season. Major League Baseball Harry Wright was hired to organize a new team in Boston, where he signed three teammates including George for 1871. The new Red Stockings team just missed winning the first National Association pennant.", "The new Red Stockings team just missed winning the first National Association pennant. George suffered a broken leg and missed half the season; one more win would have been decisive in Boston's favor.", "George suffered a broken leg and missed half the season; one more win would have been decisive in Boston's favor. With some personnel changes, the Boston Red Stockings won the other four NA pennants, dominating so severely in 1875 that they helped provoke a new league.", "With some personnel changes, the Boston Red Stockings won the other four NA pennants, dominating so severely in 1875 that they helped provoke a new league. Wright holds the NA career record for the most triples (41), and he led the NA in triples with 15 in 1874.", "Wright holds the NA career record for the most triples (41), and he led the NA in triples with 15 in 1874. On April 22, 1876, Wright became the first batter in National League history, and grounded out to the shortstop.", "On April 22, 1876, Wright became the first batter in National League history, and grounded out to the shortstop. Boston trailed badly in the first NL season after the defection of its Big Four western players to Chicago, but rebounded to win again both 1877 and 1878.", "Boston trailed badly in the first NL season after the defection of its Big Four western players to Chicago, but rebounded to win again both 1877 and 1878. George Wright had played an even decade for Harry's teams. Another 1869 hire, Andy Leonard, was present for all but the 1871 second-place finish.", "Another 1869 hire, Andy Leonard, was present for all but the 1871 second-place finish. The Providence Grays, new in the NL for 1878, hired George to lead the team in 1879.", "The Providence Grays, new in the NL for 1878, hired George to lead the team in 1879. He did as well as possible, wrestling the championship for himself from older brother Harry; for Providence and Rhode Island from older and regionally dominant Boston and Massachusetts.", "He did as well as possible, wrestling the championship for himself from older brother Harry; for Providence and Rhode Island from older and regionally dominant Boston and Massachusetts. However, Wright & Ditson Sporting Goods was growing, so George returned to Boston for business reasons.", "However, Wright & Ditson Sporting Goods was growing, so George returned to Boston for business reasons. He remains the only man to win the pennant in his lone season as manager. Meanwhile, the National League introduced the reserve list system, and Providence listed George, so he was not free to sign with Boston.", "Meanwhile, the National League introduced the reserve list system, and Providence listed George, so he was not free to sign with Boston. Until the 1879–80 off-season, every professional baseball player was a \"free agent\" for every season. During the next two seasons he played only a few games.", "During the next two seasons he played only a few games. When Boston changed managers for 1882, Harry signed to lead Providence and inherited the right to sign his brother. George played another season full-time, retiring after the 1882 season with a .301 batting average in the major leagues from 1871.", "George played another season full-time, retiring after the 1882 season with a .301 batting average in the major leagues from 1871. After Ditson died in 1891, Spalding purchased Wright & Ditson Co in Feb 1892. The name Wright & Ditson Co continued to be used several years after the purchase.", "The name Wright & Ditson Co continued to be used several years after the purchase. Cricket In 1882, George Wright took up cricket seriously again with the Longwood Cricket Club of Boston where he dominated local cricket sides with Isaac Chambers, the Longwood cricket pro and greenskeeper, holding up the other bowling end.", "Cricket In 1882, George Wright took up cricket seriously again with the Longwood Cricket Club of Boston where he dominated local cricket sides with Isaac Chambers, the Longwood cricket pro and greenskeeper, holding up the other bowling end. In 1891, Wright captained the Longwood Cricket Club against Lord Hawke's visiting English side.", "In 1891, Wright captained the Longwood Cricket Club against Lord Hawke's visiting English side. Wright's side surprised the visiting English first-class players with accurate bowling which kept the tourists in check.", "Wright's side surprised the visiting English first-class players with accurate bowling which kept the tourists in check. In 1892, Wright donated cricket gear to British Guianese (Guyana) cricket players, thereby starting a century-old tradition of West Indian cricket in New England.", "In 1892, Wright donated cricket gear to British Guianese (Guyana) cricket players, thereby starting a century-old tradition of West Indian cricket in New England. Golf In 1886, Wright obtained what was said to be the first set of golf clubs and balls in the United States and had them on display in the Wright & Ditson sporting goods shop in Boston where a visitor from Scotland saw them and explained the game.", "Golf In 1886, Wright obtained what was said to be the first set of golf clubs and balls in the United States and had them on display in the Wright & Ditson sporting goods shop in Boston where a visitor from Scotland saw them and explained the game. In December 1890, Wright and three friends obtained a permit and chopped nine holes in the frozen ground of Boston's Franklin Park, playing two rounds.", "In December 1890, Wright and three friends obtained a permit and chopped nine holes in the frozen ground of Boston's Franklin Park, playing two rounds. (Six years later, a public golf course was laid out in Franklin Park.", "(Six years later, a public golf course was laid out in Franklin Park. The course, now known as the William J. Devine Golf Course, is the second oldest public golf course in the United States.)", "The course, now known as the William J. Devine Golf Course, is the second oldest public golf course in the United States.) Wright & Ditson became a major seller of golf clubs; early U.S. Open champion Francis Ouimet worked at the store while pursuing his amateur career.", "Wright & Ditson became a major seller of golf clubs; early U.S. Open champion Francis Ouimet worked at the store while pursuing his amateur career. Wright later donated the , the former Grew estate, for Boston's second municipal course which became the Donald Ross-designed George Wright Golf Course located in the Hyde Park section of Boston.", "Wright later donated the , the former Grew estate, for Boston's second municipal course which became the Donald Ross-designed George Wright Golf Course located in the Hyde Park section of Boston. Baseball legacy George Wright served on the 1906–1907 Mills Commission that—despite a complete lack of historical evidence—determined that Cooperstown, New York was the birthplace of baseball.", "Baseball legacy George Wright served on the 1906–1907 Mills Commission that—despite a complete lack of historical evidence—determined that Cooperstown, New York was the birthplace of baseball. President Mills and secretary Sullivan probably did the work, with the others lending gravity and celebrity. (The commission's determination has never been taken seriously by baseball historians and scholars.)", "(The commission's determination has never been taken seriously by baseball historians and scholars.) Wright accompanied the United States contingent to the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm, Sweden where demonstrations of baseball, involving American track and field athletes and a team of Swedish players, were held.", "Wright accompanied the United States contingent to the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm, Sweden where demonstrations of baseball, involving American track and field athletes and a team of Swedish players, were held. Wright umpired one of the games and provided instruction in the game for the Swedish players.", "Wright umpired one of the games and provided instruction in the game for the Swedish players. Jim Thorpe, winner of the pentathlon and decathlon at that year's Olympics and a future Major League Baseball player, was one of the American players participating in the baseball exhibitions.", "Jim Thorpe, winner of the pentathlon and decathlon at that year's Olympics and a future Major League Baseball player, was one of the American players participating in the baseball exhibitions. Wright was consulted regarding the baseball centennial celebrations of 1939, including the establishment of the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum in Cooperstown.", "Wright was consulted regarding the baseball centennial celebrations of 1939, including the establishment of the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum in Cooperstown. Soon after his own election to the Hall of Fame in 1937, he died in Boston of a stroke, aged 90. He is buried in Holyhood Cemetery, in Brookline, Massachusetts.", "He is buried in Holyhood Cemetery, in Brookline, Massachusetts. See also List of Major League Baseball player-managers References Further reading Ivor-Campbell, Frederick (1996). \"George Wright\". Baseball's First Stars. Edited by Frederick Ivor-Campbell, et al. Cleveland, Ohio: SABR. Retrosheet. \"George Wright\".", "Retrosheet. \"George Wright\". \"George Wright\". Retrieved August 29, 2006. Sentence, David (n.d.). \"Cricket in America – Part 3: America's Oldest Cricket Club\". Retrieved August 31, 2006. Wright, Marshall (2000). The National Association of Base Ball Players, 1857–1870.", "The National Association of Base Ball Players, 1857–1870. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Co.", "Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Co. External links (cricket career) 1847 births 1937 deaths National Baseball Hall of Fame inductees Major League Baseball player-managers Major League Baseball shortstops 19th-century baseball players Cincinnati Red Stockings players Boston Red Stockings players Boston Red Caps players Providence Grays players Baseball players from New York (state) Providence Grays managers New York Gothams (NABBP) players Morrisania Unions players Washington Nationals (NABBP) players American cricketers American cricket umpires Cricketers from New York (state) Sportspeople from Yonkers, New York Burials at Holyhood Cemetery (Brookline)" ]

[ "George Wright (sportsman)", "New England", "When did George move to New England?", "where he signed three teammates including George for 1871.", "who signed him up?", "Harry Wright" ]

[ "Nolan John Kotahitanga o te Hau Tupaea is a New Zealand former professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1980s. He played at representative level for New Zealand (Heritage № 557), and Wellington, as a , i.e. number 6.\n\nPlaying career\nTupaea played for the St. George club and the Petone Panthers in the Wellington Rugby League competition. Tupaea played for St. George between 1970 and 1979, being part of a premiership winning side in 1977. He spent 1973-74 season playing for Wigan, although he did not play in a first grade match. In 1979 he moved to Petone, winning premierships in 1980, 1981 and 1982. He was also part of their 1982 victory in the National Club Cup.\n\nRepresentative career\nTupaea represented Wellington, playing 64 matches between 1971 and 1985. He was selected for the Kiwi Colts in 1973 for a match against Queensland. In 1976 he represented the North Island against the touring Sydney Metropolitan side.\n\nTupaea played for the Central Districts side in their first five years of the New Zealand Rugby League's district competition. The side won the competition in 1979, 1980 and 1982.\n\nHe represented the New Zealand national rugby league team in 1980 on their tour of Great Britain and France. He didn't play a test match, but he did play in 11 games for the Kiwis, scoring three tries. In 1983 he toured Britain again, this time with the New Zealand Māori side.\n\nLegacy\nTupaea was named as the in the Petone Panthers' Team of the Century in 2012.\n\nReferences\n\nNew Zealand rugby league players\nNew Zealand Māori rugby league players\nNew Zealand Māori rugby league team players\nNew Zealand national rugby league team players\nPlace of birth missing (living people)\nRugby league five-eighths\nWellington rugby league team players\nYear of birth missing (living people)\nPetone Panthers players\nSt. George Saints players\nCentral Districts rugby league team players\nNorth Island rugby league team players\nWigan Warriors players\nLiving people", "John \"Johnny\" Fraser Dodd (16 March 1928 – 25 October 2007) was a New Zealand professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1950s. He played at representative level for New Zealand (Heritage № 340), and Wellington, as a , i.e. number 6.\n\nPlaying career\nDodd played for the St. George club in the Wellington Rugby League competition and represented Wellington. After a brilliant trial match in 1951 Dodd was selected for the New Zealand national rugby league team tour of Great Britain and France. Due to injuries Dodd didn't play a test on tour, however he did score four tries in nine tour games.\n\nDodd played for the North Island in 1952. He was part of St. George's premierships in 1953, 1955, 1957 and 1958.\n\nReferences\n\n1928 births\n2007 deaths\nNew Zealand national rugby league team players\nNew Zealand rugby league players\nPlace of birth missing\nRugby league five-eighths\nWellington rugby league team players\nSt. George Saints players\nNorth Island rugby league team players" ]

[ "George Wright (January 28, 1847 – August 21, 1937) was an American shortstop in professional baseball. He played for the 1869 Cincinnati Red Stockings, the first fully professional team, when he was the game's best player.", "He played for the 1869 Cincinnati Red Stockings, the first fully professional team, when he was the game's best player. He then played for the Boston Red Stockings, helping the team win six league championships from 1871 to 1878. His older brother Harry Wright managed both Red Stockings teams and made George his cornerstone.", "His older brother Harry Wright managed both Red Stockings teams and made George his cornerstone. George was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1937. After arriving in Boston, he also entered the sporting goods business. There he continued in the industry, assisting in the development of golf.", "There he continued in the industry, assisting in the development of golf. Personal life Born in Yonkers, New York, 12 years younger than Harry, George Wright was raised as a cricket \"club pro\", assisting their father Samuel Wright as Harry had done.", "Personal life Born in Yonkers, New York, 12 years younger than Harry, George Wright was raised as a cricket \"club pro\", assisting their father Samuel Wright as Harry had done. Before George's birth, Samuel Wright's St George's Cricket Club moved from Manhattan across the Hudson River to Elysian Fields, Hoboken, New Jersey, where many New York and New Jersey baseball clubs played in the 1850s.", "Before George's birth, Samuel Wright's St George's Cricket Club moved from Manhattan across the Hudson River to Elysian Fields, Hoboken, New Jersey, where many New York and New Jersey baseball clubs played in the 1850s. Both boys learned baseball, too, but George grew up with the \"national game\" and was barely in his teens when the American Civil War curtailed its boom; Harry was already 22 when the baseball fraternity convened for the first time, and 30 when the war ended.", "Both boys learned baseball, too, but George grew up with the \"national game\" and was barely in his teens when the American Civil War curtailed its boom; Harry was already 22 when the baseball fraternity convened for the first time, and 30 when the war ended. George's younger brother Sam Wright also played baseball professionally, with brief appearances in the major leagues.", "George's younger brother Sam Wright also played baseball professionally, with brief appearances in the major leagues. George was the father of tennis great Beals Wright, a U.S. Championship winner and Olympic gold medalist, and Irving Wright, U.S. Championship men's doubles champion.", "George was the father of tennis great Beals Wright, a U.S. Championship winner and Olympic gold medalist, and Irving Wright, U.S. Championship men's doubles champion. Amateur baseball At some times during the war, both Wright brothers played for the venerable Gothams, the second-oldest baseball team after the Knickerbockers.", "Amateur baseball At some times during the war, both Wright brothers played for the venerable Gothams, the second-oldest baseball team after the Knickerbockers. According to Ivor-Campbell (1996), George moved from the Gotham juniors to the senior team when he was 15. At 17 in 1864, he was the regular catcher.", "At 17 in 1864, he was the regular catcher. Baseball's recovery from the American Civil War was far advanced in greater New York City (always untouched by the military conflict), as the leading clubs played more than 20 National Association of Base Ball Players (NABBP) matches, the Gothams 11.", "Baseball's recovery from the American Civil War was far advanced in greater New York City (always untouched by the military conflict), as the leading clubs played more than 20 National Association of Base Ball Players (NABBP) matches, the Gothams 11. George played eight and led the team both in runs, scoring 2.4 times per game, and \"hands lost\", put out only 2.4 times per game, average being three per player in a 9-inning game.", "George played eight and led the team both in runs, scoring 2.4 times per game, and \"hands lost\", put out only 2.4 times per game, average being three per player in a 9-inning game. In seven matches infielder Harry was fourth in scoring at 2.0 and second behind George in hands lost at 2.6 (Wright 2000: 91).", "In seven matches infielder Harry was fourth in scoring at 2.0 and second behind George in hands lost at 2.6 (Wright 2000: 91). For the 1865 season, George was hired by the Philadelphia Cricket Club; that summer he played in five matches for the Olympic Ball Club of that city.", "For the 1865 season, George was hired by the Philadelphia Cricket Club; that summer he played in five matches for the Olympic Ball Club of that city. The Olympic club was the devoted to games in the baseball genus, established in 1833.", "The Olympic club was the devoted to games in the baseball genus, established in 1833. At the December annual meeting, the first in peacetime, NAABP membership tripled, including isolated clubs from as far as Fort Leavenworth, Kansas and Chattanooga, Tennessee.", "At the December annual meeting, the first in peacetime, NAABP membership tripled, including isolated clubs from as far as Fort Leavenworth, Kansas and Chattanooga, Tennessee. Wright returned to the Gothams for baseball; he was 19 and nearing his athletic peak.", "Wright returned to the Gothams for baseball; he was 19 and nearing his athletic peak. At the same time, Harry Wright moved to Cincinnati for a job at the Union Cricket Club.", "At the same time, Harry Wright moved to Cincinnati for a job at the Union Cricket Club. Early in the summer of 1866, Wright moved from catcher for Gotham, which played eight NABBP matches that year, to shortstop for Union, which played 28, the leading number.", "Early in the summer of 1866, Wright moved from catcher for Gotham, which played eight NABBP matches that year, to shortstop for Union, which played 28, the leading number. The Union of Morrisania, now in the New York borough of the Bronx, were another charter member of the first Association, but one that moved toward professionalism in the postwar years, as the Gothams did not.", "The Union of Morrisania, now in the New York borough of the Bronx, were another charter member of the first Association, but one that moved toward professionalism in the postwar years, as the Gothams did not. In 1867, he joined the Nationals of Washington, D.C., the oldest club in that city, whose approach to professionalism was arranging government jobs, mainly with the Treasury.", "In 1867, he joined the Nationals of Washington, D.C., the oldest club in that city, whose approach to professionalism was arranging government jobs, mainly with the Treasury. He played second base, shortstop, and pitcher in 29 of the 30 matches fully on record and in those matches led the team both in scoring and hands lost.", "He played second base, shortstop, and pitcher in 29 of the 30 matches fully on record and in those matches led the team both in scoring and hands lost. Next year he returned to the Unions for the association's last officially all-amateur season and moved permanently to the shortstop position.", "Next year he returned to the Unions for the association's last officially all-amateur season and moved permanently to the shortstop position. In 1868, Wright won the Clipper Medal for being the best shortstop in baseball.", "In 1868, Wright won the Clipper Medal for being the best shortstop in baseball. Cincinnati Red Stockings Meanwhile, George's brother Harry had acquired baseball duties and had organized for Cincinnati the strongest team in the West, led in 1868 by a handful of players from the East — presumably compensated somehow by club members if not by the club.", "Cincinnati Red Stockings Meanwhile, George's brother Harry had acquired baseball duties and had organized for Cincinnati the strongest team in the West, led in 1868 by a handful of players from the East — presumably compensated somehow by club members if not by the club. When the NABBP permitted professionalism for 1869, Harry augmented himself and four incumbents with five new men including his brother George, who was highest paid at $1400 for nine months.", "When the NABBP permitted professionalism for 1869, Harry augmented himself and four incumbents with five new men including his brother George, who was highest paid at $1400 for nine months. George remained a cornerstone of Harry's teams for 10 seasons.", "George remained a cornerstone of Harry's teams for 10 seasons. Cincinnati toured the continent undefeated in 1869, as George batted .633 with 49 home runs in 57 games. It may have been the strongest team in 1870, but the club dropped professional baseball after the second season.", "It may have been the strongest team in 1870, but the club dropped professional baseball after the second season. Major League Baseball Harry Wright was hired to organize a new team in Boston, where he signed three teammates including George for 1871. The new Red Stockings team just missed winning the first National Association pennant.", "The new Red Stockings team just missed winning the first National Association pennant. George suffered a broken leg and missed half the season; one more win would have been decisive in Boston's favor.", "George suffered a broken leg and missed half the season; one more win would have been decisive in Boston's favor. With some personnel changes, the Boston Red Stockings won the other four NA pennants, dominating so severely in 1875 that they helped provoke a new league.", "With some personnel changes, the Boston Red Stockings won the other four NA pennants, dominating so severely in 1875 that they helped provoke a new league. Wright holds the NA career record for the most triples (41), and he led the NA in triples with 15 in 1874.", "Wright holds the NA career record for the most triples (41), and he led the NA in triples with 15 in 1874. On April 22, 1876, Wright became the first batter in National League history, and grounded out to the shortstop.", "On April 22, 1876, Wright became the first batter in National League history, and grounded out to the shortstop. Boston trailed badly in the first NL season after the defection of its Big Four western players to Chicago, but rebounded to win again both 1877 and 1878.", "Boston trailed badly in the first NL season after the defection of its Big Four western players to Chicago, but rebounded to win again both 1877 and 1878. George Wright had played an even decade for Harry's teams. Another 1869 hire, Andy Leonard, was present for all but the 1871 second-place finish.", "Another 1869 hire, Andy Leonard, was present for all but the 1871 second-place finish. The Providence Grays, new in the NL for 1878, hired George to lead the team in 1879.", "The Providence Grays, new in the NL for 1878, hired George to lead the team in 1879. He did as well as possible, wrestling the championship for himself from older brother Harry; for Providence and Rhode Island from older and regionally dominant Boston and Massachusetts.", "He did as well as possible, wrestling the championship for himself from older brother Harry; for Providence and Rhode Island from older and regionally dominant Boston and Massachusetts. However, Wright & Ditson Sporting Goods was growing, so George returned to Boston for business reasons.", "However, Wright & Ditson Sporting Goods was growing, so George returned to Boston for business reasons. He remains the only man to win the pennant in his lone season as manager. Meanwhile, the National League introduced the reserve list system, and Providence listed George, so he was not free to sign with Boston.", "Meanwhile, the National League introduced the reserve list system, and Providence listed George, so he was not free to sign with Boston. Until the 1879–80 off-season, every professional baseball player was a \"free agent\" for every season. During the next two seasons he played only a few games.", "During the next two seasons he played only a few games. When Boston changed managers for 1882, Harry signed to lead Providence and inherited the right to sign his brother. George played another season full-time, retiring after the 1882 season with a .301 batting average in the major leagues from 1871.", "George played another season full-time, retiring after the 1882 season with a .301 batting average in the major leagues from 1871. After Ditson died in 1891, Spalding purchased Wright & Ditson Co in Feb 1892. The name Wright & Ditson Co continued to be used several years after the purchase.", "The name Wright & Ditson Co continued to be used several years after the purchase. Cricket In 1882, George Wright took up cricket seriously again with the Longwood Cricket Club of Boston where he dominated local cricket sides with Isaac Chambers, the Longwood cricket pro and greenskeeper, holding up the other bowling end.", "Cricket In 1882, George Wright took up cricket seriously again with the Longwood Cricket Club of Boston where he dominated local cricket sides with Isaac Chambers, the Longwood cricket pro and greenskeeper, holding up the other bowling end. In 1891, Wright captained the Longwood Cricket Club against Lord Hawke's visiting English side.", "In 1891, Wright captained the Longwood Cricket Club against Lord Hawke's visiting English side. Wright's side surprised the visiting English first-class players with accurate bowling which kept the tourists in check.", "Wright's side surprised the visiting English first-class players with accurate bowling which kept the tourists in check. In 1892, Wright donated cricket gear to British Guianese (Guyana) cricket players, thereby starting a century-old tradition of West Indian cricket in New England.", "In 1892, Wright donated cricket gear to British Guianese (Guyana) cricket players, thereby starting a century-old tradition of West Indian cricket in New England. Golf In 1886, Wright obtained what was said to be the first set of golf clubs and balls in the United States and had them on display in the Wright & Ditson sporting goods shop in Boston where a visitor from Scotland saw them and explained the game.", "Golf In 1886, Wright obtained what was said to be the first set of golf clubs and balls in the United States and had them on display in the Wright & Ditson sporting goods shop in Boston where a visitor from Scotland saw them and explained the game. In December 1890, Wright and three friends obtained a permit and chopped nine holes in the frozen ground of Boston's Franklin Park, playing two rounds.", "In December 1890, Wright and three friends obtained a permit and chopped nine holes in the frozen ground of Boston's Franklin Park, playing two rounds. (Six years later, a public golf course was laid out in Franklin Park.", "(Six years later, a public golf course was laid out in Franklin Park. The course, now known as the William J. Devine Golf Course, is the second oldest public golf course in the United States.)", "The course, now known as the William J. Devine Golf Course, is the second oldest public golf course in the United States.) Wright & Ditson became a major seller of golf clubs; early U.S. Open champion Francis Ouimet worked at the store while pursuing his amateur career.", "Wright & Ditson became a major seller of golf clubs; early U.S. Open champion Francis Ouimet worked at the store while pursuing his amateur career. Wright later donated the , the former Grew estate, for Boston's second municipal course which became the Donald Ross-designed George Wright Golf Course located in the Hyde Park section of Boston.", "Wright later donated the , the former Grew estate, for Boston's second municipal course which became the Donald Ross-designed George Wright Golf Course located in the Hyde Park section of Boston. Baseball legacy George Wright served on the 1906–1907 Mills Commission that—despite a complete lack of historical evidence—determined that Cooperstown, New York was the birthplace of baseball.", "Baseball legacy George Wright served on the 1906–1907 Mills Commission that—despite a complete lack of historical evidence—determined that Cooperstown, New York was the birthplace of baseball. President Mills and secretary Sullivan probably did the work, with the others lending gravity and celebrity. (The commission's determination has never been taken seriously by baseball historians and scholars.)", "(The commission's determination has never been taken seriously by baseball historians and scholars.) Wright accompanied the United States contingent to the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm, Sweden where demonstrations of baseball, involving American track and field athletes and a team of Swedish players, were held.", "Wright accompanied the United States contingent to the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm, Sweden where demonstrations of baseball, involving American track and field athletes and a team of Swedish players, were held. Wright umpired one of the games and provided instruction in the game for the Swedish players.", "Wright umpired one of the games and provided instruction in the game for the Swedish players. Jim Thorpe, winner of the pentathlon and decathlon at that year's Olympics and a future Major League Baseball player, was one of the American players participating in the baseball exhibitions.", "Jim Thorpe, winner of the pentathlon and decathlon at that year's Olympics and a future Major League Baseball player, was one of the American players participating in the baseball exhibitions. Wright was consulted regarding the baseball centennial celebrations of 1939, including the establishment of the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum in Cooperstown.", "Wright was consulted regarding the baseball centennial celebrations of 1939, including the establishment of the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum in Cooperstown. Soon after his own election to the Hall of Fame in 1937, he died in Boston of a stroke, aged 90. He is buried in Holyhood Cemetery, in Brookline, Massachusetts.", "He is buried in Holyhood Cemetery, in Brookline, Massachusetts. See also List of Major League Baseball player-managers References Further reading Ivor-Campbell, Frederick (1996). \"George Wright\". Baseball's First Stars. Edited by Frederick Ivor-Campbell, et al. Cleveland, Ohio: SABR. Retrosheet. \"George Wright\".", "Retrosheet. \"George Wright\". \"George Wright\". Retrieved August 29, 2006. Sentence, David (n.d.). \"Cricket in America – Part 3: America's Oldest Cricket Club\". Retrieved August 31, 2006. Wright, Marshall (2000). The National Association of Base Ball Players, 1857–1870.", "The National Association of Base Ball Players, 1857–1870. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Co.", "Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Co. External links (cricket career) 1847 births 1937 deaths National Baseball Hall of Fame inductees Major League Baseball player-managers Major League Baseball shortstops 19th-century baseball players Cincinnati Red Stockings players Boston Red Stockings players Boston Red Caps players Providence Grays players Baseball players from New York (state) Providence Grays managers New York Gothams (NABBP) players Morrisania Unions players Washington Nationals (NABBP) players American cricketers American cricket umpires Cricketers from New York (state) Sportspeople from Yonkers, New York Burials at Holyhood Cemetery (Brookline)" ]

[ "George Wright (sportsman)", "New England", "When did George move to New England?", "where he signed three teammates including George for 1871.", "who signed him up?", "Harry Wright", "what did team george play for?", "Boston Red Stockings" ]

[ "John Stirk (born 5 September 1955) is an English former footballer. His primary position was as a right back. During his career he played for Ipswich Town, Watford, Chesterfield and North Shields. He also made two appearances for England at youth level.\n\nCareer \n\nBorn in Consett, Stirk played youth football for local non-league team Consett A.F.C. He joined Ipswich Town on schoolboy terms in 1971, and after making two appearances for the England youth team, turned professional in 1973. During his time at Ipswich he was largely a reserve. He made his first-team debut on 5 November 1977, in a Football League First Division match against Manchester City at Portman Road. His manager at the time was Bobby Robson, who later went on to manage the England national football team. Ipswich won the FA Cup in 1978, in what proved to be Stirk's final season at the club. However, Stirk himself did not play in the final, nor did he play in any of the rounds en route to the final.\n\nAnother future England manager, Watford's Graham Taylor, signed Stirk for a transfer fee of £30,000 at the end of the 1977–78 season. Stirk went on to play every Watford league game in the 1978–79 season, as Watford gained promotion to the Second Division. However, Stirk did not play for Watford in the Second Division. Two months before the end of the 1979–80 season, Stirk was sold to Third Division side Chesterfield, at a profit to Watford of £10,000. After making 56 league appearances over two and a half seasons, Stirk left Chesterfield in 1983 moving on to Blyth Spartans then Tow Law Town, and finished his career at non-league North Shields.\n\nReferences \n\n1955 births\nLiving people\nConsett A.F.C. players\nIpswich Town F.C. players\nWatford F.C. players\nChesterfield F.C. players\nEnglish Football League players\nNorth Shields F.C. players\nSportspeople from Consett\nAssociation football fullbacks\nEnglish footballers", "is a former Japanese football player. He played for Japan national team.\n\nClub career\nYamaguchi was born in Oita Prefecture on August 1, 1959. After graduating from high school, he joined Mitsubishi Motors in 1978. However he did not play in the game, as he was the team's reserve goalkeeper behind Japan national team player Mitsuhisa Taguchi. He retired in 1984. Eventually he could not play in the game.\n\nNational team career\nIn August 1979, Yamaguchi was selected Japan U-20 national team for 1979 World Youth Championship. However, he did not compete, as he was the team's reserve goalkeeper behind Yasuhito Suzuki. In February 1981, although he did not play at his club, he was selected Japan national team because Japan's manager Saburo Kawabuchi actively appointed young players. On February 19, Yamaguchi debuted for Japan national team against Singapore.\n\nClub statistics\n\nNational team statistics\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n \n Japan National Football Team Database\n\n1959 births\nLiving people\nAssociation football people from Ōita Prefecture\nJapanese footballers\nJapan international footballers\nJapan Soccer League players\nUrawa Red Diamonds players\nAssociation football goalkeepers" ]

[ "George Wright (January 28, 1847 – August 21, 1937) was an American shortstop in professional baseball. He played for the 1869 Cincinnati Red Stockings, the first fully professional team, when he was the game's best player.", "He played for the 1869 Cincinnati Red Stockings, the first fully professional team, when he was the game's best player. He then played for the Boston Red Stockings, helping the team win six league championships from 1871 to 1878. His older brother Harry Wright managed both Red Stockings teams and made George his cornerstone.", "His older brother Harry Wright managed both Red Stockings teams and made George his cornerstone. George was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1937. After arriving in Boston, he also entered the sporting goods business. There he continued in the industry, assisting in the development of golf.", "There he continued in the industry, assisting in the development of golf. Personal life Born in Yonkers, New York, 12 years younger than Harry, George Wright was raised as a cricket \"club pro\", assisting their father Samuel Wright as Harry had done.", "Personal life Born in Yonkers, New York, 12 years younger than Harry, George Wright was raised as a cricket \"club pro\", assisting their father Samuel Wright as Harry had done. Before George's birth, Samuel Wright's St George's Cricket Club moved from Manhattan across the Hudson River to Elysian Fields, Hoboken, New Jersey, where many New York and New Jersey baseball clubs played in the 1850s.", "Before George's birth, Samuel Wright's St George's Cricket Club moved from Manhattan across the Hudson River to Elysian Fields, Hoboken, New Jersey, where many New York and New Jersey baseball clubs played in the 1850s. Both boys learned baseball, too, but George grew up with the \"national game\" and was barely in his teens when the American Civil War curtailed its boom; Harry was already 22 when the baseball fraternity convened for the first time, and 30 when the war ended.", "Both boys learned baseball, too, but George grew up with the \"national game\" and was barely in his teens when the American Civil War curtailed its boom; Harry was already 22 when the baseball fraternity convened for the first time, and 30 when the war ended. George's younger brother Sam Wright also played baseball professionally, with brief appearances in the major leagues.", "George's younger brother Sam Wright also played baseball professionally, with brief appearances in the major leagues. George was the father of tennis great Beals Wright, a U.S. Championship winner and Olympic gold medalist, and Irving Wright, U.S. Championship men's doubles champion.", "George was the father of tennis great Beals Wright, a U.S. Championship winner and Olympic gold medalist, and Irving Wright, U.S. Championship men's doubles champion. Amateur baseball At some times during the war, both Wright brothers played for the venerable Gothams, the second-oldest baseball team after the Knickerbockers.", "Amateur baseball At some times during the war, both Wright brothers played for the venerable Gothams, the second-oldest baseball team after the Knickerbockers. According to Ivor-Campbell (1996), George moved from the Gotham juniors to the senior team when he was 15. At 17 in 1864, he was the regular catcher.", "At 17 in 1864, he was the regular catcher. Baseball's recovery from the American Civil War was far advanced in greater New York City (always untouched by the military conflict), as the leading clubs played more than 20 National Association of Base Ball Players (NABBP) matches, the Gothams 11.", "Baseball's recovery from the American Civil War was far advanced in greater New York City (always untouched by the military conflict), as the leading clubs played more than 20 National Association of Base Ball Players (NABBP) matches, the Gothams 11. George played eight and led the team both in runs, scoring 2.4 times per game, and \"hands lost\", put out only 2.4 times per game, average being three per player in a 9-inning game.", "George played eight and led the team both in runs, scoring 2.4 times per game, and \"hands lost\", put out only 2.4 times per game, average being three per player in a 9-inning game. In seven matches infielder Harry was fourth in scoring at 2.0 and second behind George in hands lost at 2.6 (Wright 2000: 91).", "In seven matches infielder Harry was fourth in scoring at 2.0 and second behind George in hands lost at 2.6 (Wright 2000: 91). For the 1865 season, George was hired by the Philadelphia Cricket Club; that summer he played in five matches for the Olympic Ball Club of that city.", "For the 1865 season, George was hired by the Philadelphia Cricket Club; that summer he played in five matches for the Olympic Ball Club of that city. The Olympic club was the devoted to games in the baseball genus, established in 1833.", "The Olympic club was the devoted to games in the baseball genus, established in 1833. At the December annual meeting, the first in peacetime, NAABP membership tripled, including isolated clubs from as far as Fort Leavenworth, Kansas and Chattanooga, Tennessee.", "At the December annual meeting, the first in peacetime, NAABP membership tripled, including isolated clubs from as far as Fort Leavenworth, Kansas and Chattanooga, Tennessee. Wright returned to the Gothams for baseball; he was 19 and nearing his athletic peak.", "Wright returned to the Gothams for baseball; he was 19 and nearing his athletic peak. At the same time, Harry Wright moved to Cincinnati for a job at the Union Cricket Club.", "At the same time, Harry Wright moved to Cincinnati for a job at the Union Cricket Club. Early in the summer of 1866, Wright moved from catcher for Gotham, which played eight NABBP matches that year, to shortstop for Union, which played 28, the leading number.", "Early in the summer of 1866, Wright moved from catcher for Gotham, which played eight NABBP matches that year, to shortstop for Union, which played 28, the leading number. The Union of Morrisania, now in the New York borough of the Bronx, were another charter member of the first Association, but one that moved toward professionalism in the postwar years, as the Gothams did not.", "The Union of Morrisania, now in the New York borough of the Bronx, were another charter member of the first Association, but one that moved toward professionalism in the postwar years, as the Gothams did not. In 1867, he joined the Nationals of Washington, D.C., the oldest club in that city, whose approach to professionalism was arranging government jobs, mainly with the Treasury.", "In 1867, he joined the Nationals of Washington, D.C., the oldest club in that city, whose approach to professionalism was arranging government jobs, mainly with the Treasury. He played second base, shortstop, and pitcher in 29 of the 30 matches fully on record and in those matches led the team both in scoring and hands lost.", "He played second base, shortstop, and pitcher in 29 of the 30 matches fully on record and in those matches led the team both in scoring and hands lost. Next year he returned to the Unions for the association's last officially all-amateur season and moved permanently to the shortstop position.", "Next year he returned to the Unions for the association's last officially all-amateur season and moved permanently to the shortstop position. In 1868, Wright won the Clipper Medal for being the best shortstop in baseball.", "In 1868, Wright won the Clipper Medal for being the best shortstop in baseball. Cincinnati Red Stockings Meanwhile, George's brother Harry had acquired baseball duties and had organized for Cincinnati the strongest team in the West, led in 1868 by a handful of players from the East — presumably compensated somehow by club members if not by the club.", "Cincinnati Red Stockings Meanwhile, George's brother Harry had acquired baseball duties and had organized for Cincinnati the strongest team in the West, led in 1868 by a handful of players from the East — presumably compensated somehow by club members if not by the club. When the NABBP permitted professionalism for 1869, Harry augmented himself and four incumbents with five new men including his brother George, who was highest paid at $1400 for nine months.", "When the NABBP permitted professionalism for 1869, Harry augmented himself and four incumbents with five new men including his brother George, who was highest paid at $1400 for nine months. George remained a cornerstone of Harry's teams for 10 seasons.", "George remained a cornerstone of Harry's teams for 10 seasons. Cincinnati toured the continent undefeated in 1869, as George batted .633 with 49 home runs in 57 games. It may have been the strongest team in 1870, but the club dropped professional baseball after the second season.", "It may have been the strongest team in 1870, but the club dropped professional baseball after the second season. Major League Baseball Harry Wright was hired to organize a new team in Boston, where he signed three teammates including George for 1871. The new Red Stockings team just missed winning the first National Association pennant.", "The new Red Stockings team just missed winning the first National Association pennant. George suffered a broken leg and missed half the season; one more win would have been decisive in Boston's favor.", "George suffered a broken leg and missed half the season; one more win would have been decisive in Boston's favor. With some personnel changes, the Boston Red Stockings won the other four NA pennants, dominating so severely in 1875 that they helped provoke a new league.", "With some personnel changes, the Boston Red Stockings won the other four NA pennants, dominating so severely in 1875 that they helped provoke a new league. Wright holds the NA career record for the most triples (41), and he led the NA in triples with 15 in 1874.", "Wright holds the NA career record for the most triples (41), and he led the NA in triples with 15 in 1874. On April 22, 1876, Wright became the first batter in National League history, and grounded out to the shortstop.", "On April 22, 1876, Wright became the first batter in National League history, and grounded out to the shortstop. Boston trailed badly in the first NL season after the defection of its Big Four western players to Chicago, but rebounded to win again both 1877 and 1878.", "Boston trailed badly in the first NL season after the defection of its Big Four western players to Chicago, but rebounded to win again both 1877 and 1878. George Wright had played an even decade for Harry's teams. Another 1869 hire, Andy Leonard, was present for all but the 1871 second-place finish.", "Another 1869 hire, Andy Leonard, was present for all but the 1871 second-place finish. The Providence Grays, new in the NL for 1878, hired George to lead the team in 1879.", "The Providence Grays, new in the NL for 1878, hired George to lead the team in 1879. He did as well as possible, wrestling the championship for himself from older brother Harry; for Providence and Rhode Island from older and regionally dominant Boston and Massachusetts.", "He did as well as possible, wrestling the championship for himself from older brother Harry; for Providence and Rhode Island from older and regionally dominant Boston and Massachusetts. However, Wright & Ditson Sporting Goods was growing, so George returned to Boston for business reasons.", "However, Wright & Ditson Sporting Goods was growing, so George returned to Boston for business reasons. He remains the only man to win the pennant in his lone season as manager. Meanwhile, the National League introduced the reserve list system, and Providence listed George, so he was not free to sign with Boston.", "Meanwhile, the National League introduced the reserve list system, and Providence listed George, so he was not free to sign with Boston. Until the 1879–80 off-season, every professional baseball player was a \"free agent\" for every season. During the next two seasons he played only a few games.", "During the next two seasons he played only a few games. When Boston changed managers for 1882, Harry signed to lead Providence and inherited the right to sign his brother. George played another season full-time, retiring after the 1882 season with a .301 batting average in the major leagues from 1871.", "George played another season full-time, retiring after the 1882 season with a .301 batting average in the major leagues from 1871. After Ditson died in 1891, Spalding purchased Wright & Ditson Co in Feb 1892. The name Wright & Ditson Co continued to be used several years after the purchase.", "The name Wright & Ditson Co continued to be used several years after the purchase. Cricket In 1882, George Wright took up cricket seriously again with the Longwood Cricket Club of Boston where he dominated local cricket sides with Isaac Chambers, the Longwood cricket pro and greenskeeper, holding up the other bowling end.", "Cricket In 1882, George Wright took up cricket seriously again with the Longwood Cricket Club of Boston where he dominated local cricket sides with Isaac Chambers, the Longwood cricket pro and greenskeeper, holding up the other bowling end. In 1891, Wright captained the Longwood Cricket Club against Lord Hawke's visiting English side.", "In 1891, Wright captained the Longwood Cricket Club against Lord Hawke's visiting English side. Wright's side surprised the visiting English first-class players with accurate bowling which kept the tourists in check.", "Wright's side surprised the visiting English first-class players with accurate bowling which kept the tourists in check. In 1892, Wright donated cricket gear to British Guianese (Guyana) cricket players, thereby starting a century-old tradition of West Indian cricket in New England.", "In 1892, Wright donated cricket gear to British Guianese (Guyana) cricket players, thereby starting a century-old tradition of West Indian cricket in New England. Golf In 1886, Wright obtained what was said to be the first set of golf clubs and balls in the United States and had them on display in the Wright & Ditson sporting goods shop in Boston where a visitor from Scotland saw them and explained the game.", "Golf In 1886, Wright obtained what was said to be the first set of golf clubs and balls in the United States and had them on display in the Wright & Ditson sporting goods shop in Boston where a visitor from Scotland saw them and explained the game. In December 1890, Wright and three friends obtained a permit and chopped nine holes in the frozen ground of Boston's Franklin Park, playing two rounds.", "In December 1890, Wright and three friends obtained a permit and chopped nine holes in the frozen ground of Boston's Franklin Park, playing two rounds. (Six years later, a public golf course was laid out in Franklin Park.", "(Six years later, a public golf course was laid out in Franklin Park. The course, now known as the William J. Devine Golf Course, is the second oldest public golf course in the United States.)", "The course, now known as the William J. Devine Golf Course, is the second oldest public golf course in the United States.) Wright & Ditson became a major seller of golf clubs; early U.S. Open champion Francis Ouimet worked at the store while pursuing his amateur career.", "Wright & Ditson became a major seller of golf clubs; early U.S. Open champion Francis Ouimet worked at the store while pursuing his amateur career. Wright later donated the , the former Grew estate, for Boston's second municipal course which became the Donald Ross-designed George Wright Golf Course located in the Hyde Park section of Boston.", "Wright later donated the , the former Grew estate, for Boston's second municipal course which became the Donald Ross-designed George Wright Golf Course located in the Hyde Park section of Boston. Baseball legacy George Wright served on the 1906–1907 Mills Commission that—despite a complete lack of historical evidence—determined that Cooperstown, New York was the birthplace of baseball.", "Baseball legacy George Wright served on the 1906–1907 Mills Commission that—despite a complete lack of historical evidence—determined that Cooperstown, New York was the birthplace of baseball. President Mills and secretary Sullivan probably did the work, with the others lending gravity and celebrity. (The commission's determination has never been taken seriously by baseball historians and scholars.)", "(The commission's determination has never been taken seriously by baseball historians and scholars.) Wright accompanied the United States contingent to the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm, Sweden where demonstrations of baseball, involving American track and field athletes and a team of Swedish players, were held.", "Wright accompanied the United States contingent to the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm, Sweden where demonstrations of baseball, involving American track and field athletes and a team of Swedish players, were held. Wright umpired one of the games and provided instruction in the game for the Swedish players.", "Wright umpired one of the games and provided instruction in the game for the Swedish players. Jim Thorpe, winner of the pentathlon and decathlon at that year's Olympics and a future Major League Baseball player, was one of the American players participating in the baseball exhibitions.", "Jim Thorpe, winner of the pentathlon and decathlon at that year's Olympics and a future Major League Baseball player, was one of the American players participating in the baseball exhibitions. Wright was consulted regarding the baseball centennial celebrations of 1939, including the establishment of the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum in Cooperstown.", "Wright was consulted regarding the baseball centennial celebrations of 1939, including the establishment of the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum in Cooperstown. Soon after his own election to the Hall of Fame in 1937, he died in Boston of a stroke, aged 90. He is buried in Holyhood Cemetery, in Brookline, Massachusetts.", "He is buried in Holyhood Cemetery, in Brookline, Massachusetts. See also List of Major League Baseball player-managers References Further reading Ivor-Campbell, Frederick (1996). \"George Wright\". Baseball's First Stars. Edited by Frederick Ivor-Campbell, et al. Cleveland, Ohio: SABR. Retrosheet. \"George Wright\".", "Retrosheet. \"George Wright\". \"George Wright\". Retrieved August 29, 2006. Sentence, David (n.d.). \"Cricket in America – Part 3: America's Oldest Cricket Club\". Retrieved August 31, 2006. Wright, Marshall (2000). The National Association of Base Ball Players, 1857–1870.", "The National Association of Base Ball Players, 1857–1870. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Co.", "Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Co. External links (cricket career) 1847 births 1937 deaths National Baseball Hall of Fame inductees Major League Baseball player-managers Major League Baseball shortstops 19th-century baseball players Cincinnati Red Stockings players Boston Red Stockings players Boston Red Caps players Providence Grays players Baseball players from New York (state) Providence Grays managers New York Gothams (NABBP) players Morrisania Unions players Washington Nationals (NABBP) players American cricketers American cricket umpires Cricketers from New York (state) Sportspeople from Yonkers, New York Burials at Holyhood Cemetery (Brookline)" ]

[ "George Wright (sportsman)", "New England", "When did George move to New England?", "where he signed three teammates including George for 1871.", "who signed him up?", "Harry Wright", "what did team george play for?", "Boston Red Stockings", "What other team did he play for?", "The Providence Grays," ]

[ "Statistics of North American Soccer League in season 1983. This was the 16th and penultimate season of the NASL.\n\nOverview\nThere were 12 teams in the league. The Tulsa Roughnecks won the championship. Though Vancouver won two more games than any other club, for the fourth time in league history, the team with the most wins did not win the regular season due to the NASL's system of awarding points.\n\nChanges from the previous season\n\nNew teams\nTeam America\n\nTeams folding\nEdmonton Drillers\nJacksonville Tea Men\nPortland Timbers\n\nTeams moving\nNone\n\nName changes\nSan Jose to Golden Bay\n\nRegular season\nW = Wins, L = Losses, GF = Goals For, GA = Goals Against, PT= point system\n\n6 points for a win in regulation and overtime, 4 point for a shootout win,\n0 points for a loss,\n1 bonus point for each regulation goal scored, up to three per game.\n-Premiers (most points). -Best record. -Other playoff teams.\n\nNASL All-Stars\n\nPlayoffs\n\nBracket\n\nQuarterfinals\n\nSemifinals\n\nSoccer Bowl '83\n\n1983 NASL Champions: Tulsa Roughnecks\n\nPost season awards\nMost Valuable Player: Roberto Cabanas, New York\nCoach of the year: Don Popovic, Golden Bay\nRookie of the year: Gregg Thompson, Tampa Bay\n North American Player of the Year: Tino Lettieri, Vancouver \n Soccer Bowl MVP: Njego Pesa, Tulsa\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Video highlights of 1983 season\n Complete Results and Standings\n\n \nNorth American Soccer League (1968–1984) seasons\n1983 in American soccer leagues\n1983 in Canadian soccer", "The 1915–16 NCAA men's basketball season began in December 1915, progressed through the regular season, and concluded in March 1916.\n\nSeason headlines \n\n The Pacific Coast Conference began play with four original members, three of which fielded basketball teams for the 1915–16 season.\n Utah won the post-season Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) national championship tournament— in which a mix of collegiate and non-collegiate amateur teams competed — in 1916 to become the first of only four collegiate teams to win the tournament. No college team would win the tournament again until 1920.\n In February 1943, the Helms Athletic Foundation retroactively selected Wisconsin as its national champion for the 1915–16 season.\n In 1995, the Premo-Porretta Power Poll retroactively selected Wisconsin as its national champion for the 1915–16 season.\n\nConference membership changes\n\nNOTE: Although Oregon joined the Pacific Coast Conference in 1915, it did not field a basketball team during the 1915–16 season.\n\nRegular season\n\nConference winners\n\nStatistical leaders\n\nAwards\n\nHelms College Basketball All-Americans \n\nThe practice of selecting a Consensus All-American Team did not begin until the 1928–29 season. The Helms Athletic Foundation later retroactively selected a list of All-Americans for the 1915–16 season.\n\nMajor player of the year awards \n\n Helms Player of the Year: George Levis, Wisconsin (retroactive selection in 1944)\n\nReferences" ]

[ "George Wright (January 28, 1847 – August 21, 1937) was an American shortstop in professional baseball. He played for the 1869 Cincinnati Red Stockings, the first fully professional team, when he was the game's best player.", "He played for the 1869 Cincinnati Red Stockings, the first fully professional team, when he was the game's best player. He then played for the Boston Red Stockings, helping the team win six league championships from 1871 to 1878. His older brother Harry Wright managed both Red Stockings teams and made George his cornerstone.", "His older brother Harry Wright managed both Red Stockings teams and made George his cornerstone. George was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1937. After arriving in Boston, he also entered the sporting goods business. There he continued in the industry, assisting in the development of golf.", "There he continued in the industry, assisting in the development of golf. Personal life Born in Yonkers, New York, 12 years younger than Harry, George Wright was raised as a cricket \"club pro\", assisting their father Samuel Wright as Harry had done.", "Personal life Born in Yonkers, New York, 12 years younger than Harry, George Wright was raised as a cricket \"club pro\", assisting their father Samuel Wright as Harry had done. Before George's birth, Samuel Wright's St George's Cricket Club moved from Manhattan across the Hudson River to Elysian Fields, Hoboken, New Jersey, where many New York and New Jersey baseball clubs played in the 1850s.", "Before George's birth, Samuel Wright's St George's Cricket Club moved from Manhattan across the Hudson River to Elysian Fields, Hoboken, New Jersey, where many New York and New Jersey baseball clubs played in the 1850s. Both boys learned baseball, too, but George grew up with the \"national game\" and was barely in his teens when the American Civil War curtailed its boom; Harry was already 22 when the baseball fraternity convened for the first time, and 30 when the war ended.", "Both boys learned baseball, too, but George grew up with the \"national game\" and was barely in his teens when the American Civil War curtailed its boom; Harry was already 22 when the baseball fraternity convened for the first time, and 30 when the war ended. George's younger brother Sam Wright also played baseball professionally, with brief appearances in the major leagues.", "George's younger brother Sam Wright also played baseball professionally, with brief appearances in the major leagues. George was the father of tennis great Beals Wright, a U.S. Championship winner and Olympic gold medalist, and Irving Wright, U.S. Championship men's doubles champion.", "George was the father of tennis great Beals Wright, a U.S. Championship winner and Olympic gold medalist, and Irving Wright, U.S. Championship men's doubles champion. Amateur baseball At some times during the war, both Wright brothers played for the venerable Gothams, the second-oldest baseball team after the Knickerbockers.", "Amateur baseball At some times during the war, both Wright brothers played for the venerable Gothams, the second-oldest baseball team after the Knickerbockers. According to Ivor-Campbell (1996), George moved from the Gotham juniors to the senior team when he was 15. At 17 in 1864, he was the regular catcher.", "At 17 in 1864, he was the regular catcher. Baseball's recovery from the American Civil War was far advanced in greater New York City (always untouched by the military conflict), as the leading clubs played more than 20 National Association of Base Ball Players (NABBP) matches, the Gothams 11.", "Baseball's recovery from the American Civil War was far advanced in greater New York City (always untouched by the military conflict), as the leading clubs played more than 20 National Association of Base Ball Players (NABBP) matches, the Gothams 11. George played eight and led the team both in runs, scoring 2.4 times per game, and \"hands lost\", put out only 2.4 times per game, average being three per player in a 9-inning game.", "George played eight and led the team both in runs, scoring 2.4 times per game, and \"hands lost\", put out only 2.4 times per game, average being three per player in a 9-inning game. In seven matches infielder Harry was fourth in scoring at 2.0 and second behind George in hands lost at 2.6 (Wright 2000: 91).", "In seven matches infielder Harry was fourth in scoring at 2.0 and second behind George in hands lost at 2.6 (Wright 2000: 91). For the 1865 season, George was hired by the Philadelphia Cricket Club; that summer he played in five matches for the Olympic Ball Club of that city.", "For the 1865 season, George was hired by the Philadelphia Cricket Club; that summer he played in five matches for the Olympic Ball Club of that city. The Olympic club was the devoted to games in the baseball genus, established in 1833.", "The Olympic club was the devoted to games in the baseball genus, established in 1833. At the December annual meeting, the first in peacetime, NAABP membership tripled, including isolated clubs from as far as Fort Leavenworth, Kansas and Chattanooga, Tennessee.", "At the December annual meeting, the first in peacetime, NAABP membership tripled, including isolated clubs from as far as Fort Leavenworth, Kansas and Chattanooga, Tennessee. Wright returned to the Gothams for baseball; he was 19 and nearing his athletic peak.", "Wright returned to the Gothams for baseball; he was 19 and nearing his athletic peak. At the same time, Harry Wright moved to Cincinnati for a job at the Union Cricket Club.", "At the same time, Harry Wright moved to Cincinnati for a job at the Union Cricket Club. Early in the summer of 1866, Wright moved from catcher for Gotham, which played eight NABBP matches that year, to shortstop for Union, which played 28, the leading number.", "Early in the summer of 1866, Wright moved from catcher for Gotham, which played eight NABBP matches that year, to shortstop for Union, which played 28, the leading number. The Union of Morrisania, now in the New York borough of the Bronx, were another charter member of the first Association, but one that moved toward professionalism in the postwar years, as the Gothams did not.", "The Union of Morrisania, now in the New York borough of the Bronx, were another charter member of the first Association, but one that moved toward professionalism in the postwar years, as the Gothams did not. In 1867, he joined the Nationals of Washington, D.C., the oldest club in that city, whose approach to professionalism was arranging government jobs, mainly with the Treasury.", "In 1867, he joined the Nationals of Washington, D.C., the oldest club in that city, whose approach to professionalism was arranging government jobs, mainly with the Treasury. He played second base, shortstop, and pitcher in 29 of the 30 matches fully on record and in those matches led the team both in scoring and hands lost.", "He played second base, shortstop, and pitcher in 29 of the 30 matches fully on record and in those matches led the team both in scoring and hands lost. Next year he returned to the Unions for the association's last officially all-amateur season and moved permanently to the shortstop position.", "Next year he returned to the Unions for the association's last officially all-amateur season and moved permanently to the shortstop position. In 1868, Wright won the Clipper Medal for being the best shortstop in baseball.", "In 1868, Wright won the Clipper Medal for being the best shortstop in baseball. Cincinnati Red Stockings Meanwhile, George's brother Harry had acquired baseball duties and had organized for Cincinnati the strongest team in the West, led in 1868 by a handful of players from the East — presumably compensated somehow by club members if not by the club.", "Cincinnati Red Stockings Meanwhile, George's brother Harry had acquired baseball duties and had organized for Cincinnati the strongest team in the West, led in 1868 by a handful of players from the East — presumably compensated somehow by club members if not by the club. When the NABBP permitted professionalism for 1869, Harry augmented himself and four incumbents with five new men including his brother George, who was highest paid at $1400 for nine months.", "When the NABBP permitted professionalism for 1869, Harry augmented himself and four incumbents with five new men including his brother George, who was highest paid at $1400 for nine months. George remained a cornerstone of Harry's teams for 10 seasons.", "George remained a cornerstone of Harry's teams for 10 seasons. Cincinnati toured the continent undefeated in 1869, as George batted .633 with 49 home runs in 57 games. It may have been the strongest team in 1870, but the club dropped professional baseball after the second season.", "It may have been the strongest team in 1870, but the club dropped professional baseball after the second season. Major League Baseball Harry Wright was hired to organize a new team in Boston, where he signed three teammates including George for 1871. The new Red Stockings team just missed winning the first National Association pennant.", "The new Red Stockings team just missed winning the first National Association pennant. George suffered a broken leg and missed half the season; one more win would have been decisive in Boston's favor.", "George suffered a broken leg and missed half the season; one more win would have been decisive in Boston's favor. With some personnel changes, the Boston Red Stockings won the other four NA pennants, dominating so severely in 1875 that they helped provoke a new league.", "With some personnel changes, the Boston Red Stockings won the other four NA pennants, dominating so severely in 1875 that they helped provoke a new league. Wright holds the NA career record for the most triples (41), and he led the NA in triples with 15 in 1874.", "Wright holds the NA career record for the most triples (41), and he led the NA in triples with 15 in 1874. On April 22, 1876, Wright became the first batter in National League history, and grounded out to the shortstop.", "On April 22, 1876, Wright became the first batter in National League history, and grounded out to the shortstop. Boston trailed badly in the first NL season after the defection of its Big Four western players to Chicago, but rebounded to win again both 1877 and 1878.", "Boston trailed badly in the first NL season after the defection of its Big Four western players to Chicago, but rebounded to win again both 1877 and 1878. George Wright had played an even decade for Harry's teams. Another 1869 hire, Andy Leonard, was present for all but the 1871 second-place finish.", "Another 1869 hire, Andy Leonard, was present for all but the 1871 second-place finish. The Providence Grays, new in the NL for 1878, hired George to lead the team in 1879.", "The Providence Grays, new in the NL for 1878, hired George to lead the team in 1879. He did as well as possible, wrestling the championship for himself from older brother Harry; for Providence and Rhode Island from older and regionally dominant Boston and Massachusetts.", "He did as well as possible, wrestling the championship for himself from older brother Harry; for Providence and Rhode Island from older and regionally dominant Boston and Massachusetts. However, Wright & Ditson Sporting Goods was growing, so George returned to Boston for business reasons.", "However, Wright & Ditson Sporting Goods was growing, so George returned to Boston for business reasons. He remains the only man to win the pennant in his lone season as manager. Meanwhile, the National League introduced the reserve list system, and Providence listed George, so he was not free to sign with Boston.", "Meanwhile, the National League introduced the reserve list system, and Providence listed George, so he was not free to sign with Boston. Until the 1879–80 off-season, every professional baseball player was a \"free agent\" for every season. During the next two seasons he played only a few games.", "During the next two seasons he played only a few games. When Boston changed managers for 1882, Harry signed to lead Providence and inherited the right to sign his brother. George played another season full-time, retiring after the 1882 season with a .301 batting average in the major leagues from 1871.", "George played another season full-time, retiring after the 1882 season with a .301 batting average in the major leagues from 1871. After Ditson died in 1891, Spalding purchased Wright & Ditson Co in Feb 1892. The name Wright & Ditson Co continued to be used several years after the purchase.", "The name Wright & Ditson Co continued to be used several years after the purchase. Cricket In 1882, George Wright took up cricket seriously again with the Longwood Cricket Club of Boston where he dominated local cricket sides with Isaac Chambers, the Longwood cricket pro and greenskeeper, holding up the other bowling end.", "Cricket In 1882, George Wright took up cricket seriously again with the Longwood Cricket Club of Boston where he dominated local cricket sides with Isaac Chambers, the Longwood cricket pro and greenskeeper, holding up the other bowling end. In 1891, Wright captained the Longwood Cricket Club against Lord Hawke's visiting English side.", "In 1891, Wright captained the Longwood Cricket Club against Lord Hawke's visiting English side. Wright's side surprised the visiting English first-class players with accurate bowling which kept the tourists in check.", "Wright's side surprised the visiting English first-class players with accurate bowling which kept the tourists in check. In 1892, Wright donated cricket gear to British Guianese (Guyana) cricket players, thereby starting a century-old tradition of West Indian cricket in New England.", "In 1892, Wright donated cricket gear to British Guianese (Guyana) cricket players, thereby starting a century-old tradition of West Indian cricket in New England. Golf In 1886, Wright obtained what was said to be the first set of golf clubs and balls in the United States and had them on display in the Wright & Ditson sporting goods shop in Boston where a visitor from Scotland saw them and explained the game.", "Golf In 1886, Wright obtained what was said to be the first set of golf clubs and balls in the United States and had them on display in the Wright & Ditson sporting goods shop in Boston where a visitor from Scotland saw them and explained the game. In December 1890, Wright and three friends obtained a permit and chopped nine holes in the frozen ground of Boston's Franklin Park, playing two rounds.", "In December 1890, Wright and three friends obtained a permit and chopped nine holes in the frozen ground of Boston's Franklin Park, playing two rounds. (Six years later, a public golf course was laid out in Franklin Park.", "(Six years later, a public golf course was laid out in Franklin Park. The course, now known as the William J. Devine Golf Course, is the second oldest public golf course in the United States.)", "The course, now known as the William J. Devine Golf Course, is the second oldest public golf course in the United States.) Wright & Ditson became a major seller of golf clubs; early U.S. Open champion Francis Ouimet worked at the store while pursuing his amateur career.", "Wright & Ditson became a major seller of golf clubs; early U.S. Open champion Francis Ouimet worked at the store while pursuing his amateur career. Wright later donated the , the former Grew estate, for Boston's second municipal course which became the Donald Ross-designed George Wright Golf Course located in the Hyde Park section of Boston.", "Wright later donated the , the former Grew estate, for Boston's second municipal course which became the Donald Ross-designed George Wright Golf Course located in the Hyde Park section of Boston. Baseball legacy George Wright served on the 1906–1907 Mills Commission that—despite a complete lack of historical evidence—determined that Cooperstown, New York was the birthplace of baseball.", "Baseball legacy George Wright served on the 1906–1907 Mills Commission that—despite a complete lack of historical evidence—determined that Cooperstown, New York was the birthplace of baseball. President Mills and secretary Sullivan probably did the work, with the others lending gravity and celebrity. (The commission's determination has never been taken seriously by baseball historians and scholars.)", "(The commission's determination has never been taken seriously by baseball historians and scholars.) Wright accompanied the United States contingent to the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm, Sweden where demonstrations of baseball, involving American track and field athletes and a team of Swedish players, were held.", "Wright accompanied the United States contingent to the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm, Sweden where demonstrations of baseball, involving American track and field athletes and a team of Swedish players, were held. Wright umpired one of the games and provided instruction in the game for the Swedish players.", "Wright umpired one of the games and provided instruction in the game for the Swedish players. Jim Thorpe, winner of the pentathlon and decathlon at that year's Olympics and a future Major League Baseball player, was one of the American players participating in the baseball exhibitions.", "Jim Thorpe, winner of the pentathlon and decathlon at that year's Olympics and a future Major League Baseball player, was one of the American players participating in the baseball exhibitions. Wright was consulted regarding the baseball centennial celebrations of 1939, including the establishment of the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum in Cooperstown.", "Wright was consulted regarding the baseball centennial celebrations of 1939, including the establishment of the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum in Cooperstown. Soon after his own election to the Hall of Fame in 1937, he died in Boston of a stroke, aged 90. He is buried in Holyhood Cemetery, in Brookline, Massachusetts.", "He is buried in Holyhood Cemetery, in Brookline, Massachusetts. See also List of Major League Baseball player-managers References Further reading Ivor-Campbell, Frederick (1996). \"George Wright\". Baseball's First Stars. Edited by Frederick Ivor-Campbell, et al. Cleveland, Ohio: SABR. Retrosheet. \"George Wright\".", "Retrosheet. \"George Wright\". \"George Wright\". Retrieved August 29, 2006. Sentence, David (n.d.). \"Cricket in America – Part 3: America's Oldest Cricket Club\". Retrieved August 31, 2006. Wright, Marshall (2000). The National Association of Base Ball Players, 1857–1870.", "The National Association of Base Ball Players, 1857–1870. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Co.", "Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Co. External links (cricket career) 1847 births 1937 deaths National Baseball Hall of Fame inductees Major League Baseball player-managers Major League Baseball shortstops 19th-century baseball players Cincinnati Red Stockings players Boston Red Stockings players Boston Red Caps players Providence Grays players Baseball players from New York (state) Providence Grays managers New York Gothams (NABBP) players Morrisania Unions players Washington Nationals (NABBP) players American cricketers American cricket umpires Cricketers from New York (state) Sportspeople from Yonkers, New York Burials at Holyhood Cemetery (Brookline)" ]

[ "George Wright (sportsman)", "New England", "When did George move to New England?", "where he signed three teammates including George for 1871.", "who signed him up?", "Harry Wright", "what did team george play for?", "Boston Red Stockings", "What other team did he play for?", "The Providence Grays,", "Did he win any awards while in of the teams?", "He remains the only man to win the pennant in his lone season as manager." ]

[ "Jiří Starosta (1923 or 1924 - 15 February 2012) was a Czech football manager who is last known to have managed Vítkovice.\n\nCareer\n\nIn 1959, Starosta was appointed manager of Ethiopia. After that, he was appointed manager of Sudan. After that, he was appointed manager of Cuba. In 1984, Starosta was appointed manager of Czech side Vítkovice.\n\nReferences\n\nCzech football managers\n\n1920s births\nYear of birth uncertain\nDate of birth missing\n2012 deaths\nExpatriate football managers in Cuba\nExpatriate football managers in Ethiopia\nExpatriate football managers in Sudan\nMFK Vítkovice managers\nEthiopia national football team managers\nSudan national football team managers\nCuba national football team managers\nCzech expatriate football managers", "Stamen Belchev (Bulgarian: Стамен Белчев; born 7 May 1969) is a former Bulgarian footballer.\n\nCareer\n\nManager career\nIn March 2015, Belchev was appointed as manager of his hometown club Haskovo, succeeding Emil Velev. He was manager until the end of the season. Later, on July 13, 2015 he was announced as manager of Litex Lovech II, the reserve team of former Bulgarian champions Litex Lovech which competed in B Group, the second level of Bulgarian football.\n\nOn 27 November 2016, following the resignation of Edward Iordănescu, Belchev was appointed as interim manager of CSKA Sofia. On 3 January 2017 he was appointed as a permanent manager of the team, signing a contract until the end of the season. In early June 2017, it was announced that Belchev would remain as manager for the next season.\n\nOn 6 March 2019 Stamen Belchev was appointed as the new manager of Arda Kardzhali, after Stoev was signed with the Bulgarian champions Ludogorets Razgrad. After a successful period that culminated in the team's first ever promotion to the top flight of Bulgarian football, he parted ways with the club by mutual consent in April 2020.\n\nManagerial statistics\n\nHonours\n3rd place in the football manager of the year in Bulgaria ranking - 2017.\n\nReferences \n\n1969 births\nLiving people\nBulgarian footballers\nBulgarian football managers\nFC Haskovo players\nFC Lokomotiv Gorna Oryahovitsa players\nPFC Beroe Stara Zagora players\nPFC CSKA Sofia managers\nFirst Professional Football League (Bulgaria) players\nPeople from Haskovo\nAssociation football forwards" ]

[ "George Wright (January 28, 1847 – August 21, 1937) was an American shortstop in professional baseball. He played for the 1869 Cincinnati Red Stockings, the first fully professional team, when he was the game's best player.", "He played for the 1869 Cincinnati Red Stockings, the first fully professional team, when he was the game's best player. He then played for the Boston Red Stockings, helping the team win six league championships from 1871 to 1878. His older brother Harry Wright managed both Red Stockings teams and made George his cornerstone.", "His older brother Harry Wright managed both Red Stockings teams and made George his cornerstone. George was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1937. After arriving in Boston, he also entered the sporting goods business. There he continued in the industry, assisting in the development of golf.", "There he continued in the industry, assisting in the development of golf. Personal life Born in Yonkers, New York, 12 years younger than Harry, George Wright was raised as a cricket \"club pro\", assisting their father Samuel Wright as Harry had done.", "Personal life Born in Yonkers, New York, 12 years younger than Harry, George Wright was raised as a cricket \"club pro\", assisting their father Samuel Wright as Harry had done. Before George's birth, Samuel Wright's St George's Cricket Club moved from Manhattan across the Hudson River to Elysian Fields, Hoboken, New Jersey, where many New York and New Jersey baseball clubs played in the 1850s.", "Before George's birth, Samuel Wright's St George's Cricket Club moved from Manhattan across the Hudson River to Elysian Fields, Hoboken, New Jersey, where many New York and New Jersey baseball clubs played in the 1850s. Both boys learned baseball, too, but George grew up with the \"national game\" and was barely in his teens when the American Civil War curtailed its boom; Harry was already 22 when the baseball fraternity convened for the first time, and 30 when the war ended.", "Both boys learned baseball, too, but George grew up with the \"national game\" and was barely in his teens when the American Civil War curtailed its boom; Harry was already 22 when the baseball fraternity convened for the first time, and 30 when the war ended. George's younger brother Sam Wright also played baseball professionally, with brief appearances in the major leagues.", "George's younger brother Sam Wright also played baseball professionally, with brief appearances in the major leagues. George was the father of tennis great Beals Wright, a U.S. Championship winner and Olympic gold medalist, and Irving Wright, U.S. Championship men's doubles champion.", "George was the father of tennis great Beals Wright, a U.S. Championship winner and Olympic gold medalist, and Irving Wright, U.S. Championship men's doubles champion. Amateur baseball At some times during the war, both Wright brothers played for the venerable Gothams, the second-oldest baseball team after the Knickerbockers.", "Amateur baseball At some times during the war, both Wright brothers played for the venerable Gothams, the second-oldest baseball team after the Knickerbockers. According to Ivor-Campbell (1996), George moved from the Gotham juniors to the senior team when he was 15. At 17 in 1864, he was the regular catcher.", "At 17 in 1864, he was the regular catcher. Baseball's recovery from the American Civil War was far advanced in greater New York City (always untouched by the military conflict), as the leading clubs played more than 20 National Association of Base Ball Players (NABBP) matches, the Gothams 11.", "Baseball's recovery from the American Civil War was far advanced in greater New York City (always untouched by the military conflict), as the leading clubs played more than 20 National Association of Base Ball Players (NABBP) matches, the Gothams 11. George played eight and led the team both in runs, scoring 2.4 times per game, and \"hands lost\", put out only 2.4 times per game, average being three per player in a 9-inning game.", "George played eight and led the team both in runs, scoring 2.4 times per game, and \"hands lost\", put out only 2.4 times per game, average being three per player in a 9-inning game. In seven matches infielder Harry was fourth in scoring at 2.0 and second behind George in hands lost at 2.6 (Wright 2000: 91).", "In seven matches infielder Harry was fourth in scoring at 2.0 and second behind George in hands lost at 2.6 (Wright 2000: 91). For the 1865 season, George was hired by the Philadelphia Cricket Club; that summer he played in five matches for the Olympic Ball Club of that city.", "For the 1865 season, George was hired by the Philadelphia Cricket Club; that summer he played in five matches for the Olympic Ball Club of that city. The Olympic club was the devoted to games in the baseball genus, established in 1833.", "The Olympic club was the devoted to games in the baseball genus, established in 1833. At the December annual meeting, the first in peacetime, NAABP membership tripled, including isolated clubs from as far as Fort Leavenworth, Kansas and Chattanooga, Tennessee.", "At the December annual meeting, the first in peacetime, NAABP membership tripled, including isolated clubs from as far as Fort Leavenworth, Kansas and Chattanooga, Tennessee. Wright returned to the Gothams for baseball; he was 19 and nearing his athletic peak.", "Wright returned to the Gothams for baseball; he was 19 and nearing his athletic peak. At the same time, Harry Wright moved to Cincinnati for a job at the Union Cricket Club.", "At the same time, Harry Wright moved to Cincinnati for a job at the Union Cricket Club. Early in the summer of 1866, Wright moved from catcher for Gotham, which played eight NABBP matches that year, to shortstop for Union, which played 28, the leading number.", "Early in the summer of 1866, Wright moved from catcher for Gotham, which played eight NABBP matches that year, to shortstop for Union, which played 28, the leading number. The Union of Morrisania, now in the New York borough of the Bronx, were another charter member of the first Association, but one that moved toward professionalism in the postwar years, as the Gothams did not.", "The Union of Morrisania, now in the New York borough of the Bronx, were another charter member of the first Association, but one that moved toward professionalism in the postwar years, as the Gothams did not. In 1867, he joined the Nationals of Washington, D.C., the oldest club in that city, whose approach to professionalism was arranging government jobs, mainly with the Treasury.", "In 1867, he joined the Nationals of Washington, D.C., the oldest club in that city, whose approach to professionalism was arranging government jobs, mainly with the Treasury. He played second base, shortstop, and pitcher in 29 of the 30 matches fully on record and in those matches led the team both in scoring and hands lost.", "He played second base, shortstop, and pitcher in 29 of the 30 matches fully on record and in those matches led the team both in scoring and hands lost. Next year he returned to the Unions for the association's last officially all-amateur season and moved permanently to the shortstop position.", "Next year he returned to the Unions for the association's last officially all-amateur season and moved permanently to the shortstop position. In 1868, Wright won the Clipper Medal for being the best shortstop in baseball.", "In 1868, Wright won the Clipper Medal for being the best shortstop in baseball. Cincinnati Red Stockings Meanwhile, George's brother Harry had acquired baseball duties and had organized for Cincinnati the strongest team in the West, led in 1868 by a handful of players from the East — presumably compensated somehow by club members if not by the club.", "Cincinnati Red Stockings Meanwhile, George's brother Harry had acquired baseball duties and had organized for Cincinnati the strongest team in the West, led in 1868 by a handful of players from the East — presumably compensated somehow by club members if not by the club. When the NABBP permitted professionalism for 1869, Harry augmented himself and four incumbents with five new men including his brother George, who was highest paid at $1400 for nine months.", "When the NABBP permitted professionalism for 1869, Harry augmented himself and four incumbents with five new men including his brother George, who was highest paid at $1400 for nine months. George remained a cornerstone of Harry's teams for 10 seasons.", "George remained a cornerstone of Harry's teams for 10 seasons. Cincinnati toured the continent undefeated in 1869, as George batted .633 with 49 home runs in 57 games. It may have been the strongest team in 1870, but the club dropped professional baseball after the second season.", "It may have been the strongest team in 1870, but the club dropped professional baseball after the second season. Major League Baseball Harry Wright was hired to organize a new team in Boston, where he signed three teammates including George for 1871. The new Red Stockings team just missed winning the first National Association pennant.", "The new Red Stockings team just missed winning the first National Association pennant. George suffered a broken leg and missed half the season; one more win would have been decisive in Boston's favor.", "George suffered a broken leg and missed half the season; one more win would have been decisive in Boston's favor. With some personnel changes, the Boston Red Stockings won the other four NA pennants, dominating so severely in 1875 that they helped provoke a new league.", "With some personnel changes, the Boston Red Stockings won the other four NA pennants, dominating so severely in 1875 that they helped provoke a new league. Wright holds the NA career record for the most triples (41), and he led the NA in triples with 15 in 1874.", "Wright holds the NA career record for the most triples (41), and he led the NA in triples with 15 in 1874. On April 22, 1876, Wright became the first batter in National League history, and grounded out to the shortstop.", "On April 22, 1876, Wright became the first batter in National League history, and grounded out to the shortstop. Boston trailed badly in the first NL season after the defection of its Big Four western players to Chicago, but rebounded to win again both 1877 and 1878.", "Boston trailed badly in the first NL season after the defection of its Big Four western players to Chicago, but rebounded to win again both 1877 and 1878. George Wright had played an even decade for Harry's teams. Another 1869 hire, Andy Leonard, was present for all but the 1871 second-place finish.", "Another 1869 hire, Andy Leonard, was present for all but the 1871 second-place finish. The Providence Grays, new in the NL for 1878, hired George to lead the team in 1879.", "The Providence Grays, new in the NL for 1878, hired George to lead the team in 1879. He did as well as possible, wrestling the championship for himself from older brother Harry; for Providence and Rhode Island from older and regionally dominant Boston and Massachusetts.", "He did as well as possible, wrestling the championship for himself from older brother Harry; for Providence and Rhode Island from older and regionally dominant Boston and Massachusetts. However, Wright & Ditson Sporting Goods was growing, so George returned to Boston for business reasons.", "However, Wright & Ditson Sporting Goods was growing, so George returned to Boston for business reasons. He remains the only man to win the pennant in his lone season as manager. Meanwhile, the National League introduced the reserve list system, and Providence listed George, so he was not free to sign with Boston.", "Meanwhile, the National League introduced the reserve list system, and Providence listed George, so he was not free to sign with Boston. Until the 1879–80 off-season, every professional baseball player was a \"free agent\" for every season. During the next two seasons he played only a few games.", "During the next two seasons he played only a few games. When Boston changed managers for 1882, Harry signed to lead Providence and inherited the right to sign his brother. George played another season full-time, retiring after the 1882 season with a .301 batting average in the major leagues from 1871.", "George played another season full-time, retiring after the 1882 season with a .301 batting average in the major leagues from 1871. After Ditson died in 1891, Spalding purchased Wright & Ditson Co in Feb 1892. The name Wright & Ditson Co continued to be used several years after the purchase.", "The name Wright & Ditson Co continued to be used several years after the purchase. Cricket In 1882, George Wright took up cricket seriously again with the Longwood Cricket Club of Boston where he dominated local cricket sides with Isaac Chambers, the Longwood cricket pro and greenskeeper, holding up the other bowling end.", "Cricket In 1882, George Wright took up cricket seriously again with the Longwood Cricket Club of Boston where he dominated local cricket sides with Isaac Chambers, the Longwood cricket pro and greenskeeper, holding up the other bowling end. In 1891, Wright captained the Longwood Cricket Club against Lord Hawke's visiting English side.", "In 1891, Wright captained the Longwood Cricket Club against Lord Hawke's visiting English side. Wright's side surprised the visiting English first-class players with accurate bowling which kept the tourists in check.", "Wright's side surprised the visiting English first-class players with accurate bowling which kept the tourists in check. In 1892, Wright donated cricket gear to British Guianese (Guyana) cricket players, thereby starting a century-old tradition of West Indian cricket in New England.", "In 1892, Wright donated cricket gear to British Guianese (Guyana) cricket players, thereby starting a century-old tradition of West Indian cricket in New England. Golf In 1886, Wright obtained what was said to be the first set of golf clubs and balls in the United States and had them on display in the Wright & Ditson sporting goods shop in Boston where a visitor from Scotland saw them and explained the game.", "Golf In 1886, Wright obtained what was said to be the first set of golf clubs and balls in the United States and had them on display in the Wright & Ditson sporting goods shop in Boston where a visitor from Scotland saw them and explained the game. In December 1890, Wright and three friends obtained a permit and chopped nine holes in the frozen ground of Boston's Franklin Park, playing two rounds.", "In December 1890, Wright and three friends obtained a permit and chopped nine holes in the frozen ground of Boston's Franklin Park, playing two rounds. (Six years later, a public golf course was laid out in Franklin Park.", "(Six years later, a public golf course was laid out in Franklin Park. The course, now known as the William J. Devine Golf Course, is the second oldest public golf course in the United States.)", "The course, now known as the William J. Devine Golf Course, is the second oldest public golf course in the United States.) Wright & Ditson became a major seller of golf clubs; early U.S. Open champion Francis Ouimet worked at the store while pursuing his amateur career.", "Wright & Ditson became a major seller of golf clubs; early U.S. Open champion Francis Ouimet worked at the store while pursuing his amateur career. Wright later donated the , the former Grew estate, for Boston's second municipal course which became the Donald Ross-designed George Wright Golf Course located in the Hyde Park section of Boston.", "Wright later donated the , the former Grew estate, for Boston's second municipal course which became the Donald Ross-designed George Wright Golf Course located in the Hyde Park section of Boston. Baseball legacy George Wright served on the 1906–1907 Mills Commission that—despite a complete lack of historical evidence—determined that Cooperstown, New York was the birthplace of baseball.", "Baseball legacy George Wright served on the 1906–1907 Mills Commission that—despite a complete lack of historical evidence—determined that Cooperstown, New York was the birthplace of baseball. President Mills and secretary Sullivan probably did the work, with the others lending gravity and celebrity. (The commission's determination has never been taken seriously by baseball historians and scholars.)", "(The commission's determination has never been taken seriously by baseball historians and scholars.) Wright accompanied the United States contingent to the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm, Sweden where demonstrations of baseball, involving American track and field athletes and a team of Swedish players, were held.", "Wright accompanied the United States contingent to the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm, Sweden where demonstrations of baseball, involving American track and field athletes and a team of Swedish players, were held. Wright umpired one of the games and provided instruction in the game for the Swedish players.", "Wright umpired one of the games and provided instruction in the game for the Swedish players. Jim Thorpe, winner of the pentathlon and decathlon at that year's Olympics and a future Major League Baseball player, was one of the American players participating in the baseball exhibitions.", "Jim Thorpe, winner of the pentathlon and decathlon at that year's Olympics and a future Major League Baseball player, was one of the American players participating in the baseball exhibitions. Wright was consulted regarding the baseball centennial celebrations of 1939, including the establishment of the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum in Cooperstown.", "Wright was consulted regarding the baseball centennial celebrations of 1939, including the establishment of the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum in Cooperstown. Soon after his own election to the Hall of Fame in 1937, he died in Boston of a stroke, aged 90. He is buried in Holyhood Cemetery, in Brookline, Massachusetts.", "He is buried in Holyhood Cemetery, in Brookline, Massachusetts. See also List of Major League Baseball player-managers References Further reading Ivor-Campbell, Frederick (1996). \"George Wright\". Baseball's First Stars. Edited by Frederick Ivor-Campbell, et al. Cleveland, Ohio: SABR. Retrosheet. \"George Wright\".", "Retrosheet. \"George Wright\". \"George Wright\". Retrieved August 29, 2006. Sentence, David (n.d.). \"Cricket in America – Part 3: America's Oldest Cricket Club\". Retrieved August 31, 2006. Wright, Marshall (2000). The National Association of Base Ball Players, 1857–1870.", "The National Association of Base Ball Players, 1857–1870. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Co.", "Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Co. External links (cricket career) 1847 births 1937 deaths National Baseball Hall of Fame inductees Major League Baseball player-managers Major League Baseball shortstops 19th-century baseball players Cincinnati Red Stockings players Boston Red Stockings players Boston Red Caps players Providence Grays players Baseball players from New York (state) Providence Grays managers New York Gothams (NABBP) players Morrisania Unions players Washington Nationals (NABBP) players American cricketers American cricket umpires Cricketers from New York (state) Sportspeople from Yonkers, New York Burials at Holyhood Cemetery (Brookline)" ]

[ "George Wright (sportsman)", "New England", "When did George move to New England?", "where he signed three teammates including George for 1871.", "who signed him up?", "Harry Wright", "what did team george play for?", "Boston Red Stockings", "What other team did he play for?", "The Providence Grays,", "Did he win any awards while in of the teams?", "He remains the only man to win the pennant in his lone season as manager.", "which team was he manager of?", "The Providence Grays," ]

[ "The 1965 NCAA College Division football rankings are from the United Press International poll of College Division head coaches and from the Associated Press. The 1965 NCAA College Division football season was the eighth year UPI published a Coaches Poll in what was termed the \"Small College\" division. It was the sixth year for the AP version of the poll.\n\nThe UPI poll did not include Win/Loss records in the weekly rankings. In the AP poll, the Win/Loss records were published for the Top 10. However, the Win/Loss records are provided in the UPI poll section if the AP also ranked the team.\n\nLegend\n\nThe AP poll\n\nThe UPI Coaches poll\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nRankings\nNCAA College Division football rankings", "The 1967 NCAA College Division football rankings are from the United Press International poll of College Division head coaches and from the Associated Press. The 1967 NCAA College Division football season was the tenth year UPI published a Coaches Poll in what was termed the \"Small College\" division. It was the eighth year for the AP version of the poll.\n\nThe AP poll did not include Win/Loss records in the weekly rankings. In the UPI poll, the Win/Loss records were published for the Top 10 in most weeks. However, the Win/Loss records are provided in the AP poll section if the UPI also ranked the team.\n\nLegend\n\nThe AP poll\n\nThe UPI Coaches poll\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nRankings\nNCAA College Division football rankings" ]

[ "George Wright (January 28, 1847 – August 21, 1937) was an American shortstop in professional baseball. He played for the 1869 Cincinnati Red Stockings, the first fully professional team, when he was the game's best player.", "He played for the 1869 Cincinnati Red Stockings, the first fully professional team, when he was the game's best player. He then played for the Boston Red Stockings, helping the team win six league championships from 1871 to 1878. His older brother Harry Wright managed both Red Stockings teams and made George his cornerstone.", "His older brother Harry Wright managed both Red Stockings teams and made George his cornerstone. George was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1937. After arriving in Boston, he also entered the sporting goods business. There he continued in the industry, assisting in the development of golf.", "There he continued in the industry, assisting in the development of golf. Personal life Born in Yonkers, New York, 12 years younger than Harry, George Wright was raised as a cricket \"club pro\", assisting their father Samuel Wright as Harry had done.", "Personal life Born in Yonkers, New York, 12 years younger than Harry, George Wright was raised as a cricket \"club pro\", assisting their father Samuel Wright as Harry had done. Before George's birth, Samuel Wright's St George's Cricket Club moved from Manhattan across the Hudson River to Elysian Fields, Hoboken, New Jersey, where many New York and New Jersey baseball clubs played in the 1850s.", "Before George's birth, Samuel Wright's St George's Cricket Club moved from Manhattan across the Hudson River to Elysian Fields, Hoboken, New Jersey, where many New York and New Jersey baseball clubs played in the 1850s. Both boys learned baseball, too, but George grew up with the \"national game\" and was barely in his teens when the American Civil War curtailed its boom; Harry was already 22 when the baseball fraternity convened for the first time, and 30 when the war ended.", "Both boys learned baseball, too, but George grew up with the \"national game\" and was barely in his teens when the American Civil War curtailed its boom; Harry was already 22 when the baseball fraternity convened for the first time, and 30 when the war ended. George's younger brother Sam Wright also played baseball professionally, with brief appearances in the major leagues.", "George's younger brother Sam Wright also played baseball professionally, with brief appearances in the major leagues. George was the father of tennis great Beals Wright, a U.S. Championship winner and Olympic gold medalist, and Irving Wright, U.S. Championship men's doubles champion.", "George was the father of tennis great Beals Wright, a U.S. Championship winner and Olympic gold medalist, and Irving Wright, U.S. Championship men's doubles champion. Amateur baseball At some times during the war, both Wright brothers played for the venerable Gothams, the second-oldest baseball team after the Knickerbockers.", "Amateur baseball At some times during the war, both Wright brothers played for the venerable Gothams, the second-oldest baseball team after the Knickerbockers. According to Ivor-Campbell (1996), George moved from the Gotham juniors to the senior team when he was 15. At 17 in 1864, he was the regular catcher.", "At 17 in 1864, he was the regular catcher. Baseball's recovery from the American Civil War was far advanced in greater New York City (always untouched by the military conflict), as the leading clubs played more than 20 National Association of Base Ball Players (NABBP) matches, the Gothams 11.", "Baseball's recovery from the American Civil War was far advanced in greater New York City (always untouched by the military conflict), as the leading clubs played more than 20 National Association of Base Ball Players (NABBP) matches, the Gothams 11. George played eight and led the team both in runs, scoring 2.4 times per game, and \"hands lost\", put out only 2.4 times per game, average being three per player in a 9-inning game.", "George played eight and led the team both in runs, scoring 2.4 times per game, and \"hands lost\", put out only 2.4 times per game, average being three per player in a 9-inning game. In seven matches infielder Harry was fourth in scoring at 2.0 and second behind George in hands lost at 2.6 (Wright 2000: 91).", "In seven matches infielder Harry was fourth in scoring at 2.0 and second behind George in hands lost at 2.6 (Wright 2000: 91). For the 1865 season, George was hired by the Philadelphia Cricket Club; that summer he played in five matches for the Olympic Ball Club of that city.", "For the 1865 season, George was hired by the Philadelphia Cricket Club; that summer he played in five matches for the Olympic Ball Club of that city. The Olympic club was the devoted to games in the baseball genus, established in 1833.", "The Olympic club was the devoted to games in the baseball genus, established in 1833. At the December annual meeting, the first in peacetime, NAABP membership tripled, including isolated clubs from as far as Fort Leavenworth, Kansas and Chattanooga, Tennessee.", "At the December annual meeting, the first in peacetime, NAABP membership tripled, including isolated clubs from as far as Fort Leavenworth, Kansas and Chattanooga, Tennessee. Wright returned to the Gothams for baseball; he was 19 and nearing his athletic peak.", "Wright returned to the Gothams for baseball; he was 19 and nearing his athletic peak. At the same time, Harry Wright moved to Cincinnati for a job at the Union Cricket Club.", "At the same time, Harry Wright moved to Cincinnati for a job at the Union Cricket Club. Early in the summer of 1866, Wright moved from catcher for Gotham, which played eight NABBP matches that year, to shortstop for Union, which played 28, the leading number.", "Early in the summer of 1866, Wright moved from catcher for Gotham, which played eight NABBP matches that year, to shortstop for Union, which played 28, the leading number. The Union of Morrisania, now in the New York borough of the Bronx, were another charter member of the first Association, but one that moved toward professionalism in the postwar years, as the Gothams did not.", "The Union of Morrisania, now in the New York borough of the Bronx, were another charter member of the first Association, but one that moved toward professionalism in the postwar years, as the Gothams did not. In 1867, he joined the Nationals of Washington, D.C., the oldest club in that city, whose approach to professionalism was arranging government jobs, mainly with the Treasury.", "In 1867, he joined the Nationals of Washington, D.C., the oldest club in that city, whose approach to professionalism was arranging government jobs, mainly with the Treasury. He played second base, shortstop, and pitcher in 29 of the 30 matches fully on record and in those matches led the team both in scoring and hands lost.", "He played second base, shortstop, and pitcher in 29 of the 30 matches fully on record and in those matches led the team both in scoring and hands lost. Next year he returned to the Unions for the association's last officially all-amateur season and moved permanently to the shortstop position.", "Next year he returned to the Unions for the association's last officially all-amateur season and moved permanently to the shortstop position. In 1868, Wright won the Clipper Medal for being the best shortstop in baseball.", "In 1868, Wright won the Clipper Medal for being the best shortstop in baseball. Cincinnati Red Stockings Meanwhile, George's brother Harry had acquired baseball duties and had organized for Cincinnati the strongest team in the West, led in 1868 by a handful of players from the East — presumably compensated somehow by club members if not by the club.", "Cincinnati Red Stockings Meanwhile, George's brother Harry had acquired baseball duties and had organized for Cincinnati the strongest team in the West, led in 1868 by a handful of players from the East — presumably compensated somehow by club members if not by the club. When the NABBP permitted professionalism for 1869, Harry augmented himself and four incumbents with five new men including his brother George, who was highest paid at $1400 for nine months.", "When the NABBP permitted professionalism for 1869, Harry augmented himself and four incumbents with five new men including his brother George, who was highest paid at $1400 for nine months. George remained a cornerstone of Harry's teams for 10 seasons.", "George remained a cornerstone of Harry's teams for 10 seasons. Cincinnati toured the continent undefeated in 1869, as George batted .633 with 49 home runs in 57 games. It may have been the strongest team in 1870, but the club dropped professional baseball after the second season.", "It may have been the strongest team in 1870, but the club dropped professional baseball after the second season. Major League Baseball Harry Wright was hired to organize a new team in Boston, where he signed three teammates including George for 1871. The new Red Stockings team just missed winning the first National Association pennant.", "The new Red Stockings team just missed winning the first National Association pennant. George suffered a broken leg and missed half the season; one more win would have been decisive in Boston's favor.", "George suffered a broken leg and missed half the season; one more win would have been decisive in Boston's favor. With some personnel changes, the Boston Red Stockings won the other four NA pennants, dominating so severely in 1875 that they helped provoke a new league.", "With some personnel changes, the Boston Red Stockings won the other four NA pennants, dominating so severely in 1875 that they helped provoke a new league. Wright holds the NA career record for the most triples (41), and he led the NA in triples with 15 in 1874.", "Wright holds the NA career record for the most triples (41), and he led the NA in triples with 15 in 1874. On April 22, 1876, Wright became the first batter in National League history, and grounded out to the shortstop.", "On April 22, 1876, Wright became the first batter in National League history, and grounded out to the shortstop. Boston trailed badly in the first NL season after the defection of its Big Four western players to Chicago, but rebounded to win again both 1877 and 1878.", "Boston trailed badly in the first NL season after the defection of its Big Four western players to Chicago, but rebounded to win again both 1877 and 1878. George Wright had played an even decade for Harry's teams. Another 1869 hire, Andy Leonard, was present for all but the 1871 second-place finish.", "Another 1869 hire, Andy Leonard, was present for all but the 1871 second-place finish. The Providence Grays, new in the NL for 1878, hired George to lead the team in 1879.", "The Providence Grays, new in the NL for 1878, hired George to lead the team in 1879. He did as well as possible, wrestling the championship for himself from older brother Harry; for Providence and Rhode Island from older and regionally dominant Boston and Massachusetts.", "He did as well as possible, wrestling the championship for himself from older brother Harry; for Providence and Rhode Island from older and regionally dominant Boston and Massachusetts. However, Wright & Ditson Sporting Goods was growing, so George returned to Boston for business reasons.", "However, Wright & Ditson Sporting Goods was growing, so George returned to Boston for business reasons. He remains the only man to win the pennant in his lone season as manager. Meanwhile, the National League introduced the reserve list system, and Providence listed George, so he was not free to sign with Boston.", "Meanwhile, the National League introduced the reserve list system, and Providence listed George, so he was not free to sign with Boston. Until the 1879–80 off-season, every professional baseball player was a \"free agent\" for every season. During the next two seasons he played only a few games.", "During the next two seasons he played only a few games. When Boston changed managers for 1882, Harry signed to lead Providence and inherited the right to sign his brother. George played another season full-time, retiring after the 1882 season with a .301 batting average in the major leagues from 1871.", "George played another season full-time, retiring after the 1882 season with a .301 batting average in the major leagues from 1871. After Ditson died in 1891, Spalding purchased Wright & Ditson Co in Feb 1892. The name Wright & Ditson Co continued to be used several years after the purchase.", "The name Wright & Ditson Co continued to be used several years after the purchase. Cricket In 1882, George Wright took up cricket seriously again with the Longwood Cricket Club of Boston where he dominated local cricket sides with Isaac Chambers, the Longwood cricket pro and greenskeeper, holding up the other bowling end.", "Cricket In 1882, George Wright took up cricket seriously again with the Longwood Cricket Club of Boston where he dominated local cricket sides with Isaac Chambers, the Longwood cricket pro and greenskeeper, holding up the other bowling end. In 1891, Wright captained the Longwood Cricket Club against Lord Hawke's visiting English side.", "In 1891, Wright captained the Longwood Cricket Club against Lord Hawke's visiting English side. Wright's side surprised the visiting English first-class players with accurate bowling which kept the tourists in check.", "Wright's side surprised the visiting English first-class players with accurate bowling which kept the tourists in check. In 1892, Wright donated cricket gear to British Guianese (Guyana) cricket players, thereby starting a century-old tradition of West Indian cricket in New England.", "In 1892, Wright donated cricket gear to British Guianese (Guyana) cricket players, thereby starting a century-old tradition of West Indian cricket in New England. Golf In 1886, Wright obtained what was said to be the first set of golf clubs and balls in the United States and had them on display in the Wright & Ditson sporting goods shop in Boston where a visitor from Scotland saw them and explained the game.", "Golf In 1886, Wright obtained what was said to be the first set of golf clubs and balls in the United States and had them on display in the Wright & Ditson sporting goods shop in Boston where a visitor from Scotland saw them and explained the game. In December 1890, Wright and three friends obtained a permit and chopped nine holes in the frozen ground of Boston's Franklin Park, playing two rounds.", "In December 1890, Wright and three friends obtained a permit and chopped nine holes in the frozen ground of Boston's Franklin Park, playing two rounds. (Six years later, a public golf course was laid out in Franklin Park.", "(Six years later, a public golf course was laid out in Franklin Park. The course, now known as the William J. Devine Golf Course, is the second oldest public golf course in the United States.)", "The course, now known as the William J. Devine Golf Course, is the second oldest public golf course in the United States.) Wright & Ditson became a major seller of golf clubs; early U.S. Open champion Francis Ouimet worked at the store while pursuing his amateur career.", "Wright & Ditson became a major seller of golf clubs; early U.S. Open champion Francis Ouimet worked at the store while pursuing his amateur career. Wright later donated the , the former Grew estate, for Boston's second municipal course which became the Donald Ross-designed George Wright Golf Course located in the Hyde Park section of Boston.", "Wright later donated the , the former Grew estate, for Boston's second municipal course which became the Donald Ross-designed George Wright Golf Course located in the Hyde Park section of Boston. Baseball legacy George Wright served on the 1906–1907 Mills Commission that—despite a complete lack of historical evidence—determined that Cooperstown, New York was the birthplace of baseball.", "Baseball legacy George Wright served on the 1906–1907 Mills Commission that—despite a complete lack of historical evidence—determined that Cooperstown, New York was the birthplace of baseball. President Mills and secretary Sullivan probably did the work, with the others lending gravity and celebrity. (The commission's determination has never been taken seriously by baseball historians and scholars.)", "(The commission's determination has never been taken seriously by baseball historians and scholars.) Wright accompanied the United States contingent to the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm, Sweden where demonstrations of baseball, involving American track and field athletes and a team of Swedish players, were held.", "Wright accompanied the United States contingent to the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm, Sweden where demonstrations of baseball, involving American track and field athletes and a team of Swedish players, were held. Wright umpired one of the games and provided instruction in the game for the Swedish players.", "Wright umpired one of the games and provided instruction in the game for the Swedish players. Jim Thorpe, winner of the pentathlon and decathlon at that year's Olympics and a future Major League Baseball player, was one of the American players participating in the baseball exhibitions.", "Jim Thorpe, winner of the pentathlon and decathlon at that year's Olympics and a future Major League Baseball player, was one of the American players participating in the baseball exhibitions. Wright was consulted regarding the baseball centennial celebrations of 1939, including the establishment of the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum in Cooperstown.", "Wright was consulted regarding the baseball centennial celebrations of 1939, including the establishment of the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum in Cooperstown. Soon after his own election to the Hall of Fame in 1937, he died in Boston of a stroke, aged 90. He is buried in Holyhood Cemetery, in Brookline, Massachusetts.", "He is buried in Holyhood Cemetery, in Brookline, Massachusetts. See also List of Major League Baseball player-managers References Further reading Ivor-Campbell, Frederick (1996). \"George Wright\". Baseball's First Stars. Edited by Frederick Ivor-Campbell, et al. Cleveland, Ohio: SABR. Retrosheet. \"George Wright\".", "Retrosheet. \"George Wright\". \"George Wright\". Retrieved August 29, 2006. Sentence, David (n.d.). \"Cricket in America – Part 3: America's Oldest Cricket Club\". Retrieved August 31, 2006. Wright, Marshall (2000). The National Association of Base Ball Players, 1857–1870.", "The National Association of Base Ball Players, 1857–1870. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Co.", "Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Co. External links (cricket career) 1847 births 1937 deaths National Baseball Hall of Fame inductees Major League Baseball player-managers Major League Baseball shortstops 19th-century baseball players Cincinnati Red Stockings players Boston Red Stockings players Boston Red Caps players Providence Grays players Baseball players from New York (state) Providence Grays managers New York Gothams (NABBP) players Morrisania Unions players Washington Nationals (NABBP) players American cricketers American cricket umpires Cricketers from New York (state) Sportspeople from Yonkers, New York Burials at Holyhood Cemetery (Brookline)" ]

[ "Stone Poneys", "Record deal" ]

[ "Evergreen, Vol. 2 is the second album from the Stone Poneys, released five months after The Stone Poneys. It was the most commercially successful of the Stone Poneys' three studio albums.\n\nRelease data\nThe album was released in the LP format on Capitol in June 1967 in both monaural and stereophonic editions (catalogue numbers T 2763 and ST 2763, respectively), and subsequently, on 8-track tape (catalogue number 8XT 2763) and cassette (catalogue number C4-80129). In 1995, Capitol reissued the album on CD (catalogue number CDP-80129).\n\nRaven issued a 27-track \"two-fer\" CD In 2008, featuring all tracks from this and the band's first album (under its 1975 reissue name, The Stone Poneys Featuring Linda Ronstadt), plus four tracks from their third album, Linda Ronstadt, Stone Poneys and Friends, Vol. III.\n\nNotes on the tracks\nIn a departure from the first album, Linda Ronstadt was the lead vocalist on almost all songs, with only occasional harmony vocals. The exception is the title song, \"Evergreen\" (also released on the B-side of the album's first single, \"One for One\"). Kenny Edwards sang lead on \"Part One\", while \"Part Two\" is an instrumental. Both parts have a psychedelic rock feel and feature sitar playing (also by Edwards).\n\nThe album contains the band's biggest hit, \"Different Drum\", written by Mike Nesmith prior to his joining The Monkees. The Stone Poneys' version went to No. 12 on Billboard's Hot 100 chart (with 'featuring Linda Ronstadt' on the single label; she was the only band member on the track). As Edwards recalled, the band based their original recording of the song on a version by The Greenbriar Boys from their 1966 album Better Late than Never!: \"We cut a version very much like that, with mandolin, kind of a jug bandy, bluegrass-lite version.\" Record producer Nik Venet, sensing that the song could be a hit, had Ronstadt re-record it with other musicians. However, \"Different Drum\" did not chart until November 1967, after the band's four-month tour to support the album; Edwards had already left the Stone Poneys by then.\n\nThe first single from the album, \"One for One,\" did not chart. It was co-written by Austin DeLone, later a member of seminal country rock band Eggs Over Easy, a group credited with launching the pub rock movement in Great Britain.\n\nFive of the songs were co-written by band members Bobby Kimmel and Edwards. Kimmel also co-wrote \"New Hard Times\" – with the unusual theme of examining the downside of '60s affluence – with Mayne Smith, a member of the San Francisco Bay Area's first bluegrass band, the Redwood Canyon Ramblers.\n\nMany of the other songwriters featured on the album, like the Stone Poneys themselves, were struggling singer-songwriters on the Los Angeles folk scene. Steve Gillette contributed \"Song about the Rain\" and \"Back on the Street Again\", and sang harmony vocals with Ronstadt on the latter. Sunshine Company had their biggest hit with \"Back on the Street Again\" (reaching No. 36 in Billboard); and Gillette included it on his eponymous debut album; both versions were released in 1967. More than 30 years later, West Coast bluegrass band Laurel Canyon Ramblers (led by Herb Pederson) released the song as the title track of their third CD, in 1998.\n\n\"December Dream,\" the album's opening track, was written by John Braheny, who had a brief career as a singer-songwriter before moving on to other areas of the music business. Fred Neil recorded the song in the same general time period, although it remained unreleased until the 1998 double-CD compilation album The Many Sides of Fred Neil. Braheny also included it on his eccentric 1970 LP, Some Kind of Change.\n\nTrack listing\n\nPersonnel\n\nBand members\n Bobby Kimmel: Guitar\n Kenny Edwards: Guitar, Sitar\n Linda Ronstadt: Lead Vocals, Finger Cymbals\n\nOther musicians\n Jimmy Bond: Bass\n Dennis Budimir: Guitar\n Pete Childs: Guitar\n Cyrus Faryar: Acoustic Guitar, Bouzouki\n John T. Forsha: Guitar\n Steve Gillette: Guitar, Harmony vocals (on \"Back on the Street Again\")\n Jim Gordon: Drums\n Bernie Leadon: Guitar on \"Different Drum\"\n Billy Mundi: Drums\n Joe Osborn: Electric Bass\n Don Randi: Harpsichord\nSidney Sharp: Violin, Concertmaster\nNorman Botnick: Strings\nWilliam Durasch: Strings\nJesse Ehrlich: Strings, Violin, Cello, Viola\nHarry Hyams: Strings, Violin, Cello, Viola\nWilliam Kurasch: Violin, Cello, Viola\nLeonard Malarsky: Strings\nStanley Plummer: Strings, Violin, Cello, Viola\nRobert Sushel: Strings, Violin, Cello, Viola\n\nOther credits\n Warren Barnett: Mastering\n Richie Unterberger: Liner Notes\n Peter Shillito: Compilation, Concept, Release Preparation\n Ian McFarlane: Release Preparation\nKevin Mueller: Release Preparation\n\nReferences\n\n1967 albums\nStone Poneys albums\nAlbums produced by Nick Venet\nCapitol Records albums\n\nAlbums recorded at Capitol Studios", "Bobby Kimmel (born September 1, 1940) is an American musician and songwriter who currently performs with the acoustic folk group I Hear Voices. He has been recording and performing in concert for over 50 years and was a founding member of the Stone Poneys, along with Linda Ronstadt and the late Kenny Edwards.\n\nBobby Kimmel moved to Tucson as a child for his asthmatic condition. His father was a studio musician in New York City, and become the principal double bass player in the Tucson Symphony Orchestra. He also owned and operated a retail music shop near the university.\n\nKimmel's early musical influence was jazz, especially \"West Coast\" jazz. He also listened to the \"harder\" East Coast jazz. His passion for jazz continued all throughout his high school years, and it was not until he discovered the guitar (at age 17) that his musical direction changed.\n\nHe became aware of the folk and blues musicians such as Doc Watson, Lightnin Hopkins, Merle Travis, and Mississippi John Hurt, as well as contemporaries like Dick Rosmini, Steve Mann and Ry Cooder. Phonorecords from his father's music store at this time contributed invaluably to his musical education.\n\nAt that point, Kimmel fully turned his attention toward folk music. He began playing both bass and guitar in the folk music clubs around Tucson in the early 1960s. He started performing with his friend Linda Ronstadt. During that period he played bass in a folk group with Linda and her older brother and sister Peter and Suzie.\n\nThe LA Years\nIn 1963, Bobby left Tucson for Los Angeles to further his music career. Quickly he called Linda to join him in LA.\n\nLinda agreed, together they formed The Stone Poneys with LA guitarist Kenny Edwards. After a few months of rehearsal (including in the local laundromat which had great acoustics), the trio played an open mike gig at The Troubador in West Los Angeles. That one performance resulted in a multi—album contract with Capitol Records.\n\nThe Stone Poneys\nThe Stone Poneys recorded three albums for Capitol in the mid-60s and had a major hit in 1967 with \"Different Drum\", written by soon-to-be Monkees member Michael Nesmith. Different Drum peaked at #12 on the Cashbox Top 100 chart on February 12, 1968. The first two Stone Poney albums mostly featured Bobby's original songs.\n\nThe band toured nationally and played the popular music TV shows of the day. They appeared on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson in New York. They even toured briefly as the opening act for The Doors when \"Light My Fire\" was a huge hit and Jim Morrison was quickly becoming a pop music phenom.\n\nJust about the time \"Different Drum\" became a nationwide hit, Kenny Edwards quit The Stone Poneys. That was the beginning of the end. Linda and Bobby played one more tour under The Stone Poneys name with pick-up musicians, and the group disbanded at the end of the tour.\n\nMcCabe's Guitar Shop\nAfter the Stone Poneys broke up, Bobby created and developed the concert series at McCabe's Guitar Shop in Santa Monica, California. It became one of the premier acoustic music venues in the country. By the time he left 7 years later, McCabe's was a notable concert venue attracting artists such as Jackson Browne, Odetta, Emmylou Harris, Bill Monroe, Jennifer Warnes, Doc & Merle Watson, The New Grass Revival, David Grisman, Tom Waits and Chet Atkins had all headlined there - and many others.\n\nIn the mid-1970s, Bobby also teamed up with Shep Cooke (also from Tucson and who was on the final Stone Poneys tour) and LA musician Kit Alderson. They formed The Floating House Band, an acoustic singing trio. They recorded an album for Takoma Records, which was owned by folk guitarist John Fahey.\n\nWith Doc & Merle Watson\nIn the late 70s, Bobby went out on the road playing upright bass with Doc & Merle Watson. They played the New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Festival.\n\nJapan\nBobby's last music business endeavor in Los Angeles was arranging tours in Japan by American folk artists. Working in tandem with his Japanese partner Hiroshi Asada, they booked tours for three years, including tours by Jesse Colin Young, LA session guitarist Larry Carlton, The New Grass Revival and a bluegrass all-star band featuring David Grisman, Tony Rice, Richard Greene, Bill Keith, Peter Rowan and Todd Phillips. Kimmel went on several of these tours as road manager.\n\nBack In Tucson - 4 Corners\nBobby moved back to Tucson in 2001 and connected with his friend Jo Wilkinson, a powerful lead singer and songwriter from LA who also moved there. Since Jo and Bobby had played together at parties in LA, they got the idea of forming an acoustic singing band here. They went to the 2002 Tucson Folk Festival together, and on the second day they heard Stefan George and Lavinia White. Bobby immediately approached Stefan and Lavinia and proposed that the four of them get together to play music. Stefan and Lavinia were cautious at first, but after a while and a number of casual living room sessions at Bobby's house, they warmed to the idea and finally 4 Corners was formed. At the beginning of 2003, the quartet began rehearsing seriously.\n\n4 Corners sang together for 3 1/2 years and released two CDs before Jo left the group in the summer of 2006.\n\nBK Special\nAfter Jo left 4 Corners, Bobby, Stefan and Lavinia decided to try to go on as a trio.\n\nBobby had written a group of new songs full of possibilities for rich harmonies, and much room for Stefan to play. (Bobby and Stefan had figured out how two finger-style guitarists could play together). So along with a crop of Stefan's latest songs to work with, the band quickly developed a new repertoire and a new harmony sound. The acoustic music community in Tucson was quick to embrace them.\n\nThe BK Special CD - with Linda Ronstadt\nAlthough BK Special only formed in the summer of 2006, by the end of that year, they were already talking about recording their first CD. They followed through, and in March 2007 the trio went into Duncan Stitt's A Writer's Room studio to begin recording. They recorded 12 songs live in the studio over the next couple of weeks.\n\nSomewhere toward the end of the mixing process, and before Stefan's return, Bobby got a call from Linda Ronstadt who was in Tucson and wanted to visit. They went out to dinner, and during the evening Bobby was raving about how excited he was with the way the CD was turning out. Linda said, \"I'd love to hear some of it.\" Since they were near Bobby's house, Linda stopped by and Bobby played her a few of the rough mixes.\n\nLinda was immediately impressed with the sound Duncan had achieved on the all-acoustic CD, and really liked the trio's three-part vocals. One of the songs Bobby played was his own Into The Arms Of Love, and Linda started singing a pretty harmony part under her breath. Bobby asked if she would sing that part on the CD and Linda said, \"Sure.\" That was it.\n\nBy the time Stefan came back from Germany, the CD was nearly mixed - and Linda had agreed to sing on it. The band quickly cleaned up whatever remained to be done, Linda came into Duncan's studio and added her vocal part, Stefan mastered it with Craig Schumacher at Wave Lab, and off it went to be manufactured.\n\nThe Second BK Special CD\nIn 2010, BK Special released their second CD Hope Spring, containing eight original songs by Bobby Kimmel. Both BK Special CDs remain in print and available.\n\nI Hear Voices!\nAt the beginning of 2012, Bobby retired BK Special after almost ten years together to focus on a lifelong dream of forming a quartet with a purely vocal concept and almost no instrumental presence. Bobby joined with Tucson musicians Kathy Harris, Bobby Ronstadt and Suzy Ronstadt to form I Hear Voices! and realize that dream.\n\nI Hear Voices! released their self-titled CD in the summer of 2013 during their appearance at the Tucson Folk Festival where they had a featured spot. In July 2013 the group traveled to Santa Monica, CA to play McCabe's Guitar Shop, the club Bobby opened in 1969, and had become one of the premier acoustic venues in the country.\n\nDiscography\nNumbers in parentheses indicate the date of release, and also the highest position on Billboard charts\n\nSingles\n The Stone Poneys - \"Sweet Summer Blue and Gold\" b/w \"All the Beautiful Things\" (rel. 1/67) – #45-1024 Capitol Records\n The Stone Poneys - \"One for One\" b/w \"Evergreen\" (rel. 6/67) – #5910; Capitol Records\n The Stone Poneys - \"Different Drum\" b/w \"I've Got to Know\" (rel. 9/67) – #2004; (#13) Capitol Records\n The Stone Poneys - \"Up to My Neck in High Muddy Water\" b/w \"Carnival Bear\" (rel. 3/68) – #2110; (#93) Capitol Records\n The Stone Poneys - \"Some of Shelly's Blues\" b/w \"Hobo\" (rel. 5/68) – #2195; Capitol Records\n\nAlbums\n The Stone Poneys - The Stone Poneys (album) – (rel. 1/67) Capitol Records\n The Stone Poneys - Evergreen, Volume 2 – (rel. 6/67) (#100) Capitol Records\n The Stone Poneys - Linda Ronstadt, Stone Poneys and Friends, Vol. III – (rel. 4/68) Capitol Records\n The Stone Poneys - The Stone Poneys Featuring Linda Ronstadt – (rel. 3/75, reissue of first album) (#172) Capitol Records\n The Floating House Band - The Floating House Band - (rel. 1972) Takoma Records\n 4 Corners - 4 Corners\n 4 Corners - 4 Corners Live at McCabes\n BK Special - BK Special (rel. 2007)\n BK Special - Hope Springs (rel. 2010)\n I Hear Voices! - I Hear Voices! (rel. 2013)\n I Hear Voices! - I Hear Voices with Strings (rel. 2015)\n\nCompilation albums\n The Stone Poneys - Stoney End (Linda Ronstadt album) – (rel. 1970) Capitol Records\n The Stone Poneys - The Stone Poneys (two-fer CD) – (rel. 2008) Capitol Records\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nBiography on BK Special Website\nHistory of Stone Poneys\nI Hear Voices! Website\n\nLiving people\nMusicians from Tucson, Arizona\nAmerican folk rock musicians\nSongwriters from Arizona\n1940 births" ]

[ "Stone Poneys (also The Stone Poneys. Linda Ronstadt and the Stone Poneys, and The Stone Poneys With Linda Ronstadt) were a folk rock trio formed in Los Angeles, consisting of Linda Ronstadt on vocals, Bobby Kimmel on rhythm guitar and vocals, and Kenny Edwards on lead guitar.", "Linda Ronstadt and the Stone Poneys, and The Stone Poneys With Linda Ronstadt) were a folk rock trio formed in Los Angeles, consisting of Linda Ronstadt on vocals, Bobby Kimmel on rhythm guitar and vocals, and Kenny Edwards on lead guitar. Their recordings include Ronstadt's first hit song, a cover of Mike Nesmith's \"Different Drum\".", "Their recordings include Ronstadt's first hit song, a cover of Mike Nesmith's \"Different Drum\". Even at this early stage, Ronstadt was showcasing her performances of an eclectic mix of songs, often from under-appreciated songwriters, requiring a wide array of backing musicians.", "Even at this early stage, Ronstadt was showcasing her performances of an eclectic mix of songs, often from under-appreciated songwriters, requiring a wide array of backing musicians. The band released three albums: The Stone Poneys; Evergreen, Volume 2; and Linda Ronstadt, Stone Poneys and Friends, Vol. III.", "III. III. All three albums were reissued in CD format in the 1990s in the US. The first two albums were reissued in Australia in 2008.", "The first two albums were reissued in Australia in 2008. History of the band Early meetings Linda Ronstadt first met Bobby Kimmel in 1960 while performing gigs in and around Tucson, Arizona with her older brother Peter and older sister Suzi (under the name \"The Three Ronstadts\", among others).", "History of the band Early meetings Linda Ronstadt first met Bobby Kimmel in 1960 while performing gigs in and around Tucson, Arizona with her older brother Peter and older sister Suzi (under the name \"The Three Ronstadts\", among others). The three Ronstadts joined with Kimmel and a local banjo player named Richard Saltus, performing locally as \"The New Union Ramblers\".", "The three Ronstadts joined with Kimmel and a local banjo player named Richard Saltus, performing locally as \"The New Union Ramblers\". Kimmel, who was six years older than Linda, was impressed with the strong voice and enthusiasm of the fourteen-year-old.", "Kimmel, who was six years older than Linda, was impressed with the strong voice and enthusiasm of the fourteen-year-old. He relocated to Southern California around 1961 and wrote regularly to cajole Linda into joining him throughout her high school years at Catalina High.", "He relocated to Southern California around 1961 and wrote regularly to cajole Linda into joining him throughout her high school years at Catalina High. Kimmel had already met and befriended Kenny Edwards shortly before Linda's arrival in L.A., and they had started writing folk-rock songs together.", "Kimmel had already met and befriended Kenny Edwards shortly before Linda's arrival in L.A., and they had started writing folk-rock songs together. Making the band in December 1964, after dropping out of Tucson's Catalina High School, and completing a semester at the University Of Arizona, Linda Ronstadt decided to move to the Los Angeles area to join Bobby Kimmel and form a band.", "Making the band in December 1964, after dropping out of Tucson's Catalina High School, and completing a semester at the University Of Arizona, Linda Ronstadt decided to move to the Los Angeles area to join Bobby Kimmel and form a band. Ronstadt described Kimmel's vision of the band: \"It was going to be five people.", "Ronstadt described Kimmel's vision of the band: \"It was going to be five people. We had an electric autoharp and a girl singer, and we thought we were unique in the world. And it turned out the Jefferson Airplane and the Lovin' Spoonful had beaten us.\"", "And it turned out the Jefferson Airplane and the Lovin' Spoonful had beaten us.\" The group trimmed down to a trio that called themselves the Stone Poneys. Their (misspelled) name came from Delta Blues singer Charley Patton's 1929 song \"The Stone Pony Blues\" (also known as \"Pony Blues\").", "Their (misspelled) name came from Delta Blues singer Charley Patton's 1929 song \"The Stone Pony Blues\" (also known as \"Pony Blues\"). The band was discovered by a couple of music industry executives while rehearsing at a soul food restaurant called Olivia's, located in Ocean Park, a community between Venice Beach and Santa Monica.", "The band was discovered by a couple of music industry executives while rehearsing at a soul food restaurant called Olivia's, located in Ocean Park, a community between Venice Beach and Santa Monica. Olivia's was famous for its food and clientele, including The Doors.", "Olivia's was famous for its food and clientele, including The Doors. In 1965, they recorded the Johnny Otis song \"So Fine\" and several others. Mike Curb, who at that time was working for Mercury, produced the sessions.", "Mike Curb, who at that time was working for Mercury, produced the sessions. The record company wanted them to change the group's name to \"The Signets\" and sing surf music, which the trio chose not to do.", "The record company wanted them to change the group's name to \"The Signets\" and sing surf music, which the trio chose not to do. Instead, The Stone Poneys became a leading attraction on the Los Angeles club circuit, with Ronstadt usually performing on stage in a miniskirt and bare feet.", "Instead, The Stone Poneys became a leading attraction on the Los Angeles club circuit, with Ronstadt usually performing on stage in a miniskirt and bare feet. They worked intimate clubs like The Troubadour in Hollywood, where they were opening for such musicians as Odetta and Oscar Brown Jr.; The Insomniac in Hermosa Beach, where they often appeared with The Chambers Brothers; and The Bitter End in Greenwich Village.", "They worked intimate clubs like The Troubadour in Hollywood, where they were opening for such musicians as Odetta and Oscar Brown Jr.; The Insomniac in Hermosa Beach, where they often appeared with The Chambers Brothers; and The Bitter End in Greenwich Village. One night at The Troubadour, the band's first manager, Herb Cohen, told Kimmel in front of Ronstadt: \"Well, I can get your chick singer recorded, but I don't know about the rest of the group\".", "One night at The Troubadour, the band's first manager, Herb Cohen, told Kimmel in front of Ronstadt: \"Well, I can get your chick singer recorded, but I don't know about the rest of the group\". Linda Ronstadt called this \"the beginning of the end\", although this occurred even before they were signed to Capitol and Ronstadt insisted that she would not record without the band.", "Linda Ronstadt called this \"the beginning of the end\", although this occurred even before they were signed to Capitol and Ronstadt insisted that she would not record without the band. The Stone Poneys broke up briefly in this time period, and Cohen tried to connect Ronstadt with Frank Zappa to make a demo, and also with Jack Nitzsche, but nothing ever materialized (she and Zappa – who were both being managed by Cohen in this time period – would later make a radio commercial for Remington brand electric shavers that was rejected by the company).", "The Stone Poneys broke up briefly in this time period, and Cohen tried to connect Ronstadt with Frank Zappa to make a demo, and also with Jack Nitzsche, but nothing ever materialized (she and Zappa – who were both being managed by Cohen in this time period – would later make a radio commercial for Remington brand electric shavers that was rejected by the company). Record deal After the Poneys reformed, Cohen introduced Linda, Kenny, and Bobby to Nick Venet (also known as Nik Venet) at The Troubadour.", "Record deal After the Poneys reformed, Cohen introduced Linda, Kenny, and Bobby to Nick Venet (also known as Nik Venet) at The Troubadour. Venet signed the band to Capitol Records in the summer of 1966.", "Venet signed the band to Capitol Records in the summer of 1966. Ronstadt recalls of the signing: \"Capitol wanted me as a solo, but Nick convinced them I wasn't ready, that I would develop. It was true.\"", "It was true.\" It was true.\" In a late 1966 article in Billboard, Venet discussed the formation of a new record label under Capitol called FolkWorld specifically to promote folk-rock artists.", "In a late 1966 article in Billboard, Venet discussed the formation of a new record label under Capitol called FolkWorld specifically to promote folk-rock artists. Although the FolkWorld concept was never realized, The Stone Poneys became the lead act in the stable of folk-rock performers that Venet was signing and producing in this time period.", "Although the FolkWorld concept was never realized, The Stone Poneys became the lead act in the stable of folk-rock performers that Venet was signing and producing in this time period. The three albums by The Stone Poneys were produced by Nick Venet.", "The three albums by The Stone Poneys were produced by Nick Venet. The band's original songs were credited to Bob Kimmel and Kenny Edwards, although subsequent CD reissues removed Edwards' name from most of the credits.", "The band's original songs were credited to Bob Kimmel and Kenny Edwards, although subsequent CD reissues removed Edwards' name from most of the credits. BMI's website now credits all original Kimmel-Edwards songs to Kimmel alone, resulting in \"Back Home\" being Edwards's lone songwriting credit with the Stone Poneys.", "BMI's website now credits all original Kimmel-Edwards songs to Kimmel alone, resulting in \"Back Home\" being Edwards's lone songwriting credit with the Stone Poneys. The first album, simply called The Stone Poneys, was more folk than rock and featured relatively few lead vocals by Ronstadt; it received little notice.", "The first album, simply called The Stone Poneys, was more folk than rock and featured relatively few lead vocals by Ronstadt; it received little notice. The band again broke up briefly between the first two albums; but, as related by Kenny Edwards, Nick Venet told the band: \"'We can make another record, we can make this happen.", "The band again broke up briefly between the first two albums; but, as related by Kenny Edwards, Nick Venet told the band: \"'We can make another record, we can make this happen. If we're going to do anything with this, we've got to make something that sounds commercial and get on the radio.\"", "If we're going to do anything with this, we've got to make something that sounds commercial and get on the radio.\" Hit song and further stresses For the second album, Evergreen, Volume 2, the songs were in more of a rock vein; and Linda was moved firmly into the lead vocalist position, with only occasional harmony vocals.", "Hit song and further stresses For the second album, Evergreen, Volume 2, the songs were in more of a rock vein; and Linda was moved firmly into the lead vocalist position, with only occasional harmony vocals. The album includes the band's only hit song, \"Different Drum\".", "The album includes the band's only hit song, \"Different Drum\". The original recording by The Stone Poneys of \"Different Drum\" was quite similar to the recorded version by The Greenbriar Boys from their 1966 album Better Late than Never!", "The original recording by The Stone Poneys of \"Different Drum\" was quite similar to the recorded version by The Greenbriar Boys from their 1966 album Better Late than Never! ; but as Kenny Edwards recalls: \"That's when Nik Venet sort of took an executive position and went, 'This could be a hit song, and we need to sort of have an arranger arrange it.'", "; but as Kenny Edwards recalls: \"That's when Nik Venet sort of took an executive position and went, 'This could be a hit song, and we need to sort of have an arranger arrange it.' So none of us actually played on the record version of that.\"", "So none of us actually played on the record version of that.\" (A live performance of \"Different Drum\" in the earlier style survives though).", "(A live performance of \"Different Drum\" in the earlier style survives though). The original album version of \"Different Drum\" from 1967 had a slightly longer run time (2:46) from the single edit (2:35), owing to a repeat of the harpsichord break in the middle of the song.", "The original album version of \"Different Drum\" from 1967 had a slightly longer run time (2:46) from the single edit (2:35), owing to a repeat of the harpsichord break in the middle of the song. All versions of the song reissued after that time have been the single edit although listed with the longer run time.", "All versions of the song reissued after that time have been the single edit although listed with the longer run time. This was not the only instance of the male band members being pushed out of the recording studio.", "This was not the only instance of the male band members being pushed out of the recording studio. Ironically, one of the few songs on the second album to feature harmony vocals, \"Back on the Street Again\" was a duet by Linda Ronstadt and songwriter Steve Gillette (though Linda's voice was clearly on top); Gillette remembers from the session: \"[T]here was a scuffle and some noise just outside the door.", "Ironically, one of the few songs on the second album to feature harmony vocals, \"Back on the Street Again\" was a duet by Linda Ronstadt and songwriter Steve Gillette (though Linda's voice was clearly on top); Gillette remembers from the session: \"[T]here was a scuffle and some noise just outside the door. When we opened it, there was a sad and for some, tearful scene in which it became clear that Kenny [Edwards] and Bobby [Kimmel] had not been notified of the session, and had heard about it indirectly and showed up full of anger at the betrayal.", "When we opened it, there was a sad and for some, tearful scene in which it became clear that Kenny [Edwards] and Bobby [Kimmel] had not been notified of the session, and had heard about it indirectly and showed up full of anger at the betrayal. Capitol really did try to break the group up\".", "Capitol really did try to break the group up\". The very success of \"Different Drum\" spelled the effective end of The Stone Poneys as a band: Almost immediately, they started to become known as \"Linda Ronstadt and The Stone Poneys\".", "The very success of \"Different Drum\" spelled the effective end of The Stone Poneys as a band: Almost immediately, they started to become known as \"Linda Ronstadt and The Stone Poneys\". Also, unlike the other 45s, which had been released solely under the name of the band, the \"Different Drum\" single also included in small letters: \"Featuring Linda Ronstadt\".", "Also, unlike the other 45s, which had been released solely under the name of the band, the \"Different Drum\" single also included in small letters: \"Featuring Linda Ronstadt\". As Edwards recalls: \"From the record company's point of view, immediately they wanted to push Linda as a solo artist.", "As Edwards recalls: \"From the record company's point of view, immediately they wanted to push Linda as a solo artist. And frankly, Linda's taste in songs was really growing away from what Bobby was writing.... So there was a spontaneous growth toward her being a solo artist.\"", "So there was a spontaneous growth toward her being a solo artist.\" A series of club dates throughout the United States to support the second album followed.", "A series of club dates throughout the United States to support the second album followed. Ronstadt remembers opening for the Paul Butterfield Blues Band at the Cafe Au Go Go in Greenwich Village as one of her worst experiences with the band: \"Here we were rejected by the hippest element in New York as lame.", "Ronstadt remembers opening for the Paul Butterfield Blues Band at the Cafe Au Go Go in Greenwich Village as one of her worst experiences with the band: \"Here we were rejected by the hippest element in New York as lame. We broke up right after that. We couldn't bear to look at each other.\"", "We couldn't bear to look at each other.\" Emergence of a star During work on the band's third album, in early 1968, Kenny Edwards departed for India.", "Emergence of a star During work on the band's third album, in early 1968, Kenny Edwards departed for India. After \"Different Drum\" hit the charts, Bob Kimmel and Linda Ronstadt rounded up some more musicians, and the reformed Stone Poneys began touring with the Doors.", "After \"Different Drum\" hit the charts, Bob Kimmel and Linda Ronstadt rounded up some more musicians, and the reformed Stone Poneys began touring with the Doors. Doors frontman Jim Morrison didn't endear himself to Ronstadt; she recalled: \"We thought they were a good band, but we didn't like the singer\".", "Doors frontman Jim Morrison didn't endear himself to Ronstadt; she recalled: \"We thought they were a good band, but we didn't like the singer\". After this tour, Kimmel also left the band. Linda Ronstadt gamely moved forward and, effectively a solo artist already, started taking control of her career.", "Linda Ronstadt gamely moved forward and, effectively a solo artist already, started taking control of her career. She gathered more sophisticated material for the new album, including three songs by Tim Buckley that would become standout cuts on that album.", "She gathered more sophisticated material for the new album, including three songs by Tim Buckley that would become standout cuts on that album. \"Tim used to live in a house that I lived in too, and we both used to move in and out ... that is, we stayed there alternately.", "\"Tim used to live in a house that I lived in too, and we both used to move in and out ... that is, we stayed there alternately. It was the house he wrote about in 'Morning Glory,' which I call 'The Hobo'. That was the 'fleeting house.'\"", "That was the 'fleeting house.'\" Buckley was among those in the group photograph that appeared on the back cover of the third album. Although their final album still appears to be in the name of the band, the album name, Linda Ronstadt, Stone Poneys and Friends, Vol.", "Although their final album still appears to be in the name of the band, the album name, Linda Ronstadt, Stone Poneys and Friends, Vol. III was purposefully vague, without a specific artist's name.", "III was purposefully vague, without a specific artist's name. Even the two singles from the album were released under different names, though Linda Ronstadt now had the burden of the Capitol recording contract: \"See, The [Stone] Poneys were taken off the books after the second album.", "Even the two singles from the album were released under different names, though Linda Ronstadt now had the burden of the Capitol recording contract: \"See, The [Stone] Poneys were taken off the books after the second album. Since it was a hit, they made royalties off it. But I didn't.", "But I didn't. But I didn't. I paid all by myself for the third album, which was expensive, and it put me severely in the red by the time I started recording my first solo album.\"", "I paid all by myself for the third album, which was expensive, and it put me severely in the red by the time I started recording my first solo album.\" Later incarnations By late 1967, Linda Ronstadt began recruiting musicians to assist in the studio and also on the road.", "Later incarnations By late 1967, Linda Ronstadt began recruiting musicians to assist in the studio and also on the road. One of the first was an old friend from Tucson, Shep Cooke.", "One of the first was an old friend from Tucson, Shep Cooke. He had already turned down Ronstadt's invitation to join Stone Poneys twice (in 1966 and also in early 1967); when she asked him again in late 1967: \"Something told me I'd better not decline a third time.", "He had already turned down Ronstadt's invitation to join Stone Poneys twice (in 1966 and also in early 1967); when she asked him again in late 1967: \"Something told me I'd better not decline a third time. 'Different Drum' was climbing up the charts, and I couldn't refuse.", "'Different Drum' was climbing up the charts, and I couldn't refuse. So I joined the Stone Poneys in November 1967.\"", "So I joined the Stone Poneys in November 1967.\" Another latter-day member of Stone Poneys was Kit Alderson, who would later help train Joaquin Phoenix and Reese Witherspoon in the guitar and autoharp, respectively, for their work in the 2005 Johnny Cash/June Carter Cash biopic film Walk the Line.", "Another latter-day member of Stone Poneys was Kit Alderson, who would later help train Joaquin Phoenix and Reese Witherspoon in the guitar and autoharp, respectively, for their work in the 2005 Johnny Cash/June Carter Cash biopic film Walk the Line. By November 1968, a different group of musicians were billing themselves as the Stone Poneys.", "By November 1968, a different group of musicians were billing themselves as the Stone Poneys. Joining Ronstadt was guitarist John Forsha – who was also a session player on the band's first two albums – drummer John Ware, bassist John Keski, steel guitarist Herb Steiner, and drummer Bill Martin.", "Joining Ronstadt was guitarist John Forsha – who was also a session player on the band's first two albums – drummer John Ware, bassist John Keski, steel guitarist Herb Steiner, and drummer Bill Martin. Purists might contend that these Stone Poneys were not the real band, only backing musicians for Linda Ronstadt; however, they were still being billed as Stone Poneys, and many of the musicians still view themselves as \"ex-Stone Poneys\".", "Purists might contend that these Stone Poneys were not the real band, only backing musicians for Linda Ronstadt; however, they were still being billed as Stone Poneys, and many of the musicians still view themselves as \"ex-Stone Poneys\". Shep Cooke fondly remembers his time with the band: \"We rehearsed like crazy, finished the third Stone Poney album, toured the entire country for 2½ months, played on Joey Bishop's and Johnny Carson's TV shows*, went crazy for lack of sleep, and parted company (after the last gig in late 1968) reasonably good friends but a little disillusioned about 'the big time'.\"", "Shep Cooke fondly remembers his time with the band: \"We rehearsed like crazy, finished the third Stone Poney album, toured the entire country for 2½ months, played on Joey Bishop's and Johnny Carson's TV shows*, went crazy for lack of sleep, and parted company (after the last gig in late 1968) reasonably good friends but a little disillusioned about 'the big time'.\" (*There was never a 'Tonight Show' Stone Poneys appearance aired.", "(*There was never a 'Tonight Show' Stone Poneys appearance aired. Linda first appeared on the late night talk show in 1969. Her second appearance wasn't until 1983.)", "Her second appearance wasn't until 1983.) Post break-up Despite the lack of big hits, Linda Ronstadt was becoming increasingly well known following the success of \"Different Drum\", and in 1969 she officially went solo with her album Hand Sown...Home Grown.", "Post break-up Despite the lack of big hits, Linda Ronstadt was becoming increasingly well known following the success of \"Different Drum\", and in 1969 she officially went solo with her album Hand Sown...Home Grown. However, beginning in the mid-1970s, Kenny Edwards recorded and toured with Linda for about 10 years.", "However, beginning in the mid-1970s, Kenny Edwards recorded and toured with Linda for about 10 years. In 2007, Linda Ronstadt reconnected with Bob Kimmel in Tucson and sang harmony vocals on one of Kimmel's songs, \"Into the Arms of Love\" that was included on a CD released that year by his new band, BK Special.", "In 2007, Linda Ronstadt reconnected with Bob Kimmel in Tucson and sang harmony vocals on one of Kimmel's songs, \"Into the Arms of Love\" that was included on a CD released that year by his new band, BK Special. Albums and singles Official Capitol releases On the first two albums, most of the songs were written by Bob Kimmel and Kenny Edwards.", "Albums and singles Official Capitol releases On the first two albums, most of the songs were written by Bob Kimmel and Kenny Edwards. Under the guidance of producer Nik Venet and Capitol, the group recorded their first album in the fall of 1966, The Stone Poneys, which was released in January 1967.", "Under the guidance of producer Nik Venet and Capitol, the group recorded their first album in the fall of 1966, The Stone Poneys, which was released in January 1967. The album is notable for its precise strong-voiced harmony vocals.", "The album is notable for its precise strong-voiced harmony vocals. The disc's one and only single release \"Sweet Summer Blue And Gold\" received no airplay and failed to chart anywhere. (The first album is now mainly known by the name of the 1975 reissue, The Stone Poneys Featuring Linda Ronstadt).", "(The first album is now mainly known by the name of the 1975 reissue, The Stone Poneys Featuring Linda Ronstadt). The second album, Evergreen, Volume 2 was released in June 1967. On this album, Linda Ronstadt sang lead vocals on almost all songs.", "On this album, Linda Ronstadt sang lead vocals on almost all songs. The exception was the title track, which has a psychedelic rock feel. Kenny Edwards was the vocalist on \"Part One\", while \"Part Two\" was an instrumental that featured fine sitar work (also by Edwards).", "Kenny Edwards was the vocalist on \"Part One\", while \"Part Two\" was an instrumental that featured fine sitar work (also by Edwards). The band hit pay dirt with Michael Nesmith's \"Different Drum\" (written and copyrighted in 1965 prior to Nesmith joining The Monkees), the second 45 (following \"One for One\") from the new album.", "The band hit pay dirt with Michael Nesmith's \"Different Drum\" (written and copyrighted in 1965 prior to Nesmith joining The Monkees), the second 45 (following \"One for One\") from the new album. The band's version of \"Different Drum\" hit the Billboard Pop Chart on November 11, 1967 and stayed in the Hot 100 for 17 weeks, getting as high as No.", "The band's version of \"Different Drum\" hit the Billboard Pop Chart on November 11, 1967 and stayed in the Hot 100 for 17 weeks, getting as high as No. 13. The song also reached No. 12 on the Cash Box survey.", "12 on the Cash Box survey. The song has been a staple on oldies radio ever since and remains one of Linda Ronstadt's most popular recordings. Its parent record slid up Billboard's main album chart to No. 100 and lasted for a respectable 15 weeks on that chart.", "100 and lasted for a respectable 15 weeks on that chart. Their third album was titled Linda Ronstadt, Stone Poneys and Friends, Vol. III (released in April 1968); at this point, Capitol was promoting Linda Ronstadt rather than the band, and only Linda's picture was on the cover.", "III (released in April 1968); at this point, Capitol was promoting Linda Ronstadt rather than the band, and only Linda's picture was on the cover. Like its predecessor, the album had two singles: \"Up To My Neck In High Muddy Water\" b/w \"Carnival Bear\" (released under the name Linda Ronstadt and the Stone Poneys) which stalled at No.", "Like its predecessor, the album had two singles: \"Up To My Neck In High Muddy Water\" b/w \"Carnival Bear\" (released under the name Linda Ronstadt and the Stone Poneys) which stalled at No. 93 on the Hot 100; and \"Some of Shelly's Blues\" b/w \"Hobo\" (released under the name Stone Poneys, Featuring Linda Ronstadt) which, like the album, did not chart in the US, but did reach No.", "93 on the Hot 100; and \"Some of Shelly's Blues\" b/w \"Hobo\" (released under the name Stone Poneys, Featuring Linda Ronstadt) which, like the album, did not chart in the US, but did reach No. 94 in Canada.", "94 in Canada. 94 in Canada. \"Some of Shelly's Blues\" was another Michael Nesmith song. The album ended with the Laura Nyro song, \"Stoney End\", which turned out to have been aptly named (although the song was not written for The Stone Poneys).", "The album ended with the Laura Nyro song, \"Stoney End\", which turned out to have been aptly named (although the song was not written for The Stone Poneys). \"So Fine\" single After \"Different Drum\" became a hit, Mike Curb pulled out two of the recordings he had produced back in 1965, \"So Fine\" and \"Everybody Has His Own Ideas\", and decided to release them in 1968 as a 45 on his label Sidewalk, which was a Capitol subsidiary.", "\"So Fine\" single After \"Different Drum\" became a hit, Mike Curb pulled out two of the recordings he had produced back in 1965, \"So Fine\" and \"Everybody Has His Own Ideas\", and decided to release them in 1968 as a 45 on his label Sidewalk, which was a Capitol subsidiary. The single was put out without the knowledge of Capitol – or Mercury either, for that matter, who had paid for the recording session.", "The single was put out without the knowledge of Capitol – or Mercury either, for that matter, who had paid for the recording session. Capitol record company executives were understandably furious, and the single was immediately pulled from the market.", "Capitol record company executives were understandably furious, and the single was immediately pulled from the market. Thus, this disk has become one of the rarest Linda Ronstadt collectables, bringing as much as $144 (in a 2007 eBay auction).", "Thus, this disk has become one of the rarest Linda Ronstadt collectables, bringing as much as $144 (in a 2007 eBay auction). Reissues In the early 1970s, the Pickwick record label licensed several Stone Poneys tracks from their Capitol albums.", "Reissues In the early 1970s, the Pickwick record label licensed several Stone Poneys tracks from their Capitol albums. Five of these songs were included as Side 2 on a dual compilation album called Back on the Street Again (catalog number SPC-3245), with Side 1 consisting of five songs by David Clayton-Thomas that are taken from solo albums that he was recording while serving as the lead singer for Blood, Sweat and Tears.", "Five of these songs were included as Side 2 on a dual compilation album called Back on the Street Again (catalog number SPC-3245), with Side 1 consisting of five songs by David Clayton-Thomas that are taken from solo albums that he was recording while serving as the lead singer for Blood, Sweat and Tears. Other than the title song and \"Different Drum\", the Stone Poneys songs on this album are relatively obscure tracks that have hardly appeared at all on Ronstadt's compilation albums over the years: \"Song About the Rain\", \"I've Got to Know\" (also known as \"I'd Like to Know\") and \"New Hard Times\".", "Other than the title song and \"Different Drum\", the Stone Poneys songs on this album are relatively obscure tracks that have hardly appeared at all on Ronstadt's compilation albums over the years: \"Song About the Rain\", \"I've Got to Know\" (also known as \"I'd Like to Know\") and \"New Hard Times\". Apparently somewhat later, Pickwick released Stoney End (catalog number SPC-3298) under the name Linda Ronstadt & The Stone Poneys.", "Apparently somewhat later, Pickwick released Stoney End (catalog number SPC-3298) under the name Linda Ronstadt & The Stone Poneys. The only song included on both of the Pickwick albums is \"Different Drum\"; the other tracks on this album are mostly familiar songs like \"One for One\" and \"Some of Shelly's Blues\", as well as their recording of the 1960s classic \"Let's Get Together\".", "The only song included on both of the Pickwick albums is \"Different Drum\"; the other tracks on this album are mostly familiar songs like \"One for One\" and \"Some of Shelly's Blues\", as well as their recording of the 1960s classic \"Let's Get Together\". (The album was released on the heels of the successful reissue of the version by The Youngbloods in 1969).", "(The album was released on the heels of the successful reissue of the version by The Youngbloods in 1969). In 1974, prior to the release of Heart Like A Wheel, Capitol issued a Linda Ronstadt compilation titled Different Drum, which featured five Stone Poney tracks and five songs from Ronstadt's first three solo albums.", "In 1974, prior to the release of Heart Like A Wheel, Capitol issued a Linda Ronstadt compilation titled Different Drum, which featured five Stone Poney tracks and five songs from Ronstadt's first three solo albums. Aside from the title track, the four Stone Poneys tracks were remixed tracks from the third Stone Poneys' album, all featuring Ronstadt solo: \"Hobo,\" \"Up To My Neck In High Muddy Water,\" \"Some Of Shelly's Blues,\" and \"Stoney End.\"", "Aside from the title track, the four Stone Poneys tracks were remixed tracks from the third Stone Poneys' album, all featuring Ronstadt solo: \"Hobo,\" \"Up To My Neck In High Muddy Water,\" \"Some Of Shelly's Blues,\" and \"Stoney End.\" Eight years after the release of the band's first album (in March 1975), it was reissued by Capitol under the name The Stone Poneys Featuring Linda Ronstadt, as a result of the multi-platinum success Linda Ronstadt had in 1974-75 as a solo artist with the No.", "Eight years after the release of the band's first album (in March 1975), it was reissued by Capitol under the name The Stone Poneys Featuring Linda Ronstadt, as a result of the multi-platinum success Linda Ronstadt had in 1974-75 as a solo artist with the No. 1 album Heart Like A Wheel.", "1 album Heart Like A Wheel. The song listing in the reissue highlighted Ronstadt's three solo performances (she also sang solo on one verse in a fourth song that was not so identified).", "The song listing in the reissue highlighted Ronstadt's three solo performances (she also sang solo on one verse in a fourth song that was not so identified). As a result, the largely unknown first album by The Stone Poneys was more widely available in the 1970s and 1980s than the subsequent albums that featured the band's more familiar songs.", "As a result, the largely unknown first album by The Stone Poneys was more widely available in the 1970s and 1980s than the subsequent albums that featured the band's more familiar songs. In 1995, Capitol briefly issued the three Stone Poneys albums as individual CD releases. These releases were removed from the catalog within a few years.", "These releases were removed from the catalog within a few years. In 2008, the Australian label Raven released The Stone Poneys, a 27-track \"two-fer\" CD featuring the first two Stone Poneys albums plus four tracks from their third album.", "In 2008, the Australian label Raven released The Stone Poneys, a 27-track \"two-fer\" CD featuring the first two Stone Poneys albums plus four tracks from their third album. Linda Ronstadt has claimed dissatisfaction with the arrangements of the three Stone Poneys albums many times over the years, but Capitol has continually made money through reissues of the early material in numerous configurations.", "Linda Ronstadt has claimed dissatisfaction with the arrangements of the three Stone Poneys albums many times over the years, but Capitol has continually made money through reissues of the early material in numerous configurations. Also, in addition to their hit song \"Different Drum\", several of the other Stone Poneys tracks have been featured in many of Linda Ronstadt's compilation albums over the years, such as \"Hobo\", \"Some of Shelly's Blues\" and \"Stoney End\".", "Also, in addition to their hit song \"Different Drum\", several of the other Stone Poneys tracks have been featured in many of Linda Ronstadt's compilation albums over the years, such as \"Hobo\", \"Some of Shelly's Blues\" and \"Stoney End\". Unreleased material The now deleted Linda Ronstadt Box Set included the initial release of \"Everybody Has His Own Ideas\" besides the original 45; otherwise, the only Stone Poneys music made available on CD has been the songs on the original three albums, which has left many songs such as \"Carnival Bear,\" from a 1968 single that never appeared on any of the albums, without any available issue.", "Unreleased material The now deleted Linda Ronstadt Box Set included the initial release of \"Everybody Has His Own Ideas\" besides the original 45; otherwise, the only Stone Poneys music made available on CD has been the songs on the original three albums, which has left many songs such as \"Carnival Bear,\" from a 1968 single that never appeared on any of the albums, without any available issue. Even the three song \"fragments\" that open the third album – which total barely 1½ minutes – have never been reissued as full songs.", "Even the three song \"fragments\" that open the third album – which total barely 1½ minutes – have never been reissued as full songs. Discography Albums Singles Promotional singles References Regarding Reference No.", "Discography Albums Singles Promotional singles References Regarding Reference No. 1 – This article erroneously listed Arizona State University (which is located in Tempe, not Tucson) instead of Tucson's University of Arizona as the college that Linda Ronstadt attended for one semester in the fall of 1964. Archived enrollment records from U of A confirm this.", "Archived enrollment records from U of A confirm this. External links The Stone Poneys Stone Poneys Lyrics Stone Poneys V2 Lyrics Stone Poneys V3 Lyrics Linda Ronstadt and The Stone Poneys live Nik Venet 01 Folk rock groups from California American musical trios Linda Ronstadt Musical groups from Los Angeles Musical groups established in 1965 Capitol Records artists" ]

[ "Stone Poneys", "Record deal", "Who did the Stone poneys have record deal with?", "Venet signed the band to Capitol Records in the summer of 1966." ]

[ "Corporate sponsorship of domestic league of rugby league in England dates back to the 1980s.\n\nHistory\nThe first competition to be sponsored was the Challenge Cup in 1980 when the Rugby Football League (RFL) signed a five-year deal with State Express.\n\nSuper League\n\nThe Super League has been sponsored every year apart from 2013 when it was known as Super League 2013 or Super League XVIII.\n\n1986–1997: Slalom Lager and Stones Bitter\nThe RFL Championship became the first domestic competition to be sponsored in 1980, along with the Challenge Cup sponsorship, signing a deal with Slalom Lager becoming known as the Slalom Lager Championship. In 1986, a new sponsorship deal was signed with Stones Bitter changing the league's name once again to the Stones Bitter Championship. This deal ran until 1997 and the league was named Stones Super League in 1996 when the Super League was founded.\n\n1998–1999: JJB Sports\nJJB Sports signed a two-year deal to sponsor the Super League in 1998. The league became known as the JJB Super League. It was the first Super League season to have a playoff and Grand Final which was also named the JJB Super League Grand Final. JJB also sponsor Wigan Warriors and had the naming rights to their stadium.\n\n2000–2004: Tetley's\nTetley's Bitter became the third sponsor of the Super League after they signed a five-year deal in 2000 to become the Tetley's Super League. Like the JJB deal, Tetley's also had the naming rights to the Super League Playoffs and Grand Final. They also sponsored Leeds Rhinos who went on to win the 2004 Grand Final. Tetley's later went on the sponsor the Challenge Cup in 2013 and 2014.\n\n2005–2011: Engage Mutual Assurance\nIn 2005 the Super League signed its longest deal to date with Engage Mutual Assurance, thus becoming the Engage Super League. The deal lasted six years, and included the naming rights to Super League, playoffs and Grand Final. Engage continued their relationship with rugby league in 2012 by sponsoring the referees.\n\n2012: Stobart\nIn 2012 the Super League signed a unique three-year deal with Stobart Group, with the option to opt out after 12 months. The deal included naming rights thus becoming the Stobart Super League. The Stobart logo did not appear on teams kits or anywhere on the pitch including the post cuisines. No cash was invoked in the deal but Super League players and logo was advertised on 100 Stobart lorries across the country. Super League clubs and players criticised the RFL for turning down a cash deal from a betting company and after the 2012 season the RFL activated to opt out clause in the contract, despite TV audiences rising 45% and match day attendance's reaching record highs. The RFL failed to find a sponsor for 2013.\n\n2014–2016: First Utility\nIn 2014 a three-year deal was signed with utility firm First Utility, the First Utility Super League, thought to be worth around £750,000 a year (£2,250,000 in total), which was around the same amount as the Engage deal between 2005 and 2011. The First Utility sponsorship also included a major redesign of the competitions logo.\n\n2017–2019: Betfred\nBetfred became the first bookmakers to sponsor Super League after a U-turn by the RFL who rejected an offer from Betfair in 2012. The deal is believed to be worth between £850,000 and £900,000 a year with the name becoming the Betfred Super League.\n\nThe Championships\n\nThe Championships were formed in 2003 as the National Leagues and renamed the Championships in 2008. Championship 1 (tier 3) was renamed League 1 in 2015.\n\n2003–2008: LHF Healthplan\nIn 2003 the RFL signed a five-year deal with LHF to sponsor the then National Leagues 1 and 2, the second and third division of British rugby league. The divisions became known as the LHF Healthplan National Leagues.\n\n2009–2012: Cooperative\nAfter the LHF deal expired the National Leagues were renamed the Championship and Championship 1 together being known as the Rugby League Championships. A deal was then negotiated with the Cooperative Group for the naming rights, Cooperative Championships and newly established playoffs and Grand Final.\n\n2013–2016: Kingstone Press\nA new deal was negotiated with Cider company Kingstone Press. The RFL negotiated other deal with Kingstone Press including England sponsorship and secondary Super League sponsors along with the NCL deal.\n\nNational Conference League\n\nThe National Conference League was founded in 1986 and three more divisions were added to it throughout the 90s and 2000s.\n\n1997–2011: Cooperative\nThe Cooperative Group began its long association with rugby leagues lower divisions with the NCL in 1997, signing an 11-year deal for the title sponsorship. The Co-op later sponsored the Championship and League 1.\n\n2012–2017: Kingstone Press\nKingstone Press Cider began their association with rugby league by sponsoring all four divisions of the NCL signing a five-year deal for the naming rights. In 2013 they also sponsored the Championship and League 1 as the Cooperative did during their sponsorship.\n\n2018-2019: Betfred\nIn 2018, Betfred were announced as sponsors of the Championship and League 1 as well as their sponsorship of Super League. They signed a two year deal.\n\nChallenge Cup\n\n1980–1985: State Express\nIn 1980 the RFL signed their first sponsorship deal with cigarette brand State Express 555 for the naming rights of the Challenge Cup. It was the first sponsorship deal in rugby league along with the RFL Championship being sponsored by Slalom Larger the same year.\n\n1985–2001: Silk Cut\nIn 1985 Silk Cut became the last cigarette brand to sponsor a major tournament in rugby. It was also the longest sponsorship deal in rugby league, lasting for 16 years.\n\n2002–2003: Kellogg's\nIn 2002 after the long term Silk Cut deal ended, the RFL were quick to find a new title sponsor for their flagship cup competition. They signed a short term two-year deal with Kellogg's for the naming rights, the cup now becoming the Kellogg's Nutri-Grain Challenge Cup.\n\n2004–2007: Powergen\nIn 2004 the RFL signed a new long term 4-year deal with energy supplier Powergen. Powergen were the title sponsor when the final was played at the new Wembley for the first time and Catalans Dragons became the first French, and non English side, to reach a Challenge Cup Final.\n\n2008–2012: Leeds Metropolitan Carnegie\nIn 2008 Leeds Met Carnegie became the title sponsors of the Challenge Cup, signing a five-year deal for the competition to be known as the Carnegie Challenge Cup.\n\n2013–2014: Tetley's\nLeeds Met Carnegie ended their long association with the Cup in 2012. The RFL were qui to find a new title sponsor and did so with Tetley's Bitter continuing their long term association with rugby league by signing a two-year deal.\n\n2015–2017: Ladbrokes\nLadbrokes became the first betting company to sponsor a rugby league competition after the RFL took a U-turn on betting companies sponsoring major competitions after they turned down a cash deal with Betfair to sponsor the Super League in 2012.\n\nSponsors\nThe first British competition to be sponsored was the Challenge Cup in 1980 and was sponsored by State Express and was then known as the State Express Challenge Cup. The Super League has been sponsored every season since 1996 with the exception of the 2013 season.\n\nSee also\n\nSports sponsorships\nRugby league in England", "We Are The Pipettes is the debut album from the Pipettes and is named after the group's theme song. It was released on 17 July 2006 by Memphis Industries on CD, vinyl and digital download. The song \"We Are the Pipettes\" was featured in \"Everything Changes\", the first episode of the TV series Torchwood.\n\nIn 2007 the entire album was remixed by Greg Wells as part of their United States record deal with Cherrytree Records, and features two new tracks that are not included on the original release: \"Dance and Boogie\" and \"Baby, Just Be Yourself\". It was released, with a new album cover (inspired by Attack of the 50 Foot Woman), on 2 October in North America and 17 October in Asia.\n\nThe album did not include any liner notes, except in the Japanese version which included the lyrics in English and Japanese.\n\nFormats and track listings\nUK\n\"We Are the Pipettes\" – 2:48\n\"Pull Shapes\" – 2:58\n\"Why Did You Stay?\" – 1:43\n\"Dirty Mind\" – 2:43\n\"It Hurts to See You Dance So Well\" – 1:53\n\"Judy\" – 2:47\n\"A Winter's Sky\" – 3:03\n\"Your Kisses Are Wasted on Me\" – 2:11\n\"Tell Me What You Want\" – 2:32\n\"Because It's Not Love (But It's Still a Feeling)\" – 2:37\n\"Sex\" – 2:38\n\"One Night Stand\" – 1:40\n\"ABC\" – 2:07\n\"I Love You\" – 1:37\nInternational bonus track\n\"Really That Bad\" – 02:04\n\nUSA\nAll songs remixed by Greg Wells\n\"We Are the Pipettes\" – 2:48\n\"Pull Shapes\" – 2:58\n\"Why Did You Stay?\" – 1:43\n\"Dirty Mind\" – 2:43\n\"It Hurts to See You Dance So Well\" – 2:09\n\"Judy\" – 2:47\n\"A Winter's Sky\" – 3:03\n\"Your Kisses Are Wasted on Me\" – 2:11\n\"Tell Me What You Want\" – 2:32\n\"Because It's Not Love (But It's Still a Feeling)\" – 2:37\n\"Sex\" – 2:38\n\"One Night Stand\" – 1:40\n\"ABC\" – 2:07\n\"I Love You\" – 1:37\n\"Dance and Boogie\" – 2:11\n\"Baby, Just Be Yourself\" – 3:00\n\nBonus CD available with some US copies:\n\"Magician Man\" – 4:20\n\"Pull Shapes\" video\n\nCharts\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Official site (dead link)\n Pitchfork article on signing with Interscope/Cherrytree Records\n\n2006 debut albums\nThe Pipettes albums" ]

[ "Stone Poneys (also The Stone Poneys. Linda Ronstadt and the Stone Poneys, and The Stone Poneys With Linda Ronstadt) were a folk rock trio formed in Los Angeles, consisting of Linda Ronstadt on vocals, Bobby Kimmel on rhythm guitar and vocals, and Kenny Edwards on lead guitar.", "Linda Ronstadt and the Stone Poneys, and The Stone Poneys With Linda Ronstadt) were a folk rock trio formed in Los Angeles, consisting of Linda Ronstadt on vocals, Bobby Kimmel on rhythm guitar and vocals, and Kenny Edwards on lead guitar. Their recordings include Ronstadt's first hit song, a cover of Mike Nesmith's \"Different Drum\".", "Their recordings include Ronstadt's first hit song, a cover of Mike Nesmith's \"Different Drum\". Even at this early stage, Ronstadt was showcasing her performances of an eclectic mix of songs, often from under-appreciated songwriters, requiring a wide array of backing musicians.", "Even at this early stage, Ronstadt was showcasing her performances of an eclectic mix of songs, often from under-appreciated songwriters, requiring a wide array of backing musicians. The band released three albums: The Stone Poneys; Evergreen, Volume 2; and Linda Ronstadt, Stone Poneys and Friends, Vol. III.", "III. III. All three albums were reissued in CD format in the 1990s in the US. The first two albums were reissued in Australia in 2008.", "The first two albums were reissued in Australia in 2008. History of the band Early meetings Linda Ronstadt first met Bobby Kimmel in 1960 while performing gigs in and around Tucson, Arizona with her older brother Peter and older sister Suzi (under the name \"The Three Ronstadts\", among others).", "History of the band Early meetings Linda Ronstadt first met Bobby Kimmel in 1960 while performing gigs in and around Tucson, Arizona with her older brother Peter and older sister Suzi (under the name \"The Three Ronstadts\", among others). The three Ronstadts joined with Kimmel and a local banjo player named Richard Saltus, performing locally as \"The New Union Ramblers\".", "The three Ronstadts joined with Kimmel and a local banjo player named Richard Saltus, performing locally as \"The New Union Ramblers\". Kimmel, who was six years older than Linda, was impressed with the strong voice and enthusiasm of the fourteen-year-old.", "Kimmel, who was six years older than Linda, was impressed with the strong voice and enthusiasm of the fourteen-year-old. He relocated to Southern California around 1961 and wrote regularly to cajole Linda into joining him throughout her high school years at Catalina High.", "He relocated to Southern California around 1961 and wrote regularly to cajole Linda into joining him throughout her high school years at Catalina High. Kimmel had already met and befriended Kenny Edwards shortly before Linda's arrival in L.A., and they had started writing folk-rock songs together.", "Kimmel had already met and befriended Kenny Edwards shortly before Linda's arrival in L.A., and they had started writing folk-rock songs together. Making the band in December 1964, after dropping out of Tucson's Catalina High School, and completing a semester at the University Of Arizona, Linda Ronstadt decided to move to the Los Angeles area to join Bobby Kimmel and form a band.", "Making the band in December 1964, after dropping out of Tucson's Catalina High School, and completing a semester at the University Of Arizona, Linda Ronstadt decided to move to the Los Angeles area to join Bobby Kimmel and form a band. Ronstadt described Kimmel's vision of the band: \"It was going to be five people.", "Ronstadt described Kimmel's vision of the band: \"It was going to be five people. We had an electric autoharp and a girl singer, and we thought we were unique in the world. And it turned out the Jefferson Airplane and the Lovin' Spoonful had beaten us.\"", "And it turned out the Jefferson Airplane and the Lovin' Spoonful had beaten us.\" The group trimmed down to a trio that called themselves the Stone Poneys. Their (misspelled) name came from Delta Blues singer Charley Patton's 1929 song \"The Stone Pony Blues\" (also known as \"Pony Blues\").", "Their (misspelled) name came from Delta Blues singer Charley Patton's 1929 song \"The Stone Pony Blues\" (also known as \"Pony Blues\"). The band was discovered by a couple of music industry executives while rehearsing at a soul food restaurant called Olivia's, located in Ocean Park, a community between Venice Beach and Santa Monica.", "The band was discovered by a couple of music industry executives while rehearsing at a soul food restaurant called Olivia's, located in Ocean Park, a community between Venice Beach and Santa Monica. Olivia's was famous for its food and clientele, including The Doors.", "Olivia's was famous for its food and clientele, including The Doors. In 1965, they recorded the Johnny Otis song \"So Fine\" and several others. Mike Curb, who at that time was working for Mercury, produced the sessions.", "Mike Curb, who at that time was working for Mercury, produced the sessions. The record company wanted them to change the group's name to \"The Signets\" and sing surf music, which the trio chose not to do.", "The record company wanted them to change the group's name to \"The Signets\" and sing surf music, which the trio chose not to do. Instead, The Stone Poneys became a leading attraction on the Los Angeles club circuit, with Ronstadt usually performing on stage in a miniskirt and bare feet.", "Instead, The Stone Poneys became a leading attraction on the Los Angeles club circuit, with Ronstadt usually performing on stage in a miniskirt and bare feet. They worked intimate clubs like The Troubadour in Hollywood, where they were opening for such musicians as Odetta and Oscar Brown Jr.; The Insomniac in Hermosa Beach, where they often appeared with The Chambers Brothers; and The Bitter End in Greenwich Village.", "They worked intimate clubs like The Troubadour in Hollywood, where they were opening for such musicians as Odetta and Oscar Brown Jr.; The Insomniac in Hermosa Beach, where they often appeared with The Chambers Brothers; and The Bitter End in Greenwich Village. One night at The Troubadour, the band's first manager, Herb Cohen, told Kimmel in front of Ronstadt: \"Well, I can get your chick singer recorded, but I don't know about the rest of the group\".", "One night at The Troubadour, the band's first manager, Herb Cohen, told Kimmel in front of Ronstadt: \"Well, I can get your chick singer recorded, but I don't know about the rest of the group\". Linda Ronstadt called this \"the beginning of the end\", although this occurred even before they were signed to Capitol and Ronstadt insisted that she would not record without the band.", "Linda Ronstadt called this \"the beginning of the end\", although this occurred even before they were signed to Capitol and Ronstadt insisted that she would not record without the band. The Stone Poneys broke up briefly in this time period, and Cohen tried to connect Ronstadt with Frank Zappa to make a demo, and also with Jack Nitzsche, but nothing ever materialized (she and Zappa – who were both being managed by Cohen in this time period – would later make a radio commercial for Remington brand electric shavers that was rejected by the company).", "The Stone Poneys broke up briefly in this time period, and Cohen tried to connect Ronstadt with Frank Zappa to make a demo, and also with Jack Nitzsche, but nothing ever materialized (she and Zappa – who were both being managed by Cohen in this time period – would later make a radio commercial for Remington brand electric shavers that was rejected by the company). Record deal After the Poneys reformed, Cohen introduced Linda, Kenny, and Bobby to Nick Venet (also known as Nik Venet) at The Troubadour.", "Record deal After the Poneys reformed, Cohen introduced Linda, Kenny, and Bobby to Nick Venet (also known as Nik Venet) at The Troubadour. Venet signed the band to Capitol Records in the summer of 1966.", "Venet signed the band to Capitol Records in the summer of 1966. Ronstadt recalls of the signing: \"Capitol wanted me as a solo, but Nick convinced them I wasn't ready, that I would develop. It was true.\"", "It was true.\" It was true.\" In a late 1966 article in Billboard, Venet discussed the formation of a new record label under Capitol called FolkWorld specifically to promote folk-rock artists.", "In a late 1966 article in Billboard, Venet discussed the formation of a new record label under Capitol called FolkWorld specifically to promote folk-rock artists. Although the FolkWorld concept was never realized, The Stone Poneys became the lead act in the stable of folk-rock performers that Venet was signing and producing in this time period.", "Although the FolkWorld concept was never realized, The Stone Poneys became the lead act in the stable of folk-rock performers that Venet was signing and producing in this time period. The three albums by The Stone Poneys were produced by Nick Venet.", "The three albums by The Stone Poneys were produced by Nick Venet. The band's original songs were credited to Bob Kimmel and Kenny Edwards, although subsequent CD reissues removed Edwards' name from most of the credits.", "The band's original songs were credited to Bob Kimmel and Kenny Edwards, although subsequent CD reissues removed Edwards' name from most of the credits. BMI's website now credits all original Kimmel-Edwards songs to Kimmel alone, resulting in \"Back Home\" being Edwards's lone songwriting credit with the Stone Poneys.", "BMI's website now credits all original Kimmel-Edwards songs to Kimmel alone, resulting in \"Back Home\" being Edwards's lone songwriting credit with the Stone Poneys. The first album, simply called The Stone Poneys, was more folk than rock and featured relatively few lead vocals by Ronstadt; it received little notice.", "The first album, simply called The Stone Poneys, was more folk than rock and featured relatively few lead vocals by Ronstadt; it received little notice. The band again broke up briefly between the first two albums; but, as related by Kenny Edwards, Nick Venet told the band: \"'We can make another record, we can make this happen.", "The band again broke up briefly between the first two albums; but, as related by Kenny Edwards, Nick Venet told the band: \"'We can make another record, we can make this happen. If we're going to do anything with this, we've got to make something that sounds commercial and get on the radio.\"", "If we're going to do anything with this, we've got to make something that sounds commercial and get on the radio.\" Hit song and further stresses For the second album, Evergreen, Volume 2, the songs were in more of a rock vein; and Linda was moved firmly into the lead vocalist position, with only occasional harmony vocals.", "Hit song and further stresses For the second album, Evergreen, Volume 2, the songs were in more of a rock vein; and Linda was moved firmly into the lead vocalist position, with only occasional harmony vocals. The album includes the band's only hit song, \"Different Drum\".", "The album includes the band's only hit song, \"Different Drum\". The original recording by The Stone Poneys of \"Different Drum\" was quite similar to the recorded version by The Greenbriar Boys from their 1966 album Better Late than Never!", "The original recording by The Stone Poneys of \"Different Drum\" was quite similar to the recorded version by The Greenbriar Boys from their 1966 album Better Late than Never! ; but as Kenny Edwards recalls: \"That's when Nik Venet sort of took an executive position and went, 'This could be a hit song, and we need to sort of have an arranger arrange it.'", "; but as Kenny Edwards recalls: \"That's when Nik Venet sort of took an executive position and went, 'This could be a hit song, and we need to sort of have an arranger arrange it.' So none of us actually played on the record version of that.\"", "So none of us actually played on the record version of that.\" (A live performance of \"Different Drum\" in the earlier style survives though).", "(A live performance of \"Different Drum\" in the earlier style survives though). The original album version of \"Different Drum\" from 1967 had a slightly longer run time (2:46) from the single edit (2:35), owing to a repeat of the harpsichord break in the middle of the song.", "The original album version of \"Different Drum\" from 1967 had a slightly longer run time (2:46) from the single edit (2:35), owing to a repeat of the harpsichord break in the middle of the song. All versions of the song reissued after that time have been the single edit although listed with the longer run time.", "All versions of the song reissued after that time have been the single edit although listed with the longer run time. This was not the only instance of the male band members being pushed out of the recording studio.", "This was not the only instance of the male band members being pushed out of the recording studio. Ironically, one of the few songs on the second album to feature harmony vocals, \"Back on the Street Again\" was a duet by Linda Ronstadt and songwriter Steve Gillette (though Linda's voice was clearly on top); Gillette remembers from the session: \"[T]here was a scuffle and some noise just outside the door.", "Ironically, one of the few songs on the second album to feature harmony vocals, \"Back on the Street Again\" was a duet by Linda Ronstadt and songwriter Steve Gillette (though Linda's voice was clearly on top); Gillette remembers from the session: \"[T]here was a scuffle and some noise just outside the door. When we opened it, there was a sad and for some, tearful scene in which it became clear that Kenny [Edwards] and Bobby [Kimmel] had not been notified of the session, and had heard about it indirectly and showed up full of anger at the betrayal.", "When we opened it, there was a sad and for some, tearful scene in which it became clear that Kenny [Edwards] and Bobby [Kimmel] had not been notified of the session, and had heard about it indirectly and showed up full of anger at the betrayal. Capitol really did try to break the group up\".", "Capitol really did try to break the group up\". The very success of \"Different Drum\" spelled the effective end of The Stone Poneys as a band: Almost immediately, they started to become known as \"Linda Ronstadt and The Stone Poneys\".", "The very success of \"Different Drum\" spelled the effective end of The Stone Poneys as a band: Almost immediately, they started to become known as \"Linda Ronstadt and The Stone Poneys\". Also, unlike the other 45s, which had been released solely under the name of the band, the \"Different Drum\" single also included in small letters: \"Featuring Linda Ronstadt\".", "Also, unlike the other 45s, which had been released solely under the name of the band, the \"Different Drum\" single also included in small letters: \"Featuring Linda Ronstadt\". As Edwards recalls: \"From the record company's point of view, immediately they wanted to push Linda as a solo artist.", "As Edwards recalls: \"From the record company's point of view, immediately they wanted to push Linda as a solo artist. And frankly, Linda's taste in songs was really growing away from what Bobby was writing.... So there was a spontaneous growth toward her being a solo artist.\"", "So there was a spontaneous growth toward her being a solo artist.\" A series of club dates throughout the United States to support the second album followed.", "A series of club dates throughout the United States to support the second album followed. Ronstadt remembers opening for the Paul Butterfield Blues Band at the Cafe Au Go Go in Greenwich Village as one of her worst experiences with the band: \"Here we were rejected by the hippest element in New York as lame.", "Ronstadt remembers opening for the Paul Butterfield Blues Band at the Cafe Au Go Go in Greenwich Village as one of her worst experiences with the band: \"Here we were rejected by the hippest element in New York as lame. We broke up right after that. We couldn't bear to look at each other.\"", "We couldn't bear to look at each other.\" Emergence of a star During work on the band's third album, in early 1968, Kenny Edwards departed for India.", "Emergence of a star During work on the band's third album, in early 1968, Kenny Edwards departed for India. After \"Different Drum\" hit the charts, Bob Kimmel and Linda Ronstadt rounded up some more musicians, and the reformed Stone Poneys began touring with the Doors.", "After \"Different Drum\" hit the charts, Bob Kimmel and Linda Ronstadt rounded up some more musicians, and the reformed Stone Poneys began touring with the Doors. Doors frontman Jim Morrison didn't endear himself to Ronstadt; she recalled: \"We thought they were a good band, but we didn't like the singer\".", "Doors frontman Jim Morrison didn't endear himself to Ronstadt; she recalled: \"We thought they were a good band, but we didn't like the singer\". After this tour, Kimmel also left the band. Linda Ronstadt gamely moved forward and, effectively a solo artist already, started taking control of her career.", "Linda Ronstadt gamely moved forward and, effectively a solo artist already, started taking control of her career. She gathered more sophisticated material for the new album, including three songs by Tim Buckley that would become standout cuts on that album.", "She gathered more sophisticated material for the new album, including three songs by Tim Buckley that would become standout cuts on that album. \"Tim used to live in a house that I lived in too, and we both used to move in and out ... that is, we stayed there alternately.", "\"Tim used to live in a house that I lived in too, and we both used to move in and out ... that is, we stayed there alternately. It was the house he wrote about in 'Morning Glory,' which I call 'The Hobo'. That was the 'fleeting house.'\"", "That was the 'fleeting house.'\" Buckley was among those in the group photograph that appeared on the back cover of the third album. Although their final album still appears to be in the name of the band, the album name, Linda Ronstadt, Stone Poneys and Friends, Vol.", "Although their final album still appears to be in the name of the band, the album name, Linda Ronstadt, Stone Poneys and Friends, Vol. III was purposefully vague, without a specific artist's name.", "III was purposefully vague, without a specific artist's name. Even the two singles from the album were released under different names, though Linda Ronstadt now had the burden of the Capitol recording contract: \"See, The [Stone] Poneys were taken off the books after the second album.", "Even the two singles from the album were released under different names, though Linda Ronstadt now had the burden of the Capitol recording contract: \"See, The [Stone] Poneys were taken off the books after the second album. Since it was a hit, they made royalties off it. But I didn't.", "But I didn't. But I didn't. I paid all by myself for the third album, which was expensive, and it put me severely in the red by the time I started recording my first solo album.\"", "I paid all by myself for the third album, which was expensive, and it put me severely in the red by the time I started recording my first solo album.\" Later incarnations By late 1967, Linda Ronstadt began recruiting musicians to assist in the studio and also on the road.", "Later incarnations By late 1967, Linda Ronstadt began recruiting musicians to assist in the studio and also on the road. One of the first was an old friend from Tucson, Shep Cooke.", "One of the first was an old friend from Tucson, Shep Cooke. He had already turned down Ronstadt's invitation to join Stone Poneys twice (in 1966 and also in early 1967); when she asked him again in late 1967: \"Something told me I'd better not decline a third time.", "He had already turned down Ronstadt's invitation to join Stone Poneys twice (in 1966 and also in early 1967); when she asked him again in late 1967: \"Something told me I'd better not decline a third time. 'Different Drum' was climbing up the charts, and I couldn't refuse.", "'Different Drum' was climbing up the charts, and I couldn't refuse. So I joined the Stone Poneys in November 1967.\"", "So I joined the Stone Poneys in November 1967.\" Another latter-day member of Stone Poneys was Kit Alderson, who would later help train Joaquin Phoenix and Reese Witherspoon in the guitar and autoharp, respectively, for their work in the 2005 Johnny Cash/June Carter Cash biopic film Walk the Line.", "Another latter-day member of Stone Poneys was Kit Alderson, who would later help train Joaquin Phoenix and Reese Witherspoon in the guitar and autoharp, respectively, for their work in the 2005 Johnny Cash/June Carter Cash biopic film Walk the Line. By November 1968, a different group of musicians were billing themselves as the Stone Poneys.", "By November 1968, a different group of musicians were billing themselves as the Stone Poneys. Joining Ronstadt was guitarist John Forsha – who was also a session player on the band's first two albums – drummer John Ware, bassist John Keski, steel guitarist Herb Steiner, and drummer Bill Martin.", "Joining Ronstadt was guitarist John Forsha – who was also a session player on the band's first two albums – drummer John Ware, bassist John Keski, steel guitarist Herb Steiner, and drummer Bill Martin. Purists might contend that these Stone Poneys were not the real band, only backing musicians for Linda Ronstadt; however, they were still being billed as Stone Poneys, and many of the musicians still view themselves as \"ex-Stone Poneys\".", "Purists might contend that these Stone Poneys were not the real band, only backing musicians for Linda Ronstadt; however, they were still being billed as Stone Poneys, and many of the musicians still view themselves as \"ex-Stone Poneys\". Shep Cooke fondly remembers his time with the band: \"We rehearsed like crazy, finished the third Stone Poney album, toured the entire country for 2½ months, played on Joey Bishop's and Johnny Carson's TV shows*, went crazy for lack of sleep, and parted company (after the last gig in late 1968) reasonably good friends but a little disillusioned about 'the big time'.\"", "Shep Cooke fondly remembers his time with the band: \"We rehearsed like crazy, finished the third Stone Poney album, toured the entire country for 2½ months, played on Joey Bishop's and Johnny Carson's TV shows*, went crazy for lack of sleep, and parted company (after the last gig in late 1968) reasonably good friends but a little disillusioned about 'the big time'.\" (*There was never a 'Tonight Show' Stone Poneys appearance aired.", "(*There was never a 'Tonight Show' Stone Poneys appearance aired. Linda first appeared on the late night talk show in 1969. Her second appearance wasn't until 1983.)", "Her second appearance wasn't until 1983.) Post break-up Despite the lack of big hits, Linda Ronstadt was becoming increasingly well known following the success of \"Different Drum\", and in 1969 she officially went solo with her album Hand Sown...Home Grown.", "Post break-up Despite the lack of big hits, Linda Ronstadt was becoming increasingly well known following the success of \"Different Drum\", and in 1969 she officially went solo with her album Hand Sown...Home Grown. However, beginning in the mid-1970s, Kenny Edwards recorded and toured with Linda for about 10 years.", "However, beginning in the mid-1970s, Kenny Edwards recorded and toured with Linda for about 10 years. In 2007, Linda Ronstadt reconnected with Bob Kimmel in Tucson and sang harmony vocals on one of Kimmel's songs, \"Into the Arms of Love\" that was included on a CD released that year by his new band, BK Special.", "In 2007, Linda Ronstadt reconnected with Bob Kimmel in Tucson and sang harmony vocals on one of Kimmel's songs, \"Into the Arms of Love\" that was included on a CD released that year by his new band, BK Special. Albums and singles Official Capitol releases On the first two albums, most of the songs were written by Bob Kimmel and Kenny Edwards.", "Albums and singles Official Capitol releases On the first two albums, most of the songs were written by Bob Kimmel and Kenny Edwards. Under the guidance of producer Nik Venet and Capitol, the group recorded their first album in the fall of 1966, The Stone Poneys, which was released in January 1967.", "Under the guidance of producer Nik Venet and Capitol, the group recorded their first album in the fall of 1966, The Stone Poneys, which was released in January 1967. The album is notable for its precise strong-voiced harmony vocals.", "The album is notable for its precise strong-voiced harmony vocals. The disc's one and only single release \"Sweet Summer Blue And Gold\" received no airplay and failed to chart anywhere. (The first album is now mainly known by the name of the 1975 reissue, The Stone Poneys Featuring Linda Ronstadt).", "(The first album is now mainly known by the name of the 1975 reissue, The Stone Poneys Featuring Linda Ronstadt). The second album, Evergreen, Volume 2 was released in June 1967. On this album, Linda Ronstadt sang lead vocals on almost all songs.", "On this album, Linda Ronstadt sang lead vocals on almost all songs. The exception was the title track, which has a psychedelic rock feel. Kenny Edwards was the vocalist on \"Part One\", while \"Part Two\" was an instrumental that featured fine sitar work (also by Edwards).", "Kenny Edwards was the vocalist on \"Part One\", while \"Part Two\" was an instrumental that featured fine sitar work (also by Edwards). The band hit pay dirt with Michael Nesmith's \"Different Drum\" (written and copyrighted in 1965 prior to Nesmith joining The Monkees), the second 45 (following \"One for One\") from the new album.", "The band hit pay dirt with Michael Nesmith's \"Different Drum\" (written and copyrighted in 1965 prior to Nesmith joining The Monkees), the second 45 (following \"One for One\") from the new album. The band's version of \"Different Drum\" hit the Billboard Pop Chart on November 11, 1967 and stayed in the Hot 100 for 17 weeks, getting as high as No.", "The band's version of \"Different Drum\" hit the Billboard Pop Chart on November 11, 1967 and stayed in the Hot 100 for 17 weeks, getting as high as No. 13. The song also reached No. 12 on the Cash Box survey.", "12 on the Cash Box survey. The song has been a staple on oldies radio ever since and remains one of Linda Ronstadt's most popular recordings. Its parent record slid up Billboard's main album chart to No. 100 and lasted for a respectable 15 weeks on that chart.", "100 and lasted for a respectable 15 weeks on that chart. Their third album was titled Linda Ronstadt, Stone Poneys and Friends, Vol. III (released in April 1968); at this point, Capitol was promoting Linda Ronstadt rather than the band, and only Linda's picture was on the cover.", "III (released in April 1968); at this point, Capitol was promoting Linda Ronstadt rather than the band, and only Linda's picture was on the cover. Like its predecessor, the album had two singles: \"Up To My Neck In High Muddy Water\" b/w \"Carnival Bear\" (released under the name Linda Ronstadt and the Stone Poneys) which stalled at No.", "Like its predecessor, the album had two singles: \"Up To My Neck In High Muddy Water\" b/w \"Carnival Bear\" (released under the name Linda Ronstadt and the Stone Poneys) which stalled at No. 93 on the Hot 100; and \"Some of Shelly's Blues\" b/w \"Hobo\" (released under the name Stone Poneys, Featuring Linda Ronstadt) which, like the album, did not chart in the US, but did reach No.", "93 on the Hot 100; and \"Some of Shelly's Blues\" b/w \"Hobo\" (released under the name Stone Poneys, Featuring Linda Ronstadt) which, like the album, did not chart in the US, but did reach No. 94 in Canada.", "94 in Canada. 94 in Canada. \"Some of Shelly's Blues\" was another Michael Nesmith song. The album ended with the Laura Nyro song, \"Stoney End\", which turned out to have been aptly named (although the song was not written for The Stone Poneys).", "The album ended with the Laura Nyro song, \"Stoney End\", which turned out to have been aptly named (although the song was not written for The Stone Poneys). \"So Fine\" single After \"Different Drum\" became a hit, Mike Curb pulled out two of the recordings he had produced back in 1965, \"So Fine\" and \"Everybody Has His Own Ideas\", and decided to release them in 1968 as a 45 on his label Sidewalk, which was a Capitol subsidiary.", "\"So Fine\" single After \"Different Drum\" became a hit, Mike Curb pulled out two of the recordings he had produced back in 1965, \"So Fine\" and \"Everybody Has His Own Ideas\", and decided to release them in 1968 as a 45 on his label Sidewalk, which was a Capitol subsidiary. The single was put out without the knowledge of Capitol – or Mercury either, for that matter, who had paid for the recording session.", "The single was put out without the knowledge of Capitol – or Mercury either, for that matter, who had paid for the recording session. Capitol record company executives were understandably furious, and the single was immediately pulled from the market.", "Capitol record company executives were understandably furious, and the single was immediately pulled from the market. Thus, this disk has become one of the rarest Linda Ronstadt collectables, bringing as much as $144 (in a 2007 eBay auction).", "Thus, this disk has become one of the rarest Linda Ronstadt collectables, bringing as much as $144 (in a 2007 eBay auction). Reissues In the early 1970s, the Pickwick record label licensed several Stone Poneys tracks from their Capitol albums.", "Reissues In the early 1970s, the Pickwick record label licensed several Stone Poneys tracks from their Capitol albums. Five of these songs were included as Side 2 on a dual compilation album called Back on the Street Again (catalog number SPC-3245), with Side 1 consisting of five songs by David Clayton-Thomas that are taken from solo albums that he was recording while serving as the lead singer for Blood, Sweat and Tears.", "Five of these songs were included as Side 2 on a dual compilation album called Back on the Street Again (catalog number SPC-3245), with Side 1 consisting of five songs by David Clayton-Thomas that are taken from solo albums that he was recording while serving as the lead singer for Blood, Sweat and Tears. Other than the title song and \"Different Drum\", the Stone Poneys songs on this album are relatively obscure tracks that have hardly appeared at all on Ronstadt's compilation albums over the years: \"Song About the Rain\", \"I've Got to Know\" (also known as \"I'd Like to Know\") and \"New Hard Times\".", "Other than the title song and \"Different Drum\", the Stone Poneys songs on this album are relatively obscure tracks that have hardly appeared at all on Ronstadt's compilation albums over the years: \"Song About the Rain\", \"I've Got to Know\" (also known as \"I'd Like to Know\") and \"New Hard Times\". Apparently somewhat later, Pickwick released Stoney End (catalog number SPC-3298) under the name Linda Ronstadt & The Stone Poneys.", "Apparently somewhat later, Pickwick released Stoney End (catalog number SPC-3298) under the name Linda Ronstadt & The Stone Poneys. The only song included on both of the Pickwick albums is \"Different Drum\"; the other tracks on this album are mostly familiar songs like \"One for One\" and \"Some of Shelly's Blues\", as well as their recording of the 1960s classic \"Let's Get Together\".", "The only song included on both of the Pickwick albums is \"Different Drum\"; the other tracks on this album are mostly familiar songs like \"One for One\" and \"Some of Shelly's Blues\", as well as their recording of the 1960s classic \"Let's Get Together\". (The album was released on the heels of the successful reissue of the version by The Youngbloods in 1969).", "(The album was released on the heels of the successful reissue of the version by The Youngbloods in 1969). In 1974, prior to the release of Heart Like A Wheel, Capitol issued a Linda Ronstadt compilation titled Different Drum, which featured five Stone Poney tracks and five songs from Ronstadt's first three solo albums.", "In 1974, prior to the release of Heart Like A Wheel, Capitol issued a Linda Ronstadt compilation titled Different Drum, which featured five Stone Poney tracks and five songs from Ronstadt's first three solo albums. Aside from the title track, the four Stone Poneys tracks were remixed tracks from the third Stone Poneys' album, all featuring Ronstadt solo: \"Hobo,\" \"Up To My Neck In High Muddy Water,\" \"Some Of Shelly's Blues,\" and \"Stoney End.\"", "Aside from the title track, the four Stone Poneys tracks were remixed tracks from the third Stone Poneys' album, all featuring Ronstadt solo: \"Hobo,\" \"Up To My Neck In High Muddy Water,\" \"Some Of Shelly's Blues,\" and \"Stoney End.\" Eight years after the release of the band's first album (in March 1975), it was reissued by Capitol under the name The Stone Poneys Featuring Linda Ronstadt, as a result of the multi-platinum success Linda Ronstadt had in 1974-75 as a solo artist with the No.", "Eight years after the release of the band's first album (in March 1975), it was reissued by Capitol under the name The Stone Poneys Featuring Linda Ronstadt, as a result of the multi-platinum success Linda Ronstadt had in 1974-75 as a solo artist with the No. 1 album Heart Like A Wheel.", "1 album Heart Like A Wheel. The song listing in the reissue highlighted Ronstadt's three solo performances (she also sang solo on one verse in a fourth song that was not so identified).", "The song listing in the reissue highlighted Ronstadt's three solo performances (she also sang solo on one verse in a fourth song that was not so identified). As a result, the largely unknown first album by The Stone Poneys was more widely available in the 1970s and 1980s than the subsequent albums that featured the band's more familiar songs.", "As a result, the largely unknown first album by The Stone Poneys was more widely available in the 1970s and 1980s than the subsequent albums that featured the band's more familiar songs. In 1995, Capitol briefly issued the three Stone Poneys albums as individual CD releases. These releases were removed from the catalog within a few years.", "These releases were removed from the catalog within a few years. In 2008, the Australian label Raven released The Stone Poneys, a 27-track \"two-fer\" CD featuring the first two Stone Poneys albums plus four tracks from their third album.", "In 2008, the Australian label Raven released The Stone Poneys, a 27-track \"two-fer\" CD featuring the first two Stone Poneys albums plus four tracks from their third album. Linda Ronstadt has claimed dissatisfaction with the arrangements of the three Stone Poneys albums many times over the years, but Capitol has continually made money through reissues of the early material in numerous configurations.", "Linda Ronstadt has claimed dissatisfaction with the arrangements of the three Stone Poneys albums many times over the years, but Capitol has continually made money through reissues of the early material in numerous configurations. Also, in addition to their hit song \"Different Drum\", several of the other Stone Poneys tracks have been featured in many of Linda Ronstadt's compilation albums over the years, such as \"Hobo\", \"Some of Shelly's Blues\" and \"Stoney End\".", "Also, in addition to their hit song \"Different Drum\", several of the other Stone Poneys tracks have been featured in many of Linda Ronstadt's compilation albums over the years, such as \"Hobo\", \"Some of Shelly's Blues\" and \"Stoney End\". Unreleased material The now deleted Linda Ronstadt Box Set included the initial release of \"Everybody Has His Own Ideas\" besides the original 45; otherwise, the only Stone Poneys music made available on CD has been the songs on the original three albums, which has left many songs such as \"Carnival Bear,\" from a 1968 single that never appeared on any of the albums, without any available issue.", "Unreleased material The now deleted Linda Ronstadt Box Set included the initial release of \"Everybody Has His Own Ideas\" besides the original 45; otherwise, the only Stone Poneys music made available on CD has been the songs on the original three albums, which has left many songs such as \"Carnival Bear,\" from a 1968 single that never appeared on any of the albums, without any available issue. Even the three song \"fragments\" that open the third album – which total barely 1½ minutes – have never been reissued as full songs.", "Even the three song \"fragments\" that open the third album – which total barely 1½ minutes – have never been reissued as full songs. Discography Albums Singles Promotional singles References Regarding Reference No.", "Discography Albums Singles Promotional singles References Regarding Reference No. 1 – This article erroneously listed Arizona State University (which is located in Tempe, not Tucson) instead of Tucson's University of Arizona as the college that Linda Ronstadt attended for one semester in the fall of 1964. Archived enrollment records from U of A confirm this.", "Archived enrollment records from U of A confirm this. External links The Stone Poneys Stone Poneys Lyrics Stone Poneys V2 Lyrics Stone Poneys V3 Lyrics Linda Ronstadt and The Stone Poneys live Nik Venet 01 Folk rock groups from California American musical trios Linda Ronstadt Musical groups from Los Angeles Musical groups established in 1965 Capitol Records artists" ]

[ "Stone Poneys", "Record deal", "Who did the Stone poneys have record deal with?", "Venet signed the band to Capitol Records in the summer of 1966.", "What was the first album they did after signing the deal?", "simply called The Stone Poneys" ]

[ "Merry Legs (1911-1932) was a Tennessee Walking Horse mare who was given foundation registration for her influence as a broodmare. She was also a successful show horse.\n\nLife\nMerry Legs was foaled in April 1911. She was a bay with sabino markings. She was sired by the foundation stallion Black Allan F-1, out of the American Saddlebred mare Nell Dement, registration number F-3, and bred by the early breeder Albert Dement. She was a large mare at maturity, standing high and weighing . Merry Legs was a successful show horse; as a three-year-old, she won the stake class at the Tennessee State Fair. She was also successful as a broodmare, giving birth to 13 foals, among them the well-known Bud Allen, Last Chance, Major Allen, and Merry Boy. For her influence on the breed, she was given the foundation number F-4 when the TWHBEA was formed in 1935. She died in 1932.\n\nReferences\n\nIndividual Tennessee Walking Horses\n1911 animal births\n1932 animal deaths", "The UCI Road World Championships – Men's team time trial was a world championship for road bicycle racing in the discipline of team time trial (TTT). It is organized by the world governing body, the Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI).\n\nNational teams (1962–1994)\nA championship for national teams was introduced in 1962 and held until 1994. It was held annually, except that from 1972 onward, the TTT was not held in Olympic years. There were 4 riders per team on a route around 100 kilometres long. Italy is the most successful nation with seven victories.\n\nMedal winners\n\nMedals by nation\n\nMost successful riders\n\nUCI teams (2012–2018)\nThere was a long break until a championship for trade teams was introduced in 2012. There were 6 riders per team. The championship was held up to 2018.\n\nMedal winners\n\nMost successful teams\n\nMost successful riders\n\nReferences \n \n \n\n \nMen's Team Time Trial\nRecurring sporting events established in 1962\nUCI World Tour races\nMen's road bicycle races\nLists of UCI Road World Championships medalists\nRecurring sporting events disestablished in 2018" ]

[ "Stone Poneys (also The Stone Poneys. Linda Ronstadt and the Stone Poneys, and The Stone Poneys With Linda Ronstadt) were a folk rock trio formed in Los Angeles, consisting of Linda Ronstadt on vocals, Bobby Kimmel on rhythm guitar and vocals, and Kenny Edwards on lead guitar.", "Linda Ronstadt and the Stone Poneys, and The Stone Poneys With Linda Ronstadt) were a folk rock trio formed in Los Angeles, consisting of Linda Ronstadt on vocals, Bobby Kimmel on rhythm guitar and vocals, and Kenny Edwards on lead guitar. Their recordings include Ronstadt's first hit song, a cover of Mike Nesmith's \"Different Drum\".", "Their recordings include Ronstadt's first hit song, a cover of Mike Nesmith's \"Different Drum\". Even at this early stage, Ronstadt was showcasing her performances of an eclectic mix of songs, often from under-appreciated songwriters, requiring a wide array of backing musicians.", "Even at this early stage, Ronstadt was showcasing her performances of an eclectic mix of songs, often from under-appreciated songwriters, requiring a wide array of backing musicians. The band released three albums: The Stone Poneys; Evergreen, Volume 2; and Linda Ronstadt, Stone Poneys and Friends, Vol. III.", "III. III. All three albums were reissued in CD format in the 1990s in the US. The first two albums were reissued in Australia in 2008.", "The first two albums were reissued in Australia in 2008. History of the band Early meetings Linda Ronstadt first met Bobby Kimmel in 1960 while performing gigs in and around Tucson, Arizona with her older brother Peter and older sister Suzi (under the name \"The Three Ronstadts\", among others).", "History of the band Early meetings Linda Ronstadt first met Bobby Kimmel in 1960 while performing gigs in and around Tucson, Arizona with her older brother Peter and older sister Suzi (under the name \"The Three Ronstadts\", among others). The three Ronstadts joined with Kimmel and a local banjo player named Richard Saltus, performing locally as \"The New Union Ramblers\".", "The three Ronstadts joined with Kimmel and a local banjo player named Richard Saltus, performing locally as \"The New Union Ramblers\". Kimmel, who was six years older than Linda, was impressed with the strong voice and enthusiasm of the fourteen-year-old.", "Kimmel, who was six years older than Linda, was impressed with the strong voice and enthusiasm of the fourteen-year-old. He relocated to Southern California around 1961 and wrote regularly to cajole Linda into joining him throughout her high school years at Catalina High.", "He relocated to Southern California around 1961 and wrote regularly to cajole Linda into joining him throughout her high school years at Catalina High. Kimmel had already met and befriended Kenny Edwards shortly before Linda's arrival in L.A., and they had started writing folk-rock songs together.", "Kimmel had already met and befriended Kenny Edwards shortly before Linda's arrival in L.A., and they had started writing folk-rock songs together. Making the band in December 1964, after dropping out of Tucson's Catalina High School, and completing a semester at the University Of Arizona, Linda Ronstadt decided to move to the Los Angeles area to join Bobby Kimmel and form a band.", "Making the band in December 1964, after dropping out of Tucson's Catalina High School, and completing a semester at the University Of Arizona, Linda Ronstadt decided to move to the Los Angeles area to join Bobby Kimmel and form a band. Ronstadt described Kimmel's vision of the band: \"It was going to be five people.", "Ronstadt described Kimmel's vision of the band: \"It was going to be five people. We had an electric autoharp and a girl singer, and we thought we were unique in the world. And it turned out the Jefferson Airplane and the Lovin' Spoonful had beaten us.\"", "And it turned out the Jefferson Airplane and the Lovin' Spoonful had beaten us.\" The group trimmed down to a trio that called themselves the Stone Poneys. Their (misspelled) name came from Delta Blues singer Charley Patton's 1929 song \"The Stone Pony Blues\" (also known as \"Pony Blues\").", "Their (misspelled) name came from Delta Blues singer Charley Patton's 1929 song \"The Stone Pony Blues\" (also known as \"Pony Blues\"). The band was discovered by a couple of music industry executives while rehearsing at a soul food restaurant called Olivia's, located in Ocean Park, a community between Venice Beach and Santa Monica.", "The band was discovered by a couple of music industry executives while rehearsing at a soul food restaurant called Olivia's, located in Ocean Park, a community between Venice Beach and Santa Monica. Olivia's was famous for its food and clientele, including The Doors.", "Olivia's was famous for its food and clientele, including The Doors. In 1965, they recorded the Johnny Otis song \"So Fine\" and several others. Mike Curb, who at that time was working for Mercury, produced the sessions.", "Mike Curb, who at that time was working for Mercury, produced the sessions. The record company wanted them to change the group's name to \"The Signets\" and sing surf music, which the trio chose not to do.", "The record company wanted them to change the group's name to \"The Signets\" and sing surf music, which the trio chose not to do. Instead, The Stone Poneys became a leading attraction on the Los Angeles club circuit, with Ronstadt usually performing on stage in a miniskirt and bare feet.", "Instead, The Stone Poneys became a leading attraction on the Los Angeles club circuit, with Ronstadt usually performing on stage in a miniskirt and bare feet. They worked intimate clubs like The Troubadour in Hollywood, where they were opening for such musicians as Odetta and Oscar Brown Jr.; The Insomniac in Hermosa Beach, where they often appeared with The Chambers Brothers; and The Bitter End in Greenwich Village.", "They worked intimate clubs like The Troubadour in Hollywood, where they were opening for such musicians as Odetta and Oscar Brown Jr.; The Insomniac in Hermosa Beach, where they often appeared with The Chambers Brothers; and The Bitter End in Greenwich Village. One night at The Troubadour, the band's first manager, Herb Cohen, told Kimmel in front of Ronstadt: \"Well, I can get your chick singer recorded, but I don't know about the rest of the group\".", "One night at The Troubadour, the band's first manager, Herb Cohen, told Kimmel in front of Ronstadt: \"Well, I can get your chick singer recorded, but I don't know about the rest of the group\". Linda Ronstadt called this \"the beginning of the end\", although this occurred even before they were signed to Capitol and Ronstadt insisted that she would not record without the band.", "Linda Ronstadt called this \"the beginning of the end\", although this occurred even before they were signed to Capitol and Ronstadt insisted that she would not record without the band. The Stone Poneys broke up briefly in this time period, and Cohen tried to connect Ronstadt with Frank Zappa to make a demo, and also with Jack Nitzsche, but nothing ever materialized (she and Zappa – who were both being managed by Cohen in this time period – would later make a radio commercial for Remington brand electric shavers that was rejected by the company).", "The Stone Poneys broke up briefly in this time period, and Cohen tried to connect Ronstadt with Frank Zappa to make a demo, and also with Jack Nitzsche, but nothing ever materialized (she and Zappa – who were both being managed by Cohen in this time period – would later make a radio commercial for Remington brand electric shavers that was rejected by the company). Record deal After the Poneys reformed, Cohen introduced Linda, Kenny, and Bobby to Nick Venet (also known as Nik Venet) at The Troubadour.", "Record deal After the Poneys reformed, Cohen introduced Linda, Kenny, and Bobby to Nick Venet (also known as Nik Venet) at The Troubadour. Venet signed the band to Capitol Records in the summer of 1966.", "Venet signed the band to Capitol Records in the summer of 1966. Ronstadt recalls of the signing: \"Capitol wanted me as a solo, but Nick convinced them I wasn't ready, that I would develop. It was true.\"", "It was true.\" It was true.\" In a late 1966 article in Billboard, Venet discussed the formation of a new record label under Capitol called FolkWorld specifically to promote folk-rock artists.", "In a late 1966 article in Billboard, Venet discussed the formation of a new record label under Capitol called FolkWorld specifically to promote folk-rock artists. Although the FolkWorld concept was never realized, The Stone Poneys became the lead act in the stable of folk-rock performers that Venet was signing and producing in this time period.", "Although the FolkWorld concept was never realized, The Stone Poneys became the lead act in the stable of folk-rock performers that Venet was signing and producing in this time period. The three albums by The Stone Poneys were produced by Nick Venet.", "The three albums by The Stone Poneys were produced by Nick Venet. The band's original songs were credited to Bob Kimmel and Kenny Edwards, although subsequent CD reissues removed Edwards' name from most of the credits.", "The band's original songs were credited to Bob Kimmel and Kenny Edwards, although subsequent CD reissues removed Edwards' name from most of the credits. BMI's website now credits all original Kimmel-Edwards songs to Kimmel alone, resulting in \"Back Home\" being Edwards's lone songwriting credit with the Stone Poneys.", "BMI's website now credits all original Kimmel-Edwards songs to Kimmel alone, resulting in \"Back Home\" being Edwards's lone songwriting credit with the Stone Poneys. The first album, simply called The Stone Poneys, was more folk than rock and featured relatively few lead vocals by Ronstadt; it received little notice.", "The first album, simply called The Stone Poneys, was more folk than rock and featured relatively few lead vocals by Ronstadt; it received little notice. The band again broke up briefly between the first two albums; but, as related by Kenny Edwards, Nick Venet told the band: \"'We can make another record, we can make this happen.", "The band again broke up briefly between the first two albums; but, as related by Kenny Edwards, Nick Venet told the band: \"'We can make another record, we can make this happen. If we're going to do anything with this, we've got to make something that sounds commercial and get on the radio.\"", "If we're going to do anything with this, we've got to make something that sounds commercial and get on the radio.\" Hit song and further stresses For the second album, Evergreen, Volume 2, the songs were in more of a rock vein; and Linda was moved firmly into the lead vocalist position, with only occasional harmony vocals.", "Hit song and further stresses For the second album, Evergreen, Volume 2, the songs were in more of a rock vein; and Linda was moved firmly into the lead vocalist position, with only occasional harmony vocals. The album includes the band's only hit song, \"Different Drum\".", "The album includes the band's only hit song, \"Different Drum\". The original recording by The Stone Poneys of \"Different Drum\" was quite similar to the recorded version by The Greenbriar Boys from their 1966 album Better Late than Never!", "The original recording by The Stone Poneys of \"Different Drum\" was quite similar to the recorded version by The Greenbriar Boys from their 1966 album Better Late than Never! ; but as Kenny Edwards recalls: \"That's when Nik Venet sort of took an executive position and went, 'This could be a hit song, and we need to sort of have an arranger arrange it.'", "; but as Kenny Edwards recalls: \"That's when Nik Venet sort of took an executive position and went, 'This could be a hit song, and we need to sort of have an arranger arrange it.' So none of us actually played on the record version of that.\"", "So none of us actually played on the record version of that.\" (A live performance of \"Different Drum\" in the earlier style survives though).", "(A live performance of \"Different Drum\" in the earlier style survives though). The original album version of \"Different Drum\" from 1967 had a slightly longer run time (2:46) from the single edit (2:35), owing to a repeat of the harpsichord break in the middle of the song.", "The original album version of \"Different Drum\" from 1967 had a slightly longer run time (2:46) from the single edit (2:35), owing to a repeat of the harpsichord break in the middle of the song. All versions of the song reissued after that time have been the single edit although listed with the longer run time.", "All versions of the song reissued after that time have been the single edit although listed with the longer run time. This was not the only instance of the male band members being pushed out of the recording studio.", "This was not the only instance of the male band members being pushed out of the recording studio. Ironically, one of the few songs on the second album to feature harmony vocals, \"Back on the Street Again\" was a duet by Linda Ronstadt and songwriter Steve Gillette (though Linda's voice was clearly on top); Gillette remembers from the session: \"[T]here was a scuffle and some noise just outside the door.", "Ironically, one of the few songs on the second album to feature harmony vocals, \"Back on the Street Again\" was a duet by Linda Ronstadt and songwriter Steve Gillette (though Linda's voice was clearly on top); Gillette remembers from the session: \"[T]here was a scuffle and some noise just outside the door. When we opened it, there was a sad and for some, tearful scene in which it became clear that Kenny [Edwards] and Bobby [Kimmel] had not been notified of the session, and had heard about it indirectly and showed up full of anger at the betrayal.", "When we opened it, there was a sad and for some, tearful scene in which it became clear that Kenny [Edwards] and Bobby [Kimmel] had not been notified of the session, and had heard about it indirectly and showed up full of anger at the betrayal. Capitol really did try to break the group up\".", "Capitol really did try to break the group up\". The very success of \"Different Drum\" spelled the effective end of The Stone Poneys as a band: Almost immediately, they started to become known as \"Linda Ronstadt and The Stone Poneys\".", "The very success of \"Different Drum\" spelled the effective end of The Stone Poneys as a band: Almost immediately, they started to become known as \"Linda Ronstadt and The Stone Poneys\". Also, unlike the other 45s, which had been released solely under the name of the band, the \"Different Drum\" single also included in small letters: \"Featuring Linda Ronstadt\".", "Also, unlike the other 45s, which had been released solely under the name of the band, the \"Different Drum\" single also included in small letters: \"Featuring Linda Ronstadt\". As Edwards recalls: \"From the record company's point of view, immediately they wanted to push Linda as a solo artist.", "As Edwards recalls: \"From the record company's point of view, immediately they wanted to push Linda as a solo artist. And frankly, Linda's taste in songs was really growing away from what Bobby was writing.... So there was a spontaneous growth toward her being a solo artist.\"", "So there was a spontaneous growth toward her being a solo artist.\" A series of club dates throughout the United States to support the second album followed.", "A series of club dates throughout the United States to support the second album followed. Ronstadt remembers opening for the Paul Butterfield Blues Band at the Cafe Au Go Go in Greenwich Village as one of her worst experiences with the band: \"Here we were rejected by the hippest element in New York as lame.", "Ronstadt remembers opening for the Paul Butterfield Blues Band at the Cafe Au Go Go in Greenwich Village as one of her worst experiences with the band: \"Here we were rejected by the hippest element in New York as lame. We broke up right after that. We couldn't bear to look at each other.\"", "We couldn't bear to look at each other.\" Emergence of a star During work on the band's third album, in early 1968, Kenny Edwards departed for India.", "Emergence of a star During work on the band's third album, in early 1968, Kenny Edwards departed for India. After \"Different Drum\" hit the charts, Bob Kimmel and Linda Ronstadt rounded up some more musicians, and the reformed Stone Poneys began touring with the Doors.", "After \"Different Drum\" hit the charts, Bob Kimmel and Linda Ronstadt rounded up some more musicians, and the reformed Stone Poneys began touring with the Doors. Doors frontman Jim Morrison didn't endear himself to Ronstadt; she recalled: \"We thought they were a good band, but we didn't like the singer\".", "Doors frontman Jim Morrison didn't endear himself to Ronstadt; she recalled: \"We thought they were a good band, but we didn't like the singer\". After this tour, Kimmel also left the band. Linda Ronstadt gamely moved forward and, effectively a solo artist already, started taking control of her career.", "Linda Ronstadt gamely moved forward and, effectively a solo artist already, started taking control of her career. She gathered more sophisticated material for the new album, including three songs by Tim Buckley that would become standout cuts on that album.", "She gathered more sophisticated material for the new album, including three songs by Tim Buckley that would become standout cuts on that album. \"Tim used to live in a house that I lived in too, and we both used to move in and out ... that is, we stayed there alternately.", "\"Tim used to live in a house that I lived in too, and we both used to move in and out ... that is, we stayed there alternately. It was the house he wrote about in 'Morning Glory,' which I call 'The Hobo'. That was the 'fleeting house.'\"", "That was the 'fleeting house.'\" Buckley was among those in the group photograph that appeared on the back cover of the third album. Although their final album still appears to be in the name of the band, the album name, Linda Ronstadt, Stone Poneys and Friends, Vol.", "Although their final album still appears to be in the name of the band, the album name, Linda Ronstadt, Stone Poneys and Friends, Vol. III was purposefully vague, without a specific artist's name.", "III was purposefully vague, without a specific artist's name. Even the two singles from the album were released under different names, though Linda Ronstadt now had the burden of the Capitol recording contract: \"See, The [Stone] Poneys were taken off the books after the second album.", "Even the two singles from the album were released under different names, though Linda Ronstadt now had the burden of the Capitol recording contract: \"See, The [Stone] Poneys were taken off the books after the second album. Since it was a hit, they made royalties off it. But I didn't.", "But I didn't. But I didn't. I paid all by myself for the third album, which was expensive, and it put me severely in the red by the time I started recording my first solo album.\"", "I paid all by myself for the third album, which was expensive, and it put me severely in the red by the time I started recording my first solo album.\" Later incarnations By late 1967, Linda Ronstadt began recruiting musicians to assist in the studio and also on the road.", "Later incarnations By late 1967, Linda Ronstadt began recruiting musicians to assist in the studio and also on the road. One of the first was an old friend from Tucson, Shep Cooke.", "One of the first was an old friend from Tucson, Shep Cooke. He had already turned down Ronstadt's invitation to join Stone Poneys twice (in 1966 and also in early 1967); when she asked him again in late 1967: \"Something told me I'd better not decline a third time.", "He had already turned down Ronstadt's invitation to join Stone Poneys twice (in 1966 and also in early 1967); when she asked him again in late 1967: \"Something told me I'd better not decline a third time. 'Different Drum' was climbing up the charts, and I couldn't refuse.", "'Different Drum' was climbing up the charts, and I couldn't refuse. So I joined the Stone Poneys in November 1967.\"", "So I joined the Stone Poneys in November 1967.\" Another latter-day member of Stone Poneys was Kit Alderson, who would later help train Joaquin Phoenix and Reese Witherspoon in the guitar and autoharp, respectively, for their work in the 2005 Johnny Cash/June Carter Cash biopic film Walk the Line.", "Another latter-day member of Stone Poneys was Kit Alderson, who would later help train Joaquin Phoenix and Reese Witherspoon in the guitar and autoharp, respectively, for their work in the 2005 Johnny Cash/June Carter Cash biopic film Walk the Line. By November 1968, a different group of musicians were billing themselves as the Stone Poneys.", "By November 1968, a different group of musicians were billing themselves as the Stone Poneys. Joining Ronstadt was guitarist John Forsha – who was also a session player on the band's first two albums – drummer John Ware, bassist John Keski, steel guitarist Herb Steiner, and drummer Bill Martin.", "Joining Ronstadt was guitarist John Forsha – who was also a session player on the band's first two albums – drummer John Ware, bassist John Keski, steel guitarist Herb Steiner, and drummer Bill Martin. Purists might contend that these Stone Poneys were not the real band, only backing musicians for Linda Ronstadt; however, they were still being billed as Stone Poneys, and many of the musicians still view themselves as \"ex-Stone Poneys\".", "Purists might contend that these Stone Poneys were not the real band, only backing musicians for Linda Ronstadt; however, they were still being billed as Stone Poneys, and many of the musicians still view themselves as \"ex-Stone Poneys\". Shep Cooke fondly remembers his time with the band: \"We rehearsed like crazy, finished the third Stone Poney album, toured the entire country for 2½ months, played on Joey Bishop's and Johnny Carson's TV shows*, went crazy for lack of sleep, and parted company (after the last gig in late 1968) reasonably good friends but a little disillusioned about 'the big time'.\"", "Shep Cooke fondly remembers his time with the band: \"We rehearsed like crazy, finished the third Stone Poney album, toured the entire country for 2½ months, played on Joey Bishop's and Johnny Carson's TV shows*, went crazy for lack of sleep, and parted company (after the last gig in late 1968) reasonably good friends but a little disillusioned about 'the big time'.\" (*There was never a 'Tonight Show' Stone Poneys appearance aired.", "(*There was never a 'Tonight Show' Stone Poneys appearance aired. Linda first appeared on the late night talk show in 1969. Her second appearance wasn't until 1983.)", "Her second appearance wasn't until 1983.) Post break-up Despite the lack of big hits, Linda Ronstadt was becoming increasingly well known following the success of \"Different Drum\", and in 1969 she officially went solo with her album Hand Sown...Home Grown.", "Post break-up Despite the lack of big hits, Linda Ronstadt was becoming increasingly well known following the success of \"Different Drum\", and in 1969 she officially went solo with her album Hand Sown...Home Grown. However, beginning in the mid-1970s, Kenny Edwards recorded and toured with Linda for about 10 years.", "However, beginning in the mid-1970s, Kenny Edwards recorded and toured with Linda for about 10 years. In 2007, Linda Ronstadt reconnected with Bob Kimmel in Tucson and sang harmony vocals on one of Kimmel's songs, \"Into the Arms of Love\" that was included on a CD released that year by his new band, BK Special.", "In 2007, Linda Ronstadt reconnected with Bob Kimmel in Tucson and sang harmony vocals on one of Kimmel's songs, \"Into the Arms of Love\" that was included on a CD released that year by his new band, BK Special. Albums and singles Official Capitol releases On the first two albums, most of the songs were written by Bob Kimmel and Kenny Edwards.", "Albums and singles Official Capitol releases On the first two albums, most of the songs were written by Bob Kimmel and Kenny Edwards. Under the guidance of producer Nik Venet and Capitol, the group recorded their first album in the fall of 1966, The Stone Poneys, which was released in January 1967.", "Under the guidance of producer Nik Venet and Capitol, the group recorded their first album in the fall of 1966, The Stone Poneys, which was released in January 1967. The album is notable for its precise strong-voiced harmony vocals.", "The album is notable for its precise strong-voiced harmony vocals. The disc's one and only single release \"Sweet Summer Blue And Gold\" received no airplay and failed to chart anywhere. (The first album is now mainly known by the name of the 1975 reissue, The Stone Poneys Featuring Linda Ronstadt).", "(The first album is now mainly known by the name of the 1975 reissue, The Stone Poneys Featuring Linda Ronstadt). The second album, Evergreen, Volume 2 was released in June 1967. On this album, Linda Ronstadt sang lead vocals on almost all songs.", "On this album, Linda Ronstadt sang lead vocals on almost all songs. The exception was the title track, which has a psychedelic rock feel. Kenny Edwards was the vocalist on \"Part One\", while \"Part Two\" was an instrumental that featured fine sitar work (also by Edwards).", "Kenny Edwards was the vocalist on \"Part One\", while \"Part Two\" was an instrumental that featured fine sitar work (also by Edwards). The band hit pay dirt with Michael Nesmith's \"Different Drum\" (written and copyrighted in 1965 prior to Nesmith joining The Monkees), the second 45 (following \"One for One\") from the new album.", "The band hit pay dirt with Michael Nesmith's \"Different Drum\" (written and copyrighted in 1965 prior to Nesmith joining The Monkees), the second 45 (following \"One for One\") from the new album. The band's version of \"Different Drum\" hit the Billboard Pop Chart on November 11, 1967 and stayed in the Hot 100 for 17 weeks, getting as high as No.", "The band's version of \"Different Drum\" hit the Billboard Pop Chart on November 11, 1967 and stayed in the Hot 100 for 17 weeks, getting as high as No. 13. The song also reached No. 12 on the Cash Box survey.", "12 on the Cash Box survey. The song has been a staple on oldies radio ever since and remains one of Linda Ronstadt's most popular recordings. Its parent record slid up Billboard's main album chart to No. 100 and lasted for a respectable 15 weeks on that chart.", "100 and lasted for a respectable 15 weeks on that chart. Their third album was titled Linda Ronstadt, Stone Poneys and Friends, Vol. III (released in April 1968); at this point, Capitol was promoting Linda Ronstadt rather than the band, and only Linda's picture was on the cover.", "III (released in April 1968); at this point, Capitol was promoting Linda Ronstadt rather than the band, and only Linda's picture was on the cover. Like its predecessor, the album had two singles: \"Up To My Neck In High Muddy Water\" b/w \"Carnival Bear\" (released under the name Linda Ronstadt and the Stone Poneys) which stalled at No.", "Like its predecessor, the album had two singles: \"Up To My Neck In High Muddy Water\" b/w \"Carnival Bear\" (released under the name Linda Ronstadt and the Stone Poneys) which stalled at No. 93 on the Hot 100; and \"Some of Shelly's Blues\" b/w \"Hobo\" (released under the name Stone Poneys, Featuring Linda Ronstadt) which, like the album, did not chart in the US, but did reach No.", "93 on the Hot 100; and \"Some of Shelly's Blues\" b/w \"Hobo\" (released under the name Stone Poneys, Featuring Linda Ronstadt) which, like the album, did not chart in the US, but did reach No. 94 in Canada.", "94 in Canada. 94 in Canada. \"Some of Shelly's Blues\" was another Michael Nesmith song. The album ended with the Laura Nyro song, \"Stoney End\", which turned out to have been aptly named (although the song was not written for The Stone Poneys).", "The album ended with the Laura Nyro song, \"Stoney End\", which turned out to have been aptly named (although the song was not written for The Stone Poneys). \"So Fine\" single After \"Different Drum\" became a hit, Mike Curb pulled out two of the recordings he had produced back in 1965, \"So Fine\" and \"Everybody Has His Own Ideas\", and decided to release them in 1968 as a 45 on his label Sidewalk, which was a Capitol subsidiary.", "\"So Fine\" single After \"Different Drum\" became a hit, Mike Curb pulled out two of the recordings he had produced back in 1965, \"So Fine\" and \"Everybody Has His Own Ideas\", and decided to release them in 1968 as a 45 on his label Sidewalk, which was a Capitol subsidiary. The single was put out without the knowledge of Capitol – or Mercury either, for that matter, who had paid for the recording session.", "The single was put out without the knowledge of Capitol – or Mercury either, for that matter, who had paid for the recording session. Capitol record company executives were understandably furious, and the single was immediately pulled from the market.", "Capitol record company executives were understandably furious, and the single was immediately pulled from the market. Thus, this disk has become one of the rarest Linda Ronstadt collectables, bringing as much as $144 (in a 2007 eBay auction).", "Thus, this disk has become one of the rarest Linda Ronstadt collectables, bringing as much as $144 (in a 2007 eBay auction). Reissues In the early 1970s, the Pickwick record label licensed several Stone Poneys tracks from their Capitol albums.", "Reissues In the early 1970s, the Pickwick record label licensed several Stone Poneys tracks from their Capitol albums. Five of these songs were included as Side 2 on a dual compilation album called Back on the Street Again (catalog number SPC-3245), with Side 1 consisting of five songs by David Clayton-Thomas that are taken from solo albums that he was recording while serving as the lead singer for Blood, Sweat and Tears.", "Five of these songs were included as Side 2 on a dual compilation album called Back on the Street Again (catalog number SPC-3245), with Side 1 consisting of five songs by David Clayton-Thomas that are taken from solo albums that he was recording while serving as the lead singer for Blood, Sweat and Tears. Other than the title song and \"Different Drum\", the Stone Poneys songs on this album are relatively obscure tracks that have hardly appeared at all on Ronstadt's compilation albums over the years: \"Song About the Rain\", \"I've Got to Know\" (also known as \"I'd Like to Know\") and \"New Hard Times\".", "Other than the title song and \"Different Drum\", the Stone Poneys songs on this album are relatively obscure tracks that have hardly appeared at all on Ronstadt's compilation albums over the years: \"Song About the Rain\", \"I've Got to Know\" (also known as \"I'd Like to Know\") and \"New Hard Times\". Apparently somewhat later, Pickwick released Stoney End (catalog number SPC-3298) under the name Linda Ronstadt & The Stone Poneys.", "Apparently somewhat later, Pickwick released Stoney End (catalog number SPC-3298) under the name Linda Ronstadt & The Stone Poneys. The only song included on both of the Pickwick albums is \"Different Drum\"; the other tracks on this album are mostly familiar songs like \"One for One\" and \"Some of Shelly's Blues\", as well as their recording of the 1960s classic \"Let's Get Together\".", "The only song included on both of the Pickwick albums is \"Different Drum\"; the other tracks on this album are mostly familiar songs like \"One for One\" and \"Some of Shelly's Blues\", as well as their recording of the 1960s classic \"Let's Get Together\". (The album was released on the heels of the successful reissue of the version by The Youngbloods in 1969).", "(The album was released on the heels of the successful reissue of the version by The Youngbloods in 1969). In 1974, prior to the release of Heart Like A Wheel, Capitol issued a Linda Ronstadt compilation titled Different Drum, which featured five Stone Poney tracks and five songs from Ronstadt's first three solo albums.", "In 1974, prior to the release of Heart Like A Wheel, Capitol issued a Linda Ronstadt compilation titled Different Drum, which featured five Stone Poney tracks and five songs from Ronstadt's first three solo albums. Aside from the title track, the four Stone Poneys tracks were remixed tracks from the third Stone Poneys' album, all featuring Ronstadt solo: \"Hobo,\" \"Up To My Neck In High Muddy Water,\" \"Some Of Shelly's Blues,\" and \"Stoney End.\"", "Aside from the title track, the four Stone Poneys tracks were remixed tracks from the third Stone Poneys' album, all featuring Ronstadt solo: \"Hobo,\" \"Up To My Neck In High Muddy Water,\" \"Some Of Shelly's Blues,\" and \"Stoney End.\" Eight years after the release of the band's first album (in March 1975), it was reissued by Capitol under the name The Stone Poneys Featuring Linda Ronstadt, as a result of the multi-platinum success Linda Ronstadt had in 1974-75 as a solo artist with the No.", "Eight years after the release of the band's first album (in March 1975), it was reissued by Capitol under the name The Stone Poneys Featuring Linda Ronstadt, as a result of the multi-platinum success Linda Ronstadt had in 1974-75 as a solo artist with the No. 1 album Heart Like A Wheel.", "1 album Heart Like A Wheel. The song listing in the reissue highlighted Ronstadt's three solo performances (she also sang solo on one verse in a fourth song that was not so identified).", "The song listing in the reissue highlighted Ronstadt's three solo performances (she also sang solo on one verse in a fourth song that was not so identified). As a result, the largely unknown first album by The Stone Poneys was more widely available in the 1970s and 1980s than the subsequent albums that featured the band's more familiar songs.", "As a result, the largely unknown first album by The Stone Poneys was more widely available in the 1970s and 1980s than the subsequent albums that featured the band's more familiar songs. In 1995, Capitol briefly issued the three Stone Poneys albums as individual CD releases. These releases were removed from the catalog within a few years.", "These releases were removed from the catalog within a few years. In 2008, the Australian label Raven released The Stone Poneys, a 27-track \"two-fer\" CD featuring the first two Stone Poneys albums plus four tracks from their third album.", "In 2008, the Australian label Raven released The Stone Poneys, a 27-track \"two-fer\" CD featuring the first two Stone Poneys albums plus four tracks from their third album. Linda Ronstadt has claimed dissatisfaction with the arrangements of the three Stone Poneys albums many times over the years, but Capitol has continually made money through reissues of the early material in numerous configurations.", "Linda Ronstadt has claimed dissatisfaction with the arrangements of the three Stone Poneys albums many times over the years, but Capitol has continually made money through reissues of the early material in numerous configurations. Also, in addition to their hit song \"Different Drum\", several of the other Stone Poneys tracks have been featured in many of Linda Ronstadt's compilation albums over the years, such as \"Hobo\", \"Some of Shelly's Blues\" and \"Stoney End\".", "Also, in addition to their hit song \"Different Drum\", several of the other Stone Poneys tracks have been featured in many of Linda Ronstadt's compilation albums over the years, such as \"Hobo\", \"Some of Shelly's Blues\" and \"Stoney End\". Unreleased material The now deleted Linda Ronstadt Box Set included the initial release of \"Everybody Has His Own Ideas\" besides the original 45; otherwise, the only Stone Poneys music made available on CD has been the songs on the original three albums, which has left many songs such as \"Carnival Bear,\" from a 1968 single that never appeared on any of the albums, without any available issue.", "Unreleased material The now deleted Linda Ronstadt Box Set included the initial release of \"Everybody Has His Own Ideas\" besides the original 45; otherwise, the only Stone Poneys music made available on CD has been the songs on the original three albums, which has left many songs such as \"Carnival Bear,\" from a 1968 single that never appeared on any of the albums, without any available issue. Even the three song \"fragments\" that open the third album – which total barely 1½ minutes – have never been reissued as full songs.", "Even the three song \"fragments\" that open the third album – which total barely 1½ minutes – have never been reissued as full songs. Discography Albums Singles Promotional singles References Regarding Reference No.", "Discography Albums Singles Promotional singles References Regarding Reference No. 1 – This article erroneously listed Arizona State University (which is located in Tempe, not Tucson) instead of Tucson's University of Arizona as the college that Linda Ronstadt attended for one semester in the fall of 1964. Archived enrollment records from U of A confirm this.", "Archived enrollment records from U of A confirm this. External links The Stone Poneys Stone Poneys Lyrics Stone Poneys V2 Lyrics Stone Poneys V3 Lyrics Linda Ronstadt and The Stone Poneys live Nik Venet 01 Folk rock groups from California American musical trios Linda Ronstadt Musical groups from Los Angeles Musical groups established in 1965 Capitol Records artists" ]

[ "Tris Speaker", "Early years" ]

[ "Honk is an American rock band, based in Laguna Beach, California. It's best known for providing the soundtrack for the surf documentary film, Five Summer Stories.\n\nCareer\nThe band was formalized in 1970, recorded some demo songs, and then recorded their first album for a $1500 fee. It was the soundtrack for the \"cinematic cult classic\" surf film, Five Summer Stories. In the early 1970s they toured with The Beach Boys, Chicago, Jackson Browne and Dave Mason before splitting up in 1975. The band reformed in 1985 and continue to occasionally perform.\n\nMembers\n Will Brady (bass and vocals)\n Craig Buhler (saxophone, clarinet, and flute)\n Tris Imboden (drums)\n Richard Stekol (vocals and guitar)\n Beth Fitchet Wood (vocals and guitar)\n Steve Wood (keyboards and vocals)\n\nHonk's drummer, Tris Imboden, has also been a member of several other notable groups. This includes the Kenny Loggins Band, which was featured in the Number One soundtracks for prominent 1980s films, Caddyshack and Footloose. He was also the drummer for the multi-platinum Chicago from 1990 until 2018.\n\nAs drummer for the Kenny Loggins Band, Tris Imboden would collaborate with Richard Stekol. Loggins and Stekol co-wrote \"Mr. Night\", which was published in the album Keep the Fire and later in the soundtrack for Caddyshack.\n\nSteve Wood is an award winner for his work on the soundtracks for the IMAX movies Everest and The Living Sea.\n\nDiscography\n\nVideography\n(1994) Five Summer Stories, film soundtrack\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nMusical groups established in 1970\nMusical groups from Orange County, California", "Allegiant is a science fiction novel for young adults, written by the American author Veronica Roth and published by HarperCollins in October 2013. It completes the Divergent trilogy that Roth started with her debut novel Divergent in 2011. The book is written from the perspective of both Beatrice (Tris) and Tobias (Four). Following the revelations of the previous novel, they journey past the city's boundaries to discover what lies beyond.\n\nAllegiant was published simultaneously by Katherine Tegen Books and HarperCollins Children's Books in the UK. Four weeks earlier, a free electronic companion book to the trilogy titled The World of Divergent: The Path to Allegiant was released online. The novel was to be adapted into a two-part film, the first part, The Divergent Series: Allegiant, was released on March 18, 2016, while the second part, called Ascendant, was planned to release in June 2017 but was ultimately canceled.\n\nPlot\nA future dystopian Chicago has a society that defines its citizens by strict conformity to their social and personality-related affiliations with five different factions. That removes the threat of anyone exercising independent will and threatening the population's safety again by war or another human-created catastrophe. Those who fail the initiation of their particular faction are deemed Factionless and are treated as a lower class and a drain on society.\n\nAfter the revelation about their city, Evelyn Johnson-Eaton becomes Chicago's leader, which forces all factions to live equally with the Factionless. Confessing their role in the insurgency, Beatrice \"Tris\" Prior, Christina, and Cara are pardoned. Tris learns from Tobias \"Four\" Eaton about the rebel \"Allegiant,\" who work to restore the faction system. Several people are killed in a confrontation between faction members and the Factionless, including Evelyn's right-hand man, Edward. Tris is invited to a meeting with the Allegiant, whose leaders, Cara and Johanna Reyes, plan to usurp Evelyn and send envoys outside the city. Tris is selected for the expedition, alongside Tobias, Cara, Christina, Peter Hayes, Uriah Pedrad, and Tori Wu. Tris asks Tobias to free her brother Caleb from execution. Tori is killed by the Factionless, and the others escape and meet Tobias's mentor, Amar, who has long been presumed dead. They are taken to the Bureau of Genetic Welfare and its leader, David.\n\nDavid explains that Chicago is walled off from the outside world in an experiment sanctioned by the US government to produce genetically-purer (GP) \"Divergents\" from the genetically-damaged (GD) population, the result of a failed attempt to correct human genes that led to the \"Purity War.\" David gives Tris her mother Natalie's journal that details her life before Chicago. She was a refugee from Milwaukee who joined the Bureau and became a volunteer to stop Erudite's killing of Divergents. Those rescued included Amar and Tori's brother, George. Tobias learns he is not a true Divergent and joins GD Bureau member Nita in a rebellion against the GP staff. Tris is skeptical of the plan but jealous of Nita. The GP informant Matthew helps Nita access the Weapon Room and set off a bomb that causes Uriah to be brain-damaged. Tris stops Nita's rampage by holding David hostage before she wounds and arrests her.\n\nTris is appointed a council member and realizes that the Bureau supplied Erudite with the simulation serums that controlled Dauntless in the invasion of Abnegation. Security footage reveals that Marcus Eaton, who was banished by Evelyn, is working with Johanna to steal weapons from the Factionless, which Evelyn will counter by releasing the death serum. Tris learns that David intends to release serums that can erase the population's memories to save his experiment. She formulates a plan to release the memory serum on the Bureau while Tobias, Christina, and Peter, with Amar and George's help, return to Chicago with antiserums for Christina and Uriah's families.\n\nTobias, with his own plan to inject his mother with a memory serum, confronts her and asks her to avert the war in exchange for becoming his mother again. Evelyn agrees, negotiates peace with Johanna and Marcus, and exiles herself for two years, and Marcus vows never to lead Chicago. Tobias gives the memory serum to Peter, who intends to start anew.\n\nCaleb volunteers to expose the memory serum, a suicide mission, but Tris replaces him. She successfully repels the death serum but is shot by David. Dying, Tris sees visions of her mother embracing her, before she succumbs to her wounds. Tobias, Christina, and Peter return to the Bureau and learn from Cara of Tris's death. In a deep depression, Tobias is about to drink the memory serum to erase his memories of Tris until Christina stops him. Uriah's brother, Ezekiel \"Zeke\", and his mother, Hana, are with Uriah as his life support is unplugged.\n\nTwo-and-a-half years later, Chicago is reopened and being rebuilt, and people co-exist regardless of gene purity. Tobias, now an assistant council member under Johanna, welcomes Evelyn back from her exile. To celebrate Choosing Day, he, Christina, Caleb, Zeke, Shauna, Cara, and Matthew ride a zip line from the Hancock Building, where Tobias scatters Tris's ashes and finally accepts her sacrifice.\n\nBackground\n\nDevelopment\nOn July 18, 2013 at the San Diego Comic-Con panel for the film Divergent, Roth revealed that Allegiant is from the points of view of both Tris and Four. About that, she said, \"I tried repeatedly to write Allegiant in just Tris's voice, but it didn't work; her perspective, her way of seeing things, was a little too limited for the story I needed to tell, I wanted to do two things with it: A. let two characters experience different things, and B. let them react differently to the same things, so that I (and eventually, the reader) would get a better sense of the whole story, the whole picture.\"\n\nShe further said, \"I've said before that I've always seen Four (increasingly, as the series goes on) as a plot-mover alongside Tris, so he was the obvious choice for the second POV (though not the only one I tried). Exploring him and his choices and his assumptions about the world was incredibly interesting to me.\"\n\nTitle\nRoth said that she did not try to choose titles ending with \"-ent\" for all three books. She also said, \"I did not go through other ideas. It was always Allegiant,\" which she defined as \"One who is loyal or faithful to a particular cause or person.\"\n\nThe World of Divergent: The Path to Allegiant\n\nThe World of Divergent: The Path to Allegiant is a promotional electronic book by Roth that was released free of charge by HarperCollins on September 24, 2013. Published four weeks before Allegiant was released, it was intended to be a companion book to the Divergent trilogy. Roth continues to write related fiction, and The Path to Allegiant is a companion book to the entire Divergent universe in many respects. It contains an exclusive detailed description of Factions and their origin, the inspirations for the trilogy, a quiz on \"Factions,\" and answers by Roth regarding the trilogy. The book also contained ten teasers from Allegiant.\n\nCritical reception\nIn a review for Entertainment Weekly, Hillary Busis gave the novel B+ and wrote that \"If you've already been sucked into Roth's world, you'll appreciate the book's twisty plot—which provides needed context for the series' prefabricated society—and its chastely torrid Tris/Tobias love scenes.\" Publishers Weekly said in its review that \"The alternating perspectives are bothersome at times, due to the similarity between Tris and Tobias's first-person narratives. However, for those who have faithfully followed these five factions, and especially the Dauntless duo who stole hearts two books ago, this final installment will capture and hold attention until the divisive final battle has been waged.\"\n\nFilm adaptations\n\nOn December 16, 2013, Summit Entertainment announced that the film adaptation of Allegiant would be released on March 18, 2016. On April 11, 2014, Lionsgate announced that the film adaptation would be split into two films titled The Divergent Series: Allegiant and The Divergent Series: Ascendant. On July 9, 2014, Lionsgate recruited Noah Oppenheim to write the screenplay for Part 1. Shailene Woodley, Theo James, and Naomi Watts will reprise their roles. On December 5, 2014, it was announced that Robert Schwentke, who directed The Divergent Series: Insurgent, would return to direct Allegiant. Principal photography for The Divergent Series: Allegiant began in Atlanta on May 18, 2015. The film was released to generally negative reviews from critics, and was a box office disappointment, grossing only $179 million worldwide against a $142 million budget.\n\nAscendant was to have had a release date of June 9, 2017. After the poor performance of Allegiant at the box office, it was announced it would be created as a television film, followed by a television spinoff series. However, in February 2017, after it was announced that the fourth film would be a television project, Woodley backed out of her starring role.\n\nIn December of 2018, both the TV movie and series were canceled.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n Allegiant on Google Books\n Veronica Roth's official website\n\n2013 American novels\nAmerican young adult novels\nAmerican novels adapted into films\nAction novels\nAmerican adventure novels\nDivergent trilogy\nHarperCollins books\nNovels about genetic engineering\nNovels set in Chicago" ]

[ "Tristram Edgar Speaker (April 4, 1888 – December 8, 1958), nicknamed \"The Gray Eagle\", was an American professional baseball player. Considered one of the greatest offensive and defensive center fielders in the history of Major League Baseball (MLB), he compiled a career batting average of .345 (sixth all-time).", "Considered one of the greatest offensive and defensive center fielders in the history of Major League Baseball (MLB), he compiled a career batting average of .345 (sixth all-time). His 792 career doubles represent an MLB career record. His 3,514 hits are fifth in the all-time hits list.", "His 3,514 hits are fifth in the all-time hits list. Defensively, Speaker holds career records for assists, double plays, and unassisted double plays by an outfielder. His fielding glove was known as the place \"where triples go to die.\"", "His fielding glove was known as the place \"where triples go to die.\" After playing in the minor leagues in Texas and Arkansas, Speaker debuted with the Boston Red Sox in 1907. He became the regular center fielder by 1909 and led the Red Sox to World Series championships in 1912 and 1915.", "He became the regular center fielder by 1909 and led the Red Sox to World Series championships in 1912 and 1915. In 1915, Speaker's batting average dropped to .322 from .338 the previous season; he was traded to the Cleveland Indians when he refused to take a pay cut.", "In 1915, Speaker's batting average dropped to .322 from .338 the previous season; he was traded to the Cleveland Indians when he refused to take a pay cut. As player-manager for Cleveland, he led the team to its first World Series title.", "As player-manager for Cleveland, he led the team to its first World Series title. In ten of his eleven seasons with Cleveland, he finished with a batting average greater than .350. Speaker resigned as Cleveland's manager in 1926 after he and Ty Cobb faced game fixing allegations; both men were later cleared.", "Speaker resigned as Cleveland's manager in 1926 after he and Ty Cobb faced game fixing allegations; both men were later cleared. During his managerial stint in Cleveland, Speaker introduced the platoon system in the major leagues.", "During his managerial stint in Cleveland, Speaker introduced the platoon system in the major leagues. Speaker played with the Washington Senators in 1927 and the Philadelphia Athletics in 1928, then became a minor league manager and part owner. He later held several roles for the Cleveland Indians.", "He later held several roles for the Cleveland Indians. Late in life, Speaker led a short-lived indoor baseball league, ran a wholesale liquor business, worked in sales and chaired Cleveland's boxing commission. He was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1937.", "He was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1937. He was named 27th in the Sporting News 100 Greatest Baseball Players (1999) and was also included in the Major League Baseball All-Century Team. Early life Speaker was born on April 4, 1888, in Hubbard, Texas, to Archie and Nancy Poer Speaker.", "Early life Speaker was born on April 4, 1888, in Hubbard, Texas, to Archie and Nancy Poer Speaker. As a youth, Speaker broke his arm after he fell from a horse; the injury forced him to become left-handed. In 1905, Speaker played a year of college baseball for Fort Worth Polytechnic Institute.", "In 1905, Speaker played a year of college baseball for Fort Worth Polytechnic Institute. Newspaper reports have held that Speaker suffered a football injury and nearly had his arm amputated around this time; biographer Timothy Gay characterizes this as \"a story that the macho Speaker never .\" He worked on a ranch before beginning his professional baseball career.", "He worked on a ranch before beginning his professional baseball career. Speaker's abilities drew the interest of Doak Roberts, owner of the Cleburne Railroaders of the Texas League, in . After losing several games as a pitcher, Speaker converted to outfielder to replace a Cleburne player who had been struck in the head with a pitch.", "After losing several games as a pitcher, Speaker converted to outfielder to replace a Cleburne player who had been struck in the head with a pitch. He batted .318 for the Railroaders. Speaker's mother opposed his participation in the major leagues, saying that they reminded her of slavery.", "Speaker's mother opposed his participation in the major leagues, saying that they reminded her of slavery. Though she relented, for several years Mrs. Speaker questioned why her son had not stayed home and entered the cattle or oil businesses.", "Though she relented, for several years Mrs. Speaker questioned why her son had not stayed home and entered the cattle or oil businesses. He performed well for the Texas League's Houston Buffaloes in 1907, but his mother stated that she would never allow him to go to the Boston Americans.", "He performed well for the Texas League's Houston Buffaloes in 1907, but his mother stated that she would never allow him to go to the Boston Americans. Roberts sold the youngster to the Americans for $750 or $800 (equal to $ or $ today).", "Roberts sold the youngster to the Americans for $750 or $800 (equal to $ or $ today). Speaker played in seven games for the Americans in , with three hits in 19 at-bats for a .158 average.", "Speaker played in seven games for the Americans in , with three hits in 19 at-bats for a .158 average. In 1908, Boston Americans owner John I. Taylor changed the team's name to the Boston Red Sox after the bright socks in the team's uniform.", "In 1908, Boston Americans owner John I. Taylor changed the team's name to the Boston Red Sox after the bright socks in the team's uniform. That year, the club traded Speaker to the Little Rock Travelers of the Southern League in exchange for use of their facilities for spring training.", "That year, the club traded Speaker to the Little Rock Travelers of the Southern League in exchange for use of their facilities for spring training. Speaker batted .350 for the Travelers and his contract was repurchased by the Red Sox. He logged a .224 batting average in 116 at-bats.", "He logged a .224 batting average in 116 at-bats. Major league career Early years Speaker became the regular starting center fielder for Boston in 1909 and light-hitting Denny Sullivan was sold to the Cleveland Naps. Speaker hit .309 in 143 games as the team finished third in the pennant race.", "Speaker hit .309 in 143 games as the team finished third in the pennant race. Defensively, Speaker was involved in 12 double plays, leading the league's outfielders, and had a .973 fielding percentage, third among outfielders. In the Red Sox signed left fielder Duffy Lewis.", "In the Red Sox signed left fielder Duffy Lewis. Speaker, Lewis and Harry Hooper formed Boston's \"Million-Dollar Outfield\", one of the finest outfield trios in baseball history. Speaker was the star of the Million-Dollar Outfield.", "Speaker was the star of the Million-Dollar Outfield. He ran fast enough that he could stand very close to second base, effectively giving the team a fifth infielder, but he still caught the balls hit to center field. In 1910 and 1911, Boston finished fourth in the American League standings. Speaker's best season came in 1912.", "Speaker's best season came in 1912. He played every game and led the American League (AL) in doubles (53) and home runs (10). He set career highs with 222 hits, 136 runs, 580 at-bats, and 52 stolen bases.", "He set career highs with 222 hits, 136 runs, 580 at-bats, and 52 stolen bases. Speaker's stolen base tally was a team record until Tommy Harper stole 54 bases in 1973. He batted .383 and his .567 slugging percentage was the highest of his dead-ball days.", "He batted .383 and his .567 slugging percentage was the highest of his dead-ball days. Speaker set a major league single-season record with three hitting streaks of 20 or more games (30, 23, and 22). He also became the first major leaguer to hit 50 doubles and steal 50 bases in the same season.", "He also became the first major leaguer to hit 50 doubles and steal 50 bases in the same season. In August, Speaker's mother unsuccessfully attempted to convince him to quit baseball and come home. In Fenway Park's first game, Speaker drove in the winning run in the 11th inning, giving Boston the 7–6 win.", "In Fenway Park's first game, Speaker drove in the winning run in the 11th inning, giving Boston the 7–6 win. The 1912 Red Sox won the AL pennant, finishing 14 games ahead of the Washington Senators and 15 games ahead of the Philadelphia Athletics.", "The 1912 Red Sox won the AL pennant, finishing 14 games ahead of the Washington Senators and 15 games ahead of the Philadelphia Athletics. In the 1912 World Series, Speaker led the Red Sox to their second World Series title by defeating John McGraw's New York Giants.", "In the 1912 World Series, Speaker led the Red Sox to their second World Series title by defeating John McGraw's New York Giants. After the second game was called on account of darkness and ended in a tie, the series went to eight games.", "After the second game was called on account of darkness and ended in a tie, the series went to eight games. The Red Sox won the final game after Fred Snodgrass dropped an easy fly ball and later failed to go after a Speaker pop foul. After the pop foul, Speaker tied the game with a single.", "After the pop foul, Speaker tied the game with a single. The Red Sox won the game in the bottom of the tenth inning. He finished the series with a .300 batting average, nine hits and four runs scored. Speaker was named the AL Most Valuable Player (MVP) for 1912.", "Speaker was named the AL Most Valuable Player (MVP) for 1912. Though he did not lead the league in any offensive categories in 1913, Speaker finished fourth in AL MVP voting. Speaker batted .338 and tied his career high of 12 double plays as an outfielder in . He hit .322 in .", "He hit .322 in . He hit .322 in . The Red Sox beat the Philadelphia Phillies in the 1915 World Series. The Red Sox were led by pitcher Babe Ruth, who was playing in his first full season. Ruth won 18 games and hit a team-high four home runs.", "Ruth won 18 games and hit a team-high four home runs. Speaker got five hits, including a triple, in 17 at-bats during the series. He scored twice but did not drive in any runs.", "He scored twice but did not drive in any runs. Traded to the Indians After 1915, Red Sox president Joseph Lannin wanted Speaker to take a pay cut from about $15,000 (equal to $ today) to about $9,000 (equal to $ today) because of the drop in his batting average; Speaker refused and offered $12,000 ($ today).", "Traded to the Indians After 1915, Red Sox president Joseph Lannin wanted Speaker to take a pay cut from about $15,000 (equal to $ today) to about $9,000 (equal to $ today) because of the drop in his batting average; Speaker refused and offered $12,000 ($ today). On April 8, 1916, Lannin traded Speaker to the Cleveland Indians.", "On April 8, 1916, Lannin traded Speaker to the Cleveland Indians. In exchange, Boston received Sad Sam Jones, Fred Thomas and $50,000 ($ today). The angry Speaker held out until he received $10,000 (equal to $ today) of the cash that Boston collected.", "The angry Speaker held out until he received $10,000 (equal to $ today) of the cash that Boston collected. For many years, this was considered the worst trade in Red Sox history, and was thought to be far more damaging to the Red Sox than the sale of Babe Ruth more than four years later.", "For many years, this was considered the worst trade in Red Sox history, and was thought to be far more damaging to the Red Sox than the sale of Babe Ruth more than four years later. In his book about the Red Sox-Yankees rivalry, Emperors and Idiots, Mike Vaccaro recalled that for some time, \"Red Sox fans shook their head(s) in fury\" when recalling the trade.", "In his book about the Red Sox-Yankees rivalry, Emperors and Idiots, Mike Vaccaro recalled that for some time, \"Red Sox fans shook their head(s) in fury\" when recalling the trade. Vaccaro recalled that no one knew in the winter of 1919-20 that Ruth would blossom into a superstar.", "Vaccaro recalled that no one knew in the winter of 1919-20 that Ruth would blossom into a superstar. In contrast, Speaker had established himself as \"indisputably the best player in the American League\" by 1916. With an annual salary of $40,000 (equal to $ today), Speaker was the highest paid player in baseball.", "With an annual salary of $40,000 (equal to $ today), Speaker was the highest paid player in baseball. Speaker hit over .350 in nine of his eleven years with Cleveland. In , he led the league in hits, doubles, batting average, slugging percentage and on-base percentage.", "In , he led the league in hits, doubles, batting average, slugging percentage and on-base percentage. Cobb had won the previous nine consecutive AL batting titles; Speaker outhit him with a .386 batting average compared to Cobb's .371.", "Cobb had won the previous nine consecutive AL batting titles; Speaker outhit him with a .386 batting average compared to Cobb's .371. The center field fence at Cleveland's Dunn Field was from home plate until it was shortened to in 1920.", "The center field fence at Cleveland's Dunn Field was from home plate until it was shortened to in 1920. Even so, Speaker played so shallow in the outfield that he was able to execute six career unassisted double plays at second base, catching low line drives on the run and then beating baserunners to the bag.", "Even so, Speaker played so shallow in the outfield that he was able to execute six career unassisted double plays at second base, catching low line drives on the run and then beating baserunners to the bag. At least once he was credited as the pivot man in a routine double play.", "At least once he was credited as the pivot man in a routine double play. He was often shallow enough to catch pickoff throws at second base. At one point, Speaker's signature move was to come in behind second base on a bunt and make a tag play on a baserunner who had passed the bag.", "At one point, Speaker's signature move was to come in behind second base on a bunt and make a tag play on a baserunner who had passed the bag. While in Cleveland, Speaker participated in diverse activities off the baseball field. Speaker enrolled in an aviator training program in 1918.", "Speaker enrolled in an aviator training program in 1918. Though World War I ended less than two months after he enrolled, Speaker completed his training and served in the naval reserves for several years. He also owned a ranch in Texas and competed in roping events during the baseball offseason.", "He also owned a ranch in Texas and competed in roping events during the baseball offseason. Stint as player-manager From the day that Speaker arrived in Cleveland, he was effectively assistant manager to Lee Fohl, who rarely made an important move without consulting him. George Uhle recalled an incident from 1919 during his rookie year with the Indians.", "George Uhle recalled an incident from 1919 during his rookie year with the Indians. Speaker often signaled to Fohl when he thought that a pitcher should be brought in from the bullpen. One day, Fohl misread Speaker's signal and brought in a different pitcher than Speaker had intended.", "One day, Fohl misread Speaker's signal and brought in a different pitcher than Speaker had intended. To avoid the appearance of overruling his manager, Speaker let the change stand. Pitcher Fritz Coumbe lost the game, Fohl resigned that night and Speaker became manager. Uhle said that Speaker felt bad for contributing to Fohl's departure.", "Uhle said that Speaker felt bad for contributing to Fohl's departure. Speaker guided the 1920 Indians to their first World Series win. In a crucial late season game against the second-place White Sox, Speaker caught a hard line drive hit to deep right-center field by Shoeless Joe Jackson, ending the game.", "In a crucial late season game against the second-place White Sox, Speaker caught a hard line drive hit to deep right-center field by Shoeless Joe Jackson, ending the game. On a dead run, Speaker leaped with both feet off the ground, snaring the ball before crashing into a concrete wall.", "On a dead run, Speaker leaped with both feet off the ground, snaring the ball before crashing into a concrete wall. As he lay unconscious from the impact, Speaker still held the baseball. In the 1920 World Series against Brooklyn, Speaker hit an RBI triple in the deciding game, which the Indians won 3–0.", "In the 1920 World Series against Brooklyn, Speaker hit an RBI triple in the deciding game, which the Indians won 3–0. Cleveland's 1920 season was also significant due to the death of Ray Chapman on August 17. Chapman died after being hit in the head by a pitch from Carl Mays.", "Chapman died after being hit in the head by a pitch from Carl Mays. Chapman had been asked about retirement before the season, and he said that he wanted to help Speaker earn Cleveland's first World Series victory before thinking of retirement.", "Chapman had been asked about retirement before the season, and he said that he wanted to help Speaker earn Cleveland's first World Series victory before thinking of retirement. During that championship season, Speaker is credited with introducing the platoon system, which attempted to match right-handed batters against left-handed pitchers and vice versa.", "During that championship season, Speaker is credited with introducing the platoon system, which attempted to match right-handed batters against left-handed pitchers and vice versa. Sportswriter John B. Sheridan was among the critics of the system, saying, \"The specialist in baseball is no good and won't go very far...", "Sportswriter John B. Sheridan was among the critics of the system, saying, \"The specialist in baseball is no good and won't go very far... The whole effect of the system will be to make the players affected half men... It is farewell, a long farewell to all that player's chance of greatness...", "It is farewell, a long farewell to all that player's chance of greatness... It destroys young ball players by destroying their most precious quality – confidence in their ability to hit any pitcher, left or right, alive, dead, or waiting to be born.\"", "It destroys young ball players by destroying their most precious quality – confidence in their ability to hit any pitcher, left or right, alive, dead, or waiting to be born.\" Baseball Magazine was supportive, pointing out that Speaker had results that backed up his system.", "Baseball Magazine was supportive, pointing out that Speaker had results that backed up his system. The 1921 Indians remained in a tight pennant race all year, finishing games behind the Yankees. The Indians did not seriously contend for the pennant from 1922 through 1925.", "The Indians did not seriously contend for the pennant from 1922 through 1925. Speaker led the league in doubles eight times, including every year between 1920 and 1923. He led the league's outfielders in fielding percentage in 1921 and 1922.", "He led the league's outfielders in fielding percentage in 1921 and 1922. On May 17, 1925, Speaker became the fifth member of the 3,000 hit club when he hit a single off pitcher Tom Zachary of the Washington Senators. Only Napoleon Lajoie had previously accomplished the feat as a member of the Indians.", "Only Napoleon Lajoie had previously accomplished the feat as a member of the Indians. AL President Ban Johnson asked Speaker and Detroit manager Cobb to resign their posts after a scandal broke in . Pitcher Dutch Leonard claimed that Speaker and Cobb fixed at least one game between Cleveland and Detroit.", "Pitcher Dutch Leonard claimed that Speaker and Cobb fixed at least one game between Cleveland and Detroit. In a newspaper column published shortly before the hearings were to begin, Billy Evans characterized the accusations as \"purely a matter of personal revenge\" for Leonard.", "In a newspaper column published shortly before the hearings were to begin, Billy Evans characterized the accusations as \"purely a matter of personal revenge\" for Leonard. The pitcher was said to be upset with Cobb and Speaker after a trade ended with Leonard in the minor leagues.", "The pitcher was said to be upset with Cobb and Speaker after a trade ended with Leonard in the minor leagues. When Leonard refused to appear at the January 5, 1927, hearings to discuss his accusations, Commissioner Landis cleared both Speaker and Cobb of any wrongdoing.", "When Leonard refused to appear at the January 5, 1927, hearings to discuss his accusations, Commissioner Landis cleared both Speaker and Cobb of any wrongdoing. Both were reinstated to their original teams, but each team declared its manager free to sign elsewhere.", "Both were reinstated to their original teams, but each team declared its manager free to sign elsewhere. Speaker did not return to big league managing and he finished his MLB managerial career with a 617–520 record. At the time of his 1926 resignation, news reports described Speaker as permanently retiring from baseball to pursue business ventures.", "At the time of his 1926 resignation, news reports described Speaker as permanently retiring from baseball to pursue business ventures. However, Speaker signed to play with the Washington Senators for . Cobb joined the Philadelphia Athletics. Speaker joined Cobb in Philadelphia for the season; he played part time and finished with a .267 average.", "Speaker joined Cobb in Philadelphia for the season; he played part time and finished with a .267 average. Prior to that season, Speaker had not hit for a batting average below .300 since 1908. Speaker's major league playing career ended after 1928. He retired with 792 doubles, an all-time career record.", "He retired with 792 doubles, an all-time career record. Defensively, Speaker holds the all-time career records for assists as an outfielder and double plays as an outfielder. He remains the last batter to hit 200 triples in a career. Later life In Speaker replaced Walter Johnson as the manager of the Newark Bears of the International League.", "Later life In Speaker replaced Walter Johnson as the manager of the Newark Bears of the International League. In two seasons with Newark, he also appeared as a player in 59 games. When Speaker resigned during his second season, the Bears were in seventh place after a sixth-place finish in 1929.", "When Speaker resigned during his second season, the Bears were in seventh place after a sixth-place finish in 1929. In January 1933 he became a part owner and manager of the Kansas City Blues. By May, Speaker had been replaced as manager but remained secretary of the club.", "By May, Speaker had been replaced as manager but remained secretary of the club. By 1936, he had sold his share of the team. In 1937, Speaker was voted into the Baseball Hall of Fame during its second year of balloting. He was honored at the hall's first induction ceremony in 1939.", "He was honored at the hall's first induction ceremony in 1939. After his playing and managing days, Speaker was an entrepreneur and salesman. By 1937, Speaker had opened a wholesale liquor business and worked as a state sales representative for a steel company. He chaired Cleveland's boxing commission between 1936 and 1943.", "He chaired Cleveland's boxing commission between 1936 and 1943. Newspaper coverage credited Speaker with several key reforms to boxing in Cleveland, including the recruitment of new officials and protections against fight fixing. Under Speaker, fight payouts went directly to boxers rather than managers.", "Under Speaker, fight payouts went directly to boxers rather than managers. Speaker sorted out a scheduling conflict for a 1940 boxing match in Cleveland involving former middleweight champion Teddy Yarosz. Yarosz defeated Jimmy Reeves in ten rounds and the fight attracted over 8,300 spectators.", "Yarosz defeated Jimmy Reeves in ten rounds and the fight attracted over 8,300 spectators. In 1937, Speaker sustained a 16-foot fall while working on a flower box near a second-story window at his home. Upon admission to the hospital, he underwent facial surgery.", "Upon admission to the hospital, he underwent facial surgery. He was described as having \"better than an even chance to live\" and was suffering from a skull fracture, a broken arm and possible internal injuries. He ultimately recovered. In 1939, Speaker was president of the National Professional Indoor Baseball League.", "In 1939, Speaker was president of the National Professional Indoor Baseball League. The league had teams in New York, Brooklyn, Philadelphia, Boston, Cleveland, Chicago, Cincinnati and St. Louis. The league shut down operations due to poor attendance only two months after its formation.", "The league shut down operations due to poor attendance only two months after its formation. Speaker was one of the founders of Cleveland's Society for Crippled Children and he helped to promote the society's rehabilitation center, Camp Cheerful.", "Speaker was one of the founders of Cleveland's Society for Crippled Children and he helped to promote the society's rehabilitation center, Camp Cheerful. Speaker served as vice president of the society, ran fundraising campaigns and received a distinguished service award from the organization. He became seriously ill with pneumonia in 1942.", "He became seriously ill with pneumonia in 1942. Speaker ultimately recovered, but Gay characterized Speaker's condition as \"touch-and-go for several days\". In 1947, Speaker returned to baseball as \"ambassador of good will\" for Bill Veeck and the Cleveland Indians.", "In 1947, Speaker returned to baseball as \"ambassador of good will\" for Bill Veeck and the Cleveland Indians. He remained in advisory, coaching or scouting roles for the Indians until his death in 1958.", "He remained in advisory, coaching or scouting roles for the Indians until his death in 1958. In an article in the July 1952 issue of SPORT, Speaker recounted how Veeck hired him in 1947 to be a coaching consultant to Larry Doby, the first black player in the AL and the second in the major leagues.", "In an article in the July 1952 issue of SPORT, Speaker recounted how Veeck hired him in 1947 to be a coaching consultant to Larry Doby, the first black player in the AL and the second in the major leagues. Before the Indians had signed Doby, he was the star second baseman of the Newark Eagles of the Negro leagues.", "Before the Indians had signed Doby, he was the star second baseman of the Newark Eagles of the Negro leagues. A SPORT photograph that accompanied the article shows Speaker mentoring five members of the Indians: Luke Easter, Jim Hegan, Ray Boone, Al Rosen and Doby.", "A SPORT photograph that accompanied the article shows Speaker mentoring five members of the Indians: Luke Easter, Jim Hegan, Ray Boone, Al Rosen and Doby. Speaker was inducted into the Texas Sports Hall of Fame in 1951.", "Speaker was inducted into the Texas Sports Hall of Fame in 1951. Texas was the first state to establish a state sports hall of fame and Speaker was in its inaugural induction class. Death Speaker died of a heart attack on December 8, 1958, at the age of 70, at Lake Whitney, Texas.", "Death Speaker died of a heart attack on December 8, 1958, at the age of 70, at Lake Whitney, Texas. He collapsed as he and a friend were pulling their boat into the dock after a fishing trip. It was his second heart attack in four years.", "It was his second heart attack in four years. Speaker was buried at Fairview Cemetery in Hubbard, Texas. After Speaker's death, Cobb said, \"Terribly depressed. I never let him know how much I admired him when we were playing against each other...", "I never let him know how much I admired him when we were playing against each other... It was only after we finally became teammates and then retired that I could tell Tris Speaker of the underlying respect I had for him.\"", "It was only after we finally became teammates and then retired that I could tell Tris Speaker of the underlying respect I had for him.\" Lajoie said, \"He was one of the greatest fellows I ever knew, both as a baseball player and as a gentleman.\"", "Lajoie said, \"He was one of the greatest fellows I ever knew, both as a baseball player and as a gentleman.\" Former Boston teammate Duffy Lewis said, \"He was a team player.", "Former Boston teammate Duffy Lewis said, \"He was a team player. As great a hitter as he was, he wasn't looking out for his own average ... Speaker was the bell cow of our outfield. Harry Hooper and I would watch him and know how to play the hitters.\"", "Harry Hooper and I would watch him and know how to play the hitters.\" Legacy Immediately after Speaker's death, the baseball field at the city park in Cleburne, Texas, was renamed in honor of Speaker.", "Legacy Immediately after Speaker's death, the baseball field at the city park in Cleburne, Texas, was renamed in honor of Speaker. In 1961, the Tris Speaker Memorial Award was created by the Baseball Writers' Association of America to honor players or officials who make outstanding contributions to baseball.", "In 1961, the Tris Speaker Memorial Award was created by the Baseball Writers' Association of America to honor players or officials who make outstanding contributions to baseball. In 1999, he ranked number 27 on the Sporting News''' list of the 100 Greatest Baseball Players. He was named to the Major League Baseball All-Century Team.", "He was named to the Major League Baseball All-Century Team. Speaker is mentioned in the poem \"Line-Up for Yesterday\"'' by Ogden Nash.", "Speaker is mentioned in the poem \"Line-Up for Yesterday\"'' by Ogden Nash. In 2008, former baseball players' union chief Marvin Miller, trying to defend the recently retired catcher Mike Piazza against claims that he should not be elected to the Hall of Fame because of association with the use of steroids, on the basis that the Hall of Fame has various unsavory people in it, opined that Speaker should be removed from the Hall of Fame because of alleged membership in the Ku Klux Klan.", "In 2008, former baseball players' union chief Marvin Miller, trying to defend the recently retired catcher Mike Piazza against claims that he should not be elected to the Hall of Fame because of association with the use of steroids, on the basis that the Hall of Fame has various unsavory people in it, opined that Speaker should be removed from the Hall of Fame because of alleged membership in the Ku Klux Klan. Miller said, \"Some of the early people inducted in the Hall were members of the Ku Klux Klan: Tris Speaker, Cap Anson, and some people suspect Ty Cobb as well.", "Miller said, \"Some of the early people inducted in the Hall were members of the Ku Klux Klan: Tris Speaker, Cap Anson, and some people suspect Ty Cobb as well. I think that by and large, the players, and certainly the ones I knew, are good people.", "I think that by and large, the players, and certainly the ones I knew, are good people. But the Hall is full of villains.\"", "But the Hall is full of villains.\" Miller's comment about Anson has no basis, other than speculating that he could have been a Klansman since he was a racist during his playing career, which ended in 1897, although he was umpiring games with black players by 1901, including featuring the all-black Columbia Giants.", "Miller's comment about Anson has no basis, other than speculating that he could have been a Klansman since he was a racist during his playing career, which ended in 1897, although he was umpiring games with black players by 1901, including featuring the all-black Columbia Giants. Miller, age 91 at the time the 2008 article appeared, is the earliest source for declaring that it is factual that Anson was a member of the Klan, based purely on an Internet search of sources that try to link Anson to the Klan.", "Miller, age 91 at the time the 2008 article appeared, is the earliest source for declaring that it is factual that Anson was a member of the Klan, based purely on an Internet search of sources that try to link Anson to the Klan. By contrast, Speaker-Cobb-Rogers Hornsby biographer Charles C. Alexander, a Klan expert in his general history writings, told fellow baseball author Marty Appel, apparently referring to the 1920s (Anson died in 1922), “As I’ve suggested in the biographies, it’s possible that they [Speaker, Cobb and Hornsby] were briefly in the Klan, which was very strong in Texas and especially in Fort Worth and Dallas.", "By contrast, Speaker-Cobb-Rogers Hornsby biographer Charles C. Alexander, a Klan expert in his general history writings, told fellow baseball author Marty Appel, apparently referring to the 1920s (Anson died in 1922), “As I’ve suggested in the biographies, it’s possible that they [Speaker, Cobb and Hornsby] were briefly in the Klan, which was very strong in Texas and especially in Fort Worth and Dallas. The Klan went all out to recruit prominent people in all fields, provided they were native born, Protestant and white.” Baseball historian Bill James does not dispute this claim in apparently referring to Speaker and possibly Cobb, but says that the Klan had toned down its racist overtures during the 1920s and pulled in hundreds of thousands of men, including Hugo Black.", "The Klan went all out to recruit prominent people in all fields, provided they were native born, Protestant and white.” Baseball historian Bill James does not dispute this claim in apparently referring to Speaker and possibly Cobb, but says that the Klan had toned down its racist overtures during the 1920s and pulled in hundreds of thousands of men, including Hugo Black. James adds that Speaker was a staunch supporter of Doby when he broke the American League color barrier, working long hours with the former second baseman on how to play the outfield.", "James adds that Speaker was a staunch supporter of Doby when he broke the American League color barrier, working long hours with the former second baseman on how to play the outfield. Regular season statistics Managerial record See also Boston Red Sox Hall of Fame List of Major League Baseball players to hit for the cycle List of Major League Baseball batting champions List of Major League Baseball annual doubles leaders List of Major League Baseball doubles records List of Major League Baseball hit records List of Major League Baseball annual home run leaders List of Major League Baseball career stolen bases leaders List of Major League Baseball player-managers List of Major League Baseball career triples leaders List of Major League Baseball career runs scored leaders List of Major League Baseball career runs batted in leaders List of Major League Baseball career hits leaders List of Major League Baseball career doubles leaders List of Major League Baseball career total bases leaders List of Major League Baseball triples records Notes References Further reading Tris Speaker at the Encyclopedia of Cleveland History External links 1888 births 1958 deaths American League batting champions American League home run champions Baseball players from Texas Boston Americans players Boston Red Sox players Cleburne Railroaders players Cleveland Indians coaches Cleveland Indians managers Cleveland Indians players Houston Buffaloes players Kansas City Blues (baseball) managers Little Rock Travelers players Major League Baseball player-managers Major League Baseball center fielders Minor league baseball managers National Baseball Hall of Fame inductees Newark Bears (IL) players People from Hubbard, Texas Philadelphia Athletics players Texas Wesleyan Rams baseball players Washington Senators (1901–1960) players Sp Baseball coaches from Texas" ]

[ "Tris Speaker", "Early years", "What team was Tris playing for?", "Boston" ]

[ "is a Japanese professional drifting driver, currently competing in the D1 Grand Prix series for Team Toyo.\n\nHe has competed in the D1GP series since the very beginning, starting out in a Nissan Silvia PS13 He did not do very well, scoring only 2 points in his first four years. His big break came when he was signed by Aviation Performance Products, who gave him a new Nissan Silvia S15 to drive. In 2005, his first year with APP, he scored 41 points, getting a third and second place and finishing ninth overall. The year after he did even better, finishing seventh overall; this led to him moving to Team Toyo in 2007. Since then he hasn't done so well, Team Toyo S15 obviously not suiting his driving style.\n\nHowever, in 2011, he won the exhibition match in Centrair, defeated his teammate Masato Kawabata. This was his first win.\n\nHe had competed in D1GP until 2015. Since 2016, he is not participating in it because he wants to focus on company management, his principal occupation.\n\nComplete Drifting results\n\n(key)\n\nD1 Grand Prix\n\nSources\nD1 Grand Prix\n\nJapanese racing drivers\nDrifting drivers\n1974 births\nLiving people\nD1 Grand Prix drivers", "Teté (24 August 1907 – 18 June 1962) was a Brazilian football manager who coached Brazil national team for some games in 1956. He also coached Sport Club Internacional during the 1950s.\n\nBiography \nTeté was a major coach of football in Rio Grande do Sul. Became known as the \"Marshal of Victories,\" because he was an officer of the Army Reserve.\n\nAs a player, he served in the 9º Regimento. Then trained the Farroupilha (after the change of club name), Pelotas Brazil Guarany of Bagé, General Osorio Cruzeiro-RS Nacional-RS and Internacional .\n\nIn Internacional, Teté did well. He coached the team from 1951 to 1957 and was four-time Gaucho (51, 52, 53 and 55). Also coached Brazil national team, became champion of the Pan American of 1956 in Mexico.\n\nReferences \n\nPeople from Rio Grande do Sul\nBrazilian football managers\n1907 births\n1962 deaths\nBotafogo de Futebol e Regatas players\nGrêmio Esportivo Brasil managers\nSport Club Internacional managers\nBrazil national football team managers\nEsporte Clube São José managers\nBrazilian footballers\nAssociation footballers not categorized by position" ]

[ "Tristram Edgar Speaker (April 4, 1888 – December 8, 1958), nicknamed \"The Gray Eagle\", was an American professional baseball player. Considered one of the greatest offensive and defensive center fielders in the history of Major League Baseball (MLB), he compiled a career batting average of .345 (sixth all-time).", "Considered one of the greatest offensive and defensive center fielders in the history of Major League Baseball (MLB), he compiled a career batting average of .345 (sixth all-time). His 792 career doubles represent an MLB career record. His 3,514 hits are fifth in the all-time hits list.", "His 3,514 hits are fifth in the all-time hits list. Defensively, Speaker holds career records for assists, double plays, and unassisted double plays by an outfielder. His fielding glove was known as the place \"where triples go to die.\"", "His fielding glove was known as the place \"where triples go to die.\" After playing in the minor leagues in Texas and Arkansas, Speaker debuted with the Boston Red Sox in 1907. He became the regular center fielder by 1909 and led the Red Sox to World Series championships in 1912 and 1915.", "He became the regular center fielder by 1909 and led the Red Sox to World Series championships in 1912 and 1915. In 1915, Speaker's batting average dropped to .322 from .338 the previous season; he was traded to the Cleveland Indians when he refused to take a pay cut.", "In 1915, Speaker's batting average dropped to .322 from .338 the previous season; he was traded to the Cleveland Indians when he refused to take a pay cut. As player-manager for Cleveland, he led the team to its first World Series title.", "As player-manager for Cleveland, he led the team to its first World Series title. In ten of his eleven seasons with Cleveland, he finished with a batting average greater than .350. Speaker resigned as Cleveland's manager in 1926 after he and Ty Cobb faced game fixing allegations; both men were later cleared.", "Speaker resigned as Cleveland's manager in 1926 after he and Ty Cobb faced game fixing allegations; both men were later cleared. During his managerial stint in Cleveland, Speaker introduced the platoon system in the major leagues.", "During his managerial stint in Cleveland, Speaker introduced the platoon system in the major leagues. Speaker played with the Washington Senators in 1927 and the Philadelphia Athletics in 1928, then became a minor league manager and part owner. He later held several roles for the Cleveland Indians.", "He later held several roles for the Cleveland Indians. Late in life, Speaker led a short-lived indoor baseball league, ran a wholesale liquor business, worked in sales and chaired Cleveland's boxing commission. He was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1937.", "He was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1937. He was named 27th in the Sporting News 100 Greatest Baseball Players (1999) and was also included in the Major League Baseball All-Century Team. Early life Speaker was born on April 4, 1888, in Hubbard, Texas, to Archie and Nancy Poer Speaker.", "Early life Speaker was born on April 4, 1888, in Hubbard, Texas, to Archie and Nancy Poer Speaker. As a youth, Speaker broke his arm after he fell from a horse; the injury forced him to become left-handed. In 1905, Speaker played a year of college baseball for Fort Worth Polytechnic Institute.", "In 1905, Speaker played a year of college baseball for Fort Worth Polytechnic Institute. Newspaper reports have held that Speaker suffered a football injury and nearly had his arm amputated around this time; biographer Timothy Gay characterizes this as \"a story that the macho Speaker never .\" He worked on a ranch before beginning his professional baseball career.", "He worked on a ranch before beginning his professional baseball career. Speaker's abilities drew the interest of Doak Roberts, owner of the Cleburne Railroaders of the Texas League, in . After losing several games as a pitcher, Speaker converted to outfielder to replace a Cleburne player who had been struck in the head with a pitch.", "After losing several games as a pitcher, Speaker converted to outfielder to replace a Cleburne player who had been struck in the head with a pitch. He batted .318 for the Railroaders. Speaker's mother opposed his participation in the major leagues, saying that they reminded her of slavery.", "Speaker's mother opposed his participation in the major leagues, saying that they reminded her of slavery. Though she relented, for several years Mrs. Speaker questioned why her son had not stayed home and entered the cattle or oil businesses.", "Though she relented, for several years Mrs. Speaker questioned why her son had not stayed home and entered the cattle or oil businesses. He performed well for the Texas League's Houston Buffaloes in 1907, but his mother stated that she would never allow him to go to the Boston Americans.", "He performed well for the Texas League's Houston Buffaloes in 1907, but his mother stated that she would never allow him to go to the Boston Americans. Roberts sold the youngster to the Americans for $750 or $800 (equal to $ or $ today).", "Roberts sold the youngster to the Americans for $750 or $800 (equal to $ or $ today). Speaker played in seven games for the Americans in , with three hits in 19 at-bats for a .158 average.", "Speaker played in seven games for the Americans in , with three hits in 19 at-bats for a .158 average. In 1908, Boston Americans owner John I. Taylor changed the team's name to the Boston Red Sox after the bright socks in the team's uniform.", "In 1908, Boston Americans owner John I. Taylor changed the team's name to the Boston Red Sox after the bright socks in the team's uniform. That year, the club traded Speaker to the Little Rock Travelers of the Southern League in exchange for use of their facilities for spring training.", "That year, the club traded Speaker to the Little Rock Travelers of the Southern League in exchange for use of their facilities for spring training. Speaker batted .350 for the Travelers and his contract was repurchased by the Red Sox. He logged a .224 batting average in 116 at-bats.", "He logged a .224 batting average in 116 at-bats. Major league career Early years Speaker became the regular starting center fielder for Boston in 1909 and light-hitting Denny Sullivan was sold to the Cleveland Naps. Speaker hit .309 in 143 games as the team finished third in the pennant race.", "Speaker hit .309 in 143 games as the team finished third in the pennant race. Defensively, Speaker was involved in 12 double plays, leading the league's outfielders, and had a .973 fielding percentage, third among outfielders. In the Red Sox signed left fielder Duffy Lewis.", "In the Red Sox signed left fielder Duffy Lewis. Speaker, Lewis and Harry Hooper formed Boston's \"Million-Dollar Outfield\", one of the finest outfield trios in baseball history. Speaker was the star of the Million-Dollar Outfield.", "Speaker was the star of the Million-Dollar Outfield. He ran fast enough that he could stand very close to second base, effectively giving the team a fifth infielder, but he still caught the balls hit to center field. In 1910 and 1911, Boston finished fourth in the American League standings. Speaker's best season came in 1912.", "Speaker's best season came in 1912. He played every game and led the American League (AL) in doubles (53) and home runs (10). He set career highs with 222 hits, 136 runs, 580 at-bats, and 52 stolen bases.", "He set career highs with 222 hits, 136 runs, 580 at-bats, and 52 stolen bases. Speaker's stolen base tally was a team record until Tommy Harper stole 54 bases in 1973. He batted .383 and his .567 slugging percentage was the highest of his dead-ball days.", "He batted .383 and his .567 slugging percentage was the highest of his dead-ball days. Speaker set a major league single-season record with three hitting streaks of 20 or more games (30, 23, and 22). He also became the first major leaguer to hit 50 doubles and steal 50 bases in the same season.", "He also became the first major leaguer to hit 50 doubles and steal 50 bases in the same season. In August, Speaker's mother unsuccessfully attempted to convince him to quit baseball and come home. In Fenway Park's first game, Speaker drove in the winning run in the 11th inning, giving Boston the 7–6 win.", "In Fenway Park's first game, Speaker drove in the winning run in the 11th inning, giving Boston the 7–6 win. The 1912 Red Sox won the AL pennant, finishing 14 games ahead of the Washington Senators and 15 games ahead of the Philadelphia Athletics.", "The 1912 Red Sox won the AL pennant, finishing 14 games ahead of the Washington Senators and 15 games ahead of the Philadelphia Athletics. In the 1912 World Series, Speaker led the Red Sox to their second World Series title by defeating John McGraw's New York Giants.", "In the 1912 World Series, Speaker led the Red Sox to their second World Series title by defeating John McGraw's New York Giants. After the second game was called on account of darkness and ended in a tie, the series went to eight games.", "After the second game was called on account of darkness and ended in a tie, the series went to eight games. The Red Sox won the final game after Fred Snodgrass dropped an easy fly ball and later failed to go after a Speaker pop foul. After the pop foul, Speaker tied the game with a single.", "After the pop foul, Speaker tied the game with a single. The Red Sox won the game in the bottom of the tenth inning. He finished the series with a .300 batting average, nine hits and four runs scored. Speaker was named the AL Most Valuable Player (MVP) for 1912.", "Speaker was named the AL Most Valuable Player (MVP) for 1912. Though he did not lead the league in any offensive categories in 1913, Speaker finished fourth in AL MVP voting. Speaker batted .338 and tied his career high of 12 double plays as an outfielder in . He hit .322 in .", "He hit .322 in . He hit .322 in . The Red Sox beat the Philadelphia Phillies in the 1915 World Series. The Red Sox were led by pitcher Babe Ruth, who was playing in his first full season. Ruth won 18 games and hit a team-high four home runs.", "Ruth won 18 games and hit a team-high four home runs. Speaker got five hits, including a triple, in 17 at-bats during the series. He scored twice but did not drive in any runs.", "He scored twice but did not drive in any runs. Traded to the Indians After 1915, Red Sox president Joseph Lannin wanted Speaker to take a pay cut from about $15,000 (equal to $ today) to about $9,000 (equal to $ today) because of the drop in his batting average; Speaker refused and offered $12,000 ($ today).", "Traded to the Indians After 1915, Red Sox president Joseph Lannin wanted Speaker to take a pay cut from about $15,000 (equal to $ today) to about $9,000 (equal to $ today) because of the drop in his batting average; Speaker refused and offered $12,000 ($ today). On April 8, 1916, Lannin traded Speaker to the Cleveland Indians.", "On April 8, 1916, Lannin traded Speaker to the Cleveland Indians. In exchange, Boston received Sad Sam Jones, Fred Thomas and $50,000 ($ today). The angry Speaker held out until he received $10,000 (equal to $ today) of the cash that Boston collected.", "The angry Speaker held out until he received $10,000 (equal to $ today) of the cash that Boston collected. For many years, this was considered the worst trade in Red Sox history, and was thought to be far more damaging to the Red Sox than the sale of Babe Ruth more than four years later.", "For many years, this was considered the worst trade in Red Sox history, and was thought to be far more damaging to the Red Sox than the sale of Babe Ruth more than four years later. In his book about the Red Sox-Yankees rivalry, Emperors and Idiots, Mike Vaccaro recalled that for some time, \"Red Sox fans shook their head(s) in fury\" when recalling the trade.", "In his book about the Red Sox-Yankees rivalry, Emperors and Idiots, Mike Vaccaro recalled that for some time, \"Red Sox fans shook their head(s) in fury\" when recalling the trade. Vaccaro recalled that no one knew in the winter of 1919-20 that Ruth would blossom into a superstar.", "Vaccaro recalled that no one knew in the winter of 1919-20 that Ruth would blossom into a superstar. In contrast, Speaker had established himself as \"indisputably the best player in the American League\" by 1916. With an annual salary of $40,000 (equal to $ today), Speaker was the highest paid player in baseball.", "With an annual salary of $40,000 (equal to $ today), Speaker was the highest paid player in baseball. Speaker hit over .350 in nine of his eleven years with Cleveland. In , he led the league in hits, doubles, batting average, slugging percentage and on-base percentage.", "In , he led the league in hits, doubles, batting average, slugging percentage and on-base percentage. Cobb had won the previous nine consecutive AL batting titles; Speaker outhit him with a .386 batting average compared to Cobb's .371.", "Cobb had won the previous nine consecutive AL batting titles; Speaker outhit him with a .386 batting average compared to Cobb's .371. The center field fence at Cleveland's Dunn Field was from home plate until it was shortened to in 1920.", "The center field fence at Cleveland's Dunn Field was from home plate until it was shortened to in 1920. Even so, Speaker played so shallow in the outfield that he was able to execute six career unassisted double plays at second base, catching low line drives on the run and then beating baserunners to the bag.", "Even so, Speaker played so shallow in the outfield that he was able to execute six career unassisted double plays at second base, catching low line drives on the run and then beating baserunners to the bag. At least once he was credited as the pivot man in a routine double play.", "At least once he was credited as the pivot man in a routine double play. He was often shallow enough to catch pickoff throws at second base. At one point, Speaker's signature move was to come in behind second base on a bunt and make a tag play on a baserunner who had passed the bag.", "At one point, Speaker's signature move was to come in behind second base on a bunt and make a tag play on a baserunner who had passed the bag. While in Cleveland, Speaker participated in diverse activities off the baseball field. Speaker enrolled in an aviator training program in 1918.", "Speaker enrolled in an aviator training program in 1918. Though World War I ended less than two months after he enrolled, Speaker completed his training and served in the naval reserves for several years. He also owned a ranch in Texas and competed in roping events during the baseball offseason.", "He also owned a ranch in Texas and competed in roping events during the baseball offseason. Stint as player-manager From the day that Speaker arrived in Cleveland, he was effectively assistant manager to Lee Fohl, who rarely made an important move without consulting him. George Uhle recalled an incident from 1919 during his rookie year with the Indians.", "George Uhle recalled an incident from 1919 during his rookie year with the Indians. Speaker often signaled to Fohl when he thought that a pitcher should be brought in from the bullpen. One day, Fohl misread Speaker's signal and brought in a different pitcher than Speaker had intended.", "One day, Fohl misread Speaker's signal and brought in a different pitcher than Speaker had intended. To avoid the appearance of overruling his manager, Speaker let the change stand. Pitcher Fritz Coumbe lost the game, Fohl resigned that night and Speaker became manager. Uhle said that Speaker felt bad for contributing to Fohl's departure.", "Uhle said that Speaker felt bad for contributing to Fohl's departure. Speaker guided the 1920 Indians to their first World Series win. In a crucial late season game against the second-place White Sox, Speaker caught a hard line drive hit to deep right-center field by Shoeless Joe Jackson, ending the game.", "In a crucial late season game against the second-place White Sox, Speaker caught a hard line drive hit to deep right-center field by Shoeless Joe Jackson, ending the game. On a dead run, Speaker leaped with both feet off the ground, snaring the ball before crashing into a concrete wall.", "On a dead run, Speaker leaped with both feet off the ground, snaring the ball before crashing into a concrete wall. As he lay unconscious from the impact, Speaker still held the baseball. In the 1920 World Series against Brooklyn, Speaker hit an RBI triple in the deciding game, which the Indians won 3–0.", "In the 1920 World Series against Brooklyn, Speaker hit an RBI triple in the deciding game, which the Indians won 3–0. Cleveland's 1920 season was also significant due to the death of Ray Chapman on August 17. Chapman died after being hit in the head by a pitch from Carl Mays.", "Chapman died after being hit in the head by a pitch from Carl Mays. Chapman had been asked about retirement before the season, and he said that he wanted to help Speaker earn Cleveland's first World Series victory before thinking of retirement.", "Chapman had been asked about retirement before the season, and he said that he wanted to help Speaker earn Cleveland's first World Series victory before thinking of retirement. During that championship season, Speaker is credited with introducing the platoon system, which attempted to match right-handed batters against left-handed pitchers and vice versa.", "During that championship season, Speaker is credited with introducing the platoon system, which attempted to match right-handed batters against left-handed pitchers and vice versa. Sportswriter John B. Sheridan was among the critics of the system, saying, \"The specialist in baseball is no good and won't go very far...", "Sportswriter John B. Sheridan was among the critics of the system, saying, \"The specialist in baseball is no good and won't go very far... The whole effect of the system will be to make the players affected half men... It is farewell, a long farewell to all that player's chance of greatness...", "It is farewell, a long farewell to all that player's chance of greatness... It destroys young ball players by destroying their most precious quality – confidence in their ability to hit any pitcher, left or right, alive, dead, or waiting to be born.\"", "It destroys young ball players by destroying their most precious quality – confidence in their ability to hit any pitcher, left or right, alive, dead, or waiting to be born.\" Baseball Magazine was supportive, pointing out that Speaker had results that backed up his system.", "Baseball Magazine was supportive, pointing out that Speaker had results that backed up his system. The 1921 Indians remained in a tight pennant race all year, finishing games behind the Yankees. The Indians did not seriously contend for the pennant from 1922 through 1925.", "The Indians did not seriously contend for the pennant from 1922 through 1925. Speaker led the league in doubles eight times, including every year between 1920 and 1923. He led the league's outfielders in fielding percentage in 1921 and 1922.", "He led the league's outfielders in fielding percentage in 1921 and 1922. On May 17, 1925, Speaker became the fifth member of the 3,000 hit club when he hit a single off pitcher Tom Zachary of the Washington Senators. Only Napoleon Lajoie had previously accomplished the feat as a member of the Indians.", "Only Napoleon Lajoie had previously accomplished the feat as a member of the Indians. AL President Ban Johnson asked Speaker and Detroit manager Cobb to resign their posts after a scandal broke in . Pitcher Dutch Leonard claimed that Speaker and Cobb fixed at least one game between Cleveland and Detroit.", "Pitcher Dutch Leonard claimed that Speaker and Cobb fixed at least one game between Cleveland and Detroit. In a newspaper column published shortly before the hearings were to begin, Billy Evans characterized the accusations as \"purely a matter of personal revenge\" for Leonard.", "In a newspaper column published shortly before the hearings were to begin, Billy Evans characterized the accusations as \"purely a matter of personal revenge\" for Leonard. The pitcher was said to be upset with Cobb and Speaker after a trade ended with Leonard in the minor leagues.", "The pitcher was said to be upset with Cobb and Speaker after a trade ended with Leonard in the minor leagues. When Leonard refused to appear at the January 5, 1927, hearings to discuss his accusations, Commissioner Landis cleared both Speaker and Cobb of any wrongdoing.", "When Leonard refused to appear at the January 5, 1927, hearings to discuss his accusations, Commissioner Landis cleared both Speaker and Cobb of any wrongdoing. Both were reinstated to their original teams, but each team declared its manager free to sign elsewhere.", "Both were reinstated to their original teams, but each team declared its manager free to sign elsewhere. Speaker did not return to big league managing and he finished his MLB managerial career with a 617–520 record. At the time of his 1926 resignation, news reports described Speaker as permanently retiring from baseball to pursue business ventures.", "At the time of his 1926 resignation, news reports described Speaker as permanently retiring from baseball to pursue business ventures. However, Speaker signed to play with the Washington Senators for . Cobb joined the Philadelphia Athletics. Speaker joined Cobb in Philadelphia for the season; he played part time and finished with a .267 average.", "Speaker joined Cobb in Philadelphia for the season; he played part time and finished with a .267 average. Prior to that season, Speaker had not hit for a batting average below .300 since 1908. Speaker's major league playing career ended after 1928. He retired with 792 doubles, an all-time career record.", "He retired with 792 doubles, an all-time career record. Defensively, Speaker holds the all-time career records for assists as an outfielder and double plays as an outfielder. He remains the last batter to hit 200 triples in a career. Later life In Speaker replaced Walter Johnson as the manager of the Newark Bears of the International League.", "Later life In Speaker replaced Walter Johnson as the manager of the Newark Bears of the International League. In two seasons with Newark, he also appeared as a player in 59 games. When Speaker resigned during his second season, the Bears were in seventh place after a sixth-place finish in 1929.", "When Speaker resigned during his second season, the Bears were in seventh place after a sixth-place finish in 1929. In January 1933 he became a part owner and manager of the Kansas City Blues. By May, Speaker had been replaced as manager but remained secretary of the club.", "By May, Speaker had been replaced as manager but remained secretary of the club. By 1936, he had sold his share of the team. In 1937, Speaker was voted into the Baseball Hall of Fame during its second year of balloting. He was honored at the hall's first induction ceremony in 1939.", "He was honored at the hall's first induction ceremony in 1939. After his playing and managing days, Speaker was an entrepreneur and salesman. By 1937, Speaker had opened a wholesale liquor business and worked as a state sales representative for a steel company. He chaired Cleveland's boxing commission between 1936 and 1943.", "He chaired Cleveland's boxing commission between 1936 and 1943. Newspaper coverage credited Speaker with several key reforms to boxing in Cleveland, including the recruitment of new officials and protections against fight fixing. Under Speaker, fight payouts went directly to boxers rather than managers.", "Under Speaker, fight payouts went directly to boxers rather than managers. Speaker sorted out a scheduling conflict for a 1940 boxing match in Cleveland involving former middleweight champion Teddy Yarosz. Yarosz defeated Jimmy Reeves in ten rounds and the fight attracted over 8,300 spectators.", "Yarosz defeated Jimmy Reeves in ten rounds and the fight attracted over 8,300 spectators. In 1937, Speaker sustained a 16-foot fall while working on a flower box near a second-story window at his home. Upon admission to the hospital, he underwent facial surgery.", "Upon admission to the hospital, he underwent facial surgery. He was described as having \"better than an even chance to live\" and was suffering from a skull fracture, a broken arm and possible internal injuries. He ultimately recovered. In 1939, Speaker was president of the National Professional Indoor Baseball League.", "In 1939, Speaker was president of the National Professional Indoor Baseball League. The league had teams in New York, Brooklyn, Philadelphia, Boston, Cleveland, Chicago, Cincinnati and St. Louis. The league shut down operations due to poor attendance only two months after its formation.", "The league shut down operations due to poor attendance only two months after its formation. Speaker was one of the founders of Cleveland's Society for Crippled Children and he helped to promote the society's rehabilitation center, Camp Cheerful.", "Speaker was one of the founders of Cleveland's Society for Crippled Children and he helped to promote the society's rehabilitation center, Camp Cheerful. Speaker served as vice president of the society, ran fundraising campaigns and received a distinguished service award from the organization. He became seriously ill with pneumonia in 1942.", "He became seriously ill with pneumonia in 1942. Speaker ultimately recovered, but Gay characterized Speaker's condition as \"touch-and-go for several days\". In 1947, Speaker returned to baseball as \"ambassador of good will\" for Bill Veeck and the Cleveland Indians.", "In 1947, Speaker returned to baseball as \"ambassador of good will\" for Bill Veeck and the Cleveland Indians. He remained in advisory, coaching or scouting roles for the Indians until his death in 1958.", "He remained in advisory, coaching or scouting roles for the Indians until his death in 1958. In an article in the July 1952 issue of SPORT, Speaker recounted how Veeck hired him in 1947 to be a coaching consultant to Larry Doby, the first black player in the AL and the second in the major leagues.", "In an article in the July 1952 issue of SPORT, Speaker recounted how Veeck hired him in 1947 to be a coaching consultant to Larry Doby, the first black player in the AL and the second in the major leagues. Before the Indians had signed Doby, he was the star second baseman of the Newark Eagles of the Negro leagues.", "Before the Indians had signed Doby, he was the star second baseman of the Newark Eagles of the Negro leagues. A SPORT photograph that accompanied the article shows Speaker mentoring five members of the Indians: Luke Easter, Jim Hegan, Ray Boone, Al Rosen and Doby.", "A SPORT photograph that accompanied the article shows Speaker mentoring five members of the Indians: Luke Easter, Jim Hegan, Ray Boone, Al Rosen and Doby. Speaker was inducted into the Texas Sports Hall of Fame in 1951.", "Speaker was inducted into the Texas Sports Hall of Fame in 1951. Texas was the first state to establish a state sports hall of fame and Speaker was in its inaugural induction class. Death Speaker died of a heart attack on December 8, 1958, at the age of 70, at Lake Whitney, Texas.", "Death Speaker died of a heart attack on December 8, 1958, at the age of 70, at Lake Whitney, Texas. He collapsed as he and a friend were pulling their boat into the dock after a fishing trip. It was his second heart attack in four years.", "It was his second heart attack in four years. Speaker was buried at Fairview Cemetery in Hubbard, Texas. After Speaker's death, Cobb said, \"Terribly depressed. I never let him know how much I admired him when we were playing against each other...", "I never let him know how much I admired him when we were playing against each other... It was only after we finally became teammates and then retired that I could tell Tris Speaker of the underlying respect I had for him.\"", "It was only after we finally became teammates and then retired that I could tell Tris Speaker of the underlying respect I had for him.\" Lajoie said, \"He was one of the greatest fellows I ever knew, both as a baseball player and as a gentleman.\"", "Lajoie said, \"He was one of the greatest fellows I ever knew, both as a baseball player and as a gentleman.\" Former Boston teammate Duffy Lewis said, \"He was a team player.", "Former Boston teammate Duffy Lewis said, \"He was a team player. As great a hitter as he was, he wasn't looking out for his own average ... Speaker was the bell cow of our outfield. Harry Hooper and I would watch him and know how to play the hitters.\"", "Harry Hooper and I would watch him and know how to play the hitters.\" Legacy Immediately after Speaker's death, the baseball field at the city park in Cleburne, Texas, was renamed in honor of Speaker.", "Legacy Immediately after Speaker's death, the baseball field at the city park in Cleburne, Texas, was renamed in honor of Speaker. In 1961, the Tris Speaker Memorial Award was created by the Baseball Writers' Association of America to honor players or officials who make outstanding contributions to baseball.", "In 1961, the Tris Speaker Memorial Award was created by the Baseball Writers' Association of America to honor players or officials who make outstanding contributions to baseball. In 1999, he ranked number 27 on the Sporting News''' list of the 100 Greatest Baseball Players. He was named to the Major League Baseball All-Century Team.", "He was named to the Major League Baseball All-Century Team. Speaker is mentioned in the poem \"Line-Up for Yesterday\"'' by Ogden Nash.", "Speaker is mentioned in the poem \"Line-Up for Yesterday\"'' by Ogden Nash. In 2008, former baseball players' union chief Marvin Miller, trying to defend the recently retired catcher Mike Piazza against claims that he should not be elected to the Hall of Fame because of association with the use of steroids, on the basis that the Hall of Fame has various unsavory people in it, opined that Speaker should be removed from the Hall of Fame because of alleged membership in the Ku Klux Klan.", "In 2008, former baseball players' union chief Marvin Miller, trying to defend the recently retired catcher Mike Piazza against claims that he should not be elected to the Hall of Fame because of association with the use of steroids, on the basis that the Hall of Fame has various unsavory people in it, opined that Speaker should be removed from the Hall of Fame because of alleged membership in the Ku Klux Klan. Miller said, \"Some of the early people inducted in the Hall were members of the Ku Klux Klan: Tris Speaker, Cap Anson, and some people suspect Ty Cobb as well.", "Miller said, \"Some of the early people inducted in the Hall were members of the Ku Klux Klan: Tris Speaker, Cap Anson, and some people suspect Ty Cobb as well. I think that by and large, the players, and certainly the ones I knew, are good people.", "I think that by and large, the players, and certainly the ones I knew, are good people. But the Hall is full of villains.\"", "But the Hall is full of villains.\" Miller's comment about Anson has no basis, other than speculating that he could have been a Klansman since he was a racist during his playing career, which ended in 1897, although he was umpiring games with black players by 1901, including featuring the all-black Columbia Giants.", "Miller's comment about Anson has no basis, other than speculating that he could have been a Klansman since he was a racist during his playing career, which ended in 1897, although he was umpiring games with black players by 1901, including featuring the all-black Columbia Giants. Miller, age 91 at the time the 2008 article appeared, is the earliest source for declaring that it is factual that Anson was a member of the Klan, based purely on an Internet search of sources that try to link Anson to the Klan.", "Miller, age 91 at the time the 2008 article appeared, is the earliest source for declaring that it is factual that Anson was a member of the Klan, based purely on an Internet search of sources that try to link Anson to the Klan. By contrast, Speaker-Cobb-Rogers Hornsby biographer Charles C. Alexander, a Klan expert in his general history writings, told fellow baseball author Marty Appel, apparently referring to the 1920s (Anson died in 1922), “As I’ve suggested in the biographies, it’s possible that they [Speaker, Cobb and Hornsby] were briefly in the Klan, which was very strong in Texas and especially in Fort Worth and Dallas.", "By contrast, Speaker-Cobb-Rogers Hornsby biographer Charles C. Alexander, a Klan expert in his general history writings, told fellow baseball author Marty Appel, apparently referring to the 1920s (Anson died in 1922), “As I’ve suggested in the biographies, it’s possible that they [Speaker, Cobb and Hornsby] were briefly in the Klan, which was very strong in Texas and especially in Fort Worth and Dallas. The Klan went all out to recruit prominent people in all fields, provided they were native born, Protestant and white.” Baseball historian Bill James does not dispute this claim in apparently referring to Speaker and possibly Cobb, but says that the Klan had toned down its racist overtures during the 1920s and pulled in hundreds of thousands of men, including Hugo Black.", "The Klan went all out to recruit prominent people in all fields, provided they were native born, Protestant and white.” Baseball historian Bill James does not dispute this claim in apparently referring to Speaker and possibly Cobb, but says that the Klan had toned down its racist overtures during the 1920s and pulled in hundreds of thousands of men, including Hugo Black. James adds that Speaker was a staunch supporter of Doby when he broke the American League color barrier, working long hours with the former second baseman on how to play the outfield.", "James adds that Speaker was a staunch supporter of Doby when he broke the American League color barrier, working long hours with the former second baseman on how to play the outfield. Regular season statistics Managerial record See also Boston Red Sox Hall of Fame List of Major League Baseball players to hit for the cycle List of Major League Baseball batting champions List of Major League Baseball annual doubles leaders List of Major League Baseball doubles records List of Major League Baseball hit records List of Major League Baseball annual home run leaders List of Major League Baseball career stolen bases leaders List of Major League Baseball player-managers List of Major League Baseball career triples leaders List of Major League Baseball career runs scored leaders List of Major League Baseball career runs batted in leaders List of Major League Baseball career hits leaders List of Major League Baseball career doubles leaders List of Major League Baseball career total bases leaders List of Major League Baseball triples records Notes References Further reading Tris Speaker at the Encyclopedia of Cleveland History External links 1888 births 1958 deaths American League batting champions American League home run champions Baseball players from Texas Boston Americans players Boston Red Sox players Cleburne Railroaders players Cleveland Indians coaches Cleveland Indians managers Cleveland Indians players Houston Buffaloes players Kansas City Blues (baseball) managers Little Rock Travelers players Major League Baseball player-managers Major League Baseball center fielders Minor league baseball managers National Baseball Hall of Fame inductees Newark Bears (IL) players People from Hubbard, Texas Philadelphia Athletics players Texas Wesleyan Rams baseball players Washington Senators (1901–1960) players Sp Baseball coaches from Texas" ]

[ "Tris Speaker", "Early years", "What team was Tris playing for?", "Boston", "Did his team do well?", "Speaker's best season came in 1912. He played every game and led the American League (AL) in doubles (53) and home runs (10)." ]

[ "Highlights for Children, often referred to simply as Highlights, is an American children's magazine. It began publication in June 1946, started by Garry Cleveland Myers and his wife Caroline Clark Myers in Honesdale, Pennsylvania (the present location of its editorial office). They both worked for another children's magazine, Children's Activities, for twelve years before leaving to start Highlights. Since its inception Highlights has carried the slogan \"Fun with a Purpose\".\n\nThe company is now based in Columbus, Ohio, and owns book publishers Zaner-Bloser, Stenhouse Publishers, and Staff Development for Educators. Its Boyds Mills Press division was sold to Kane Press in 2019. Highlights has surpassed one billion copies in print. Highlights, High Five, and Hello magazines do not carry any third-party advertising or commercial messages.\n\nThe Highlights Foundation, in Pennsylvania, is a public, not-for-profit 501(c)(3) organization supported by individuals, several publishing companies, and writers' organizations that are committed to improving the quality of children's literature by helping authors and illustrators hone their craft. Its location is the former home of the founders of Highlights for Children.\n\nBefore Highlights\nGarry Myers earned a PhD in psychology from Columbia University before World War I, providing a basis for the teaching he would do the rest of his life. He and Caroline Myers taught illiterate soldiers for the US Army, with Caroline becoming the first female teacher employed by the Army. This experience led to their pioneering of elementary education. They taught educators and parents for a time at Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland, Ohio, during which Garry Myers wrote a nationally syndicated column entitled Parent Problems, and the couple co-authored several books.\n\nThey had become nationally well known in education and wished to share their knowledge so they began to work for Children's Activities. Lecturing across the nation, they informed, discovered, and refined what they knew. Certain business endeavors kept them from publishing what they thought was ideal for a children's magazine. Their travels also led to long discussions on what would be appropriate for children, and after finishing with Children's Activities instead of retiring they decided to start their own magazine. Their experience, knowledge and uncompromising methods led to a success for Highlights. Later, they would buy Children's Activities and incorporate it in Highlights.\n\nGarry and Caroline Myers tragically lost their son Garry and his wife Mary along with Highlights company vice-president Cyril Ewart, who were all passengers on TWA Flight 266, which collided over New York Harbor with United Flight 826 on December 16, 1960, while the three were on the trip to discuss distribution plans for Highlights magazine. There was only one survivor on either plane, who died the following day.\n\nHighlights Magazine for Children\nHighlights is geared mainly to elementary school students; it contains stories and puzzles for children ages six to twelve years old. One aim of the magazine is to encourage kids to read and has something for preschoolers in every issue. Highlights illustrations feature people of all colors and its stories also cover diverse communities. Its February 2017 issue included a family with two dads, the first depiction of a same-sex relationship in the magazine's 70-year history.\n\nIn June 1946, the first issue of Highlights sold fewer than 20,000 copies. Forty years later, Highlights was the most popular children's magazine in the United States, having close to two million subscribers, with 95 percent of the copies mailed to homes. The magazine accepted no advertising and eschewed single-issue sales, but could be found in most doctors' and dentists' offices in the United States.\n\nBy 1995, Highlights circulation had grown to 2.8 million, with most subscribers still being families. In 2006, the United States Postal Service delivered the one-billionth copy of Highlights magazine to a young subscriber in Dallas, Texas. \n\nHighlights circulation numbers declined to about 2 million copies a month by 2015, and the magazine announced that it would move some content onto tablets and mobile devices with the help of San Francisco startup, Fingerprint Digital, led by former LeapFrog Enterprises executive Nancy MacIntyre. The magazine launched a new mobile app Highlights Every Day, in April 2017.\n\nHighlights High Five Magazine for PreschoolersHighlights High Five is a younger children's counterpart to Highlights, first published with the January 2007 issue. This children's magazine is for preschoolers ages two through six. The goal of High Five is to help children develop and to give parent and child a fun and meaningful activity to do together each month. Every issue is 40 pages and includes poems and stories, crafts, easy recipes, games, puzzles and other activities that encourage children to be lifelong learners.\n\nHighlights Hello Magazine for ToddlersHighlights Hello Magazine was introduced in December 2012. This magazine for babies and toddlers targets children ages 0–2 years old. Highlights announced that this magazine, which is offered in several subscription packages is designed specifically for babies.\n\nRegular featuresAsk ArizonaAppearing in the magazine since 2005, \"Ask Arizona\" is a story series featuring a girl named Arizona who writes an advice column for other children, similar to Dear Abby or Ask Ann Landers. The article depicts real-life experiences and appears in every issue.Hidden Pictures\"Hidden Pictures\", published in every issue of Highlights since the magazine's inception, is now found on page 14 of each issue. Children find the smaller hidden pictures within the larger picture.Goofus and GallantFirst appearing in Highlights in 1948, Goofus and Gallant is a cartoon feature created by Garry Cleveland Myers and drawn by Anni Matsick. The strip features two contrasting boys, Goofus and Gallant. In each cartoon, it is shown how each boy would respond to the same situation. Goofus chooses an irresponsible and immature path, while Gallant chooses a responsible, mature and kind path. Often the panels would provide a description, such as on a school bus: Goofus hogs his seat – Gallant makes space for someone else to sit down. Sometimes the situations would show the boys talking, such as phone courtesy when parents are away: Goofus: \"Someone called but I forgot their name.\" Gallant: \"Someone called for you. I wrote down their name and number\". Goofus and Gallant's primary function is to teach children basic social skills. Originally drawn in black and white, Goofus and Gallant changed to colored pencils in 1994 and later changed to colored computer graphics in December 2005.The TimbertoesCreated for a 1932 book of the same name (published by The Harter Publishing Company) by writers Edna M. Aldredge and Jessie F. McKee along with illustrator John Gee, The Timbertoes has appeared in Highlights magazine for more than 50 years. The first Highlights incarnation was a full-page black and white comic strip featuring line-drawn characters, later switching to digital color in 2003. The Timbertoes family consists of parents Ma and Pa and their children Tommy and Mabel. The characters, including their dog Spot, cat Splinter, goat Butter, and horse Troy are depicted as being constructed from wood. Upon Gee's death, Highlights Senior Editor Marileta Robinson took over writing the strip, with illustrations done by Judith Hunt. Since 2003, the Timbertoes have appeared in color with Ron Zalme as the illustrator. Rich Wallace is the current writer.JokesAppearing in every issue is a series of 10 jokes of various kinds. A knock-knock joke is always included as a part of this feature.RiddlesA series of ten riddles. The punchlines appear upside-down at the bottom of the column.Your Own Pages\"Your Own Pages\" is a feature that prints drawings, poems, and stories by readers who submit them to the magazine.What's Wrong?Featured on the back cover, \"What's Wrong?\" is a large drawing of a typical scene of children playing, but unusual objects take the place of normal things throughout the picture. The page instructs the reader to find the various objects that are wrong.CraftsThis is a section where kids can make different crafts, such as puzzles, puppets and cards.Brain PlayThis section comprises a list of several simple questions for children.ContestsSometimes Highlights would have an illustration of something and would ask if a reader could submit a short story to accompany this. Other times it could be an unfinished story and the contest would ask if the readers could submit a few paragraphs to complete it. Several ideas would be chosen as winners and featured in a future issue.Dear Highlights\"Dear Highlights\" is an advice column from real children appearing at the back of each issue.Puzzles, Short Stories, and PoemsEvery issue of Highlights features puzzles, short stories, and poems throughout the issue. A puzzle is always featured at the front side of the back cover.Your Best Self\"Your Best Self\" is a one-panel comic showing kids doing the right thing that appeared until February 2015.The Bear Family'''This was a cartoon created by Garry Cleveland Myers. It focuses on a family of bears consisting of Father Bear, Mother Bear, daughter Woozy, and sons Poozy and Piddy. They learned about everything from name-calling to discipline.\n\nFormer features\n\nAloysius\nThe Aloysius stories were written by Sydney K. Davis. They centralized on an anthropomorphic wolf named Aloysius, who would get into a situation and have to be rescued by the other characters in the story, a male named Samuel Samuel and a female named Wanda. These appeared until 1993.\n\n Digital media \nIn 2010, Highlights released a series of educational mobile apps on the iOS App Store.\n\nIn September 2015, Highlights announced a partnership with Fingerprint—a San Francisco–based startup company involved in the development of edutainment apps, in launching apps that would serve as a complement to the printed Highlights magazine, including an upcoming service that would offer daily content drawing upon the resources and back catalog of Highlights and its recurring features, and a full digital version of the magazine that will feature a \"personalized\" experience and integrated multimedia content. The subscription service, Highlights Every Day, officially launched in April 2016.\n\nOn June 25, 2019, Highlights for Childrens Twitter account denounced the practice of family separation at the Mexico–United States border.\n\n See also \n \n \n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Official site\n \"Highlights for Children 1 Billion Strong\". Business First of Columbus'', June 12, 2006.\n\nAdvertising-free magazines\nChildren's magazines published in the United States\nHonesdale, Pennsylvania\nMagazines established in 1946\nMagazines published in Ohio\nMagazines published in Pennsylvania\nMass media in Columbus, Ohio\nMonthly magazines published in the United States", "John Dufty Lasher (15 November 1932 – 17 June 2015) was a New Zealand rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand.\n\nPlaying career\nLasher played for Richmond and represented Auckland.\n\nIn 1956 he was part of the New Zealand national rugby league team tour of Australia, but he did not play in any of the test matches.\n\nLasher was part of the Auckland side that defeated Great Britain 46-13 on 13 August at Carlaw Park. This was the first televised rugby league match in New Zealand as one hour of edited highlights were shown on AKTV2 that night and other regional channels showed the highlights the following week.\n\nLater years\nLasher also was a sailor and was an international helmsman.\n\nIn 2013 he was named in Richmond’s team of the century. He died on 17 June 2015.\n\nReferences\n\n1932 births\n2015 deaths\nNew Zealand rugby league players\nNew Zealand national rugby league team players\nAuckland rugby league team players\nRugby league hookers\nRichmond Bulldogs players" ]

[ "Tristram Edgar Speaker (April 4, 1888 – December 8, 1958), nicknamed \"The Gray Eagle\", was an American professional baseball player. Considered one of the greatest offensive and defensive center fielders in the history of Major League Baseball (MLB), he compiled a career batting average of .345 (sixth all-time).", "Considered one of the greatest offensive and defensive center fielders in the history of Major League Baseball (MLB), he compiled a career batting average of .345 (sixth all-time). His 792 career doubles represent an MLB career record. His 3,514 hits are fifth in the all-time hits list.", "His 3,514 hits are fifth in the all-time hits list. Defensively, Speaker holds career records for assists, double plays, and unassisted double plays by an outfielder. His fielding glove was known as the place \"where triples go to die.\"", "His fielding glove was known as the place \"where triples go to die.\" After playing in the minor leagues in Texas and Arkansas, Speaker debuted with the Boston Red Sox in 1907. He became the regular center fielder by 1909 and led the Red Sox to World Series championships in 1912 and 1915.", "He became the regular center fielder by 1909 and led the Red Sox to World Series championships in 1912 and 1915. In 1915, Speaker's batting average dropped to .322 from .338 the previous season; he was traded to the Cleveland Indians when he refused to take a pay cut.", "In 1915, Speaker's batting average dropped to .322 from .338 the previous season; he was traded to the Cleveland Indians when he refused to take a pay cut. As player-manager for Cleveland, he led the team to its first World Series title.", "As player-manager for Cleveland, he led the team to its first World Series title. In ten of his eleven seasons with Cleveland, he finished with a batting average greater than .350. Speaker resigned as Cleveland's manager in 1926 after he and Ty Cobb faced game fixing allegations; both men were later cleared.", "Speaker resigned as Cleveland's manager in 1926 after he and Ty Cobb faced game fixing allegations; both men were later cleared. During his managerial stint in Cleveland, Speaker introduced the platoon system in the major leagues.", "During his managerial stint in Cleveland, Speaker introduced the platoon system in the major leagues. Speaker played with the Washington Senators in 1927 and the Philadelphia Athletics in 1928, then became a minor league manager and part owner. He later held several roles for the Cleveland Indians.", "He later held several roles for the Cleveland Indians. Late in life, Speaker led a short-lived indoor baseball league, ran a wholesale liquor business, worked in sales and chaired Cleveland's boxing commission. He was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1937.", "He was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1937. He was named 27th in the Sporting News 100 Greatest Baseball Players (1999) and was also included in the Major League Baseball All-Century Team. Early life Speaker was born on April 4, 1888, in Hubbard, Texas, to Archie and Nancy Poer Speaker.", "Early life Speaker was born on April 4, 1888, in Hubbard, Texas, to Archie and Nancy Poer Speaker. As a youth, Speaker broke his arm after he fell from a horse; the injury forced him to become left-handed. In 1905, Speaker played a year of college baseball for Fort Worth Polytechnic Institute.", "In 1905, Speaker played a year of college baseball for Fort Worth Polytechnic Institute. Newspaper reports have held that Speaker suffered a football injury and nearly had his arm amputated around this time; biographer Timothy Gay characterizes this as \"a story that the macho Speaker never .\" He worked on a ranch before beginning his professional baseball career.", "He worked on a ranch before beginning his professional baseball career. Speaker's abilities drew the interest of Doak Roberts, owner of the Cleburne Railroaders of the Texas League, in . After losing several games as a pitcher, Speaker converted to outfielder to replace a Cleburne player who had been struck in the head with a pitch.", "After losing several games as a pitcher, Speaker converted to outfielder to replace a Cleburne player who had been struck in the head with a pitch. He batted .318 for the Railroaders. Speaker's mother opposed his participation in the major leagues, saying that they reminded her of slavery.", "Speaker's mother opposed his participation in the major leagues, saying that they reminded her of slavery. Though she relented, for several years Mrs. Speaker questioned why her son had not stayed home and entered the cattle or oil businesses.", "Though she relented, for several years Mrs. Speaker questioned why her son had not stayed home and entered the cattle or oil businesses. He performed well for the Texas League's Houston Buffaloes in 1907, but his mother stated that she would never allow him to go to the Boston Americans.", "He performed well for the Texas League's Houston Buffaloes in 1907, but his mother stated that she would never allow him to go to the Boston Americans. Roberts sold the youngster to the Americans for $750 or $800 (equal to $ or $ today).", "Roberts sold the youngster to the Americans for $750 or $800 (equal to $ or $ today). Speaker played in seven games for the Americans in , with three hits in 19 at-bats for a .158 average.", "Speaker played in seven games for the Americans in , with three hits in 19 at-bats for a .158 average. In 1908, Boston Americans owner John I. Taylor changed the team's name to the Boston Red Sox after the bright socks in the team's uniform.", "In 1908, Boston Americans owner John I. Taylor changed the team's name to the Boston Red Sox after the bright socks in the team's uniform. That year, the club traded Speaker to the Little Rock Travelers of the Southern League in exchange for use of their facilities for spring training.", "That year, the club traded Speaker to the Little Rock Travelers of the Southern League in exchange for use of their facilities for spring training. Speaker batted .350 for the Travelers and his contract was repurchased by the Red Sox. He logged a .224 batting average in 116 at-bats.", "He logged a .224 batting average in 116 at-bats. Major league career Early years Speaker became the regular starting center fielder for Boston in 1909 and light-hitting Denny Sullivan was sold to the Cleveland Naps. Speaker hit .309 in 143 games as the team finished third in the pennant race.", "Speaker hit .309 in 143 games as the team finished third in the pennant race. Defensively, Speaker was involved in 12 double plays, leading the league's outfielders, and had a .973 fielding percentage, third among outfielders. In the Red Sox signed left fielder Duffy Lewis.", "In the Red Sox signed left fielder Duffy Lewis. Speaker, Lewis and Harry Hooper formed Boston's \"Million-Dollar Outfield\", one of the finest outfield trios in baseball history. Speaker was the star of the Million-Dollar Outfield.", "Speaker was the star of the Million-Dollar Outfield. He ran fast enough that he could stand very close to second base, effectively giving the team a fifth infielder, but he still caught the balls hit to center field. In 1910 and 1911, Boston finished fourth in the American League standings. Speaker's best season came in 1912.", "Speaker's best season came in 1912. He played every game and led the American League (AL) in doubles (53) and home runs (10). He set career highs with 222 hits, 136 runs, 580 at-bats, and 52 stolen bases.", "He set career highs with 222 hits, 136 runs, 580 at-bats, and 52 stolen bases. Speaker's stolen base tally was a team record until Tommy Harper stole 54 bases in 1973. He batted .383 and his .567 slugging percentage was the highest of his dead-ball days.", "He batted .383 and his .567 slugging percentage was the highest of his dead-ball days. Speaker set a major league single-season record with three hitting streaks of 20 or more games (30, 23, and 22). He also became the first major leaguer to hit 50 doubles and steal 50 bases in the same season.", "He also became the first major leaguer to hit 50 doubles and steal 50 bases in the same season. In August, Speaker's mother unsuccessfully attempted to convince him to quit baseball and come home. In Fenway Park's first game, Speaker drove in the winning run in the 11th inning, giving Boston the 7–6 win.", "In Fenway Park's first game, Speaker drove in the winning run in the 11th inning, giving Boston the 7–6 win. The 1912 Red Sox won the AL pennant, finishing 14 games ahead of the Washington Senators and 15 games ahead of the Philadelphia Athletics.", "The 1912 Red Sox won the AL pennant, finishing 14 games ahead of the Washington Senators and 15 games ahead of the Philadelphia Athletics. In the 1912 World Series, Speaker led the Red Sox to their second World Series title by defeating John McGraw's New York Giants.", "In the 1912 World Series, Speaker led the Red Sox to their second World Series title by defeating John McGraw's New York Giants. After the second game was called on account of darkness and ended in a tie, the series went to eight games.", "After the second game was called on account of darkness and ended in a tie, the series went to eight games. The Red Sox won the final game after Fred Snodgrass dropped an easy fly ball and later failed to go after a Speaker pop foul. After the pop foul, Speaker tied the game with a single.", "After the pop foul, Speaker tied the game with a single. The Red Sox won the game in the bottom of the tenth inning. He finished the series with a .300 batting average, nine hits and four runs scored. Speaker was named the AL Most Valuable Player (MVP) for 1912.", "Speaker was named the AL Most Valuable Player (MVP) for 1912. Though he did not lead the league in any offensive categories in 1913, Speaker finished fourth in AL MVP voting. Speaker batted .338 and tied his career high of 12 double plays as an outfielder in . He hit .322 in .", "He hit .322 in . He hit .322 in . The Red Sox beat the Philadelphia Phillies in the 1915 World Series. The Red Sox were led by pitcher Babe Ruth, who was playing in his first full season. Ruth won 18 games and hit a team-high four home runs.", "Ruth won 18 games and hit a team-high four home runs. Speaker got five hits, including a triple, in 17 at-bats during the series. He scored twice but did not drive in any runs.", "He scored twice but did not drive in any runs. Traded to the Indians After 1915, Red Sox president Joseph Lannin wanted Speaker to take a pay cut from about $15,000 (equal to $ today) to about $9,000 (equal to $ today) because of the drop in his batting average; Speaker refused and offered $12,000 ($ today).", "Traded to the Indians After 1915, Red Sox president Joseph Lannin wanted Speaker to take a pay cut from about $15,000 (equal to $ today) to about $9,000 (equal to $ today) because of the drop in his batting average; Speaker refused and offered $12,000 ($ today). On April 8, 1916, Lannin traded Speaker to the Cleveland Indians.", "On April 8, 1916, Lannin traded Speaker to the Cleveland Indians. In exchange, Boston received Sad Sam Jones, Fred Thomas and $50,000 ($ today). The angry Speaker held out until he received $10,000 (equal to $ today) of the cash that Boston collected.", "The angry Speaker held out until he received $10,000 (equal to $ today) of the cash that Boston collected. For many years, this was considered the worst trade in Red Sox history, and was thought to be far more damaging to the Red Sox than the sale of Babe Ruth more than four years later.", "For many years, this was considered the worst trade in Red Sox history, and was thought to be far more damaging to the Red Sox than the sale of Babe Ruth more than four years later. In his book about the Red Sox-Yankees rivalry, Emperors and Idiots, Mike Vaccaro recalled that for some time, \"Red Sox fans shook their head(s) in fury\" when recalling the trade.", "In his book about the Red Sox-Yankees rivalry, Emperors and Idiots, Mike Vaccaro recalled that for some time, \"Red Sox fans shook their head(s) in fury\" when recalling the trade. Vaccaro recalled that no one knew in the winter of 1919-20 that Ruth would blossom into a superstar.", "Vaccaro recalled that no one knew in the winter of 1919-20 that Ruth would blossom into a superstar. In contrast, Speaker had established himself as \"indisputably the best player in the American League\" by 1916. With an annual salary of $40,000 (equal to $ today), Speaker was the highest paid player in baseball.", "With an annual salary of $40,000 (equal to $ today), Speaker was the highest paid player in baseball. Speaker hit over .350 in nine of his eleven years with Cleveland. In , he led the league in hits, doubles, batting average, slugging percentage and on-base percentage.", "In , he led the league in hits, doubles, batting average, slugging percentage and on-base percentage. Cobb had won the previous nine consecutive AL batting titles; Speaker outhit him with a .386 batting average compared to Cobb's .371.", "Cobb had won the previous nine consecutive AL batting titles; Speaker outhit him with a .386 batting average compared to Cobb's .371. The center field fence at Cleveland's Dunn Field was from home plate until it was shortened to in 1920.", "The center field fence at Cleveland's Dunn Field was from home plate until it was shortened to in 1920. Even so, Speaker played so shallow in the outfield that he was able to execute six career unassisted double plays at second base, catching low line drives on the run and then beating baserunners to the bag.", "Even so, Speaker played so shallow in the outfield that he was able to execute six career unassisted double plays at second base, catching low line drives on the run and then beating baserunners to the bag. At least once he was credited as the pivot man in a routine double play.", "At least once he was credited as the pivot man in a routine double play. He was often shallow enough to catch pickoff throws at second base. At one point, Speaker's signature move was to come in behind second base on a bunt and make a tag play on a baserunner who had passed the bag.", "At one point, Speaker's signature move was to come in behind second base on a bunt and make a tag play on a baserunner who had passed the bag. While in Cleveland, Speaker participated in diverse activities off the baseball field. Speaker enrolled in an aviator training program in 1918.", "Speaker enrolled in an aviator training program in 1918. Though World War I ended less than two months after he enrolled, Speaker completed his training and served in the naval reserves for several years. He also owned a ranch in Texas and competed in roping events during the baseball offseason.", "He also owned a ranch in Texas and competed in roping events during the baseball offseason. Stint as player-manager From the day that Speaker arrived in Cleveland, he was effectively assistant manager to Lee Fohl, who rarely made an important move without consulting him. George Uhle recalled an incident from 1919 during his rookie year with the Indians.", "George Uhle recalled an incident from 1919 during his rookie year with the Indians. Speaker often signaled to Fohl when he thought that a pitcher should be brought in from the bullpen. One day, Fohl misread Speaker's signal and brought in a different pitcher than Speaker had intended.", "One day, Fohl misread Speaker's signal and brought in a different pitcher than Speaker had intended. To avoid the appearance of overruling his manager, Speaker let the change stand. Pitcher Fritz Coumbe lost the game, Fohl resigned that night and Speaker became manager. Uhle said that Speaker felt bad for contributing to Fohl's departure.", "Uhle said that Speaker felt bad for contributing to Fohl's departure. Speaker guided the 1920 Indians to their first World Series win. In a crucial late season game against the second-place White Sox, Speaker caught a hard line drive hit to deep right-center field by Shoeless Joe Jackson, ending the game.", "In a crucial late season game against the second-place White Sox, Speaker caught a hard line drive hit to deep right-center field by Shoeless Joe Jackson, ending the game. On a dead run, Speaker leaped with both feet off the ground, snaring the ball before crashing into a concrete wall.", "On a dead run, Speaker leaped with both feet off the ground, snaring the ball before crashing into a concrete wall. As he lay unconscious from the impact, Speaker still held the baseball. In the 1920 World Series against Brooklyn, Speaker hit an RBI triple in the deciding game, which the Indians won 3–0.", "In the 1920 World Series against Brooklyn, Speaker hit an RBI triple in the deciding game, which the Indians won 3–0. Cleveland's 1920 season was also significant due to the death of Ray Chapman on August 17. Chapman died after being hit in the head by a pitch from Carl Mays.", "Chapman died after being hit in the head by a pitch from Carl Mays. Chapman had been asked about retirement before the season, and he said that he wanted to help Speaker earn Cleveland's first World Series victory before thinking of retirement.", "Chapman had been asked about retirement before the season, and he said that he wanted to help Speaker earn Cleveland's first World Series victory before thinking of retirement. During that championship season, Speaker is credited with introducing the platoon system, which attempted to match right-handed batters against left-handed pitchers and vice versa.", "During that championship season, Speaker is credited with introducing the platoon system, which attempted to match right-handed batters against left-handed pitchers and vice versa. Sportswriter John B. Sheridan was among the critics of the system, saying, \"The specialist in baseball is no good and won't go very far...", "Sportswriter John B. Sheridan was among the critics of the system, saying, \"The specialist in baseball is no good and won't go very far... The whole effect of the system will be to make the players affected half men... It is farewell, a long farewell to all that player's chance of greatness...", "It is farewell, a long farewell to all that player's chance of greatness... It destroys young ball players by destroying their most precious quality – confidence in their ability to hit any pitcher, left or right, alive, dead, or waiting to be born.\"", "It destroys young ball players by destroying their most precious quality – confidence in their ability to hit any pitcher, left or right, alive, dead, or waiting to be born.\" Baseball Magazine was supportive, pointing out that Speaker had results that backed up his system.", "Baseball Magazine was supportive, pointing out that Speaker had results that backed up his system. The 1921 Indians remained in a tight pennant race all year, finishing games behind the Yankees. The Indians did not seriously contend for the pennant from 1922 through 1925.", "The Indians did not seriously contend for the pennant from 1922 through 1925. Speaker led the league in doubles eight times, including every year between 1920 and 1923. He led the league's outfielders in fielding percentage in 1921 and 1922.", "He led the league's outfielders in fielding percentage in 1921 and 1922. On May 17, 1925, Speaker became the fifth member of the 3,000 hit club when he hit a single off pitcher Tom Zachary of the Washington Senators. Only Napoleon Lajoie had previously accomplished the feat as a member of the Indians.", "Only Napoleon Lajoie had previously accomplished the feat as a member of the Indians. AL President Ban Johnson asked Speaker and Detroit manager Cobb to resign their posts after a scandal broke in . Pitcher Dutch Leonard claimed that Speaker and Cobb fixed at least one game between Cleveland and Detroit.", "Pitcher Dutch Leonard claimed that Speaker and Cobb fixed at least one game between Cleveland and Detroit. In a newspaper column published shortly before the hearings were to begin, Billy Evans characterized the accusations as \"purely a matter of personal revenge\" for Leonard.", "In a newspaper column published shortly before the hearings were to begin, Billy Evans characterized the accusations as \"purely a matter of personal revenge\" for Leonard. The pitcher was said to be upset with Cobb and Speaker after a trade ended with Leonard in the minor leagues.", "The pitcher was said to be upset with Cobb and Speaker after a trade ended with Leonard in the minor leagues. When Leonard refused to appear at the January 5, 1927, hearings to discuss his accusations, Commissioner Landis cleared both Speaker and Cobb of any wrongdoing.", "When Leonard refused to appear at the January 5, 1927, hearings to discuss his accusations, Commissioner Landis cleared both Speaker and Cobb of any wrongdoing. Both were reinstated to their original teams, but each team declared its manager free to sign elsewhere.", "Both were reinstated to their original teams, but each team declared its manager free to sign elsewhere. Speaker did not return to big league managing and he finished his MLB managerial career with a 617–520 record. At the time of his 1926 resignation, news reports described Speaker as permanently retiring from baseball to pursue business ventures.", "At the time of his 1926 resignation, news reports described Speaker as permanently retiring from baseball to pursue business ventures. However, Speaker signed to play with the Washington Senators for . Cobb joined the Philadelphia Athletics. Speaker joined Cobb in Philadelphia for the season; he played part time and finished with a .267 average.", "Speaker joined Cobb in Philadelphia for the season; he played part time and finished with a .267 average. Prior to that season, Speaker had not hit for a batting average below .300 since 1908. Speaker's major league playing career ended after 1928. He retired with 792 doubles, an all-time career record.", "He retired with 792 doubles, an all-time career record. Defensively, Speaker holds the all-time career records for assists as an outfielder and double plays as an outfielder. He remains the last batter to hit 200 triples in a career. Later life In Speaker replaced Walter Johnson as the manager of the Newark Bears of the International League.", "Later life In Speaker replaced Walter Johnson as the manager of the Newark Bears of the International League. In two seasons with Newark, he also appeared as a player in 59 games. When Speaker resigned during his second season, the Bears were in seventh place after a sixth-place finish in 1929.", "When Speaker resigned during his second season, the Bears were in seventh place after a sixth-place finish in 1929. In January 1933 he became a part owner and manager of the Kansas City Blues. By May, Speaker had been replaced as manager but remained secretary of the club.", "By May, Speaker had been replaced as manager but remained secretary of the club. By 1936, he had sold his share of the team. In 1937, Speaker was voted into the Baseball Hall of Fame during its second year of balloting. He was honored at the hall's first induction ceremony in 1939.", "He was honored at the hall's first induction ceremony in 1939. After his playing and managing days, Speaker was an entrepreneur and salesman. By 1937, Speaker had opened a wholesale liquor business and worked as a state sales representative for a steel company. He chaired Cleveland's boxing commission between 1936 and 1943.", "He chaired Cleveland's boxing commission between 1936 and 1943. Newspaper coverage credited Speaker with several key reforms to boxing in Cleveland, including the recruitment of new officials and protections against fight fixing. Under Speaker, fight payouts went directly to boxers rather than managers.", "Under Speaker, fight payouts went directly to boxers rather than managers. Speaker sorted out a scheduling conflict for a 1940 boxing match in Cleveland involving former middleweight champion Teddy Yarosz. Yarosz defeated Jimmy Reeves in ten rounds and the fight attracted over 8,300 spectators.", "Yarosz defeated Jimmy Reeves in ten rounds and the fight attracted over 8,300 spectators. In 1937, Speaker sustained a 16-foot fall while working on a flower box near a second-story window at his home. Upon admission to the hospital, he underwent facial surgery.", "Upon admission to the hospital, he underwent facial surgery. He was described as having \"better than an even chance to live\" and was suffering from a skull fracture, a broken arm and possible internal injuries. He ultimately recovered. In 1939, Speaker was president of the National Professional Indoor Baseball League.", "In 1939, Speaker was president of the National Professional Indoor Baseball League. The league had teams in New York, Brooklyn, Philadelphia, Boston, Cleveland, Chicago, Cincinnati and St. Louis. The league shut down operations due to poor attendance only two months after its formation.", "The league shut down operations due to poor attendance only two months after its formation. Speaker was one of the founders of Cleveland's Society for Crippled Children and he helped to promote the society's rehabilitation center, Camp Cheerful.", "Speaker was one of the founders of Cleveland's Society for Crippled Children and he helped to promote the society's rehabilitation center, Camp Cheerful. Speaker served as vice president of the society, ran fundraising campaigns and received a distinguished service award from the organization. He became seriously ill with pneumonia in 1942.", "He became seriously ill with pneumonia in 1942. Speaker ultimately recovered, but Gay characterized Speaker's condition as \"touch-and-go for several days\". In 1947, Speaker returned to baseball as \"ambassador of good will\" for Bill Veeck and the Cleveland Indians.", "In 1947, Speaker returned to baseball as \"ambassador of good will\" for Bill Veeck and the Cleveland Indians. He remained in advisory, coaching or scouting roles for the Indians until his death in 1958.", "He remained in advisory, coaching or scouting roles for the Indians until his death in 1958. In an article in the July 1952 issue of SPORT, Speaker recounted how Veeck hired him in 1947 to be a coaching consultant to Larry Doby, the first black player in the AL and the second in the major leagues.", "In an article in the July 1952 issue of SPORT, Speaker recounted how Veeck hired him in 1947 to be a coaching consultant to Larry Doby, the first black player in the AL and the second in the major leagues. Before the Indians had signed Doby, he was the star second baseman of the Newark Eagles of the Negro leagues.", "Before the Indians had signed Doby, he was the star second baseman of the Newark Eagles of the Negro leagues. A SPORT photograph that accompanied the article shows Speaker mentoring five members of the Indians: Luke Easter, Jim Hegan, Ray Boone, Al Rosen and Doby.", "A SPORT photograph that accompanied the article shows Speaker mentoring five members of the Indians: Luke Easter, Jim Hegan, Ray Boone, Al Rosen and Doby. Speaker was inducted into the Texas Sports Hall of Fame in 1951.", "Speaker was inducted into the Texas Sports Hall of Fame in 1951. Texas was the first state to establish a state sports hall of fame and Speaker was in its inaugural induction class. Death Speaker died of a heart attack on December 8, 1958, at the age of 70, at Lake Whitney, Texas.", "Death Speaker died of a heart attack on December 8, 1958, at the age of 70, at Lake Whitney, Texas. He collapsed as he and a friend were pulling their boat into the dock after a fishing trip. It was his second heart attack in four years.", "It was his second heart attack in four years. Speaker was buried at Fairview Cemetery in Hubbard, Texas. After Speaker's death, Cobb said, \"Terribly depressed. I never let him know how much I admired him when we were playing against each other...", "I never let him know how much I admired him when we were playing against each other... It was only after we finally became teammates and then retired that I could tell Tris Speaker of the underlying respect I had for him.\"", "It was only after we finally became teammates and then retired that I could tell Tris Speaker of the underlying respect I had for him.\" Lajoie said, \"He was one of the greatest fellows I ever knew, both as a baseball player and as a gentleman.\"", "Lajoie said, \"He was one of the greatest fellows I ever knew, both as a baseball player and as a gentleman.\" Former Boston teammate Duffy Lewis said, \"He was a team player.", "Former Boston teammate Duffy Lewis said, \"He was a team player. As great a hitter as he was, he wasn't looking out for his own average ... Speaker was the bell cow of our outfield. Harry Hooper and I would watch him and know how to play the hitters.\"", "Harry Hooper and I would watch him and know how to play the hitters.\" Legacy Immediately after Speaker's death, the baseball field at the city park in Cleburne, Texas, was renamed in honor of Speaker.", "Legacy Immediately after Speaker's death, the baseball field at the city park in Cleburne, Texas, was renamed in honor of Speaker. In 1961, the Tris Speaker Memorial Award was created by the Baseball Writers' Association of America to honor players or officials who make outstanding contributions to baseball.", "In 1961, the Tris Speaker Memorial Award was created by the Baseball Writers' Association of America to honor players or officials who make outstanding contributions to baseball. In 1999, he ranked number 27 on the Sporting News''' list of the 100 Greatest Baseball Players. He was named to the Major League Baseball All-Century Team.", "He was named to the Major League Baseball All-Century Team. Speaker is mentioned in the poem \"Line-Up for Yesterday\"'' by Ogden Nash.", "Speaker is mentioned in the poem \"Line-Up for Yesterday\"'' by Ogden Nash. In 2008, former baseball players' union chief Marvin Miller, trying to defend the recently retired catcher Mike Piazza against claims that he should not be elected to the Hall of Fame because of association with the use of steroids, on the basis that the Hall of Fame has various unsavory people in it, opined that Speaker should be removed from the Hall of Fame because of alleged membership in the Ku Klux Klan.", "In 2008, former baseball players' union chief Marvin Miller, trying to defend the recently retired catcher Mike Piazza against claims that he should not be elected to the Hall of Fame because of association with the use of steroids, on the basis that the Hall of Fame has various unsavory people in it, opined that Speaker should be removed from the Hall of Fame because of alleged membership in the Ku Klux Klan. Miller said, \"Some of the early people inducted in the Hall were members of the Ku Klux Klan: Tris Speaker, Cap Anson, and some people suspect Ty Cobb as well.", "Miller said, \"Some of the early people inducted in the Hall were members of the Ku Klux Klan: Tris Speaker, Cap Anson, and some people suspect Ty Cobb as well. I think that by and large, the players, and certainly the ones I knew, are good people.", "I think that by and large, the players, and certainly the ones I knew, are good people. But the Hall is full of villains.\"", "But the Hall is full of villains.\" Miller's comment about Anson has no basis, other than speculating that he could have been a Klansman since he was a racist during his playing career, which ended in 1897, although he was umpiring games with black players by 1901, including featuring the all-black Columbia Giants.", "Miller's comment about Anson has no basis, other than speculating that he could have been a Klansman since he was a racist during his playing career, which ended in 1897, although he was umpiring games with black players by 1901, including featuring the all-black Columbia Giants. Miller, age 91 at the time the 2008 article appeared, is the earliest source for declaring that it is factual that Anson was a member of the Klan, based purely on an Internet search of sources that try to link Anson to the Klan.", "Miller, age 91 at the time the 2008 article appeared, is the earliest source for declaring that it is factual that Anson was a member of the Klan, based purely on an Internet search of sources that try to link Anson to the Klan. By contrast, Speaker-Cobb-Rogers Hornsby biographer Charles C. Alexander, a Klan expert in his general history writings, told fellow baseball author Marty Appel, apparently referring to the 1920s (Anson died in 1922), “As I’ve suggested in the biographies, it’s possible that they [Speaker, Cobb and Hornsby] were briefly in the Klan, which was very strong in Texas and especially in Fort Worth and Dallas.", "By contrast, Speaker-Cobb-Rogers Hornsby biographer Charles C. Alexander, a Klan expert in his general history writings, told fellow baseball author Marty Appel, apparently referring to the 1920s (Anson died in 1922), “As I’ve suggested in the biographies, it’s possible that they [Speaker, Cobb and Hornsby] were briefly in the Klan, which was very strong in Texas and especially in Fort Worth and Dallas. The Klan went all out to recruit prominent people in all fields, provided they were native born, Protestant and white.” Baseball historian Bill James does not dispute this claim in apparently referring to Speaker and possibly Cobb, but says that the Klan had toned down its racist overtures during the 1920s and pulled in hundreds of thousands of men, including Hugo Black.", "The Klan went all out to recruit prominent people in all fields, provided they were native born, Protestant and white.” Baseball historian Bill James does not dispute this claim in apparently referring to Speaker and possibly Cobb, but says that the Klan had toned down its racist overtures during the 1920s and pulled in hundreds of thousands of men, including Hugo Black. James adds that Speaker was a staunch supporter of Doby when he broke the American League color barrier, working long hours with the former second baseman on how to play the outfield.", "James adds that Speaker was a staunch supporter of Doby when he broke the American League color barrier, working long hours with the former second baseman on how to play the outfield. Regular season statistics Managerial record See also Boston Red Sox Hall of Fame List of Major League Baseball players to hit for the cycle List of Major League Baseball batting champions List of Major League Baseball annual doubles leaders List of Major League Baseball doubles records List of Major League Baseball hit records List of Major League Baseball annual home run leaders List of Major League Baseball career stolen bases leaders List of Major League Baseball player-managers List of Major League Baseball career triples leaders List of Major League Baseball career runs scored leaders List of Major League Baseball career runs batted in leaders List of Major League Baseball career hits leaders List of Major League Baseball career doubles leaders List of Major League Baseball career total bases leaders List of Major League Baseball triples records Notes References Further reading Tris Speaker at the Encyclopedia of Cleveland History External links 1888 births 1958 deaths American League batting champions American League home run champions Baseball players from Texas Boston Americans players Boston Red Sox players Cleburne Railroaders players Cleveland Indians coaches Cleveland Indians managers Cleveland Indians players Houston Buffaloes players Kansas City Blues (baseball) managers Little Rock Travelers players Major League Baseball player-managers Major League Baseball center fielders Minor league baseball managers National Baseball Hall of Fame inductees Newark Bears (IL) players People from Hubbard, Texas Philadelphia Athletics players Texas Wesleyan Rams baseball players Washington Senators (1901–1960) players Sp Baseball coaches from Texas" ]

[ "Tris Speaker", "Early years", "What team was Tris playing for?", "Boston", "Did his team do well?", "Speaker's best season came in 1912. He played every game and led the American League (AL) in doubles (53) and home runs (10).", "What other highlights did he have?", "He set career highs with 222 hits, 136 runs, 580 at-bats, and 52 stolen bases.", "What other notable stats did he have?", "Speaker set a major league single-season record with three hitting streaks of twenty or more games (30, 23, and 22)." ]

[ "\"What Else Is There?\" is the third single from the Norwegian duo Röyksopp's second album The Understanding. It features the vocals of Karin Dreijer from the Swedish electronica duo The Knife. The album was released in the UK with the help of Astralwerks.\n\nThe single was used in an O2 television advertisement in the Czech Republic and in Slovakia during 2008. It was also used in the 2006 film Cashback and the 2007 film, Meet Bill. Trentemøller's remix of \"What Else is There?\" was featured in an episode of the HBO show Entourage.\n\nThe song was covered by extreme metal band Enslaved as a bonus track for their album E.\n\nThe song was listed as the 375th best song of the 2000s by Pitchfork Media.\n\nOfficial versions\n\"What Else Is There?\" (Album Version) – 5:17\n\"What Else Is There?\" (Radio Edit) – 3:38\n\"What Else Is There?\" (Jacques Lu Cont Radio Mix) – 3:46\n\"What Else Is There?\" (The Emperor Machine Vocal Version) – 8:03\n\"What Else Is There?\" (The Emperor Machine Dub Version) – 7:51\n\"What Else Is There?\" (Thin White Duke Mix) – 8:25\n\"What Else Is There?\" (Thin White Duke Edit) – 4:50\n\"What Else Is There?\" (Thin White Duke Remix) (Radio Edit) – 3:06\n\"What Else Is There?\" (Trentemøller Remix) – 7:42\n\"What Else Is There?\" (Vitalic Remix) – 5:14\n\nResponse\nThe single was officially released on 5 December 2005 in the UK. The single had a limited release on 21 November 2005 to promote the upcoming album. On the UK Singles Chart, it peaked at number 32, while on the UK Dance Chart, it reached number one.\n\nMusic video\nThe music video was directed by Martin de Thurah. It features Norwegian model Marianne Schröder who is shown lip-syncing Dreijer's voice. Schröder is depicted as a floating woman traveling across stormy landscapes and within empty houses. Dreijer makes a cameo appearance as a woman wearing an Elizabethan ruff while dining alone at a festive table.\n\nMovie spots\n\nThe song is also featured in the movie Meet Bill as characters played by Jessica Alba and Aaron Eckhart smoke marijuana while listening to it. It is also part of the end credits music of the film Cashback.\n\nCharts\n\nReferences\n\n2005 singles\nRöyksopp songs\nAstralwerks singles\nSongs written by Svein Berge\nSongs written by Torbjørn Brundtland\n2004 songs\nSongs written by Roger Greenaway\nSongs written by Olof Dreijer\nSongs written by Karin Dreijer", "In software engineering, rubber duck debugging is a method of debugging code by articulating a problem in spoken or written natural language. The name is a reference to a story in the book The Pragmatic Programmer in which a programmer would carry around a rubber duck and debug their code by forcing themselves to explain it, line-by-line, to the duck. Many other terms exist for this technique, often involving different (usually) inanimate objects, or pets such as a dog or a cat.\n\nMany programmers have had the experience of explaining a problem to someone else, possibly even to someone who knows nothing about programming, and then hitting upon the solution in the process of explaining the problem. In describing what the code is supposed to do and observing what it actually does, any incongruity between these two becomes apparent. More generally, teaching a subject forces its evaluation from different perspectives and can provide a deeper understanding. By using an inanimate object, the programmer can try to accomplish this without having to interrupt anyone else. This approach has been taught in computer science and software engineering courses.\n\nIn popular culture\n\nOn 1 April 2018, Stack Exchange introduced a rubber duck avatar on their websites as a new feature called Quack Overflow. The duck appeared at the bottom right corner of the browser viewport, and attempted to help visitors by listening to their problems and responding with solutions. However, the duck merely produced a quack sound after apparently thinking and typing. It referenced rubber ducking as a powerful method for solving problems. Some confused visitors seeing the duck for the first time thought that a malware program had been installed in their computer before realizing it was an April Fools' Day joke.\n\nSee also\n\n Code review\n Pair programming\n Socratic method\n Desk checking\n Software walkthrough\n The Aha! effect\n Think aloud protocol\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n Rubber Duck Debugging\n\nDebugging\nComputer programming folklore \nDucks" ]

[ "Tristram Edgar Speaker (April 4, 1888 – December 8, 1958), nicknamed \"The Gray Eagle\", was an American professional baseball player. Considered one of the greatest offensive and defensive center fielders in the history of Major League Baseball (MLB), he compiled a career batting average of .345 (sixth all-time).", "Considered one of the greatest offensive and defensive center fielders in the history of Major League Baseball (MLB), he compiled a career batting average of .345 (sixth all-time). His 792 career doubles represent an MLB career record. His 3,514 hits are fifth in the all-time hits list.", "His 3,514 hits are fifth in the all-time hits list. Defensively, Speaker holds career records for assists, double plays, and unassisted double plays by an outfielder. His fielding glove was known as the place \"where triples go to die.\"", "His fielding glove was known as the place \"where triples go to die.\" After playing in the minor leagues in Texas and Arkansas, Speaker debuted with the Boston Red Sox in 1907. He became the regular center fielder by 1909 and led the Red Sox to World Series championships in 1912 and 1915.", "He became the regular center fielder by 1909 and led the Red Sox to World Series championships in 1912 and 1915. In 1915, Speaker's batting average dropped to .322 from .338 the previous season; he was traded to the Cleveland Indians when he refused to take a pay cut.", "In 1915, Speaker's batting average dropped to .322 from .338 the previous season; he was traded to the Cleveland Indians when he refused to take a pay cut. As player-manager for Cleveland, he led the team to its first World Series title.", "As player-manager for Cleveland, he led the team to its first World Series title. In ten of his eleven seasons with Cleveland, he finished with a batting average greater than .350. Speaker resigned as Cleveland's manager in 1926 after he and Ty Cobb faced game fixing allegations; both men were later cleared.", "Speaker resigned as Cleveland's manager in 1926 after he and Ty Cobb faced game fixing allegations; both men were later cleared. During his managerial stint in Cleveland, Speaker introduced the platoon system in the major leagues.", "During his managerial stint in Cleveland, Speaker introduced the platoon system in the major leagues. Speaker played with the Washington Senators in 1927 and the Philadelphia Athletics in 1928, then became a minor league manager and part owner. He later held several roles for the Cleveland Indians.", "He later held several roles for the Cleveland Indians. Late in life, Speaker led a short-lived indoor baseball league, ran a wholesale liquor business, worked in sales and chaired Cleveland's boxing commission. He was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1937.", "He was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1937. He was named 27th in the Sporting News 100 Greatest Baseball Players (1999) and was also included in the Major League Baseball All-Century Team. Early life Speaker was born on April 4, 1888, in Hubbard, Texas, to Archie and Nancy Poer Speaker.", "Early life Speaker was born on April 4, 1888, in Hubbard, Texas, to Archie and Nancy Poer Speaker. As a youth, Speaker broke his arm after he fell from a horse; the injury forced him to become left-handed. In 1905, Speaker played a year of college baseball for Fort Worth Polytechnic Institute.", "In 1905, Speaker played a year of college baseball for Fort Worth Polytechnic Institute. Newspaper reports have held that Speaker suffered a football injury and nearly had his arm amputated around this time; biographer Timothy Gay characterizes this as \"a story that the macho Speaker never .\" He worked on a ranch before beginning his professional baseball career.", "He worked on a ranch before beginning his professional baseball career. Speaker's abilities drew the interest of Doak Roberts, owner of the Cleburne Railroaders of the Texas League, in . After losing several games as a pitcher, Speaker converted to outfielder to replace a Cleburne player who had been struck in the head with a pitch.", "After losing several games as a pitcher, Speaker converted to outfielder to replace a Cleburne player who had been struck in the head with a pitch. He batted .318 for the Railroaders. Speaker's mother opposed his participation in the major leagues, saying that they reminded her of slavery.", "Speaker's mother opposed his participation in the major leagues, saying that they reminded her of slavery. Though she relented, for several years Mrs. Speaker questioned why her son had not stayed home and entered the cattle or oil businesses.", "Though she relented, for several years Mrs. Speaker questioned why her son had not stayed home and entered the cattle or oil businesses. He performed well for the Texas League's Houston Buffaloes in 1907, but his mother stated that she would never allow him to go to the Boston Americans.", "He performed well for the Texas League's Houston Buffaloes in 1907, but his mother stated that she would never allow him to go to the Boston Americans. Roberts sold the youngster to the Americans for $750 or $800 (equal to $ or $ today).", "Roberts sold the youngster to the Americans for $750 or $800 (equal to $ or $ today). Speaker played in seven games for the Americans in , with three hits in 19 at-bats for a .158 average.", "Speaker played in seven games for the Americans in , with three hits in 19 at-bats for a .158 average. In 1908, Boston Americans owner John I. Taylor changed the team's name to the Boston Red Sox after the bright socks in the team's uniform.", "In 1908, Boston Americans owner John I. Taylor changed the team's name to the Boston Red Sox after the bright socks in the team's uniform. That year, the club traded Speaker to the Little Rock Travelers of the Southern League in exchange for use of their facilities for spring training.", "That year, the club traded Speaker to the Little Rock Travelers of the Southern League in exchange for use of their facilities for spring training. Speaker batted .350 for the Travelers and his contract was repurchased by the Red Sox. He logged a .224 batting average in 116 at-bats.", "He logged a .224 batting average in 116 at-bats. Major league career Early years Speaker became the regular starting center fielder for Boston in 1909 and light-hitting Denny Sullivan was sold to the Cleveland Naps. Speaker hit .309 in 143 games as the team finished third in the pennant race.", "Speaker hit .309 in 143 games as the team finished third in the pennant race. Defensively, Speaker was involved in 12 double plays, leading the league's outfielders, and had a .973 fielding percentage, third among outfielders. In the Red Sox signed left fielder Duffy Lewis.", "In the Red Sox signed left fielder Duffy Lewis. Speaker, Lewis and Harry Hooper formed Boston's \"Million-Dollar Outfield\", one of the finest outfield trios in baseball history. Speaker was the star of the Million-Dollar Outfield.", "Speaker was the star of the Million-Dollar Outfield. He ran fast enough that he could stand very close to second base, effectively giving the team a fifth infielder, but he still caught the balls hit to center field. In 1910 and 1911, Boston finished fourth in the American League standings. Speaker's best season came in 1912.", "Speaker's best season came in 1912. He played every game and led the American League (AL) in doubles (53) and home runs (10). He set career highs with 222 hits, 136 runs, 580 at-bats, and 52 stolen bases.", "He set career highs with 222 hits, 136 runs, 580 at-bats, and 52 stolen bases. Speaker's stolen base tally was a team record until Tommy Harper stole 54 bases in 1973. He batted .383 and his .567 slugging percentage was the highest of his dead-ball days.", "He batted .383 and his .567 slugging percentage was the highest of his dead-ball days. Speaker set a major league single-season record with three hitting streaks of 20 or more games (30, 23, and 22). He also became the first major leaguer to hit 50 doubles and steal 50 bases in the same season.", "He also became the first major leaguer to hit 50 doubles and steal 50 bases in the same season. In August, Speaker's mother unsuccessfully attempted to convince him to quit baseball and come home. In Fenway Park's first game, Speaker drove in the winning run in the 11th inning, giving Boston the 7–6 win.", "In Fenway Park's first game, Speaker drove in the winning run in the 11th inning, giving Boston the 7–6 win. The 1912 Red Sox won the AL pennant, finishing 14 games ahead of the Washington Senators and 15 games ahead of the Philadelphia Athletics.", "The 1912 Red Sox won the AL pennant, finishing 14 games ahead of the Washington Senators and 15 games ahead of the Philadelphia Athletics. In the 1912 World Series, Speaker led the Red Sox to their second World Series title by defeating John McGraw's New York Giants.", "In the 1912 World Series, Speaker led the Red Sox to their second World Series title by defeating John McGraw's New York Giants. After the second game was called on account of darkness and ended in a tie, the series went to eight games.", "After the second game was called on account of darkness and ended in a tie, the series went to eight games. The Red Sox won the final game after Fred Snodgrass dropped an easy fly ball and later failed to go after a Speaker pop foul. After the pop foul, Speaker tied the game with a single.", "After the pop foul, Speaker tied the game with a single. The Red Sox won the game in the bottom of the tenth inning. He finished the series with a .300 batting average, nine hits and four runs scored. Speaker was named the AL Most Valuable Player (MVP) for 1912.", "Speaker was named the AL Most Valuable Player (MVP) for 1912. Though he did not lead the league in any offensive categories in 1913, Speaker finished fourth in AL MVP voting. Speaker batted .338 and tied his career high of 12 double plays as an outfielder in . He hit .322 in .", "He hit .322 in . He hit .322 in . The Red Sox beat the Philadelphia Phillies in the 1915 World Series. The Red Sox were led by pitcher Babe Ruth, who was playing in his first full season. Ruth won 18 games and hit a team-high four home runs.", "Ruth won 18 games and hit a team-high four home runs. Speaker got five hits, including a triple, in 17 at-bats during the series. He scored twice but did not drive in any runs.", "He scored twice but did not drive in any runs. Traded to the Indians After 1915, Red Sox president Joseph Lannin wanted Speaker to take a pay cut from about $15,000 (equal to $ today) to about $9,000 (equal to $ today) because of the drop in his batting average; Speaker refused and offered $12,000 ($ today).", "Traded to the Indians After 1915, Red Sox president Joseph Lannin wanted Speaker to take a pay cut from about $15,000 (equal to $ today) to about $9,000 (equal to $ today) because of the drop in his batting average; Speaker refused and offered $12,000 ($ today). On April 8, 1916, Lannin traded Speaker to the Cleveland Indians.", "On April 8, 1916, Lannin traded Speaker to the Cleveland Indians. In exchange, Boston received Sad Sam Jones, Fred Thomas and $50,000 ($ today). The angry Speaker held out until he received $10,000 (equal to $ today) of the cash that Boston collected.", "The angry Speaker held out until he received $10,000 (equal to $ today) of the cash that Boston collected. For many years, this was considered the worst trade in Red Sox history, and was thought to be far more damaging to the Red Sox than the sale of Babe Ruth more than four years later.", "For many years, this was considered the worst trade in Red Sox history, and was thought to be far more damaging to the Red Sox than the sale of Babe Ruth more than four years later. In his book about the Red Sox-Yankees rivalry, Emperors and Idiots, Mike Vaccaro recalled that for some time, \"Red Sox fans shook their head(s) in fury\" when recalling the trade.", "In his book about the Red Sox-Yankees rivalry, Emperors and Idiots, Mike Vaccaro recalled that for some time, \"Red Sox fans shook their head(s) in fury\" when recalling the trade. Vaccaro recalled that no one knew in the winter of 1919-20 that Ruth would blossom into a superstar.", "Vaccaro recalled that no one knew in the winter of 1919-20 that Ruth would blossom into a superstar. In contrast, Speaker had established himself as \"indisputably the best player in the American League\" by 1916. With an annual salary of $40,000 (equal to $ today), Speaker was the highest paid player in baseball.", "With an annual salary of $40,000 (equal to $ today), Speaker was the highest paid player in baseball. Speaker hit over .350 in nine of his eleven years with Cleveland. In , he led the league in hits, doubles, batting average, slugging percentage and on-base percentage.", "In , he led the league in hits, doubles, batting average, slugging percentage and on-base percentage. Cobb had won the previous nine consecutive AL batting titles; Speaker outhit him with a .386 batting average compared to Cobb's .371.", "Cobb had won the previous nine consecutive AL batting titles; Speaker outhit him with a .386 batting average compared to Cobb's .371. The center field fence at Cleveland's Dunn Field was from home plate until it was shortened to in 1920.", "The center field fence at Cleveland's Dunn Field was from home plate until it was shortened to in 1920. Even so, Speaker played so shallow in the outfield that he was able to execute six career unassisted double plays at second base, catching low line drives on the run and then beating baserunners to the bag.", "Even so, Speaker played so shallow in the outfield that he was able to execute six career unassisted double plays at second base, catching low line drives on the run and then beating baserunners to the bag. At least once he was credited as the pivot man in a routine double play.", "At least once he was credited as the pivot man in a routine double play. He was often shallow enough to catch pickoff throws at second base. At one point, Speaker's signature move was to come in behind second base on a bunt and make a tag play on a baserunner who had passed the bag.", "At one point, Speaker's signature move was to come in behind second base on a bunt and make a tag play on a baserunner who had passed the bag. While in Cleveland, Speaker participated in diverse activities off the baseball field. Speaker enrolled in an aviator training program in 1918.", "Speaker enrolled in an aviator training program in 1918. Though World War I ended less than two months after he enrolled, Speaker completed his training and served in the naval reserves for several years. He also owned a ranch in Texas and competed in roping events during the baseball offseason.", "He also owned a ranch in Texas and competed in roping events during the baseball offseason. Stint as player-manager From the day that Speaker arrived in Cleveland, he was effectively assistant manager to Lee Fohl, who rarely made an important move without consulting him. George Uhle recalled an incident from 1919 during his rookie year with the Indians.", "George Uhle recalled an incident from 1919 during his rookie year with the Indians. Speaker often signaled to Fohl when he thought that a pitcher should be brought in from the bullpen. One day, Fohl misread Speaker's signal and brought in a different pitcher than Speaker had intended.", "One day, Fohl misread Speaker's signal and brought in a different pitcher than Speaker had intended. To avoid the appearance of overruling his manager, Speaker let the change stand. Pitcher Fritz Coumbe lost the game, Fohl resigned that night and Speaker became manager. Uhle said that Speaker felt bad for contributing to Fohl's departure.", "Uhle said that Speaker felt bad for contributing to Fohl's departure. Speaker guided the 1920 Indians to their first World Series win. In a crucial late season game against the second-place White Sox, Speaker caught a hard line drive hit to deep right-center field by Shoeless Joe Jackson, ending the game.", "In a crucial late season game against the second-place White Sox, Speaker caught a hard line drive hit to deep right-center field by Shoeless Joe Jackson, ending the game. On a dead run, Speaker leaped with both feet off the ground, snaring the ball before crashing into a concrete wall.", "On a dead run, Speaker leaped with both feet off the ground, snaring the ball before crashing into a concrete wall. As he lay unconscious from the impact, Speaker still held the baseball. In the 1920 World Series against Brooklyn, Speaker hit an RBI triple in the deciding game, which the Indians won 3–0.", "In the 1920 World Series against Brooklyn, Speaker hit an RBI triple in the deciding game, which the Indians won 3–0. Cleveland's 1920 season was also significant due to the death of Ray Chapman on August 17. Chapman died after being hit in the head by a pitch from Carl Mays.", "Chapman died after being hit in the head by a pitch from Carl Mays. Chapman had been asked about retirement before the season, and he said that he wanted to help Speaker earn Cleveland's first World Series victory before thinking of retirement.", "Chapman had been asked about retirement before the season, and he said that he wanted to help Speaker earn Cleveland's first World Series victory before thinking of retirement. During that championship season, Speaker is credited with introducing the platoon system, which attempted to match right-handed batters against left-handed pitchers and vice versa.", "During that championship season, Speaker is credited with introducing the platoon system, which attempted to match right-handed batters against left-handed pitchers and vice versa. Sportswriter John B. Sheridan was among the critics of the system, saying, \"The specialist in baseball is no good and won't go very far...", "Sportswriter John B. Sheridan was among the critics of the system, saying, \"The specialist in baseball is no good and won't go very far... The whole effect of the system will be to make the players affected half men... It is farewell, a long farewell to all that player's chance of greatness...", "It is farewell, a long farewell to all that player's chance of greatness... It destroys young ball players by destroying their most precious quality – confidence in their ability to hit any pitcher, left or right, alive, dead, or waiting to be born.\"", "It destroys young ball players by destroying their most precious quality – confidence in their ability to hit any pitcher, left or right, alive, dead, or waiting to be born.\" Baseball Magazine was supportive, pointing out that Speaker had results that backed up his system.", "Baseball Magazine was supportive, pointing out that Speaker had results that backed up his system. The 1921 Indians remained in a tight pennant race all year, finishing games behind the Yankees. The Indians did not seriously contend for the pennant from 1922 through 1925.", "The Indians did not seriously contend for the pennant from 1922 through 1925. Speaker led the league in doubles eight times, including every year between 1920 and 1923. He led the league's outfielders in fielding percentage in 1921 and 1922.", "He led the league's outfielders in fielding percentage in 1921 and 1922. On May 17, 1925, Speaker became the fifth member of the 3,000 hit club when he hit a single off pitcher Tom Zachary of the Washington Senators. Only Napoleon Lajoie had previously accomplished the feat as a member of the Indians.", "Only Napoleon Lajoie had previously accomplished the feat as a member of the Indians. AL President Ban Johnson asked Speaker and Detroit manager Cobb to resign their posts after a scandal broke in . Pitcher Dutch Leonard claimed that Speaker and Cobb fixed at least one game between Cleveland and Detroit.", "Pitcher Dutch Leonard claimed that Speaker and Cobb fixed at least one game between Cleveland and Detroit. In a newspaper column published shortly before the hearings were to begin, Billy Evans characterized the accusations as \"purely a matter of personal revenge\" for Leonard.", "In a newspaper column published shortly before the hearings were to begin, Billy Evans characterized the accusations as \"purely a matter of personal revenge\" for Leonard. The pitcher was said to be upset with Cobb and Speaker after a trade ended with Leonard in the minor leagues.", "The pitcher was said to be upset with Cobb and Speaker after a trade ended with Leonard in the minor leagues. When Leonard refused to appear at the January 5, 1927, hearings to discuss his accusations, Commissioner Landis cleared both Speaker and Cobb of any wrongdoing.", "When Leonard refused to appear at the January 5, 1927, hearings to discuss his accusations, Commissioner Landis cleared both Speaker and Cobb of any wrongdoing. Both were reinstated to their original teams, but each team declared its manager free to sign elsewhere.", "Both were reinstated to their original teams, but each team declared its manager free to sign elsewhere. Speaker did not return to big league managing and he finished his MLB managerial career with a 617–520 record. At the time of his 1926 resignation, news reports described Speaker as permanently retiring from baseball to pursue business ventures.", "At the time of his 1926 resignation, news reports described Speaker as permanently retiring from baseball to pursue business ventures. However, Speaker signed to play with the Washington Senators for . Cobb joined the Philadelphia Athletics. Speaker joined Cobb in Philadelphia for the season; he played part time and finished with a .267 average.", "Speaker joined Cobb in Philadelphia for the season; he played part time and finished with a .267 average. Prior to that season, Speaker had not hit for a batting average below .300 since 1908. Speaker's major league playing career ended after 1928. He retired with 792 doubles, an all-time career record.", "He retired with 792 doubles, an all-time career record. Defensively, Speaker holds the all-time career records for assists as an outfielder and double plays as an outfielder. He remains the last batter to hit 200 triples in a career. Later life In Speaker replaced Walter Johnson as the manager of the Newark Bears of the International League.", "Later life In Speaker replaced Walter Johnson as the manager of the Newark Bears of the International League. In two seasons with Newark, he also appeared as a player in 59 games. When Speaker resigned during his second season, the Bears were in seventh place after a sixth-place finish in 1929.", "When Speaker resigned during his second season, the Bears were in seventh place after a sixth-place finish in 1929. In January 1933 he became a part owner and manager of the Kansas City Blues. By May, Speaker had been replaced as manager but remained secretary of the club.", "By May, Speaker had been replaced as manager but remained secretary of the club. By 1936, he had sold his share of the team. In 1937, Speaker was voted into the Baseball Hall of Fame during its second year of balloting. He was honored at the hall's first induction ceremony in 1939.", "He was honored at the hall's first induction ceremony in 1939. After his playing and managing days, Speaker was an entrepreneur and salesman. By 1937, Speaker had opened a wholesale liquor business and worked as a state sales representative for a steel company. He chaired Cleveland's boxing commission between 1936 and 1943.", "He chaired Cleveland's boxing commission between 1936 and 1943. Newspaper coverage credited Speaker with several key reforms to boxing in Cleveland, including the recruitment of new officials and protections against fight fixing. Under Speaker, fight payouts went directly to boxers rather than managers.", "Under Speaker, fight payouts went directly to boxers rather than managers. Speaker sorted out a scheduling conflict for a 1940 boxing match in Cleveland involving former middleweight champion Teddy Yarosz. Yarosz defeated Jimmy Reeves in ten rounds and the fight attracted over 8,300 spectators.", "Yarosz defeated Jimmy Reeves in ten rounds and the fight attracted over 8,300 spectators. In 1937, Speaker sustained a 16-foot fall while working on a flower box near a second-story window at his home. Upon admission to the hospital, he underwent facial surgery.", "Upon admission to the hospital, he underwent facial surgery. He was described as having \"better than an even chance to live\" and was suffering from a skull fracture, a broken arm and possible internal injuries. He ultimately recovered. In 1939, Speaker was president of the National Professional Indoor Baseball League.", "In 1939, Speaker was president of the National Professional Indoor Baseball League. The league had teams in New York, Brooklyn, Philadelphia, Boston, Cleveland, Chicago, Cincinnati and St. Louis. The league shut down operations due to poor attendance only two months after its formation.", "The league shut down operations due to poor attendance only two months after its formation. Speaker was one of the founders of Cleveland's Society for Crippled Children and he helped to promote the society's rehabilitation center, Camp Cheerful.", "Speaker was one of the founders of Cleveland's Society for Crippled Children and he helped to promote the society's rehabilitation center, Camp Cheerful. Speaker served as vice president of the society, ran fundraising campaigns and received a distinguished service award from the organization. He became seriously ill with pneumonia in 1942.", "He became seriously ill with pneumonia in 1942. Speaker ultimately recovered, but Gay characterized Speaker's condition as \"touch-and-go for several days\". In 1947, Speaker returned to baseball as \"ambassador of good will\" for Bill Veeck and the Cleveland Indians.", "In 1947, Speaker returned to baseball as \"ambassador of good will\" for Bill Veeck and the Cleveland Indians. He remained in advisory, coaching or scouting roles for the Indians until his death in 1958.", "He remained in advisory, coaching or scouting roles for the Indians until his death in 1958. In an article in the July 1952 issue of SPORT, Speaker recounted how Veeck hired him in 1947 to be a coaching consultant to Larry Doby, the first black player in the AL and the second in the major leagues.", "In an article in the July 1952 issue of SPORT, Speaker recounted how Veeck hired him in 1947 to be a coaching consultant to Larry Doby, the first black player in the AL and the second in the major leagues. Before the Indians had signed Doby, he was the star second baseman of the Newark Eagles of the Negro leagues.", "Before the Indians had signed Doby, he was the star second baseman of the Newark Eagles of the Negro leagues. A SPORT photograph that accompanied the article shows Speaker mentoring five members of the Indians: Luke Easter, Jim Hegan, Ray Boone, Al Rosen and Doby.", "A SPORT photograph that accompanied the article shows Speaker mentoring five members of the Indians: Luke Easter, Jim Hegan, Ray Boone, Al Rosen and Doby. Speaker was inducted into the Texas Sports Hall of Fame in 1951.", "Speaker was inducted into the Texas Sports Hall of Fame in 1951. Texas was the first state to establish a state sports hall of fame and Speaker was in its inaugural induction class. Death Speaker died of a heart attack on December 8, 1958, at the age of 70, at Lake Whitney, Texas.", "Death Speaker died of a heart attack on December 8, 1958, at the age of 70, at Lake Whitney, Texas. He collapsed as he and a friend were pulling their boat into the dock after a fishing trip. It was his second heart attack in four years.", "It was his second heart attack in four years. Speaker was buried at Fairview Cemetery in Hubbard, Texas. After Speaker's death, Cobb said, \"Terribly depressed. I never let him know how much I admired him when we were playing against each other...", "I never let him know how much I admired him when we were playing against each other... It was only after we finally became teammates and then retired that I could tell Tris Speaker of the underlying respect I had for him.\"", "It was only after we finally became teammates and then retired that I could tell Tris Speaker of the underlying respect I had for him.\" Lajoie said, \"He was one of the greatest fellows I ever knew, both as a baseball player and as a gentleman.\"", "Lajoie said, \"He was one of the greatest fellows I ever knew, both as a baseball player and as a gentleman.\" Former Boston teammate Duffy Lewis said, \"He was a team player.", "Former Boston teammate Duffy Lewis said, \"He was a team player. As great a hitter as he was, he wasn't looking out for his own average ... Speaker was the bell cow of our outfield. Harry Hooper and I would watch him and know how to play the hitters.\"", "Harry Hooper and I would watch him and know how to play the hitters.\" Legacy Immediately after Speaker's death, the baseball field at the city park in Cleburne, Texas, was renamed in honor of Speaker.", "Legacy Immediately after Speaker's death, the baseball field at the city park in Cleburne, Texas, was renamed in honor of Speaker. In 1961, the Tris Speaker Memorial Award was created by the Baseball Writers' Association of America to honor players or officials who make outstanding contributions to baseball.", "In 1961, the Tris Speaker Memorial Award was created by the Baseball Writers' Association of America to honor players or officials who make outstanding contributions to baseball. In 1999, he ranked number 27 on the Sporting News''' list of the 100 Greatest Baseball Players. He was named to the Major League Baseball All-Century Team.", "He was named to the Major League Baseball All-Century Team. Speaker is mentioned in the poem \"Line-Up for Yesterday\"'' by Ogden Nash.", "Speaker is mentioned in the poem \"Line-Up for Yesterday\"'' by Ogden Nash. In 2008, former baseball players' union chief Marvin Miller, trying to defend the recently retired catcher Mike Piazza against claims that he should not be elected to the Hall of Fame because of association with the use of steroids, on the basis that the Hall of Fame has various unsavory people in it, opined that Speaker should be removed from the Hall of Fame because of alleged membership in the Ku Klux Klan.", "In 2008, former baseball players' union chief Marvin Miller, trying to defend the recently retired catcher Mike Piazza against claims that he should not be elected to the Hall of Fame because of association with the use of steroids, on the basis that the Hall of Fame has various unsavory people in it, opined that Speaker should be removed from the Hall of Fame because of alleged membership in the Ku Klux Klan. Miller said, \"Some of the early people inducted in the Hall were members of the Ku Klux Klan: Tris Speaker, Cap Anson, and some people suspect Ty Cobb as well.", "Miller said, \"Some of the early people inducted in the Hall were members of the Ku Klux Klan: Tris Speaker, Cap Anson, and some people suspect Ty Cobb as well. I think that by and large, the players, and certainly the ones I knew, are good people.", "I think that by and large, the players, and certainly the ones I knew, are good people. But the Hall is full of villains.\"", "But the Hall is full of villains.\" Miller's comment about Anson has no basis, other than speculating that he could have been a Klansman since he was a racist during his playing career, which ended in 1897, although he was umpiring games with black players by 1901, including featuring the all-black Columbia Giants.", "Miller's comment about Anson has no basis, other than speculating that he could have been a Klansman since he was a racist during his playing career, which ended in 1897, although he was umpiring games with black players by 1901, including featuring the all-black Columbia Giants. Miller, age 91 at the time the 2008 article appeared, is the earliest source for declaring that it is factual that Anson was a member of the Klan, based purely on an Internet search of sources that try to link Anson to the Klan.", "Miller, age 91 at the time the 2008 article appeared, is the earliest source for declaring that it is factual that Anson was a member of the Klan, based purely on an Internet search of sources that try to link Anson to the Klan. By contrast, Speaker-Cobb-Rogers Hornsby biographer Charles C. Alexander, a Klan expert in his general history writings, told fellow baseball author Marty Appel, apparently referring to the 1920s (Anson died in 1922), “As I’ve suggested in the biographies, it’s possible that they [Speaker, Cobb and Hornsby] were briefly in the Klan, which was very strong in Texas and especially in Fort Worth and Dallas.", "By contrast, Speaker-Cobb-Rogers Hornsby biographer Charles C. Alexander, a Klan expert in his general history writings, told fellow baseball author Marty Appel, apparently referring to the 1920s (Anson died in 1922), “As I’ve suggested in the biographies, it’s possible that they [Speaker, Cobb and Hornsby] were briefly in the Klan, which was very strong in Texas and especially in Fort Worth and Dallas. The Klan went all out to recruit prominent people in all fields, provided they were native born, Protestant and white.” Baseball historian Bill James does not dispute this claim in apparently referring to Speaker and possibly Cobb, but says that the Klan had toned down its racist overtures during the 1920s and pulled in hundreds of thousands of men, including Hugo Black.", "The Klan went all out to recruit prominent people in all fields, provided they were native born, Protestant and white.” Baseball historian Bill James does not dispute this claim in apparently referring to Speaker and possibly Cobb, but says that the Klan had toned down its racist overtures during the 1920s and pulled in hundreds of thousands of men, including Hugo Black. James adds that Speaker was a staunch supporter of Doby when he broke the American League color barrier, working long hours with the former second baseman on how to play the outfield.", "James adds that Speaker was a staunch supporter of Doby when he broke the American League color barrier, working long hours with the former second baseman on how to play the outfield. Regular season statistics Managerial record See also Boston Red Sox Hall of Fame List of Major League Baseball players to hit for the cycle List of Major League Baseball batting champions List of Major League Baseball annual doubles leaders List of Major League Baseball doubles records List of Major League Baseball hit records List of Major League Baseball annual home run leaders List of Major League Baseball career stolen bases leaders List of Major League Baseball player-managers List of Major League Baseball career triples leaders List of Major League Baseball career runs scored leaders List of Major League Baseball career runs batted in leaders List of Major League Baseball career hits leaders List of Major League Baseball career doubles leaders List of Major League Baseball career total bases leaders List of Major League Baseball triples records Notes References Further reading Tris Speaker at the Encyclopedia of Cleveland History External links 1888 births 1958 deaths American League batting champions American League home run champions Baseball players from Texas Boston Americans players Boston Red Sox players Cleburne Railroaders players Cleveland Indians coaches Cleveland Indians managers Cleveland Indians players Houston Buffaloes players Kansas City Blues (baseball) managers Little Rock Travelers players Major League Baseball player-managers Major League Baseball center fielders Minor league baseball managers National Baseball Hall of Fame inductees Newark Bears (IL) players People from Hubbard, Texas Philadelphia Athletics players Texas Wesleyan Rams baseball players Washington Senators (1901–1960) players Sp Baseball coaches from Texas" ]

[ "Tris Speaker", "Early years", "What team was Tris playing for?", "Boston", "Did his team do well?", "Speaker's best season came in 1912. He played every game and led the American League (AL) in doubles (53) and home runs (10).", "What other highlights did he have?", "He set career highs with 222 hits, 136 runs, 580 at-bats, and 52 stolen bases.", "What other notable stats did he have?", "Speaker set a major league single-season record with three hitting streaks of twenty or more games (30, 23, and 22).", "What else did he accomplish?", "He also became the first major leaguer to hit 50 doubles and steal 50 bases in the same season.", "Did he stay with his team?", "I don't know." ]

[ "Anything Can Happen is a 1952 comedy-drama film.\n\nAnything Can Happen may also refer to:\n\n Anything Can Happen (album), by Leon Russell, 1994\n \"Anything Can Happen\", a 2019 song by Saint Jhn \n Edhuvum Nadakkum ('Anything Can Happen'), a season of the Tamil TV series Marmadesam\n \"Anything Can Happen in the Next Half Hour\", or \"Anything Can Happen\", a 2007 song by Enter Shikari\n Anything Can Happen in the Next Half Hour (EP), 2004\n\nSee also\n \"Anything Could Happen\", a 2012 song by Ellie Goulding \n Anything Might Happen, 1934 British crime film\n Special Effects: Anything Can Happen, a 1996 American documentary film\n \"Anything Can Happen on Halloween\", a song from the 1986 film The Worst Witch \n Anything Can Happen in the Theatre, a musical revue of works by Maury Yeston\n \"The Anything Can Happen Recurrence\", an episode of The Big Bang Theory (season 7)\n The Anupam Kher Show - Kucch Bhi Ho Sakta Hai ('The Anupam Kher Show — Anything Can Happen') an Indian TV show", "Tunnel vision is a term used when a shooter is focused on a target, and thus misses what goes on around that target. Therefore an innocent bystander may pass in front or behind of the target and be shot accidentally. This is easily understandable if the bystander is not visible in the telescopic sight (see Tunnel vision#Optical instruments), but can also happen without one. In this case, the mental concentration of the shooter is so focused on the target, that they fail to notice anything else.\n\nMarksmanship\nShooting sports" ]

[ "Tristram Edgar Speaker (April 4, 1888 – December 8, 1958), nicknamed \"The Gray Eagle\", was an American professional baseball player. Considered one of the greatest offensive and defensive center fielders in the history of Major League Baseball (MLB), he compiled a career batting average of .345 (sixth all-time).", "Considered one of the greatest offensive and defensive center fielders in the history of Major League Baseball (MLB), he compiled a career batting average of .345 (sixth all-time). His 792 career doubles represent an MLB career record. His 3,514 hits are fifth in the all-time hits list.", "His 3,514 hits are fifth in the all-time hits list. Defensively, Speaker holds career records for assists, double plays, and unassisted double plays by an outfielder. His fielding glove was known as the place \"where triples go to die.\"", "His fielding glove was known as the place \"where triples go to die.\" After playing in the minor leagues in Texas and Arkansas, Speaker debuted with the Boston Red Sox in 1907. He became the regular center fielder by 1909 and led the Red Sox to World Series championships in 1912 and 1915.", "He became the regular center fielder by 1909 and led the Red Sox to World Series championships in 1912 and 1915. In 1915, Speaker's batting average dropped to .322 from .338 the previous season; he was traded to the Cleveland Indians when he refused to take a pay cut.", "In 1915, Speaker's batting average dropped to .322 from .338 the previous season; he was traded to the Cleveland Indians when he refused to take a pay cut. As player-manager for Cleveland, he led the team to its first World Series title.", "As player-manager for Cleveland, he led the team to its first World Series title. In ten of his eleven seasons with Cleveland, he finished with a batting average greater than .350. Speaker resigned as Cleveland's manager in 1926 after he and Ty Cobb faced game fixing allegations; both men were later cleared.", "Speaker resigned as Cleveland's manager in 1926 after he and Ty Cobb faced game fixing allegations; both men were later cleared. During his managerial stint in Cleveland, Speaker introduced the platoon system in the major leagues.", "During his managerial stint in Cleveland, Speaker introduced the platoon system in the major leagues. Speaker played with the Washington Senators in 1927 and the Philadelphia Athletics in 1928, then became a minor league manager and part owner. He later held several roles for the Cleveland Indians.", "He later held several roles for the Cleveland Indians. Late in life, Speaker led a short-lived indoor baseball league, ran a wholesale liquor business, worked in sales and chaired Cleveland's boxing commission. He was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1937.", "He was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1937. He was named 27th in the Sporting News 100 Greatest Baseball Players (1999) and was also included in the Major League Baseball All-Century Team. Early life Speaker was born on April 4, 1888, in Hubbard, Texas, to Archie and Nancy Poer Speaker.", "Early life Speaker was born on April 4, 1888, in Hubbard, Texas, to Archie and Nancy Poer Speaker. As a youth, Speaker broke his arm after he fell from a horse; the injury forced him to become left-handed. In 1905, Speaker played a year of college baseball for Fort Worth Polytechnic Institute.", "In 1905, Speaker played a year of college baseball for Fort Worth Polytechnic Institute. Newspaper reports have held that Speaker suffered a football injury and nearly had his arm amputated around this time; biographer Timothy Gay characterizes this as \"a story that the macho Speaker never .\" He worked on a ranch before beginning his professional baseball career.", "He worked on a ranch before beginning his professional baseball career. Speaker's abilities drew the interest of Doak Roberts, owner of the Cleburne Railroaders of the Texas League, in . After losing several games as a pitcher, Speaker converted to outfielder to replace a Cleburne player who had been struck in the head with a pitch.", "After losing several games as a pitcher, Speaker converted to outfielder to replace a Cleburne player who had been struck in the head with a pitch. He batted .318 for the Railroaders. Speaker's mother opposed his participation in the major leagues, saying that they reminded her of slavery.", "Speaker's mother opposed his participation in the major leagues, saying that they reminded her of slavery. Though she relented, for several years Mrs. Speaker questioned why her son had not stayed home and entered the cattle or oil businesses.", "Though she relented, for several years Mrs. Speaker questioned why her son had not stayed home and entered the cattle or oil businesses. He performed well for the Texas League's Houston Buffaloes in 1907, but his mother stated that she would never allow him to go to the Boston Americans.", "He performed well for the Texas League's Houston Buffaloes in 1907, but his mother stated that she would never allow him to go to the Boston Americans. Roberts sold the youngster to the Americans for $750 or $800 (equal to $ or $ today).", "Roberts sold the youngster to the Americans for $750 or $800 (equal to $ or $ today). Speaker played in seven games for the Americans in , with three hits in 19 at-bats for a .158 average.", "Speaker played in seven games for the Americans in , with three hits in 19 at-bats for a .158 average. In 1908, Boston Americans owner John I. Taylor changed the team's name to the Boston Red Sox after the bright socks in the team's uniform.", "In 1908, Boston Americans owner John I. Taylor changed the team's name to the Boston Red Sox after the bright socks in the team's uniform. That year, the club traded Speaker to the Little Rock Travelers of the Southern League in exchange for use of their facilities for spring training.", "That year, the club traded Speaker to the Little Rock Travelers of the Southern League in exchange for use of their facilities for spring training. Speaker batted .350 for the Travelers and his contract was repurchased by the Red Sox. He logged a .224 batting average in 116 at-bats.", "He logged a .224 batting average in 116 at-bats. Major league career Early years Speaker became the regular starting center fielder for Boston in 1909 and light-hitting Denny Sullivan was sold to the Cleveland Naps. Speaker hit .309 in 143 games as the team finished third in the pennant race.", "Speaker hit .309 in 143 games as the team finished third in the pennant race. Defensively, Speaker was involved in 12 double plays, leading the league's outfielders, and had a .973 fielding percentage, third among outfielders. In the Red Sox signed left fielder Duffy Lewis.", "In the Red Sox signed left fielder Duffy Lewis. Speaker, Lewis and Harry Hooper formed Boston's \"Million-Dollar Outfield\", one of the finest outfield trios in baseball history. Speaker was the star of the Million-Dollar Outfield.", "Speaker was the star of the Million-Dollar Outfield. He ran fast enough that he could stand very close to second base, effectively giving the team a fifth infielder, but he still caught the balls hit to center field. In 1910 and 1911, Boston finished fourth in the American League standings. Speaker's best season came in 1912.", "Speaker's best season came in 1912. He played every game and led the American League (AL) in doubles (53) and home runs (10). He set career highs with 222 hits, 136 runs, 580 at-bats, and 52 stolen bases.", "He set career highs with 222 hits, 136 runs, 580 at-bats, and 52 stolen bases. Speaker's stolen base tally was a team record until Tommy Harper stole 54 bases in 1973. He batted .383 and his .567 slugging percentage was the highest of his dead-ball days.", "He batted .383 and his .567 slugging percentage was the highest of his dead-ball days. Speaker set a major league single-season record with three hitting streaks of 20 or more games (30, 23, and 22). He also became the first major leaguer to hit 50 doubles and steal 50 bases in the same season.", "He also became the first major leaguer to hit 50 doubles and steal 50 bases in the same season. In August, Speaker's mother unsuccessfully attempted to convince him to quit baseball and come home. In Fenway Park's first game, Speaker drove in the winning run in the 11th inning, giving Boston the 7–6 win.", "In Fenway Park's first game, Speaker drove in the winning run in the 11th inning, giving Boston the 7–6 win. The 1912 Red Sox won the AL pennant, finishing 14 games ahead of the Washington Senators and 15 games ahead of the Philadelphia Athletics.", "The 1912 Red Sox won the AL pennant, finishing 14 games ahead of the Washington Senators and 15 games ahead of the Philadelphia Athletics. In the 1912 World Series, Speaker led the Red Sox to their second World Series title by defeating John McGraw's New York Giants.", "In the 1912 World Series, Speaker led the Red Sox to their second World Series title by defeating John McGraw's New York Giants. After the second game was called on account of darkness and ended in a tie, the series went to eight games.", "After the second game was called on account of darkness and ended in a tie, the series went to eight games. The Red Sox won the final game after Fred Snodgrass dropped an easy fly ball and later failed to go after a Speaker pop foul. After the pop foul, Speaker tied the game with a single.", "After the pop foul, Speaker tied the game with a single. The Red Sox won the game in the bottom of the tenth inning. He finished the series with a .300 batting average, nine hits and four runs scored. Speaker was named the AL Most Valuable Player (MVP) for 1912.", "Speaker was named the AL Most Valuable Player (MVP) for 1912. Though he did not lead the league in any offensive categories in 1913, Speaker finished fourth in AL MVP voting. Speaker batted .338 and tied his career high of 12 double plays as an outfielder in . He hit .322 in .", "He hit .322 in . He hit .322 in . The Red Sox beat the Philadelphia Phillies in the 1915 World Series. The Red Sox were led by pitcher Babe Ruth, who was playing in his first full season. Ruth won 18 games and hit a team-high four home runs.", "Ruth won 18 games and hit a team-high four home runs. Speaker got five hits, including a triple, in 17 at-bats during the series. He scored twice but did not drive in any runs.", "He scored twice but did not drive in any runs. Traded to the Indians After 1915, Red Sox president Joseph Lannin wanted Speaker to take a pay cut from about $15,000 (equal to $ today) to about $9,000 (equal to $ today) because of the drop in his batting average; Speaker refused and offered $12,000 ($ today).", "Traded to the Indians After 1915, Red Sox president Joseph Lannin wanted Speaker to take a pay cut from about $15,000 (equal to $ today) to about $9,000 (equal to $ today) because of the drop in his batting average; Speaker refused and offered $12,000 ($ today). On April 8, 1916, Lannin traded Speaker to the Cleveland Indians.", "On April 8, 1916, Lannin traded Speaker to the Cleveland Indians. In exchange, Boston received Sad Sam Jones, Fred Thomas and $50,000 ($ today). The angry Speaker held out until he received $10,000 (equal to $ today) of the cash that Boston collected.", "The angry Speaker held out until he received $10,000 (equal to $ today) of the cash that Boston collected. For many years, this was considered the worst trade in Red Sox history, and was thought to be far more damaging to the Red Sox than the sale of Babe Ruth more than four years later.", "For many years, this was considered the worst trade in Red Sox history, and was thought to be far more damaging to the Red Sox than the sale of Babe Ruth more than four years later. In his book about the Red Sox-Yankees rivalry, Emperors and Idiots, Mike Vaccaro recalled that for some time, \"Red Sox fans shook their head(s) in fury\" when recalling the trade.", "In his book about the Red Sox-Yankees rivalry, Emperors and Idiots, Mike Vaccaro recalled that for some time, \"Red Sox fans shook their head(s) in fury\" when recalling the trade. Vaccaro recalled that no one knew in the winter of 1919-20 that Ruth would blossom into a superstar.", "Vaccaro recalled that no one knew in the winter of 1919-20 that Ruth would blossom into a superstar. In contrast, Speaker had established himself as \"indisputably the best player in the American League\" by 1916. With an annual salary of $40,000 (equal to $ today), Speaker was the highest paid player in baseball.", "With an annual salary of $40,000 (equal to $ today), Speaker was the highest paid player in baseball. Speaker hit over .350 in nine of his eleven years with Cleveland. In , he led the league in hits, doubles, batting average, slugging percentage and on-base percentage.", "In , he led the league in hits, doubles, batting average, slugging percentage and on-base percentage. Cobb had won the previous nine consecutive AL batting titles; Speaker outhit him with a .386 batting average compared to Cobb's .371.", "Cobb had won the previous nine consecutive AL batting titles; Speaker outhit him with a .386 batting average compared to Cobb's .371. The center field fence at Cleveland's Dunn Field was from home plate until it was shortened to in 1920.", "The center field fence at Cleveland's Dunn Field was from home plate until it was shortened to in 1920. Even so, Speaker played so shallow in the outfield that he was able to execute six career unassisted double plays at second base, catching low line drives on the run and then beating baserunners to the bag.", "Even so, Speaker played so shallow in the outfield that he was able to execute six career unassisted double plays at second base, catching low line drives on the run and then beating baserunners to the bag. At least once he was credited as the pivot man in a routine double play.", "At least once he was credited as the pivot man in a routine double play. He was often shallow enough to catch pickoff throws at second base. At one point, Speaker's signature move was to come in behind second base on a bunt and make a tag play on a baserunner who had passed the bag.", "At one point, Speaker's signature move was to come in behind second base on a bunt and make a tag play on a baserunner who had passed the bag. While in Cleveland, Speaker participated in diverse activities off the baseball field. Speaker enrolled in an aviator training program in 1918.", "Speaker enrolled in an aviator training program in 1918. Though World War I ended less than two months after he enrolled, Speaker completed his training and served in the naval reserves for several years. He also owned a ranch in Texas and competed in roping events during the baseball offseason.", "He also owned a ranch in Texas and competed in roping events during the baseball offseason. Stint as player-manager From the day that Speaker arrived in Cleveland, he was effectively assistant manager to Lee Fohl, who rarely made an important move without consulting him. George Uhle recalled an incident from 1919 during his rookie year with the Indians.", "George Uhle recalled an incident from 1919 during his rookie year with the Indians. Speaker often signaled to Fohl when he thought that a pitcher should be brought in from the bullpen. One day, Fohl misread Speaker's signal and brought in a different pitcher than Speaker had intended.", "One day, Fohl misread Speaker's signal and brought in a different pitcher than Speaker had intended. To avoid the appearance of overruling his manager, Speaker let the change stand. Pitcher Fritz Coumbe lost the game, Fohl resigned that night and Speaker became manager. Uhle said that Speaker felt bad for contributing to Fohl's departure.", "Uhle said that Speaker felt bad for contributing to Fohl's departure. Speaker guided the 1920 Indians to their first World Series win. In a crucial late season game against the second-place White Sox, Speaker caught a hard line drive hit to deep right-center field by Shoeless Joe Jackson, ending the game.", "In a crucial late season game against the second-place White Sox, Speaker caught a hard line drive hit to deep right-center field by Shoeless Joe Jackson, ending the game. On a dead run, Speaker leaped with both feet off the ground, snaring the ball before crashing into a concrete wall.", "On a dead run, Speaker leaped with both feet off the ground, snaring the ball before crashing into a concrete wall. As he lay unconscious from the impact, Speaker still held the baseball. In the 1920 World Series against Brooklyn, Speaker hit an RBI triple in the deciding game, which the Indians won 3–0.", "In the 1920 World Series against Brooklyn, Speaker hit an RBI triple in the deciding game, which the Indians won 3–0. Cleveland's 1920 season was also significant due to the death of Ray Chapman on August 17. Chapman died after being hit in the head by a pitch from Carl Mays.", "Chapman died after being hit in the head by a pitch from Carl Mays. Chapman had been asked about retirement before the season, and he said that he wanted to help Speaker earn Cleveland's first World Series victory before thinking of retirement.", "Chapman had been asked about retirement before the season, and he said that he wanted to help Speaker earn Cleveland's first World Series victory before thinking of retirement. During that championship season, Speaker is credited with introducing the platoon system, which attempted to match right-handed batters against left-handed pitchers and vice versa.", "During that championship season, Speaker is credited with introducing the platoon system, which attempted to match right-handed batters against left-handed pitchers and vice versa. Sportswriter John B. Sheridan was among the critics of the system, saying, \"The specialist in baseball is no good and won't go very far...", "Sportswriter John B. Sheridan was among the critics of the system, saying, \"The specialist in baseball is no good and won't go very far... The whole effect of the system will be to make the players affected half men... It is farewell, a long farewell to all that player's chance of greatness...", "It is farewell, a long farewell to all that player's chance of greatness... It destroys young ball players by destroying their most precious quality – confidence in their ability to hit any pitcher, left or right, alive, dead, or waiting to be born.\"", "It destroys young ball players by destroying their most precious quality – confidence in their ability to hit any pitcher, left or right, alive, dead, or waiting to be born.\" Baseball Magazine was supportive, pointing out that Speaker had results that backed up his system.", "Baseball Magazine was supportive, pointing out that Speaker had results that backed up his system. The 1921 Indians remained in a tight pennant race all year, finishing games behind the Yankees. The Indians did not seriously contend for the pennant from 1922 through 1925.", "The Indians did not seriously contend for the pennant from 1922 through 1925. Speaker led the league in doubles eight times, including every year between 1920 and 1923. He led the league's outfielders in fielding percentage in 1921 and 1922.", "He led the league's outfielders in fielding percentage in 1921 and 1922. On May 17, 1925, Speaker became the fifth member of the 3,000 hit club when he hit a single off pitcher Tom Zachary of the Washington Senators. Only Napoleon Lajoie had previously accomplished the feat as a member of the Indians.", "Only Napoleon Lajoie had previously accomplished the feat as a member of the Indians. AL President Ban Johnson asked Speaker and Detroit manager Cobb to resign their posts after a scandal broke in . Pitcher Dutch Leonard claimed that Speaker and Cobb fixed at least one game between Cleveland and Detroit.", "Pitcher Dutch Leonard claimed that Speaker and Cobb fixed at least one game between Cleveland and Detroit. In a newspaper column published shortly before the hearings were to begin, Billy Evans characterized the accusations as \"purely a matter of personal revenge\" for Leonard.", "In a newspaper column published shortly before the hearings were to begin, Billy Evans characterized the accusations as \"purely a matter of personal revenge\" for Leonard. The pitcher was said to be upset with Cobb and Speaker after a trade ended with Leonard in the minor leagues.", "The pitcher was said to be upset with Cobb and Speaker after a trade ended with Leonard in the minor leagues. When Leonard refused to appear at the January 5, 1927, hearings to discuss his accusations, Commissioner Landis cleared both Speaker and Cobb of any wrongdoing.", "When Leonard refused to appear at the January 5, 1927, hearings to discuss his accusations, Commissioner Landis cleared both Speaker and Cobb of any wrongdoing. Both were reinstated to their original teams, but each team declared its manager free to sign elsewhere.", "Both were reinstated to their original teams, but each team declared its manager free to sign elsewhere. Speaker did not return to big league managing and he finished his MLB managerial career with a 617–520 record. At the time of his 1926 resignation, news reports described Speaker as permanently retiring from baseball to pursue business ventures.", "At the time of his 1926 resignation, news reports described Speaker as permanently retiring from baseball to pursue business ventures. However, Speaker signed to play with the Washington Senators for . Cobb joined the Philadelphia Athletics. Speaker joined Cobb in Philadelphia for the season; he played part time and finished with a .267 average.", "Speaker joined Cobb in Philadelphia for the season; he played part time and finished with a .267 average. Prior to that season, Speaker had not hit for a batting average below .300 since 1908. Speaker's major league playing career ended after 1928. He retired with 792 doubles, an all-time career record.", "He retired with 792 doubles, an all-time career record. Defensively, Speaker holds the all-time career records for assists as an outfielder and double plays as an outfielder. He remains the last batter to hit 200 triples in a career. Later life In Speaker replaced Walter Johnson as the manager of the Newark Bears of the International League.", "Later life In Speaker replaced Walter Johnson as the manager of the Newark Bears of the International League. In two seasons with Newark, he also appeared as a player in 59 games. When Speaker resigned during his second season, the Bears were in seventh place after a sixth-place finish in 1929.", "When Speaker resigned during his second season, the Bears were in seventh place after a sixth-place finish in 1929. In January 1933 he became a part owner and manager of the Kansas City Blues. By May, Speaker had been replaced as manager but remained secretary of the club.", "By May, Speaker had been replaced as manager but remained secretary of the club. By 1936, he had sold his share of the team. In 1937, Speaker was voted into the Baseball Hall of Fame during its second year of balloting. He was honored at the hall's first induction ceremony in 1939.", "He was honored at the hall's first induction ceremony in 1939. After his playing and managing days, Speaker was an entrepreneur and salesman. By 1937, Speaker had opened a wholesale liquor business and worked as a state sales representative for a steel company. He chaired Cleveland's boxing commission between 1936 and 1943.", "He chaired Cleveland's boxing commission between 1936 and 1943. Newspaper coverage credited Speaker with several key reforms to boxing in Cleveland, including the recruitment of new officials and protections against fight fixing. Under Speaker, fight payouts went directly to boxers rather than managers.", "Under Speaker, fight payouts went directly to boxers rather than managers. Speaker sorted out a scheduling conflict for a 1940 boxing match in Cleveland involving former middleweight champion Teddy Yarosz. Yarosz defeated Jimmy Reeves in ten rounds and the fight attracted over 8,300 spectators.", "Yarosz defeated Jimmy Reeves in ten rounds and the fight attracted over 8,300 spectators. In 1937, Speaker sustained a 16-foot fall while working on a flower box near a second-story window at his home. Upon admission to the hospital, he underwent facial surgery.", "Upon admission to the hospital, he underwent facial surgery. He was described as having \"better than an even chance to live\" and was suffering from a skull fracture, a broken arm and possible internal injuries. He ultimately recovered. In 1939, Speaker was president of the National Professional Indoor Baseball League.", "In 1939, Speaker was president of the National Professional Indoor Baseball League. The league had teams in New York, Brooklyn, Philadelphia, Boston, Cleveland, Chicago, Cincinnati and St. Louis. The league shut down operations due to poor attendance only two months after its formation.", "The league shut down operations due to poor attendance only two months after its formation. Speaker was one of the founders of Cleveland's Society for Crippled Children and he helped to promote the society's rehabilitation center, Camp Cheerful.", "Speaker was one of the founders of Cleveland's Society for Crippled Children and he helped to promote the society's rehabilitation center, Camp Cheerful. Speaker served as vice president of the society, ran fundraising campaigns and received a distinguished service award from the organization. He became seriously ill with pneumonia in 1942.", "He became seriously ill with pneumonia in 1942. Speaker ultimately recovered, but Gay characterized Speaker's condition as \"touch-and-go for several days\". In 1947, Speaker returned to baseball as \"ambassador of good will\" for Bill Veeck and the Cleveland Indians.", "In 1947, Speaker returned to baseball as \"ambassador of good will\" for Bill Veeck and the Cleveland Indians. He remained in advisory, coaching or scouting roles for the Indians until his death in 1958.", "He remained in advisory, coaching or scouting roles for the Indians until his death in 1958. In an article in the July 1952 issue of SPORT, Speaker recounted how Veeck hired him in 1947 to be a coaching consultant to Larry Doby, the first black player in the AL and the second in the major leagues.", "In an article in the July 1952 issue of SPORT, Speaker recounted how Veeck hired him in 1947 to be a coaching consultant to Larry Doby, the first black player in the AL and the second in the major leagues. Before the Indians had signed Doby, he was the star second baseman of the Newark Eagles of the Negro leagues.", "Before the Indians had signed Doby, he was the star second baseman of the Newark Eagles of the Negro leagues. A SPORT photograph that accompanied the article shows Speaker mentoring five members of the Indians: Luke Easter, Jim Hegan, Ray Boone, Al Rosen and Doby.", "A SPORT photograph that accompanied the article shows Speaker mentoring five members of the Indians: Luke Easter, Jim Hegan, Ray Boone, Al Rosen and Doby. Speaker was inducted into the Texas Sports Hall of Fame in 1951.", "Speaker was inducted into the Texas Sports Hall of Fame in 1951. Texas was the first state to establish a state sports hall of fame and Speaker was in its inaugural induction class. Death Speaker died of a heart attack on December 8, 1958, at the age of 70, at Lake Whitney, Texas.", "Death Speaker died of a heart attack on December 8, 1958, at the age of 70, at Lake Whitney, Texas. He collapsed as he and a friend were pulling their boat into the dock after a fishing trip. It was his second heart attack in four years.", "It was his second heart attack in four years. Speaker was buried at Fairview Cemetery in Hubbard, Texas. After Speaker's death, Cobb said, \"Terribly depressed. I never let him know how much I admired him when we were playing against each other...", "I never let him know how much I admired him when we were playing against each other... It was only after we finally became teammates and then retired that I could tell Tris Speaker of the underlying respect I had for him.\"", "It was only after we finally became teammates and then retired that I could tell Tris Speaker of the underlying respect I had for him.\" Lajoie said, \"He was one of the greatest fellows I ever knew, both as a baseball player and as a gentleman.\"", "Lajoie said, \"He was one of the greatest fellows I ever knew, both as a baseball player and as a gentleman.\" Former Boston teammate Duffy Lewis said, \"He was a team player.", "Former Boston teammate Duffy Lewis said, \"He was a team player. As great a hitter as he was, he wasn't looking out for his own average ... Speaker was the bell cow of our outfield. Harry Hooper and I would watch him and know how to play the hitters.\"", "Harry Hooper and I would watch him and know how to play the hitters.\" Legacy Immediately after Speaker's death, the baseball field at the city park in Cleburne, Texas, was renamed in honor of Speaker.", "Legacy Immediately after Speaker's death, the baseball field at the city park in Cleburne, Texas, was renamed in honor of Speaker. In 1961, the Tris Speaker Memorial Award was created by the Baseball Writers' Association of America to honor players or officials who make outstanding contributions to baseball.", "In 1961, the Tris Speaker Memorial Award was created by the Baseball Writers' Association of America to honor players or officials who make outstanding contributions to baseball. In 1999, he ranked number 27 on the Sporting News''' list of the 100 Greatest Baseball Players. He was named to the Major League Baseball All-Century Team.", "He was named to the Major League Baseball All-Century Team. Speaker is mentioned in the poem \"Line-Up for Yesterday\"'' by Ogden Nash.", "Speaker is mentioned in the poem \"Line-Up for Yesterday\"'' by Ogden Nash. In 2008, former baseball players' union chief Marvin Miller, trying to defend the recently retired catcher Mike Piazza against claims that he should not be elected to the Hall of Fame because of association with the use of steroids, on the basis that the Hall of Fame has various unsavory people in it, opined that Speaker should be removed from the Hall of Fame because of alleged membership in the Ku Klux Klan.", "In 2008, former baseball players' union chief Marvin Miller, trying to defend the recently retired catcher Mike Piazza against claims that he should not be elected to the Hall of Fame because of association with the use of steroids, on the basis that the Hall of Fame has various unsavory people in it, opined that Speaker should be removed from the Hall of Fame because of alleged membership in the Ku Klux Klan. Miller said, \"Some of the early people inducted in the Hall were members of the Ku Klux Klan: Tris Speaker, Cap Anson, and some people suspect Ty Cobb as well.", "Miller said, \"Some of the early people inducted in the Hall were members of the Ku Klux Klan: Tris Speaker, Cap Anson, and some people suspect Ty Cobb as well. I think that by and large, the players, and certainly the ones I knew, are good people.", "I think that by and large, the players, and certainly the ones I knew, are good people. But the Hall is full of villains.\"", "But the Hall is full of villains.\" Miller's comment about Anson has no basis, other than speculating that he could have been a Klansman since he was a racist during his playing career, which ended in 1897, although he was umpiring games with black players by 1901, including featuring the all-black Columbia Giants.", "Miller's comment about Anson has no basis, other than speculating that he could have been a Klansman since he was a racist during his playing career, which ended in 1897, although he was umpiring games with black players by 1901, including featuring the all-black Columbia Giants. Miller, age 91 at the time the 2008 article appeared, is the earliest source for declaring that it is factual that Anson was a member of the Klan, based purely on an Internet search of sources that try to link Anson to the Klan.", "Miller, age 91 at the time the 2008 article appeared, is the earliest source for declaring that it is factual that Anson was a member of the Klan, based purely on an Internet search of sources that try to link Anson to the Klan. By contrast, Speaker-Cobb-Rogers Hornsby biographer Charles C. Alexander, a Klan expert in his general history writings, told fellow baseball author Marty Appel, apparently referring to the 1920s (Anson died in 1922), “As I’ve suggested in the biographies, it’s possible that they [Speaker, Cobb and Hornsby] were briefly in the Klan, which was very strong in Texas and especially in Fort Worth and Dallas.", "By contrast, Speaker-Cobb-Rogers Hornsby biographer Charles C. Alexander, a Klan expert in his general history writings, told fellow baseball author Marty Appel, apparently referring to the 1920s (Anson died in 1922), “As I’ve suggested in the biographies, it’s possible that they [Speaker, Cobb and Hornsby] were briefly in the Klan, which was very strong in Texas and especially in Fort Worth and Dallas. The Klan went all out to recruit prominent people in all fields, provided they were native born, Protestant and white.” Baseball historian Bill James does not dispute this claim in apparently referring to Speaker and possibly Cobb, but says that the Klan had toned down its racist overtures during the 1920s and pulled in hundreds of thousands of men, including Hugo Black.", "The Klan went all out to recruit prominent people in all fields, provided they were native born, Protestant and white.” Baseball historian Bill James does not dispute this claim in apparently referring to Speaker and possibly Cobb, but says that the Klan had toned down its racist overtures during the 1920s and pulled in hundreds of thousands of men, including Hugo Black. James adds that Speaker was a staunch supporter of Doby when he broke the American League color barrier, working long hours with the former second baseman on how to play the outfield.", "James adds that Speaker was a staunch supporter of Doby when he broke the American League color barrier, working long hours with the former second baseman on how to play the outfield. Regular season statistics Managerial record See also Boston Red Sox Hall of Fame List of Major League Baseball players to hit for the cycle List of Major League Baseball batting champions List of Major League Baseball annual doubles leaders List of Major League Baseball doubles records List of Major League Baseball hit records List of Major League Baseball annual home run leaders List of Major League Baseball career stolen bases leaders List of Major League Baseball player-managers List of Major League Baseball career triples leaders List of Major League Baseball career runs scored leaders List of Major League Baseball career runs batted in leaders List of Major League Baseball career hits leaders List of Major League Baseball career doubles leaders List of Major League Baseball career total bases leaders List of Major League Baseball triples records Notes References Further reading Tris Speaker at the Encyclopedia of Cleveland History External links 1888 births 1958 deaths American League batting champions American League home run champions Baseball players from Texas Boston Americans players Boston Red Sox players Cleburne Railroaders players Cleveland Indians coaches Cleveland Indians managers Cleveland Indians players Houston Buffaloes players Kansas City Blues (baseball) managers Little Rock Travelers players Major League Baseball player-managers Major League Baseball center fielders Minor league baseball managers National Baseball Hall of Fame inductees Newark Bears (IL) players People from Hubbard, Texas Philadelphia Athletics players Texas Wesleyan Rams baseball players Washington Senators (1901–1960) players Sp Baseball coaches from Texas" ]

[ "Tris Speaker", "Early years", "What team was Tris playing for?", "Boston", "Did his team do well?", "Speaker's best season came in 1912. He played every game and led the American League (AL) in doubles (53) and home runs (10).", "What other highlights did he have?", "He set career highs with 222 hits, 136 runs, 580 at-bats, and 52 stolen bases.", "What other notable stats did he have?", "Speaker set a major league single-season record with three hitting streaks of twenty or more games (30, 23, and 22).", "What else did he accomplish?", "He also became the first major leaguer to hit 50 doubles and steal 50 bases in the same season.", "Did he stay with his team?", "I don't know.", "Did anything else interesting happen?", "The Red Sox beat the Philadelphia Phillies in the 1915 World Series." ]

[ "Tris, or tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane, or known during medical use as tromethamine or THAM, is an organic compound with the formula (HOCH2)3CNH2. It is extensively used in biochemistry and molecular biology as a component of buffer solutions such as in TAE and TBE buffers, especially for solutions of nucleic acids. It contains a primary amine and thus undergoes the reactions associated with typical amines, e.g. condensations with aldehydes. Tris also complexes with metal ions in solution. In medicine, tromethamine is occasionally used as a drug, given in intensive care for its properties as a buffer for the treatment of severe metabolic acidosis in specific circumstances. Some medications are formulated as the \"tromethamine salt\" including hemabate (carboprost as trometamol salt), and \"ketorolac trometamol\".\n\nBuffering features\nThe conjugate acid of tris has a pKa of 8.07 at 25 °C, which implies that the buffer has an effective pH range between 7.1 and 9.1 (pKa ± 1) at room temperature.\n\nBuffer details\nIn general, as temperature decreases from 25 °C to 5 °C the pH of a tris buffer will increase an average of 0.03 units per degree. As temperature rises from 25 °C to 37 °C, the pH of a Tris buffer will decrease an average of 0.025 units per degree.\nIn general, a 10-fold increase in tris buffer concentration will lead to a 0.05 unit increase in pH and vice versa.\nSilver-containing single-junction pH electrodes (e.g., silver chloride electrodes) are incompatible with tris since an Ag-tris precipitate forms which clogs the junction. Double-junction electrodes are resistant to this problem, and non-silver containing electrodes are immune.\n\nBuffer inhibition\nTris inhibits a number of enzymes, and therefore should be used with care when studying proteins.\nTris can also inhibit enzyme activity via chelation of metal ions.\n\nPreparation\nTris is prepared industrially by the exhaustive condensation of nitromethane with formaldehyde under basic conditions (i.e. repeated Henry reactions) to produce the intermediate (HOCH2)3CNO2, which is subsequently hydrogenated to give the final product.\n\nUses\nThe useful buffer range for tris (7–9) coincides with the physiological pH typical of most living organisms. This, and its low cost, make tris one of the most common buffers in the biology/biochemistry laboratory. Tris is also used as a primary standard to standardize acid solutions for chemical analysis.\n\nTris is used to increase permeability of cell membranes. It is a component of the Moderna COVID-19 vaccine and Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine for use in children 5 through 11 years of age.\n\nMedical\nTris (usually known as THAM in this context) is used as alternative to sodium bicarbonate in the treatment of metabolic acidosis.\n\nSee also\nMOPS\nHEPES\nMES\nCommon buffer compounds used in biology\n\nReferences\n\nPolyols\nAmines\nBuffer solutions", "Thai Rating and Information Services Co., Ltd. (TRIS) founded in 1993 as Thailand’s first credit rating agency. Initiated by Ministry of Finance and Bank of Thailand to facilitate the development of domestic bond market. Later renamed TRIS Corporation Limited in 2007. TRIS Rating Co., Ltd. was established as a separate company on 3 June 2002.\n\nIn November 2011 Standard & Poor's acquired a 5% stake in TRIS Corp, the parent company of TRIS Rating.\nIn June 2016, Standard & Poor's acquired a 49% stake in TRIS Rating.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nOfficial Website\nTris Rating Website\nCredit Repair Directory\n\n1993 establishments in Thailand\nFinancial services companies of Thailand\nCredit rating agencies\nOrganizations established in 1993" ]

[ "Tristram Edgar Speaker (April 4, 1888 – December 8, 1958), nicknamed \"The Gray Eagle\", was an American professional baseball player. Considered one of the greatest offensive and defensive center fielders in the history of Major League Baseball (MLB), he compiled a career batting average of .345 (sixth all-time).", "Considered one of the greatest offensive and defensive center fielders in the history of Major League Baseball (MLB), he compiled a career batting average of .345 (sixth all-time). His 792 career doubles represent an MLB career record. His 3,514 hits are fifth in the all-time hits list.", "His 3,514 hits are fifth in the all-time hits list. Defensively, Speaker holds career records for assists, double plays, and unassisted double plays by an outfielder. His fielding glove was known as the place \"where triples go to die.\"", "His fielding glove was known as the place \"where triples go to die.\" After playing in the minor leagues in Texas and Arkansas, Speaker debuted with the Boston Red Sox in 1907. He became the regular center fielder by 1909 and led the Red Sox to World Series championships in 1912 and 1915.", "He became the regular center fielder by 1909 and led the Red Sox to World Series championships in 1912 and 1915. In 1915, Speaker's batting average dropped to .322 from .338 the previous season; he was traded to the Cleveland Indians when he refused to take a pay cut.", "In 1915, Speaker's batting average dropped to .322 from .338 the previous season; he was traded to the Cleveland Indians when he refused to take a pay cut. As player-manager for Cleveland, he led the team to its first World Series title.", "As player-manager for Cleveland, he led the team to its first World Series title. In ten of his eleven seasons with Cleveland, he finished with a batting average greater than .350. Speaker resigned as Cleveland's manager in 1926 after he and Ty Cobb faced game fixing allegations; both men were later cleared.", "Speaker resigned as Cleveland's manager in 1926 after he and Ty Cobb faced game fixing allegations; both men were later cleared. During his managerial stint in Cleveland, Speaker introduced the platoon system in the major leagues.", "During his managerial stint in Cleveland, Speaker introduced the platoon system in the major leagues. Speaker played with the Washington Senators in 1927 and the Philadelphia Athletics in 1928, then became a minor league manager and part owner. He later held several roles for the Cleveland Indians.", "He later held several roles for the Cleveland Indians. Late in life, Speaker led a short-lived indoor baseball league, ran a wholesale liquor business, worked in sales and chaired Cleveland's boxing commission. He was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1937.", "He was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1937. He was named 27th in the Sporting News 100 Greatest Baseball Players (1999) and was also included in the Major League Baseball All-Century Team. Early life Speaker was born on April 4, 1888, in Hubbard, Texas, to Archie and Nancy Poer Speaker.", "Early life Speaker was born on April 4, 1888, in Hubbard, Texas, to Archie and Nancy Poer Speaker. As a youth, Speaker broke his arm after he fell from a horse; the injury forced him to become left-handed. In 1905, Speaker played a year of college baseball for Fort Worth Polytechnic Institute.", "In 1905, Speaker played a year of college baseball for Fort Worth Polytechnic Institute. Newspaper reports have held that Speaker suffered a football injury and nearly had his arm amputated around this time; biographer Timothy Gay characterizes this as \"a story that the macho Speaker never .\" He worked on a ranch before beginning his professional baseball career.", "He worked on a ranch before beginning his professional baseball career. Speaker's abilities drew the interest of Doak Roberts, owner of the Cleburne Railroaders of the Texas League, in . After losing several games as a pitcher, Speaker converted to outfielder to replace a Cleburne player who had been struck in the head with a pitch.", "After losing several games as a pitcher, Speaker converted to outfielder to replace a Cleburne player who had been struck in the head with a pitch. He batted .318 for the Railroaders. Speaker's mother opposed his participation in the major leagues, saying that they reminded her of slavery.", "Speaker's mother opposed his participation in the major leagues, saying that they reminded her of slavery. Though she relented, for several years Mrs. Speaker questioned why her son had not stayed home and entered the cattle or oil businesses.", "Though she relented, for several years Mrs. Speaker questioned why her son had not stayed home and entered the cattle or oil businesses. He performed well for the Texas League's Houston Buffaloes in 1907, but his mother stated that she would never allow him to go to the Boston Americans.", "He performed well for the Texas League's Houston Buffaloes in 1907, but his mother stated that she would never allow him to go to the Boston Americans. Roberts sold the youngster to the Americans for $750 or $800 (equal to $ or $ today).", "Roberts sold the youngster to the Americans for $750 or $800 (equal to $ or $ today). Speaker played in seven games for the Americans in , with three hits in 19 at-bats for a .158 average.", "Speaker played in seven games for the Americans in , with three hits in 19 at-bats for a .158 average. In 1908, Boston Americans owner John I. Taylor changed the team's name to the Boston Red Sox after the bright socks in the team's uniform.", "In 1908, Boston Americans owner John I. Taylor changed the team's name to the Boston Red Sox after the bright socks in the team's uniform. That year, the club traded Speaker to the Little Rock Travelers of the Southern League in exchange for use of their facilities for spring training.", "That year, the club traded Speaker to the Little Rock Travelers of the Southern League in exchange for use of their facilities for spring training. Speaker batted .350 for the Travelers and his contract was repurchased by the Red Sox. He logged a .224 batting average in 116 at-bats.", "He logged a .224 batting average in 116 at-bats. Major league career Early years Speaker became the regular starting center fielder for Boston in 1909 and light-hitting Denny Sullivan was sold to the Cleveland Naps. Speaker hit .309 in 143 games as the team finished third in the pennant race.", "Speaker hit .309 in 143 games as the team finished third in the pennant race. Defensively, Speaker was involved in 12 double plays, leading the league's outfielders, and had a .973 fielding percentage, third among outfielders. In the Red Sox signed left fielder Duffy Lewis.", "In the Red Sox signed left fielder Duffy Lewis. Speaker, Lewis and Harry Hooper formed Boston's \"Million-Dollar Outfield\", one of the finest outfield trios in baseball history. Speaker was the star of the Million-Dollar Outfield.", "Speaker was the star of the Million-Dollar Outfield. He ran fast enough that he could stand very close to second base, effectively giving the team a fifth infielder, but he still caught the balls hit to center field. In 1910 and 1911, Boston finished fourth in the American League standings. Speaker's best season came in 1912.", "Speaker's best season came in 1912. He played every game and led the American League (AL) in doubles (53) and home runs (10). He set career highs with 222 hits, 136 runs, 580 at-bats, and 52 stolen bases.", "He set career highs with 222 hits, 136 runs, 580 at-bats, and 52 stolen bases. Speaker's stolen base tally was a team record until Tommy Harper stole 54 bases in 1973. He batted .383 and his .567 slugging percentage was the highest of his dead-ball days.", "He batted .383 and his .567 slugging percentage was the highest of his dead-ball days. Speaker set a major league single-season record with three hitting streaks of 20 or more games (30, 23, and 22). He also became the first major leaguer to hit 50 doubles and steal 50 bases in the same season.", "He also became the first major leaguer to hit 50 doubles and steal 50 bases in the same season. In August, Speaker's mother unsuccessfully attempted to convince him to quit baseball and come home. In Fenway Park's first game, Speaker drove in the winning run in the 11th inning, giving Boston the 7–6 win.", "In Fenway Park's first game, Speaker drove in the winning run in the 11th inning, giving Boston the 7–6 win. The 1912 Red Sox won the AL pennant, finishing 14 games ahead of the Washington Senators and 15 games ahead of the Philadelphia Athletics.", "The 1912 Red Sox won the AL pennant, finishing 14 games ahead of the Washington Senators and 15 games ahead of the Philadelphia Athletics. In the 1912 World Series, Speaker led the Red Sox to their second World Series title by defeating John McGraw's New York Giants.", "In the 1912 World Series, Speaker led the Red Sox to their second World Series title by defeating John McGraw's New York Giants. After the second game was called on account of darkness and ended in a tie, the series went to eight games.", "After the second game was called on account of darkness and ended in a tie, the series went to eight games. The Red Sox won the final game after Fred Snodgrass dropped an easy fly ball and later failed to go after a Speaker pop foul. After the pop foul, Speaker tied the game with a single.", "After the pop foul, Speaker tied the game with a single. The Red Sox won the game in the bottom of the tenth inning. He finished the series with a .300 batting average, nine hits and four runs scored. Speaker was named the AL Most Valuable Player (MVP) for 1912.", "Speaker was named the AL Most Valuable Player (MVP) for 1912. Though he did not lead the league in any offensive categories in 1913, Speaker finished fourth in AL MVP voting. Speaker batted .338 and tied his career high of 12 double plays as an outfielder in . He hit .322 in .", "He hit .322 in . He hit .322 in . The Red Sox beat the Philadelphia Phillies in the 1915 World Series. The Red Sox were led by pitcher Babe Ruth, who was playing in his first full season. Ruth won 18 games and hit a team-high four home runs.", "Ruth won 18 games and hit a team-high four home runs. Speaker got five hits, including a triple, in 17 at-bats during the series. He scored twice but did not drive in any runs.", "He scored twice but did not drive in any runs. Traded to the Indians After 1915, Red Sox president Joseph Lannin wanted Speaker to take a pay cut from about $15,000 (equal to $ today) to about $9,000 (equal to $ today) because of the drop in his batting average; Speaker refused and offered $12,000 ($ today).", "Traded to the Indians After 1915, Red Sox president Joseph Lannin wanted Speaker to take a pay cut from about $15,000 (equal to $ today) to about $9,000 (equal to $ today) because of the drop in his batting average; Speaker refused and offered $12,000 ($ today). On April 8, 1916, Lannin traded Speaker to the Cleveland Indians.", "On April 8, 1916, Lannin traded Speaker to the Cleveland Indians. In exchange, Boston received Sad Sam Jones, Fred Thomas and $50,000 ($ today). The angry Speaker held out until he received $10,000 (equal to $ today) of the cash that Boston collected.", "The angry Speaker held out until he received $10,000 (equal to $ today) of the cash that Boston collected. For many years, this was considered the worst trade in Red Sox history, and was thought to be far more damaging to the Red Sox than the sale of Babe Ruth more than four years later.", "For many years, this was considered the worst trade in Red Sox history, and was thought to be far more damaging to the Red Sox than the sale of Babe Ruth more than four years later. In his book about the Red Sox-Yankees rivalry, Emperors and Idiots, Mike Vaccaro recalled that for some time, \"Red Sox fans shook their head(s) in fury\" when recalling the trade.", "In his book about the Red Sox-Yankees rivalry, Emperors and Idiots, Mike Vaccaro recalled that for some time, \"Red Sox fans shook their head(s) in fury\" when recalling the trade. Vaccaro recalled that no one knew in the winter of 1919-20 that Ruth would blossom into a superstar.", "Vaccaro recalled that no one knew in the winter of 1919-20 that Ruth would blossom into a superstar. In contrast, Speaker had established himself as \"indisputably the best player in the American League\" by 1916. With an annual salary of $40,000 (equal to $ today), Speaker was the highest paid player in baseball.", "With an annual salary of $40,000 (equal to $ today), Speaker was the highest paid player in baseball. Speaker hit over .350 in nine of his eleven years with Cleveland. In , he led the league in hits, doubles, batting average, slugging percentage and on-base percentage.", "In , he led the league in hits, doubles, batting average, slugging percentage and on-base percentage. Cobb had won the previous nine consecutive AL batting titles; Speaker outhit him with a .386 batting average compared to Cobb's .371.", "Cobb had won the previous nine consecutive AL batting titles; Speaker outhit him with a .386 batting average compared to Cobb's .371. The center field fence at Cleveland's Dunn Field was from home plate until it was shortened to in 1920.", "The center field fence at Cleveland's Dunn Field was from home plate until it was shortened to in 1920. Even so, Speaker played so shallow in the outfield that he was able to execute six career unassisted double plays at second base, catching low line drives on the run and then beating baserunners to the bag.", "Even so, Speaker played so shallow in the outfield that he was able to execute six career unassisted double plays at second base, catching low line drives on the run and then beating baserunners to the bag. At least once he was credited as the pivot man in a routine double play.", "At least once he was credited as the pivot man in a routine double play. He was often shallow enough to catch pickoff throws at second base. At one point, Speaker's signature move was to come in behind second base on a bunt and make a tag play on a baserunner who had passed the bag.", "At one point, Speaker's signature move was to come in behind second base on a bunt and make a tag play on a baserunner who had passed the bag. While in Cleveland, Speaker participated in diverse activities off the baseball field. Speaker enrolled in an aviator training program in 1918.", "Speaker enrolled in an aviator training program in 1918. Though World War I ended less than two months after he enrolled, Speaker completed his training and served in the naval reserves for several years. He also owned a ranch in Texas and competed in roping events during the baseball offseason.", "He also owned a ranch in Texas and competed in roping events during the baseball offseason. Stint as player-manager From the day that Speaker arrived in Cleveland, he was effectively assistant manager to Lee Fohl, who rarely made an important move without consulting him. George Uhle recalled an incident from 1919 during his rookie year with the Indians.", "George Uhle recalled an incident from 1919 during his rookie year with the Indians. Speaker often signaled to Fohl when he thought that a pitcher should be brought in from the bullpen. One day, Fohl misread Speaker's signal and brought in a different pitcher than Speaker had intended.", "One day, Fohl misread Speaker's signal and brought in a different pitcher than Speaker had intended. To avoid the appearance of overruling his manager, Speaker let the change stand. Pitcher Fritz Coumbe lost the game, Fohl resigned that night and Speaker became manager. Uhle said that Speaker felt bad for contributing to Fohl's departure.", "Uhle said that Speaker felt bad for contributing to Fohl's departure. Speaker guided the 1920 Indians to their first World Series win. In a crucial late season game against the second-place White Sox, Speaker caught a hard line drive hit to deep right-center field by Shoeless Joe Jackson, ending the game.", "In a crucial late season game against the second-place White Sox, Speaker caught a hard line drive hit to deep right-center field by Shoeless Joe Jackson, ending the game. On a dead run, Speaker leaped with both feet off the ground, snaring the ball before crashing into a concrete wall.", "On a dead run, Speaker leaped with both feet off the ground, snaring the ball before crashing into a concrete wall. As he lay unconscious from the impact, Speaker still held the baseball. In the 1920 World Series against Brooklyn, Speaker hit an RBI triple in the deciding game, which the Indians won 3–0.", "In the 1920 World Series against Brooklyn, Speaker hit an RBI triple in the deciding game, which the Indians won 3–0. Cleveland's 1920 season was also significant due to the death of Ray Chapman on August 17. Chapman died after being hit in the head by a pitch from Carl Mays.", "Chapman died after being hit in the head by a pitch from Carl Mays. Chapman had been asked about retirement before the season, and he said that he wanted to help Speaker earn Cleveland's first World Series victory before thinking of retirement.", "Chapman had been asked about retirement before the season, and he said that he wanted to help Speaker earn Cleveland's first World Series victory before thinking of retirement. During that championship season, Speaker is credited with introducing the platoon system, which attempted to match right-handed batters against left-handed pitchers and vice versa.", "During that championship season, Speaker is credited with introducing the platoon system, which attempted to match right-handed batters against left-handed pitchers and vice versa. Sportswriter John B. Sheridan was among the critics of the system, saying, \"The specialist in baseball is no good and won't go very far...", "Sportswriter John B. Sheridan was among the critics of the system, saying, \"The specialist in baseball is no good and won't go very far... The whole effect of the system will be to make the players affected half men... It is farewell, a long farewell to all that player's chance of greatness...", "It is farewell, a long farewell to all that player's chance of greatness... It destroys young ball players by destroying their most precious quality – confidence in their ability to hit any pitcher, left or right, alive, dead, or waiting to be born.\"", "It destroys young ball players by destroying their most precious quality – confidence in their ability to hit any pitcher, left or right, alive, dead, or waiting to be born.\" Baseball Magazine was supportive, pointing out that Speaker had results that backed up his system.", "Baseball Magazine was supportive, pointing out that Speaker had results that backed up his system. The 1921 Indians remained in a tight pennant race all year, finishing games behind the Yankees. The Indians did not seriously contend for the pennant from 1922 through 1925.", "The Indians did not seriously contend for the pennant from 1922 through 1925. Speaker led the league in doubles eight times, including every year between 1920 and 1923. He led the league's outfielders in fielding percentage in 1921 and 1922.", "He led the league's outfielders in fielding percentage in 1921 and 1922. On May 17, 1925, Speaker became the fifth member of the 3,000 hit club when he hit a single off pitcher Tom Zachary of the Washington Senators. Only Napoleon Lajoie had previously accomplished the feat as a member of the Indians.", "Only Napoleon Lajoie had previously accomplished the feat as a member of the Indians. AL President Ban Johnson asked Speaker and Detroit manager Cobb to resign their posts after a scandal broke in . Pitcher Dutch Leonard claimed that Speaker and Cobb fixed at least one game between Cleveland and Detroit.", "Pitcher Dutch Leonard claimed that Speaker and Cobb fixed at least one game between Cleveland and Detroit. In a newspaper column published shortly before the hearings were to begin, Billy Evans characterized the accusations as \"purely a matter of personal revenge\" for Leonard.", "In a newspaper column published shortly before the hearings were to begin, Billy Evans characterized the accusations as \"purely a matter of personal revenge\" for Leonard. The pitcher was said to be upset with Cobb and Speaker after a trade ended with Leonard in the minor leagues.", "The pitcher was said to be upset with Cobb and Speaker after a trade ended with Leonard in the minor leagues. When Leonard refused to appear at the January 5, 1927, hearings to discuss his accusations, Commissioner Landis cleared both Speaker and Cobb of any wrongdoing.", "When Leonard refused to appear at the January 5, 1927, hearings to discuss his accusations, Commissioner Landis cleared both Speaker and Cobb of any wrongdoing. Both were reinstated to their original teams, but each team declared its manager free to sign elsewhere.", "Both were reinstated to their original teams, but each team declared its manager free to sign elsewhere. Speaker did not return to big league managing and he finished his MLB managerial career with a 617–520 record. At the time of his 1926 resignation, news reports described Speaker as permanently retiring from baseball to pursue business ventures.", "At the time of his 1926 resignation, news reports described Speaker as permanently retiring from baseball to pursue business ventures. However, Speaker signed to play with the Washington Senators for . Cobb joined the Philadelphia Athletics. Speaker joined Cobb in Philadelphia for the season; he played part time and finished with a .267 average.", "Speaker joined Cobb in Philadelphia for the season; he played part time and finished with a .267 average. Prior to that season, Speaker had not hit for a batting average below .300 since 1908. Speaker's major league playing career ended after 1928. He retired with 792 doubles, an all-time career record.", "He retired with 792 doubles, an all-time career record. Defensively, Speaker holds the all-time career records for assists as an outfielder and double plays as an outfielder. He remains the last batter to hit 200 triples in a career. Later life In Speaker replaced Walter Johnson as the manager of the Newark Bears of the International League.", "Later life In Speaker replaced Walter Johnson as the manager of the Newark Bears of the International League. In two seasons with Newark, he also appeared as a player in 59 games. When Speaker resigned during his second season, the Bears were in seventh place after a sixth-place finish in 1929.", "When Speaker resigned during his second season, the Bears were in seventh place after a sixth-place finish in 1929. In January 1933 he became a part owner and manager of the Kansas City Blues. By May, Speaker had been replaced as manager but remained secretary of the club.", "By May, Speaker had been replaced as manager but remained secretary of the club. By 1936, he had sold his share of the team. In 1937, Speaker was voted into the Baseball Hall of Fame during its second year of balloting. He was honored at the hall's first induction ceremony in 1939.", "He was honored at the hall's first induction ceremony in 1939. After his playing and managing days, Speaker was an entrepreneur and salesman. By 1937, Speaker had opened a wholesale liquor business and worked as a state sales representative for a steel company. He chaired Cleveland's boxing commission between 1936 and 1943.", "He chaired Cleveland's boxing commission between 1936 and 1943. Newspaper coverage credited Speaker with several key reforms to boxing in Cleveland, including the recruitment of new officials and protections against fight fixing. Under Speaker, fight payouts went directly to boxers rather than managers.", "Under Speaker, fight payouts went directly to boxers rather than managers. Speaker sorted out a scheduling conflict for a 1940 boxing match in Cleveland involving former middleweight champion Teddy Yarosz. Yarosz defeated Jimmy Reeves in ten rounds and the fight attracted over 8,300 spectators.", "Yarosz defeated Jimmy Reeves in ten rounds and the fight attracted over 8,300 spectators. In 1937, Speaker sustained a 16-foot fall while working on a flower box near a second-story window at his home. Upon admission to the hospital, he underwent facial surgery.", "Upon admission to the hospital, he underwent facial surgery. He was described as having \"better than an even chance to live\" and was suffering from a skull fracture, a broken arm and possible internal injuries. He ultimately recovered. In 1939, Speaker was president of the National Professional Indoor Baseball League.", "In 1939, Speaker was president of the National Professional Indoor Baseball League. The league had teams in New York, Brooklyn, Philadelphia, Boston, Cleveland, Chicago, Cincinnati and St. Louis. The league shut down operations due to poor attendance only two months after its formation.", "The league shut down operations due to poor attendance only two months after its formation. Speaker was one of the founders of Cleveland's Society for Crippled Children and he helped to promote the society's rehabilitation center, Camp Cheerful.", "Speaker was one of the founders of Cleveland's Society for Crippled Children and he helped to promote the society's rehabilitation center, Camp Cheerful. Speaker served as vice president of the society, ran fundraising campaigns and received a distinguished service award from the organization. He became seriously ill with pneumonia in 1942.", "He became seriously ill with pneumonia in 1942. Speaker ultimately recovered, but Gay characterized Speaker's condition as \"touch-and-go for several days\". In 1947, Speaker returned to baseball as \"ambassador of good will\" for Bill Veeck and the Cleveland Indians.", "In 1947, Speaker returned to baseball as \"ambassador of good will\" for Bill Veeck and the Cleveland Indians. He remained in advisory, coaching or scouting roles for the Indians until his death in 1958.", "He remained in advisory, coaching or scouting roles for the Indians until his death in 1958. In an article in the July 1952 issue of SPORT, Speaker recounted how Veeck hired him in 1947 to be a coaching consultant to Larry Doby, the first black player in the AL and the second in the major leagues.", "In an article in the July 1952 issue of SPORT, Speaker recounted how Veeck hired him in 1947 to be a coaching consultant to Larry Doby, the first black player in the AL and the second in the major leagues. Before the Indians had signed Doby, he was the star second baseman of the Newark Eagles of the Negro leagues.", "Before the Indians had signed Doby, he was the star second baseman of the Newark Eagles of the Negro leagues. A SPORT photograph that accompanied the article shows Speaker mentoring five members of the Indians: Luke Easter, Jim Hegan, Ray Boone, Al Rosen and Doby.", "A SPORT photograph that accompanied the article shows Speaker mentoring five members of the Indians: Luke Easter, Jim Hegan, Ray Boone, Al Rosen and Doby. Speaker was inducted into the Texas Sports Hall of Fame in 1951.", "Speaker was inducted into the Texas Sports Hall of Fame in 1951. Texas was the first state to establish a state sports hall of fame and Speaker was in its inaugural induction class. Death Speaker died of a heart attack on December 8, 1958, at the age of 70, at Lake Whitney, Texas.", "Death Speaker died of a heart attack on December 8, 1958, at the age of 70, at Lake Whitney, Texas. He collapsed as he and a friend were pulling their boat into the dock after a fishing trip. It was his second heart attack in four years.", "It was his second heart attack in four years. Speaker was buried at Fairview Cemetery in Hubbard, Texas. After Speaker's death, Cobb said, \"Terribly depressed. I never let him know how much I admired him when we were playing against each other...", "I never let him know how much I admired him when we were playing against each other... It was only after we finally became teammates and then retired that I could tell Tris Speaker of the underlying respect I had for him.\"", "It was only after we finally became teammates and then retired that I could tell Tris Speaker of the underlying respect I had for him.\" Lajoie said, \"He was one of the greatest fellows I ever knew, both as a baseball player and as a gentleman.\"", "Lajoie said, \"He was one of the greatest fellows I ever knew, both as a baseball player and as a gentleman.\" Former Boston teammate Duffy Lewis said, \"He was a team player.", "Former Boston teammate Duffy Lewis said, \"He was a team player. As great a hitter as he was, he wasn't looking out for his own average ... Speaker was the bell cow of our outfield. Harry Hooper and I would watch him and know how to play the hitters.\"", "Harry Hooper and I would watch him and know how to play the hitters.\" Legacy Immediately after Speaker's death, the baseball field at the city park in Cleburne, Texas, was renamed in honor of Speaker.", "Legacy Immediately after Speaker's death, the baseball field at the city park in Cleburne, Texas, was renamed in honor of Speaker. In 1961, the Tris Speaker Memorial Award was created by the Baseball Writers' Association of America to honor players or officials who make outstanding contributions to baseball.", "In 1961, the Tris Speaker Memorial Award was created by the Baseball Writers' Association of America to honor players or officials who make outstanding contributions to baseball. In 1999, he ranked number 27 on the Sporting News''' list of the 100 Greatest Baseball Players. He was named to the Major League Baseball All-Century Team.", "He was named to the Major League Baseball All-Century Team. Speaker is mentioned in the poem \"Line-Up for Yesterday\"'' by Ogden Nash.", "Speaker is mentioned in the poem \"Line-Up for Yesterday\"'' by Ogden Nash. In 2008, former baseball players' union chief Marvin Miller, trying to defend the recently retired catcher Mike Piazza against claims that he should not be elected to the Hall of Fame because of association with the use of steroids, on the basis that the Hall of Fame has various unsavory people in it, opined that Speaker should be removed from the Hall of Fame because of alleged membership in the Ku Klux Klan.", "In 2008, former baseball players' union chief Marvin Miller, trying to defend the recently retired catcher Mike Piazza against claims that he should not be elected to the Hall of Fame because of association with the use of steroids, on the basis that the Hall of Fame has various unsavory people in it, opined that Speaker should be removed from the Hall of Fame because of alleged membership in the Ku Klux Klan. Miller said, \"Some of the early people inducted in the Hall were members of the Ku Klux Klan: Tris Speaker, Cap Anson, and some people suspect Ty Cobb as well.", "Miller said, \"Some of the early people inducted in the Hall were members of the Ku Klux Klan: Tris Speaker, Cap Anson, and some people suspect Ty Cobb as well. I think that by and large, the players, and certainly the ones I knew, are good people.", "I think that by and large, the players, and certainly the ones I knew, are good people. But the Hall is full of villains.\"", "But the Hall is full of villains.\" Miller's comment about Anson has no basis, other than speculating that he could have been a Klansman since he was a racist during his playing career, which ended in 1897, although he was umpiring games with black players by 1901, including featuring the all-black Columbia Giants.", "Miller's comment about Anson has no basis, other than speculating that he could have been a Klansman since he was a racist during his playing career, which ended in 1897, although he was umpiring games with black players by 1901, including featuring the all-black Columbia Giants. Miller, age 91 at the time the 2008 article appeared, is the earliest source for declaring that it is factual that Anson was a member of the Klan, based purely on an Internet search of sources that try to link Anson to the Klan.", "Miller, age 91 at the time the 2008 article appeared, is the earliest source for declaring that it is factual that Anson was a member of the Klan, based purely on an Internet search of sources that try to link Anson to the Klan. By contrast, Speaker-Cobb-Rogers Hornsby biographer Charles C. Alexander, a Klan expert in his general history writings, told fellow baseball author Marty Appel, apparently referring to the 1920s (Anson died in 1922), “As I’ve suggested in the biographies, it’s possible that they [Speaker, Cobb and Hornsby] were briefly in the Klan, which was very strong in Texas and especially in Fort Worth and Dallas.", "By contrast, Speaker-Cobb-Rogers Hornsby biographer Charles C. Alexander, a Klan expert in his general history writings, told fellow baseball author Marty Appel, apparently referring to the 1920s (Anson died in 1922), “As I’ve suggested in the biographies, it’s possible that they [Speaker, Cobb and Hornsby] were briefly in the Klan, which was very strong in Texas and especially in Fort Worth and Dallas. The Klan went all out to recruit prominent people in all fields, provided they were native born, Protestant and white.” Baseball historian Bill James does not dispute this claim in apparently referring to Speaker and possibly Cobb, but says that the Klan had toned down its racist overtures during the 1920s and pulled in hundreds of thousands of men, including Hugo Black.", "The Klan went all out to recruit prominent people in all fields, provided they were native born, Protestant and white.” Baseball historian Bill James does not dispute this claim in apparently referring to Speaker and possibly Cobb, but says that the Klan had toned down its racist overtures during the 1920s and pulled in hundreds of thousands of men, including Hugo Black. James adds that Speaker was a staunch supporter of Doby when he broke the American League color barrier, working long hours with the former second baseman on how to play the outfield.", "James adds that Speaker was a staunch supporter of Doby when he broke the American League color barrier, working long hours with the former second baseman on how to play the outfield. Regular season statistics Managerial record See also Boston Red Sox Hall of Fame List of Major League Baseball players to hit for the cycle List of Major League Baseball batting champions List of Major League Baseball annual doubles leaders List of Major League Baseball doubles records List of Major League Baseball hit records List of Major League Baseball annual home run leaders List of Major League Baseball career stolen bases leaders List of Major League Baseball player-managers List of Major League Baseball career triples leaders List of Major League Baseball career runs scored leaders List of Major League Baseball career runs batted in leaders List of Major League Baseball career hits leaders List of Major League Baseball career doubles leaders List of Major League Baseball career total bases leaders List of Major League Baseball triples records Notes References Further reading Tris Speaker at the Encyclopedia of Cleveland History External links 1888 births 1958 deaths American League batting champions American League home run champions Baseball players from Texas Boston Americans players Boston Red Sox players Cleburne Railroaders players Cleveland Indians coaches Cleveland Indians managers Cleveland Indians players Houston Buffaloes players Kansas City Blues (baseball) managers Little Rock Travelers players Major League Baseball player-managers Major League Baseball center fielders Minor league baseball managers National Baseball Hall of Fame inductees Newark Bears (IL) players People from Hubbard, Texas Philadelphia Athletics players Texas Wesleyan Rams baseball players Washington Senators (1901–1960) players Sp Baseball coaches from Texas" ]

[ "Garry Kasparov", "1984 World Championship", "Where did the World Championship take place?", "I don't know." ]

[ "Local elections was held in the Las Piñas on May 13, 2013 within the Philippine general election. The voters elected for the elective local posts in the city: the mayor, vice mayor, one representative, and the councilors, six in each of the city's two legislative districts.\n\nBackground \nIncumbent Mayor Vergel \"Nene\" Aguilar was on his third and final term. His opponents were Conrado Miranda, Antonio Abellar Jr., Felix Sinajon, and Francisco \"Kiko\" Antonio Jr., son of former Mayor Francisco Antonio Sr.\n\nIncumbent Vice Mayor Luis \"Louie\" Bustamante was on his second term. His opponents were former Councilor Benjamin Gonzales and Renato Santos.\n\nIncumbent Representative Mark Villar was on his second term. His opponents were Luis \"Louie\" Casimiro and Filipino Alvarado.\n\nResults\n\nFor Representative, Lone District \nRepresentative Mark Villar of the city’s lone district was reelected with 147,884 votes.\n\nFor Mayor \nMayor Vergel \"Nene\" Aguilar won with 152,583 votes, a difference of 148,335 votes over his closest opponent, Conrado Miranda, who got only 4,248 votes.\n\nFor Vice Mayor \nIncumbent Vice Mayor Luis Bustamante won with a total of 136,744 votes.\n\nFor Councilor\n\nFirst District \nPartial unofficial tally of all candidates and considerable winners.\n\n|-bgcolor=black\n|colspan=10|\n\nSecond District \nPartial unofficial tally of all candidates and considerable winners.\n\n|-bgcolor=black\n|colspan=6|\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n https://www.goodfilipino.com/2013/05/elections-results-2013-in-las-pinas-city.html\n\n2013 Philippine local elections\nElections in Las Piñas", "Opponents Unlimited is a 1982 role-playing game supplement for Villains and Vigilantes published by Fantasy Games Unlimited.\n\nContents\nOpponents Unlimited is a book of supervillains for use in Villains & Vigilantes.\n\nReception\nWilliam A. Barton reviewed Opponents Unlimited in The Space Gamer No. 63. Barton commented that \"Though its usefulness is lessened by its excessive silliness, Opponents Unlimited could be of value to those V&V GMs who don't have time to create their own villains and don't mind tossing opponents named Cosmic Zoom, who wear deep-sea diver's gear, at their heroes. I guess it all depends on which comics you read.\"\n\nReferences\n\nSuperhero role-playing game supplements\nVillains and Vigilantes" ]

[ "Garry Kimovich Kasparov (Russian: Гарри Кимович Каспаров, Russian pronunciation: [ˈɡarʲɪ ˈkʲiməvʲɪtɕ kɐˈsparəf], born Garik Kimovich Weinstein, Гарик Кимович Вайнштейн; 13 April 1963) is a Russian chess grandmaster, former World Chess Champion, writer, political activist and commentator. His peak rating of 2851, achieved in 1999, was the highest recorded until being surpassed by Magnus Carlsen in 2013.", "His peak rating of 2851, achieved in 1999, was the highest recorded until being surpassed by Magnus Carlsen in 2013. From 1984 until his retirement in 2005, Kasparov was ranked world No. 1 for a record 255 months overall for his career, a record that outstrips all other previous and current players.", "1 for a record 255 months overall for his career, a record that outstrips all other previous and current players. Kasparov also holds records for the most consecutive professional tournament victories (15) and Chess Oscars (11). Kasparov became the youngest ever undisputed World Chess Champion in 1985 at age 22 by defeating then-champion Anatoly Karpov.", "Kasparov became the youngest ever undisputed World Chess Champion in 1985 at age 22 by defeating then-champion Anatoly Karpov. He held the official FIDE world title until 1993 when a dispute with FIDE led him to set up a rival organization, the Professional Chess Association.", "He held the official FIDE world title until 1993 when a dispute with FIDE led him to set up a rival organization, the Professional Chess Association. In 1997 he became the first world champion to lose a match to a computer under standard time controls when he lost to the IBM supercomputer Deep Blue in a highly publicized match.", "In 1997 he became the first world champion to lose a match to a computer under standard time controls when he lost to the IBM supercomputer Deep Blue in a highly publicized match. He continued to hold the \"Classical\" World Chess Championship until his defeat by Vladimir Kramnik in 2000.", "He continued to hold the \"Classical\" World Chess Championship until his defeat by Vladimir Kramnik in 2000. Despite losing the title, he continued winning tournaments and was the world's highest-rated player when he retired from professional chess in 2005. Since retiring, he has devoted his time to politics and writing.", "Since retiring, he has devoted his time to politics and writing. He formed the United Civil Front movement and joined as a member of The Other Russia, a coalition opposing the administration and policies of Vladimir Putin.", "He formed the United Civil Front movement and joined as a member of The Other Russia, a coalition opposing the administration and policies of Vladimir Putin. In 2008, he announced an intention to run as a candidate in that year's Russian presidential race, but after encountering logistical problems in his campaign, for which he blamed \"official obstruction\", he withdrew.", "In 2008, he announced an intention to run as a candidate in that year's Russian presidential race, but after encountering logistical problems in his campaign, for which he blamed \"official obstruction\", he withdrew. In the wake of the Russian mass protests that began in 2011, he announced in 2013 that he had left Russia for the immediate future out of fear of persecution.", "In the wake of the Russian mass protests that began in 2011, he announced in 2013 that he had left Russia for the immediate future out of fear of persecution. Following his flight from Russia, he had lived in New York City with his family.", "Following his flight from Russia, he had lived in New York City with his family. In 2014, he obtained Croatian citizenship, and has maintained a residence in Podstrana near Split. Kasparov is currently chairman of the Human Rights Foundation and chairs its International Council.", "Kasparov is currently chairman of the Human Rights Foundation and chairs its International Council. In 2017, he founded the Renew Democracy Initiative (RDI), an American political organization promoting and defending liberal democracy in the U.S. and abroad. He serves as chairman of the group. Kasparov is also a Security Ambassador for the software company Avast.", "Kasparov is also a Security Ambassador for the software company Avast. Early life and career Kasparov was born Garik Kimovich Weinstein (Russian: Гарик Ки́мович Вайнштейн, Garik Kimovich Vainshtein) in Baku, Azerbaijan SSR (now Azerbaijan), Soviet Union.", "Early life and career Kasparov was born Garik Kimovich Weinstein (Russian: Гарик Ки́мович Вайнштейн, Garik Kimovich Vainshtein) in Baku, Azerbaijan SSR (now Azerbaijan), Soviet Union. His father, Kim Moiseyevich Weinstein, was Jewish, and his mother, Klara Shagenovna Gasparian, was Armenian.", "His father, Kim Moiseyevich Weinstein, was Jewish, and his mother, Klara Shagenovna Gasparian, was Armenian. Kasparov has described himself as a \"self-appointed Christian\", although \"very indifferent\" and identifies as Russian: \"although I'm half-Armenian, half-Jewish, I consider myself Russian because Russian is my native tongue, and I grew up with Russian culture.\"", "Kasparov has described himself as a \"self-appointed Christian\", although \"very indifferent\" and identifies as Russian: \"although I'm half-Armenian, half-Jewish, I consider myself Russian because Russian is my native tongue, and I grew up with Russian culture.\" Kasparov began the serious study of chess after he came across a chess problem set up by his parents and proposed a solution.", "Kasparov began the serious study of chess after he came across a chess problem set up by his parents and proposed a solution. When Garry was seven years old, his father died of leukaemia.", "When Garry was seven years old, his father died of leukaemia. At the age of twelve, Garry, upon request of his mother Klara and with the consent of the family, adopted Klara's surname Kasparov, which was done to avoid possible antisemitic tensions, which were common in the USSR at the time.", "At the age of twelve, Garry, upon request of his mother Klara and with the consent of the family, adopted Klara's surname Kasparov, which was done to avoid possible antisemitic tensions, which were common in the USSR at the time. From age 7, Kasparov attended the Young Pioneer Palace in Baku and, at 10 began training at Mikhail Botvinnik's chess school under coach Vladimir Makogonov.", "From age 7, Kasparov attended the Young Pioneer Palace in Baku and, at 10 began training at Mikhail Botvinnik's chess school under coach Vladimir Makogonov. Makogonov helped develop Kasparov's positional skills and taught him to play the Caro-Kann Defence and the Tartakower System of the Queen's Gambit Declined.", "Makogonov helped develop Kasparov's positional skills and taught him to play the Caro-Kann Defence and the Tartakower System of the Queen's Gambit Declined. Kasparov won the Soviet Junior Championship in Tbilisi in 1976, scoring 7 points of 9, at age 13. He repeated the feat the following year, winning with a score of 8.5 of 9.", "He repeated the feat the following year, winning with a score of 8.5 of 9. He was being trained by Alexander Shakarov during this time. In 1978, Kasparov participated in the Sokolsky Memorial tournament in Minsk. He had been invited as an exception but took first place and became a chess master.", "He had been invited as an exception but took first place and became a chess master. Kasparov has repeatedly said that this event was a turning point in his life and that it convinced him to choose chess as his career. \"I will remember the Sokolsky Memorial as long as I live\", he wrote.", "\"I will remember the Sokolsky Memorial as long as I live\", he wrote. He has also said that after the victory, he thought he had a very good shot at the World Championship. He first qualified for the Soviet Chess Championship at age 15 in 1978, the youngest ever player at that level.", "He first qualified for the Soviet Chess Championship at age 15 in 1978, the youngest ever player at that level. He won the 64-player Swiss system tournament at Daugavpils on tiebreak over Igor V. Ivanov to capture the sole qualifying place. Kasparov rose quickly through the FIDE world rankings.", "Kasparov rose quickly through the FIDE world rankings. Starting with oversight by the Russian Chess Federation, he participated in a grandmaster tournament in Banja Luka, SR Bosnia and Herzegovina (part of Yugoslavia at the time), in 1979 while still unrated (he was a replacement for the Soviet defector Viktor Korchnoi, who was originally invited but withdrew due to the threat of a boycott from the Soviets).", "Starting with oversight by the Russian Chess Federation, he participated in a grandmaster tournament in Banja Luka, SR Bosnia and Herzegovina (part of Yugoslavia at the time), in 1979 while still unrated (he was a replacement for the Soviet defector Viktor Korchnoi, who was originally invited but withdrew due to the threat of a boycott from the Soviets). Kasparov won this high-class tournament, emerging with a provisional rating of 2595, enough to catapult him to the top group of chess players (at the time, number 15 in the world).", "Kasparov won this high-class tournament, emerging with a provisional rating of 2595, enough to catapult him to the top group of chess players (at the time, number 15 in the world). The next year, 1980, he won the World Junior Chess Championship in Dortmund, West Germany.", "The next year, 1980, he won the World Junior Chess Championship in Dortmund, West Germany. Later that year, he made his debut as the second reserve for the Soviet Union at the Chess Olympiad at Valletta, Malta, and became a Grandmaster.", "Later that year, he made his debut as the second reserve for the Soviet Union at the Chess Olympiad at Valletta, Malta, and became a Grandmaster. Towards the top As a teenager, Kasparov tied for first place in the USSR Chess Championship in 1981–82.", "Towards the top As a teenager, Kasparov tied for first place in the USSR Chess Championship in 1981–82. His first win in a superclass-level international tournament was scored at Bugojno, SR Bosnia and Herzegovina, Yugoslavia in 1982. He earned a place in the 1982 Moscow Interzonal tournament, which he won, to qualify for the Candidates Tournament.", "He earned a place in the 1982 Moscow Interzonal tournament, which he won, to qualify for the Candidates Tournament. At age 19, he was the youngest Candidate since Bobby Fischer, who was 15 when he qualified in 1958. At this stage, he was already the No.", "At this stage, he was already the No. 2-rated player in the world, trailing only World Chess Champion Anatoly Karpov on the January 1983 list.Kasparov's first (quarter-final) Candidates match was against Alexander Beliavsky, whom he defeated 6–3 (four wins, one loss).", "2-rated player in the world, trailing only World Chess Champion Anatoly Karpov on the January 1983 list.Kasparov's first (quarter-final) Candidates match was against Alexander Beliavsky, whom he defeated 6–3 (four wins, one loss). Politics threatened Kasparov's semi-final against Viktor Korchnoi, which was scheduled to be played in Pasadena, California.", "Politics threatened Kasparov's semi-final against Viktor Korchnoi, which was scheduled to be played in Pasadena, California. Korchnoi had defected from the Soviet Union in 1976 and was at that time the strongest active non-Soviet player. Various political manoeuvres prevented Kasparov from playing Korchnoi, and Kasparov forfeited the match.", "Various political manoeuvres prevented Kasparov from playing Korchnoi, and Kasparov forfeited the match. This was resolved by Korchnoi allowing the match to be replayed in London, along with the previously scheduled match between Vasily Smyslov and Zoltán Ribli. The Kasparov-Korchnoi match was put together on short notice by Raymond Keene.", "The Kasparov-Korchnoi match was put together on short notice by Raymond Keene. Kasparov lost the first game but won the match 7–4 (four wins, one loss). In January 1984, Kasparov became the No. 1 ranked player in the world, with a FIDE rating of 2710. He became the youngest ever world No.", "He became the youngest ever world No. 1, a record that lasted 12 years until being broken by Vladimir Kramnik in January 1996; the record is currently held by Magnus Carlsen.", "1, a record that lasted 12 years until being broken by Vladimir Kramnik in January 1996; the record is currently held by Magnus Carlsen. Later in 1984, he won the Candidates' final 8½–4½ (four wins, no losses) against the resurgent former world champion Vasily Smyslov, at Vilnius, thus qualifying to play Anatoly Karpov for the World Championship.", "Later in 1984, he won the Candidates' final 8½–4½ (four wins, no losses) against the resurgent former world champion Vasily Smyslov, at Vilnius, thus qualifying to play Anatoly Karpov for the World Championship. That year he joined the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), as a member of which he was elected to the Central Committee of Komsomol in 1987.", "That year he joined the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), as a member of which he was elected to the Central Committee of Komsomol in 1987. 1984 World Championship The World Chess Championship 1984 match between Anatoly Karpov and Garry Kasparov had many ups and downs, and a very controversial finish.", "1984 World Championship The World Chess Championship 1984 match between Anatoly Karpov and Garry Kasparov had many ups and downs, and a very controversial finish. Karpov started in very good form, and after nine games Kasparov was down 4–0 in a \"first to six wins\" match. Fellow players predicted he would be whitewashed 6–0 within 18 games.", "Fellow players predicted he would be whitewashed 6–0 within 18 games. In an unexpected turn of events, there followed a series of 17 successive draws, some relatively short, and others drawn in unsettled positions.", "In an unexpected turn of events, there followed a series of 17 successive draws, some relatively short, and others drawn in unsettled positions. Kasparov lost game 27 (5–0), then fought back with another series of draws until game 32 (5–1), earning his first-ever win against the World Champion.", "Kasparov lost game 27 (5–0), then fought back with another series of draws until game 32 (5–1), earning his first-ever win against the World Champion. Another 14 successive draws followed, through game 46; the previous record length for a world title match had been 34 games, the match of José Raúl Capablanca vs. Alexander Alekhine in 1927.", "Another 14 successive draws followed, through game 46; the previous record length for a world title match had been 34 games, the match of José Raúl Capablanca vs. Alexander Alekhine in 1927. Kasparov won games 47 and 48 to bring the scores to 5–3 in Karpov's favour.", "Kasparov won games 47 and 48 to bring the scores to 5–3 in Karpov's favour. Then the match was ended without result by Florencio Campomanes, the President of the Fédération Internationale des Échecs (FIDE), and a new match was announced to start a few months later.", "Then the match was ended without result by Florencio Campomanes, the President of the Fédération Internationale des Échecs (FIDE), and a new match was announced to start a few months later. The termination was controversial, as both players stated that they preferred the match to continue.", "The termination was controversial, as both players stated that they preferred the match to continue. Announcing his decision at a press conference, Campomanes cited the health of the players, which had been strained by the length of the match. The match became the first, and so far only, world championship match to be abandoned without result.", "The match became the first, and so far only, world championship match to be abandoned without result. Kasparov's relations with Campomanes and FIDE were greatly strained, and the feud between them finally came to a head in 1993 with Kasparov's complete break-away from FIDE.", "Kasparov's relations with Campomanes and FIDE were greatly strained, and the feud between them finally came to a head in 1993 with Kasparov's complete break-away from FIDE. World Champion The second Karpov-Kasparov match in 1985 was organized in Moscow as the best of 24 games where the first player to win 12½ points would claim the World Champion title.", "World Champion The second Karpov-Kasparov match in 1985 was organized in Moscow as the best of 24 games where the first player to win 12½ points would claim the World Champion title. The scores from the terminated match would not carry over; however, in the event of a 12–12 draw, the title would remain with Karpov.", "The scores from the terminated match would not carry over; however, in the event of a 12–12 draw, the title would remain with Karpov. On 9 November 1985, Kasparov secured the title by a score of 13–11, winning the 24th game with Black, using a Sicilian defence.", "On 9 November 1985, Kasparov secured the title by a score of 13–11, winning the 24th game with Black, using a Sicilian defence. He was 22 years old at the time, making him the youngest ever World Champion, and breaking the record held by Mikhail Tal for over 20 years.", "He was 22 years old at the time, making him the youngest ever World Champion, and breaking the record held by Mikhail Tal for over 20 years. Kasparov's win as Black in the 16th game has been recognized as one of the all-time masterpieces in chess history.", "Kasparov's win as Black in the 16th game has been recognized as one of the all-time masterpieces in chess history. As part of the arrangements following the aborted 1984 match, Karpov had been granted (in the event of his defeat) a right to rematch.", "As part of the arrangements following the aborted 1984 match, Karpov had been granted (in the event of his defeat) a right to rematch. Another match took place in 1986, hosted jointly in London and Leningrad, with each city hosting 12 games.", "Another match took place in 1986, hosted jointly in London and Leningrad, with each city hosting 12 games. At one point in the match, Kasparov opened a three-point lead and looked well on his way to a decisive match victory. But Karpov fought back by winning three consecutive games to level the score late in the match.", "But Karpov fought back by winning three consecutive games to level the score late in the match. At this point, Kasparov dismissed one of his seconds, grandmaster Evgeny Vladimirov, accusing him of selling his opening preparation to the Karpov team (as described in Kasparov's autobiography Unlimited Challenge, chapter Stab in the Back).", "At this point, Kasparov dismissed one of his seconds, grandmaster Evgeny Vladimirov, accusing him of selling his opening preparation to the Karpov team (as described in Kasparov's autobiography Unlimited Challenge, chapter Stab in the Back). Kasparov scored one more win and kept his title by a final score of 12½–11½.", "Kasparov scored one more win and kept his title by a final score of 12½–11½. A fourth match for the world title took place in 1987 in Seville, as Karpov had qualified through the Candidates' Matches to again become the official challenger.", "A fourth match for the world title took place in 1987 in Seville, as Karpov had qualified through the Candidates' Matches to again become the official challenger. This match was very close, with neither player holding more than a one-point lead at any time during the contest.", "This match was very close, with neither player holding more than a one-point lead at any time during the contest. Kasparov was down one full point at the time of the final game and needed a win to draw the match and retain his title.", "Kasparov was down one full point at the time of the final game and needed a win to draw the match and retain his title. A long tense game ensued in which Karpov blundered away a pawn just before the first time control, and Kasparov eventually won a long ending.", "A long tense game ensued in which Karpov blundered away a pawn just before the first time control, and Kasparov eventually won a long ending. Kasparov retained his title as the match was drawn by a score of 12–12. (All this meant that Kasparov had played Karpov four times in the period 1984–87, a statistic unprecedented in chess.", "(All this meant that Kasparov had played Karpov four times in the period 1984–87, a statistic unprecedented in chess. Matches organized by FIDE had taken place every three years since 1948, and only Botvinnik had a right to a rematch before Karpov.)", "Matches organized by FIDE had taken place every three years since 1948, and only Botvinnik had a right to a rematch before Karpov.) The fifth match between Kasparov and Karpov was held in New York and Lyon in 1990, with each city hosting 12 games.", "The fifth match between Kasparov and Karpov was held in New York and Lyon in 1990, with each city hosting 12 games. Again, the result was a close one with Kasparov winning by a margin of 12½–11½. In their five world championship matches, Kasparov had 21 wins, 19 losses, and 104 draws in 144 games.", "In their five world championship matches, Kasparov had 21 wins, 19 losses, and 104 draws in 144 games. Break with and ejection from FIDE With the World Champion title in hand, Kasparov began opposing FIDE.", "Break with and ejection from FIDE With the World Champion title in hand, Kasparov began opposing FIDE. In November 1986, he created the Grandmasters Association (GMA), an organization to represent professional chess players and give them more say in FIDE's activities. Kasparov assumed a leadership role.", "Kasparov assumed a leadership role. Kasparov assumed a leadership role. GMA's major achievement was in organizing a series of six World Cup tournaments for the world's top players. This caused a somewhat uneasy relationship to develop with FIDE.", "This caused a somewhat uneasy relationship to develop with FIDE. This stand-off lasted until 1993, by which time a new challenger had qualified through the Candidates cycle for Kasparov's next World Championship defence: Nigel Short, a British grandmaster who had defeated Anatoly Karpov in a qualifying match and then Jan Timman in the finals held in early 1993.", "This stand-off lasted until 1993, by which time a new challenger had qualified through the Candidates cycle for Kasparov's next World Championship defence: Nigel Short, a British grandmaster who had defeated Anatoly Karpov in a qualifying match and then Jan Timman in the finals held in early 1993. After a confusing and compressed bidding process produced lower financial estimates than expected, the world champion and his challenger decided to play outside FIDE's jurisdiction, under another organization created by Kasparov called the Professional Chess Association (PCA).", "After a confusing and compressed bidding process produced lower financial estimates than expected, the world champion and his challenger decided to play outside FIDE's jurisdiction, under another organization created by Kasparov called the Professional Chess Association (PCA). At this point, a great fracture occurred in the lineage of the FIDE World Championship.", "At this point, a great fracture occurred in the lineage of the FIDE World Championship. In an interview in 2007, Kasparov called the break with FIDE the worst mistake of his career, as it hurt the game in the long run. Kasparov and Short were ejected from FIDE and played their well-sponsored match in London in 1993.", "Kasparov and Short were ejected from FIDE and played their well-sponsored match in London in 1993. Kasparov won convincingly by a score of 12½–7½. The match considerably raised the profile of chess in the UK, with an unprecedented level of coverage on Channel 4.", "The match considerably raised the profile of chess in the UK, with an unprecedented level of coverage on Channel 4. Meanwhile, FIDE organized a World Championship match between Jan Timman (the defeated Candidates finalist) and former World Champion Karpov (a defeated Candidates semi-finalist), which Karpov won.", "Meanwhile, FIDE organized a World Championship match between Jan Timman (the defeated Candidates finalist) and former World Champion Karpov (a defeated Candidates semi-finalist), which Karpov won. FIDE removed Kasparov and Short from the FIDE rating lists.", "FIDE removed Kasparov and Short from the FIDE rating lists. Until this happened, there was a parallel rating list presented by PCA which featured all the world top players, regardless of their relation to FIDE. There were now two World Champions: PCA champion Kasparov, and FIDE champion Karpov. The title remained split for 13 years.", "The title remained split for 13 years. Kasparov defended his title in a 1995 match against Viswanathan Anand at the World Trade Center in New York City. Kasparov won the match by four wins to one, with thirteen draws.", "Kasparov won the match by four wins to one, with thirteen draws. Kasparov tried to organize another World Championship match, under another organization, the World Chess Association (WCA) with Linares organizer Luis Rentero. Alexei Shirov and Vladimir Kramnik played a candidates match to decide the challenger, which Shirov won in a surprising upset.", "Alexei Shirov and Vladimir Kramnik played a candidates match to decide the challenger, which Shirov won in a surprising upset. But when Rentero admitted that the funds required and promised had never materialized, the WCA collapsed. This left Kasparov stranded, and yet another organization stepped in: BrainGames.com, headed by Raymond Keene.", "This left Kasparov stranded, and yet another organization stepped in: BrainGames.com, headed by Raymond Keene. No match against Shirov was arranged, and talks with Anand collapsed, so a match was instead arranged against Kramnik.", "No match against Shirov was arranged, and talks with Anand collapsed, so a match was instead arranged against Kramnik. During this period, Kasparov was approached by Oakham School in the United Kingdom, at the time the only school in the country with a full-time chess coach, and developed an interest in the use of chess in education.", "During this period, Kasparov was approached by Oakham School in the United Kingdom, at the time the only school in the country with a full-time chess coach, and developed an interest in the use of chess in education. In 1997, Kasparov supported a scholarship programme at the school. Kasparov also won the Marca Leyenda trophy that year.", "Kasparov also won the Marca Leyenda trophy that year. Losing the title and aftermath The Kasparov-Kramnik match took place in London during the latter half of 2000. Kramnik had been a student of Kasparov's at the famous Botvinnik/Kasparov chess school in Russia and had served on Kasparov's team for the 1995 match against Viswanathan Anand.", "Kramnik had been a student of Kasparov's at the famous Botvinnik/Kasparov chess school in Russia and had served on Kasparov's team for the 1995 match against Viswanathan Anand. The better-prepared Kramnik won game 2 against Kasparov's Grünfeld Defence and achieved winning positions in Games 4 and 6, although Kasparov held the draw in both games.", "The better-prepared Kramnik won game 2 against Kasparov's Grünfeld Defence and achieved winning positions in Games 4 and 6, although Kasparov held the draw in both games. Kasparov made a critical error in Game 10 with the Nimzo-Indian Defence, which Kramnik exploited to win in 25 moves.", "Kasparov made a critical error in Game 10 with the Nimzo-Indian Defence, which Kramnik exploited to win in 25 moves. As White, Kasparov could not crack the passive but solid Berlin Defence in the Ruy Lopez, and Kramnik successfully drew all his games as Black. Kramnik won the match 8½–6½.", "Kramnik won the match 8½–6½. Kramnik won the match 8½–6½. After losing the title, Kasparov won a series of major tournaments, and remained the top-rated player in the world, ahead of both Kramnik and the FIDE World Champions.", "After losing the title, Kasparov won a series of major tournaments, and remained the top-rated player in the world, ahead of both Kramnik and the FIDE World Champions. In 2001 he refused an invitation to the 2002 Dortmund Candidates Tournament for the Classical title, claiming his results had earned him a rematch with Kramnik.", "In 2001 he refused an invitation to the 2002 Dortmund Candidates Tournament for the Classical title, claiming his results had earned him a rematch with Kramnik. Kasparov and Karpov played a four-game match with rapid time controls over two days in December 2002 in New York City.", "Kasparov and Karpov played a four-game match with rapid time controls over two days in December 2002 in New York City. Karpov surprised the experts and emerged victorious, winning two games and drawing one. Due to Kasparov's continuing strong results, and status as world No.", "Due to Kasparov's continuing strong results, and status as world No. 1 in much of the public eye, he was included in the so-called \"Prague Agreement\", masterminded by Yasser Seirawan and intended to reunite the two World Championships. Kasparov was to play a match against the FIDE World Champion Ruslan Ponomariov in September 2003.", "Kasparov was to play a match against the FIDE World Champion Ruslan Ponomariov in September 2003. But this match was called off after Ponomariov refused to sign his contract for it without reservation.", "But this match was called off after Ponomariov refused to sign his contract for it without reservation. In its place, there were plans for a match against Rustam Kasimdzhanov, winner of the FIDE World Chess Championship 2004, to be held in January 2005 in the United Arab Emirates. These also fell through due to a lack of funding.", "These also fell through due to a lack of funding. Plans to hold the match in Turkey instead came too late. Kasparov announced in January 2005 that he was tired of waiting for FIDE to organize a match and so had decided to stop all efforts to regain the World Championship title.", "Kasparov announced in January 2005 that he was tired of waiting for FIDE to organize a match and so had decided to stop all efforts to regain the World Championship title. Retirement from chess After winning the prestigious Linares tournament for the ninth time, Kasparov announced on 10 March 2005 that he would retire from serious competitive chess.", "Retirement from chess After winning the prestigious Linares tournament for the ninth time, Kasparov announced on 10 March 2005 that he would retire from serious competitive chess. He cited as the reason a lack of personal goals in the chess world (he commented when winning the Russian championship in 2004 that it had been the last major title he had never won outright) and expressed frustration at the failure to reunify the world championship.", "He cited as the reason a lack of personal goals in the chess world (he commented when winning the Russian championship in 2004 that it had been the last major title he had never won outright) and expressed frustration at the failure to reunify the world championship. Kasparov said he might play in some rapid chess events for fun, but he intended to spend more time on his books, including the My Great Predecessors series, and work on the links between decision-making in chess and other areas of life.", "Kasparov said he might play in some rapid chess events for fun, but he intended to spend more time on his books, including the My Great Predecessors series, and work on the links between decision-making in chess and other areas of life. He also stated that he would continue to involve himself in Russian politics, which he viewed as \"headed down the wrong path.\"", "He also stated that he would continue to involve himself in Russian politics, which he viewed as \"headed down the wrong path.\" Post-retirement chess On 22 August 2006, in his first public chess games since his retirement, Kasparov played in the Lichthof Chess Champions Tournament, a blitz event played at the time control of 5 minutes per side and 3-second increments per move.", "Post-retirement chess On 22 August 2006, in his first public chess games since his retirement, Kasparov played in the Lichthof Chess Champions Tournament, a blitz event played at the time control of 5 minutes per side and 3-second increments per move. Kasparov tied for first with Anatoly Karpov, scoring 4½/6.", "Kasparov tied for first with Anatoly Karpov, scoring 4½/6. Kasparov and Anatoly Karpov played a 12-game match from 21 to 24 September 2009, in Valencia, Spain.", "Kasparov and Anatoly Karpov played a 12-game match from 21 to 24 September 2009, in Valencia, Spain. It consisted of four rapid (or semi rapid) games, in which Kasparov won 3–1, and eight blitz games, in which Kasparov won 6–2, winning the match with a total result of 9–3.", "It consisted of four rapid (or semi rapid) games, in which Kasparov won 3–1, and eight blitz games, in which Kasparov won 6–2, winning the match with a total result of 9–3. The event took place exactly 25 years after the two players' legendary encounter at World Chess Championship 1984.", "The event took place exactly 25 years after the two players' legendary encounter at World Chess Championship 1984. Kasparov actively coached Magnus Carlsen for approximately one year beginning in February 2009. The collaboration remained secret until September 2009.", "The collaboration remained secret until September 2009. Under Kasparov's tutelage, Carlsen in October 2009 became the youngest ever to achieve a FIDE rating higher than 2800 and rose from world number four to world number one.", "Under Kasparov's tutelage, Carlsen in October 2009 became the youngest ever to achieve a FIDE rating higher than 2800 and rose from world number four to world number one. While the pair initially planned to work together throughout 2010, in March of that year it was announced that Carlsen had split from Kasparov and would no longer be using him as a trainer.", "While the pair initially planned to work together throughout 2010, in March of that year it was announced that Carlsen had split from Kasparov and would no longer be using him as a trainer. According to an interview with the German magazine Der Spiegel, Carlsen indicated that he would remain in contact and that he would continue to attend training sessions with Kasparov, but in fact, no further training sessions were held and the cooperation gradually fizzled out over the course of the spring.", "According to an interview with the German magazine Der Spiegel, Carlsen indicated that he would remain in contact and that he would continue to attend training sessions with Kasparov, but in fact, no further training sessions were held and the cooperation gradually fizzled out over the course of the spring. In May 2010 he played 30 games simultaneously, winning each one, against players at Tel Aviv University in Israel.", "In May 2010 he played 30 games simultaneously, winning each one, against players at Tel Aviv University in Israel. In the same month, it was revealed that Kasparov had aided Viswanathan Anand in preparation for the World Chess Championship 2010 against challenger Veselin Topalov. Anand won the match 6½–5½ to retain the title.", "Anand won the match 6½–5½ to retain the title. In January 2011, Kasparov began training the U.S. grandmaster Hikaru Nakamura. The first of several training sessions were held in New York just before Nakamura participated in the Tata Steel Chess tournament in Wijk aan Zee, the Netherlands.", "The first of several training sessions were held in New York just before Nakamura participated in the Tata Steel Chess tournament in Wijk aan Zee, the Netherlands. In December 2011, it was announced that the cooperation had come to an end. Kasparov played two blitz exhibition matches in the autumn of 2011.", "Kasparov played two blitz exhibition matches in the autumn of 2011. The first was in September against French grandmaster Maxime Vachier-Lagrave, in Clichy (France), which Kasparov won 1½–½. The second was a longer match consisting of eight blitz games played on 9 October, against English grandmaster Nigel Short.", "The second was a longer match consisting of eight blitz games played on 9 October, against English grandmaster Nigel Short. Kasparov won again by a score of 4½–3½. A little after that, in October 2011, Kasparov played and defeated fourteen opponents in a simultaneous exhibition that took place in Bratislava.", "A little after that, in October 2011, Kasparov played and defeated fourteen opponents in a simultaneous exhibition that took place in Bratislava. On 25 and 26 April 2015, Kasparov played a mini-match against Nigel Short. The match consisted of two rapid games and eight blitz games and was contested over the course of two days.", "The match consisted of two rapid games and eight blitz games and was contested over the course of two days. Both commentators GM Maurice Ashley and Alejandro Ramirez remarked how Kasparov was an 'initiative hog' throughout the match, consistently not allowing Short to gain any foothold in the games, and won the match decisively with a score of 8½–1½.", "Both commentators GM Maurice Ashley and Alejandro Ramirez remarked how Kasparov was an 'initiative hog' throughout the match, consistently not allowing Short to gain any foothold in the games, and won the match decisively with a score of 8½–1½. Kasparov also managed to win all five games on the second day, with his victories characterised by aggressive pawn moves breaking up Short's position, thereby allowing Kasparov's pieces to achieve positional superiority.", "Kasparov also managed to win all five games on the second day, with his victories characterised by aggressive pawn moves breaking up Short's position, thereby allowing Kasparov's pieces to achieve positional superiority. On Wednesday 19 August 2015, he played and won all 19 games of a simultaneous exhibition in Pula, Croatia.", "On Wednesday 19 August 2015, he played and won all 19 games of a simultaneous exhibition in Pula, Croatia. On Thursday 28 April and Friday 29 April 2016 at the Chess Club and Scholastic Center of Saint Louis, Kasparov played a 6-round exhibition blitz round-robin tournament with Fabiano Caruana, Wesley So, and Hikaru Nakamura in an event called the Ultimate Blitz Challenge.", "On Thursday 28 April and Friday 29 April 2016 at the Chess Club and Scholastic Center of Saint Louis, Kasparov played a 6-round exhibition blitz round-robin tournament with Fabiano Caruana, Wesley So, and Hikaru Nakamura in an event called the Ultimate Blitz Challenge. He finished the tournament third with 9.5/18, behind Hikaru Nakamura (11/18) and Wesley So (10/18).", "He finished the tournament third with 9.5/18, behind Hikaru Nakamura (11/18) and Wesley So (10/18). At the post-tournament interview, he considered the possibility of playing future top-level blitz exhibition matches. On 2 June 2016, Kasparov played against fifteen chess players in a simultaneous exhibition in the Kaiser-Friedrich-Halle of Mönchengladbach. He won all games.", "He won all games. He won all games. Candidate for FIDE presidency On 7 October 2013, Kasparov announced his candidacy for World Chess Federation president during a reception in Tallinn, Estonia, where the 84th FIDE Congress took place.", "Candidate for FIDE presidency On 7 October 2013, Kasparov announced his candidacy for World Chess Federation president during a reception in Tallinn, Estonia, where the 84th FIDE Congress took place. Kasparov's candidacy was supported by his former student, reigning World Chess Champion and FIDE#1 ranked player Magnus Carlsen.", "Kasparov's candidacy was supported by his former student, reigning World Chess Champion and FIDE#1 ranked player Magnus Carlsen. At the FIDE General Assembly in August 2014, Kasparov lost the presidential election to incumbent FIDE president Kirsan Ilyumzhinov, with a vote of 110–61.", "At the FIDE General Assembly in August 2014, Kasparov lost the presidential election to incumbent FIDE president Kirsan Ilyumzhinov, with a vote of 110–61. A few days before the election took place, the New York Times Magazine had published a lengthy report on the viciously fought campaign.", "A few days before the election took place, the New York Times Magazine had published a lengthy report on the viciously fought campaign. Included was information about a leaked contract between Kasparov and former FIDE Secretary General Ignatius Leong from Singapore, in which the Kasparov campaign reportedly \"offered to pay Leong US$500,000 and to pay $250,000 a year for four years to the ASEAN Chess Academy, an organization Leong helped create to teach the game, specifying that Leong would be responsible for delivering 11 votes from his region [...]\".", "Included was information about a leaked contract between Kasparov and former FIDE Secretary General Ignatius Leong from Singapore, in which the Kasparov campaign reportedly \"offered to pay Leong US$500,000 and to pay $250,000 a year for four years to the ASEAN Chess Academy, an organization Leong helped create to teach the game, specifying that Leong would be responsible for delivering 11 votes from his region [...]\". In September 2015, the FIDE Ethics Commission found Kasparov and Leong guilty of violating its Code of Ethics and later suspended them for two years from all FIDE functions and meetings.", "In September 2015, the FIDE Ethics Commission found Kasparov and Leong guilty of violating its Code of Ethics and later suspended them for two years from all FIDE functions and meetings. Return from retirement In 2017, Kasparov came out of retirement to participate in the inaugural St. Louis Rapid and Blitz tournament from 14 to 19 August, scoring 3.5/9 in the rapid and 9/18 in the blitz, finishing eighth out of ten participants, which included Nakamura, Caruana, former world champion Anand, and the eventual winner, Aronian.", "Return from retirement In 2017, Kasparov came out of retirement to participate in the inaugural St. Louis Rapid and Blitz tournament from 14 to 19 August, scoring 3.5/9 in the rapid and 9/18 in the blitz, finishing eighth out of ten participants, which included Nakamura, Caruana, former world champion Anand, and the eventual winner, Aronian. Any tournament money that he earned would go towards charities to promote chess in Africa.", "Any tournament money that he earned would go towards charities to promote chess in Africa. In 2020 he participated in 9LX tournament in Chess 960. He finished eighth in a field of 10 players. Notably he drew a game against Magnus Carlsen, who tied for first place.", "Notably he drew a game against Magnus Carlsen, who tied for first place. In 2021 he launched Kasparovchess, a subscription-based online chess community featuring documentaries, lessons and puzzles, podcasts, articles, interviews, and playing zones. In 2021, Kasparov played in the blitz section of the Grand Chess Tour event in Zagreb, Croatia.", "In 2021, Kasparov played in the blitz section of the Grand Chess Tour event in Zagreb, Croatia. He performed poorly, however, scoring 0.5/9 on the first day and 2.0/9 on the second day, getting his only win against Jorden Van Foreest.", "He performed poorly, however, scoring 0.5/9 on the first day and 2.0/9 on the second day, getting his only win against Jorden Van Foreest. He also participated in 9XL 2 - Chess 960 tournament - finishing fifth in a field of 10 players, with a score of 5/9.", "He also participated in 9XL 2 - Chess 960 tournament - finishing fifth in a field of 10 players, with a score of 5/9. Politics 1980s Kasparov's grandfather was a staunch communist but Kasparov gradually began to have doubts about the Soviet Union's political system at age 13 when he travelled abroad for the first time to Paris for a chess tournament.", "Politics 1980s Kasparov's grandfather was a staunch communist but Kasparov gradually began to have doubts about the Soviet Union's political system at age 13 when he travelled abroad for the first time to Paris for a chess tournament. In 1981, at age 18 he read Solzhenitsyn's The Gulag Archipelago, a copy of which he bought while abroad.", "In 1981, at age 18 he read Solzhenitsyn's The Gulag Archipelago, a copy of which he bought while abroad. Kasparov joined the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) in 1984, and in 1987 was elected to the Central Committee of Komsomol. However, in 1990, he left the party.", "However, in 1990, he left the party. 1990s In January 1990, Kasparov and his family fled Baku to escape pogroms against Armenians. In May 1990, Kasparov took part in the creation of the Democratic Party of Russia, which at first was a liberal anti-communist party, later shifting to centrism.", "In May 1990, Kasparov took part in the creation of the Democratic Party of Russia, which at first was a liberal anti-communist party, later shifting to centrism. Kasparov left the party on 28 April 1991, after its conference.", "Kasparov left the party on 28 April 1991, after its conference. In 1991, Kasparov received the Keeper of the Flame award from the Center for Security Policy, a Washington, D.C. based far-right, anti-Muslim think tank.", "In 1991, Kasparov received the Keeper of the Flame award from the Center for Security Policy, a Washington, D.C. based far-right, anti-Muslim think tank. In his acceptance speech Kasparov lauded the defeat of communism while also urging the United States to give no financial assistance to central Soviet leaders.", "In his acceptance speech Kasparov lauded the defeat of communism while also urging the United States to give no financial assistance to central Soviet leaders. In June 1993, Kasparov was involved with the creation of the \"Choice of Russia\" bloc of parties and in 1996 took part in the election campaign of Boris Yeltsin.", "In June 1993, Kasparov was involved with the creation of the \"Choice of Russia\" bloc of parties and in 1996 took part in the election campaign of Boris Yeltsin. In 2001 he voiced his support for the Russian television channel NTV.", "In 2001 he voiced his support for the Russian television channel NTV. In 1997, Kasparov was awarded honorary citizenship of Bosnia and Herzegovina for his support of Bosnian people during the Bosnian War. 2000s In 2002, he called for Turkey to be admitted to the European Union if Turkey recognizes the Armenian genocide.", "2000s In 2002, he called for Turkey to be admitted to the European Union if Turkey recognizes the Armenian genocide. After his retirement from chess in 2005, Kasparov turned to politics and created the United Civil Front, a social movement whose main goal is to \"work to preserve electoral democracy in Russia\".", "After his retirement from chess in 2005, Kasparov turned to politics and created the United Civil Front, a social movement whose main goal is to \"work to preserve electoral democracy in Russia\". He has vowed to \"restore democracy\" to Russia by restoring the rule of law.", "He has vowed to \"restore democracy\" to Russia by restoring the rule of law. Kasparov was instrumental in setting up The Other Russia, a coalition which opposes Putin's government.", "Kasparov was instrumental in setting up The Other Russia, a coalition which opposes Putin's government. The Other Russia has been boycotted by the leaders of Russia's mainstream opposition parties, Yabloko and Union of Right Forces due to its inclusion of both nationalist and radical groups.", "The Other Russia has been boycotted by the leaders of Russia's mainstream opposition parties, Yabloko and Union of Right Forces due to its inclusion of both nationalist and radical groups. Kasparov has criticized these groups as being secretly under the auspices of the Kremlin.", "Kasparov has criticized these groups as being secretly under the auspices of the Kremlin. In April 2005, Kasparov was in Moscow at a promotional event when he was struck over the head with a chessboard he had just signed.", "In April 2005, Kasparov was in Moscow at a promotional event when he was struck over the head with a chessboard he had just signed. The assailant was reported to have said \"I admired you as a chess player, but you gave that up for politics\" immediately before the attack.", "The assailant was reported to have said \"I admired you as a chess player, but you gave that up for politics\" immediately before the attack. Kasparov has been the subject of a number of other episodes since, including police brutality and alleged harassment from the Russian secret service.", "Kasparov has been the subject of a number of other episodes since, including police brutality and alleged harassment from the Russian secret service. Kasparov helped organize the Saint Petersburg Dissenters' March on 3 March 2007 and The March of the Dissenters on 24 March 2007, both involving several thousand people rallying against Putin and Saint Petersburg Governor Valentina Matviyenko's policies.", "Kasparov helped organize the Saint Petersburg Dissenters' March on 3 March 2007 and The March of the Dissenters on 24 March 2007, both involving several thousand people rallying against Putin and Saint Petersburg Governor Valentina Matviyenko's policies. In April 2007, Kasparov led a pro-democracy demonstration in Moscow.", "In April 2007, Kasparov led a pro-democracy demonstration in Moscow. Soon after the demonstration's start, however, over 9,000 police descended on the group and seized almost everyone. Kasparov, who was briefly arrested by the Moscow police, was warned by the prosecution office on the eve of the march that anyone participating risked being detained.", "Kasparov, who was briefly arrested by the Moscow police, was warned by the prosecution office on the eve of the march that anyone participating risked being detained. He was held for some 10 hours and then fined and released. He was later summoned by the FSB for violations of Russian anti-extremism laws.", "He was later summoned by the FSB for violations of Russian anti-extremism laws. Speaking about Kasparov, former KGB defector Oleg Kalugin in 2007 remarked, \"I do not talk in details – people who knew them are all dead now because they were vocal, they were open. I am quiet.", "I am quiet. I am quiet. There is only one man who is vocal and he may be in trouble: [former] world chess champion [Garry] Kasparov. He has been very outspoken in his attacks on Putin and I believe that he is probably next on the list.\"", "He has been very outspoken in his attacks on Putin and I believe that he is probably next on the list.\" Kasparov gave speeches at think tanks such as the Hoover Institution. On 30 September 2007, Kasparov entered the Russian presidential race, receiving 379 of 498 votes at a congress held in Moscow by The Other Russia.", "On 30 September 2007, Kasparov entered the Russian presidential race, receiving 379 of 498 votes at a congress held in Moscow by The Other Russia. In October 2007, Kasparov announced his intention of standing for the Russian presidency as the candidate of the \"Other Russia\" coalition and vowed to fight for a \"democratic and just Russia\".", "In October 2007, Kasparov announced his intention of standing for the Russian presidency as the candidate of the \"Other Russia\" coalition and vowed to fight for a \"democratic and just Russia\". Later that month he traveled to the United States, where he appeared on several popular television programs, which were hosted by Stephen Colbert, Wolf Blitzer, Bill Maher, and Chris Matthews.", "Later that month he traveled to the United States, where he appeared on several popular television programs, which were hosted by Stephen Colbert, Wolf Blitzer, Bill Maher, and Chris Matthews. In November 2007, Kasparov and other protesters were detained by police at an Other Russia rally in Moscow, which drew 3,000 demonstrators to protest election rigging.", "In November 2007, Kasparov and other protesters were detained by police at an Other Russia rally in Moscow, which drew 3,000 demonstrators to protest election rigging. Following an attempt by about 100 protesters to march through police lines to the electoral commission, which had barred Other Russia candidates from parliamentary elections, arrests were made.", "Following an attempt by about 100 protesters to march through police lines to the electoral commission, which had barred Other Russia candidates from parliamentary elections, arrests were made. The Russian authorities stated a rally had been approved but not any marches, resulting in several detained demonstrators.", "The Russian authorities stated a rally had been approved but not any marches, resulting in several detained demonstrators. He was subsequently charged with resisting arrest and organizing an unauthorized protest and given a jail sentence of five days. Kasparov appealed the charges, citing that he had been following orders given by the police, although it was denied.", "Kasparov appealed the charges, citing that he had been following orders given by the police, although it was denied. He was released from jail on 29 November. Putin criticized Kasparov at the rally for his use of English when speaking rather than Russian.", "Putin criticized Kasparov at the rally for his use of English when speaking rather than Russian. In December 2007, Kasparov announced that he had to withdraw his presidential candidacy due to inability to rent a meeting hall where at least 500 of his supporters could assemble.", "In December 2007, Kasparov announced that he had to withdraw his presidential candidacy due to inability to rent a meeting hall where at least 500 of his supporters could assemble. With the deadline expiring on that date, he explained it was impossible for him to run. Russian election laws required sufficient meeting hall space for assembling supporters.", "Russian election laws required sufficient meeting hall space for assembling supporters. Kasparov's spokeswoman accused the government of using pressure to deter anyone from renting a hall for the gathering and said that the electoral commission had rejected a proposal that would have allowed for smaller gathering sizes rather than one large gathering at a meeting hall.", "Kasparov's spokeswoman accused the government of using pressure to deter anyone from renting a hall for the gathering and said that the electoral commission had rejected a proposal that would have allowed for smaller gathering sizes rather than one large gathering at a meeting hall. 2010s—2020s Kasparov was among the 34 first signatories and a key organizer of the online anti-Putin campaign \"Putin must go\", started on 10 March 2010.", "2010s—2020s Kasparov was among the 34 first signatories and a key organizer of the online anti-Putin campaign \"Putin must go\", started on 10 March 2010. The campaign was begun by a coalition of opposition to Putin who regard his rule as lacking any rule of law.", "The campaign was begun by a coalition of opposition to Putin who regard his rule as lacking any rule of law. Within the text is a call to Russian law enforcement to ignore Putin's orders. By June 2011, there were 90,000 signatures.", "By June 2011, there were 90,000 signatures. While the identity of the petition author remained anonymous, there was wide speculation that it was indeed Kasparov. Kasparov was named Chairman of the Human Rights Foundation in 2011.", "Kasparov was named Chairman of the Human Rights Foundation in 2011. On 31 January 2012, Kasparov hosted a meeting of opposition leaders planning a mass march on 4 February 2012, the third major opposition rally held since the disputed State Duma elections of December 2011. Among other opposition leaders attending were Alexey Navalny and Yevgenia Chirikova.", "Among other opposition leaders attending were Alexey Navalny and Yevgenia Chirikova. On 17 August 2012, Kasparov was arrested and beaten outside of the Moscow court while attending the sentencing in the case involving the all-female punk band Pussy Riot.", "On 17 August 2012, Kasparov was arrested and beaten outside of the Moscow court while attending the sentencing in the case involving the all-female punk band Pussy Riot. On 24 August, he was cleared of charges that he took part in an unauthorized protest against the conviction of three members of Pussy Riot.", "On 24 August, he was cleared of charges that he took part in an unauthorized protest against the conviction of three members of Pussy Riot. Judge Yekaterina Veklich said there were \"no grounds to believe the testimony of the police\".", "Judge Yekaterina Veklich said there were \"no grounds to believe the testimony of the police\". He could still face criminal charges over a police officer's claims that the opposition leader bit his finger while he was being detained. He later thanked all the bloggers and reporters who provided video evidence that contradicted the testimony of the police.", "He later thanked all the bloggers and reporters who provided video evidence that contradicted the testimony of the police. Kasparov wrote in February 2013 that \"fascism has come to Russia. ... Project Putin, just like the old Project Hitler, is but the fruit of a conspiracy by the ruling elite.", "... Project Putin, just like the old Project Hitler, is but the fruit of a conspiracy by the ruling elite. Fascist rule was never the result of the free will of the people. It was always the fruit of a conspiracy by the ruling elites!\"", "It was always the fruit of a conspiracy by the ruling elites!\" In April 2013, Kasparov joined in an HRF condemnation of Kanye West for having performed for the leader of Kazakhstan in exchange for a $3 million paycheck, saying that West \"has entertained a brutal killer and his entourage\" and that his fee \"came from the loot stolen from the Kazakhstan treasury\".", "In April 2013, Kasparov joined in an HRF condemnation of Kanye West for having performed for the leader of Kazakhstan in exchange for a $3 million paycheck, saying that West \"has entertained a brutal killer and his entourage\" and that his fee \"came from the loot stolen from the Kazakhstan treasury\". Kasparov denied rumors in April 2013 that he planned to leave Russia for good.", "Kasparov denied rumors in April 2013 that he planned to leave Russia for good. \"I found these rumors to be deeply saddening and, moreover, surprising,\" he wrote.", "\"I found these rumors to be deeply saddening and, moreover, surprising,\" he wrote. \"I was unable to respond immediately because I was in such a state of shock that such an incredibly inaccurate statement, the likes of which is constantly distributed by the Kremlin's propagandists, came this time from Ilya Yashin, a fellow member of the Opposition Coordination Council (KSO) and my former colleague from the Solidarity movement.\"", "\"I was unable to respond immediately because I was in such a state of shock that such an incredibly inaccurate statement, the likes of which is constantly distributed by the Kremlin's propagandists, came this time from Ilya Yashin, a fellow member of the Opposition Coordination Council (KSO) and my former colleague from the Solidarity movement.\" In an April 2013 op-ed piece, Kasparov accused prominent Russian journalist Vladimir Posner of failing to stand up to Putin and to earlier Russian and Soviet leaders.", "In an April 2013 op-ed piece, Kasparov accused prominent Russian journalist Vladimir Posner of failing to stand up to Putin and to earlier Russian and Soviet leaders. Kasparov was presented with the Morris B. Abram Human Rights Award, UN Watch's annual human-rights prize, in 2013.", "Kasparov was presented with the Morris B. Abram Human Rights Award, UN Watch's annual human-rights prize, in 2013. The organization praised him as \"not only one of the world's smartest men\" but \"also among its bravest\".", "The organization praised him as \"not only one of the world's smartest men\" but \"also among its bravest\". At the 2013 Women in the World conference, Kasparov told The Daily Beasts Michael Moynihan that democracy no longer existed in what he called Russia's \"dictatorship\".", "At the 2013 Women in the World conference, Kasparov told The Daily Beasts Michael Moynihan that democracy no longer existed in what he called Russia's \"dictatorship\". Kasparov said at a press conference in June 2013 that if he returned to Russia he doubted he would be allowed to leave again, given Putin's ongoing crackdown against dissenters.", "Kasparov said at a press conference in June 2013 that if he returned to Russia he doubted he would be allowed to leave again, given Putin's ongoing crackdown against dissenters. \"So for the time being,\" he said, \"I refrain from returning to Russia.\"", "\"So for the time being,\" he said, \"I refrain from returning to Russia.\" He explained shortly thereafter in an article for The Daily Beast that this had not been intended as \"a declaration of leaving my home country, permanently or otherwise\", but merely an expression of \"the dark reality of the situation in Russia today, where nearly half the members of the opposition's Coordinating Council are under criminal investigation on concocted charges\".", "He explained shortly thereafter in an article for The Daily Beast that this had not been intended as \"a declaration of leaving my home country, permanently or otherwise\", but merely an expression of \"the dark reality of the situation in Russia today, where nearly half the members of the opposition's Coordinating Council are under criminal investigation on concocted charges\". He noted that the Moscow prosecutor's office was \"opening an investigation that would limit my ability to travel\", making it impossible for him to fulfill \"professional speaking engagements\" and hindering his \"work for the nonprofit Kasparov Chess Foundation, which has centers in New York City, Brussels, and Johannesburg to promote chess in education\".", "He noted that the Moscow prosecutor's office was \"opening an investigation that would limit my ability to travel\", making it impossible for him to fulfill \"professional speaking engagements\" and hindering his \"work for the nonprofit Kasparov Chess Foundation, which has centers in New York City, Brussels, and Johannesburg to promote chess in education\". Kasparov further wrote in his June 2013 Daily Beast article that the mass protests in Moscow 18 months earlier against fraudulent Russian elections had been \"a proud moment for me\".", "Kasparov further wrote in his June 2013 Daily Beast article that the mass protests in Moscow 18 months earlier against fraudulent Russian elections had been \"a proud moment for me\". He recalled that after joining the opposition movement in March 2005, he had been criticized for seeking to unite \"every anti-Putin element in the country to march together regardless of ideology\".", "He recalled that after joining the opposition movement in March 2005, he had been criticized for seeking to unite \"every anti-Putin element in the country to march together regardless of ideology\". Therefore, the sight of \"hundreds of flags representing every group from liberals to nationalists all marching together for 'Russia Without Putin' was the fulfillment of a dream.\"", "Therefore, the sight of \"hundreds of flags representing every group from liberals to nationalists all marching together for 'Russia Without Putin' was the fulfillment of a dream.\" Yet most Russians, he lamented, had continued to \"slumber\" even as Putin had \"taken off the flimsy mask of democracy to reveal himself in full as the would-be KGB dictator he has always been\".", "Yet most Russians, he lamented, had continued to \"slumber\" even as Putin had \"taken off the flimsy mask of democracy to reveal himself in full as the would-be KGB dictator he has always been\". Kasparov responded with several sardonic Twitter postings to a September 2013 The New York Times op-ed by Putin.", "Kasparov responded with several sardonic Twitter postings to a September 2013 The New York Times op-ed by Putin. \"I hope Putin has taken adequate protections,\" he tweeted. \"Now that he is a Russian journalist his life may be in grave danger!\"", "\"Now that he is a Russian journalist his life may be in grave danger!\" Also: \"Now we can expect NY Times op-eds by Mugabe on fair elections, Castro on free speech, & Kim Jong-un on prison reform. The Axis of Hypocrisy.\"", "The Axis of Hypocrisy.\" The Axis of Hypocrisy.\" In a 12 May 2013 op-ed for The Wall Street Journal, Kasparov questioned reports that the Russian security agency, the FSB, had fully cooperated with the FBI in the matter of the Boston bombers.", "In a 12 May 2013 op-ed for The Wall Street Journal, Kasparov questioned reports that the Russian security agency, the FSB, had fully cooperated with the FBI in the matter of the Boston bombers. He noted that the elder bomber, Tamerlan Tsarnaev, had reportedly met in Russia with two known jihadists who \"were killed in Dagestan by the Russian military just days before Tamerlan left Russia for the U.S.\" Kasparov argued, \"If no intelligence was sent from Moscow to Washington\" about this meeting, \"all this talk of FSB cooperation cannot be taken seriously.\"", "He noted that the elder bomber, Tamerlan Tsarnaev, had reportedly met in Russia with two known jihadists who \"were killed in Dagestan by the Russian military just days before Tamerlan left Russia for the U.S.\" Kasparov argued, \"If no intelligence was sent from Moscow to Washington\" about this meeting, \"all this talk of FSB cooperation cannot be taken seriously.\" He further observed, \"This would not be the first time Russian security forces seemed strangely impotent in the face of an impending terror attack,\" pointing out that in both the 2002 Moscow theater siege and the 2004 Beslan school attack, \"there were FSB informants in both terror groups – yet the attacks went ahead unimpeded.\"", "He further observed, \"This would not be the first time Russian security forces seemed strangely impotent in the face of an impending terror attack,\" pointing out that in both the 2002 Moscow theater siege and the 2004 Beslan school attack, \"there were FSB informants in both terror groups – yet the attacks went ahead unimpeded.\" Given this history, he wrote, \"it is impossible to overlook that the Boston bombing took place just days after the U.S. Magnitsky List was published, creating the first serious external threat to the Putin power structure by penalizing Russian officials complicit in human-rights crimes.\"", "Given this history, he wrote, \"it is impossible to overlook that the Boston bombing took place just days after the U.S. Magnitsky List was published, creating the first serious external threat to the Putin power structure by penalizing Russian officials complicit in human-rights crimes.\" In sum, Putin's \"dubious record on counterterrorism and its continued support of terror sponsors Iran and Syria mean only one thing: common ground zero\".", "In sum, Putin's \"dubious record on counterterrorism and its continued support of terror sponsors Iran and Syria mean only one thing: common ground zero\". Kasparov wrote in July 2013 about the trial in Kirov of fellow opposition leader Alexei Navalny, who had been convicted \"on concocted embezzlement charges\", only to see the prosecutor, surprisingly, ask for his release the next day pending appeal.", "Kasparov wrote in July 2013 about the trial in Kirov of fellow opposition leader Alexei Navalny, who had been convicted \"on concocted embezzlement charges\", only to see the prosecutor, surprisingly, ask for his release the next day pending appeal. \"The judicial process and the democratic process in Russia,\" wrote Kasparov, \"are both elaborate mockeries created to distract the citizenry at home and to help Western leaders avoid confronting the awkward fact that Russia has returned to a police state\".", "\"The judicial process and the democratic process in Russia,\" wrote Kasparov, \"are both elaborate mockeries created to distract the citizenry at home and to help Western leaders avoid confronting the awkward fact that Russia has returned to a police state\". Still, Kasparov felt that whatever had caused the Kirov prosecutor's about-face, \"my optimism tells me it was a positive sign.", "Still, Kasparov felt that whatever had caused the Kirov prosecutor's about-face, \"my optimism tells me it was a positive sign. After more than 13 years of predictable repression under Putin, anything different is good.\" Kasparov had maintained a summer home in the Croatian city of Makarska.", "Kasparov had maintained a summer home in the Croatian city of Makarska. In February 2014, he applied for citizenship by naturalisation in Croatia, according to media reports, claiming he was finding it increasingly difficult to live in Russia.", "In February 2014, he applied for citizenship by naturalisation in Croatia, according to media reports, claiming he was finding it increasingly difficult to live in Russia. According to an article in The Guardian, Kasparov was \"widely perceived\" as having been a vocal supporter of Croatian independence during the early 1990s.", "According to an article in The Guardian, Kasparov was \"widely perceived\" as having been a vocal supporter of Croatian independence during the early 1990s. Later in February 2014, his application for naturalisation was approved and he had a meeting with Croatian prime minister Zoran Milanović on 27 February.", "Later in February 2014, his application for naturalisation was approved and he had a meeting with Croatian prime minister Zoran Milanović on 27 February. Croatian press cited his \"lobbying for Croatia in 1991\" as grounds for the expedited naturalisation. Subsequent publications in Croatian press suggested that his lobbying for Croatia \"was handsomely paid for\".", "Subsequent publications in Croatian press suggested that his lobbying for Croatia \"was handsomely paid for\". In an interview for a Croatian daily published in February 2022, Kasparov said he was \"very grateful\" to Croatian president Zoran Milanović for the help rendered by him (then as prime minister) in obtaining Croatian citizenship.", "In an interview for a Croatian daily published in February 2022, Kasparov said he was \"very grateful\" to Croatian president Zoran Milanović for the help rendered by him (then as prime minister) in obtaining Croatian citizenship. Political views In September 2013, Kasparov wrote in Time magazine that in Syria, Putin and Bashar al-Assad \"won by forfeit when President Obama, Prime Minister Cameron and the rest of the so-called leaders of the free world walked away from the table.\"", "Political views In September 2013, Kasparov wrote in Time magazine that in Syria, Putin and Bashar al-Assad \"won by forfeit when President Obama, Prime Minister Cameron and the rest of the so-called leaders of the free world walked away from the table.\" Kasparov lamented the \"new game at the negotiating table where Putin and Assad set the rules and will run the show under the protection of the U.N.\" Kasparov said in September 2013 that Russia was now a dictatorship.", "Kasparov lamented the \"new game at the negotiating table where Putin and Assad set the rules and will run the show under the protection of the U.N.\" Kasparov said in September 2013 that Russia was now a dictatorship. In the same month he told an interviewer that \"Obama going to Russia now is dead wrong, morally and politically,\" because Putin's regime \"is behind Assad\".", "In the same month he told an interviewer that \"Obama going to Russia now is dead wrong, morally and politically,\" because Putin's regime \"is behind Assad\". Kasparov has been outspoken against Putin's antigay laws, describing them as \"only the most recent encroachment on the freedom of speech and association of Russia's citizens\" which the international community had largely ignored.", "Kasparov has been outspoken against Putin's antigay laws, describing them as \"only the most recent encroachment on the freedom of speech and association of Russia's citizens\" which the international community had largely ignored. Regarding Russia's hosting of the 2014 Winter Olympics, Kasparov explained in August 2013 that he had opposed Russia's bid from the outset, since it would \"allow Vladimir Putin's cronies to embezzle hundreds of millions of dollars\" and \"lend prestige to Putin's authoritarian regime\".", "Regarding Russia's hosting of the 2014 Winter Olympics, Kasparov explained in August 2013 that he had opposed Russia's bid from the outset, since it would \"allow Vladimir Putin's cronies to embezzle hundreds of millions of dollars\" and \"lend prestige to Putin's authoritarian regime\". Kasparov did not support the proposed Sochi Olympics boycott—writing that it would \"unfairly punish athletes\"—but called for athletes and others to \"transform Putin's self-congratulatory pet project into a spotlight that exposes his authoritarian rule\" to the world.", "Kasparov did not support the proposed Sochi Olympics boycott—writing that it would \"unfairly punish athletes\"—but called for athletes and others to \"transform Putin's self-congratulatory pet project into a spotlight that exposes his authoritarian rule\" to the world. In September, Kasparov called upon politicians to refuse to attend the games and the public to pressure sponsors and the media, such that Coca-Cola, for example, could put \"a rainbow flag on each Coca-Cola can\" and NBC could \"do interviews with Russian gay activists or with Russian political activists\".", "In September, Kasparov called upon politicians to refuse to attend the games and the public to pressure sponsors and the media, such that Coca-Cola, for example, could put \"a rainbow flag on each Coca-Cola can\" and NBC could \"do interviews with Russian gay activists or with Russian political activists\". Kasparov also emphasized that although he was \"still a Russian citizen\", he had \"good reason to be concerned about my ability to leave Russia if I returned to Moscow\".", "Kasparov also emphasized that although he was \"still a Russian citizen\", he had \"good reason to be concerned about my ability to leave Russia if I returned to Moscow\". Kasparov has spoken out against the 2014 Russian annexation of Crimea and has stated that control of Crimea should be returned to Ukraine after the overthrow of Putin without additional conditions.", "Kasparov has spoken out against the 2014 Russian annexation of Crimea and has stated that control of Crimea should be returned to Ukraine after the overthrow of Putin without additional conditions. Kasparov's website was blocked by the Russian government censorship agency, Roskomnadzor, at the behest of the public prosecutor, allegedly due to Kasparov's opinions on the Crimean crisis.", "Kasparov's website was blocked by the Russian government censorship agency, Roskomnadzor, at the behest of the public prosecutor, allegedly due to Kasparov's opinions on the Crimean crisis. Kasparov's block was made in unison with several other notable Russian sites that were accused of inciting public outrage.", "Kasparov's block was made in unison with several other notable Russian sites that were accused of inciting public outrage. Reportedly, several of the blocked sites received an affidavit noting their violations. However, Kasparov stated that his site had received no such notice of violations after its block.", "However, Kasparov stated that his site had received no such notice of violations after its block. In 2015 a whole note on Kasparov was removed from a Russian language encyclopedia of greatest Soviet players after an intervention from \"senior leadership\".", "In 2015 a whole note on Kasparov was removed from a Russian language encyclopedia of greatest Soviet players after an intervention from \"senior leadership\". In October 2015, Kasparov published a book titled Winter Is Coming: Why Vladimir Putin and the Enemies of the Free World Must Be Stopped.", "In October 2015, Kasparov published a book titled Winter Is Coming: Why Vladimir Putin and the Enemies of the Free World Must Be Stopped. In the book, Kasparov likens Putin to Adolf Hitler, and explains the need for the west to oppose Putin sooner, rather than appeasing him and postponing the eventual confrontation.", "In the book, Kasparov likens Putin to Adolf Hitler, and explains the need for the west to oppose Putin sooner, rather than appeasing him and postponing the eventual confrontation. According to his publisher, \"Kasparov wants this book out fast, in a way that has potential to influence the discussion during the primary season.\"", "According to his publisher, \"Kasparov wants this book out fast, in a way that has potential to influence the discussion during the primary season.\" In 2018, he said that \"anything is better than Putin because that eliminates the probability of a nuclear war. Putin is insane.\"", "Putin is insane.\" Putin is insane.\" In the 2016 United States presidential election, Kasparov described Republican Donald Trump as \"a celebrity showman with racist leanings and authoritarian tendencies\" and criticised Trump for calling for closer ties with Putin.", "In the 2016 United States presidential election, Kasparov described Republican Donald Trump as \"a celebrity showman with racist leanings and authoritarian tendencies\" and criticised Trump for calling for closer ties with Putin. After Trump's running mate, Mike Pence, called Putin a strong leader, Kasparov said that Putin is a strong leader \"in the same way arsenic is a strong drink\".", "After Trump's running mate, Mike Pence, called Putin a strong leader, Kasparov said that Putin is a strong leader \"in the same way arsenic is a strong drink\". He also criticised the economic policies of Democratic primary candidate Bernie Sanders, but showed respect for Sanders as \"a charismatic speaker and a passionate believer in his cause\".", "He also criticised the economic policies of Democratic primary candidate Bernie Sanders, but showed respect for Sanders as \"a charismatic speaker and a passionate believer in his cause\". Kasparov opined that Henry Kissinger \"was selling the Trump Administration on the idea of a mirror of 1972 [Richard Nixon's visit to China], except, instead of a Sino-U.S. alliance against the U.S.S.R., this would be a Russian-American alliance against China.\"", "Kasparov opined that Henry Kissinger \"was selling the Trump Administration on the idea of a mirror of 1972 [Richard Nixon's visit to China], except, instead of a Sino-U.S. alliance against the U.S.S.R., this would be a Russian-American alliance against China.\" In 2017, he condemned the violence unleashed by the Spanish police against the independence referendum in Catalonia.", "In 2017, he condemned the violence unleashed by the Spanish police against the independence referendum in Catalonia. He criticized the Spanish PM Mariano Rajoy and accused him of \"betraying\" the European promise of peace.", "He criticized the Spanish PM Mariano Rajoy and accused him of \"betraying\" the European promise of peace. After the Catalan regional election held later the same year, Kasparov wrote: \"Despite unprecedented pressure from Madrid, Catalonian separatists won a majority. Europe must speak and help find a peaceful path toward resolution and avoid more violence\".", "Europe must speak and help find a peaceful path toward resolution and avoid more violence\". Kasparov recommended that Spain look to how Britain handled the 2014 Scottish independence referendum, adding: \"look only at how Turkey and Iraq have treated the separatist Kurds. That cannot be the road for Spain and Catalonia.\"", "That cannot be the road for Spain and Catalonia.\" Kasparov supports recognition of the Armenian Genocide. He welcomed the Velvet Revolution in Armenia in 2018, just a few days after it happened. Kasparov condemned the assassination of Saudi journalist Jamal Khashoggi.", "Kasparov condemned the assassination of Saudi journalist Jamal Khashoggi. In October 2018, he wrote that Erdoğan's regime in Turkey \"has jailed more journalists than any country in the world and scores of them remain in prison in Turkey. Since 2016, Turkey's intelligence agency has abducted at least 80 people in operations in 18 countries.\"", "Since 2016, Turkey's intelligence agency has abducted at least 80 people in operations in 18 countries.\" In 2021, Kasparov stated that \"the only language that Putin understands is power, and his power is his money,\" arguing that the United States should target the bank accounts of Russian oligarchs to force Russia to rein in its criminals' cyberattacks against American agencies and companies.", "In 2021, Kasparov stated that \"the only language that Putin understands is power, and his power is his money,\" arguing that the United States should target the bank accounts of Russian oligarchs to force Russia to rein in its criminals' cyberattacks against American agencies and companies. Playing style Kasparov's attacking style of play has been compared by many to Alekhine's.", "Playing style Kasparov's attacking style of play has been compared by many to Alekhine's. Kasparov has described his style as being influenced chiefly by Alekhine, Tal and Fischer.", "Kasparov has described his style as being influenced chiefly by Alekhine, Tal and Fischer. Kramnik has opined that \"[Kasparov's] capacity for study is second to none\", and said \"There is nothing in chess he has been unable to deal with.\"", "Kramnik has opined that \"[Kasparov's] capacity for study is second to none\", and said \"There is nothing in chess he has been unable to deal with.\" Magnus Carlsen, whom Kasparov coached from 2009 to 2010, said of Kasparov, \"I've never seen someone with such a feel for dynamics in complex positions.\"", "Magnus Carlsen, whom Kasparov coached from 2009 to 2010, said of Kasparov, \"I've never seen someone with such a feel for dynamics in complex positions.\" Kasparov was known for his extensive opening preparation and aggressive play in the opening. Olympiads and other major team events Kasparov played in a total of eight Chess Olympiads.", "Olympiads and other major team events Kasparov played in a total of eight Chess Olympiads. He represented the Soviet Union four times and Russia four times, following the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991.", "He represented the Soviet Union four times and Russia four times, following the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991. In his 1980 Olympiad debut, he became, at age 17, the youngest player to represent the Soviet Union or Russia at that level, a record which was broken by Vladimir Kramnik in 1992.", "In his 1980 Olympiad debut, he became, at age 17, the youngest player to represent the Soviet Union or Russia at that level, a record which was broken by Vladimir Kramnik in 1992. In 82 games, he has scored (+50−3=29), for 78.7% and won a total of 19 medals, including team gold medals all eight times he competed.", "In 82 games, he has scored (+50−3=29), for 78.7% and won a total of 19 medals, including team gold medals all eight times he competed. For the 1994 Moscow Olympiad, he had a significant organizational role, in helping to put together the event on short notice, after Thessaloniki canceled its offer to host, a few weeks before the scheduled dates.", "For the 1994 Moscow Olympiad, he had a significant organizational role, in helping to put together the event on short notice, after Thessaloniki canceled its offer to host, a few weeks before the scheduled dates. Kasparov's detailed Olympiad record follows: Valletta 1980, USSR 2nd reserve, 9½/12 (+8−1=3), team gold, board bronze; Lucerne 1982, USSR 2nd board, 8½/11 (+6−0=5), team gold, board bronze; Dubai 1986, USSR 1st board, 8½/11 (+7−1=3), team gold, board gold, performance gold; Thessaloniki 1988, USSR 1st board, 8½/10 (+7−0=3), team gold, board gold, performance gold; Manila 1992, Russia board 1, 8½/10 (+7−0=3), team gold, board gold, performance silver; Moscow 1994, Russia board 1, 6½/10 (+4−1=5), team gold; Yerevan 1996, Russia board 1, 7/9 (+5−0=4), team gold, board silver, performance gold; Bled 2002, Russia board 1, 7½/9 (+6−0=3), team gold, performance gold.", "Kasparov's detailed Olympiad record follows: Valletta 1980, USSR 2nd reserve, 9½/12 (+8−1=3), team gold, board bronze; Lucerne 1982, USSR 2nd board, 8½/11 (+6−0=5), team gold, board bronze; Dubai 1986, USSR 1st board, 8½/11 (+7−1=3), team gold, board gold, performance gold; Thessaloniki 1988, USSR 1st board, 8½/10 (+7−0=3), team gold, board gold, performance gold; Manila 1992, Russia board 1, 8½/10 (+7−0=3), team gold, board gold, performance silver; Moscow 1994, Russia board 1, 6½/10 (+4−1=5), team gold; Yerevan 1996, Russia board 1, 7/9 (+5−0=4), team gold, board silver, performance gold; Bled 2002, Russia board 1, 7½/9 (+6−0=3), team gold, performance gold. Kasparov made his international teams debut for the USSR at age 16 in the 1980 European Team Championship and played for Russia in the 1992 edition of that championship.", "Kasparov made his international teams debut for the USSR at age 16 in the 1980 European Team Championship and played for Russia in the 1992 edition of that championship. He won a total of five medals.", "He won a total of five medals. His detailed Euroteams record follows: Skara 1980, USSR 2nd reserve, 5½/6 (+5−0=1), team gold, board gold; Debrecen 1992, Russia board 1, 6/8 (+4−0=4), team gold, board gold, performance silver.", "His detailed Euroteams record follows: Skara 1980, USSR 2nd reserve, 5½/6 (+5−0=1), team gold, board gold; Debrecen 1992, Russia board 1, 6/8 (+4−0=4), team gold, board gold, performance silver. Kasparov also represented the USSR once in Youth Olympiad competition, but the detailed data at Olimpbase is incomplete; the Chessmetrics Garry Kasparov player file has his individual score from that event.", "Kasparov also represented the USSR once in Youth Olympiad competition, but the detailed data at Olimpbase is incomplete; the Chessmetrics Garry Kasparov player file has his individual score from that event. Graz 1981, USSR board 1, 9/10 (+8−0=2), team gold.", "Graz 1981, USSR board 1, 9/10 (+8−0=2), team gold. Records and achievements Chess ratings achievements Kasparov holds the record for the longest time as the No. 1 rated player in the worldfrom 1984 to 2005 (Vladimir Kramnik shared the No. 1 ranking with him once, in the January 1996 FIDE rating list).", "1 ranking with him once, in the January 1996 FIDE rating list). He was also briefly ejected from the list following his split from FIDE in 1993, but during that time he headed the rating list of the rival PCA. At the time of his retirement, he was still ranked No.", "At the time of his retirement, he was still ranked No. 1 in the world, with a rating of 2812. His rating has fallen inactive since the January 2006 rating list. In January 1990, Kasparov achieved the (then) highest FIDE rating ever, passing 2800 and breaking Bobby Fischer's old record of 2785.", "In January 1990, Kasparov achieved the (then) highest FIDE rating ever, passing 2800 and breaking Bobby Fischer's old record of 2785. By the July 1999 and January 2000 FIDE rating lists, Kasparov had reached a 2851 Elo rating, at that time the highest rating ever achieved.", "By the July 1999 and January 2000 FIDE rating lists, Kasparov had reached a 2851 Elo rating, at that time the highest rating ever achieved. He held that record for the highest rating ever achieved until Magnus Carlsen attained a new record high rating of 2861 in January 2013.", "He held that record for the highest rating ever achieved until Magnus Carlsen attained a new record high rating of 2861 in January 2013. Other records Kasparov holds the record for most consecutive professional tournament victories, placing first or equal first in 15 individual tournaments from 1981 to 1990.", "Other records Kasparov holds the record for most consecutive professional tournament victories, placing first or equal first in 15 individual tournaments from 1981 to 1990. The streak was broken by Vasyl Ivanchuk at Linares 1991, where Kasparov placed second, half a point behind him after losing their individual game.", "The streak was broken by Vasyl Ivanchuk at Linares 1991, where Kasparov placed second, half a point behind him after losing their individual game. The details of this record winning streak follow: Frunze 1981, USSR Championship, 12½/17, tie for 1st; Bugojno 1982, 9½/13, 1st; Moscow 1982, Interzonal, 10/13, 1st; Nikšić 1983, 11/14, 1st; Brussels OHRA 1986, 7½/10, 1st; Brussels SWIFT 1987, 8½/11, tie for 1st; Amsterdam Optiebeurs 1988, 9/12, 1st; Belfort (World Cup) 1988, 11½/15, 1st; Moscow 1988, USSR Championship, 11½/17, tie for 1st; Reykjavík (World Cup) 1988, 11/17, 1st; Barcelona (World Cup) 1989, 11/16, tie for 1st; Skellefteå (World Cup) 1989, 9½/15, tie for 1st; Tilburg 1989, 12/14, 1st; Belgrade (Investbank) 1989, 9½/11, 1st; Linares 1990, 8/11, 1st.", "The details of this record winning streak follow: Frunze 1981, USSR Championship, 12½/17, tie for 1st; Bugojno 1982, 9½/13, 1st; Moscow 1982, Interzonal, 10/13, 1st; Nikšić 1983, 11/14, 1st; Brussels OHRA 1986, 7½/10, 1st; Brussels SWIFT 1987, 8½/11, tie for 1st; Amsterdam Optiebeurs 1988, 9/12, 1st; Belfort (World Cup) 1988, 11½/15, 1st; Moscow 1988, USSR Championship, 11½/17, tie for 1st; Reykjavík (World Cup) 1988, 11/17, 1st; Barcelona (World Cup) 1989, 11/16, tie for 1st; Skellefteå (World Cup) 1989, 9½/15, tie for 1st; Tilburg 1989, 12/14, 1st; Belgrade (Investbank) 1989, 9½/11, 1st; Linares 1990, 8/11, 1st. Kasparov went 9 years winning every supertournament he played in addition to contesting his series of 5 consecutive matches with Anatoly Karpov.", "Kasparov went 9 years winning every supertournament he played in addition to contesting his series of 5 consecutive matches with Anatoly Karpov. His only failure in this time period in either tournament or match play was in the World Chess Championship 1984 when the 21 year old Kasparov was trailing (-5, +3 = 40) against the defending champion Karpov before the match was abruptly cancelled.", "His only failure in this time period in either tournament or match play was in the World Chess Championship 1984 when the 21 year old Kasparov was trailing (-5, +3 = 40) against the defending champion Karpov before the match was abruptly cancelled. Later on in his career, Kasparov went on another long streak of consecutive supertournament wins.", "Later on in his career, Kasparov went on another long streak of consecutive supertournament wins. Wijk aan Zee Hoogovens 1999, 10/13, 1st; Linares 1999, 10½/14, 1st; Sarajevo 1999, 7/9, 1st; Wijk aan Zee Corus 2000, 9½/13, 1st; Linares 2000, 6/10, tie for 1st; Sarajevo 2000, 8½/11, 1st; Wijk aan Zee Corus 2001, 9/13, 1st; Linares 2001, 7.5/10, 1st; Astana 2001, 7/10, 1st; Linares 2002, 8/12, 1st.", "Wijk aan Zee Hoogovens 1999, 10/13, 1st; Linares 1999, 10½/14, 1st; Sarajevo 1999, 7/9, 1st; Wijk aan Zee Corus 2000, 9½/13, 1st; Linares 2000, 6/10, tie for 1st; Sarajevo 2000, 8½/11, 1st; Wijk aan Zee Corus 2001, 9/13, 1st; Linares 2001, 7.5/10, 1st; Astana 2001, 7/10, 1st; Linares 2002, 8/12, 1st. In these 10 consecutive classical supertournaments wins, Kasparov had a score of 53 wins, 61 draws and 1 loss in 115 games with his only loss coming against Ivan Sokolov in Wijk aan Zee 1999.", "In these 10 consecutive classical supertournaments wins, Kasparov had a score of 53 wins, 61 draws and 1 loss in 115 games with his only loss coming against Ivan Sokolov in Wijk aan Zee 1999. Kasparov won the Chess Oscar a record eleven times.", "Kasparov won the Chess Oscar a record eleven times. Chess and computers In 1983, Acorn Computers acted as one of the sponsors for Kasparov's Candidates semi-final match against Viktor Korchnoi. Kasparov was awarded a BBC Micro which he took back with him to Baku, making it perhaps the first western-made microcomputer to reach Baku at that time.", "Kasparov was awarded a BBC Micro which he took back with him to Baku, making it perhaps the first western-made microcomputer to reach Baku at that time. In 1985, computer chess magazine editor Frederic Friedel invited Kasparov to his house, and the two of them discussed how a chess database program would be useful for preparation.", "In 1985, computer chess magazine editor Frederic Friedel invited Kasparov to his house, and the two of them discussed how a chess database program would be useful for preparation. Two years later, Friedel founded Chessbase, and gave a copy of the program to Kasparov who started using it in his preparation.", "Two years later, Friedel founded Chessbase, and gave a copy of the program to Kasparov who started using it in his preparation. In 1985, Kasparov played against thirty-two different chess computers in Hamburg, winning all games, but with some difficulty.", "In 1985, Kasparov played against thirty-two different chess computers in Hamburg, winning all games, but with some difficulty. On 22 October 1989, Kasparov defeated the chess computer Deep Thought in both games of a two-game match.", "On 22 October 1989, Kasparov defeated the chess computer Deep Thought in both games of a two-game match. In December 1992, Kasparov visited Frederic Friedel in his hotel room in Cologne, and played 37 blitz games against Fritz 2 winning 24, drawing 4 and losing 9.", "In December 1992, Kasparov visited Frederic Friedel in his hotel room in Cologne, and played 37 blitz games against Fritz 2 winning 24, drawing 4 and losing 9. Kasparov cooperated in producing video material for the computer game Kasparov's Gambit released by Electronic Arts in November 1993.", "Kasparov cooperated in producing video material for the computer game Kasparov's Gambit released by Electronic Arts in November 1993. In April 1994, Intel acted as a sponsor for the first Professional Chess Association Grand Prix event in Moscow played a time control of 25 minutes per game.", "In April 1994, Intel acted as a sponsor for the first Professional Chess Association Grand Prix event in Moscow played a time control of 25 minutes per game. In May, Chessbase's Fritz 3 running on an Intel Pentium PC defeated Kasparov in their first in the Intel Express blitz tournament in Munich, but Kasparov managed to tie it for first, and then win the playoff with 3 wins and 2 draws.", "In May, Chessbase's Fritz 3 running on an Intel Pentium PC defeated Kasparov in their first in the Intel Express blitz tournament in Munich, but Kasparov managed to tie it for first, and then win the playoff with 3 wins and 2 draws. The next day, Kasparov lost to Fritz 3 again in a game on ZDF TV.", "The next day, Kasparov lost to Fritz 3 again in a game on ZDF TV. In August, Kasparov was knocked out of the London Intel Grand Prix by Richard Lang's ChessGenius 2 program in the first round.", "In August, Kasparov was knocked out of the London Intel Grand Prix by Richard Lang's ChessGenius 2 program in the first round. In 1995, during Kasparov's world title match with Viswanathan Anand, he unveiled an opening novelty that had been checked with a chess engine, an approach that would become increasingly common in subsequent years.", "In 1995, during Kasparov's world title match with Viswanathan Anand, he unveiled an opening novelty that had been checked with a chess engine, an approach that would become increasingly common in subsequent years. Kasparov played in a pair of six-game chess matches with an IBM supercomputer called Deep Blue.", "Kasparov played in a pair of six-game chess matches with an IBM supercomputer called Deep Blue. The first match was played in Philadelphia in 1996 and won by Kasparov. The second was played in New York City in 1997 and won by Deep Blue.", "The second was played in New York City in 1997 and won by Deep Blue. The 1997 match was the first defeat of a reigning world chess champion by a computer under tournament conditions. In May 1997, an updated version of Deep Blue defeated Kasparov 3½–2½ in a highly publicized six-game match.", "In May 1997, an updated version of Deep Blue defeated Kasparov 3½–2½ in a highly publicized six-game match. The match was even after five games but Kasparov lost quickly in Game 6. This was the first time a computer had ever defeated a world champion in a match.", "This was the first time a computer had ever defeated a world champion in a match. A documentary film was made about this famous match entitled Game Over: Kasparov and the Machine. Kasparov said that he was \"not well prepared\" to face Deep Blue in 1997.", "Kasparov said that he was \"not well prepared\" to face Deep Blue in 1997. He said that based on his \"objective strengths\" his play was stronger than that of Deep Blue. Kasparov claimed that several factors weighed against him in this match.", "Kasparov claimed that several factors weighed against him in this match. In particular, he was denied access to Deep Blue's recent games, in contrast to the computer's team, which could study hundreds of Kasparov's.", "In particular, he was denied access to Deep Blue's recent games, in contrast to the computer's team, which could study hundreds of Kasparov's. After the loss, Kasparov said that he sometimes saw deep intelligence and creativity in the machine's moves, suggesting that during the second game, human chess players, in contravention of the rules, intervened.", "After the loss, Kasparov said that he sometimes saw deep intelligence and creativity in the machine's moves, suggesting that during the second game, human chess players, in contravention of the rules, intervened. IBM denied that it cheated, saying the only human intervention occurred between games.", "IBM denied that it cheated, saying the only human intervention occurred between games. The rules provided for the developers to modify the program between games, an opportunity they said they used to shore up weaknesses in the computer's play revealed during the course of the match.", "The rules provided for the developers to modify the program between games, an opportunity they said they used to shore up weaknesses in the computer's play revealed during the course of the match. Kasparov requested printouts of the machine's log files but IBM refused, although the company later published the logs on the Internet.", "Kasparov requested printouts of the machine's log files but IBM refused, although the company later published the logs on the Internet. Much later, it was suggested that the behavior Kasparov noted had resulted from a glitch in the computer program. Although Kasparov wanted another rematch, IBM declined and ended their Deep Blue program.", "Although Kasparov wanted another rematch, IBM declined and ended their Deep Blue program. In January 2003, he engaged in a six-game classical time control match with a $1 million prize fund which was billed as the FIDE \"Man vs. Machine\" World Championship, against Deep Junior. The engine evaluated three million positions per second.", "The engine evaluated three million positions per second. After one win each and three draws, it was all up to the final game. After reaching a decent position Kasparov offered a draw, which was soon accepted by the Deep Junior team. Asked why he offered the draw, Kasparov said he feared making a blunder.", "Asked why he offered the draw, Kasparov said he feared making a blunder. Deep Junior was the first machine to beat Kasparov with black and at a standard time control. In June 2003, Mindscape released the computer game Kasparov Chessmate with Kasparov himself listed as a co-designer.", "In June 2003, Mindscape released the computer game Kasparov Chessmate with Kasparov himself listed as a co-designer. In November 2003, he engaged in a four-game match against the computer program X3D Fritz, using a virtual board, 3D glasses and a speech recognition system.", "In November 2003, he engaged in a four-game match against the computer program X3D Fritz, using a virtual board, 3D glasses and a speech recognition system. After two draws and one win apiece, the X3D Man–Machine match ended in a draw. Kasparov received $175,000 for the result and took home the golden trophy.", "Kasparov received $175,000 for the result and took home the golden trophy. Kasparov continued to criticize the blunder in the second game that cost him a crucial point. He felt that he had outplayed the machine overall and played well. \"I only made one mistake but unfortunately that one mistake lost the game.\"", "\"I only made one mistake but unfortunately that one mistake lost the game.\" Books and other writings Early writings Kasparov has written books on chess. He published a controversial autobiography when still in his early 20s, originally titled Child of Change, later retitled Unlimited Challenge.", "He published a controversial autobiography when still in his early 20s, originally titled Child of Change, later retitled Unlimited Challenge. This book was subsequently updated several times after he became World Champion. Its content is mainly literary, with a small chess component of key unannotated games.", "Its content is mainly literary, with a small chess component of key unannotated games. He published an annotated games collection in 1983, Fighting Chess: My Games and Career, which has been updated several times in further editions.", "He published an annotated games collection in 1983, Fighting Chess: My Games and Career, which has been updated several times in further editions. He also wrote a book annotating the games from his World Chess Championship 1985 victory, World Chess Championship Match: Moscow, 1985.", "He also wrote a book annotating the games from his World Chess Championship 1985 victory, World Chess Championship Match: Moscow, 1985. He has annotated his own games extensively for the Yugoslav Chess Informant series and for other chess publications.", "He has annotated his own games extensively for the Yugoslav Chess Informant series and for other chess publications. In 1982, he co-authored Batsford Chess Openings with British grandmaster Raymond Keene and this book was an enormous seller. It was updated into a second edition in 1989.", "It was updated into a second edition in 1989. He also co-authored two opening books with his trainer Alexander Nikitin in the 1980s for British publisher Batsfordon the Classical Variation of the Caro-Kann Defence and on the Scheveningen Variation of the Sicilian Defence. Kasparov has also contributed extensively to the five-volume openings series Encyclopedia of Chess Openings.", "Kasparov has also contributed extensively to the five-volume openings series Encyclopedia of Chess Openings. In 2000, Kasparov co-authored Kasparov Against the World: The Story of the Greatest Online Challenge with grandmaster Daniel King. The 202-page book analyzes the 1999 Kasparov versus the World game, and holds the record for the longest analysis devoted to a single chess game.", "The 202-page book analyzes the 1999 Kasparov versus the World game, and holds the record for the longest analysis devoted to a single chess game. My Great Predecessors series In 2003, the first volume of his five-volume work Garry Kasparov on My Great Predecessors was published.", "My Great Predecessors series In 2003, the first volume of his five-volume work Garry Kasparov on My Great Predecessors was published. This volume, which deals with the world chess champions Wilhelm Steinitz, Emanuel Lasker, José Raúl Capablanca, Alexander Alekhine, and some of their strong contemporaries, has received lavish praise from some reviewers (including Nigel Short), while attracting criticism from others for historical inaccuracies and analysis of games directly copied from unattributed sources.", "This volume, which deals with the world chess champions Wilhelm Steinitz, Emanuel Lasker, José Raúl Capablanca, Alexander Alekhine, and some of their strong contemporaries, has received lavish praise from some reviewers (including Nigel Short), while attracting criticism from others for historical inaccuracies and analysis of games directly copied from unattributed sources. Through suggestions on the book's website, most of these shortcomings were corrected in following editions and translations.", "Through suggestions on the book's website, most of these shortcomings were corrected in following editions and translations. Despite this, the first volume won the British Chess Federation's Book of the Year award in 2003. Volume two, covering Max Euwe, Mikhail Botvinnik, Vasily Smyslov and Mikhail Tal appeared later in 2003.", "Volume two, covering Max Euwe, Mikhail Botvinnik, Vasily Smyslov and Mikhail Tal appeared later in 2003. Volume three, covering Tigran Petrosian and Boris Spassky appeared in early 2004.", "Volume three, covering Tigran Petrosian and Boris Spassky appeared in early 2004. In December 2004, Kasparov released volume four, which covers Samuel Reshevsky, Miguel Najdorf, and Bent Larsen (none of these three were World Champions), but focuses primarily on Bobby Fischer.", "In December 2004, Kasparov released volume four, which covers Samuel Reshevsky, Miguel Najdorf, and Bent Larsen (none of these three were World Champions), but focuses primarily on Bobby Fischer. The fifth volume, devoted to the chess careers of World Champion Anatoly Karpov and challenger Viktor Korchnoi, was published in March 2006.", "The fifth volume, devoted to the chess careers of World Champion Anatoly Karpov and challenger Viktor Korchnoi, was published in March 2006. Modern Chess series His book Revolution in the 70s (published in March 2007) covers \"the openings revolution of the 1970s–1980s\" and is the first book in a new series called \"Modern Chess Series\", which intends to cover his matches with Karpov and selected games.", "Modern Chess series His book Revolution in the 70s (published in March 2007) covers \"the openings revolution of the 1970s–1980s\" and is the first book in a new series called \"Modern Chess Series\", which intends to cover his matches with Karpov and selected games. The book \"Revolution in the 70s\" concerns the revolution in opening theory that was witnessed in that decade.", "The book \"Revolution in the 70s\" concerns the revolution in opening theory that was witnessed in that decade. Such systems as the controversial (at the time) \"Hedgehog\" opening plan of passively developing the pieces no further than the first three ranks are examined in great detail.", "Such systems as the controversial (at the time) \"Hedgehog\" opening plan of passively developing the pieces no further than the first three ranks are examined in great detail. Kasparov also analyzes some of the most notable games played in that period.", "Kasparov also analyzes some of the most notable games played in that period. In a section at the end of the book, top opening theoreticians provide their own \"take\" on the progress made in opening theory in the 1980s. Garry Kasparov on Garry Kasparov series Kasparov published three volumes of his games, spanning his entire career.", "Garry Kasparov on Garry Kasparov series Kasparov published three volumes of his games, spanning his entire career. Winter Is Coming In October 2015, Kasparov published a book titled Winter Is Coming: Why Vladimir Putin and the Enemies of the Free World Must Be Stopped. The title is a reference to the HBO television series Game of Thrones.", "The title is a reference to the HBO television series Game of Thrones. In the book, Kasparov writes about the need for an organization composed solely of democratic countries to replace the United Nations. In an interview, he called the United Nations a \"catwalk for dictators\".", "In an interview, he called the United Nations a \"catwalk for dictators\". Historical revision Kasparov believes that the conventional history of civilization is radically incorrect. Specifically, he believes that the history of ancient civilizations is based on misdatings of events and achievements that actually occurred in the medieval period.", "Specifically, he believes that the history of ancient civilizations is based on misdatings of events and achievements that actually occurred in the medieval period. He has cited several aspects of ancient history that he says are likely to be anachronisms. Kasparov has written in support of New Chronology (Fomenko), although with some reservations.", "Kasparov has written in support of New Chronology (Fomenko), although with some reservations. In 2001, Kasparov expressed a desire to devote his time to promoting the New Chronology after his chess career.", "In 2001, Kasparov expressed a desire to devote his time to promoting the New Chronology after his chess career. \"New Chronology is a great area for investing my intellect ... My analytical abilities are well placed to figure out what was right and what was wrong.\"", "\"New Chronology is a great area for investing my intellect ... My analytical abilities are well placed to figure out what was right and what was wrong.\" \"When I stop playing chess, it may well be that I concentrate on promoting these ideas... I believe they can improve our lives.\"", "I believe they can improve our lives.\" Later, Kasparov renounced his support of Fomenko theories but reaffirmed his belief that mainstream historical knowledge is highly inconsistent. Other post-retirement writing In 2007, he wrote How Life Imitates Chess, an examination of the parallels between decision-making in chess and in the business world.", "Other post-retirement writing In 2007, he wrote How Life Imitates Chess, an examination of the parallels between decision-making in chess and in the business world. In 2008, Kasparov published a sympathetic obituary for Bobby Fischer, writing: \"I am often asked if I ever met or played Bobby Fischer.", "In 2008, Kasparov published a sympathetic obituary for Bobby Fischer, writing: \"I am often asked if I ever met or played Bobby Fischer. The answer is no, I never had that opportunity.", "The answer is no, I never had that opportunity. But even though he saw me as a member of the evil chess establishment that he felt had robbed and cheated him, I am sorry I never had a chance to thank him personally for what he did for our sport.\"", "But even though he saw me as a member of the evil chess establishment that he felt had robbed and cheated him, I am sorry I never had a chance to thank him personally for what he did for our sport.\" He is the chief advisor for the book publisher Everyman Chess.", "He is the chief advisor for the book publisher Everyman Chess. Kasparov works closely with Mig Greengard and his comments can often be found on Greengard's blog (apparently no longer active).", "Kasparov works closely with Mig Greengard and his comments can often be found on Greengard's blog (apparently no longer active). Kasparov collaborated with Max Levchin and Peter Thiel on The Blueprint, a book calling for a revival of world innovation, planned to release in March 2013 from W. W. Norton & Company.", "Kasparov collaborated with Max Levchin and Peter Thiel on The Blueprint, a book calling for a revival of world innovation, planned to release in March 2013 from W. W. Norton & Company. The book was never released, as the authors disagreed on its contents.", "The book was never released, as the authors disagreed on its contents. Kasparov argued that chess has become the model for reasoning in the same way that the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster became a model organism for geneticists, in an editorial comment on Google's AlphaZero chess-playing system.", "Kasparov argued that chess has become the model for reasoning in the same way that the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster became a model organism for geneticists, in an editorial comment on Google's AlphaZero chess-playing system. \"I was pleased to see that AlphaZero had a dynamic, open style like my own,\" he wrote in late 2018.", "\"I was pleased to see that AlphaZero had a dynamic, open style like my own,\" he wrote in late 2018. Kasparov served as a consultant for the 2020 Netflix miniseries The Queen's Gambit. He gave an extended interview to Slate describing his contributions.", "He gave an extended interview to Slate describing his contributions. In 2020, Kasparov collaborated with Matt Calkins, founder and CEO of Appian, on HYPERAUTOMATION, a book about low-code development and the future of business automation. Kasparov wrote the foreword where he discusses his experiences with human-machine relationships.", "Kasparov wrote the foreword where he discusses his experiences with human-machine relationships. Bibliography Kasparov Teaches Chess (1984–85, Sport in the USSR Magazine; 1986, First Collier Books) The Test of Time (Russian Chess) (1986, Pergamon Pr) World Chess Championship Match: Moscow, 1985 (1986, Everyman Chess) Child of Change: An Autobiography (1987, Hutchinson) London–Leningrad Championship Games (1987, Everyman Chess) Unlimited Challenge (1990, Grove Pr) The Sicilian Scheveningen (1991, B.T.", "Bibliography Kasparov Teaches Chess (1984–85, Sport in the USSR Magazine; 1986, First Collier Books) The Test of Time (Russian Chess) (1986, Pergamon Pr) World Chess Championship Match: Moscow, 1985 (1986, Everyman Chess) Child of Change: An Autobiography (1987, Hutchinson) London–Leningrad Championship Games (1987, Everyman Chess) Unlimited Challenge (1990, Grove Pr) The Sicilian Scheveningen (1991, B.T. Batsford Ltd) The Queen's Indian Defence: Kasparov System (1991, B.T.", "Batsford Ltd) The Queen's Indian Defence: Kasparov System (1991, B.T. Batsford Ltd) Kasparov Versus Karpov, 1990 (1991, Everyman Chess) Kasparov on the King's Indian (1993, B.T. Batsford Ltd) Kasparov, Garry. Jon Speelman and Bob Wade. 1995. Garry Kasparov's Fighting Chess.", "Garry Kasparov's Fighting Chess. Garry Kasparov's Fighting Chess. Henry Holt.", "Garry Kasparov's Fighting Chess. Henry Holt. Henry Holt. Garry Kasparov's Chess Challenge (1996, Everyman Chess) Lessons in Chess (1997, Everyman Chess) Kasparov Against the World: The Story of the Greatest Online Challenge (2000, Kasparov Chess Online) My Great Predecessors Part I (2003, Everyman Chess) My Great Predecessors Part II (2003, Everyman Chess) Checkmate!", "Garry Kasparov's Chess Challenge (1996, Everyman Chess) Lessons in Chess (1997, Everyman Chess) Kasparov Against the World: The Story of the Greatest Online Challenge (2000, Kasparov Chess Online) My Great Predecessors Part I (2003, Everyman Chess) My Great Predecessors Part II (2003, Everyman Chess) Checkmate! : My First Chess Book (2004, Everyman Mindsports) My Great Predecessors Part III (2004, Everyman Chess) My Great Predecessors Part IV (2004, Everyman Chess) My Great Predecessors Part V (2006, Everyman Chess) How Life Imitates Chess (2007, William Heinemann Ltd.) Garry Kasparov on Modern Chess, Part I: Revolution in the 70s (2007, Everyman Chess) Garry Kasparov on Modern Chess, Part II: Kasparov vs Karpov 1975–1985 (2008, Everyman Chess) Garry Kasparov on Modern Chess, Part III: Kasparov vs Karpov 1986–1987 (2009, Everyman Chess) Garry Kasparov on Modern Chess, Part IV: Kasparov vs Karpov 1988–2009 (2010, Everyman Chess) Garry Kasparov on Garry Kasparov, part I (2011, Everyman Chess) Garry Kasparov on Garry Kasparov, part II (2013, Everyman Chess) Garry Kasparov on Garry Kasparov, part III (2014, Everyman Chess) Winter Is Coming: Why Vladimir Putin and the Enemies of the Free World Must Be Stopped (2015, Public Affairs) Deep Thinking with Mig Greengard (2017, Public Affairs) Videos Kasparov, Garry, Nigel Short, Raymond Keene and Daniel King.", ": My First Chess Book (2004, Everyman Mindsports) My Great Predecessors Part III (2004, Everyman Chess) My Great Predecessors Part IV (2004, Everyman Chess) My Great Predecessors Part V (2006, Everyman Chess) How Life Imitates Chess (2007, William Heinemann Ltd.) Garry Kasparov on Modern Chess, Part I: Revolution in the 70s (2007, Everyman Chess) Garry Kasparov on Modern Chess, Part II: Kasparov vs Karpov 1975–1985 (2008, Everyman Chess) Garry Kasparov on Modern Chess, Part III: Kasparov vs Karpov 1986–1987 (2009, Everyman Chess) Garry Kasparov on Modern Chess, Part IV: Kasparov vs Karpov 1988–2009 (2010, Everyman Chess) Garry Kasparov on Garry Kasparov, part I (2011, Everyman Chess) Garry Kasparov on Garry Kasparov, part II (2013, Everyman Chess) Garry Kasparov on Garry Kasparov, part III (2014, Everyman Chess) Winter Is Coming: Why Vladimir Putin and the Enemies of the Free World Must Be Stopped (2015, Public Affairs) Deep Thinking with Mig Greengard (2017, Public Affairs) Videos Kasparov, Garry, Nigel Short, Raymond Keene and Daniel King. 1993.", "1993. 1993. Kasparov Short The Inside Story. Grandmaster Video. Kasparov, Garry, Jonathan Tisdall and Jim Plaskett. 2000. My Story. Grandmaster Video. Kasparov, Garry. 2004. How to Play the Queen's Gambit. Chessbase. Kasparov, Garry. 2005. How to Play the Najdorf. Chessbase. vol.", "How to Play the Najdorf. Chessbase. vol. vol. 1 , vol. 2 Kasparov, Garry. 2012. How I Became World Champion 1973–1985. Chessbase. Kasparov, Garry. 2017. Garry Kasparov Teaches Chess. Masterclass.com. Personal life Kasparov has lived in New York City since 2013.", "Personal life Kasparov has lived in New York City since 2013. He has been married three times: to Masha, with whom he had a daughter before divorcing; to Yulia, with whom he had a son before their 2005 divorce; and to Daria (Dasha), with whom he has two children, a daughter born in 2006 and a son born in 2015.", "He has been married three times: to Masha, with whom he had a daughter before divorcing; to Yulia, with whom he had a son before their 2005 divorce; and to Daria (Dasha), with whom he has two children, a daughter born in 2006 and a son born in 2015. Kasparov's wife manages his business activities worldwide as the founder of Kasparov International Management Inc. See also Kasparov Chess, Internet chess club.", "Kasparov's wife manages his business activities worldwide as the founder of Kasparov International Management Inc. See also Kasparov Chess, Internet chess club. Kasparov versus the World List of chess games between Kasparov and Kramnik Committee 2008 Putinism References Further reading External links Garry Kasparov, \"Man of the Year?", "Kasparov versus the World List of chess games between Kasparov and Kramnik Committee 2008 Putinism References Further reading External links Garry Kasparov, \"Man of the Year? \", OpinionJournal, 23 December 2007 Edward Winter, List of Books About Fischer and Kasparov Kasparov's \"Deep Thinking\" talk at Google Garry Kasparov's best games analyzed in video Articles about Garry Kasparov by Edward Winter 1963 births Living people 2011–2013 Russian protests 20th-century male writers 21st-century Russian politicians Azerbaijan University of Languages alumni Chess coaches Chess grandmasters Chess Olympiad competitors Chess historians Communist Party of the Soviet Union members Croatian activists Croatian chess writers Croatian people of Armenian descent Croatian people of Russian-Jewish descent Naturalized citizens of Croatia Chess players from Baku Recipients of the Order of Friendship of Peoples Russian anti-communists Russian chess players Russian chess writers Russian dissidents Russian liberals Russian people of Armenian descent Russian people of Jewish descent Russian political activists Russian sportsperson-politicians Solidarnost politicians Soviet chess players Soviet chess writers Soviet male writers The Other Russia (coalition) World chess champions World Junior Chess Champions" ]

[ "Garry Kasparov", "1984 World Championship", "Where did the World Championship take place?", "I don't know.", "Who were his opponents?", "match between Anatoly Karpov and Garry Kasparov" ]

[ "Ryan Felix Mayne Garry (born 29 September 1983) is an English former professional footballer who played as a defender and could also operate as a midfielder for Arsenal and AFC Bournemouth.\n\nClub career\n\nArsenal\nBorn in Hornchurch, London, Garry joined Arsenal in 1999 and progressed through their youth academy, winning the FA Youth Cup in 2001. He signed a professional contract with Arsenal on 2 July 2001, and his first team debut came against Sunderland on 6 November 2002 in the League Cup. He made his first starting appearance on 7 May 2003 against Southampton, playing 90 minutes in a 6–1 win which saw hat-tricks from Robert Pires and Jermaine Pennant, the first match of Arsenal's 49-game unbeaten run. However, this proved to be his only league appearance as he was then hit by long-term injury (shin splints) and spent most of the next four seasons on the sidelines.\n\nAFC Bournemouth\nHe was released by Arsenal at the end of the 2006–07 season, after which he joined AFC Bournemouth on a contract until January 2008 following a trial. He signed a contract extension in January 2008, which would keep him at the club until the end of the 2007–08 season. He signed a new contract in June.\n\nGarry made his debut for Bournemouth in a 0–0 draw against Nottingham Forest on 11 August 2007. On 15 August 2009, Garry scored his first goal and the only goal in the match against Rotherham United in a 1–0 win. On 25 September 2010, Garry scored his second goal in a 2–0 win over Carlisle United and scored his third in a 1–1 draw against Sheffield Wednesday on 23 October 2010. Garry made his last appearance for Bournemouth against Walsall in a 3–0 victory before Garry suffered an injury.\n\nIn July 2011 he was forced to retire from football at the age of 27, after failing to recover from a persistent nerve-related problem in his lower leg and became first-team coach and defensive co-ordinator at Bournemouth. He was released again 10 months later as part of a backroom reshuffle by new manager Paul Groves.\n\nCoaching career\nOn 27 September 2021, Garry was appointed as head coach of the England U18s following coaching spells with Bournemouth, Nike Academy and Arsenal.\n\nHonours\nArsenal\nFA Youth Cup: 2000–01\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n1983 births\nLiving people\nFootballers from Hornchurch\nEnglish footballers\nEngland youth international footballers\nAssociation football defenders\nArsenal F.C. players\nAFC Bournemouth players\nPremier League players\nEnglish Football League players\nBlack British sportspeople\nAFC Bournemouth non-playing staff\nArsenal F.C. non-playing staff", "Garry Stead (born 5 January 1972 in Holmfirth, England) is a former international speedway rider.\n\nAs a child Stead showed a real interest in speedway, being a regular supporter at the Shay watching the Halifax Dukes, and spent many years as a child learning to ride.\n\nCareer history\n\nCradley Heath and Stoke\nStead became a schoolboy grasstrack rider, winning the British Championship in his category numerous times. His speedway career started at a Bradford Dukes training school in 1987, followed by after meeting rides. Stead's first club was the now defunct Cradley Heath Heathens in 1988 where he was a junior before he moved to the Stoke Potters in 1989. He continued to ride in after the meeting races but during this season he broke his elbow. It was at Stoke that Stead had the opportunity to battle for a team place towards the end of 1990. He became a regular in 1991 and stayed there until 1992.\n\nNewcastle\nGarry moved to Brough Park in 1993 to be part of the Newcastle Diamonds outfit, scoring well but did not manage to get through the season unscathed as he ended up with a broken wrist and thumb. It was during his time at Newcastle that Bradford promoter Alan Ham became aware of Garry's potential, he moved quickly to secure his services in the 1994 season and paid £15,000 for him but loaned him back to Newcastle for the rest of the season.\n\nBradford, Sheffield and back to Bradford\nIn 1995 Garry became a fully fledged Bradford Dukes rider, cementing his place in the main body of the team and picking up a winners medal for the KO Cup. He also had a good individual year which saw him qualify for his first British Final and also progress from that round to the Overseas Final. The season was not without its disasters however and Garry picked up another injury, this time being a broken ankle towards the end of the season.\n\n1996 saw Garry again qualify for the British Final and also found him surplus to requirements at Bradford after they signed Australian Todd Wiltshire. A loan agreement was quickly arranged for Garry to join the Sheffield Tigers and that season saw Garry progress to heat leader status with Tigers. The following year Alan and Bobby Ham brought Garry back to the Dukes. 1997 was a good year for Garry, ending the season with an Elite League Championship winning team medal.\n\nWolverhampton\n1997 also saw the end of Speedway at Odsal Stadium, the home of the Bradford Dukes, and in 1998 Garry joined the Wolverhampton Wolves on loan from Bradford Dukes as the Ham brothers still held his contract. His season did not work out too well with the Wolves as he never really got to grips with the track there, although he did yet again qualify for his third appearance in the British Final.\n\nHull\nIn 1999 Garry got a move back up North with the Hull Vikings and there he stayed until 2005 when their season came to an abrupt ending with two months remaining due to the promotion having financial difficulties, Garry would see the remainder of this season out by relying on guest bookings. It was during his time with the Vikings that Garry had most of his track success winning the Premier Trophy in 2000 and the KO Cup in 2001.\n\nIn 2002 Garry again qualified for the British Final and for only the second time in his racing career Garry progressed to the next stage being the Overseas Final only for him to give his place up and put his club first as there was a clash of fixtures.\n\n2003 saw Garry pick up some Elite League guest bookings and the most notable one being the Poole Pirates, Garry was part of their Speedway Star KO Cup winning squad, the meeting at Poole saw him team up with Tony Rickardsson for a 5-1 which is still talked about by Poole fans still today.\n\nGarry's most successful season was in 2004 as the Vikings did the treble winning the Premier League, the Knockout Cup and the Young Shield.\n\nDuring 2005, Garry was sidelined for a month during June and July when in a racing accident he received an injury to his lower back with internal bruising, this was the first time he had been out injured since the 2000 season when he broke his arm.\n\nWorkington\nThe 2006 season saw Garry again change clubs as Hull had closed and the Sheffield Tigers promotion quickly snapped up the Hull riders. Garry was told that he was not in Sheffield's plans for that season and he could talk to other clubs. Garry was signed by the\nWorkington Comets where was made team captain. Garry could not have been more suited with this move as Derwent Park was one of his favourite tracks reminding him in a way of the old Odsal track. It looked as if as it was probably the best prepared he had been for a long time (new bikes, kevlars and sponsors) and saw him reach the British Final at Belle Vue for only the fifth time in his career. The year started really well for him with his form dwindling mid season due to him becoming disillusioned with the Workington team management, he bounced back to finish off the year in fine form and led the Comets to the Premier League Fours Championship title and earned himself another medal.\n\nBack to Stoke\nTowards the end of 2006 the Comets told Garry that he would not feature in their team plans in 2007 as they would be putting a team together from their own rider assets, Sheffield could not fit him in either and at one point it looked like Garry would miss the start of the 2007 season until Promoter Dave Tattum came in to take Garry on loan to the Stoke Potters for the second time in his career.\n\nGarry started the season off really well top scoring in most of the meets, he came off at Workington his previous years club and damaged his ribs only for this to give him problems in the following weeks. Garry was now Captain of the Potters as team changes had been made due to the Potters poor start to the season.\n\nAccident\nOn Friday 18th May 2007, Stead's racing career came to an abrupt end at Somerset, when a racing accident left him paralysed from the waist down.\n\nGarry today is still very proud of the fact that he never missed a season since his speedway career started way back in 1987 as a raw speedway recruit. He hoped that he would return to ride for the Hull Vikings before his racing career ended but that was not to be. One of Garry's favourite moments from his career was when he guested for Poole Pirates in the 2003 Speedway Star KO Cup final and he combined with Tony Rickardsson for a 5-1. Poole went on to win with Garry being part of both meetings and receiving a winners medal.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nVideo of Crash Halifax Courier website showing the crash.\n\n1972 births\nLiving people\nBritish speedway riders\nEnglish motorcycle racers\nWorkington Comets riders\nSheffield Tigers riders\nStoke Potters riders\nHull Vikings riders\nBradford Dukes riders" ]

[ "Garry Kimovich Kasparov (Russian: Гарри Кимович Каспаров, Russian pronunciation: [ˈɡarʲɪ ˈkʲiməvʲɪtɕ kɐˈsparəf], born Garik Kimovich Weinstein, Гарик Кимович Вайнштейн; 13 April 1963) is a Russian chess grandmaster, former World Chess Champion, writer, political activist and commentator. His peak rating of 2851, achieved in 1999, was the highest recorded until being surpassed by Magnus Carlsen in 2013.", "His peak rating of 2851, achieved in 1999, was the highest recorded until being surpassed by Magnus Carlsen in 2013. From 1984 until his retirement in 2005, Kasparov was ranked world No. 1 for a record 255 months overall for his career, a record that outstrips all other previous and current players.", "1 for a record 255 months overall for his career, a record that outstrips all other previous and current players. Kasparov also holds records for the most consecutive professional tournament victories (15) and Chess Oscars (11). Kasparov became the youngest ever undisputed World Chess Champion in 1985 at age 22 by defeating then-champion Anatoly Karpov.", "Kasparov became the youngest ever undisputed World Chess Champion in 1985 at age 22 by defeating then-champion Anatoly Karpov. He held the official FIDE world title until 1993 when a dispute with FIDE led him to set up a rival organization, the Professional Chess Association.", "He held the official FIDE world title until 1993 when a dispute with FIDE led him to set up a rival organization, the Professional Chess Association. In 1997 he became the first world champion to lose a match to a computer under standard time controls when he lost to the IBM supercomputer Deep Blue in a highly publicized match.", "In 1997 he became the first world champion to lose a match to a computer under standard time controls when he lost to the IBM supercomputer Deep Blue in a highly publicized match. He continued to hold the \"Classical\" World Chess Championship until his defeat by Vladimir Kramnik in 2000.", "He continued to hold the \"Classical\" World Chess Championship until his defeat by Vladimir Kramnik in 2000. Despite losing the title, he continued winning tournaments and was the world's highest-rated player when he retired from professional chess in 2005. Since retiring, he has devoted his time to politics and writing.", "Since retiring, he has devoted his time to politics and writing. He formed the United Civil Front movement and joined as a member of The Other Russia, a coalition opposing the administration and policies of Vladimir Putin.", "He formed the United Civil Front movement and joined as a member of The Other Russia, a coalition opposing the administration and policies of Vladimir Putin. In 2008, he announced an intention to run as a candidate in that year's Russian presidential race, but after encountering logistical problems in his campaign, for which he blamed \"official obstruction\", he withdrew.", "In 2008, he announced an intention to run as a candidate in that year's Russian presidential race, but after encountering logistical problems in his campaign, for which he blamed \"official obstruction\", he withdrew. In the wake of the Russian mass protests that began in 2011, he announced in 2013 that he had left Russia for the immediate future out of fear of persecution.", "In the wake of the Russian mass protests that began in 2011, he announced in 2013 that he had left Russia for the immediate future out of fear of persecution. Following his flight from Russia, he had lived in New York City with his family.", "Following his flight from Russia, he had lived in New York City with his family. In 2014, he obtained Croatian citizenship, and has maintained a residence in Podstrana near Split. Kasparov is currently chairman of the Human Rights Foundation and chairs its International Council.", "Kasparov is currently chairman of the Human Rights Foundation and chairs its International Council. In 2017, he founded the Renew Democracy Initiative (RDI), an American political organization promoting and defending liberal democracy in the U.S. and abroad. He serves as chairman of the group. Kasparov is also a Security Ambassador for the software company Avast.", "Kasparov is also a Security Ambassador for the software company Avast. Early life and career Kasparov was born Garik Kimovich Weinstein (Russian: Гарик Ки́мович Вайнштейн, Garik Kimovich Vainshtein) in Baku, Azerbaijan SSR (now Azerbaijan), Soviet Union.", "Early life and career Kasparov was born Garik Kimovich Weinstein (Russian: Гарик Ки́мович Вайнштейн, Garik Kimovich Vainshtein) in Baku, Azerbaijan SSR (now Azerbaijan), Soviet Union. His father, Kim Moiseyevich Weinstein, was Jewish, and his mother, Klara Shagenovna Gasparian, was Armenian.", "His father, Kim Moiseyevich Weinstein, was Jewish, and his mother, Klara Shagenovna Gasparian, was Armenian. Kasparov has described himself as a \"self-appointed Christian\", although \"very indifferent\" and identifies as Russian: \"although I'm half-Armenian, half-Jewish, I consider myself Russian because Russian is my native tongue, and I grew up with Russian culture.\"", "Kasparov has described himself as a \"self-appointed Christian\", although \"very indifferent\" and identifies as Russian: \"although I'm half-Armenian, half-Jewish, I consider myself Russian because Russian is my native tongue, and I grew up with Russian culture.\" Kasparov began the serious study of chess after he came across a chess problem set up by his parents and proposed a solution.", "Kasparov began the serious study of chess after he came across a chess problem set up by his parents and proposed a solution. When Garry was seven years old, his father died of leukaemia.", "When Garry was seven years old, his father died of leukaemia. At the age of twelve, Garry, upon request of his mother Klara and with the consent of the family, adopted Klara's surname Kasparov, which was done to avoid possible antisemitic tensions, which were common in the USSR at the time.", "At the age of twelve, Garry, upon request of his mother Klara and with the consent of the family, adopted Klara's surname Kasparov, which was done to avoid possible antisemitic tensions, which were common in the USSR at the time. From age 7, Kasparov attended the Young Pioneer Palace in Baku and, at 10 began training at Mikhail Botvinnik's chess school under coach Vladimir Makogonov.", "From age 7, Kasparov attended the Young Pioneer Palace in Baku and, at 10 began training at Mikhail Botvinnik's chess school under coach Vladimir Makogonov. Makogonov helped develop Kasparov's positional skills and taught him to play the Caro-Kann Defence and the Tartakower System of the Queen's Gambit Declined.", "Makogonov helped develop Kasparov's positional skills and taught him to play the Caro-Kann Defence and the Tartakower System of the Queen's Gambit Declined. Kasparov won the Soviet Junior Championship in Tbilisi in 1976, scoring 7 points of 9, at age 13. He repeated the feat the following year, winning with a score of 8.5 of 9.", "He repeated the feat the following year, winning with a score of 8.5 of 9. He was being trained by Alexander Shakarov during this time. In 1978, Kasparov participated in the Sokolsky Memorial tournament in Minsk. He had been invited as an exception but took first place and became a chess master.", "He had been invited as an exception but took first place and became a chess master. Kasparov has repeatedly said that this event was a turning point in his life and that it convinced him to choose chess as his career. \"I will remember the Sokolsky Memorial as long as I live\", he wrote.", "\"I will remember the Sokolsky Memorial as long as I live\", he wrote. He has also said that after the victory, he thought he had a very good shot at the World Championship. He first qualified for the Soviet Chess Championship at age 15 in 1978, the youngest ever player at that level.", "He first qualified for the Soviet Chess Championship at age 15 in 1978, the youngest ever player at that level. He won the 64-player Swiss system tournament at Daugavpils on tiebreak over Igor V. Ivanov to capture the sole qualifying place. Kasparov rose quickly through the FIDE world rankings.", "Kasparov rose quickly through the FIDE world rankings. Starting with oversight by the Russian Chess Federation, he participated in a grandmaster tournament in Banja Luka, SR Bosnia and Herzegovina (part of Yugoslavia at the time), in 1979 while still unrated (he was a replacement for the Soviet defector Viktor Korchnoi, who was originally invited but withdrew due to the threat of a boycott from the Soviets).", "Starting with oversight by the Russian Chess Federation, he participated in a grandmaster tournament in Banja Luka, SR Bosnia and Herzegovina (part of Yugoslavia at the time), in 1979 while still unrated (he was a replacement for the Soviet defector Viktor Korchnoi, who was originally invited but withdrew due to the threat of a boycott from the Soviets). Kasparov won this high-class tournament, emerging with a provisional rating of 2595, enough to catapult him to the top group of chess players (at the time, number 15 in the world).", "Kasparov won this high-class tournament, emerging with a provisional rating of 2595, enough to catapult him to the top group of chess players (at the time, number 15 in the world). The next year, 1980, he won the World Junior Chess Championship in Dortmund, West Germany.", "The next year, 1980, he won the World Junior Chess Championship in Dortmund, West Germany. Later that year, he made his debut as the second reserve for the Soviet Union at the Chess Olympiad at Valletta, Malta, and became a Grandmaster.", "Later that year, he made his debut as the second reserve for the Soviet Union at the Chess Olympiad at Valletta, Malta, and became a Grandmaster. Towards the top As a teenager, Kasparov tied for first place in the USSR Chess Championship in 1981–82.", "Towards the top As a teenager, Kasparov tied for first place in the USSR Chess Championship in 1981–82. His first win in a superclass-level international tournament was scored at Bugojno, SR Bosnia and Herzegovina, Yugoslavia in 1982. He earned a place in the 1982 Moscow Interzonal tournament, which he won, to qualify for the Candidates Tournament.", "He earned a place in the 1982 Moscow Interzonal tournament, which he won, to qualify for the Candidates Tournament. At age 19, he was the youngest Candidate since Bobby Fischer, who was 15 when he qualified in 1958. At this stage, he was already the No.", "At this stage, he was already the No. 2-rated player in the world, trailing only World Chess Champion Anatoly Karpov on the January 1983 list.Kasparov's first (quarter-final) Candidates match was against Alexander Beliavsky, whom he defeated 6–3 (four wins, one loss).", "2-rated player in the world, trailing only World Chess Champion Anatoly Karpov on the January 1983 list.Kasparov's first (quarter-final) Candidates match was against Alexander Beliavsky, whom he defeated 6–3 (four wins, one loss). Politics threatened Kasparov's semi-final against Viktor Korchnoi, which was scheduled to be played in Pasadena, California.", "Politics threatened Kasparov's semi-final against Viktor Korchnoi, which was scheduled to be played in Pasadena, California. Korchnoi had defected from the Soviet Union in 1976 and was at that time the strongest active non-Soviet player. Various political manoeuvres prevented Kasparov from playing Korchnoi, and Kasparov forfeited the match.", "Various political manoeuvres prevented Kasparov from playing Korchnoi, and Kasparov forfeited the match. This was resolved by Korchnoi allowing the match to be replayed in London, along with the previously scheduled match between Vasily Smyslov and Zoltán Ribli. The Kasparov-Korchnoi match was put together on short notice by Raymond Keene.", "The Kasparov-Korchnoi match was put together on short notice by Raymond Keene. Kasparov lost the first game but won the match 7–4 (four wins, one loss). In January 1984, Kasparov became the No. 1 ranked player in the world, with a FIDE rating of 2710. He became the youngest ever world No.", "He became the youngest ever world No. 1, a record that lasted 12 years until being broken by Vladimir Kramnik in January 1996; the record is currently held by Magnus Carlsen.", "1, a record that lasted 12 years until being broken by Vladimir Kramnik in January 1996; the record is currently held by Magnus Carlsen. Later in 1984, he won the Candidates' final 8½–4½ (four wins, no losses) against the resurgent former world champion Vasily Smyslov, at Vilnius, thus qualifying to play Anatoly Karpov for the World Championship.", "Later in 1984, he won the Candidates' final 8½–4½ (four wins, no losses) against the resurgent former world champion Vasily Smyslov, at Vilnius, thus qualifying to play Anatoly Karpov for the World Championship. That year he joined the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), as a member of which he was elected to the Central Committee of Komsomol in 1987.", "That year he joined the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), as a member of which he was elected to the Central Committee of Komsomol in 1987. 1984 World Championship The World Chess Championship 1984 match between Anatoly Karpov and Garry Kasparov had many ups and downs, and a very controversial finish.", "1984 World Championship The World Chess Championship 1984 match between Anatoly Karpov and Garry Kasparov had many ups and downs, and a very controversial finish. Karpov started in very good form, and after nine games Kasparov was down 4–0 in a \"first to six wins\" match. Fellow players predicted he would be whitewashed 6–0 within 18 games.", "Fellow players predicted he would be whitewashed 6–0 within 18 games. In an unexpected turn of events, there followed a series of 17 successive draws, some relatively short, and others drawn in unsettled positions.", "In an unexpected turn of events, there followed a series of 17 successive draws, some relatively short, and others drawn in unsettled positions. Kasparov lost game 27 (5–0), then fought back with another series of draws until game 32 (5–1), earning his first-ever win against the World Champion.", "Kasparov lost game 27 (5–0), then fought back with another series of draws until game 32 (5–1), earning his first-ever win against the World Champion. Another 14 successive draws followed, through game 46; the previous record length for a world title match had been 34 games, the match of José Raúl Capablanca vs. Alexander Alekhine in 1927.", "Another 14 successive draws followed, through game 46; the previous record length for a world title match had been 34 games, the match of José Raúl Capablanca vs. Alexander Alekhine in 1927. Kasparov won games 47 and 48 to bring the scores to 5–3 in Karpov's favour.", "Kasparov won games 47 and 48 to bring the scores to 5–3 in Karpov's favour. Then the match was ended without result by Florencio Campomanes, the President of the Fédération Internationale des Échecs (FIDE), and a new match was announced to start a few months later.", "Then the match was ended without result by Florencio Campomanes, the President of the Fédération Internationale des Échecs (FIDE), and a new match was announced to start a few months later. The termination was controversial, as both players stated that they preferred the match to continue.", "The termination was controversial, as both players stated that they preferred the match to continue. Announcing his decision at a press conference, Campomanes cited the health of the players, which had been strained by the length of the match. The match became the first, and so far only, world championship match to be abandoned without result.", "The match became the first, and so far only, world championship match to be abandoned without result. Kasparov's relations with Campomanes and FIDE were greatly strained, and the feud between them finally came to a head in 1993 with Kasparov's complete break-away from FIDE.", "Kasparov's relations with Campomanes and FIDE were greatly strained, and the feud between them finally came to a head in 1993 with Kasparov's complete break-away from FIDE. World Champion The second Karpov-Kasparov match in 1985 was organized in Moscow as the best of 24 games where the first player to win 12½ points would claim the World Champion title.", "World Champion The second Karpov-Kasparov match in 1985 was organized in Moscow as the best of 24 games where the first player to win 12½ points would claim the World Champion title. The scores from the terminated match would not carry over; however, in the event of a 12–12 draw, the title would remain with Karpov.", "The scores from the terminated match would not carry over; however, in the event of a 12–12 draw, the title would remain with Karpov. On 9 November 1985, Kasparov secured the title by a score of 13–11, winning the 24th game with Black, using a Sicilian defence.", "On 9 November 1985, Kasparov secured the title by a score of 13–11, winning the 24th game with Black, using a Sicilian defence. He was 22 years old at the time, making him the youngest ever World Champion, and breaking the record held by Mikhail Tal for over 20 years.", "He was 22 years old at the time, making him the youngest ever World Champion, and breaking the record held by Mikhail Tal for over 20 years. Kasparov's win as Black in the 16th game has been recognized as one of the all-time masterpieces in chess history.", "Kasparov's win as Black in the 16th game has been recognized as one of the all-time masterpieces in chess history. As part of the arrangements following the aborted 1984 match, Karpov had been granted (in the event of his defeat) a right to rematch.", "As part of the arrangements following the aborted 1984 match, Karpov had been granted (in the event of his defeat) a right to rematch. Another match took place in 1986, hosted jointly in London and Leningrad, with each city hosting 12 games.", "Another match took place in 1986, hosted jointly in London and Leningrad, with each city hosting 12 games. At one point in the match, Kasparov opened a three-point lead and looked well on his way to a decisive match victory. But Karpov fought back by winning three consecutive games to level the score late in the match.", "But Karpov fought back by winning three consecutive games to level the score late in the match. At this point, Kasparov dismissed one of his seconds, grandmaster Evgeny Vladimirov, accusing him of selling his opening preparation to the Karpov team (as described in Kasparov's autobiography Unlimited Challenge, chapter Stab in the Back).", "At this point, Kasparov dismissed one of his seconds, grandmaster Evgeny Vladimirov, accusing him of selling his opening preparation to the Karpov team (as described in Kasparov's autobiography Unlimited Challenge, chapter Stab in the Back). Kasparov scored one more win and kept his title by a final score of 12½–11½.", "Kasparov scored one more win and kept his title by a final score of 12½–11½. A fourth match for the world title took place in 1987 in Seville, as Karpov had qualified through the Candidates' Matches to again become the official challenger.", "A fourth match for the world title took place in 1987 in Seville, as Karpov had qualified through the Candidates' Matches to again become the official challenger. This match was very close, with neither player holding more than a one-point lead at any time during the contest.", "This match was very close, with neither player holding more than a one-point lead at any time during the contest. Kasparov was down one full point at the time of the final game and needed a win to draw the match and retain his title.", "Kasparov was down one full point at the time of the final game and needed a win to draw the match and retain his title. A long tense game ensued in which Karpov blundered away a pawn just before the first time control, and Kasparov eventually won a long ending.", "A long tense game ensued in which Karpov blundered away a pawn just before the first time control, and Kasparov eventually won a long ending. Kasparov retained his title as the match was drawn by a score of 12–12. (All this meant that Kasparov had played Karpov four times in the period 1984–87, a statistic unprecedented in chess.", "(All this meant that Kasparov had played Karpov four times in the period 1984–87, a statistic unprecedented in chess. Matches organized by FIDE had taken place every three years since 1948, and only Botvinnik had a right to a rematch before Karpov.)", "Matches organized by FIDE had taken place every three years since 1948, and only Botvinnik had a right to a rematch before Karpov.) The fifth match between Kasparov and Karpov was held in New York and Lyon in 1990, with each city hosting 12 games.", "The fifth match between Kasparov and Karpov was held in New York and Lyon in 1990, with each city hosting 12 games. Again, the result was a close one with Kasparov winning by a margin of 12½–11½. In their five world championship matches, Kasparov had 21 wins, 19 losses, and 104 draws in 144 games.", "In their five world championship matches, Kasparov had 21 wins, 19 losses, and 104 draws in 144 games. Break with and ejection from FIDE With the World Champion title in hand, Kasparov began opposing FIDE.", "Break with and ejection from FIDE With the World Champion title in hand, Kasparov began opposing FIDE. In November 1986, he created the Grandmasters Association (GMA), an organization to represent professional chess players and give them more say in FIDE's activities. Kasparov assumed a leadership role.", "Kasparov assumed a leadership role. Kasparov assumed a leadership role. GMA's major achievement was in organizing a series of six World Cup tournaments for the world's top players. This caused a somewhat uneasy relationship to develop with FIDE.", "This caused a somewhat uneasy relationship to develop with FIDE. This stand-off lasted until 1993, by which time a new challenger had qualified through the Candidates cycle for Kasparov's next World Championship defence: Nigel Short, a British grandmaster who had defeated Anatoly Karpov in a qualifying match and then Jan Timman in the finals held in early 1993.", "This stand-off lasted until 1993, by which time a new challenger had qualified through the Candidates cycle for Kasparov's next World Championship defence: Nigel Short, a British grandmaster who had defeated Anatoly Karpov in a qualifying match and then Jan Timman in the finals held in early 1993. After a confusing and compressed bidding process produced lower financial estimates than expected, the world champion and his challenger decided to play outside FIDE's jurisdiction, under another organization created by Kasparov called the Professional Chess Association (PCA).", "After a confusing and compressed bidding process produced lower financial estimates than expected, the world champion and his challenger decided to play outside FIDE's jurisdiction, under another organization created by Kasparov called the Professional Chess Association (PCA). At this point, a great fracture occurred in the lineage of the FIDE World Championship.", "At this point, a great fracture occurred in the lineage of the FIDE World Championship. In an interview in 2007, Kasparov called the break with FIDE the worst mistake of his career, as it hurt the game in the long run. Kasparov and Short were ejected from FIDE and played their well-sponsored match in London in 1993.", "Kasparov and Short were ejected from FIDE and played their well-sponsored match in London in 1993. Kasparov won convincingly by a score of 12½–7½. The match considerably raised the profile of chess in the UK, with an unprecedented level of coverage on Channel 4.", "The match considerably raised the profile of chess in the UK, with an unprecedented level of coverage on Channel 4. Meanwhile, FIDE organized a World Championship match between Jan Timman (the defeated Candidates finalist) and former World Champion Karpov (a defeated Candidates semi-finalist), which Karpov won.", "Meanwhile, FIDE organized a World Championship match between Jan Timman (the defeated Candidates finalist) and former World Champion Karpov (a defeated Candidates semi-finalist), which Karpov won. FIDE removed Kasparov and Short from the FIDE rating lists.", "FIDE removed Kasparov and Short from the FIDE rating lists. Until this happened, there was a parallel rating list presented by PCA which featured all the world top players, regardless of their relation to FIDE. There were now two World Champions: PCA champion Kasparov, and FIDE champion Karpov. The title remained split for 13 years.", "The title remained split for 13 years. Kasparov defended his title in a 1995 match against Viswanathan Anand at the World Trade Center in New York City. Kasparov won the match by four wins to one, with thirteen draws.", "Kasparov won the match by four wins to one, with thirteen draws. Kasparov tried to organize another World Championship match, under another organization, the World Chess Association (WCA) with Linares organizer Luis Rentero. Alexei Shirov and Vladimir Kramnik played a candidates match to decide the challenger, which Shirov won in a surprising upset.", "Alexei Shirov and Vladimir Kramnik played a candidates match to decide the challenger, which Shirov won in a surprising upset. But when Rentero admitted that the funds required and promised had never materialized, the WCA collapsed. This left Kasparov stranded, and yet another organization stepped in: BrainGames.com, headed by Raymond Keene.", "This left Kasparov stranded, and yet another organization stepped in: BrainGames.com, headed by Raymond Keene. No match against Shirov was arranged, and talks with Anand collapsed, so a match was instead arranged against Kramnik.", "No match against Shirov was arranged, and talks with Anand collapsed, so a match was instead arranged against Kramnik. During this period, Kasparov was approached by Oakham School in the United Kingdom, at the time the only school in the country with a full-time chess coach, and developed an interest in the use of chess in education.", "During this period, Kasparov was approached by Oakham School in the United Kingdom, at the time the only school in the country with a full-time chess coach, and developed an interest in the use of chess in education. In 1997, Kasparov supported a scholarship programme at the school. Kasparov also won the Marca Leyenda trophy that year.", "Kasparov also won the Marca Leyenda trophy that year. Losing the title and aftermath The Kasparov-Kramnik match took place in London during the latter half of 2000. Kramnik had been a student of Kasparov's at the famous Botvinnik/Kasparov chess school in Russia and had served on Kasparov's team for the 1995 match against Viswanathan Anand.", "Kramnik had been a student of Kasparov's at the famous Botvinnik/Kasparov chess school in Russia and had served on Kasparov's team for the 1995 match against Viswanathan Anand. The better-prepared Kramnik won game 2 against Kasparov's Grünfeld Defence and achieved winning positions in Games 4 and 6, although Kasparov held the draw in both games.", "The better-prepared Kramnik won game 2 against Kasparov's Grünfeld Defence and achieved winning positions in Games 4 and 6, although Kasparov held the draw in both games. Kasparov made a critical error in Game 10 with the Nimzo-Indian Defence, which Kramnik exploited to win in 25 moves.", "Kasparov made a critical error in Game 10 with the Nimzo-Indian Defence, which Kramnik exploited to win in 25 moves. As White, Kasparov could not crack the passive but solid Berlin Defence in the Ruy Lopez, and Kramnik successfully drew all his games as Black. Kramnik won the match 8½–6½.", "Kramnik won the match 8½–6½. Kramnik won the match 8½–6½. After losing the title, Kasparov won a series of major tournaments, and remained the top-rated player in the world, ahead of both Kramnik and the FIDE World Champions.", "After losing the title, Kasparov won a series of major tournaments, and remained the top-rated player in the world, ahead of both Kramnik and the FIDE World Champions. In 2001 he refused an invitation to the 2002 Dortmund Candidates Tournament for the Classical title, claiming his results had earned him a rematch with Kramnik.", "In 2001 he refused an invitation to the 2002 Dortmund Candidates Tournament for the Classical title, claiming his results had earned him a rematch with Kramnik. Kasparov and Karpov played a four-game match with rapid time controls over two days in December 2002 in New York City.", "Kasparov and Karpov played a four-game match with rapid time controls over two days in December 2002 in New York City. Karpov surprised the experts and emerged victorious, winning two games and drawing one. Due to Kasparov's continuing strong results, and status as world No.", "Due to Kasparov's continuing strong results, and status as world No. 1 in much of the public eye, he was included in the so-called \"Prague Agreement\", masterminded by Yasser Seirawan and intended to reunite the two World Championships. Kasparov was to play a match against the FIDE World Champion Ruslan Ponomariov in September 2003.", "Kasparov was to play a match against the FIDE World Champion Ruslan Ponomariov in September 2003. But this match was called off after Ponomariov refused to sign his contract for it without reservation.", "But this match was called off after Ponomariov refused to sign his contract for it without reservation. In its place, there were plans for a match against Rustam Kasimdzhanov, winner of the FIDE World Chess Championship 2004, to be held in January 2005 in the United Arab Emirates. These also fell through due to a lack of funding.", "These also fell through due to a lack of funding. Plans to hold the match in Turkey instead came too late. Kasparov announced in January 2005 that he was tired of waiting for FIDE to organize a match and so had decided to stop all efforts to regain the World Championship title.", "Kasparov announced in January 2005 that he was tired of waiting for FIDE to organize a match and so had decided to stop all efforts to regain the World Championship title. Retirement from chess After winning the prestigious Linares tournament for the ninth time, Kasparov announced on 10 March 2005 that he would retire from serious competitive chess.", "Retirement from chess After winning the prestigious Linares tournament for the ninth time, Kasparov announced on 10 March 2005 that he would retire from serious competitive chess. He cited as the reason a lack of personal goals in the chess world (he commented when winning the Russian championship in 2004 that it had been the last major title he had never won outright) and expressed frustration at the failure to reunify the world championship.", "He cited as the reason a lack of personal goals in the chess world (he commented when winning the Russian championship in 2004 that it had been the last major title he had never won outright) and expressed frustration at the failure to reunify the world championship. Kasparov said he might play in some rapid chess events for fun, but he intended to spend more time on his books, including the My Great Predecessors series, and work on the links between decision-making in chess and other areas of life.", "Kasparov said he might play in some rapid chess events for fun, but he intended to spend more time on his books, including the My Great Predecessors series, and work on the links between decision-making in chess and other areas of life. He also stated that he would continue to involve himself in Russian politics, which he viewed as \"headed down the wrong path.\"", "He also stated that he would continue to involve himself in Russian politics, which he viewed as \"headed down the wrong path.\" Post-retirement chess On 22 August 2006, in his first public chess games since his retirement, Kasparov played in the Lichthof Chess Champions Tournament, a blitz event played at the time control of 5 minutes per side and 3-second increments per move.", "Post-retirement chess On 22 August 2006, in his first public chess games since his retirement, Kasparov played in the Lichthof Chess Champions Tournament, a blitz event played at the time control of 5 minutes per side and 3-second increments per move. Kasparov tied for first with Anatoly Karpov, scoring 4½/6.", "Kasparov tied for first with Anatoly Karpov, scoring 4½/6. Kasparov and Anatoly Karpov played a 12-game match from 21 to 24 September 2009, in Valencia, Spain.", "Kasparov and Anatoly Karpov played a 12-game match from 21 to 24 September 2009, in Valencia, Spain. It consisted of four rapid (or semi rapid) games, in which Kasparov won 3–1, and eight blitz games, in which Kasparov won 6–2, winning the match with a total result of 9–3.", "It consisted of four rapid (or semi rapid) games, in which Kasparov won 3–1, and eight blitz games, in which Kasparov won 6–2, winning the match with a total result of 9–3. The event took place exactly 25 years after the two players' legendary encounter at World Chess Championship 1984.", "The event took place exactly 25 years after the two players' legendary encounter at World Chess Championship 1984. Kasparov actively coached Magnus Carlsen for approximately one year beginning in February 2009. The collaboration remained secret until September 2009.", "The collaboration remained secret until September 2009. Under Kasparov's tutelage, Carlsen in October 2009 became the youngest ever to achieve a FIDE rating higher than 2800 and rose from world number four to world number one.", "Under Kasparov's tutelage, Carlsen in October 2009 became the youngest ever to achieve a FIDE rating higher than 2800 and rose from world number four to world number one. While the pair initially planned to work together throughout 2010, in March of that year it was announced that Carlsen had split from Kasparov and would no longer be using him as a trainer.", "While the pair initially planned to work together throughout 2010, in March of that year it was announced that Carlsen had split from Kasparov and would no longer be using him as a trainer. According to an interview with the German magazine Der Spiegel, Carlsen indicated that he would remain in contact and that he would continue to attend training sessions with Kasparov, but in fact, no further training sessions were held and the cooperation gradually fizzled out over the course of the spring.", "According to an interview with the German magazine Der Spiegel, Carlsen indicated that he would remain in contact and that he would continue to attend training sessions with Kasparov, but in fact, no further training sessions were held and the cooperation gradually fizzled out over the course of the spring. In May 2010 he played 30 games simultaneously, winning each one, against players at Tel Aviv University in Israel.", "In May 2010 he played 30 games simultaneously, winning each one, against players at Tel Aviv University in Israel. In the same month, it was revealed that Kasparov had aided Viswanathan Anand in preparation for the World Chess Championship 2010 against challenger Veselin Topalov. Anand won the match 6½–5½ to retain the title.", "Anand won the match 6½–5½ to retain the title. In January 2011, Kasparov began training the U.S. grandmaster Hikaru Nakamura. The first of several training sessions were held in New York just before Nakamura participated in the Tata Steel Chess tournament in Wijk aan Zee, the Netherlands.", "The first of several training sessions were held in New York just before Nakamura participated in the Tata Steel Chess tournament in Wijk aan Zee, the Netherlands. In December 2011, it was announced that the cooperation had come to an end. Kasparov played two blitz exhibition matches in the autumn of 2011.", "Kasparov played two blitz exhibition matches in the autumn of 2011. The first was in September against French grandmaster Maxime Vachier-Lagrave, in Clichy (France), which Kasparov won 1½–½. The second was a longer match consisting of eight blitz games played on 9 October, against English grandmaster Nigel Short.", "The second was a longer match consisting of eight blitz games played on 9 October, against English grandmaster Nigel Short. Kasparov won again by a score of 4½–3½. A little after that, in October 2011, Kasparov played and defeated fourteen opponents in a simultaneous exhibition that took place in Bratislava.", "A little after that, in October 2011, Kasparov played and defeated fourteen opponents in a simultaneous exhibition that took place in Bratislava. On 25 and 26 April 2015, Kasparov played a mini-match against Nigel Short. The match consisted of two rapid games and eight blitz games and was contested over the course of two days.", "The match consisted of two rapid games and eight blitz games and was contested over the course of two days. Both commentators GM Maurice Ashley and Alejandro Ramirez remarked how Kasparov was an 'initiative hog' throughout the match, consistently not allowing Short to gain any foothold in the games, and won the match decisively with a score of 8½–1½.", "Both commentators GM Maurice Ashley and Alejandro Ramirez remarked how Kasparov was an 'initiative hog' throughout the match, consistently not allowing Short to gain any foothold in the games, and won the match decisively with a score of 8½–1½. Kasparov also managed to win all five games on the second day, with his victories characterised by aggressive pawn moves breaking up Short's position, thereby allowing Kasparov's pieces to achieve positional superiority.", "Kasparov also managed to win all five games on the second day, with his victories characterised by aggressive pawn moves breaking up Short's position, thereby allowing Kasparov's pieces to achieve positional superiority. On Wednesday 19 August 2015, he played and won all 19 games of a simultaneous exhibition in Pula, Croatia.", "On Wednesday 19 August 2015, he played and won all 19 games of a simultaneous exhibition in Pula, Croatia. On Thursday 28 April and Friday 29 April 2016 at the Chess Club and Scholastic Center of Saint Louis, Kasparov played a 6-round exhibition blitz round-robin tournament with Fabiano Caruana, Wesley So, and Hikaru Nakamura in an event called the Ultimate Blitz Challenge.", "On Thursday 28 April and Friday 29 April 2016 at the Chess Club and Scholastic Center of Saint Louis, Kasparov played a 6-round exhibition blitz round-robin tournament with Fabiano Caruana, Wesley So, and Hikaru Nakamura in an event called the Ultimate Blitz Challenge. He finished the tournament third with 9.5/18, behind Hikaru Nakamura (11/18) and Wesley So (10/18).", "He finished the tournament third with 9.5/18, behind Hikaru Nakamura (11/18) and Wesley So (10/18). At the post-tournament interview, he considered the possibility of playing future top-level blitz exhibition matches. On 2 June 2016, Kasparov played against fifteen chess players in a simultaneous exhibition in the Kaiser-Friedrich-Halle of Mönchengladbach. He won all games.", "He won all games. He won all games. Candidate for FIDE presidency On 7 October 2013, Kasparov announced his candidacy for World Chess Federation president during a reception in Tallinn, Estonia, where the 84th FIDE Congress took place.", "Candidate for FIDE presidency On 7 October 2013, Kasparov announced his candidacy for World Chess Federation president during a reception in Tallinn, Estonia, where the 84th FIDE Congress took place. Kasparov's candidacy was supported by his former student, reigning World Chess Champion and FIDE#1 ranked player Magnus Carlsen.", "Kasparov's candidacy was supported by his former student, reigning World Chess Champion and FIDE#1 ranked player Magnus Carlsen. At the FIDE General Assembly in August 2014, Kasparov lost the presidential election to incumbent FIDE president Kirsan Ilyumzhinov, with a vote of 110–61.", "At the FIDE General Assembly in August 2014, Kasparov lost the presidential election to incumbent FIDE president Kirsan Ilyumzhinov, with a vote of 110–61. A few days before the election took place, the New York Times Magazine had published a lengthy report on the viciously fought campaign.", "A few days before the election took place, the New York Times Magazine had published a lengthy report on the viciously fought campaign. Included was information about a leaked contract between Kasparov and former FIDE Secretary General Ignatius Leong from Singapore, in which the Kasparov campaign reportedly \"offered to pay Leong US$500,000 and to pay $250,000 a year for four years to the ASEAN Chess Academy, an organization Leong helped create to teach the game, specifying that Leong would be responsible for delivering 11 votes from his region [...]\".", "Included was information about a leaked contract between Kasparov and former FIDE Secretary General Ignatius Leong from Singapore, in which the Kasparov campaign reportedly \"offered to pay Leong US$500,000 and to pay $250,000 a year for four years to the ASEAN Chess Academy, an organization Leong helped create to teach the game, specifying that Leong would be responsible for delivering 11 votes from his region [...]\". In September 2015, the FIDE Ethics Commission found Kasparov and Leong guilty of violating its Code of Ethics and later suspended them for two years from all FIDE functions and meetings.", "In September 2015, the FIDE Ethics Commission found Kasparov and Leong guilty of violating its Code of Ethics and later suspended them for two years from all FIDE functions and meetings. Return from retirement In 2017, Kasparov came out of retirement to participate in the inaugural St. Louis Rapid and Blitz tournament from 14 to 19 August, scoring 3.5/9 in the rapid and 9/18 in the blitz, finishing eighth out of ten participants, which included Nakamura, Caruana, former world champion Anand, and the eventual winner, Aronian.", "Return from retirement In 2017, Kasparov came out of retirement to participate in the inaugural St. Louis Rapid and Blitz tournament from 14 to 19 August, scoring 3.5/9 in the rapid and 9/18 in the blitz, finishing eighth out of ten participants, which included Nakamura, Caruana, former world champion Anand, and the eventual winner, Aronian. Any tournament money that he earned would go towards charities to promote chess in Africa.", "Any tournament money that he earned would go towards charities to promote chess in Africa. In 2020 he participated in 9LX tournament in Chess 960. He finished eighth in a field of 10 players. Notably he drew a game against Magnus Carlsen, who tied for first place.", "Notably he drew a game against Magnus Carlsen, who tied for first place. In 2021 he launched Kasparovchess, a subscription-based online chess community featuring documentaries, lessons and puzzles, podcasts, articles, interviews, and playing zones. In 2021, Kasparov played in the blitz section of the Grand Chess Tour event in Zagreb, Croatia.", "In 2021, Kasparov played in the blitz section of the Grand Chess Tour event in Zagreb, Croatia. He performed poorly, however, scoring 0.5/9 on the first day and 2.0/9 on the second day, getting his only win against Jorden Van Foreest.", "He performed poorly, however, scoring 0.5/9 on the first day and 2.0/9 on the second day, getting his only win against Jorden Van Foreest. He also participated in 9XL 2 - Chess 960 tournament - finishing fifth in a field of 10 players, with a score of 5/9.", "He also participated in 9XL 2 - Chess 960 tournament - finishing fifth in a field of 10 players, with a score of 5/9. Politics 1980s Kasparov's grandfather was a staunch communist but Kasparov gradually began to have doubts about the Soviet Union's political system at age 13 when he travelled abroad for the first time to Paris for a chess tournament.", "Politics 1980s Kasparov's grandfather was a staunch communist but Kasparov gradually began to have doubts about the Soviet Union's political system at age 13 when he travelled abroad for the first time to Paris for a chess tournament. In 1981, at age 18 he read Solzhenitsyn's The Gulag Archipelago, a copy of which he bought while abroad.", "In 1981, at age 18 he read Solzhenitsyn's The Gulag Archipelago, a copy of which he bought while abroad. Kasparov joined the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) in 1984, and in 1987 was elected to the Central Committee of Komsomol. However, in 1990, he left the party.", "However, in 1990, he left the party. 1990s In January 1990, Kasparov and his family fled Baku to escape pogroms against Armenians. In May 1990, Kasparov took part in the creation of the Democratic Party of Russia, which at first was a liberal anti-communist party, later shifting to centrism.", "In May 1990, Kasparov took part in the creation of the Democratic Party of Russia, which at first was a liberal anti-communist party, later shifting to centrism. Kasparov left the party on 28 April 1991, after its conference.", "Kasparov left the party on 28 April 1991, after its conference. In 1991, Kasparov received the Keeper of the Flame award from the Center for Security Policy, a Washington, D.C. based far-right, anti-Muslim think tank.", "In 1991, Kasparov received the Keeper of the Flame award from the Center for Security Policy, a Washington, D.C. based far-right, anti-Muslim think tank. In his acceptance speech Kasparov lauded the defeat of communism while also urging the United States to give no financial assistance to central Soviet leaders.", "In his acceptance speech Kasparov lauded the defeat of communism while also urging the United States to give no financial assistance to central Soviet leaders. In June 1993, Kasparov was involved with the creation of the \"Choice of Russia\" bloc of parties and in 1996 took part in the election campaign of Boris Yeltsin.", "In June 1993, Kasparov was involved with the creation of the \"Choice of Russia\" bloc of parties and in 1996 took part in the election campaign of Boris Yeltsin. In 2001 he voiced his support for the Russian television channel NTV.", "In 2001 he voiced his support for the Russian television channel NTV. In 1997, Kasparov was awarded honorary citizenship of Bosnia and Herzegovina for his support of Bosnian people during the Bosnian War. 2000s In 2002, he called for Turkey to be admitted to the European Union if Turkey recognizes the Armenian genocide.", "2000s In 2002, he called for Turkey to be admitted to the European Union if Turkey recognizes the Armenian genocide. After his retirement from chess in 2005, Kasparov turned to politics and created the United Civil Front, a social movement whose main goal is to \"work to preserve electoral democracy in Russia\".", "After his retirement from chess in 2005, Kasparov turned to politics and created the United Civil Front, a social movement whose main goal is to \"work to preserve electoral democracy in Russia\". He has vowed to \"restore democracy\" to Russia by restoring the rule of law.", "He has vowed to \"restore democracy\" to Russia by restoring the rule of law. Kasparov was instrumental in setting up The Other Russia, a coalition which opposes Putin's government.", "Kasparov was instrumental in setting up The Other Russia, a coalition which opposes Putin's government. The Other Russia has been boycotted by the leaders of Russia's mainstream opposition parties, Yabloko and Union of Right Forces due to its inclusion of both nationalist and radical groups.", "The Other Russia has been boycotted by the leaders of Russia's mainstream opposition parties, Yabloko and Union of Right Forces due to its inclusion of both nationalist and radical groups. Kasparov has criticized these groups as being secretly under the auspices of the Kremlin.", "Kasparov has criticized these groups as being secretly under the auspices of the Kremlin. In April 2005, Kasparov was in Moscow at a promotional event when he was struck over the head with a chessboard he had just signed.", "In April 2005, Kasparov was in Moscow at a promotional event when he was struck over the head with a chessboard he had just signed. The assailant was reported to have said \"I admired you as a chess player, but you gave that up for politics\" immediately before the attack.", "The assailant was reported to have said \"I admired you as a chess player, but you gave that up for politics\" immediately before the attack. Kasparov has been the subject of a number of other episodes since, including police brutality and alleged harassment from the Russian secret service.", "Kasparov has been the subject of a number of other episodes since, including police brutality and alleged harassment from the Russian secret service. Kasparov helped organize the Saint Petersburg Dissenters' March on 3 March 2007 and The March of the Dissenters on 24 March 2007, both involving several thousand people rallying against Putin and Saint Petersburg Governor Valentina Matviyenko's policies.", "Kasparov helped organize the Saint Petersburg Dissenters' March on 3 March 2007 and The March of the Dissenters on 24 March 2007, both involving several thousand people rallying against Putin and Saint Petersburg Governor Valentina Matviyenko's policies. In April 2007, Kasparov led a pro-democracy demonstration in Moscow.", "In April 2007, Kasparov led a pro-democracy demonstration in Moscow. Soon after the demonstration's start, however, over 9,000 police descended on the group and seized almost everyone. Kasparov, who was briefly arrested by the Moscow police, was warned by the prosecution office on the eve of the march that anyone participating risked being detained.", "Kasparov, who was briefly arrested by the Moscow police, was warned by the prosecution office on the eve of the march that anyone participating risked being detained. He was held for some 10 hours and then fined and released. He was later summoned by the FSB for violations of Russian anti-extremism laws.", "He was later summoned by the FSB for violations of Russian anti-extremism laws. Speaking about Kasparov, former KGB defector Oleg Kalugin in 2007 remarked, \"I do not talk in details – people who knew them are all dead now because they were vocal, they were open. I am quiet.", "I am quiet. I am quiet. There is only one man who is vocal and he may be in trouble: [former] world chess champion [Garry] Kasparov. He has been very outspoken in his attacks on Putin and I believe that he is probably next on the list.\"", "He has been very outspoken in his attacks on Putin and I believe that he is probably next on the list.\" Kasparov gave speeches at think tanks such as the Hoover Institution. On 30 September 2007, Kasparov entered the Russian presidential race, receiving 379 of 498 votes at a congress held in Moscow by The Other Russia.", "On 30 September 2007, Kasparov entered the Russian presidential race, receiving 379 of 498 votes at a congress held in Moscow by The Other Russia. In October 2007, Kasparov announced his intention of standing for the Russian presidency as the candidate of the \"Other Russia\" coalition and vowed to fight for a \"democratic and just Russia\".", "In October 2007, Kasparov announced his intention of standing for the Russian presidency as the candidate of the \"Other Russia\" coalition and vowed to fight for a \"democratic and just Russia\". Later that month he traveled to the United States, where he appeared on several popular television programs, which were hosted by Stephen Colbert, Wolf Blitzer, Bill Maher, and Chris Matthews.", "Later that month he traveled to the United States, where he appeared on several popular television programs, which were hosted by Stephen Colbert, Wolf Blitzer, Bill Maher, and Chris Matthews. In November 2007, Kasparov and other protesters were detained by police at an Other Russia rally in Moscow, which drew 3,000 demonstrators to protest election rigging.", "In November 2007, Kasparov and other protesters were detained by police at an Other Russia rally in Moscow, which drew 3,000 demonstrators to protest election rigging. Following an attempt by about 100 protesters to march through police lines to the electoral commission, which had barred Other Russia candidates from parliamentary elections, arrests were made.", "Following an attempt by about 100 protesters to march through police lines to the electoral commission, which had barred Other Russia candidates from parliamentary elections, arrests were made. The Russian authorities stated a rally had been approved but not any marches, resulting in several detained demonstrators.", "The Russian authorities stated a rally had been approved but not any marches, resulting in several detained demonstrators. He was subsequently charged with resisting arrest and organizing an unauthorized protest and given a jail sentence of five days. Kasparov appealed the charges, citing that he had been following orders given by the police, although it was denied.", "Kasparov appealed the charges, citing that he had been following orders given by the police, although it was denied. He was released from jail on 29 November. Putin criticized Kasparov at the rally for his use of English when speaking rather than Russian.", "Putin criticized Kasparov at the rally for his use of English when speaking rather than Russian. In December 2007, Kasparov announced that he had to withdraw his presidential candidacy due to inability to rent a meeting hall where at least 500 of his supporters could assemble.", "In December 2007, Kasparov announced that he had to withdraw his presidential candidacy due to inability to rent a meeting hall where at least 500 of his supporters could assemble. With the deadline expiring on that date, he explained it was impossible for him to run. Russian election laws required sufficient meeting hall space for assembling supporters.", "Russian election laws required sufficient meeting hall space for assembling supporters. Kasparov's spokeswoman accused the government of using pressure to deter anyone from renting a hall for the gathering and said that the electoral commission had rejected a proposal that would have allowed for smaller gathering sizes rather than one large gathering at a meeting hall.", "Kasparov's spokeswoman accused the government of using pressure to deter anyone from renting a hall for the gathering and said that the electoral commission had rejected a proposal that would have allowed for smaller gathering sizes rather than one large gathering at a meeting hall. 2010s—2020s Kasparov was among the 34 first signatories and a key organizer of the online anti-Putin campaign \"Putin must go\", started on 10 March 2010.", "2010s—2020s Kasparov was among the 34 first signatories and a key organizer of the online anti-Putin campaign \"Putin must go\", started on 10 March 2010. The campaign was begun by a coalition of opposition to Putin who regard his rule as lacking any rule of law.", "The campaign was begun by a coalition of opposition to Putin who regard his rule as lacking any rule of law. Within the text is a call to Russian law enforcement to ignore Putin's orders. By June 2011, there were 90,000 signatures.", "By June 2011, there were 90,000 signatures. While the identity of the petition author remained anonymous, there was wide speculation that it was indeed Kasparov. Kasparov was named Chairman of the Human Rights Foundation in 2011.", "Kasparov was named Chairman of the Human Rights Foundation in 2011. On 31 January 2012, Kasparov hosted a meeting of opposition leaders planning a mass march on 4 February 2012, the third major opposition rally held since the disputed State Duma elections of December 2011. Among other opposition leaders attending were Alexey Navalny and Yevgenia Chirikova.", "Among other opposition leaders attending were Alexey Navalny and Yevgenia Chirikova. On 17 August 2012, Kasparov was arrested and beaten outside of the Moscow court while attending the sentencing in the case involving the all-female punk band Pussy Riot.", "On 17 August 2012, Kasparov was arrested and beaten outside of the Moscow court while attending the sentencing in the case involving the all-female punk band Pussy Riot. On 24 August, he was cleared of charges that he took part in an unauthorized protest against the conviction of three members of Pussy Riot.", "On 24 August, he was cleared of charges that he took part in an unauthorized protest against the conviction of three members of Pussy Riot. Judge Yekaterina Veklich said there were \"no grounds to believe the testimony of the police\".", "Judge Yekaterina Veklich said there were \"no grounds to believe the testimony of the police\". He could still face criminal charges over a police officer's claims that the opposition leader bit his finger while he was being detained. He later thanked all the bloggers and reporters who provided video evidence that contradicted the testimony of the police.", "He later thanked all the bloggers and reporters who provided video evidence that contradicted the testimony of the police. Kasparov wrote in February 2013 that \"fascism has come to Russia. ... Project Putin, just like the old Project Hitler, is but the fruit of a conspiracy by the ruling elite.", "... Project Putin, just like the old Project Hitler, is but the fruit of a conspiracy by the ruling elite. Fascist rule was never the result of the free will of the people. It was always the fruit of a conspiracy by the ruling elites!\"", "It was always the fruit of a conspiracy by the ruling elites!\" In April 2013, Kasparov joined in an HRF condemnation of Kanye West for having performed for the leader of Kazakhstan in exchange for a $3 million paycheck, saying that West \"has entertained a brutal killer and his entourage\" and that his fee \"came from the loot stolen from the Kazakhstan treasury\".", "In April 2013, Kasparov joined in an HRF condemnation of Kanye West for having performed for the leader of Kazakhstan in exchange for a $3 million paycheck, saying that West \"has entertained a brutal killer and his entourage\" and that his fee \"came from the loot stolen from the Kazakhstan treasury\". Kasparov denied rumors in April 2013 that he planned to leave Russia for good.", "Kasparov denied rumors in April 2013 that he planned to leave Russia for good. \"I found these rumors to be deeply saddening and, moreover, surprising,\" he wrote.", "\"I found these rumors to be deeply saddening and, moreover, surprising,\" he wrote. \"I was unable to respond immediately because I was in such a state of shock that such an incredibly inaccurate statement, the likes of which is constantly distributed by the Kremlin's propagandists, came this time from Ilya Yashin, a fellow member of the Opposition Coordination Council (KSO) and my former colleague from the Solidarity movement.\"", "\"I was unable to respond immediately because I was in such a state of shock that such an incredibly inaccurate statement, the likes of which is constantly distributed by the Kremlin's propagandists, came this time from Ilya Yashin, a fellow member of the Opposition Coordination Council (KSO) and my former colleague from the Solidarity movement.\" In an April 2013 op-ed piece, Kasparov accused prominent Russian journalist Vladimir Posner of failing to stand up to Putin and to earlier Russian and Soviet leaders.", "In an April 2013 op-ed piece, Kasparov accused prominent Russian journalist Vladimir Posner of failing to stand up to Putin and to earlier Russian and Soviet leaders. Kasparov was presented with the Morris B. Abram Human Rights Award, UN Watch's annual human-rights prize, in 2013.", "Kasparov was presented with the Morris B. Abram Human Rights Award, UN Watch's annual human-rights prize, in 2013. The organization praised him as \"not only one of the world's smartest men\" but \"also among its bravest\".", "The organization praised him as \"not only one of the world's smartest men\" but \"also among its bravest\". At the 2013 Women in the World conference, Kasparov told The Daily Beasts Michael Moynihan that democracy no longer existed in what he called Russia's \"dictatorship\".", "At the 2013 Women in the World conference, Kasparov told The Daily Beasts Michael Moynihan that democracy no longer existed in what he called Russia's \"dictatorship\". Kasparov said at a press conference in June 2013 that if he returned to Russia he doubted he would be allowed to leave again, given Putin's ongoing crackdown against dissenters.", "Kasparov said at a press conference in June 2013 that if he returned to Russia he doubted he would be allowed to leave again, given Putin's ongoing crackdown against dissenters. \"So for the time being,\" he said, \"I refrain from returning to Russia.\"", "\"So for the time being,\" he said, \"I refrain from returning to Russia.\" He explained shortly thereafter in an article for The Daily Beast that this had not been intended as \"a declaration of leaving my home country, permanently or otherwise\", but merely an expression of \"the dark reality of the situation in Russia today, where nearly half the members of the opposition's Coordinating Council are under criminal investigation on concocted charges\".", "He explained shortly thereafter in an article for The Daily Beast that this had not been intended as \"a declaration of leaving my home country, permanently or otherwise\", but merely an expression of \"the dark reality of the situation in Russia today, where nearly half the members of the opposition's Coordinating Council are under criminal investigation on concocted charges\". He noted that the Moscow prosecutor's office was \"opening an investigation that would limit my ability to travel\", making it impossible for him to fulfill \"professional speaking engagements\" and hindering his \"work for the nonprofit Kasparov Chess Foundation, which has centers in New York City, Brussels, and Johannesburg to promote chess in education\".", "He noted that the Moscow prosecutor's office was \"opening an investigation that would limit my ability to travel\", making it impossible for him to fulfill \"professional speaking engagements\" and hindering his \"work for the nonprofit Kasparov Chess Foundation, which has centers in New York City, Brussels, and Johannesburg to promote chess in education\". Kasparov further wrote in his June 2013 Daily Beast article that the mass protests in Moscow 18 months earlier against fraudulent Russian elections had been \"a proud moment for me\".", "Kasparov further wrote in his June 2013 Daily Beast article that the mass protests in Moscow 18 months earlier against fraudulent Russian elections had been \"a proud moment for me\". He recalled that after joining the opposition movement in March 2005, he had been criticized for seeking to unite \"every anti-Putin element in the country to march together regardless of ideology\".", "He recalled that after joining the opposition movement in March 2005, he had been criticized for seeking to unite \"every anti-Putin element in the country to march together regardless of ideology\". Therefore, the sight of \"hundreds of flags representing every group from liberals to nationalists all marching together for 'Russia Without Putin' was the fulfillment of a dream.\"", "Therefore, the sight of \"hundreds of flags representing every group from liberals to nationalists all marching together for 'Russia Without Putin' was the fulfillment of a dream.\" Yet most Russians, he lamented, had continued to \"slumber\" even as Putin had \"taken off the flimsy mask of democracy to reveal himself in full as the would-be KGB dictator he has always been\".", "Yet most Russians, he lamented, had continued to \"slumber\" even as Putin had \"taken off the flimsy mask of democracy to reveal himself in full as the would-be KGB dictator he has always been\". Kasparov responded with several sardonic Twitter postings to a September 2013 The New York Times op-ed by Putin.", "Kasparov responded with several sardonic Twitter postings to a September 2013 The New York Times op-ed by Putin. \"I hope Putin has taken adequate protections,\" he tweeted. \"Now that he is a Russian journalist his life may be in grave danger!\"", "\"Now that he is a Russian journalist his life may be in grave danger!\" Also: \"Now we can expect NY Times op-eds by Mugabe on fair elections, Castro on free speech, & Kim Jong-un on prison reform. The Axis of Hypocrisy.\"", "The Axis of Hypocrisy.\" The Axis of Hypocrisy.\" In a 12 May 2013 op-ed for The Wall Street Journal, Kasparov questioned reports that the Russian security agency, the FSB, had fully cooperated with the FBI in the matter of the Boston bombers.", "In a 12 May 2013 op-ed for The Wall Street Journal, Kasparov questioned reports that the Russian security agency, the FSB, had fully cooperated with the FBI in the matter of the Boston bombers. He noted that the elder bomber, Tamerlan Tsarnaev, had reportedly met in Russia with two known jihadists who \"were killed in Dagestan by the Russian military just days before Tamerlan left Russia for the U.S.\" Kasparov argued, \"If no intelligence was sent from Moscow to Washington\" about this meeting, \"all this talk of FSB cooperation cannot be taken seriously.\"", "He noted that the elder bomber, Tamerlan Tsarnaev, had reportedly met in Russia with two known jihadists who \"were killed in Dagestan by the Russian military just days before Tamerlan left Russia for the U.S.\" Kasparov argued, \"If no intelligence was sent from Moscow to Washington\" about this meeting, \"all this talk of FSB cooperation cannot be taken seriously.\" He further observed, \"This would not be the first time Russian security forces seemed strangely impotent in the face of an impending terror attack,\" pointing out that in both the 2002 Moscow theater siege and the 2004 Beslan school attack, \"there were FSB informants in both terror groups – yet the attacks went ahead unimpeded.\"", "He further observed, \"This would not be the first time Russian security forces seemed strangely impotent in the face of an impending terror attack,\" pointing out that in both the 2002 Moscow theater siege and the 2004 Beslan school attack, \"there were FSB informants in both terror groups – yet the attacks went ahead unimpeded.\" Given this history, he wrote, \"it is impossible to overlook that the Boston bombing took place just days after the U.S. Magnitsky List was published, creating the first serious external threat to the Putin power structure by penalizing Russian officials complicit in human-rights crimes.\"", "Given this history, he wrote, \"it is impossible to overlook that the Boston bombing took place just days after the U.S. Magnitsky List was published, creating the first serious external threat to the Putin power structure by penalizing Russian officials complicit in human-rights crimes.\" In sum, Putin's \"dubious record on counterterrorism and its continued support of terror sponsors Iran and Syria mean only one thing: common ground zero\".", "In sum, Putin's \"dubious record on counterterrorism and its continued support of terror sponsors Iran and Syria mean only one thing: common ground zero\". Kasparov wrote in July 2013 about the trial in Kirov of fellow opposition leader Alexei Navalny, who had been convicted \"on concocted embezzlement charges\", only to see the prosecutor, surprisingly, ask for his release the next day pending appeal.", "Kasparov wrote in July 2013 about the trial in Kirov of fellow opposition leader Alexei Navalny, who had been convicted \"on concocted embezzlement charges\", only to see the prosecutor, surprisingly, ask for his release the next day pending appeal. \"The judicial process and the democratic process in Russia,\" wrote Kasparov, \"are both elaborate mockeries created to distract the citizenry at home and to help Western leaders avoid confronting the awkward fact that Russia has returned to a police state\".", "\"The judicial process and the democratic process in Russia,\" wrote Kasparov, \"are both elaborate mockeries created to distract the citizenry at home and to help Western leaders avoid confronting the awkward fact that Russia has returned to a police state\". Still, Kasparov felt that whatever had caused the Kirov prosecutor's about-face, \"my optimism tells me it was a positive sign.", "Still, Kasparov felt that whatever had caused the Kirov prosecutor's about-face, \"my optimism tells me it was a positive sign. After more than 13 years of predictable repression under Putin, anything different is good.\" Kasparov had maintained a summer home in the Croatian city of Makarska.", "Kasparov had maintained a summer home in the Croatian city of Makarska. In February 2014, he applied for citizenship by naturalisation in Croatia, according to media reports, claiming he was finding it increasingly difficult to live in Russia.", "In February 2014, he applied for citizenship by naturalisation in Croatia, according to media reports, claiming he was finding it increasingly difficult to live in Russia. According to an article in The Guardian, Kasparov was \"widely perceived\" as having been a vocal supporter of Croatian independence during the early 1990s.", "According to an article in The Guardian, Kasparov was \"widely perceived\" as having been a vocal supporter of Croatian independence during the early 1990s. Later in February 2014, his application for naturalisation was approved and he had a meeting with Croatian prime minister Zoran Milanović on 27 February.", "Later in February 2014, his application for naturalisation was approved and he had a meeting with Croatian prime minister Zoran Milanović on 27 February. Croatian press cited his \"lobbying for Croatia in 1991\" as grounds for the expedited naturalisation. Subsequent publications in Croatian press suggested that his lobbying for Croatia \"was handsomely paid for\".", "Subsequent publications in Croatian press suggested that his lobbying for Croatia \"was handsomely paid for\". In an interview for a Croatian daily published in February 2022, Kasparov said he was \"very grateful\" to Croatian president Zoran Milanović for the help rendered by him (then as prime minister) in obtaining Croatian citizenship.", "In an interview for a Croatian daily published in February 2022, Kasparov said he was \"very grateful\" to Croatian president Zoran Milanović for the help rendered by him (then as prime minister) in obtaining Croatian citizenship. Political views In September 2013, Kasparov wrote in Time magazine that in Syria, Putin and Bashar al-Assad \"won by forfeit when President Obama, Prime Minister Cameron and the rest of the so-called leaders of the free world walked away from the table.\"", "Political views In September 2013, Kasparov wrote in Time magazine that in Syria, Putin and Bashar al-Assad \"won by forfeit when President Obama, Prime Minister Cameron and the rest of the so-called leaders of the free world walked away from the table.\" Kasparov lamented the \"new game at the negotiating table where Putin and Assad set the rules and will run the show under the protection of the U.N.\" Kasparov said in September 2013 that Russia was now a dictatorship.", "Kasparov lamented the \"new game at the negotiating table where Putin and Assad set the rules and will run the show under the protection of the U.N.\" Kasparov said in September 2013 that Russia was now a dictatorship. In the same month he told an interviewer that \"Obama going to Russia now is dead wrong, morally and politically,\" because Putin's regime \"is behind Assad\".", "In the same month he told an interviewer that \"Obama going to Russia now is dead wrong, morally and politically,\" because Putin's regime \"is behind Assad\". Kasparov has been outspoken against Putin's antigay laws, describing them as \"only the most recent encroachment on the freedom of speech and association of Russia's citizens\" which the international community had largely ignored.", "Kasparov has been outspoken against Putin's antigay laws, describing them as \"only the most recent encroachment on the freedom of speech and association of Russia's citizens\" which the international community had largely ignored. Regarding Russia's hosting of the 2014 Winter Olympics, Kasparov explained in August 2013 that he had opposed Russia's bid from the outset, since it would \"allow Vladimir Putin's cronies to embezzle hundreds of millions of dollars\" and \"lend prestige to Putin's authoritarian regime\".", "Regarding Russia's hosting of the 2014 Winter Olympics, Kasparov explained in August 2013 that he had opposed Russia's bid from the outset, since it would \"allow Vladimir Putin's cronies to embezzle hundreds of millions of dollars\" and \"lend prestige to Putin's authoritarian regime\". Kasparov did not support the proposed Sochi Olympics boycott—writing that it would \"unfairly punish athletes\"—but called for athletes and others to \"transform Putin's self-congratulatory pet project into a spotlight that exposes his authoritarian rule\" to the world.", "Kasparov did not support the proposed Sochi Olympics boycott—writing that it would \"unfairly punish athletes\"—but called for athletes and others to \"transform Putin's self-congratulatory pet project into a spotlight that exposes his authoritarian rule\" to the world. In September, Kasparov called upon politicians to refuse to attend the games and the public to pressure sponsors and the media, such that Coca-Cola, for example, could put \"a rainbow flag on each Coca-Cola can\" and NBC could \"do interviews with Russian gay activists or with Russian political activists\".", "In September, Kasparov called upon politicians to refuse to attend the games and the public to pressure sponsors and the media, such that Coca-Cola, for example, could put \"a rainbow flag on each Coca-Cola can\" and NBC could \"do interviews with Russian gay activists or with Russian political activists\". Kasparov also emphasized that although he was \"still a Russian citizen\", he had \"good reason to be concerned about my ability to leave Russia if I returned to Moscow\".", "Kasparov also emphasized that although he was \"still a Russian citizen\", he had \"good reason to be concerned about my ability to leave Russia if I returned to Moscow\". Kasparov has spoken out against the 2014 Russian annexation of Crimea and has stated that control of Crimea should be returned to Ukraine after the overthrow of Putin without additional conditions.", "Kasparov has spoken out against the 2014 Russian annexation of Crimea and has stated that control of Crimea should be returned to Ukraine after the overthrow of Putin without additional conditions. Kasparov's website was blocked by the Russian government censorship agency, Roskomnadzor, at the behest of the public prosecutor, allegedly due to Kasparov's opinions on the Crimean crisis.", "Kasparov's website was blocked by the Russian government censorship agency, Roskomnadzor, at the behest of the public prosecutor, allegedly due to Kasparov's opinions on the Crimean crisis. Kasparov's block was made in unison with several other notable Russian sites that were accused of inciting public outrage.", "Kasparov's block was made in unison with several other notable Russian sites that were accused of inciting public outrage. Reportedly, several of the blocked sites received an affidavit noting their violations. However, Kasparov stated that his site had received no such notice of violations after its block.", "However, Kasparov stated that his site had received no such notice of violations after its block. In 2015 a whole note on Kasparov was removed from a Russian language encyclopedia of greatest Soviet players after an intervention from \"senior leadership\".", "In 2015 a whole note on Kasparov was removed from a Russian language encyclopedia of greatest Soviet players after an intervention from \"senior leadership\". In October 2015, Kasparov published a book titled Winter Is Coming: Why Vladimir Putin and the Enemies of the Free World Must Be Stopped.", "In October 2015, Kasparov published a book titled Winter Is Coming: Why Vladimir Putin and the Enemies of the Free World Must Be Stopped. In the book, Kasparov likens Putin to Adolf Hitler, and explains the need for the west to oppose Putin sooner, rather than appeasing him and postponing the eventual confrontation.", "In the book, Kasparov likens Putin to Adolf Hitler, and explains the need for the west to oppose Putin sooner, rather than appeasing him and postponing the eventual confrontation. According to his publisher, \"Kasparov wants this book out fast, in a way that has potential to influence the discussion during the primary season.\"", "According to his publisher, \"Kasparov wants this book out fast, in a way that has potential to influence the discussion during the primary season.\" In 2018, he said that \"anything is better than Putin because that eliminates the probability of a nuclear war. Putin is insane.\"", "Putin is insane.\" Putin is insane.\" In the 2016 United States presidential election, Kasparov described Republican Donald Trump as \"a celebrity showman with racist leanings and authoritarian tendencies\" and criticised Trump for calling for closer ties with Putin.", "In the 2016 United States presidential election, Kasparov described Republican Donald Trump as \"a celebrity showman with racist leanings and authoritarian tendencies\" and criticised Trump for calling for closer ties with Putin. After Trump's running mate, Mike Pence, called Putin a strong leader, Kasparov said that Putin is a strong leader \"in the same way arsenic is a strong drink\".", "After Trump's running mate, Mike Pence, called Putin a strong leader, Kasparov said that Putin is a strong leader \"in the same way arsenic is a strong drink\". He also criticised the economic policies of Democratic primary candidate Bernie Sanders, but showed respect for Sanders as \"a charismatic speaker and a passionate believer in his cause\".", "He also criticised the economic policies of Democratic primary candidate Bernie Sanders, but showed respect for Sanders as \"a charismatic speaker and a passionate believer in his cause\". Kasparov opined that Henry Kissinger \"was selling the Trump Administration on the idea of a mirror of 1972 [Richard Nixon's visit to China], except, instead of a Sino-U.S. alliance against the U.S.S.R., this would be a Russian-American alliance against China.\"", "Kasparov opined that Henry Kissinger \"was selling the Trump Administration on the idea of a mirror of 1972 [Richard Nixon's visit to China], except, instead of a Sino-U.S. alliance against the U.S.S.R., this would be a Russian-American alliance against China.\" In 2017, he condemned the violence unleashed by the Spanish police against the independence referendum in Catalonia.", "In 2017, he condemned the violence unleashed by the Spanish police against the independence referendum in Catalonia. He criticized the Spanish PM Mariano Rajoy and accused him of \"betraying\" the European promise of peace.", "He criticized the Spanish PM Mariano Rajoy and accused him of \"betraying\" the European promise of peace. After the Catalan regional election held later the same year, Kasparov wrote: \"Despite unprecedented pressure from Madrid, Catalonian separatists won a majority. Europe must speak and help find a peaceful path toward resolution and avoid more violence\".", "Europe must speak and help find a peaceful path toward resolution and avoid more violence\". Kasparov recommended that Spain look to how Britain handled the 2014 Scottish independence referendum, adding: \"look only at how Turkey and Iraq have treated the separatist Kurds. That cannot be the road for Spain and Catalonia.\"", "That cannot be the road for Spain and Catalonia.\" Kasparov supports recognition of the Armenian Genocide. He welcomed the Velvet Revolution in Armenia in 2018, just a few days after it happened. Kasparov condemned the assassination of Saudi journalist Jamal Khashoggi.", "Kasparov condemned the assassination of Saudi journalist Jamal Khashoggi. In October 2018, he wrote that Erdoğan's regime in Turkey \"has jailed more journalists than any country in the world and scores of them remain in prison in Turkey. Since 2016, Turkey's intelligence agency has abducted at least 80 people in operations in 18 countries.\"", "Since 2016, Turkey's intelligence agency has abducted at least 80 people in operations in 18 countries.\" In 2021, Kasparov stated that \"the only language that Putin understands is power, and his power is his money,\" arguing that the United States should target the bank accounts of Russian oligarchs to force Russia to rein in its criminals' cyberattacks against American agencies and companies.", "In 2021, Kasparov stated that \"the only language that Putin understands is power, and his power is his money,\" arguing that the United States should target the bank accounts of Russian oligarchs to force Russia to rein in its criminals' cyberattacks against American agencies and companies. Playing style Kasparov's attacking style of play has been compared by many to Alekhine's.", "Playing style Kasparov's attacking style of play has been compared by many to Alekhine's. Kasparov has described his style as being influenced chiefly by Alekhine, Tal and Fischer.", "Kasparov has described his style as being influenced chiefly by Alekhine, Tal and Fischer. Kramnik has opined that \"[Kasparov's] capacity for study is second to none\", and said \"There is nothing in chess he has been unable to deal with.\"", "Kramnik has opined that \"[Kasparov's] capacity for study is second to none\", and said \"There is nothing in chess he has been unable to deal with.\" Magnus Carlsen, whom Kasparov coached from 2009 to 2010, said of Kasparov, \"I've never seen someone with such a feel for dynamics in complex positions.\"", "Magnus Carlsen, whom Kasparov coached from 2009 to 2010, said of Kasparov, \"I've never seen someone with such a feel for dynamics in complex positions.\" Kasparov was known for his extensive opening preparation and aggressive play in the opening. Olympiads and other major team events Kasparov played in a total of eight Chess Olympiads.", "Olympiads and other major team events Kasparov played in a total of eight Chess Olympiads. He represented the Soviet Union four times and Russia four times, following the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991.", "He represented the Soviet Union four times and Russia four times, following the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991. In his 1980 Olympiad debut, he became, at age 17, the youngest player to represent the Soviet Union or Russia at that level, a record which was broken by Vladimir Kramnik in 1992.", "In his 1980 Olympiad debut, he became, at age 17, the youngest player to represent the Soviet Union or Russia at that level, a record which was broken by Vladimir Kramnik in 1992. In 82 games, he has scored (+50−3=29), for 78.7% and won a total of 19 medals, including team gold medals all eight times he competed.", "In 82 games, he has scored (+50−3=29), for 78.7% and won a total of 19 medals, including team gold medals all eight times he competed. For the 1994 Moscow Olympiad, he had a significant organizational role, in helping to put together the event on short notice, after Thessaloniki canceled its offer to host, a few weeks before the scheduled dates.", "For the 1994 Moscow Olympiad, he had a significant organizational role, in helping to put together the event on short notice, after Thessaloniki canceled its offer to host, a few weeks before the scheduled dates. Kasparov's detailed Olympiad record follows: Valletta 1980, USSR 2nd reserve, 9½/12 (+8−1=3), team gold, board bronze; Lucerne 1982, USSR 2nd board, 8½/11 (+6−0=5), team gold, board bronze; Dubai 1986, USSR 1st board, 8½/11 (+7−1=3), team gold, board gold, performance gold; Thessaloniki 1988, USSR 1st board, 8½/10 (+7−0=3), team gold, board gold, performance gold; Manila 1992, Russia board 1, 8½/10 (+7−0=3), team gold, board gold, performance silver; Moscow 1994, Russia board 1, 6½/10 (+4−1=5), team gold; Yerevan 1996, Russia board 1, 7/9 (+5−0=4), team gold, board silver, performance gold; Bled 2002, Russia board 1, 7½/9 (+6−0=3), team gold, performance gold.", "Kasparov's detailed Olympiad record follows: Valletta 1980, USSR 2nd reserve, 9½/12 (+8−1=3), team gold, board bronze; Lucerne 1982, USSR 2nd board, 8½/11 (+6−0=5), team gold, board bronze; Dubai 1986, USSR 1st board, 8½/11 (+7−1=3), team gold, board gold, performance gold; Thessaloniki 1988, USSR 1st board, 8½/10 (+7−0=3), team gold, board gold, performance gold; Manila 1992, Russia board 1, 8½/10 (+7−0=3), team gold, board gold, performance silver; Moscow 1994, Russia board 1, 6½/10 (+4−1=5), team gold; Yerevan 1996, Russia board 1, 7/9 (+5−0=4), team gold, board silver, performance gold; Bled 2002, Russia board 1, 7½/9 (+6−0=3), team gold, performance gold. Kasparov made his international teams debut for the USSR at age 16 in the 1980 European Team Championship and played for Russia in the 1992 edition of that championship.", "Kasparov made his international teams debut for the USSR at age 16 in the 1980 European Team Championship and played for Russia in the 1992 edition of that championship. He won a total of five medals.", "He won a total of five medals. His detailed Euroteams record follows: Skara 1980, USSR 2nd reserve, 5½/6 (+5−0=1), team gold, board gold; Debrecen 1992, Russia board 1, 6/8 (+4−0=4), team gold, board gold, performance silver.", "His detailed Euroteams record follows: Skara 1980, USSR 2nd reserve, 5½/6 (+5−0=1), team gold, board gold; Debrecen 1992, Russia board 1, 6/8 (+4−0=4), team gold, board gold, performance silver. Kasparov also represented the USSR once in Youth Olympiad competition, but the detailed data at Olimpbase is incomplete; the Chessmetrics Garry Kasparov player file has his individual score from that event.", "Kasparov also represented the USSR once in Youth Olympiad competition, but the detailed data at Olimpbase is incomplete; the Chessmetrics Garry Kasparov player file has his individual score from that event. Graz 1981, USSR board 1, 9/10 (+8−0=2), team gold.", "Graz 1981, USSR board 1, 9/10 (+8−0=2), team gold. Records and achievements Chess ratings achievements Kasparov holds the record for the longest time as the No. 1 rated player in the worldfrom 1984 to 2005 (Vladimir Kramnik shared the No. 1 ranking with him once, in the January 1996 FIDE rating list).", "1 ranking with him once, in the January 1996 FIDE rating list). He was also briefly ejected from the list following his split from FIDE in 1993, but during that time he headed the rating list of the rival PCA. At the time of his retirement, he was still ranked No.", "At the time of his retirement, he was still ranked No. 1 in the world, with a rating of 2812. His rating has fallen inactive since the January 2006 rating list. In January 1990, Kasparov achieved the (then) highest FIDE rating ever, passing 2800 and breaking Bobby Fischer's old record of 2785.", "In January 1990, Kasparov achieved the (then) highest FIDE rating ever, passing 2800 and breaking Bobby Fischer's old record of 2785. By the July 1999 and January 2000 FIDE rating lists, Kasparov had reached a 2851 Elo rating, at that time the highest rating ever achieved.", "By the July 1999 and January 2000 FIDE rating lists, Kasparov had reached a 2851 Elo rating, at that time the highest rating ever achieved. He held that record for the highest rating ever achieved until Magnus Carlsen attained a new record high rating of 2861 in January 2013.", "He held that record for the highest rating ever achieved until Magnus Carlsen attained a new record high rating of 2861 in January 2013. Other records Kasparov holds the record for most consecutive professional tournament victories, placing first or equal first in 15 individual tournaments from 1981 to 1990.", "Other records Kasparov holds the record for most consecutive professional tournament victories, placing first or equal first in 15 individual tournaments from 1981 to 1990. The streak was broken by Vasyl Ivanchuk at Linares 1991, where Kasparov placed second, half a point behind him after losing their individual game.", "The streak was broken by Vasyl Ivanchuk at Linares 1991, where Kasparov placed second, half a point behind him after losing their individual game. The details of this record winning streak follow: Frunze 1981, USSR Championship, 12½/17, tie for 1st; Bugojno 1982, 9½/13, 1st; Moscow 1982, Interzonal, 10/13, 1st; Nikšić 1983, 11/14, 1st; Brussels OHRA 1986, 7½/10, 1st; Brussels SWIFT 1987, 8½/11, tie for 1st; Amsterdam Optiebeurs 1988, 9/12, 1st; Belfort (World Cup) 1988, 11½/15, 1st; Moscow 1988, USSR Championship, 11½/17, tie for 1st; Reykjavík (World Cup) 1988, 11/17, 1st; Barcelona (World Cup) 1989, 11/16, tie for 1st; Skellefteå (World Cup) 1989, 9½/15, tie for 1st; Tilburg 1989, 12/14, 1st; Belgrade (Investbank) 1989, 9½/11, 1st; Linares 1990, 8/11, 1st.", "The details of this record winning streak follow: Frunze 1981, USSR Championship, 12½/17, tie for 1st; Bugojno 1982, 9½/13, 1st; Moscow 1982, Interzonal, 10/13, 1st; Nikšić 1983, 11/14, 1st; Brussels OHRA 1986, 7½/10, 1st; Brussels SWIFT 1987, 8½/11, tie for 1st; Amsterdam Optiebeurs 1988, 9/12, 1st; Belfort (World Cup) 1988, 11½/15, 1st; Moscow 1988, USSR Championship, 11½/17, tie for 1st; Reykjavík (World Cup) 1988, 11/17, 1st; Barcelona (World Cup) 1989, 11/16, tie for 1st; Skellefteå (World Cup) 1989, 9½/15, tie for 1st; Tilburg 1989, 12/14, 1st; Belgrade (Investbank) 1989, 9½/11, 1st; Linares 1990, 8/11, 1st. Kasparov went 9 years winning every supertournament he played in addition to contesting his series of 5 consecutive matches with Anatoly Karpov.", "Kasparov went 9 years winning every supertournament he played in addition to contesting his series of 5 consecutive matches with Anatoly Karpov. His only failure in this time period in either tournament or match play was in the World Chess Championship 1984 when the 21 year old Kasparov was trailing (-5, +3 = 40) against the defending champion Karpov before the match was abruptly cancelled.", "His only failure in this time period in either tournament or match play was in the World Chess Championship 1984 when the 21 year old Kasparov was trailing (-5, +3 = 40) against the defending champion Karpov before the match was abruptly cancelled. Later on in his career, Kasparov went on another long streak of consecutive supertournament wins.", "Later on in his career, Kasparov went on another long streak of consecutive supertournament wins. Wijk aan Zee Hoogovens 1999, 10/13, 1st; Linares 1999, 10½/14, 1st; Sarajevo 1999, 7/9, 1st; Wijk aan Zee Corus 2000, 9½/13, 1st; Linares 2000, 6/10, tie for 1st; Sarajevo 2000, 8½/11, 1st; Wijk aan Zee Corus 2001, 9/13, 1st; Linares 2001, 7.5/10, 1st; Astana 2001, 7/10, 1st; Linares 2002, 8/12, 1st.", "Wijk aan Zee Hoogovens 1999, 10/13, 1st; Linares 1999, 10½/14, 1st; Sarajevo 1999, 7/9, 1st; Wijk aan Zee Corus 2000, 9½/13, 1st; Linares 2000, 6/10, tie for 1st; Sarajevo 2000, 8½/11, 1st; Wijk aan Zee Corus 2001, 9/13, 1st; Linares 2001, 7.5/10, 1st; Astana 2001, 7/10, 1st; Linares 2002, 8/12, 1st. In these 10 consecutive classical supertournaments wins, Kasparov had a score of 53 wins, 61 draws and 1 loss in 115 games with his only loss coming against Ivan Sokolov in Wijk aan Zee 1999.", "In these 10 consecutive classical supertournaments wins, Kasparov had a score of 53 wins, 61 draws and 1 loss in 115 games with his only loss coming against Ivan Sokolov in Wijk aan Zee 1999. Kasparov won the Chess Oscar a record eleven times.", "Kasparov won the Chess Oscar a record eleven times. Chess and computers In 1983, Acorn Computers acted as one of the sponsors for Kasparov's Candidates semi-final match against Viktor Korchnoi. Kasparov was awarded a BBC Micro which he took back with him to Baku, making it perhaps the first western-made microcomputer to reach Baku at that time.", "Kasparov was awarded a BBC Micro which he took back with him to Baku, making it perhaps the first western-made microcomputer to reach Baku at that time. In 1985, computer chess magazine editor Frederic Friedel invited Kasparov to his house, and the two of them discussed how a chess database program would be useful for preparation.", "In 1985, computer chess magazine editor Frederic Friedel invited Kasparov to his house, and the two of them discussed how a chess database program would be useful for preparation. Two years later, Friedel founded Chessbase, and gave a copy of the program to Kasparov who started using it in his preparation.", "Two years later, Friedel founded Chessbase, and gave a copy of the program to Kasparov who started using it in his preparation. In 1985, Kasparov played against thirty-two different chess computers in Hamburg, winning all games, but with some difficulty.", "In 1985, Kasparov played against thirty-two different chess computers in Hamburg, winning all games, but with some difficulty. On 22 October 1989, Kasparov defeated the chess computer Deep Thought in both games of a two-game match.", "On 22 October 1989, Kasparov defeated the chess computer Deep Thought in both games of a two-game match. In December 1992, Kasparov visited Frederic Friedel in his hotel room in Cologne, and played 37 blitz games against Fritz 2 winning 24, drawing 4 and losing 9.", "In December 1992, Kasparov visited Frederic Friedel in his hotel room in Cologne, and played 37 blitz games against Fritz 2 winning 24, drawing 4 and losing 9. Kasparov cooperated in producing video material for the computer game Kasparov's Gambit released by Electronic Arts in November 1993.", "Kasparov cooperated in producing video material for the computer game Kasparov's Gambit released by Electronic Arts in November 1993. In April 1994, Intel acted as a sponsor for the first Professional Chess Association Grand Prix event in Moscow played a time control of 25 minutes per game.", "In April 1994, Intel acted as a sponsor for the first Professional Chess Association Grand Prix event in Moscow played a time control of 25 minutes per game. In May, Chessbase's Fritz 3 running on an Intel Pentium PC defeated Kasparov in their first in the Intel Express blitz tournament in Munich, but Kasparov managed to tie it for first, and then win the playoff with 3 wins and 2 draws.", "In May, Chessbase's Fritz 3 running on an Intel Pentium PC defeated Kasparov in their first in the Intel Express blitz tournament in Munich, but Kasparov managed to tie it for first, and then win the playoff with 3 wins and 2 draws. The next day, Kasparov lost to Fritz 3 again in a game on ZDF TV.", "The next day, Kasparov lost to Fritz 3 again in a game on ZDF TV. In August, Kasparov was knocked out of the London Intel Grand Prix by Richard Lang's ChessGenius 2 program in the first round.", "In August, Kasparov was knocked out of the London Intel Grand Prix by Richard Lang's ChessGenius 2 program in the first round. In 1995, during Kasparov's world title match with Viswanathan Anand, he unveiled an opening novelty that had been checked with a chess engine, an approach that would become increasingly common in subsequent years.", "In 1995, during Kasparov's world title match with Viswanathan Anand, he unveiled an opening novelty that had been checked with a chess engine, an approach that would become increasingly common in subsequent years. Kasparov played in a pair of six-game chess matches with an IBM supercomputer called Deep Blue.", "Kasparov played in a pair of six-game chess matches with an IBM supercomputer called Deep Blue. The first match was played in Philadelphia in 1996 and won by Kasparov. The second was played in New York City in 1997 and won by Deep Blue.", "The second was played in New York City in 1997 and won by Deep Blue. The 1997 match was the first defeat of a reigning world chess champion by a computer under tournament conditions. In May 1997, an updated version of Deep Blue defeated Kasparov 3½–2½ in a highly publicized six-game match.", "In May 1997, an updated version of Deep Blue defeated Kasparov 3½–2½ in a highly publicized six-game match. The match was even after five games but Kasparov lost quickly in Game 6. This was the first time a computer had ever defeated a world champion in a match.", "This was the first time a computer had ever defeated a world champion in a match. A documentary film was made about this famous match entitled Game Over: Kasparov and the Machine. Kasparov said that he was \"not well prepared\" to face Deep Blue in 1997.", "Kasparov said that he was \"not well prepared\" to face Deep Blue in 1997. He said that based on his \"objective strengths\" his play was stronger than that of Deep Blue. Kasparov claimed that several factors weighed against him in this match.", "Kasparov claimed that several factors weighed against him in this match. In particular, he was denied access to Deep Blue's recent games, in contrast to the computer's team, which could study hundreds of Kasparov's.", "In particular, he was denied access to Deep Blue's recent games, in contrast to the computer's team, which could study hundreds of Kasparov's. After the loss, Kasparov said that he sometimes saw deep intelligence and creativity in the machine's moves, suggesting that during the second game, human chess players, in contravention of the rules, intervened.", "After the loss, Kasparov said that he sometimes saw deep intelligence and creativity in the machine's moves, suggesting that during the second game, human chess players, in contravention of the rules, intervened. IBM denied that it cheated, saying the only human intervention occurred between games.", "IBM denied that it cheated, saying the only human intervention occurred between games. The rules provided for the developers to modify the program between games, an opportunity they said they used to shore up weaknesses in the computer's play revealed during the course of the match.", "The rules provided for the developers to modify the program between games, an opportunity they said they used to shore up weaknesses in the computer's play revealed during the course of the match. Kasparov requested printouts of the machine's log files but IBM refused, although the company later published the logs on the Internet.", "Kasparov requested printouts of the machine's log files but IBM refused, although the company later published the logs on the Internet. Much later, it was suggested that the behavior Kasparov noted had resulted from a glitch in the computer program. Although Kasparov wanted another rematch, IBM declined and ended their Deep Blue program.", "Although Kasparov wanted another rematch, IBM declined and ended their Deep Blue program. In January 2003, he engaged in a six-game classical time control match with a $1 million prize fund which was billed as the FIDE \"Man vs. Machine\" World Championship, against Deep Junior. The engine evaluated three million positions per second.", "The engine evaluated three million positions per second. After one win each and three draws, it was all up to the final game. After reaching a decent position Kasparov offered a draw, which was soon accepted by the Deep Junior team. Asked why he offered the draw, Kasparov said he feared making a blunder.", "Asked why he offered the draw, Kasparov said he feared making a blunder. Deep Junior was the first machine to beat Kasparov with black and at a standard time control. In June 2003, Mindscape released the computer game Kasparov Chessmate with Kasparov himself listed as a co-designer.", "In June 2003, Mindscape released the computer game Kasparov Chessmate with Kasparov himself listed as a co-designer. In November 2003, he engaged in a four-game match against the computer program X3D Fritz, using a virtual board, 3D glasses and a speech recognition system.", "In November 2003, he engaged in a four-game match against the computer program X3D Fritz, using a virtual board, 3D glasses and a speech recognition system. After two draws and one win apiece, the X3D Man–Machine match ended in a draw. Kasparov received $175,000 for the result and took home the golden trophy.", "Kasparov received $175,000 for the result and took home the golden trophy. Kasparov continued to criticize the blunder in the second game that cost him a crucial point. He felt that he had outplayed the machine overall and played well. \"I only made one mistake but unfortunately that one mistake lost the game.\"", "\"I only made one mistake but unfortunately that one mistake lost the game.\" Books and other writings Early writings Kasparov has written books on chess. He published a controversial autobiography when still in his early 20s, originally titled Child of Change, later retitled Unlimited Challenge.", "He published a controversial autobiography when still in his early 20s, originally titled Child of Change, later retitled Unlimited Challenge. This book was subsequently updated several times after he became World Champion. Its content is mainly literary, with a small chess component of key unannotated games.", "Its content is mainly literary, with a small chess component of key unannotated games. He published an annotated games collection in 1983, Fighting Chess: My Games and Career, which has been updated several times in further editions.", "He published an annotated games collection in 1983, Fighting Chess: My Games and Career, which has been updated several times in further editions. He also wrote a book annotating the games from his World Chess Championship 1985 victory, World Chess Championship Match: Moscow, 1985.", "He also wrote a book annotating the games from his World Chess Championship 1985 victory, World Chess Championship Match: Moscow, 1985. He has annotated his own games extensively for the Yugoslav Chess Informant series and for other chess publications.", "He has annotated his own games extensively for the Yugoslav Chess Informant series and for other chess publications. In 1982, he co-authored Batsford Chess Openings with British grandmaster Raymond Keene and this book was an enormous seller. It was updated into a second edition in 1989.", "It was updated into a second edition in 1989. He also co-authored two opening books with his trainer Alexander Nikitin in the 1980s for British publisher Batsfordon the Classical Variation of the Caro-Kann Defence and on the Scheveningen Variation of the Sicilian Defence. Kasparov has also contributed extensively to the five-volume openings series Encyclopedia of Chess Openings.", "Kasparov has also contributed extensively to the five-volume openings series Encyclopedia of Chess Openings. In 2000, Kasparov co-authored Kasparov Against the World: The Story of the Greatest Online Challenge with grandmaster Daniel King. The 202-page book analyzes the 1999 Kasparov versus the World game, and holds the record for the longest analysis devoted to a single chess game.", "The 202-page book analyzes the 1999 Kasparov versus the World game, and holds the record for the longest analysis devoted to a single chess game. My Great Predecessors series In 2003, the first volume of his five-volume work Garry Kasparov on My Great Predecessors was published.", "My Great Predecessors series In 2003, the first volume of his five-volume work Garry Kasparov on My Great Predecessors was published. This volume, which deals with the world chess champions Wilhelm Steinitz, Emanuel Lasker, José Raúl Capablanca, Alexander Alekhine, and some of their strong contemporaries, has received lavish praise from some reviewers (including Nigel Short), while attracting criticism from others for historical inaccuracies and analysis of games directly copied from unattributed sources.", "This volume, which deals with the world chess champions Wilhelm Steinitz, Emanuel Lasker, José Raúl Capablanca, Alexander Alekhine, and some of their strong contemporaries, has received lavish praise from some reviewers (including Nigel Short), while attracting criticism from others for historical inaccuracies and analysis of games directly copied from unattributed sources. Through suggestions on the book's website, most of these shortcomings were corrected in following editions and translations.", "Through suggestions on the book's website, most of these shortcomings were corrected in following editions and translations. Despite this, the first volume won the British Chess Federation's Book of the Year award in 2003. Volume two, covering Max Euwe, Mikhail Botvinnik, Vasily Smyslov and Mikhail Tal appeared later in 2003.", "Volume two, covering Max Euwe, Mikhail Botvinnik, Vasily Smyslov and Mikhail Tal appeared later in 2003. Volume three, covering Tigran Petrosian and Boris Spassky appeared in early 2004.", "Volume three, covering Tigran Petrosian and Boris Spassky appeared in early 2004. In December 2004, Kasparov released volume four, which covers Samuel Reshevsky, Miguel Najdorf, and Bent Larsen (none of these three were World Champions), but focuses primarily on Bobby Fischer.", "In December 2004, Kasparov released volume four, which covers Samuel Reshevsky, Miguel Najdorf, and Bent Larsen (none of these three were World Champions), but focuses primarily on Bobby Fischer. The fifth volume, devoted to the chess careers of World Champion Anatoly Karpov and challenger Viktor Korchnoi, was published in March 2006.", "The fifth volume, devoted to the chess careers of World Champion Anatoly Karpov and challenger Viktor Korchnoi, was published in March 2006. Modern Chess series His book Revolution in the 70s (published in March 2007) covers \"the openings revolution of the 1970s–1980s\" and is the first book in a new series called \"Modern Chess Series\", which intends to cover his matches with Karpov and selected games.", "Modern Chess series His book Revolution in the 70s (published in March 2007) covers \"the openings revolution of the 1970s–1980s\" and is the first book in a new series called \"Modern Chess Series\", which intends to cover his matches with Karpov and selected games. The book \"Revolution in the 70s\" concerns the revolution in opening theory that was witnessed in that decade.", "The book \"Revolution in the 70s\" concerns the revolution in opening theory that was witnessed in that decade. Such systems as the controversial (at the time) \"Hedgehog\" opening plan of passively developing the pieces no further than the first three ranks are examined in great detail.", "Such systems as the controversial (at the time) \"Hedgehog\" opening plan of passively developing the pieces no further than the first three ranks are examined in great detail. Kasparov also analyzes some of the most notable games played in that period.", "Kasparov also analyzes some of the most notable games played in that period. In a section at the end of the book, top opening theoreticians provide their own \"take\" on the progress made in opening theory in the 1980s. Garry Kasparov on Garry Kasparov series Kasparov published three volumes of his games, spanning his entire career.", "Garry Kasparov on Garry Kasparov series Kasparov published three volumes of his games, spanning his entire career. Winter Is Coming In October 2015, Kasparov published a book titled Winter Is Coming: Why Vladimir Putin and the Enemies of the Free World Must Be Stopped. The title is a reference to the HBO television series Game of Thrones.", "The title is a reference to the HBO television series Game of Thrones. In the book, Kasparov writes about the need for an organization composed solely of democratic countries to replace the United Nations. In an interview, he called the United Nations a \"catwalk for dictators\".", "In an interview, he called the United Nations a \"catwalk for dictators\". Historical revision Kasparov believes that the conventional history of civilization is radically incorrect. Specifically, he believes that the history of ancient civilizations is based on misdatings of events and achievements that actually occurred in the medieval period.", "Specifically, he believes that the history of ancient civilizations is based on misdatings of events and achievements that actually occurred in the medieval period. He has cited several aspects of ancient history that he says are likely to be anachronisms. Kasparov has written in support of New Chronology (Fomenko), although with some reservations.", "Kasparov has written in support of New Chronology (Fomenko), although with some reservations. In 2001, Kasparov expressed a desire to devote his time to promoting the New Chronology after his chess career.", "In 2001, Kasparov expressed a desire to devote his time to promoting the New Chronology after his chess career. \"New Chronology is a great area for investing my intellect ... My analytical abilities are well placed to figure out what was right and what was wrong.\"", "\"New Chronology is a great area for investing my intellect ... My analytical abilities are well placed to figure out what was right and what was wrong.\" \"When I stop playing chess, it may well be that I concentrate on promoting these ideas... I believe they can improve our lives.\"", "I believe they can improve our lives.\" Later, Kasparov renounced his support of Fomenko theories but reaffirmed his belief that mainstream historical knowledge is highly inconsistent. Other post-retirement writing In 2007, he wrote How Life Imitates Chess, an examination of the parallels between decision-making in chess and in the business world.", "Other post-retirement writing In 2007, he wrote How Life Imitates Chess, an examination of the parallels between decision-making in chess and in the business world. In 2008, Kasparov published a sympathetic obituary for Bobby Fischer, writing: \"I am often asked if I ever met or played Bobby Fischer.", "In 2008, Kasparov published a sympathetic obituary for Bobby Fischer, writing: \"I am often asked if I ever met or played Bobby Fischer. The answer is no, I never had that opportunity.", "The answer is no, I never had that opportunity. But even though he saw me as a member of the evil chess establishment that he felt had robbed and cheated him, I am sorry I never had a chance to thank him personally for what he did for our sport.\"", "But even though he saw me as a member of the evil chess establishment that he felt had robbed and cheated him, I am sorry I never had a chance to thank him personally for what he did for our sport.\" He is the chief advisor for the book publisher Everyman Chess.", "He is the chief advisor for the book publisher Everyman Chess. Kasparov works closely with Mig Greengard and his comments can often be found on Greengard's blog (apparently no longer active).", "Kasparov works closely with Mig Greengard and his comments can often be found on Greengard's blog (apparently no longer active). Kasparov collaborated with Max Levchin and Peter Thiel on The Blueprint, a book calling for a revival of world innovation, planned to release in March 2013 from W. W. Norton & Company.", "Kasparov collaborated with Max Levchin and Peter Thiel on The Blueprint, a book calling for a revival of world innovation, planned to release in March 2013 from W. W. Norton & Company. The book was never released, as the authors disagreed on its contents.", "The book was never released, as the authors disagreed on its contents. Kasparov argued that chess has become the model for reasoning in the same way that the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster became a model organism for geneticists, in an editorial comment on Google's AlphaZero chess-playing system.", "Kasparov argued that chess has become the model for reasoning in the same way that the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster became a model organism for geneticists, in an editorial comment on Google's AlphaZero chess-playing system. \"I was pleased to see that AlphaZero had a dynamic, open style like my own,\" he wrote in late 2018.", "\"I was pleased to see that AlphaZero had a dynamic, open style like my own,\" he wrote in late 2018. Kasparov served as a consultant for the 2020 Netflix miniseries The Queen's Gambit. He gave an extended interview to Slate describing his contributions.", "He gave an extended interview to Slate describing his contributions. In 2020, Kasparov collaborated with Matt Calkins, founder and CEO of Appian, on HYPERAUTOMATION, a book about low-code development and the future of business automation. Kasparov wrote the foreword where he discusses his experiences with human-machine relationships.", "Kasparov wrote the foreword where he discusses his experiences with human-machine relationships. Bibliography Kasparov Teaches Chess (1984–85, Sport in the USSR Magazine; 1986, First Collier Books) The Test of Time (Russian Chess) (1986, Pergamon Pr) World Chess Championship Match: Moscow, 1985 (1986, Everyman Chess) Child of Change: An Autobiography (1987, Hutchinson) London–Leningrad Championship Games (1987, Everyman Chess) Unlimited Challenge (1990, Grove Pr) The Sicilian Scheveningen (1991, B.T.", "Bibliography Kasparov Teaches Chess (1984–85, Sport in the USSR Magazine; 1986, First Collier Books) The Test of Time (Russian Chess) (1986, Pergamon Pr) World Chess Championship Match: Moscow, 1985 (1986, Everyman Chess) Child of Change: An Autobiography (1987, Hutchinson) London–Leningrad Championship Games (1987, Everyman Chess) Unlimited Challenge (1990, Grove Pr) The Sicilian Scheveningen (1991, B.T. Batsford Ltd) The Queen's Indian Defence: Kasparov System (1991, B.T.", "Batsford Ltd) The Queen's Indian Defence: Kasparov System (1991, B.T. Batsford Ltd) Kasparov Versus Karpov, 1990 (1991, Everyman Chess) Kasparov on the King's Indian (1993, B.T. Batsford Ltd) Kasparov, Garry. Jon Speelman and Bob Wade. 1995. Garry Kasparov's Fighting Chess.", "Garry Kasparov's Fighting Chess. Garry Kasparov's Fighting Chess. Henry Holt.", "Garry Kasparov's Fighting Chess. Henry Holt. Henry Holt. Garry Kasparov's Chess Challenge (1996, Everyman Chess) Lessons in Chess (1997, Everyman Chess) Kasparov Against the World: The Story of the Greatest Online Challenge (2000, Kasparov Chess Online) My Great Predecessors Part I (2003, Everyman Chess) My Great Predecessors Part II (2003, Everyman Chess) Checkmate!", "Garry Kasparov's Chess Challenge (1996, Everyman Chess) Lessons in Chess (1997, Everyman Chess) Kasparov Against the World: The Story of the Greatest Online Challenge (2000, Kasparov Chess Online) My Great Predecessors Part I (2003, Everyman Chess) My Great Predecessors Part II (2003, Everyman Chess) Checkmate! : My First Chess Book (2004, Everyman Mindsports) My Great Predecessors Part III (2004, Everyman Chess) My Great Predecessors Part IV (2004, Everyman Chess) My Great Predecessors Part V (2006, Everyman Chess) How Life Imitates Chess (2007, William Heinemann Ltd.) Garry Kasparov on Modern Chess, Part I: Revolution in the 70s (2007, Everyman Chess) Garry Kasparov on Modern Chess, Part II: Kasparov vs Karpov 1975–1985 (2008, Everyman Chess) Garry Kasparov on Modern Chess, Part III: Kasparov vs Karpov 1986–1987 (2009, Everyman Chess) Garry Kasparov on Modern Chess, Part IV: Kasparov vs Karpov 1988–2009 (2010, Everyman Chess) Garry Kasparov on Garry Kasparov, part I (2011, Everyman Chess) Garry Kasparov on Garry Kasparov, part II (2013, Everyman Chess) Garry Kasparov on Garry Kasparov, part III (2014, Everyman Chess) Winter Is Coming: Why Vladimir Putin and the Enemies of the Free World Must Be Stopped (2015, Public Affairs) Deep Thinking with Mig Greengard (2017, Public Affairs) Videos Kasparov, Garry, Nigel Short, Raymond Keene and Daniel King.", ": My First Chess Book (2004, Everyman Mindsports) My Great Predecessors Part III (2004, Everyman Chess) My Great Predecessors Part IV (2004, Everyman Chess) My Great Predecessors Part V (2006, Everyman Chess) How Life Imitates Chess (2007, William Heinemann Ltd.) Garry Kasparov on Modern Chess, Part I: Revolution in the 70s (2007, Everyman Chess) Garry Kasparov on Modern Chess, Part II: Kasparov vs Karpov 1975–1985 (2008, Everyman Chess) Garry Kasparov on Modern Chess, Part III: Kasparov vs Karpov 1986–1987 (2009, Everyman Chess) Garry Kasparov on Modern Chess, Part IV: Kasparov vs Karpov 1988–2009 (2010, Everyman Chess) Garry Kasparov on Garry Kasparov, part I (2011, Everyman Chess) Garry Kasparov on Garry Kasparov, part II (2013, Everyman Chess) Garry Kasparov on Garry Kasparov, part III (2014, Everyman Chess) Winter Is Coming: Why Vladimir Putin and the Enemies of the Free World Must Be Stopped (2015, Public Affairs) Deep Thinking with Mig Greengard (2017, Public Affairs) Videos Kasparov, Garry, Nigel Short, Raymond Keene and Daniel King. 1993.", "1993. 1993. Kasparov Short The Inside Story. Grandmaster Video. Kasparov, Garry, Jonathan Tisdall and Jim Plaskett. 2000. My Story. Grandmaster Video. Kasparov, Garry. 2004. How to Play the Queen's Gambit. Chessbase. Kasparov, Garry. 2005. How to Play the Najdorf. Chessbase. vol.", "How to Play the Najdorf. Chessbase. vol. vol. 1 , vol. 2 Kasparov, Garry. 2012. How I Became World Champion 1973–1985. Chessbase. Kasparov, Garry. 2017. Garry Kasparov Teaches Chess. Masterclass.com. Personal life Kasparov has lived in New York City since 2013.", "Personal life Kasparov has lived in New York City since 2013. He has been married three times: to Masha, with whom he had a daughter before divorcing; to Yulia, with whom he had a son before their 2005 divorce; and to Daria (Dasha), with whom he has two children, a daughter born in 2006 and a son born in 2015.", "He has been married three times: to Masha, with whom he had a daughter before divorcing; to Yulia, with whom he had a son before their 2005 divorce; and to Daria (Dasha), with whom he has two children, a daughter born in 2006 and a son born in 2015. Kasparov's wife manages his business activities worldwide as the founder of Kasparov International Management Inc. See also Kasparov Chess, Internet chess club.", "Kasparov's wife manages his business activities worldwide as the founder of Kasparov International Management Inc. See also Kasparov Chess, Internet chess club. Kasparov versus the World List of chess games between Kasparov and Kramnik Committee 2008 Putinism References Further reading External links Garry Kasparov, \"Man of the Year?", "Kasparov versus the World List of chess games between Kasparov and Kramnik Committee 2008 Putinism References Further reading External links Garry Kasparov, \"Man of the Year? \", OpinionJournal, 23 December 2007 Edward Winter, List of Books About Fischer and Kasparov Kasparov's \"Deep Thinking\" talk at Google Garry Kasparov's best games analyzed in video Articles about Garry Kasparov by Edward Winter 1963 births Living people 2011–2013 Russian protests 20th-century male writers 21st-century Russian politicians Azerbaijan University of Languages alumni Chess coaches Chess grandmasters Chess Olympiad competitors Chess historians Communist Party of the Soviet Union members Croatian activists Croatian chess writers Croatian people of Armenian descent Croatian people of Russian-Jewish descent Naturalized citizens of Croatia Chess players from Baku Recipients of the Order of Friendship of Peoples Russian anti-communists Russian chess players Russian chess writers Russian dissidents Russian liberals Russian people of Armenian descent Russian people of Jewish descent Russian political activists Russian sportsperson-politicians Solidarnost politicians Soviet chess players Soviet chess writers Soviet male writers The Other Russia (coalition) World chess champions World Junior Chess Champions" ]

[ "Garry Kasparov", "1984 World Championship", "Where did the World Championship take place?", "I don't know.", "Who were his opponents?", "match between Anatoly Karpov and Garry Kasparov", "Did Garry win?", "The match became the first, and so far only, world championship match to be abandoned without result.", "What was his playing style?", "I don't know." ]

[ "Asymphorodes fractura is a moth of the family Agonoxenidae. An interesting fact about the 'Asymphorodes fractura' is that has a described, \"wonderfully glorious rear end\". It was described by John Frederick Gates Clarke in 1986. It is found in French Polynesia.\n\nReferences\n\nMoths described in 1986\nAgonoxeninae\nMoths of Oceania\nEndemic fauna of French Polynesia", "Claudio Bonanni (born 5 March 1997) is an Italian footballer who now plays for Birkirkara in Malta.\n\nCareer\nBonanni started his senior career with A.C. Milan. After that, he played for Pavia, Varese Calcio, and U.S. Folgore Caratese A.S.D. In 2018, he signed for Kamza in the Albanian Superliga, where he made eighteen appearances and scored one goal.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n I'll tell you about Albanian football - Interview with Claudio Bonanni\n Bonanni: \"Team removed, little money ... but what an experience in Albania\"\n Claudio Bonanni: “In Malta it is real football. Too much Coronavirus panic ”\n From Milan to Kamza, the Italian Bonani: An interesting experience in Albania, I guarantee protection\n Bonani: Kamza will survive, here is the championship with which I compare Superiore\n\n1997 births\nLiving people\nItalian footballers\nItalian expatriate footballers\nExpatriate footballers in Albania\nExpatriate footballers in Malta\nA.C. Milan players\nF.C. Pavia players\nS.S.D. Varese Calcio players\nU.S. Folgore Caratese A.S.D. players\nFC Kamza players\nBirkirkara F.C. players\nAssociation football defenders" ]

[ "Garry Kimovich Kasparov (Russian: Гарри Кимович Каспаров, Russian pronunciation: [ˈɡarʲɪ ˈkʲiməvʲɪtɕ kɐˈsparəf], born Garik Kimovich Weinstein, Гарик Кимович Вайнштейн; 13 April 1963) is a Russian chess grandmaster, former World Chess Champion, writer, political activist and commentator. His peak rating of 2851, achieved in 1999, was the highest recorded until being surpassed by Magnus Carlsen in 2013.", "His peak rating of 2851, achieved in 1999, was the highest recorded until being surpassed by Magnus Carlsen in 2013. From 1984 until his retirement in 2005, Kasparov was ranked world No. 1 for a record 255 months overall for his career, a record that outstrips all other previous and current players.", "1 for a record 255 months overall for his career, a record that outstrips all other previous and current players. Kasparov also holds records for the most consecutive professional tournament victories (15) and Chess Oscars (11). Kasparov became the youngest ever undisputed World Chess Champion in 1985 at age 22 by defeating then-champion Anatoly Karpov.", "Kasparov became the youngest ever undisputed World Chess Champion in 1985 at age 22 by defeating then-champion Anatoly Karpov. He held the official FIDE world title until 1993 when a dispute with FIDE led him to set up a rival organization, the Professional Chess Association.", "He held the official FIDE world title until 1993 when a dispute with FIDE led him to set up a rival organization, the Professional Chess Association. In 1997 he became the first world champion to lose a match to a computer under standard time controls when he lost to the IBM supercomputer Deep Blue in a highly publicized match.", "In 1997 he became the first world champion to lose a match to a computer under standard time controls when he lost to the IBM supercomputer Deep Blue in a highly publicized match. He continued to hold the \"Classical\" World Chess Championship until his defeat by Vladimir Kramnik in 2000.", "He continued to hold the \"Classical\" World Chess Championship until his defeat by Vladimir Kramnik in 2000. Despite losing the title, he continued winning tournaments and was the world's highest-rated player when he retired from professional chess in 2005. Since retiring, he has devoted his time to politics and writing.", "Since retiring, he has devoted his time to politics and writing. He formed the United Civil Front movement and joined as a member of The Other Russia, a coalition opposing the administration and policies of Vladimir Putin.", "He formed the United Civil Front movement and joined as a member of The Other Russia, a coalition opposing the administration and policies of Vladimir Putin. In 2008, he announced an intention to run as a candidate in that year's Russian presidential race, but after encountering logistical problems in his campaign, for which he blamed \"official obstruction\", he withdrew.", "In 2008, he announced an intention to run as a candidate in that year's Russian presidential race, but after encountering logistical problems in his campaign, for which he blamed \"official obstruction\", he withdrew. In the wake of the Russian mass protests that began in 2011, he announced in 2013 that he had left Russia for the immediate future out of fear of persecution.", "In the wake of the Russian mass protests that began in 2011, he announced in 2013 that he had left Russia for the immediate future out of fear of persecution. Following his flight from Russia, he had lived in New York City with his family.", "Following his flight from Russia, he had lived in New York City with his family. In 2014, he obtained Croatian citizenship, and has maintained a residence in Podstrana near Split. Kasparov is currently chairman of the Human Rights Foundation and chairs its International Council.", "Kasparov is currently chairman of the Human Rights Foundation and chairs its International Council. In 2017, he founded the Renew Democracy Initiative (RDI), an American political organization promoting and defending liberal democracy in the U.S. and abroad. He serves as chairman of the group. Kasparov is also a Security Ambassador for the software company Avast.", "Kasparov is also a Security Ambassador for the software company Avast. Early life and career Kasparov was born Garik Kimovich Weinstein (Russian: Гарик Ки́мович Вайнштейн, Garik Kimovich Vainshtein) in Baku, Azerbaijan SSR (now Azerbaijan), Soviet Union.", "Early life and career Kasparov was born Garik Kimovich Weinstein (Russian: Гарик Ки́мович Вайнштейн, Garik Kimovich Vainshtein) in Baku, Azerbaijan SSR (now Azerbaijan), Soviet Union. His father, Kim Moiseyevich Weinstein, was Jewish, and his mother, Klara Shagenovna Gasparian, was Armenian.", "His father, Kim Moiseyevich Weinstein, was Jewish, and his mother, Klara Shagenovna Gasparian, was Armenian. Kasparov has described himself as a \"self-appointed Christian\", although \"very indifferent\" and identifies as Russian: \"although I'm half-Armenian, half-Jewish, I consider myself Russian because Russian is my native tongue, and I grew up with Russian culture.\"", "Kasparov has described himself as a \"self-appointed Christian\", although \"very indifferent\" and identifies as Russian: \"although I'm half-Armenian, half-Jewish, I consider myself Russian because Russian is my native tongue, and I grew up with Russian culture.\" Kasparov began the serious study of chess after he came across a chess problem set up by his parents and proposed a solution.", "Kasparov began the serious study of chess after he came across a chess problem set up by his parents and proposed a solution. When Garry was seven years old, his father died of leukaemia.", "When Garry was seven years old, his father died of leukaemia. At the age of twelve, Garry, upon request of his mother Klara and with the consent of the family, adopted Klara's surname Kasparov, which was done to avoid possible antisemitic tensions, which were common in the USSR at the time.", "At the age of twelve, Garry, upon request of his mother Klara and with the consent of the family, adopted Klara's surname Kasparov, which was done to avoid possible antisemitic tensions, which were common in the USSR at the time. From age 7, Kasparov attended the Young Pioneer Palace in Baku and, at 10 began training at Mikhail Botvinnik's chess school under coach Vladimir Makogonov.", "From age 7, Kasparov attended the Young Pioneer Palace in Baku and, at 10 began training at Mikhail Botvinnik's chess school under coach Vladimir Makogonov. Makogonov helped develop Kasparov's positional skills and taught him to play the Caro-Kann Defence and the Tartakower System of the Queen's Gambit Declined.", "Makogonov helped develop Kasparov's positional skills and taught him to play the Caro-Kann Defence and the Tartakower System of the Queen's Gambit Declined. Kasparov won the Soviet Junior Championship in Tbilisi in 1976, scoring 7 points of 9, at age 13. He repeated the feat the following year, winning with a score of 8.5 of 9.", "He repeated the feat the following year, winning with a score of 8.5 of 9. He was being trained by Alexander Shakarov during this time. In 1978, Kasparov participated in the Sokolsky Memorial tournament in Minsk. He had been invited as an exception but took first place and became a chess master.", "He had been invited as an exception but took first place and became a chess master. Kasparov has repeatedly said that this event was a turning point in his life and that it convinced him to choose chess as his career. \"I will remember the Sokolsky Memorial as long as I live\", he wrote.", "\"I will remember the Sokolsky Memorial as long as I live\", he wrote. He has also said that after the victory, he thought he had a very good shot at the World Championship. He first qualified for the Soviet Chess Championship at age 15 in 1978, the youngest ever player at that level.", "He first qualified for the Soviet Chess Championship at age 15 in 1978, the youngest ever player at that level. He won the 64-player Swiss system tournament at Daugavpils on tiebreak over Igor V. Ivanov to capture the sole qualifying place. Kasparov rose quickly through the FIDE world rankings.", "Kasparov rose quickly through the FIDE world rankings. Starting with oversight by the Russian Chess Federation, he participated in a grandmaster tournament in Banja Luka, SR Bosnia and Herzegovina (part of Yugoslavia at the time), in 1979 while still unrated (he was a replacement for the Soviet defector Viktor Korchnoi, who was originally invited but withdrew due to the threat of a boycott from the Soviets).", "Starting with oversight by the Russian Chess Federation, he participated in a grandmaster tournament in Banja Luka, SR Bosnia and Herzegovina (part of Yugoslavia at the time), in 1979 while still unrated (he was a replacement for the Soviet defector Viktor Korchnoi, who was originally invited but withdrew due to the threat of a boycott from the Soviets). Kasparov won this high-class tournament, emerging with a provisional rating of 2595, enough to catapult him to the top group of chess players (at the time, number 15 in the world).", "Kasparov won this high-class tournament, emerging with a provisional rating of 2595, enough to catapult him to the top group of chess players (at the time, number 15 in the world). The next year, 1980, he won the World Junior Chess Championship in Dortmund, West Germany.", "The next year, 1980, he won the World Junior Chess Championship in Dortmund, West Germany. Later that year, he made his debut as the second reserve for the Soviet Union at the Chess Olympiad at Valletta, Malta, and became a Grandmaster.", "Later that year, he made his debut as the second reserve for the Soviet Union at the Chess Olympiad at Valletta, Malta, and became a Grandmaster. Towards the top As a teenager, Kasparov tied for first place in the USSR Chess Championship in 1981–82.", "Towards the top As a teenager, Kasparov tied for first place in the USSR Chess Championship in 1981–82. His first win in a superclass-level international tournament was scored at Bugojno, SR Bosnia and Herzegovina, Yugoslavia in 1982. He earned a place in the 1982 Moscow Interzonal tournament, which he won, to qualify for the Candidates Tournament.", "He earned a place in the 1982 Moscow Interzonal tournament, which he won, to qualify for the Candidates Tournament. At age 19, he was the youngest Candidate since Bobby Fischer, who was 15 when he qualified in 1958. At this stage, he was already the No.", "At this stage, he was already the No. 2-rated player in the world, trailing only World Chess Champion Anatoly Karpov on the January 1983 list.Kasparov's first (quarter-final) Candidates match was against Alexander Beliavsky, whom he defeated 6–3 (four wins, one loss).", "2-rated player in the world, trailing only World Chess Champion Anatoly Karpov on the January 1983 list.Kasparov's first (quarter-final) Candidates match was against Alexander Beliavsky, whom he defeated 6–3 (four wins, one loss). Politics threatened Kasparov's semi-final against Viktor Korchnoi, which was scheduled to be played in Pasadena, California.", "Politics threatened Kasparov's semi-final against Viktor Korchnoi, which was scheduled to be played in Pasadena, California. Korchnoi had defected from the Soviet Union in 1976 and was at that time the strongest active non-Soviet player. Various political manoeuvres prevented Kasparov from playing Korchnoi, and Kasparov forfeited the match.", "Various political manoeuvres prevented Kasparov from playing Korchnoi, and Kasparov forfeited the match. This was resolved by Korchnoi allowing the match to be replayed in London, along with the previously scheduled match between Vasily Smyslov and Zoltán Ribli. The Kasparov-Korchnoi match was put together on short notice by Raymond Keene.", "The Kasparov-Korchnoi match was put together on short notice by Raymond Keene. Kasparov lost the first game but won the match 7–4 (four wins, one loss). In January 1984, Kasparov became the No. 1 ranked player in the world, with a FIDE rating of 2710. He became the youngest ever world No.", "He became the youngest ever world No. 1, a record that lasted 12 years until being broken by Vladimir Kramnik in January 1996; the record is currently held by Magnus Carlsen.", "1, a record that lasted 12 years until being broken by Vladimir Kramnik in January 1996; the record is currently held by Magnus Carlsen. Later in 1984, he won the Candidates' final 8½–4½ (four wins, no losses) against the resurgent former world champion Vasily Smyslov, at Vilnius, thus qualifying to play Anatoly Karpov for the World Championship.", "Later in 1984, he won the Candidates' final 8½–4½ (four wins, no losses) against the resurgent former world champion Vasily Smyslov, at Vilnius, thus qualifying to play Anatoly Karpov for the World Championship. That year he joined the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), as a member of which he was elected to the Central Committee of Komsomol in 1987.", "That year he joined the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), as a member of which he was elected to the Central Committee of Komsomol in 1987. 1984 World Championship The World Chess Championship 1984 match between Anatoly Karpov and Garry Kasparov had many ups and downs, and a very controversial finish.", "1984 World Championship The World Chess Championship 1984 match between Anatoly Karpov and Garry Kasparov had many ups and downs, and a very controversial finish. Karpov started in very good form, and after nine games Kasparov was down 4–0 in a \"first to six wins\" match. Fellow players predicted he would be whitewashed 6–0 within 18 games.", "Fellow players predicted he would be whitewashed 6–0 within 18 games. In an unexpected turn of events, there followed a series of 17 successive draws, some relatively short, and others drawn in unsettled positions.", "In an unexpected turn of events, there followed a series of 17 successive draws, some relatively short, and others drawn in unsettled positions. Kasparov lost game 27 (5–0), then fought back with another series of draws until game 32 (5–1), earning his first-ever win against the World Champion.", "Kasparov lost game 27 (5–0), then fought back with another series of draws until game 32 (5–1), earning his first-ever win against the World Champion. Another 14 successive draws followed, through game 46; the previous record length for a world title match had been 34 games, the match of José Raúl Capablanca vs. Alexander Alekhine in 1927.", "Another 14 successive draws followed, through game 46; the previous record length for a world title match had been 34 games, the match of José Raúl Capablanca vs. Alexander Alekhine in 1927. Kasparov won games 47 and 48 to bring the scores to 5–3 in Karpov's favour.", "Kasparov won games 47 and 48 to bring the scores to 5–3 in Karpov's favour. Then the match was ended without result by Florencio Campomanes, the President of the Fédération Internationale des Échecs (FIDE), and a new match was announced to start a few months later.", "Then the match was ended without result by Florencio Campomanes, the President of the Fédération Internationale des Échecs (FIDE), and a new match was announced to start a few months later. The termination was controversial, as both players stated that they preferred the match to continue.", "The termination was controversial, as both players stated that they preferred the match to continue. Announcing his decision at a press conference, Campomanes cited the health of the players, which had been strained by the length of the match. The match became the first, and so far only, world championship match to be abandoned without result.", "The match became the first, and so far only, world championship match to be abandoned without result. Kasparov's relations with Campomanes and FIDE were greatly strained, and the feud between them finally came to a head in 1993 with Kasparov's complete break-away from FIDE.", "Kasparov's relations with Campomanes and FIDE were greatly strained, and the feud between them finally came to a head in 1993 with Kasparov's complete break-away from FIDE. World Champion The second Karpov-Kasparov match in 1985 was organized in Moscow as the best of 24 games where the first player to win 12½ points would claim the World Champion title.", "World Champion The second Karpov-Kasparov match in 1985 was organized in Moscow as the best of 24 games where the first player to win 12½ points would claim the World Champion title. The scores from the terminated match would not carry over; however, in the event of a 12–12 draw, the title would remain with Karpov.", "The scores from the terminated match would not carry over; however, in the event of a 12–12 draw, the title would remain with Karpov. On 9 November 1985, Kasparov secured the title by a score of 13–11, winning the 24th game with Black, using a Sicilian defence.", "On 9 November 1985, Kasparov secured the title by a score of 13–11, winning the 24th game with Black, using a Sicilian defence. He was 22 years old at the time, making him the youngest ever World Champion, and breaking the record held by Mikhail Tal for over 20 years.", "He was 22 years old at the time, making him the youngest ever World Champion, and breaking the record held by Mikhail Tal for over 20 years. Kasparov's win as Black in the 16th game has been recognized as one of the all-time masterpieces in chess history.", "Kasparov's win as Black in the 16th game has been recognized as one of the all-time masterpieces in chess history. As part of the arrangements following the aborted 1984 match, Karpov had been granted (in the event of his defeat) a right to rematch.", "As part of the arrangements following the aborted 1984 match, Karpov had been granted (in the event of his defeat) a right to rematch. Another match took place in 1986, hosted jointly in London and Leningrad, with each city hosting 12 games.", "Another match took place in 1986, hosted jointly in London and Leningrad, with each city hosting 12 games. At one point in the match, Kasparov opened a three-point lead and looked well on his way to a decisive match victory. But Karpov fought back by winning three consecutive games to level the score late in the match.", "But Karpov fought back by winning three consecutive games to level the score late in the match. At this point, Kasparov dismissed one of his seconds, grandmaster Evgeny Vladimirov, accusing him of selling his opening preparation to the Karpov team (as described in Kasparov's autobiography Unlimited Challenge, chapter Stab in the Back).", "At this point, Kasparov dismissed one of his seconds, grandmaster Evgeny Vladimirov, accusing him of selling his opening preparation to the Karpov team (as described in Kasparov's autobiography Unlimited Challenge, chapter Stab in the Back). Kasparov scored one more win and kept his title by a final score of 12½–11½.", "Kasparov scored one more win and kept his title by a final score of 12½–11½. A fourth match for the world title took place in 1987 in Seville, as Karpov had qualified through the Candidates' Matches to again become the official challenger.", "A fourth match for the world title took place in 1987 in Seville, as Karpov had qualified through the Candidates' Matches to again become the official challenger. This match was very close, with neither player holding more than a one-point lead at any time during the contest.", "This match was very close, with neither player holding more than a one-point lead at any time during the contest. Kasparov was down one full point at the time of the final game and needed a win to draw the match and retain his title.", "Kasparov was down one full point at the time of the final game and needed a win to draw the match and retain his title. A long tense game ensued in which Karpov blundered away a pawn just before the first time control, and Kasparov eventually won a long ending.", "A long tense game ensued in which Karpov blundered away a pawn just before the first time control, and Kasparov eventually won a long ending. Kasparov retained his title as the match was drawn by a score of 12–12. (All this meant that Kasparov had played Karpov four times in the period 1984–87, a statistic unprecedented in chess.", "(All this meant that Kasparov had played Karpov four times in the period 1984–87, a statistic unprecedented in chess. Matches organized by FIDE had taken place every three years since 1948, and only Botvinnik had a right to a rematch before Karpov.)", "Matches organized by FIDE had taken place every three years since 1948, and only Botvinnik had a right to a rematch before Karpov.) The fifth match between Kasparov and Karpov was held in New York and Lyon in 1990, with each city hosting 12 games.", "The fifth match between Kasparov and Karpov was held in New York and Lyon in 1990, with each city hosting 12 games. Again, the result was a close one with Kasparov winning by a margin of 12½–11½. In their five world championship matches, Kasparov had 21 wins, 19 losses, and 104 draws in 144 games.", "In their five world championship matches, Kasparov had 21 wins, 19 losses, and 104 draws in 144 games. Break with and ejection from FIDE With the World Champion title in hand, Kasparov began opposing FIDE.", "Break with and ejection from FIDE With the World Champion title in hand, Kasparov began opposing FIDE. In November 1986, he created the Grandmasters Association (GMA), an organization to represent professional chess players and give them more say in FIDE's activities. Kasparov assumed a leadership role.", "Kasparov assumed a leadership role. Kasparov assumed a leadership role. GMA's major achievement was in organizing a series of six World Cup tournaments for the world's top players. This caused a somewhat uneasy relationship to develop with FIDE.", "This caused a somewhat uneasy relationship to develop with FIDE. This stand-off lasted until 1993, by which time a new challenger had qualified through the Candidates cycle for Kasparov's next World Championship defence: Nigel Short, a British grandmaster who had defeated Anatoly Karpov in a qualifying match and then Jan Timman in the finals held in early 1993.", "This stand-off lasted until 1993, by which time a new challenger had qualified through the Candidates cycle for Kasparov's next World Championship defence: Nigel Short, a British grandmaster who had defeated Anatoly Karpov in a qualifying match and then Jan Timman in the finals held in early 1993. After a confusing and compressed bidding process produced lower financial estimates than expected, the world champion and his challenger decided to play outside FIDE's jurisdiction, under another organization created by Kasparov called the Professional Chess Association (PCA).", "After a confusing and compressed bidding process produced lower financial estimates than expected, the world champion and his challenger decided to play outside FIDE's jurisdiction, under another organization created by Kasparov called the Professional Chess Association (PCA). At this point, a great fracture occurred in the lineage of the FIDE World Championship.", "At this point, a great fracture occurred in the lineage of the FIDE World Championship. In an interview in 2007, Kasparov called the break with FIDE the worst mistake of his career, as it hurt the game in the long run. Kasparov and Short were ejected from FIDE and played their well-sponsored match in London in 1993.", "Kasparov and Short were ejected from FIDE and played their well-sponsored match in London in 1993. Kasparov won convincingly by a score of 12½–7½. The match considerably raised the profile of chess in the UK, with an unprecedented level of coverage on Channel 4.", "The match considerably raised the profile of chess in the UK, with an unprecedented level of coverage on Channel 4. Meanwhile, FIDE organized a World Championship match between Jan Timman (the defeated Candidates finalist) and former World Champion Karpov (a defeated Candidates semi-finalist), which Karpov won.", "Meanwhile, FIDE organized a World Championship match between Jan Timman (the defeated Candidates finalist) and former World Champion Karpov (a defeated Candidates semi-finalist), which Karpov won. FIDE removed Kasparov and Short from the FIDE rating lists.", "FIDE removed Kasparov and Short from the FIDE rating lists. Until this happened, there was a parallel rating list presented by PCA which featured all the world top players, regardless of their relation to FIDE. There were now two World Champions: PCA champion Kasparov, and FIDE champion Karpov. The title remained split for 13 years.", "The title remained split for 13 years. Kasparov defended his title in a 1995 match against Viswanathan Anand at the World Trade Center in New York City. Kasparov won the match by four wins to one, with thirteen draws.", "Kasparov won the match by four wins to one, with thirteen draws. Kasparov tried to organize another World Championship match, under another organization, the World Chess Association (WCA) with Linares organizer Luis Rentero. Alexei Shirov and Vladimir Kramnik played a candidates match to decide the challenger, which Shirov won in a surprising upset.", "Alexei Shirov and Vladimir Kramnik played a candidates match to decide the challenger, which Shirov won in a surprising upset. But when Rentero admitted that the funds required and promised had never materialized, the WCA collapsed. This left Kasparov stranded, and yet another organization stepped in: BrainGames.com, headed by Raymond Keene.", "This left Kasparov stranded, and yet another organization stepped in: BrainGames.com, headed by Raymond Keene. No match against Shirov was arranged, and talks with Anand collapsed, so a match was instead arranged against Kramnik.", "No match against Shirov was arranged, and talks with Anand collapsed, so a match was instead arranged against Kramnik. During this period, Kasparov was approached by Oakham School in the United Kingdom, at the time the only school in the country with a full-time chess coach, and developed an interest in the use of chess in education.", "During this period, Kasparov was approached by Oakham School in the United Kingdom, at the time the only school in the country with a full-time chess coach, and developed an interest in the use of chess in education. In 1997, Kasparov supported a scholarship programme at the school. Kasparov also won the Marca Leyenda trophy that year.", "Kasparov also won the Marca Leyenda trophy that year. Losing the title and aftermath The Kasparov-Kramnik match took place in London during the latter half of 2000. Kramnik had been a student of Kasparov's at the famous Botvinnik/Kasparov chess school in Russia and had served on Kasparov's team for the 1995 match against Viswanathan Anand.", "Kramnik had been a student of Kasparov's at the famous Botvinnik/Kasparov chess school in Russia and had served on Kasparov's team for the 1995 match against Viswanathan Anand. The better-prepared Kramnik won game 2 against Kasparov's Grünfeld Defence and achieved winning positions in Games 4 and 6, although Kasparov held the draw in both games.", "The better-prepared Kramnik won game 2 against Kasparov's Grünfeld Defence and achieved winning positions in Games 4 and 6, although Kasparov held the draw in both games. Kasparov made a critical error in Game 10 with the Nimzo-Indian Defence, which Kramnik exploited to win in 25 moves.", "Kasparov made a critical error in Game 10 with the Nimzo-Indian Defence, which Kramnik exploited to win in 25 moves. As White, Kasparov could not crack the passive but solid Berlin Defence in the Ruy Lopez, and Kramnik successfully drew all his games as Black. Kramnik won the match 8½–6½.", "Kramnik won the match 8½–6½. Kramnik won the match 8½–6½. After losing the title, Kasparov won a series of major tournaments, and remained the top-rated player in the world, ahead of both Kramnik and the FIDE World Champions.", "After losing the title, Kasparov won a series of major tournaments, and remained the top-rated player in the world, ahead of both Kramnik and the FIDE World Champions. In 2001 he refused an invitation to the 2002 Dortmund Candidates Tournament for the Classical title, claiming his results had earned him a rematch with Kramnik.", "In 2001 he refused an invitation to the 2002 Dortmund Candidates Tournament for the Classical title, claiming his results had earned him a rematch with Kramnik. Kasparov and Karpov played a four-game match with rapid time controls over two days in December 2002 in New York City.", "Kasparov and Karpov played a four-game match with rapid time controls over two days in December 2002 in New York City. Karpov surprised the experts and emerged victorious, winning two games and drawing one. Due to Kasparov's continuing strong results, and status as world No.", "Due to Kasparov's continuing strong results, and status as world No. 1 in much of the public eye, he was included in the so-called \"Prague Agreement\", masterminded by Yasser Seirawan and intended to reunite the two World Championships. Kasparov was to play a match against the FIDE World Champion Ruslan Ponomariov in September 2003.", "Kasparov was to play a match against the FIDE World Champion Ruslan Ponomariov in September 2003. But this match was called off after Ponomariov refused to sign his contract for it without reservation.", "But this match was called off after Ponomariov refused to sign his contract for it without reservation. In its place, there were plans for a match against Rustam Kasimdzhanov, winner of the FIDE World Chess Championship 2004, to be held in January 2005 in the United Arab Emirates. These also fell through due to a lack of funding.", "These also fell through due to a lack of funding. Plans to hold the match in Turkey instead came too late. Kasparov announced in January 2005 that he was tired of waiting for FIDE to organize a match and so had decided to stop all efforts to regain the World Championship title.", "Kasparov announced in January 2005 that he was tired of waiting for FIDE to organize a match and so had decided to stop all efforts to regain the World Championship title. Retirement from chess After winning the prestigious Linares tournament for the ninth time, Kasparov announced on 10 March 2005 that he would retire from serious competitive chess.", "Retirement from chess After winning the prestigious Linares tournament for the ninth time, Kasparov announced on 10 March 2005 that he would retire from serious competitive chess. He cited as the reason a lack of personal goals in the chess world (he commented when winning the Russian championship in 2004 that it had been the last major title he had never won outright) and expressed frustration at the failure to reunify the world championship.", "He cited as the reason a lack of personal goals in the chess world (he commented when winning the Russian championship in 2004 that it had been the last major title he had never won outright) and expressed frustration at the failure to reunify the world championship. Kasparov said he might play in some rapid chess events for fun, but he intended to spend more time on his books, including the My Great Predecessors series, and work on the links between decision-making in chess and other areas of life.", "Kasparov said he might play in some rapid chess events for fun, but he intended to spend more time on his books, including the My Great Predecessors series, and work on the links between decision-making in chess and other areas of life. He also stated that he would continue to involve himself in Russian politics, which he viewed as \"headed down the wrong path.\"", "He also stated that he would continue to involve himself in Russian politics, which he viewed as \"headed down the wrong path.\" Post-retirement chess On 22 August 2006, in his first public chess games since his retirement, Kasparov played in the Lichthof Chess Champions Tournament, a blitz event played at the time control of 5 minutes per side and 3-second increments per move.", "Post-retirement chess On 22 August 2006, in his first public chess games since his retirement, Kasparov played in the Lichthof Chess Champions Tournament, a blitz event played at the time control of 5 minutes per side and 3-second increments per move. Kasparov tied for first with Anatoly Karpov, scoring 4½/6.", "Kasparov tied for first with Anatoly Karpov, scoring 4½/6. Kasparov and Anatoly Karpov played a 12-game match from 21 to 24 September 2009, in Valencia, Spain.", "Kasparov and Anatoly Karpov played a 12-game match from 21 to 24 September 2009, in Valencia, Spain. It consisted of four rapid (or semi rapid) games, in which Kasparov won 3–1, and eight blitz games, in which Kasparov won 6–2, winning the match with a total result of 9–3.", "It consisted of four rapid (or semi rapid) games, in which Kasparov won 3–1, and eight blitz games, in which Kasparov won 6–2, winning the match with a total result of 9–3. The event took place exactly 25 years after the two players' legendary encounter at World Chess Championship 1984.", "The event took place exactly 25 years after the two players' legendary encounter at World Chess Championship 1984. Kasparov actively coached Magnus Carlsen for approximately one year beginning in February 2009. The collaboration remained secret until September 2009.", "The collaboration remained secret until September 2009. Under Kasparov's tutelage, Carlsen in October 2009 became the youngest ever to achieve a FIDE rating higher than 2800 and rose from world number four to world number one.", "Under Kasparov's tutelage, Carlsen in October 2009 became the youngest ever to achieve a FIDE rating higher than 2800 and rose from world number four to world number one. While the pair initially planned to work together throughout 2010, in March of that year it was announced that Carlsen had split from Kasparov and would no longer be using him as a trainer.", "While the pair initially planned to work together throughout 2010, in March of that year it was announced that Carlsen had split from Kasparov and would no longer be using him as a trainer. According to an interview with the German magazine Der Spiegel, Carlsen indicated that he would remain in contact and that he would continue to attend training sessions with Kasparov, but in fact, no further training sessions were held and the cooperation gradually fizzled out over the course of the spring.", "According to an interview with the German magazine Der Spiegel, Carlsen indicated that he would remain in contact and that he would continue to attend training sessions with Kasparov, but in fact, no further training sessions were held and the cooperation gradually fizzled out over the course of the spring. In May 2010 he played 30 games simultaneously, winning each one, against players at Tel Aviv University in Israel.", "In May 2010 he played 30 games simultaneously, winning each one, against players at Tel Aviv University in Israel. In the same month, it was revealed that Kasparov had aided Viswanathan Anand in preparation for the World Chess Championship 2010 against challenger Veselin Topalov. Anand won the match 6½–5½ to retain the title.", "Anand won the match 6½–5½ to retain the title. In January 2011, Kasparov began training the U.S. grandmaster Hikaru Nakamura. The first of several training sessions were held in New York just before Nakamura participated in the Tata Steel Chess tournament in Wijk aan Zee, the Netherlands.", "The first of several training sessions were held in New York just before Nakamura participated in the Tata Steel Chess tournament in Wijk aan Zee, the Netherlands. In December 2011, it was announced that the cooperation had come to an end. Kasparov played two blitz exhibition matches in the autumn of 2011.", "Kasparov played two blitz exhibition matches in the autumn of 2011. The first was in September against French grandmaster Maxime Vachier-Lagrave, in Clichy (France), which Kasparov won 1½–½. The second was a longer match consisting of eight blitz games played on 9 October, against English grandmaster Nigel Short.", "The second was a longer match consisting of eight blitz games played on 9 October, against English grandmaster Nigel Short. Kasparov won again by a score of 4½–3½. A little after that, in October 2011, Kasparov played and defeated fourteen opponents in a simultaneous exhibition that took place in Bratislava.", "A little after that, in October 2011, Kasparov played and defeated fourteen opponents in a simultaneous exhibition that took place in Bratislava. On 25 and 26 April 2015, Kasparov played a mini-match against Nigel Short. The match consisted of two rapid games and eight blitz games and was contested over the course of two days.", "The match consisted of two rapid games and eight blitz games and was contested over the course of two days. Both commentators GM Maurice Ashley and Alejandro Ramirez remarked how Kasparov was an 'initiative hog' throughout the match, consistently not allowing Short to gain any foothold in the games, and won the match decisively with a score of 8½–1½.", "Both commentators GM Maurice Ashley and Alejandro Ramirez remarked how Kasparov was an 'initiative hog' throughout the match, consistently not allowing Short to gain any foothold in the games, and won the match decisively with a score of 8½–1½. Kasparov also managed to win all five games on the second day, with his victories characterised by aggressive pawn moves breaking up Short's position, thereby allowing Kasparov's pieces to achieve positional superiority.", "Kasparov also managed to win all five games on the second day, with his victories characterised by aggressive pawn moves breaking up Short's position, thereby allowing Kasparov's pieces to achieve positional superiority. On Wednesday 19 August 2015, he played and won all 19 games of a simultaneous exhibition in Pula, Croatia.", "On Wednesday 19 August 2015, he played and won all 19 games of a simultaneous exhibition in Pula, Croatia. On Thursday 28 April and Friday 29 April 2016 at the Chess Club and Scholastic Center of Saint Louis, Kasparov played a 6-round exhibition blitz round-robin tournament with Fabiano Caruana, Wesley So, and Hikaru Nakamura in an event called the Ultimate Blitz Challenge.", "On Thursday 28 April and Friday 29 April 2016 at the Chess Club and Scholastic Center of Saint Louis, Kasparov played a 6-round exhibition blitz round-robin tournament with Fabiano Caruana, Wesley So, and Hikaru Nakamura in an event called the Ultimate Blitz Challenge. He finished the tournament third with 9.5/18, behind Hikaru Nakamura (11/18) and Wesley So (10/18).", "He finished the tournament third with 9.5/18, behind Hikaru Nakamura (11/18) and Wesley So (10/18). At the post-tournament interview, he considered the possibility of playing future top-level blitz exhibition matches. On 2 June 2016, Kasparov played against fifteen chess players in a simultaneous exhibition in the Kaiser-Friedrich-Halle of Mönchengladbach. He won all games.", "He won all games. He won all games. Candidate for FIDE presidency On 7 October 2013, Kasparov announced his candidacy for World Chess Federation president during a reception in Tallinn, Estonia, where the 84th FIDE Congress took place.", "Candidate for FIDE presidency On 7 October 2013, Kasparov announced his candidacy for World Chess Federation president during a reception in Tallinn, Estonia, where the 84th FIDE Congress took place. Kasparov's candidacy was supported by his former student, reigning World Chess Champion and FIDE#1 ranked player Magnus Carlsen.", "Kasparov's candidacy was supported by his former student, reigning World Chess Champion and FIDE#1 ranked player Magnus Carlsen. At the FIDE General Assembly in August 2014, Kasparov lost the presidential election to incumbent FIDE president Kirsan Ilyumzhinov, with a vote of 110–61.", "At the FIDE General Assembly in August 2014, Kasparov lost the presidential election to incumbent FIDE president Kirsan Ilyumzhinov, with a vote of 110–61. A few days before the election took place, the New York Times Magazine had published a lengthy report on the viciously fought campaign.", "A few days before the election took place, the New York Times Magazine had published a lengthy report on the viciously fought campaign. Included was information about a leaked contract between Kasparov and former FIDE Secretary General Ignatius Leong from Singapore, in which the Kasparov campaign reportedly \"offered to pay Leong US$500,000 and to pay $250,000 a year for four years to the ASEAN Chess Academy, an organization Leong helped create to teach the game, specifying that Leong would be responsible for delivering 11 votes from his region [...]\".", "Included was information about a leaked contract between Kasparov and former FIDE Secretary General Ignatius Leong from Singapore, in which the Kasparov campaign reportedly \"offered to pay Leong US$500,000 and to pay $250,000 a year for four years to the ASEAN Chess Academy, an organization Leong helped create to teach the game, specifying that Leong would be responsible for delivering 11 votes from his region [...]\". In September 2015, the FIDE Ethics Commission found Kasparov and Leong guilty of violating its Code of Ethics and later suspended them for two years from all FIDE functions and meetings.", "In September 2015, the FIDE Ethics Commission found Kasparov and Leong guilty of violating its Code of Ethics and later suspended them for two years from all FIDE functions and meetings. Return from retirement In 2017, Kasparov came out of retirement to participate in the inaugural St. Louis Rapid and Blitz tournament from 14 to 19 August, scoring 3.5/9 in the rapid and 9/18 in the blitz, finishing eighth out of ten participants, which included Nakamura, Caruana, former world champion Anand, and the eventual winner, Aronian.", "Return from retirement In 2017, Kasparov came out of retirement to participate in the inaugural St. Louis Rapid and Blitz tournament from 14 to 19 August, scoring 3.5/9 in the rapid and 9/18 in the blitz, finishing eighth out of ten participants, which included Nakamura, Caruana, former world champion Anand, and the eventual winner, Aronian. Any tournament money that he earned would go towards charities to promote chess in Africa.", "Any tournament money that he earned would go towards charities to promote chess in Africa. In 2020 he participated in 9LX tournament in Chess 960. He finished eighth in a field of 10 players. Notably he drew a game against Magnus Carlsen, who tied for first place.", "Notably he drew a game against Magnus Carlsen, who tied for first place. In 2021 he launched Kasparovchess, a subscription-based online chess community featuring documentaries, lessons and puzzles, podcasts, articles, interviews, and playing zones. In 2021, Kasparov played in the blitz section of the Grand Chess Tour event in Zagreb, Croatia.", "In 2021, Kasparov played in the blitz section of the Grand Chess Tour event in Zagreb, Croatia. He performed poorly, however, scoring 0.5/9 on the first day and 2.0/9 on the second day, getting his only win against Jorden Van Foreest.", "He performed poorly, however, scoring 0.5/9 on the first day and 2.0/9 on the second day, getting his only win against Jorden Van Foreest. He also participated in 9XL 2 - Chess 960 tournament - finishing fifth in a field of 10 players, with a score of 5/9.", "He also participated in 9XL 2 - Chess 960 tournament - finishing fifth in a field of 10 players, with a score of 5/9. Politics 1980s Kasparov's grandfather was a staunch communist but Kasparov gradually began to have doubts about the Soviet Union's political system at age 13 when he travelled abroad for the first time to Paris for a chess tournament.", "Politics 1980s Kasparov's grandfather was a staunch communist but Kasparov gradually began to have doubts about the Soviet Union's political system at age 13 when he travelled abroad for the first time to Paris for a chess tournament. In 1981, at age 18 he read Solzhenitsyn's The Gulag Archipelago, a copy of which he bought while abroad.", "In 1981, at age 18 he read Solzhenitsyn's The Gulag Archipelago, a copy of which he bought while abroad. Kasparov joined the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) in 1984, and in 1987 was elected to the Central Committee of Komsomol. However, in 1990, he left the party.", "However, in 1990, he left the party. 1990s In January 1990, Kasparov and his family fled Baku to escape pogroms against Armenians. In May 1990, Kasparov took part in the creation of the Democratic Party of Russia, which at first was a liberal anti-communist party, later shifting to centrism.", "In May 1990, Kasparov took part in the creation of the Democratic Party of Russia, which at first was a liberal anti-communist party, later shifting to centrism. Kasparov left the party on 28 April 1991, after its conference.", "Kasparov left the party on 28 April 1991, after its conference. In 1991, Kasparov received the Keeper of the Flame award from the Center for Security Policy, a Washington, D.C. based far-right, anti-Muslim think tank.", "In 1991, Kasparov received the Keeper of the Flame award from the Center for Security Policy, a Washington, D.C. based far-right, anti-Muslim think tank. In his acceptance speech Kasparov lauded the defeat of communism while also urging the United States to give no financial assistance to central Soviet leaders.", "In his acceptance speech Kasparov lauded the defeat of communism while also urging the United States to give no financial assistance to central Soviet leaders. In June 1993, Kasparov was involved with the creation of the \"Choice of Russia\" bloc of parties and in 1996 took part in the election campaign of Boris Yeltsin.", "In June 1993, Kasparov was involved with the creation of the \"Choice of Russia\" bloc of parties and in 1996 took part in the election campaign of Boris Yeltsin. In 2001 he voiced his support for the Russian television channel NTV.", "In 2001 he voiced his support for the Russian television channel NTV. In 1997, Kasparov was awarded honorary citizenship of Bosnia and Herzegovina for his support of Bosnian people during the Bosnian War. 2000s In 2002, he called for Turkey to be admitted to the European Union if Turkey recognizes the Armenian genocide.", "2000s In 2002, he called for Turkey to be admitted to the European Union if Turkey recognizes the Armenian genocide. After his retirement from chess in 2005, Kasparov turned to politics and created the United Civil Front, a social movement whose main goal is to \"work to preserve electoral democracy in Russia\".", "After his retirement from chess in 2005, Kasparov turned to politics and created the United Civil Front, a social movement whose main goal is to \"work to preserve electoral democracy in Russia\". He has vowed to \"restore democracy\" to Russia by restoring the rule of law.", "He has vowed to \"restore democracy\" to Russia by restoring the rule of law. Kasparov was instrumental in setting up The Other Russia, a coalition which opposes Putin's government.", "Kasparov was instrumental in setting up The Other Russia, a coalition which opposes Putin's government. The Other Russia has been boycotted by the leaders of Russia's mainstream opposition parties, Yabloko and Union of Right Forces due to its inclusion of both nationalist and radical groups.", "The Other Russia has been boycotted by the leaders of Russia's mainstream opposition parties, Yabloko and Union of Right Forces due to its inclusion of both nationalist and radical groups. Kasparov has criticized these groups as being secretly under the auspices of the Kremlin.", "Kasparov has criticized these groups as being secretly under the auspices of the Kremlin. In April 2005, Kasparov was in Moscow at a promotional event when he was struck over the head with a chessboard he had just signed.", "In April 2005, Kasparov was in Moscow at a promotional event when he was struck over the head with a chessboard he had just signed. The assailant was reported to have said \"I admired you as a chess player, but you gave that up for politics\" immediately before the attack.", "The assailant was reported to have said \"I admired you as a chess player, but you gave that up for politics\" immediately before the attack. Kasparov has been the subject of a number of other episodes since, including police brutality and alleged harassment from the Russian secret service.", "Kasparov has been the subject of a number of other episodes since, including police brutality and alleged harassment from the Russian secret service. Kasparov helped organize the Saint Petersburg Dissenters' March on 3 March 2007 and The March of the Dissenters on 24 March 2007, both involving several thousand people rallying against Putin and Saint Petersburg Governor Valentina Matviyenko's policies.", "Kasparov helped organize the Saint Petersburg Dissenters' March on 3 March 2007 and The March of the Dissenters on 24 March 2007, both involving several thousand people rallying against Putin and Saint Petersburg Governor Valentina Matviyenko's policies. In April 2007, Kasparov led a pro-democracy demonstration in Moscow.", "In April 2007, Kasparov led a pro-democracy demonstration in Moscow. Soon after the demonstration's start, however, over 9,000 police descended on the group and seized almost everyone. Kasparov, who was briefly arrested by the Moscow police, was warned by the prosecution office on the eve of the march that anyone participating risked being detained.", "Kasparov, who was briefly arrested by the Moscow police, was warned by the prosecution office on the eve of the march that anyone participating risked being detained. He was held for some 10 hours and then fined and released. He was later summoned by the FSB for violations of Russian anti-extremism laws.", "He was later summoned by the FSB for violations of Russian anti-extremism laws. Speaking about Kasparov, former KGB defector Oleg Kalugin in 2007 remarked, \"I do not talk in details – people who knew them are all dead now because they were vocal, they were open. I am quiet.", "I am quiet. I am quiet. There is only one man who is vocal and he may be in trouble: [former] world chess champion [Garry] Kasparov. He has been very outspoken in his attacks on Putin and I believe that he is probably next on the list.\"", "He has been very outspoken in his attacks on Putin and I believe that he is probably next on the list.\" Kasparov gave speeches at think tanks such as the Hoover Institution. On 30 September 2007, Kasparov entered the Russian presidential race, receiving 379 of 498 votes at a congress held in Moscow by The Other Russia.", "On 30 September 2007, Kasparov entered the Russian presidential race, receiving 379 of 498 votes at a congress held in Moscow by The Other Russia. In October 2007, Kasparov announced his intention of standing for the Russian presidency as the candidate of the \"Other Russia\" coalition and vowed to fight for a \"democratic and just Russia\".", "In October 2007, Kasparov announced his intention of standing for the Russian presidency as the candidate of the \"Other Russia\" coalition and vowed to fight for a \"democratic and just Russia\". Later that month he traveled to the United States, where he appeared on several popular television programs, which were hosted by Stephen Colbert, Wolf Blitzer, Bill Maher, and Chris Matthews.", "Later that month he traveled to the United States, where he appeared on several popular television programs, which were hosted by Stephen Colbert, Wolf Blitzer, Bill Maher, and Chris Matthews. In November 2007, Kasparov and other protesters were detained by police at an Other Russia rally in Moscow, which drew 3,000 demonstrators to protest election rigging.", "In November 2007, Kasparov and other protesters were detained by police at an Other Russia rally in Moscow, which drew 3,000 demonstrators to protest election rigging. Following an attempt by about 100 protesters to march through police lines to the electoral commission, which had barred Other Russia candidates from parliamentary elections, arrests were made.", "Following an attempt by about 100 protesters to march through police lines to the electoral commission, which had barred Other Russia candidates from parliamentary elections, arrests were made. The Russian authorities stated a rally had been approved but not any marches, resulting in several detained demonstrators.", "The Russian authorities stated a rally had been approved but not any marches, resulting in several detained demonstrators. He was subsequently charged with resisting arrest and organizing an unauthorized protest and given a jail sentence of five days. Kasparov appealed the charges, citing that he had been following orders given by the police, although it was denied.", "Kasparov appealed the charges, citing that he had been following orders given by the police, although it was denied. He was released from jail on 29 November. Putin criticized Kasparov at the rally for his use of English when speaking rather than Russian.", "Putin criticized Kasparov at the rally for his use of English when speaking rather than Russian. In December 2007, Kasparov announced that he had to withdraw his presidential candidacy due to inability to rent a meeting hall where at least 500 of his supporters could assemble.", "In December 2007, Kasparov announced that he had to withdraw his presidential candidacy due to inability to rent a meeting hall where at least 500 of his supporters could assemble. With the deadline expiring on that date, he explained it was impossible for him to run. Russian election laws required sufficient meeting hall space for assembling supporters.", "Russian election laws required sufficient meeting hall space for assembling supporters. Kasparov's spokeswoman accused the government of using pressure to deter anyone from renting a hall for the gathering and said that the electoral commission had rejected a proposal that would have allowed for smaller gathering sizes rather than one large gathering at a meeting hall.", "Kasparov's spokeswoman accused the government of using pressure to deter anyone from renting a hall for the gathering and said that the electoral commission had rejected a proposal that would have allowed for smaller gathering sizes rather than one large gathering at a meeting hall. 2010s—2020s Kasparov was among the 34 first signatories and a key organizer of the online anti-Putin campaign \"Putin must go\", started on 10 March 2010.", "2010s—2020s Kasparov was among the 34 first signatories and a key organizer of the online anti-Putin campaign \"Putin must go\", started on 10 March 2010. The campaign was begun by a coalition of opposition to Putin who regard his rule as lacking any rule of law.", "The campaign was begun by a coalition of opposition to Putin who regard his rule as lacking any rule of law. Within the text is a call to Russian law enforcement to ignore Putin's orders. By June 2011, there were 90,000 signatures.", "By June 2011, there were 90,000 signatures. While the identity of the petition author remained anonymous, there was wide speculation that it was indeed Kasparov. Kasparov was named Chairman of the Human Rights Foundation in 2011.", "Kasparov was named Chairman of the Human Rights Foundation in 2011. On 31 January 2012, Kasparov hosted a meeting of opposition leaders planning a mass march on 4 February 2012, the third major opposition rally held since the disputed State Duma elections of December 2011. Among other opposition leaders attending were Alexey Navalny and Yevgenia Chirikova.", "Among other opposition leaders attending were Alexey Navalny and Yevgenia Chirikova. On 17 August 2012, Kasparov was arrested and beaten outside of the Moscow court while attending the sentencing in the case involving the all-female punk band Pussy Riot.", "On 17 August 2012, Kasparov was arrested and beaten outside of the Moscow court while attending the sentencing in the case involving the all-female punk band Pussy Riot. On 24 August, he was cleared of charges that he took part in an unauthorized protest against the conviction of three members of Pussy Riot.", "On 24 August, he was cleared of charges that he took part in an unauthorized protest against the conviction of three members of Pussy Riot. Judge Yekaterina Veklich said there were \"no grounds to believe the testimony of the police\".", "Judge Yekaterina Veklich said there were \"no grounds to believe the testimony of the police\". He could still face criminal charges over a police officer's claims that the opposition leader bit his finger while he was being detained. He later thanked all the bloggers and reporters who provided video evidence that contradicted the testimony of the police.", "He later thanked all the bloggers and reporters who provided video evidence that contradicted the testimony of the police. Kasparov wrote in February 2013 that \"fascism has come to Russia. ... Project Putin, just like the old Project Hitler, is but the fruit of a conspiracy by the ruling elite.", "... Project Putin, just like the old Project Hitler, is but the fruit of a conspiracy by the ruling elite. Fascist rule was never the result of the free will of the people. It was always the fruit of a conspiracy by the ruling elites!\"", "It was always the fruit of a conspiracy by the ruling elites!\" In April 2013, Kasparov joined in an HRF condemnation of Kanye West for having performed for the leader of Kazakhstan in exchange for a $3 million paycheck, saying that West \"has entertained a brutal killer and his entourage\" and that his fee \"came from the loot stolen from the Kazakhstan treasury\".", "In April 2013, Kasparov joined in an HRF condemnation of Kanye West for having performed for the leader of Kazakhstan in exchange for a $3 million paycheck, saying that West \"has entertained a brutal killer and his entourage\" and that his fee \"came from the loot stolen from the Kazakhstan treasury\". Kasparov denied rumors in April 2013 that he planned to leave Russia for good.", "Kasparov denied rumors in April 2013 that he planned to leave Russia for good. \"I found these rumors to be deeply saddening and, moreover, surprising,\" he wrote.", "\"I found these rumors to be deeply saddening and, moreover, surprising,\" he wrote. \"I was unable to respond immediately because I was in such a state of shock that such an incredibly inaccurate statement, the likes of which is constantly distributed by the Kremlin's propagandists, came this time from Ilya Yashin, a fellow member of the Opposition Coordination Council (KSO) and my former colleague from the Solidarity movement.\"", "\"I was unable to respond immediately because I was in such a state of shock that such an incredibly inaccurate statement, the likes of which is constantly distributed by the Kremlin's propagandists, came this time from Ilya Yashin, a fellow member of the Opposition Coordination Council (KSO) and my former colleague from the Solidarity movement.\" In an April 2013 op-ed piece, Kasparov accused prominent Russian journalist Vladimir Posner of failing to stand up to Putin and to earlier Russian and Soviet leaders.", "In an April 2013 op-ed piece, Kasparov accused prominent Russian journalist Vladimir Posner of failing to stand up to Putin and to earlier Russian and Soviet leaders. Kasparov was presented with the Morris B. Abram Human Rights Award, UN Watch's annual human-rights prize, in 2013.", "Kasparov was presented with the Morris B. Abram Human Rights Award, UN Watch's annual human-rights prize, in 2013. The organization praised him as \"not only one of the world's smartest men\" but \"also among its bravest\".", "The organization praised him as \"not only one of the world's smartest men\" but \"also among its bravest\". At the 2013 Women in the World conference, Kasparov told The Daily Beasts Michael Moynihan that democracy no longer existed in what he called Russia's \"dictatorship\".", "At the 2013 Women in the World conference, Kasparov told The Daily Beasts Michael Moynihan that democracy no longer existed in what he called Russia's \"dictatorship\". Kasparov said at a press conference in June 2013 that if he returned to Russia he doubted he would be allowed to leave again, given Putin's ongoing crackdown against dissenters.", "Kasparov said at a press conference in June 2013 that if he returned to Russia he doubted he would be allowed to leave again, given Putin's ongoing crackdown against dissenters. \"So for the time being,\" he said, \"I refrain from returning to Russia.\"", "\"So for the time being,\" he said, \"I refrain from returning to Russia.\" He explained shortly thereafter in an article for The Daily Beast that this had not been intended as \"a declaration of leaving my home country, permanently or otherwise\", but merely an expression of \"the dark reality of the situation in Russia today, where nearly half the members of the opposition's Coordinating Council are under criminal investigation on concocted charges\".", "He explained shortly thereafter in an article for The Daily Beast that this had not been intended as \"a declaration of leaving my home country, permanently or otherwise\", but merely an expression of \"the dark reality of the situation in Russia today, where nearly half the members of the opposition's Coordinating Council are under criminal investigation on concocted charges\". He noted that the Moscow prosecutor's office was \"opening an investigation that would limit my ability to travel\", making it impossible for him to fulfill \"professional speaking engagements\" and hindering his \"work for the nonprofit Kasparov Chess Foundation, which has centers in New York City, Brussels, and Johannesburg to promote chess in education\".", "He noted that the Moscow prosecutor's office was \"opening an investigation that would limit my ability to travel\", making it impossible for him to fulfill \"professional speaking engagements\" and hindering his \"work for the nonprofit Kasparov Chess Foundation, which has centers in New York City, Brussels, and Johannesburg to promote chess in education\". Kasparov further wrote in his June 2013 Daily Beast article that the mass protests in Moscow 18 months earlier against fraudulent Russian elections had been \"a proud moment for me\".", "Kasparov further wrote in his June 2013 Daily Beast article that the mass protests in Moscow 18 months earlier against fraudulent Russian elections had been \"a proud moment for me\". He recalled that after joining the opposition movement in March 2005, he had been criticized for seeking to unite \"every anti-Putin element in the country to march together regardless of ideology\".", "He recalled that after joining the opposition movement in March 2005, he had been criticized for seeking to unite \"every anti-Putin element in the country to march together regardless of ideology\". Therefore, the sight of \"hundreds of flags representing every group from liberals to nationalists all marching together for 'Russia Without Putin' was the fulfillment of a dream.\"", "Therefore, the sight of \"hundreds of flags representing every group from liberals to nationalists all marching together for 'Russia Without Putin' was the fulfillment of a dream.\" Yet most Russians, he lamented, had continued to \"slumber\" even as Putin had \"taken off the flimsy mask of democracy to reveal himself in full as the would-be KGB dictator he has always been\".", "Yet most Russians, he lamented, had continued to \"slumber\" even as Putin had \"taken off the flimsy mask of democracy to reveal himself in full as the would-be KGB dictator he has always been\". Kasparov responded with several sardonic Twitter postings to a September 2013 The New York Times op-ed by Putin.", "Kasparov responded with several sardonic Twitter postings to a September 2013 The New York Times op-ed by Putin. \"I hope Putin has taken adequate protections,\" he tweeted. \"Now that he is a Russian journalist his life may be in grave danger!\"", "\"Now that he is a Russian journalist his life may be in grave danger!\" Also: \"Now we can expect NY Times op-eds by Mugabe on fair elections, Castro on free speech, & Kim Jong-un on prison reform. The Axis of Hypocrisy.\"", "The Axis of Hypocrisy.\" The Axis of Hypocrisy.\" In a 12 May 2013 op-ed for The Wall Street Journal, Kasparov questioned reports that the Russian security agency, the FSB, had fully cooperated with the FBI in the matter of the Boston bombers.", "In a 12 May 2013 op-ed for The Wall Street Journal, Kasparov questioned reports that the Russian security agency, the FSB, had fully cooperated with the FBI in the matter of the Boston bombers. He noted that the elder bomber, Tamerlan Tsarnaev, had reportedly met in Russia with two known jihadists who \"were killed in Dagestan by the Russian military just days before Tamerlan left Russia for the U.S.\" Kasparov argued, \"If no intelligence was sent from Moscow to Washington\" about this meeting, \"all this talk of FSB cooperation cannot be taken seriously.\"", "He noted that the elder bomber, Tamerlan Tsarnaev, had reportedly met in Russia with two known jihadists who \"were killed in Dagestan by the Russian military just days before Tamerlan left Russia for the U.S.\" Kasparov argued, \"If no intelligence was sent from Moscow to Washington\" about this meeting, \"all this talk of FSB cooperation cannot be taken seriously.\" He further observed, \"This would not be the first time Russian security forces seemed strangely impotent in the face of an impending terror attack,\" pointing out that in both the 2002 Moscow theater siege and the 2004 Beslan school attack, \"there were FSB informants in both terror groups – yet the attacks went ahead unimpeded.\"", "He further observed, \"This would not be the first time Russian security forces seemed strangely impotent in the face of an impending terror attack,\" pointing out that in both the 2002 Moscow theater siege and the 2004 Beslan school attack, \"there were FSB informants in both terror groups – yet the attacks went ahead unimpeded.\" Given this history, he wrote, \"it is impossible to overlook that the Boston bombing took place just days after the U.S. Magnitsky List was published, creating the first serious external threat to the Putin power structure by penalizing Russian officials complicit in human-rights crimes.\"", "Given this history, he wrote, \"it is impossible to overlook that the Boston bombing took place just days after the U.S. Magnitsky List was published, creating the first serious external threat to the Putin power structure by penalizing Russian officials complicit in human-rights crimes.\" In sum, Putin's \"dubious record on counterterrorism and its continued support of terror sponsors Iran and Syria mean only one thing: common ground zero\".", "In sum, Putin's \"dubious record on counterterrorism and its continued support of terror sponsors Iran and Syria mean only one thing: common ground zero\". Kasparov wrote in July 2013 about the trial in Kirov of fellow opposition leader Alexei Navalny, who had been convicted \"on concocted embezzlement charges\", only to see the prosecutor, surprisingly, ask for his release the next day pending appeal.", "Kasparov wrote in July 2013 about the trial in Kirov of fellow opposition leader Alexei Navalny, who had been convicted \"on concocted embezzlement charges\", only to see the prosecutor, surprisingly, ask for his release the next day pending appeal. \"The judicial process and the democratic process in Russia,\" wrote Kasparov, \"are both elaborate mockeries created to distract the citizenry at home and to help Western leaders avoid confronting the awkward fact that Russia has returned to a police state\".", "\"The judicial process and the democratic process in Russia,\" wrote Kasparov, \"are both elaborate mockeries created to distract the citizenry at home and to help Western leaders avoid confronting the awkward fact that Russia has returned to a police state\". Still, Kasparov felt that whatever had caused the Kirov prosecutor's about-face, \"my optimism tells me it was a positive sign.", "Still, Kasparov felt that whatever had caused the Kirov prosecutor's about-face, \"my optimism tells me it was a positive sign. After more than 13 years of predictable repression under Putin, anything different is good.\" Kasparov had maintained a summer home in the Croatian city of Makarska.", "Kasparov had maintained a summer home in the Croatian city of Makarska. In February 2014, he applied for citizenship by naturalisation in Croatia, according to media reports, claiming he was finding it increasingly difficult to live in Russia.", "In February 2014, he applied for citizenship by naturalisation in Croatia, according to media reports, claiming he was finding it increasingly difficult to live in Russia. According to an article in The Guardian, Kasparov was \"widely perceived\" as having been a vocal supporter of Croatian independence during the early 1990s.", "According to an article in The Guardian, Kasparov was \"widely perceived\" as having been a vocal supporter of Croatian independence during the early 1990s. Later in February 2014, his application for naturalisation was approved and he had a meeting with Croatian prime minister Zoran Milanović on 27 February.", "Later in February 2014, his application for naturalisation was approved and he had a meeting with Croatian prime minister Zoran Milanović on 27 February. Croatian press cited his \"lobbying for Croatia in 1991\" as grounds for the expedited naturalisation. Subsequent publications in Croatian press suggested that his lobbying for Croatia \"was handsomely paid for\".", "Subsequent publications in Croatian press suggested that his lobbying for Croatia \"was handsomely paid for\". In an interview for a Croatian daily published in February 2022, Kasparov said he was \"very grateful\" to Croatian president Zoran Milanović for the help rendered by him (then as prime minister) in obtaining Croatian citizenship.", "In an interview for a Croatian daily published in February 2022, Kasparov said he was \"very grateful\" to Croatian president Zoran Milanović for the help rendered by him (then as prime minister) in obtaining Croatian citizenship. Political views In September 2013, Kasparov wrote in Time magazine that in Syria, Putin and Bashar al-Assad \"won by forfeit when President Obama, Prime Minister Cameron and the rest of the so-called leaders of the free world walked away from the table.\"", "Political views In September 2013, Kasparov wrote in Time magazine that in Syria, Putin and Bashar al-Assad \"won by forfeit when President Obama, Prime Minister Cameron and the rest of the so-called leaders of the free world walked away from the table.\" Kasparov lamented the \"new game at the negotiating table where Putin and Assad set the rules and will run the show under the protection of the U.N.\" Kasparov said in September 2013 that Russia was now a dictatorship.", "Kasparov lamented the \"new game at the negotiating table where Putin and Assad set the rules and will run the show under the protection of the U.N.\" Kasparov said in September 2013 that Russia was now a dictatorship. In the same month he told an interviewer that \"Obama going to Russia now is dead wrong, morally and politically,\" because Putin's regime \"is behind Assad\".", "In the same month he told an interviewer that \"Obama going to Russia now is dead wrong, morally and politically,\" because Putin's regime \"is behind Assad\". Kasparov has been outspoken against Putin's antigay laws, describing them as \"only the most recent encroachment on the freedom of speech and association of Russia's citizens\" which the international community had largely ignored.", "Kasparov has been outspoken against Putin's antigay laws, describing them as \"only the most recent encroachment on the freedom of speech and association of Russia's citizens\" which the international community had largely ignored. Regarding Russia's hosting of the 2014 Winter Olympics, Kasparov explained in August 2013 that he had opposed Russia's bid from the outset, since it would \"allow Vladimir Putin's cronies to embezzle hundreds of millions of dollars\" and \"lend prestige to Putin's authoritarian regime\".", "Regarding Russia's hosting of the 2014 Winter Olympics, Kasparov explained in August 2013 that he had opposed Russia's bid from the outset, since it would \"allow Vladimir Putin's cronies to embezzle hundreds of millions of dollars\" and \"lend prestige to Putin's authoritarian regime\". Kasparov did not support the proposed Sochi Olympics boycott—writing that it would \"unfairly punish athletes\"—but called for athletes and others to \"transform Putin's self-congratulatory pet project into a spotlight that exposes his authoritarian rule\" to the world.", "Kasparov did not support the proposed Sochi Olympics boycott—writing that it would \"unfairly punish athletes\"—but called for athletes and others to \"transform Putin's self-congratulatory pet project into a spotlight that exposes his authoritarian rule\" to the world. In September, Kasparov called upon politicians to refuse to attend the games and the public to pressure sponsors and the media, such that Coca-Cola, for example, could put \"a rainbow flag on each Coca-Cola can\" and NBC could \"do interviews with Russian gay activists or with Russian political activists\".", "In September, Kasparov called upon politicians to refuse to attend the games and the public to pressure sponsors and the media, such that Coca-Cola, for example, could put \"a rainbow flag on each Coca-Cola can\" and NBC could \"do interviews with Russian gay activists or with Russian political activists\". Kasparov also emphasized that although he was \"still a Russian citizen\", he had \"good reason to be concerned about my ability to leave Russia if I returned to Moscow\".", "Kasparov also emphasized that although he was \"still a Russian citizen\", he had \"good reason to be concerned about my ability to leave Russia if I returned to Moscow\". Kasparov has spoken out against the 2014 Russian annexation of Crimea and has stated that control of Crimea should be returned to Ukraine after the overthrow of Putin without additional conditions.", "Kasparov has spoken out against the 2014 Russian annexation of Crimea and has stated that control of Crimea should be returned to Ukraine after the overthrow of Putin without additional conditions. Kasparov's website was blocked by the Russian government censorship agency, Roskomnadzor, at the behest of the public prosecutor, allegedly due to Kasparov's opinions on the Crimean crisis.", "Kasparov's website was blocked by the Russian government censorship agency, Roskomnadzor, at the behest of the public prosecutor, allegedly due to Kasparov's opinions on the Crimean crisis. Kasparov's block was made in unison with several other notable Russian sites that were accused of inciting public outrage.", "Kasparov's block was made in unison with several other notable Russian sites that were accused of inciting public outrage. Reportedly, several of the blocked sites received an affidavit noting their violations. However, Kasparov stated that his site had received no such notice of violations after its block.", "However, Kasparov stated that his site had received no such notice of violations after its block. In 2015 a whole note on Kasparov was removed from a Russian language encyclopedia of greatest Soviet players after an intervention from \"senior leadership\".", "In 2015 a whole note on Kasparov was removed from a Russian language encyclopedia of greatest Soviet players after an intervention from \"senior leadership\". In October 2015, Kasparov published a book titled Winter Is Coming: Why Vladimir Putin and the Enemies of the Free World Must Be Stopped.", "In October 2015, Kasparov published a book titled Winter Is Coming: Why Vladimir Putin and the Enemies of the Free World Must Be Stopped. In the book, Kasparov likens Putin to Adolf Hitler, and explains the need for the west to oppose Putin sooner, rather than appeasing him and postponing the eventual confrontation.", "In the book, Kasparov likens Putin to Adolf Hitler, and explains the need for the west to oppose Putin sooner, rather than appeasing him and postponing the eventual confrontation. According to his publisher, \"Kasparov wants this book out fast, in a way that has potential to influence the discussion during the primary season.\"", "According to his publisher, \"Kasparov wants this book out fast, in a way that has potential to influence the discussion during the primary season.\" In 2018, he said that \"anything is better than Putin because that eliminates the probability of a nuclear war. Putin is insane.\"", "Putin is insane.\" Putin is insane.\" In the 2016 United States presidential election, Kasparov described Republican Donald Trump as \"a celebrity showman with racist leanings and authoritarian tendencies\" and criticised Trump for calling for closer ties with Putin.", "In the 2016 United States presidential election, Kasparov described Republican Donald Trump as \"a celebrity showman with racist leanings and authoritarian tendencies\" and criticised Trump for calling for closer ties with Putin. After Trump's running mate, Mike Pence, called Putin a strong leader, Kasparov said that Putin is a strong leader \"in the same way arsenic is a strong drink\".", "After Trump's running mate, Mike Pence, called Putin a strong leader, Kasparov said that Putin is a strong leader \"in the same way arsenic is a strong drink\". He also criticised the economic policies of Democratic primary candidate Bernie Sanders, but showed respect for Sanders as \"a charismatic speaker and a passionate believer in his cause\".", "He also criticised the economic policies of Democratic primary candidate Bernie Sanders, but showed respect for Sanders as \"a charismatic speaker and a passionate believer in his cause\". Kasparov opined that Henry Kissinger \"was selling the Trump Administration on the idea of a mirror of 1972 [Richard Nixon's visit to China], except, instead of a Sino-U.S. alliance against the U.S.S.R., this would be a Russian-American alliance against China.\"", "Kasparov opined that Henry Kissinger \"was selling the Trump Administration on the idea of a mirror of 1972 [Richard Nixon's visit to China], except, instead of a Sino-U.S. alliance against the U.S.S.R., this would be a Russian-American alliance against China.\" In 2017, he condemned the violence unleashed by the Spanish police against the independence referendum in Catalonia.", "In 2017, he condemned the violence unleashed by the Spanish police against the independence referendum in Catalonia. He criticized the Spanish PM Mariano Rajoy and accused him of \"betraying\" the European promise of peace.", "He criticized the Spanish PM Mariano Rajoy and accused him of \"betraying\" the European promise of peace. After the Catalan regional election held later the same year, Kasparov wrote: \"Despite unprecedented pressure from Madrid, Catalonian separatists won a majority. Europe must speak and help find a peaceful path toward resolution and avoid more violence\".", "Europe must speak and help find a peaceful path toward resolution and avoid more violence\". Kasparov recommended that Spain look to how Britain handled the 2014 Scottish independence referendum, adding: \"look only at how Turkey and Iraq have treated the separatist Kurds. That cannot be the road for Spain and Catalonia.\"", "That cannot be the road for Spain and Catalonia.\" Kasparov supports recognition of the Armenian Genocide. He welcomed the Velvet Revolution in Armenia in 2018, just a few days after it happened. Kasparov condemned the assassination of Saudi journalist Jamal Khashoggi.", "Kasparov condemned the assassination of Saudi journalist Jamal Khashoggi. In October 2018, he wrote that Erdoğan's regime in Turkey \"has jailed more journalists than any country in the world and scores of them remain in prison in Turkey. Since 2016, Turkey's intelligence agency has abducted at least 80 people in operations in 18 countries.\"", "Since 2016, Turkey's intelligence agency has abducted at least 80 people in operations in 18 countries.\" In 2021, Kasparov stated that \"the only language that Putin understands is power, and his power is his money,\" arguing that the United States should target the bank accounts of Russian oligarchs to force Russia to rein in its criminals' cyberattacks against American agencies and companies.", "In 2021, Kasparov stated that \"the only language that Putin understands is power, and his power is his money,\" arguing that the United States should target the bank accounts of Russian oligarchs to force Russia to rein in its criminals' cyberattacks against American agencies and companies. Playing style Kasparov's attacking style of play has been compared by many to Alekhine's.", "Playing style Kasparov's attacking style of play has been compared by many to Alekhine's. Kasparov has described his style as being influenced chiefly by Alekhine, Tal and Fischer.", "Kasparov has described his style as being influenced chiefly by Alekhine, Tal and Fischer. Kramnik has opined that \"[Kasparov's] capacity for study is second to none\", and said \"There is nothing in chess he has been unable to deal with.\"", "Kramnik has opined that \"[Kasparov's] capacity for study is second to none\", and said \"There is nothing in chess he has been unable to deal with.\" Magnus Carlsen, whom Kasparov coached from 2009 to 2010, said of Kasparov, \"I've never seen someone with such a feel for dynamics in complex positions.\"", "Magnus Carlsen, whom Kasparov coached from 2009 to 2010, said of Kasparov, \"I've never seen someone with such a feel for dynamics in complex positions.\" Kasparov was known for his extensive opening preparation and aggressive play in the opening. Olympiads and other major team events Kasparov played in a total of eight Chess Olympiads.", "Olympiads and other major team events Kasparov played in a total of eight Chess Olympiads. He represented the Soviet Union four times and Russia four times, following the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991.", "He represented the Soviet Union four times and Russia four times, following the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991. In his 1980 Olympiad debut, he became, at age 17, the youngest player to represent the Soviet Union or Russia at that level, a record which was broken by Vladimir Kramnik in 1992.", "In his 1980 Olympiad debut, he became, at age 17, the youngest player to represent the Soviet Union or Russia at that level, a record which was broken by Vladimir Kramnik in 1992. In 82 games, he has scored (+50−3=29), for 78.7% and won a total of 19 medals, including team gold medals all eight times he competed.", "In 82 games, he has scored (+50−3=29), for 78.7% and won a total of 19 medals, including team gold medals all eight times he competed. For the 1994 Moscow Olympiad, he had a significant organizational role, in helping to put together the event on short notice, after Thessaloniki canceled its offer to host, a few weeks before the scheduled dates.", "For the 1994 Moscow Olympiad, he had a significant organizational role, in helping to put together the event on short notice, after Thessaloniki canceled its offer to host, a few weeks before the scheduled dates. Kasparov's detailed Olympiad record follows: Valletta 1980, USSR 2nd reserve, 9½/12 (+8−1=3), team gold, board bronze; Lucerne 1982, USSR 2nd board, 8½/11 (+6−0=5), team gold, board bronze; Dubai 1986, USSR 1st board, 8½/11 (+7−1=3), team gold, board gold, performance gold; Thessaloniki 1988, USSR 1st board, 8½/10 (+7−0=3), team gold, board gold, performance gold; Manila 1992, Russia board 1, 8½/10 (+7−0=3), team gold, board gold, performance silver; Moscow 1994, Russia board 1, 6½/10 (+4−1=5), team gold; Yerevan 1996, Russia board 1, 7/9 (+5−0=4), team gold, board silver, performance gold; Bled 2002, Russia board 1, 7½/9 (+6−0=3), team gold, performance gold.", "Kasparov's detailed Olympiad record follows: Valletta 1980, USSR 2nd reserve, 9½/12 (+8−1=3), team gold, board bronze; Lucerne 1982, USSR 2nd board, 8½/11 (+6−0=5), team gold, board bronze; Dubai 1986, USSR 1st board, 8½/11 (+7−1=3), team gold, board gold, performance gold; Thessaloniki 1988, USSR 1st board, 8½/10 (+7−0=3), team gold, board gold, performance gold; Manila 1992, Russia board 1, 8½/10 (+7−0=3), team gold, board gold, performance silver; Moscow 1994, Russia board 1, 6½/10 (+4−1=5), team gold; Yerevan 1996, Russia board 1, 7/9 (+5−0=4), team gold, board silver, performance gold; Bled 2002, Russia board 1, 7½/9 (+6−0=3), team gold, performance gold. Kasparov made his international teams debut for the USSR at age 16 in the 1980 European Team Championship and played for Russia in the 1992 edition of that championship.", "Kasparov made his international teams debut for the USSR at age 16 in the 1980 European Team Championship and played for Russia in the 1992 edition of that championship. He won a total of five medals.", "He won a total of five medals. His detailed Euroteams record follows: Skara 1980, USSR 2nd reserve, 5½/6 (+5−0=1), team gold, board gold; Debrecen 1992, Russia board 1, 6/8 (+4−0=4), team gold, board gold, performance silver.", "His detailed Euroteams record follows: Skara 1980, USSR 2nd reserve, 5½/6 (+5−0=1), team gold, board gold; Debrecen 1992, Russia board 1, 6/8 (+4−0=4), team gold, board gold, performance silver. Kasparov also represented the USSR once in Youth Olympiad competition, but the detailed data at Olimpbase is incomplete; the Chessmetrics Garry Kasparov player file has his individual score from that event.", "Kasparov also represented the USSR once in Youth Olympiad competition, but the detailed data at Olimpbase is incomplete; the Chessmetrics Garry Kasparov player file has his individual score from that event. Graz 1981, USSR board 1, 9/10 (+8−0=2), team gold.", "Graz 1981, USSR board 1, 9/10 (+8−0=2), team gold. Records and achievements Chess ratings achievements Kasparov holds the record for the longest time as the No. 1 rated player in the worldfrom 1984 to 2005 (Vladimir Kramnik shared the No. 1 ranking with him once, in the January 1996 FIDE rating list).", "1 ranking with him once, in the January 1996 FIDE rating list). He was also briefly ejected from the list following his split from FIDE in 1993, but during that time he headed the rating list of the rival PCA. At the time of his retirement, he was still ranked No.", "At the time of his retirement, he was still ranked No. 1 in the world, with a rating of 2812. His rating has fallen inactive since the January 2006 rating list. In January 1990, Kasparov achieved the (then) highest FIDE rating ever, passing 2800 and breaking Bobby Fischer's old record of 2785.", "In January 1990, Kasparov achieved the (then) highest FIDE rating ever, passing 2800 and breaking Bobby Fischer's old record of 2785. By the July 1999 and January 2000 FIDE rating lists, Kasparov had reached a 2851 Elo rating, at that time the highest rating ever achieved.", "By the July 1999 and January 2000 FIDE rating lists, Kasparov had reached a 2851 Elo rating, at that time the highest rating ever achieved. He held that record for the highest rating ever achieved until Magnus Carlsen attained a new record high rating of 2861 in January 2013.", "He held that record for the highest rating ever achieved until Magnus Carlsen attained a new record high rating of 2861 in January 2013. Other records Kasparov holds the record for most consecutive professional tournament victories, placing first or equal first in 15 individual tournaments from 1981 to 1990.", "Other records Kasparov holds the record for most consecutive professional tournament victories, placing first or equal first in 15 individual tournaments from 1981 to 1990. The streak was broken by Vasyl Ivanchuk at Linares 1991, where Kasparov placed second, half a point behind him after losing their individual game.", "The streak was broken by Vasyl Ivanchuk at Linares 1991, where Kasparov placed second, half a point behind him after losing their individual game. The details of this record winning streak follow: Frunze 1981, USSR Championship, 12½/17, tie for 1st; Bugojno 1982, 9½/13, 1st; Moscow 1982, Interzonal, 10/13, 1st; Nikšić 1983, 11/14, 1st; Brussels OHRA 1986, 7½/10, 1st; Brussels SWIFT 1987, 8½/11, tie for 1st; Amsterdam Optiebeurs 1988, 9/12, 1st; Belfort (World Cup) 1988, 11½/15, 1st; Moscow 1988, USSR Championship, 11½/17, tie for 1st; Reykjavík (World Cup) 1988, 11/17, 1st; Barcelona (World Cup) 1989, 11/16, tie for 1st; Skellefteå (World Cup) 1989, 9½/15, tie for 1st; Tilburg 1989, 12/14, 1st; Belgrade (Investbank) 1989, 9½/11, 1st; Linares 1990, 8/11, 1st.", "The details of this record winning streak follow: Frunze 1981, USSR Championship, 12½/17, tie for 1st; Bugojno 1982, 9½/13, 1st; Moscow 1982, Interzonal, 10/13, 1st; Nikšić 1983, 11/14, 1st; Brussels OHRA 1986, 7½/10, 1st; Brussels SWIFT 1987, 8½/11, tie for 1st; Amsterdam Optiebeurs 1988, 9/12, 1st; Belfort (World Cup) 1988, 11½/15, 1st; Moscow 1988, USSR Championship, 11½/17, tie for 1st; Reykjavík (World Cup) 1988, 11/17, 1st; Barcelona (World Cup) 1989, 11/16, tie for 1st; Skellefteå (World Cup) 1989, 9½/15, tie for 1st; Tilburg 1989, 12/14, 1st; Belgrade (Investbank) 1989, 9½/11, 1st; Linares 1990, 8/11, 1st. Kasparov went 9 years winning every supertournament he played in addition to contesting his series of 5 consecutive matches with Anatoly Karpov.", "Kasparov went 9 years winning every supertournament he played in addition to contesting his series of 5 consecutive matches with Anatoly Karpov. His only failure in this time period in either tournament or match play was in the World Chess Championship 1984 when the 21 year old Kasparov was trailing (-5, +3 = 40) against the defending champion Karpov before the match was abruptly cancelled.", "His only failure in this time period in either tournament or match play was in the World Chess Championship 1984 when the 21 year old Kasparov was trailing (-5, +3 = 40) against the defending champion Karpov before the match was abruptly cancelled. Later on in his career, Kasparov went on another long streak of consecutive supertournament wins.", "Later on in his career, Kasparov went on another long streak of consecutive supertournament wins. Wijk aan Zee Hoogovens 1999, 10/13, 1st; Linares 1999, 10½/14, 1st; Sarajevo 1999, 7/9, 1st; Wijk aan Zee Corus 2000, 9½/13, 1st; Linares 2000, 6/10, tie for 1st; Sarajevo 2000, 8½/11, 1st; Wijk aan Zee Corus 2001, 9/13, 1st; Linares 2001, 7.5/10, 1st; Astana 2001, 7/10, 1st; Linares 2002, 8/12, 1st.", "Wijk aan Zee Hoogovens 1999, 10/13, 1st; Linares 1999, 10½/14, 1st; Sarajevo 1999, 7/9, 1st; Wijk aan Zee Corus 2000, 9½/13, 1st; Linares 2000, 6/10, tie for 1st; Sarajevo 2000, 8½/11, 1st; Wijk aan Zee Corus 2001, 9/13, 1st; Linares 2001, 7.5/10, 1st; Astana 2001, 7/10, 1st; Linares 2002, 8/12, 1st. In these 10 consecutive classical supertournaments wins, Kasparov had a score of 53 wins, 61 draws and 1 loss in 115 games with his only loss coming against Ivan Sokolov in Wijk aan Zee 1999.", "In these 10 consecutive classical supertournaments wins, Kasparov had a score of 53 wins, 61 draws and 1 loss in 115 games with his only loss coming against Ivan Sokolov in Wijk aan Zee 1999. Kasparov won the Chess Oscar a record eleven times.", "Kasparov won the Chess Oscar a record eleven times. Chess and computers In 1983, Acorn Computers acted as one of the sponsors for Kasparov's Candidates semi-final match against Viktor Korchnoi. Kasparov was awarded a BBC Micro which he took back with him to Baku, making it perhaps the first western-made microcomputer to reach Baku at that time.", "Kasparov was awarded a BBC Micro which he took back with him to Baku, making it perhaps the first western-made microcomputer to reach Baku at that time. In 1985, computer chess magazine editor Frederic Friedel invited Kasparov to his house, and the two of them discussed how a chess database program would be useful for preparation.", "In 1985, computer chess magazine editor Frederic Friedel invited Kasparov to his house, and the two of them discussed how a chess database program would be useful for preparation. Two years later, Friedel founded Chessbase, and gave a copy of the program to Kasparov who started using it in his preparation.", "Two years later, Friedel founded Chessbase, and gave a copy of the program to Kasparov who started using it in his preparation. In 1985, Kasparov played against thirty-two different chess computers in Hamburg, winning all games, but with some difficulty.", "In 1985, Kasparov played against thirty-two different chess computers in Hamburg, winning all games, but with some difficulty. On 22 October 1989, Kasparov defeated the chess computer Deep Thought in both games of a two-game match.", "On 22 October 1989, Kasparov defeated the chess computer Deep Thought in both games of a two-game match. In December 1992, Kasparov visited Frederic Friedel in his hotel room in Cologne, and played 37 blitz games against Fritz 2 winning 24, drawing 4 and losing 9.", "In December 1992, Kasparov visited Frederic Friedel in his hotel room in Cologne, and played 37 blitz games against Fritz 2 winning 24, drawing 4 and losing 9. Kasparov cooperated in producing video material for the computer game Kasparov's Gambit released by Electronic Arts in November 1993.", "Kasparov cooperated in producing video material for the computer game Kasparov's Gambit released by Electronic Arts in November 1993. In April 1994, Intel acted as a sponsor for the first Professional Chess Association Grand Prix event in Moscow played a time control of 25 minutes per game.", "In April 1994, Intel acted as a sponsor for the first Professional Chess Association Grand Prix event in Moscow played a time control of 25 minutes per game. In May, Chessbase's Fritz 3 running on an Intel Pentium PC defeated Kasparov in their first in the Intel Express blitz tournament in Munich, but Kasparov managed to tie it for first, and then win the playoff with 3 wins and 2 draws.", "In May, Chessbase's Fritz 3 running on an Intel Pentium PC defeated Kasparov in their first in the Intel Express blitz tournament in Munich, but Kasparov managed to tie it for first, and then win the playoff with 3 wins and 2 draws. The next day, Kasparov lost to Fritz 3 again in a game on ZDF TV.", "The next day, Kasparov lost to Fritz 3 again in a game on ZDF TV. In August, Kasparov was knocked out of the London Intel Grand Prix by Richard Lang's ChessGenius 2 program in the first round.", "In August, Kasparov was knocked out of the London Intel Grand Prix by Richard Lang's ChessGenius 2 program in the first round. In 1995, during Kasparov's world title match with Viswanathan Anand, he unveiled an opening novelty that had been checked with a chess engine, an approach that would become increasingly common in subsequent years.", "In 1995, during Kasparov's world title match with Viswanathan Anand, he unveiled an opening novelty that had been checked with a chess engine, an approach that would become increasingly common in subsequent years. Kasparov played in a pair of six-game chess matches with an IBM supercomputer called Deep Blue.", "Kasparov played in a pair of six-game chess matches with an IBM supercomputer called Deep Blue. The first match was played in Philadelphia in 1996 and won by Kasparov. The second was played in New York City in 1997 and won by Deep Blue.", "The second was played in New York City in 1997 and won by Deep Blue. The 1997 match was the first defeat of a reigning world chess champion by a computer under tournament conditions. In May 1997, an updated version of Deep Blue defeated Kasparov 3½–2½ in a highly publicized six-game match.", "In May 1997, an updated version of Deep Blue defeated Kasparov 3½–2½ in a highly publicized six-game match. The match was even after five games but Kasparov lost quickly in Game 6. This was the first time a computer had ever defeated a world champion in a match.", "This was the first time a computer had ever defeated a world champion in a match. A documentary film was made about this famous match entitled Game Over: Kasparov and the Machine. Kasparov said that he was \"not well prepared\" to face Deep Blue in 1997.", "Kasparov said that he was \"not well prepared\" to face Deep Blue in 1997. He said that based on his \"objective strengths\" his play was stronger than that of Deep Blue. Kasparov claimed that several factors weighed against him in this match.", "Kasparov claimed that several factors weighed against him in this match. In particular, he was denied access to Deep Blue's recent games, in contrast to the computer's team, which could study hundreds of Kasparov's.", "In particular, he was denied access to Deep Blue's recent games, in contrast to the computer's team, which could study hundreds of Kasparov's. After the loss, Kasparov said that he sometimes saw deep intelligence and creativity in the machine's moves, suggesting that during the second game, human chess players, in contravention of the rules, intervened.", "After the loss, Kasparov said that he sometimes saw deep intelligence and creativity in the machine's moves, suggesting that during the second game, human chess players, in contravention of the rules, intervened. IBM denied that it cheated, saying the only human intervention occurred between games.", "IBM denied that it cheated, saying the only human intervention occurred between games. The rules provided for the developers to modify the program between games, an opportunity they said they used to shore up weaknesses in the computer's play revealed during the course of the match.", "The rules provided for the developers to modify the program between games, an opportunity they said they used to shore up weaknesses in the computer's play revealed during the course of the match. Kasparov requested printouts of the machine's log files but IBM refused, although the company later published the logs on the Internet.", "Kasparov requested printouts of the machine's log files but IBM refused, although the company later published the logs on the Internet. Much later, it was suggested that the behavior Kasparov noted had resulted from a glitch in the computer program. Although Kasparov wanted another rematch, IBM declined and ended their Deep Blue program.", "Although Kasparov wanted another rematch, IBM declined and ended their Deep Blue program. In January 2003, he engaged in a six-game classical time control match with a $1 million prize fund which was billed as the FIDE \"Man vs. Machine\" World Championship, against Deep Junior. The engine evaluated three million positions per second.", "The engine evaluated three million positions per second. After one win each and three draws, it was all up to the final game. After reaching a decent position Kasparov offered a draw, which was soon accepted by the Deep Junior team. Asked why he offered the draw, Kasparov said he feared making a blunder.", "Asked why he offered the draw, Kasparov said he feared making a blunder. Deep Junior was the first machine to beat Kasparov with black and at a standard time control. In June 2003, Mindscape released the computer game Kasparov Chessmate with Kasparov himself listed as a co-designer.", "In June 2003, Mindscape released the computer game Kasparov Chessmate with Kasparov himself listed as a co-designer. In November 2003, he engaged in a four-game match against the computer program X3D Fritz, using a virtual board, 3D glasses and a speech recognition system.", "In November 2003, he engaged in a four-game match against the computer program X3D Fritz, using a virtual board, 3D glasses and a speech recognition system. After two draws and one win apiece, the X3D Man–Machine match ended in a draw. Kasparov received $175,000 for the result and took home the golden trophy.", "Kasparov received $175,000 for the result and took home the golden trophy. Kasparov continued to criticize the blunder in the second game that cost him a crucial point. He felt that he had outplayed the machine overall and played well. \"I only made one mistake but unfortunately that one mistake lost the game.\"", "\"I only made one mistake but unfortunately that one mistake lost the game.\" Books and other writings Early writings Kasparov has written books on chess. He published a controversial autobiography when still in his early 20s, originally titled Child of Change, later retitled Unlimited Challenge.", "He published a controversial autobiography when still in his early 20s, originally titled Child of Change, later retitled Unlimited Challenge. This book was subsequently updated several times after he became World Champion. Its content is mainly literary, with a small chess component of key unannotated games.", "Its content is mainly literary, with a small chess component of key unannotated games. He published an annotated games collection in 1983, Fighting Chess: My Games and Career, which has been updated several times in further editions.", "He published an annotated games collection in 1983, Fighting Chess: My Games and Career, which has been updated several times in further editions. He also wrote a book annotating the games from his World Chess Championship 1985 victory, World Chess Championship Match: Moscow, 1985.", "He also wrote a book annotating the games from his World Chess Championship 1985 victory, World Chess Championship Match: Moscow, 1985. He has annotated his own games extensively for the Yugoslav Chess Informant series and for other chess publications.", "He has annotated his own games extensively for the Yugoslav Chess Informant series and for other chess publications. In 1982, he co-authored Batsford Chess Openings with British grandmaster Raymond Keene and this book was an enormous seller. It was updated into a second edition in 1989.", "It was updated into a second edition in 1989. He also co-authored two opening books with his trainer Alexander Nikitin in the 1980s for British publisher Batsfordon the Classical Variation of the Caro-Kann Defence and on the Scheveningen Variation of the Sicilian Defence. Kasparov has also contributed extensively to the five-volume openings series Encyclopedia of Chess Openings.", "Kasparov has also contributed extensively to the five-volume openings series Encyclopedia of Chess Openings. In 2000, Kasparov co-authored Kasparov Against the World: The Story of the Greatest Online Challenge with grandmaster Daniel King. The 202-page book analyzes the 1999 Kasparov versus the World game, and holds the record for the longest analysis devoted to a single chess game.", "The 202-page book analyzes the 1999 Kasparov versus the World game, and holds the record for the longest analysis devoted to a single chess game. My Great Predecessors series In 2003, the first volume of his five-volume work Garry Kasparov on My Great Predecessors was published.", "My Great Predecessors series In 2003, the first volume of his five-volume work Garry Kasparov on My Great Predecessors was published. This volume, which deals with the world chess champions Wilhelm Steinitz, Emanuel Lasker, José Raúl Capablanca, Alexander Alekhine, and some of their strong contemporaries, has received lavish praise from some reviewers (including Nigel Short), while attracting criticism from others for historical inaccuracies and analysis of games directly copied from unattributed sources.", "This volume, which deals with the world chess champions Wilhelm Steinitz, Emanuel Lasker, José Raúl Capablanca, Alexander Alekhine, and some of their strong contemporaries, has received lavish praise from some reviewers (including Nigel Short), while attracting criticism from others for historical inaccuracies and analysis of games directly copied from unattributed sources. Through suggestions on the book's website, most of these shortcomings were corrected in following editions and translations.", "Through suggestions on the book's website, most of these shortcomings were corrected in following editions and translations. Despite this, the first volume won the British Chess Federation's Book of the Year award in 2003. Volume two, covering Max Euwe, Mikhail Botvinnik, Vasily Smyslov and Mikhail Tal appeared later in 2003.", "Volume two, covering Max Euwe, Mikhail Botvinnik, Vasily Smyslov and Mikhail Tal appeared later in 2003. Volume three, covering Tigran Petrosian and Boris Spassky appeared in early 2004.", "Volume three, covering Tigran Petrosian and Boris Spassky appeared in early 2004. In December 2004, Kasparov released volume four, which covers Samuel Reshevsky, Miguel Najdorf, and Bent Larsen (none of these three were World Champions), but focuses primarily on Bobby Fischer.", "In December 2004, Kasparov released volume four, which covers Samuel Reshevsky, Miguel Najdorf, and Bent Larsen (none of these three were World Champions), but focuses primarily on Bobby Fischer. The fifth volume, devoted to the chess careers of World Champion Anatoly Karpov and challenger Viktor Korchnoi, was published in March 2006.", "The fifth volume, devoted to the chess careers of World Champion Anatoly Karpov and challenger Viktor Korchnoi, was published in March 2006. Modern Chess series His book Revolution in the 70s (published in March 2007) covers \"the openings revolution of the 1970s–1980s\" and is the first book in a new series called \"Modern Chess Series\", which intends to cover his matches with Karpov and selected games.", "Modern Chess series His book Revolution in the 70s (published in March 2007) covers \"the openings revolution of the 1970s–1980s\" and is the first book in a new series called \"Modern Chess Series\", which intends to cover his matches with Karpov and selected games. The book \"Revolution in the 70s\" concerns the revolution in opening theory that was witnessed in that decade.", "The book \"Revolution in the 70s\" concerns the revolution in opening theory that was witnessed in that decade. Such systems as the controversial (at the time) \"Hedgehog\" opening plan of passively developing the pieces no further than the first three ranks are examined in great detail.", "Such systems as the controversial (at the time) \"Hedgehog\" opening plan of passively developing the pieces no further than the first three ranks are examined in great detail. Kasparov also analyzes some of the most notable games played in that period.", "Kasparov also analyzes some of the most notable games played in that period. In a section at the end of the book, top opening theoreticians provide their own \"take\" on the progress made in opening theory in the 1980s. Garry Kasparov on Garry Kasparov series Kasparov published three volumes of his games, spanning his entire career.", "Garry Kasparov on Garry Kasparov series Kasparov published three volumes of his games, spanning his entire career. Winter Is Coming In October 2015, Kasparov published a book titled Winter Is Coming: Why Vladimir Putin and the Enemies of the Free World Must Be Stopped. The title is a reference to the HBO television series Game of Thrones.", "The title is a reference to the HBO television series Game of Thrones. In the book, Kasparov writes about the need for an organization composed solely of democratic countries to replace the United Nations. In an interview, he called the United Nations a \"catwalk for dictators\".", "In an interview, he called the United Nations a \"catwalk for dictators\". Historical revision Kasparov believes that the conventional history of civilization is radically incorrect. Specifically, he believes that the history of ancient civilizations is based on misdatings of events and achievements that actually occurred in the medieval period.", "Specifically, he believes that the history of ancient civilizations is based on misdatings of events and achievements that actually occurred in the medieval period. He has cited several aspects of ancient history that he says are likely to be anachronisms. Kasparov has written in support of New Chronology (Fomenko), although with some reservations.", "Kasparov has written in support of New Chronology (Fomenko), although with some reservations. In 2001, Kasparov expressed a desire to devote his time to promoting the New Chronology after his chess career.", "In 2001, Kasparov expressed a desire to devote his time to promoting the New Chronology after his chess career. \"New Chronology is a great area for investing my intellect ... My analytical abilities are well placed to figure out what was right and what was wrong.\"", "\"New Chronology is a great area for investing my intellect ... My analytical abilities are well placed to figure out what was right and what was wrong.\" \"When I stop playing chess, it may well be that I concentrate on promoting these ideas... I believe they can improve our lives.\"", "I believe they can improve our lives.\" Later, Kasparov renounced his support of Fomenko theories but reaffirmed his belief that mainstream historical knowledge is highly inconsistent. Other post-retirement writing In 2007, he wrote How Life Imitates Chess, an examination of the parallels between decision-making in chess and in the business world.", "Other post-retirement writing In 2007, he wrote How Life Imitates Chess, an examination of the parallels between decision-making in chess and in the business world. In 2008, Kasparov published a sympathetic obituary for Bobby Fischer, writing: \"I am often asked if I ever met or played Bobby Fischer.", "In 2008, Kasparov published a sympathetic obituary for Bobby Fischer, writing: \"I am often asked if I ever met or played Bobby Fischer. The answer is no, I never had that opportunity.", "The answer is no, I never had that opportunity. But even though he saw me as a member of the evil chess establishment that he felt had robbed and cheated him, I am sorry I never had a chance to thank him personally for what he did for our sport.\"", "But even though he saw me as a member of the evil chess establishment that he felt had robbed and cheated him, I am sorry I never had a chance to thank him personally for what he did for our sport.\" He is the chief advisor for the book publisher Everyman Chess.", "He is the chief advisor for the book publisher Everyman Chess. Kasparov works closely with Mig Greengard and his comments can often be found on Greengard's blog (apparently no longer active).", "Kasparov works closely with Mig Greengard and his comments can often be found on Greengard's blog (apparently no longer active). Kasparov collaborated with Max Levchin and Peter Thiel on The Blueprint, a book calling for a revival of world innovation, planned to release in March 2013 from W. W. Norton & Company.", "Kasparov collaborated with Max Levchin and Peter Thiel on The Blueprint, a book calling for a revival of world innovation, planned to release in March 2013 from W. W. Norton & Company. The book was never released, as the authors disagreed on its contents.", "The book was never released, as the authors disagreed on its contents. Kasparov argued that chess has become the model for reasoning in the same way that the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster became a model organism for geneticists, in an editorial comment on Google's AlphaZero chess-playing system.", "Kasparov argued that chess has become the model for reasoning in the same way that the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster became a model organism for geneticists, in an editorial comment on Google's AlphaZero chess-playing system. \"I was pleased to see that AlphaZero had a dynamic, open style like my own,\" he wrote in late 2018.", "\"I was pleased to see that AlphaZero had a dynamic, open style like my own,\" he wrote in late 2018. Kasparov served as a consultant for the 2020 Netflix miniseries The Queen's Gambit. He gave an extended interview to Slate describing his contributions.", "He gave an extended interview to Slate describing his contributions. In 2020, Kasparov collaborated with Matt Calkins, founder and CEO of Appian, on HYPERAUTOMATION, a book about low-code development and the future of business automation. Kasparov wrote the foreword where he discusses his experiences with human-machine relationships.", "Kasparov wrote the foreword where he discusses his experiences with human-machine relationships. Bibliography Kasparov Teaches Chess (1984–85, Sport in the USSR Magazine; 1986, First Collier Books) The Test of Time (Russian Chess) (1986, Pergamon Pr) World Chess Championship Match: Moscow, 1985 (1986, Everyman Chess) Child of Change: An Autobiography (1987, Hutchinson) London–Leningrad Championship Games (1987, Everyman Chess) Unlimited Challenge (1990, Grove Pr) The Sicilian Scheveningen (1991, B.T.", "Bibliography Kasparov Teaches Chess (1984–85, Sport in the USSR Magazine; 1986, First Collier Books) The Test of Time (Russian Chess) (1986, Pergamon Pr) World Chess Championship Match: Moscow, 1985 (1986, Everyman Chess) Child of Change: An Autobiography (1987, Hutchinson) London–Leningrad Championship Games (1987, Everyman Chess) Unlimited Challenge (1990, Grove Pr) The Sicilian Scheveningen (1991, B.T. Batsford Ltd) The Queen's Indian Defence: Kasparov System (1991, B.T.", "Batsford Ltd) The Queen's Indian Defence: Kasparov System (1991, B.T. Batsford Ltd) Kasparov Versus Karpov, 1990 (1991, Everyman Chess) Kasparov on the King's Indian (1993, B.T. Batsford Ltd) Kasparov, Garry. Jon Speelman and Bob Wade. 1995. Garry Kasparov's Fighting Chess.", "Garry Kasparov's Fighting Chess. Garry Kasparov's Fighting Chess. Henry Holt.", "Garry Kasparov's Fighting Chess. Henry Holt. Henry Holt. Garry Kasparov's Chess Challenge (1996, Everyman Chess) Lessons in Chess (1997, Everyman Chess) Kasparov Against the World: The Story of the Greatest Online Challenge (2000, Kasparov Chess Online) My Great Predecessors Part I (2003, Everyman Chess) My Great Predecessors Part II (2003, Everyman Chess) Checkmate!", "Garry Kasparov's Chess Challenge (1996, Everyman Chess) Lessons in Chess (1997, Everyman Chess) Kasparov Against the World: The Story of the Greatest Online Challenge (2000, Kasparov Chess Online) My Great Predecessors Part I (2003, Everyman Chess) My Great Predecessors Part II (2003, Everyman Chess) Checkmate! : My First Chess Book (2004, Everyman Mindsports) My Great Predecessors Part III (2004, Everyman Chess) My Great Predecessors Part IV (2004, Everyman Chess) My Great Predecessors Part V (2006, Everyman Chess) How Life Imitates Chess (2007, William Heinemann Ltd.) Garry Kasparov on Modern Chess, Part I: Revolution in the 70s (2007, Everyman Chess) Garry Kasparov on Modern Chess, Part II: Kasparov vs Karpov 1975–1985 (2008, Everyman Chess) Garry Kasparov on Modern Chess, Part III: Kasparov vs Karpov 1986–1987 (2009, Everyman Chess) Garry Kasparov on Modern Chess, Part IV: Kasparov vs Karpov 1988–2009 (2010, Everyman Chess) Garry Kasparov on Garry Kasparov, part I (2011, Everyman Chess) Garry Kasparov on Garry Kasparov, part II (2013, Everyman Chess) Garry Kasparov on Garry Kasparov, part III (2014, Everyman Chess) Winter Is Coming: Why Vladimir Putin and the Enemies of the Free World Must Be Stopped (2015, Public Affairs) Deep Thinking with Mig Greengard (2017, Public Affairs) Videos Kasparov, Garry, Nigel Short, Raymond Keene and Daniel King.", ": My First Chess Book (2004, Everyman Mindsports) My Great Predecessors Part III (2004, Everyman Chess) My Great Predecessors Part IV (2004, Everyman Chess) My Great Predecessors Part V (2006, Everyman Chess) How Life Imitates Chess (2007, William Heinemann Ltd.) Garry Kasparov on Modern Chess, Part I: Revolution in the 70s (2007, Everyman Chess) Garry Kasparov on Modern Chess, Part II: Kasparov vs Karpov 1975–1985 (2008, Everyman Chess) Garry Kasparov on Modern Chess, Part III: Kasparov vs Karpov 1986–1987 (2009, Everyman Chess) Garry Kasparov on Modern Chess, Part IV: Kasparov vs Karpov 1988–2009 (2010, Everyman Chess) Garry Kasparov on Garry Kasparov, part I (2011, Everyman Chess) Garry Kasparov on Garry Kasparov, part II (2013, Everyman Chess) Garry Kasparov on Garry Kasparov, part III (2014, Everyman Chess) Winter Is Coming: Why Vladimir Putin and the Enemies of the Free World Must Be Stopped (2015, Public Affairs) Deep Thinking with Mig Greengard (2017, Public Affairs) Videos Kasparov, Garry, Nigel Short, Raymond Keene and Daniel King. 1993.", "1993. 1993. Kasparov Short The Inside Story. Grandmaster Video. Kasparov, Garry, Jonathan Tisdall and Jim Plaskett. 2000. My Story. Grandmaster Video. Kasparov, Garry. 2004. How to Play the Queen's Gambit. Chessbase. Kasparov, Garry. 2005. How to Play the Najdorf. Chessbase. vol.", "How to Play the Najdorf. Chessbase. vol. vol. 1 , vol. 2 Kasparov, Garry. 2012. How I Became World Champion 1973–1985. Chessbase. Kasparov, Garry. 2017. Garry Kasparov Teaches Chess. Masterclass.com. Personal life Kasparov has lived in New York City since 2013.", "Personal life Kasparov has lived in New York City since 2013. He has been married three times: to Masha, with whom he had a daughter before divorcing; to Yulia, with whom he had a son before their 2005 divorce; and to Daria (Dasha), with whom he has two children, a daughter born in 2006 and a son born in 2015.", "He has been married three times: to Masha, with whom he had a daughter before divorcing; to Yulia, with whom he had a son before their 2005 divorce; and to Daria (Dasha), with whom he has two children, a daughter born in 2006 and a son born in 2015. Kasparov's wife manages his business activities worldwide as the founder of Kasparov International Management Inc. See also Kasparov Chess, Internet chess club.", "Kasparov's wife manages his business activities worldwide as the founder of Kasparov International Management Inc. See also Kasparov Chess, Internet chess club. Kasparov versus the World List of chess games between Kasparov and Kramnik Committee 2008 Putinism References Further reading External links Garry Kasparov, \"Man of the Year?", "Kasparov versus the World List of chess games between Kasparov and Kramnik Committee 2008 Putinism References Further reading External links Garry Kasparov, \"Man of the Year? \", OpinionJournal, 23 December 2007 Edward Winter, List of Books About Fischer and Kasparov Kasparov's \"Deep Thinking\" talk at Google Garry Kasparov's best games analyzed in video Articles about Garry Kasparov by Edward Winter 1963 births Living people 2011–2013 Russian protests 20th-century male writers 21st-century Russian politicians Azerbaijan University of Languages alumni Chess coaches Chess grandmasters Chess Olympiad competitors Chess historians Communist Party of the Soviet Union members Croatian activists Croatian chess writers Croatian people of Armenian descent Croatian people of Russian-Jewish descent Naturalized citizens of Croatia Chess players from Baku Recipients of the Order of Friendship of Peoples Russian anti-communists Russian chess players Russian chess writers Russian dissidents Russian liberals Russian people of Armenian descent Russian people of Jewish descent Russian political activists Russian sportsperson-politicians Solidarnost politicians Soviet chess players Soviet chess writers Soviet male writers The Other Russia (coalition) World chess champions World Junior Chess Champions" ]

[ "Garry Kasparov", "1984 World Championship", "Where did the World Championship take place?", "I don't know.", "Who were his opponents?", "match between Anatoly Karpov and Garry Kasparov", "Did Garry win?", "The match became the first, and so far only, world championship match to be abandoned without result.", "What was his playing style?", "I don't know.", "What is an interesting fact about this World Championship?", "The termination was controversial, as both players stated that they preferred the match to continue." ]

[ "Suzanne Fournier is a former Chief of Public Affairs for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) in Washington, DC.\n\nPrior to her assignment as Chief of Public Affairs, she served as a civilian employee of USACE in Iraq as part of the U.S. military deployment, and she was a blogger for the web site Cincinnati.com (the web site of the Cincinnati Enquirer), under the name \"Grandma in Iraq.\" Her blog became controversial because although it was stated on the blog that she was a U.S. government employee, some readers of the blog were unaware that she was really a Public Affairs Officer for the Gulf Region Southern District, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Some readers argued that Fournier was trying to sway public opinion without disclosing her identity as a professional public information officer.\n\nA Freedom of Information Act request resulted in release of emails between Fournier, other USACE employees and the Cincinnati Enquirer. The blog was eventually discontinued.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Grandma in Iraq blog , Cincinnati.com\n Grandma in Iraq blog , Cincinnati.com\n 'Cincy Enquirer' Blog By Army PR Officer Draws Flak for Failure To Disclose, Editor and Publisher, April 5, 2006\n Cincy 'Enquirer' Editor Defends Controversial 'Grandma In Iraq' Blog, Editor and Publisher, April 6, 2006\n Controversial \"Grandma In Iraq\" Blog Ending, But Not Why You'd Think, Editor and Publisher, April 10, 2006\n\nLiving people\nThe Cincinnati Enquirer people\nYear of birth missing (living people)", "\"That's Why Darkies Were Born\" was a popular song written by Ray Henderson and Lew Brown. It originated in George White's Scandals of 1931, where white baritone Everett Marshall performed the song in blackface.\n\nThe song was most famously recorded by popular singer Kate Smith, whose rendition was a hit in 1931, and by award-winning singer, film star, scholar, and civil rights activist Paul Robeson. It was also featured in a 1931 all-star recording of a medley of songs from George White's Scandals, where it was sung by Frank Munn on Brunswick and just as famously part of Paul Whiteman medley sung by Native American jazz singer Mildred Bailey on Victor.\n\nOne verse runs:\n\nSomeone had to pick the cotton,\nSomeone had to plant the corn,\nSomeone had to slave and be able to sing,\nThat's why darkies were born.\n\nThe song was part of a fatalistic musical genre in the 1930s where African Americans were depicted as \"fated to work the land, fated to be where they are, to never change.\" \"That's Why Darkies Were Born\" has been described as presenting a satirical view of racism, although others have said there is no evidence that the song was ever performed in a satirical or joking manner. The song was criticized as racist by African American audiences in the early 1930s, and Mildred Bailey received many letters from the public urging her to stop performing it in 1931.\n\nIn popular culture\nThe song is referenced in:\n\n The Marx Brothers film Duck Soup, when Groucho Marx's character Rufus T. Firefly says, \"My father was a little headstrong, my mother was a little armstrong. The Headstrongs married the Armstrongs, and that's why darkies were born.\" Part of Marx's line, primarily the term \"darkies,\" was removed from television prints of this film in the early 1970s. The full dialogue was restored in 1980 for home video releases and future broadcast syndication. \n Gordon and Revel's satirical song \"Underneath the Harlem Moon\", recorded by Don Redman in 1932 and by Randy Newman in 1970, explains: \"They just live for dancing, They're never blue or forlorn, Ain't no sin to laugh or grin, That's why darkies were born.\"\n In the 1933 movie Rufus Jones for President (starring a 7-year-old Sammy Davis Jr.), Ethel Waters changed the words to: “That’s why we Schwartzes were born.”\nWilliam Dieterle's 1936 film Satan Met a Lady, when Arthur Treacher's character Anthony Travers begins to say \"That's why...\" and is cut off by Warren William's character Ted Shane who says sarcastically \"...darkies were born.\"\n\n2019 controversy\nOn April 18, 2019, the New York Yankees announced that Kate Smith's rendition of \"God Bless America\" would no longer be played at Yankee Stadium, citing \"That's Why Darkies Were Born\" along with another controversial song sung by Smith, \"Pickaninny Heaven\". The Philadelphia Flyers followed suit the next day, covering up a statue of Smith that stood outside the Wells Fargo Center, then removing the statue on April 21, 2019.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n via Lyon College\n Paul Robeson - That's Why Darkies Were Born - 1931 via YouTube\n Kate Smith - That's Why Darkies Were Born - 1931 via YouTube\n\nAmerican songs\n1931 songs\nPaul Robeson songs\nKate Smith songs\nSongs with music by Ray Henderson\nSongs with lyrics by Lew Brown\nSatirical songs\nComedy songs\nEthnic humour\nStereotypes of African Americans\nSongs about black people\nBlack comedy music\nRace-related controversies in music" ]

[ "Garry Kimovich Kasparov (Russian: Гарри Кимович Каспаров, Russian pronunciation: [ˈɡarʲɪ ˈkʲiməvʲɪtɕ kɐˈsparəf], born Garik Kimovich Weinstein, Гарик Кимович Вайнштейн; 13 April 1963) is a Russian chess grandmaster, former World Chess Champion, writer, political activist and commentator. His peak rating of 2851, achieved in 1999, was the highest recorded until being surpassed by Magnus Carlsen in 2013.", "His peak rating of 2851, achieved in 1999, was the highest recorded until being surpassed by Magnus Carlsen in 2013. From 1984 until his retirement in 2005, Kasparov was ranked world No. 1 for a record 255 months overall for his career, a record that outstrips all other previous and current players.", "1 for a record 255 months overall for his career, a record that outstrips all other previous and current players. Kasparov also holds records for the most consecutive professional tournament victories (15) and Chess Oscars (11). Kasparov became the youngest ever undisputed World Chess Champion in 1985 at age 22 by defeating then-champion Anatoly Karpov.", "Kasparov became the youngest ever undisputed World Chess Champion in 1985 at age 22 by defeating then-champion Anatoly Karpov. He held the official FIDE world title until 1993 when a dispute with FIDE led him to set up a rival organization, the Professional Chess Association.", "He held the official FIDE world title until 1993 when a dispute with FIDE led him to set up a rival organization, the Professional Chess Association. In 1997 he became the first world champion to lose a match to a computer under standard time controls when he lost to the IBM supercomputer Deep Blue in a highly publicized match.", "In 1997 he became the first world champion to lose a match to a computer under standard time controls when he lost to the IBM supercomputer Deep Blue in a highly publicized match. He continued to hold the \"Classical\" World Chess Championship until his defeat by Vladimir Kramnik in 2000.", "He continued to hold the \"Classical\" World Chess Championship until his defeat by Vladimir Kramnik in 2000. Despite losing the title, he continued winning tournaments and was the world's highest-rated player when he retired from professional chess in 2005. Since retiring, he has devoted his time to politics and writing.", "Since retiring, he has devoted his time to politics and writing. He formed the United Civil Front movement and joined as a member of The Other Russia, a coalition opposing the administration and policies of Vladimir Putin.", "He formed the United Civil Front movement and joined as a member of The Other Russia, a coalition opposing the administration and policies of Vladimir Putin. In 2008, he announced an intention to run as a candidate in that year's Russian presidential race, but after encountering logistical problems in his campaign, for which he blamed \"official obstruction\", he withdrew.", "In 2008, he announced an intention to run as a candidate in that year's Russian presidential race, but after encountering logistical problems in his campaign, for which he blamed \"official obstruction\", he withdrew. In the wake of the Russian mass protests that began in 2011, he announced in 2013 that he had left Russia for the immediate future out of fear of persecution.", "In the wake of the Russian mass protests that began in 2011, he announced in 2013 that he had left Russia for the immediate future out of fear of persecution. Following his flight from Russia, he had lived in New York City with his family.", "Following his flight from Russia, he had lived in New York City with his family. In 2014, he obtained Croatian citizenship, and has maintained a residence in Podstrana near Split. Kasparov is currently chairman of the Human Rights Foundation and chairs its International Council.", "Kasparov is currently chairman of the Human Rights Foundation and chairs its International Council. In 2017, he founded the Renew Democracy Initiative (RDI), an American political organization promoting and defending liberal democracy in the U.S. and abroad. He serves as chairman of the group. Kasparov is also a Security Ambassador for the software company Avast.", "Kasparov is also a Security Ambassador for the software company Avast. Early life and career Kasparov was born Garik Kimovich Weinstein (Russian: Гарик Ки́мович Вайнштейн, Garik Kimovich Vainshtein) in Baku, Azerbaijan SSR (now Azerbaijan), Soviet Union.", "Early life and career Kasparov was born Garik Kimovich Weinstein (Russian: Гарик Ки́мович Вайнштейн, Garik Kimovich Vainshtein) in Baku, Azerbaijan SSR (now Azerbaijan), Soviet Union. His father, Kim Moiseyevich Weinstein, was Jewish, and his mother, Klara Shagenovna Gasparian, was Armenian.", "His father, Kim Moiseyevich Weinstein, was Jewish, and his mother, Klara Shagenovna Gasparian, was Armenian. Kasparov has described himself as a \"self-appointed Christian\", although \"very indifferent\" and identifies as Russian: \"although I'm half-Armenian, half-Jewish, I consider myself Russian because Russian is my native tongue, and I grew up with Russian culture.\"", "Kasparov has described himself as a \"self-appointed Christian\", although \"very indifferent\" and identifies as Russian: \"although I'm half-Armenian, half-Jewish, I consider myself Russian because Russian is my native tongue, and I grew up with Russian culture.\" Kasparov began the serious study of chess after he came across a chess problem set up by his parents and proposed a solution.", "Kasparov began the serious study of chess after he came across a chess problem set up by his parents and proposed a solution. When Garry was seven years old, his father died of leukaemia.", "When Garry was seven years old, his father died of leukaemia. At the age of twelve, Garry, upon request of his mother Klara and with the consent of the family, adopted Klara's surname Kasparov, which was done to avoid possible antisemitic tensions, which were common in the USSR at the time.", "At the age of twelve, Garry, upon request of his mother Klara and with the consent of the family, adopted Klara's surname Kasparov, which was done to avoid possible antisemitic tensions, which were common in the USSR at the time. From age 7, Kasparov attended the Young Pioneer Palace in Baku and, at 10 began training at Mikhail Botvinnik's chess school under coach Vladimir Makogonov.", "From age 7, Kasparov attended the Young Pioneer Palace in Baku and, at 10 began training at Mikhail Botvinnik's chess school under coach Vladimir Makogonov. Makogonov helped develop Kasparov's positional skills and taught him to play the Caro-Kann Defence and the Tartakower System of the Queen's Gambit Declined.", "Makogonov helped develop Kasparov's positional skills and taught him to play the Caro-Kann Defence and the Tartakower System of the Queen's Gambit Declined. Kasparov won the Soviet Junior Championship in Tbilisi in 1976, scoring 7 points of 9, at age 13. He repeated the feat the following year, winning with a score of 8.5 of 9.", "He repeated the feat the following year, winning with a score of 8.5 of 9. He was being trained by Alexander Shakarov during this time. In 1978, Kasparov participated in the Sokolsky Memorial tournament in Minsk. He had been invited as an exception but took first place and became a chess master.", "He had been invited as an exception but took first place and became a chess master. Kasparov has repeatedly said that this event was a turning point in his life and that it convinced him to choose chess as his career. \"I will remember the Sokolsky Memorial as long as I live\", he wrote.", "\"I will remember the Sokolsky Memorial as long as I live\", he wrote. He has also said that after the victory, he thought he had a very good shot at the World Championship. He first qualified for the Soviet Chess Championship at age 15 in 1978, the youngest ever player at that level.", "He first qualified for the Soviet Chess Championship at age 15 in 1978, the youngest ever player at that level. He won the 64-player Swiss system tournament at Daugavpils on tiebreak over Igor V. Ivanov to capture the sole qualifying place. Kasparov rose quickly through the FIDE world rankings.", "Kasparov rose quickly through the FIDE world rankings. Starting with oversight by the Russian Chess Federation, he participated in a grandmaster tournament in Banja Luka, SR Bosnia and Herzegovina (part of Yugoslavia at the time), in 1979 while still unrated (he was a replacement for the Soviet defector Viktor Korchnoi, who was originally invited but withdrew due to the threat of a boycott from the Soviets).", "Starting with oversight by the Russian Chess Federation, he participated in a grandmaster tournament in Banja Luka, SR Bosnia and Herzegovina (part of Yugoslavia at the time), in 1979 while still unrated (he was a replacement for the Soviet defector Viktor Korchnoi, who was originally invited but withdrew due to the threat of a boycott from the Soviets). Kasparov won this high-class tournament, emerging with a provisional rating of 2595, enough to catapult him to the top group of chess players (at the time, number 15 in the world).", "Kasparov won this high-class tournament, emerging with a provisional rating of 2595, enough to catapult him to the top group of chess players (at the time, number 15 in the world). The next year, 1980, he won the World Junior Chess Championship in Dortmund, West Germany.", "The next year, 1980, he won the World Junior Chess Championship in Dortmund, West Germany. Later that year, he made his debut as the second reserve for the Soviet Union at the Chess Olympiad at Valletta, Malta, and became a Grandmaster.", "Later that year, he made his debut as the second reserve for the Soviet Union at the Chess Olympiad at Valletta, Malta, and became a Grandmaster. Towards the top As a teenager, Kasparov tied for first place in the USSR Chess Championship in 1981–82.", "Towards the top As a teenager, Kasparov tied for first place in the USSR Chess Championship in 1981–82. His first win in a superclass-level international tournament was scored at Bugojno, SR Bosnia and Herzegovina, Yugoslavia in 1982. He earned a place in the 1982 Moscow Interzonal tournament, which he won, to qualify for the Candidates Tournament.", "He earned a place in the 1982 Moscow Interzonal tournament, which he won, to qualify for the Candidates Tournament. At age 19, he was the youngest Candidate since Bobby Fischer, who was 15 when he qualified in 1958. At this stage, he was already the No.", "At this stage, he was already the No. 2-rated player in the world, trailing only World Chess Champion Anatoly Karpov on the January 1983 list.Kasparov's first (quarter-final) Candidates match was against Alexander Beliavsky, whom he defeated 6–3 (four wins, one loss).", "2-rated player in the world, trailing only World Chess Champion Anatoly Karpov on the January 1983 list.Kasparov's first (quarter-final) Candidates match was against Alexander Beliavsky, whom he defeated 6–3 (four wins, one loss). Politics threatened Kasparov's semi-final against Viktor Korchnoi, which was scheduled to be played in Pasadena, California.", "Politics threatened Kasparov's semi-final against Viktor Korchnoi, which was scheduled to be played in Pasadena, California. Korchnoi had defected from the Soviet Union in 1976 and was at that time the strongest active non-Soviet player. Various political manoeuvres prevented Kasparov from playing Korchnoi, and Kasparov forfeited the match.", "Various political manoeuvres prevented Kasparov from playing Korchnoi, and Kasparov forfeited the match. This was resolved by Korchnoi allowing the match to be replayed in London, along with the previously scheduled match between Vasily Smyslov and Zoltán Ribli. The Kasparov-Korchnoi match was put together on short notice by Raymond Keene.", "The Kasparov-Korchnoi match was put together on short notice by Raymond Keene. Kasparov lost the first game but won the match 7–4 (four wins, one loss). In January 1984, Kasparov became the No. 1 ranked player in the world, with a FIDE rating of 2710. He became the youngest ever world No.", "He became the youngest ever world No. 1, a record that lasted 12 years until being broken by Vladimir Kramnik in January 1996; the record is currently held by Magnus Carlsen.", "1, a record that lasted 12 years until being broken by Vladimir Kramnik in January 1996; the record is currently held by Magnus Carlsen. Later in 1984, he won the Candidates' final 8½–4½ (four wins, no losses) against the resurgent former world champion Vasily Smyslov, at Vilnius, thus qualifying to play Anatoly Karpov for the World Championship.", "Later in 1984, he won the Candidates' final 8½–4½ (four wins, no losses) against the resurgent former world champion Vasily Smyslov, at Vilnius, thus qualifying to play Anatoly Karpov for the World Championship. That year he joined the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), as a member of which he was elected to the Central Committee of Komsomol in 1987.", "That year he joined the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), as a member of which he was elected to the Central Committee of Komsomol in 1987. 1984 World Championship The World Chess Championship 1984 match between Anatoly Karpov and Garry Kasparov had many ups and downs, and a very controversial finish.", "1984 World Championship The World Chess Championship 1984 match between Anatoly Karpov and Garry Kasparov had many ups and downs, and a very controversial finish. Karpov started in very good form, and after nine games Kasparov was down 4–0 in a \"first to six wins\" match. Fellow players predicted he would be whitewashed 6–0 within 18 games.", "Fellow players predicted he would be whitewashed 6–0 within 18 games. In an unexpected turn of events, there followed a series of 17 successive draws, some relatively short, and others drawn in unsettled positions.", "In an unexpected turn of events, there followed a series of 17 successive draws, some relatively short, and others drawn in unsettled positions. Kasparov lost game 27 (5–0), then fought back with another series of draws until game 32 (5–1), earning his first-ever win against the World Champion.", "Kasparov lost game 27 (5–0), then fought back with another series of draws until game 32 (5–1), earning his first-ever win against the World Champion. Another 14 successive draws followed, through game 46; the previous record length for a world title match had been 34 games, the match of José Raúl Capablanca vs. Alexander Alekhine in 1927.", "Another 14 successive draws followed, through game 46; the previous record length for a world title match had been 34 games, the match of José Raúl Capablanca vs. Alexander Alekhine in 1927. Kasparov won games 47 and 48 to bring the scores to 5–3 in Karpov's favour.", "Kasparov won games 47 and 48 to bring the scores to 5–3 in Karpov's favour. Then the match was ended without result by Florencio Campomanes, the President of the Fédération Internationale des Échecs (FIDE), and a new match was announced to start a few months later.", "Then the match was ended without result by Florencio Campomanes, the President of the Fédération Internationale des Échecs (FIDE), and a new match was announced to start a few months later. The termination was controversial, as both players stated that they preferred the match to continue.", "The termination was controversial, as both players stated that they preferred the match to continue. Announcing his decision at a press conference, Campomanes cited the health of the players, which had been strained by the length of the match. The match became the first, and so far only, world championship match to be abandoned without result.", "The match became the first, and so far only, world championship match to be abandoned without result. Kasparov's relations with Campomanes and FIDE were greatly strained, and the feud between them finally came to a head in 1993 with Kasparov's complete break-away from FIDE.", "Kasparov's relations with Campomanes and FIDE were greatly strained, and the feud between them finally came to a head in 1993 with Kasparov's complete break-away from FIDE. World Champion The second Karpov-Kasparov match in 1985 was organized in Moscow as the best of 24 games where the first player to win 12½ points would claim the World Champion title.", "World Champion The second Karpov-Kasparov match in 1985 was organized in Moscow as the best of 24 games where the first player to win 12½ points would claim the World Champion title. The scores from the terminated match would not carry over; however, in the event of a 12–12 draw, the title would remain with Karpov.", "The scores from the terminated match would not carry over; however, in the event of a 12–12 draw, the title would remain with Karpov. On 9 November 1985, Kasparov secured the title by a score of 13–11, winning the 24th game with Black, using a Sicilian defence.", "On 9 November 1985, Kasparov secured the title by a score of 13–11, winning the 24th game with Black, using a Sicilian defence. He was 22 years old at the time, making him the youngest ever World Champion, and breaking the record held by Mikhail Tal for over 20 years.", "He was 22 years old at the time, making him the youngest ever World Champion, and breaking the record held by Mikhail Tal for over 20 years. Kasparov's win as Black in the 16th game has been recognized as one of the all-time masterpieces in chess history.", "Kasparov's win as Black in the 16th game has been recognized as one of the all-time masterpieces in chess history. As part of the arrangements following the aborted 1984 match, Karpov had been granted (in the event of his defeat) a right to rematch.", "As part of the arrangements following the aborted 1984 match, Karpov had been granted (in the event of his defeat) a right to rematch. Another match took place in 1986, hosted jointly in London and Leningrad, with each city hosting 12 games.", "Another match took place in 1986, hosted jointly in London and Leningrad, with each city hosting 12 games. At one point in the match, Kasparov opened a three-point lead and looked well on his way to a decisive match victory. But Karpov fought back by winning three consecutive games to level the score late in the match.", "But Karpov fought back by winning three consecutive games to level the score late in the match. At this point, Kasparov dismissed one of his seconds, grandmaster Evgeny Vladimirov, accusing him of selling his opening preparation to the Karpov team (as described in Kasparov's autobiography Unlimited Challenge, chapter Stab in the Back).", "At this point, Kasparov dismissed one of his seconds, grandmaster Evgeny Vladimirov, accusing him of selling his opening preparation to the Karpov team (as described in Kasparov's autobiography Unlimited Challenge, chapter Stab in the Back). Kasparov scored one more win and kept his title by a final score of 12½–11½.", "Kasparov scored one more win and kept his title by a final score of 12½–11½. A fourth match for the world title took place in 1987 in Seville, as Karpov had qualified through the Candidates' Matches to again become the official challenger.", "A fourth match for the world title took place in 1987 in Seville, as Karpov had qualified through the Candidates' Matches to again become the official challenger. This match was very close, with neither player holding more than a one-point lead at any time during the contest.", "This match was very close, with neither player holding more than a one-point lead at any time during the contest. Kasparov was down one full point at the time of the final game and needed a win to draw the match and retain his title.", "Kasparov was down one full point at the time of the final game and needed a win to draw the match and retain his title. A long tense game ensued in which Karpov blundered away a pawn just before the first time control, and Kasparov eventually won a long ending.", "A long tense game ensued in which Karpov blundered away a pawn just before the first time control, and Kasparov eventually won a long ending. Kasparov retained his title as the match was drawn by a score of 12–12. (All this meant that Kasparov had played Karpov four times in the period 1984–87, a statistic unprecedented in chess.", "(All this meant that Kasparov had played Karpov four times in the period 1984–87, a statistic unprecedented in chess. Matches organized by FIDE had taken place every three years since 1948, and only Botvinnik had a right to a rematch before Karpov.)", "Matches organized by FIDE had taken place every three years since 1948, and only Botvinnik had a right to a rematch before Karpov.) The fifth match between Kasparov and Karpov was held in New York and Lyon in 1990, with each city hosting 12 games.", "The fifth match between Kasparov and Karpov was held in New York and Lyon in 1990, with each city hosting 12 games. Again, the result was a close one with Kasparov winning by a margin of 12½–11½. In their five world championship matches, Kasparov had 21 wins, 19 losses, and 104 draws in 144 games.", "In their five world championship matches, Kasparov had 21 wins, 19 losses, and 104 draws in 144 games. Break with and ejection from FIDE With the World Champion title in hand, Kasparov began opposing FIDE.", "Break with and ejection from FIDE With the World Champion title in hand, Kasparov began opposing FIDE. In November 1986, he created the Grandmasters Association (GMA), an organization to represent professional chess players and give them more say in FIDE's activities. Kasparov assumed a leadership role.", "Kasparov assumed a leadership role. Kasparov assumed a leadership role. GMA's major achievement was in organizing a series of six World Cup tournaments for the world's top players. This caused a somewhat uneasy relationship to develop with FIDE.", "This caused a somewhat uneasy relationship to develop with FIDE. This stand-off lasted until 1993, by which time a new challenger had qualified through the Candidates cycle for Kasparov's next World Championship defence: Nigel Short, a British grandmaster who had defeated Anatoly Karpov in a qualifying match and then Jan Timman in the finals held in early 1993.", "This stand-off lasted until 1993, by which time a new challenger had qualified through the Candidates cycle for Kasparov's next World Championship defence: Nigel Short, a British grandmaster who had defeated Anatoly Karpov in a qualifying match and then Jan Timman in the finals held in early 1993. After a confusing and compressed bidding process produced lower financial estimates than expected, the world champion and his challenger decided to play outside FIDE's jurisdiction, under another organization created by Kasparov called the Professional Chess Association (PCA).", "After a confusing and compressed bidding process produced lower financial estimates than expected, the world champion and his challenger decided to play outside FIDE's jurisdiction, under another organization created by Kasparov called the Professional Chess Association (PCA). At this point, a great fracture occurred in the lineage of the FIDE World Championship.", "At this point, a great fracture occurred in the lineage of the FIDE World Championship. In an interview in 2007, Kasparov called the break with FIDE the worst mistake of his career, as it hurt the game in the long run. Kasparov and Short were ejected from FIDE and played their well-sponsored match in London in 1993.", "Kasparov and Short were ejected from FIDE and played their well-sponsored match in London in 1993. Kasparov won convincingly by a score of 12½–7½. The match considerably raised the profile of chess in the UK, with an unprecedented level of coverage on Channel 4.", "The match considerably raised the profile of chess in the UK, with an unprecedented level of coverage on Channel 4. Meanwhile, FIDE organized a World Championship match between Jan Timman (the defeated Candidates finalist) and former World Champion Karpov (a defeated Candidates semi-finalist), which Karpov won.", "Meanwhile, FIDE organized a World Championship match between Jan Timman (the defeated Candidates finalist) and former World Champion Karpov (a defeated Candidates semi-finalist), which Karpov won. FIDE removed Kasparov and Short from the FIDE rating lists.", "FIDE removed Kasparov and Short from the FIDE rating lists. Until this happened, there was a parallel rating list presented by PCA which featured all the world top players, regardless of their relation to FIDE. There were now two World Champions: PCA champion Kasparov, and FIDE champion Karpov. The title remained split for 13 years.", "The title remained split for 13 years. Kasparov defended his title in a 1995 match against Viswanathan Anand at the World Trade Center in New York City. Kasparov won the match by four wins to one, with thirteen draws.", "Kasparov won the match by four wins to one, with thirteen draws. Kasparov tried to organize another World Championship match, under another organization, the World Chess Association (WCA) with Linares organizer Luis Rentero. Alexei Shirov and Vladimir Kramnik played a candidates match to decide the challenger, which Shirov won in a surprising upset.", "Alexei Shirov and Vladimir Kramnik played a candidates match to decide the challenger, which Shirov won in a surprising upset. But when Rentero admitted that the funds required and promised had never materialized, the WCA collapsed. This left Kasparov stranded, and yet another organization stepped in: BrainGames.com, headed by Raymond Keene.", "This left Kasparov stranded, and yet another organization stepped in: BrainGames.com, headed by Raymond Keene. No match against Shirov was arranged, and talks with Anand collapsed, so a match was instead arranged against Kramnik.", "No match against Shirov was arranged, and talks with Anand collapsed, so a match was instead arranged against Kramnik. During this period, Kasparov was approached by Oakham School in the United Kingdom, at the time the only school in the country with a full-time chess coach, and developed an interest in the use of chess in education.", "During this period, Kasparov was approached by Oakham School in the United Kingdom, at the time the only school in the country with a full-time chess coach, and developed an interest in the use of chess in education. In 1997, Kasparov supported a scholarship programme at the school. Kasparov also won the Marca Leyenda trophy that year.", "Kasparov also won the Marca Leyenda trophy that year. Losing the title and aftermath The Kasparov-Kramnik match took place in London during the latter half of 2000. Kramnik had been a student of Kasparov's at the famous Botvinnik/Kasparov chess school in Russia and had served on Kasparov's team for the 1995 match against Viswanathan Anand.", "Kramnik had been a student of Kasparov's at the famous Botvinnik/Kasparov chess school in Russia and had served on Kasparov's team for the 1995 match against Viswanathan Anand. The better-prepared Kramnik won game 2 against Kasparov's Grünfeld Defence and achieved winning positions in Games 4 and 6, although Kasparov held the draw in both games.", "The better-prepared Kramnik won game 2 against Kasparov's Grünfeld Defence and achieved winning positions in Games 4 and 6, although Kasparov held the draw in both games. Kasparov made a critical error in Game 10 with the Nimzo-Indian Defence, which Kramnik exploited to win in 25 moves.", "Kasparov made a critical error in Game 10 with the Nimzo-Indian Defence, which Kramnik exploited to win in 25 moves. As White, Kasparov could not crack the passive but solid Berlin Defence in the Ruy Lopez, and Kramnik successfully drew all his games as Black. Kramnik won the match 8½–6½.", "Kramnik won the match 8½–6½. Kramnik won the match 8½–6½. After losing the title, Kasparov won a series of major tournaments, and remained the top-rated player in the world, ahead of both Kramnik and the FIDE World Champions.", "After losing the title, Kasparov won a series of major tournaments, and remained the top-rated player in the world, ahead of both Kramnik and the FIDE World Champions. In 2001 he refused an invitation to the 2002 Dortmund Candidates Tournament for the Classical title, claiming his results had earned him a rematch with Kramnik.", "In 2001 he refused an invitation to the 2002 Dortmund Candidates Tournament for the Classical title, claiming his results had earned him a rematch with Kramnik. Kasparov and Karpov played a four-game match with rapid time controls over two days in December 2002 in New York City.", "Kasparov and Karpov played a four-game match with rapid time controls over two days in December 2002 in New York City. Karpov surprised the experts and emerged victorious, winning two games and drawing one. Due to Kasparov's continuing strong results, and status as world No.", "Due to Kasparov's continuing strong results, and status as world No. 1 in much of the public eye, he was included in the so-called \"Prague Agreement\", masterminded by Yasser Seirawan and intended to reunite the two World Championships. Kasparov was to play a match against the FIDE World Champion Ruslan Ponomariov in September 2003.", "Kasparov was to play a match against the FIDE World Champion Ruslan Ponomariov in September 2003. But this match was called off after Ponomariov refused to sign his contract for it without reservation.", "But this match was called off after Ponomariov refused to sign his contract for it without reservation. In its place, there were plans for a match against Rustam Kasimdzhanov, winner of the FIDE World Chess Championship 2004, to be held in January 2005 in the United Arab Emirates. These also fell through due to a lack of funding.", "These also fell through due to a lack of funding. Plans to hold the match in Turkey instead came too late. Kasparov announced in January 2005 that he was tired of waiting for FIDE to organize a match and so had decided to stop all efforts to regain the World Championship title.", "Kasparov announced in January 2005 that he was tired of waiting for FIDE to organize a match and so had decided to stop all efforts to regain the World Championship title. Retirement from chess After winning the prestigious Linares tournament for the ninth time, Kasparov announced on 10 March 2005 that he would retire from serious competitive chess.", "Retirement from chess After winning the prestigious Linares tournament for the ninth time, Kasparov announced on 10 March 2005 that he would retire from serious competitive chess. He cited as the reason a lack of personal goals in the chess world (he commented when winning the Russian championship in 2004 that it had been the last major title he had never won outright) and expressed frustration at the failure to reunify the world championship.", "He cited as the reason a lack of personal goals in the chess world (he commented when winning the Russian championship in 2004 that it had been the last major title he had never won outright) and expressed frustration at the failure to reunify the world championship. Kasparov said he might play in some rapid chess events for fun, but he intended to spend more time on his books, including the My Great Predecessors series, and work on the links between decision-making in chess and other areas of life.", "Kasparov said he might play in some rapid chess events for fun, but he intended to spend more time on his books, including the My Great Predecessors series, and work on the links between decision-making in chess and other areas of life. He also stated that he would continue to involve himself in Russian politics, which he viewed as \"headed down the wrong path.\"", "He also stated that he would continue to involve himself in Russian politics, which he viewed as \"headed down the wrong path.\" Post-retirement chess On 22 August 2006, in his first public chess games since his retirement, Kasparov played in the Lichthof Chess Champions Tournament, a blitz event played at the time control of 5 minutes per side and 3-second increments per move.", "Post-retirement chess On 22 August 2006, in his first public chess games since his retirement, Kasparov played in the Lichthof Chess Champions Tournament, a blitz event played at the time control of 5 minutes per side and 3-second increments per move. Kasparov tied for first with Anatoly Karpov, scoring 4½/6.", "Kasparov tied for first with Anatoly Karpov, scoring 4½/6. Kasparov and Anatoly Karpov played a 12-game match from 21 to 24 September 2009, in Valencia, Spain.", "Kasparov and Anatoly Karpov played a 12-game match from 21 to 24 September 2009, in Valencia, Spain. It consisted of four rapid (or semi rapid) games, in which Kasparov won 3–1, and eight blitz games, in which Kasparov won 6–2, winning the match with a total result of 9–3.", "It consisted of four rapid (or semi rapid) games, in which Kasparov won 3–1, and eight blitz games, in which Kasparov won 6–2, winning the match with a total result of 9–3. The event took place exactly 25 years after the two players' legendary encounter at World Chess Championship 1984.", "The event took place exactly 25 years after the two players' legendary encounter at World Chess Championship 1984. Kasparov actively coached Magnus Carlsen for approximately one year beginning in February 2009. The collaboration remained secret until September 2009.", "The collaboration remained secret until September 2009. Under Kasparov's tutelage, Carlsen in October 2009 became the youngest ever to achieve a FIDE rating higher than 2800 and rose from world number four to world number one.", "Under Kasparov's tutelage, Carlsen in October 2009 became the youngest ever to achieve a FIDE rating higher than 2800 and rose from world number four to world number one. While the pair initially planned to work together throughout 2010, in March of that year it was announced that Carlsen had split from Kasparov and would no longer be using him as a trainer.", "While the pair initially planned to work together throughout 2010, in March of that year it was announced that Carlsen had split from Kasparov and would no longer be using him as a trainer. According to an interview with the German magazine Der Spiegel, Carlsen indicated that he would remain in contact and that he would continue to attend training sessions with Kasparov, but in fact, no further training sessions were held and the cooperation gradually fizzled out over the course of the spring.", "According to an interview with the German magazine Der Spiegel, Carlsen indicated that he would remain in contact and that he would continue to attend training sessions with Kasparov, but in fact, no further training sessions were held and the cooperation gradually fizzled out over the course of the spring. In May 2010 he played 30 games simultaneously, winning each one, against players at Tel Aviv University in Israel.", "In May 2010 he played 30 games simultaneously, winning each one, against players at Tel Aviv University in Israel. In the same month, it was revealed that Kasparov had aided Viswanathan Anand in preparation for the World Chess Championship 2010 against challenger Veselin Topalov. Anand won the match 6½–5½ to retain the title.", "Anand won the match 6½–5½ to retain the title. In January 2011, Kasparov began training the U.S. grandmaster Hikaru Nakamura. The first of several training sessions were held in New York just before Nakamura participated in the Tata Steel Chess tournament in Wijk aan Zee, the Netherlands.", "The first of several training sessions were held in New York just before Nakamura participated in the Tata Steel Chess tournament in Wijk aan Zee, the Netherlands. In December 2011, it was announced that the cooperation had come to an end. Kasparov played two blitz exhibition matches in the autumn of 2011.", "Kasparov played two blitz exhibition matches in the autumn of 2011. The first was in September against French grandmaster Maxime Vachier-Lagrave, in Clichy (France), which Kasparov won 1½–½. The second was a longer match consisting of eight blitz games played on 9 October, against English grandmaster Nigel Short.", "The second was a longer match consisting of eight blitz games played on 9 October, against English grandmaster Nigel Short. Kasparov won again by a score of 4½–3½. A little after that, in October 2011, Kasparov played and defeated fourteen opponents in a simultaneous exhibition that took place in Bratislava.", "A little after that, in October 2011, Kasparov played and defeated fourteen opponents in a simultaneous exhibition that took place in Bratislava. On 25 and 26 April 2015, Kasparov played a mini-match against Nigel Short. The match consisted of two rapid games and eight blitz games and was contested over the course of two days.", "The match consisted of two rapid games and eight blitz games and was contested over the course of two days. Both commentators GM Maurice Ashley and Alejandro Ramirez remarked how Kasparov was an 'initiative hog' throughout the match, consistently not allowing Short to gain any foothold in the games, and won the match decisively with a score of 8½–1½.", "Both commentators GM Maurice Ashley and Alejandro Ramirez remarked how Kasparov was an 'initiative hog' throughout the match, consistently not allowing Short to gain any foothold in the games, and won the match decisively with a score of 8½–1½. Kasparov also managed to win all five games on the second day, with his victories characterised by aggressive pawn moves breaking up Short's position, thereby allowing Kasparov's pieces to achieve positional superiority.", "Kasparov also managed to win all five games on the second day, with his victories characterised by aggressive pawn moves breaking up Short's position, thereby allowing Kasparov's pieces to achieve positional superiority. On Wednesday 19 August 2015, he played and won all 19 games of a simultaneous exhibition in Pula, Croatia.", "On Wednesday 19 August 2015, he played and won all 19 games of a simultaneous exhibition in Pula, Croatia. On Thursday 28 April and Friday 29 April 2016 at the Chess Club and Scholastic Center of Saint Louis, Kasparov played a 6-round exhibition blitz round-robin tournament with Fabiano Caruana, Wesley So, and Hikaru Nakamura in an event called the Ultimate Blitz Challenge.", "On Thursday 28 April and Friday 29 April 2016 at the Chess Club and Scholastic Center of Saint Louis, Kasparov played a 6-round exhibition blitz round-robin tournament with Fabiano Caruana, Wesley So, and Hikaru Nakamura in an event called the Ultimate Blitz Challenge. He finished the tournament third with 9.5/18, behind Hikaru Nakamura (11/18) and Wesley So (10/18).", "He finished the tournament third with 9.5/18, behind Hikaru Nakamura (11/18) and Wesley So (10/18). At the post-tournament interview, he considered the possibility of playing future top-level blitz exhibition matches. On 2 June 2016, Kasparov played against fifteen chess players in a simultaneous exhibition in the Kaiser-Friedrich-Halle of Mönchengladbach. He won all games.", "He won all games. He won all games. Candidate for FIDE presidency On 7 October 2013, Kasparov announced his candidacy for World Chess Federation president during a reception in Tallinn, Estonia, where the 84th FIDE Congress took place.", "Candidate for FIDE presidency On 7 October 2013, Kasparov announced his candidacy for World Chess Federation president during a reception in Tallinn, Estonia, where the 84th FIDE Congress took place. Kasparov's candidacy was supported by his former student, reigning World Chess Champion and FIDE#1 ranked player Magnus Carlsen.", "Kasparov's candidacy was supported by his former student, reigning World Chess Champion and FIDE#1 ranked player Magnus Carlsen. At the FIDE General Assembly in August 2014, Kasparov lost the presidential election to incumbent FIDE president Kirsan Ilyumzhinov, with a vote of 110–61.", "At the FIDE General Assembly in August 2014, Kasparov lost the presidential election to incumbent FIDE president Kirsan Ilyumzhinov, with a vote of 110–61. A few days before the election took place, the New York Times Magazine had published a lengthy report on the viciously fought campaign.", "A few days before the election took place, the New York Times Magazine had published a lengthy report on the viciously fought campaign. Included was information about a leaked contract between Kasparov and former FIDE Secretary General Ignatius Leong from Singapore, in which the Kasparov campaign reportedly \"offered to pay Leong US$500,000 and to pay $250,000 a year for four years to the ASEAN Chess Academy, an organization Leong helped create to teach the game, specifying that Leong would be responsible for delivering 11 votes from his region [...]\".", "Included was information about a leaked contract between Kasparov and former FIDE Secretary General Ignatius Leong from Singapore, in which the Kasparov campaign reportedly \"offered to pay Leong US$500,000 and to pay $250,000 a year for four years to the ASEAN Chess Academy, an organization Leong helped create to teach the game, specifying that Leong would be responsible for delivering 11 votes from his region [...]\". In September 2015, the FIDE Ethics Commission found Kasparov and Leong guilty of violating its Code of Ethics and later suspended them for two years from all FIDE functions and meetings.", "In September 2015, the FIDE Ethics Commission found Kasparov and Leong guilty of violating its Code of Ethics and later suspended them for two years from all FIDE functions and meetings. Return from retirement In 2017, Kasparov came out of retirement to participate in the inaugural St. Louis Rapid and Blitz tournament from 14 to 19 August, scoring 3.5/9 in the rapid and 9/18 in the blitz, finishing eighth out of ten participants, which included Nakamura, Caruana, former world champion Anand, and the eventual winner, Aronian.", "Return from retirement In 2017, Kasparov came out of retirement to participate in the inaugural St. Louis Rapid and Blitz tournament from 14 to 19 August, scoring 3.5/9 in the rapid and 9/18 in the blitz, finishing eighth out of ten participants, which included Nakamura, Caruana, former world champion Anand, and the eventual winner, Aronian. Any tournament money that he earned would go towards charities to promote chess in Africa.", "Any tournament money that he earned would go towards charities to promote chess in Africa. In 2020 he participated in 9LX tournament in Chess 960. He finished eighth in a field of 10 players. Notably he drew a game against Magnus Carlsen, who tied for first place.", "Notably he drew a game against Magnus Carlsen, who tied for first place. In 2021 he launched Kasparovchess, a subscription-based online chess community featuring documentaries, lessons and puzzles, podcasts, articles, interviews, and playing zones. In 2021, Kasparov played in the blitz section of the Grand Chess Tour event in Zagreb, Croatia.", "In 2021, Kasparov played in the blitz section of the Grand Chess Tour event in Zagreb, Croatia. He performed poorly, however, scoring 0.5/9 on the first day and 2.0/9 on the second day, getting his only win against Jorden Van Foreest.", "He performed poorly, however, scoring 0.5/9 on the first day and 2.0/9 on the second day, getting his only win against Jorden Van Foreest. He also participated in 9XL 2 - Chess 960 tournament - finishing fifth in a field of 10 players, with a score of 5/9.", "He also participated in 9XL 2 - Chess 960 tournament - finishing fifth in a field of 10 players, with a score of 5/9. Politics 1980s Kasparov's grandfather was a staunch communist but Kasparov gradually began to have doubts about the Soviet Union's political system at age 13 when he travelled abroad for the first time to Paris for a chess tournament.", "Politics 1980s Kasparov's grandfather was a staunch communist but Kasparov gradually began to have doubts about the Soviet Union's political system at age 13 when he travelled abroad for the first time to Paris for a chess tournament. In 1981, at age 18 he read Solzhenitsyn's The Gulag Archipelago, a copy of which he bought while abroad.", "In 1981, at age 18 he read Solzhenitsyn's The Gulag Archipelago, a copy of which he bought while abroad. Kasparov joined the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) in 1984, and in 1987 was elected to the Central Committee of Komsomol. However, in 1990, he left the party.", "However, in 1990, he left the party. 1990s In January 1990, Kasparov and his family fled Baku to escape pogroms against Armenians. In May 1990, Kasparov took part in the creation of the Democratic Party of Russia, which at first was a liberal anti-communist party, later shifting to centrism.", "In May 1990, Kasparov took part in the creation of the Democratic Party of Russia, which at first was a liberal anti-communist party, later shifting to centrism. Kasparov left the party on 28 April 1991, after its conference.", "Kasparov left the party on 28 April 1991, after its conference. In 1991, Kasparov received the Keeper of the Flame award from the Center for Security Policy, a Washington, D.C. based far-right, anti-Muslim think tank.", "In 1991, Kasparov received the Keeper of the Flame award from the Center for Security Policy, a Washington, D.C. based far-right, anti-Muslim think tank. In his acceptance speech Kasparov lauded the defeat of communism while also urging the United States to give no financial assistance to central Soviet leaders.", "In his acceptance speech Kasparov lauded the defeat of communism while also urging the United States to give no financial assistance to central Soviet leaders. In June 1993, Kasparov was involved with the creation of the \"Choice of Russia\" bloc of parties and in 1996 took part in the election campaign of Boris Yeltsin.", "In June 1993, Kasparov was involved with the creation of the \"Choice of Russia\" bloc of parties and in 1996 took part in the election campaign of Boris Yeltsin. In 2001 he voiced his support for the Russian television channel NTV.", "In 2001 he voiced his support for the Russian television channel NTV. In 1997, Kasparov was awarded honorary citizenship of Bosnia and Herzegovina for his support of Bosnian people during the Bosnian War. 2000s In 2002, he called for Turkey to be admitted to the European Union if Turkey recognizes the Armenian genocide.", "2000s In 2002, he called for Turkey to be admitted to the European Union if Turkey recognizes the Armenian genocide. After his retirement from chess in 2005, Kasparov turned to politics and created the United Civil Front, a social movement whose main goal is to \"work to preserve electoral democracy in Russia\".", "After his retirement from chess in 2005, Kasparov turned to politics and created the United Civil Front, a social movement whose main goal is to \"work to preserve electoral democracy in Russia\". He has vowed to \"restore democracy\" to Russia by restoring the rule of law.", "He has vowed to \"restore democracy\" to Russia by restoring the rule of law. Kasparov was instrumental in setting up The Other Russia, a coalition which opposes Putin's government.", "Kasparov was instrumental in setting up The Other Russia, a coalition which opposes Putin's government. The Other Russia has been boycotted by the leaders of Russia's mainstream opposition parties, Yabloko and Union of Right Forces due to its inclusion of both nationalist and radical groups.", "The Other Russia has been boycotted by the leaders of Russia's mainstream opposition parties, Yabloko and Union of Right Forces due to its inclusion of both nationalist and radical groups. Kasparov has criticized these groups as being secretly under the auspices of the Kremlin.", "Kasparov has criticized these groups as being secretly under the auspices of the Kremlin. In April 2005, Kasparov was in Moscow at a promotional event when he was struck over the head with a chessboard he had just signed.", "In April 2005, Kasparov was in Moscow at a promotional event when he was struck over the head with a chessboard he had just signed. The assailant was reported to have said \"I admired you as a chess player, but you gave that up for politics\" immediately before the attack.", "The assailant was reported to have said \"I admired you as a chess player, but you gave that up for politics\" immediately before the attack. Kasparov has been the subject of a number of other episodes since, including police brutality and alleged harassment from the Russian secret service.", "Kasparov has been the subject of a number of other episodes since, including police brutality and alleged harassment from the Russian secret service. Kasparov helped organize the Saint Petersburg Dissenters' March on 3 March 2007 and The March of the Dissenters on 24 March 2007, both involving several thousand people rallying against Putin and Saint Petersburg Governor Valentina Matviyenko's policies.", "Kasparov helped organize the Saint Petersburg Dissenters' March on 3 March 2007 and The March of the Dissenters on 24 March 2007, both involving several thousand people rallying against Putin and Saint Petersburg Governor Valentina Matviyenko's policies. In April 2007, Kasparov led a pro-democracy demonstration in Moscow.", "In April 2007, Kasparov led a pro-democracy demonstration in Moscow. Soon after the demonstration's start, however, over 9,000 police descended on the group and seized almost everyone. Kasparov, who was briefly arrested by the Moscow police, was warned by the prosecution office on the eve of the march that anyone participating risked being detained.", "Kasparov, who was briefly arrested by the Moscow police, was warned by the prosecution office on the eve of the march that anyone participating risked being detained. He was held for some 10 hours and then fined and released. He was later summoned by the FSB for violations of Russian anti-extremism laws.", "He was later summoned by the FSB for violations of Russian anti-extremism laws. Speaking about Kasparov, former KGB defector Oleg Kalugin in 2007 remarked, \"I do not talk in details – people who knew them are all dead now because they were vocal, they were open. I am quiet.", "I am quiet. I am quiet. There is only one man who is vocal and he may be in trouble: [former] world chess champion [Garry] Kasparov. He has been very outspoken in his attacks on Putin and I believe that he is probably next on the list.\"", "He has been very outspoken in his attacks on Putin and I believe that he is probably next on the list.\" Kasparov gave speeches at think tanks such as the Hoover Institution. On 30 September 2007, Kasparov entered the Russian presidential race, receiving 379 of 498 votes at a congress held in Moscow by The Other Russia.", "On 30 September 2007, Kasparov entered the Russian presidential race, receiving 379 of 498 votes at a congress held in Moscow by The Other Russia. In October 2007, Kasparov announced his intention of standing for the Russian presidency as the candidate of the \"Other Russia\" coalition and vowed to fight for a \"democratic and just Russia\".", "In October 2007, Kasparov announced his intention of standing for the Russian presidency as the candidate of the \"Other Russia\" coalition and vowed to fight for a \"democratic and just Russia\". Later that month he traveled to the United States, where he appeared on several popular television programs, which were hosted by Stephen Colbert, Wolf Blitzer, Bill Maher, and Chris Matthews.", "Later that month he traveled to the United States, where he appeared on several popular television programs, which were hosted by Stephen Colbert, Wolf Blitzer, Bill Maher, and Chris Matthews. In November 2007, Kasparov and other protesters were detained by police at an Other Russia rally in Moscow, which drew 3,000 demonstrators to protest election rigging.", "In November 2007, Kasparov and other protesters were detained by police at an Other Russia rally in Moscow, which drew 3,000 demonstrators to protest election rigging. Following an attempt by about 100 protesters to march through police lines to the electoral commission, which had barred Other Russia candidates from parliamentary elections, arrests were made.", "Following an attempt by about 100 protesters to march through police lines to the electoral commission, which had barred Other Russia candidates from parliamentary elections, arrests were made. The Russian authorities stated a rally had been approved but not any marches, resulting in several detained demonstrators.", "The Russian authorities stated a rally had been approved but not any marches, resulting in several detained demonstrators. He was subsequently charged with resisting arrest and organizing an unauthorized protest and given a jail sentence of five days. Kasparov appealed the charges, citing that he had been following orders given by the police, although it was denied.", "Kasparov appealed the charges, citing that he had been following orders given by the police, although it was denied. He was released from jail on 29 November. Putin criticized Kasparov at the rally for his use of English when speaking rather than Russian.", "Putin criticized Kasparov at the rally for his use of English when speaking rather than Russian. In December 2007, Kasparov announced that he had to withdraw his presidential candidacy due to inability to rent a meeting hall where at least 500 of his supporters could assemble.", "In December 2007, Kasparov announced that he had to withdraw his presidential candidacy due to inability to rent a meeting hall where at least 500 of his supporters could assemble. With the deadline expiring on that date, he explained it was impossible for him to run. Russian election laws required sufficient meeting hall space for assembling supporters.", "Russian election laws required sufficient meeting hall space for assembling supporters. Kasparov's spokeswoman accused the government of using pressure to deter anyone from renting a hall for the gathering and said that the electoral commission had rejected a proposal that would have allowed for smaller gathering sizes rather than one large gathering at a meeting hall.", "Kasparov's spokeswoman accused the government of using pressure to deter anyone from renting a hall for the gathering and said that the electoral commission had rejected a proposal that would have allowed for smaller gathering sizes rather than one large gathering at a meeting hall. 2010s—2020s Kasparov was among the 34 first signatories and a key organizer of the online anti-Putin campaign \"Putin must go\", started on 10 March 2010.", "2010s—2020s Kasparov was among the 34 first signatories and a key organizer of the online anti-Putin campaign \"Putin must go\", started on 10 March 2010. The campaign was begun by a coalition of opposition to Putin who regard his rule as lacking any rule of law.", "The campaign was begun by a coalition of opposition to Putin who regard his rule as lacking any rule of law. Within the text is a call to Russian law enforcement to ignore Putin's orders. By June 2011, there were 90,000 signatures.", "By June 2011, there were 90,000 signatures. While the identity of the petition author remained anonymous, there was wide speculation that it was indeed Kasparov. Kasparov was named Chairman of the Human Rights Foundation in 2011.", "Kasparov was named Chairman of the Human Rights Foundation in 2011. On 31 January 2012, Kasparov hosted a meeting of opposition leaders planning a mass march on 4 February 2012, the third major opposition rally held since the disputed State Duma elections of December 2011. Among other opposition leaders attending were Alexey Navalny and Yevgenia Chirikova.", "Among other opposition leaders attending were Alexey Navalny and Yevgenia Chirikova. On 17 August 2012, Kasparov was arrested and beaten outside of the Moscow court while attending the sentencing in the case involving the all-female punk band Pussy Riot.", "On 17 August 2012, Kasparov was arrested and beaten outside of the Moscow court while attending the sentencing in the case involving the all-female punk band Pussy Riot. On 24 August, he was cleared of charges that he took part in an unauthorized protest against the conviction of three members of Pussy Riot.", "On 24 August, he was cleared of charges that he took part in an unauthorized protest against the conviction of three members of Pussy Riot. Judge Yekaterina Veklich said there were \"no grounds to believe the testimony of the police\".", "Judge Yekaterina Veklich said there were \"no grounds to believe the testimony of the police\". He could still face criminal charges over a police officer's claims that the opposition leader bit his finger while he was being detained. He later thanked all the bloggers and reporters who provided video evidence that contradicted the testimony of the police.", "He later thanked all the bloggers and reporters who provided video evidence that contradicted the testimony of the police. Kasparov wrote in February 2013 that \"fascism has come to Russia. ... Project Putin, just like the old Project Hitler, is but the fruit of a conspiracy by the ruling elite.", "... Project Putin, just like the old Project Hitler, is but the fruit of a conspiracy by the ruling elite. Fascist rule was never the result of the free will of the people. It was always the fruit of a conspiracy by the ruling elites!\"", "It was always the fruit of a conspiracy by the ruling elites!\" In April 2013, Kasparov joined in an HRF condemnation of Kanye West for having performed for the leader of Kazakhstan in exchange for a $3 million paycheck, saying that West \"has entertained a brutal killer and his entourage\" and that his fee \"came from the loot stolen from the Kazakhstan treasury\".", "In April 2013, Kasparov joined in an HRF condemnation of Kanye West for having performed for the leader of Kazakhstan in exchange for a $3 million paycheck, saying that West \"has entertained a brutal killer and his entourage\" and that his fee \"came from the loot stolen from the Kazakhstan treasury\". Kasparov denied rumors in April 2013 that he planned to leave Russia for good.", "Kasparov denied rumors in April 2013 that he planned to leave Russia for good. \"I found these rumors to be deeply saddening and, moreover, surprising,\" he wrote.", "\"I found these rumors to be deeply saddening and, moreover, surprising,\" he wrote. \"I was unable to respond immediately because I was in such a state of shock that such an incredibly inaccurate statement, the likes of which is constantly distributed by the Kremlin's propagandists, came this time from Ilya Yashin, a fellow member of the Opposition Coordination Council (KSO) and my former colleague from the Solidarity movement.\"", "\"I was unable to respond immediately because I was in such a state of shock that such an incredibly inaccurate statement, the likes of which is constantly distributed by the Kremlin's propagandists, came this time from Ilya Yashin, a fellow member of the Opposition Coordination Council (KSO) and my former colleague from the Solidarity movement.\" In an April 2013 op-ed piece, Kasparov accused prominent Russian journalist Vladimir Posner of failing to stand up to Putin and to earlier Russian and Soviet leaders.", "In an April 2013 op-ed piece, Kasparov accused prominent Russian journalist Vladimir Posner of failing to stand up to Putin and to earlier Russian and Soviet leaders. Kasparov was presented with the Morris B. Abram Human Rights Award, UN Watch's annual human-rights prize, in 2013.", "Kasparov was presented with the Morris B. Abram Human Rights Award, UN Watch's annual human-rights prize, in 2013. The organization praised him as \"not only one of the world's smartest men\" but \"also among its bravest\".", "The organization praised him as \"not only one of the world's smartest men\" but \"also among its bravest\". At the 2013 Women in the World conference, Kasparov told The Daily Beasts Michael Moynihan that democracy no longer existed in what he called Russia's \"dictatorship\".", "At the 2013 Women in the World conference, Kasparov told The Daily Beasts Michael Moynihan that democracy no longer existed in what he called Russia's \"dictatorship\". Kasparov said at a press conference in June 2013 that if he returned to Russia he doubted he would be allowed to leave again, given Putin's ongoing crackdown against dissenters.", "Kasparov said at a press conference in June 2013 that if he returned to Russia he doubted he would be allowed to leave again, given Putin's ongoing crackdown against dissenters. \"So for the time being,\" he said, \"I refrain from returning to Russia.\"", "\"So for the time being,\" he said, \"I refrain from returning to Russia.\" He explained shortly thereafter in an article for The Daily Beast that this had not been intended as \"a declaration of leaving my home country, permanently or otherwise\", but merely an expression of \"the dark reality of the situation in Russia today, where nearly half the members of the opposition's Coordinating Council are under criminal investigation on concocted charges\".", "He explained shortly thereafter in an article for The Daily Beast that this had not been intended as \"a declaration of leaving my home country, permanently or otherwise\", but merely an expression of \"the dark reality of the situation in Russia today, where nearly half the members of the opposition's Coordinating Council are under criminal investigation on concocted charges\". He noted that the Moscow prosecutor's office was \"opening an investigation that would limit my ability to travel\", making it impossible for him to fulfill \"professional speaking engagements\" and hindering his \"work for the nonprofit Kasparov Chess Foundation, which has centers in New York City, Brussels, and Johannesburg to promote chess in education\".", "He noted that the Moscow prosecutor's office was \"opening an investigation that would limit my ability to travel\", making it impossible for him to fulfill \"professional speaking engagements\" and hindering his \"work for the nonprofit Kasparov Chess Foundation, which has centers in New York City, Brussels, and Johannesburg to promote chess in education\". Kasparov further wrote in his June 2013 Daily Beast article that the mass protests in Moscow 18 months earlier against fraudulent Russian elections had been \"a proud moment for me\".", "Kasparov further wrote in his June 2013 Daily Beast article that the mass protests in Moscow 18 months earlier against fraudulent Russian elections had been \"a proud moment for me\". He recalled that after joining the opposition movement in March 2005, he had been criticized for seeking to unite \"every anti-Putin element in the country to march together regardless of ideology\".", "He recalled that after joining the opposition movement in March 2005, he had been criticized for seeking to unite \"every anti-Putin element in the country to march together regardless of ideology\". Therefore, the sight of \"hundreds of flags representing every group from liberals to nationalists all marching together for 'Russia Without Putin' was the fulfillment of a dream.\"", "Therefore, the sight of \"hundreds of flags representing every group from liberals to nationalists all marching together for 'Russia Without Putin' was the fulfillment of a dream.\" Yet most Russians, he lamented, had continued to \"slumber\" even as Putin had \"taken off the flimsy mask of democracy to reveal himself in full as the would-be KGB dictator he has always been\".", "Yet most Russians, he lamented, had continued to \"slumber\" even as Putin had \"taken off the flimsy mask of democracy to reveal himself in full as the would-be KGB dictator he has always been\". Kasparov responded with several sardonic Twitter postings to a September 2013 The New York Times op-ed by Putin.", "Kasparov responded with several sardonic Twitter postings to a September 2013 The New York Times op-ed by Putin. \"I hope Putin has taken adequate protections,\" he tweeted. \"Now that he is a Russian journalist his life may be in grave danger!\"", "\"Now that he is a Russian journalist his life may be in grave danger!\" Also: \"Now we can expect NY Times op-eds by Mugabe on fair elections, Castro on free speech, & Kim Jong-un on prison reform. The Axis of Hypocrisy.\"", "The Axis of Hypocrisy.\" The Axis of Hypocrisy.\" In a 12 May 2013 op-ed for The Wall Street Journal, Kasparov questioned reports that the Russian security agency, the FSB, had fully cooperated with the FBI in the matter of the Boston bombers.", "In a 12 May 2013 op-ed for The Wall Street Journal, Kasparov questioned reports that the Russian security agency, the FSB, had fully cooperated with the FBI in the matter of the Boston bombers. He noted that the elder bomber, Tamerlan Tsarnaev, had reportedly met in Russia with two known jihadists who \"were killed in Dagestan by the Russian military just days before Tamerlan left Russia for the U.S.\" Kasparov argued, \"If no intelligence was sent from Moscow to Washington\" about this meeting, \"all this talk of FSB cooperation cannot be taken seriously.\"", "He noted that the elder bomber, Tamerlan Tsarnaev, had reportedly met in Russia with two known jihadists who \"were killed in Dagestan by the Russian military just days before Tamerlan left Russia for the U.S.\" Kasparov argued, \"If no intelligence was sent from Moscow to Washington\" about this meeting, \"all this talk of FSB cooperation cannot be taken seriously.\" He further observed, \"This would not be the first time Russian security forces seemed strangely impotent in the face of an impending terror attack,\" pointing out that in both the 2002 Moscow theater siege and the 2004 Beslan school attack, \"there were FSB informants in both terror groups – yet the attacks went ahead unimpeded.\"", "He further observed, \"This would not be the first time Russian security forces seemed strangely impotent in the face of an impending terror attack,\" pointing out that in both the 2002 Moscow theater siege and the 2004 Beslan school attack, \"there were FSB informants in both terror groups – yet the attacks went ahead unimpeded.\" Given this history, he wrote, \"it is impossible to overlook that the Boston bombing took place just days after the U.S. Magnitsky List was published, creating the first serious external threat to the Putin power structure by penalizing Russian officials complicit in human-rights crimes.\"", "Given this history, he wrote, \"it is impossible to overlook that the Boston bombing took place just days after the U.S. Magnitsky List was published, creating the first serious external threat to the Putin power structure by penalizing Russian officials complicit in human-rights crimes.\" In sum, Putin's \"dubious record on counterterrorism and its continued support of terror sponsors Iran and Syria mean only one thing: common ground zero\".", "In sum, Putin's \"dubious record on counterterrorism and its continued support of terror sponsors Iran and Syria mean only one thing: common ground zero\". Kasparov wrote in July 2013 about the trial in Kirov of fellow opposition leader Alexei Navalny, who had been convicted \"on concocted embezzlement charges\", only to see the prosecutor, surprisingly, ask for his release the next day pending appeal.", "Kasparov wrote in July 2013 about the trial in Kirov of fellow opposition leader Alexei Navalny, who had been convicted \"on concocted embezzlement charges\", only to see the prosecutor, surprisingly, ask for his release the next day pending appeal. \"The judicial process and the democratic process in Russia,\" wrote Kasparov, \"are both elaborate mockeries created to distract the citizenry at home and to help Western leaders avoid confronting the awkward fact that Russia has returned to a police state\".", "\"The judicial process and the democratic process in Russia,\" wrote Kasparov, \"are both elaborate mockeries created to distract the citizenry at home and to help Western leaders avoid confronting the awkward fact that Russia has returned to a police state\". Still, Kasparov felt that whatever had caused the Kirov prosecutor's about-face, \"my optimism tells me it was a positive sign.", "Still, Kasparov felt that whatever had caused the Kirov prosecutor's about-face, \"my optimism tells me it was a positive sign. After more than 13 years of predictable repression under Putin, anything different is good.\" Kasparov had maintained a summer home in the Croatian city of Makarska.", "Kasparov had maintained a summer home in the Croatian city of Makarska. In February 2014, he applied for citizenship by naturalisation in Croatia, according to media reports, claiming he was finding it increasingly difficult to live in Russia.", "In February 2014, he applied for citizenship by naturalisation in Croatia, according to media reports, claiming he was finding it increasingly difficult to live in Russia. According to an article in The Guardian, Kasparov was \"widely perceived\" as having been a vocal supporter of Croatian independence during the early 1990s.", "According to an article in The Guardian, Kasparov was \"widely perceived\" as having been a vocal supporter of Croatian independence during the early 1990s. Later in February 2014, his application for naturalisation was approved and he had a meeting with Croatian prime minister Zoran Milanović on 27 February.", "Later in February 2014, his application for naturalisation was approved and he had a meeting with Croatian prime minister Zoran Milanović on 27 February. Croatian press cited his \"lobbying for Croatia in 1991\" as grounds for the expedited naturalisation. Subsequent publications in Croatian press suggested that his lobbying for Croatia \"was handsomely paid for\".", "Subsequent publications in Croatian press suggested that his lobbying for Croatia \"was handsomely paid for\". In an interview for a Croatian daily published in February 2022, Kasparov said he was \"very grateful\" to Croatian president Zoran Milanović for the help rendered by him (then as prime minister) in obtaining Croatian citizenship.", "In an interview for a Croatian daily published in February 2022, Kasparov said he was \"very grateful\" to Croatian president Zoran Milanović for the help rendered by him (then as prime minister) in obtaining Croatian citizenship. Political views In September 2013, Kasparov wrote in Time magazine that in Syria, Putin and Bashar al-Assad \"won by forfeit when President Obama, Prime Minister Cameron and the rest of the so-called leaders of the free world walked away from the table.\"", "Political views In September 2013, Kasparov wrote in Time magazine that in Syria, Putin and Bashar al-Assad \"won by forfeit when President Obama, Prime Minister Cameron and the rest of the so-called leaders of the free world walked away from the table.\" Kasparov lamented the \"new game at the negotiating table where Putin and Assad set the rules and will run the show under the protection of the U.N.\" Kasparov said in September 2013 that Russia was now a dictatorship.", "Kasparov lamented the \"new game at the negotiating table where Putin and Assad set the rules and will run the show under the protection of the U.N.\" Kasparov said in September 2013 that Russia was now a dictatorship. In the same month he told an interviewer that \"Obama going to Russia now is dead wrong, morally and politically,\" because Putin's regime \"is behind Assad\".", "In the same month he told an interviewer that \"Obama going to Russia now is dead wrong, morally and politically,\" because Putin's regime \"is behind Assad\". Kasparov has been outspoken against Putin's antigay laws, describing them as \"only the most recent encroachment on the freedom of speech and association of Russia's citizens\" which the international community had largely ignored.", "Kasparov has been outspoken against Putin's antigay laws, describing them as \"only the most recent encroachment on the freedom of speech and association of Russia's citizens\" which the international community had largely ignored. Regarding Russia's hosting of the 2014 Winter Olympics, Kasparov explained in August 2013 that he had opposed Russia's bid from the outset, since it would \"allow Vladimir Putin's cronies to embezzle hundreds of millions of dollars\" and \"lend prestige to Putin's authoritarian regime\".", "Regarding Russia's hosting of the 2014 Winter Olympics, Kasparov explained in August 2013 that he had opposed Russia's bid from the outset, since it would \"allow Vladimir Putin's cronies to embezzle hundreds of millions of dollars\" and \"lend prestige to Putin's authoritarian regime\". Kasparov did not support the proposed Sochi Olympics boycott—writing that it would \"unfairly punish athletes\"—but called for athletes and others to \"transform Putin's self-congratulatory pet project into a spotlight that exposes his authoritarian rule\" to the world.", "Kasparov did not support the proposed Sochi Olympics boycott—writing that it would \"unfairly punish athletes\"—but called for athletes and others to \"transform Putin's self-congratulatory pet project into a spotlight that exposes his authoritarian rule\" to the world. In September, Kasparov called upon politicians to refuse to attend the games and the public to pressure sponsors and the media, such that Coca-Cola, for example, could put \"a rainbow flag on each Coca-Cola can\" and NBC could \"do interviews with Russian gay activists or with Russian political activists\".", "In September, Kasparov called upon politicians to refuse to attend the games and the public to pressure sponsors and the media, such that Coca-Cola, for example, could put \"a rainbow flag on each Coca-Cola can\" and NBC could \"do interviews with Russian gay activists or with Russian political activists\". Kasparov also emphasized that although he was \"still a Russian citizen\", he had \"good reason to be concerned about my ability to leave Russia if I returned to Moscow\".", "Kasparov also emphasized that although he was \"still a Russian citizen\", he had \"good reason to be concerned about my ability to leave Russia if I returned to Moscow\". Kasparov has spoken out against the 2014 Russian annexation of Crimea and has stated that control of Crimea should be returned to Ukraine after the overthrow of Putin without additional conditions.", "Kasparov has spoken out against the 2014 Russian annexation of Crimea and has stated that control of Crimea should be returned to Ukraine after the overthrow of Putin without additional conditions. Kasparov's website was blocked by the Russian government censorship agency, Roskomnadzor, at the behest of the public prosecutor, allegedly due to Kasparov's opinions on the Crimean crisis.", "Kasparov's website was blocked by the Russian government censorship agency, Roskomnadzor, at the behest of the public prosecutor, allegedly due to Kasparov's opinions on the Crimean crisis. Kasparov's block was made in unison with several other notable Russian sites that were accused of inciting public outrage.", "Kasparov's block was made in unison with several other notable Russian sites that were accused of inciting public outrage. Reportedly, several of the blocked sites received an affidavit noting their violations. However, Kasparov stated that his site had received no such notice of violations after its block.", "However, Kasparov stated that his site had received no such notice of violations after its block. In 2015 a whole note on Kasparov was removed from a Russian language encyclopedia of greatest Soviet players after an intervention from \"senior leadership\".", "In 2015 a whole note on Kasparov was removed from a Russian language encyclopedia of greatest Soviet players after an intervention from \"senior leadership\". In October 2015, Kasparov published a book titled Winter Is Coming: Why Vladimir Putin and the Enemies of the Free World Must Be Stopped.", "In October 2015, Kasparov published a book titled Winter Is Coming: Why Vladimir Putin and the Enemies of the Free World Must Be Stopped. In the book, Kasparov likens Putin to Adolf Hitler, and explains the need for the west to oppose Putin sooner, rather than appeasing him and postponing the eventual confrontation.", "In the book, Kasparov likens Putin to Adolf Hitler, and explains the need for the west to oppose Putin sooner, rather than appeasing him and postponing the eventual confrontation. According to his publisher, \"Kasparov wants this book out fast, in a way that has potential to influence the discussion during the primary season.\"", "According to his publisher, \"Kasparov wants this book out fast, in a way that has potential to influence the discussion during the primary season.\" In 2018, he said that \"anything is better than Putin because that eliminates the probability of a nuclear war. Putin is insane.\"", "Putin is insane.\" Putin is insane.\" In the 2016 United States presidential election, Kasparov described Republican Donald Trump as \"a celebrity showman with racist leanings and authoritarian tendencies\" and criticised Trump for calling for closer ties with Putin.", "In the 2016 United States presidential election, Kasparov described Republican Donald Trump as \"a celebrity showman with racist leanings and authoritarian tendencies\" and criticised Trump for calling for closer ties with Putin. After Trump's running mate, Mike Pence, called Putin a strong leader, Kasparov said that Putin is a strong leader \"in the same way arsenic is a strong drink\".", "After Trump's running mate, Mike Pence, called Putin a strong leader, Kasparov said that Putin is a strong leader \"in the same way arsenic is a strong drink\". He also criticised the economic policies of Democratic primary candidate Bernie Sanders, but showed respect for Sanders as \"a charismatic speaker and a passionate believer in his cause\".", "He also criticised the economic policies of Democratic primary candidate Bernie Sanders, but showed respect for Sanders as \"a charismatic speaker and a passionate believer in his cause\". Kasparov opined that Henry Kissinger \"was selling the Trump Administration on the idea of a mirror of 1972 [Richard Nixon's visit to China], except, instead of a Sino-U.S. alliance against the U.S.S.R., this would be a Russian-American alliance against China.\"", "Kasparov opined that Henry Kissinger \"was selling the Trump Administration on the idea of a mirror of 1972 [Richard Nixon's visit to China], except, instead of a Sino-U.S. alliance against the U.S.S.R., this would be a Russian-American alliance against China.\" In 2017, he condemned the violence unleashed by the Spanish police against the independence referendum in Catalonia.", "In 2017, he condemned the violence unleashed by the Spanish police against the independence referendum in Catalonia. He criticized the Spanish PM Mariano Rajoy and accused him of \"betraying\" the European promise of peace.", "He criticized the Spanish PM Mariano Rajoy and accused him of \"betraying\" the European promise of peace. After the Catalan regional election held later the same year, Kasparov wrote: \"Despite unprecedented pressure from Madrid, Catalonian separatists won a majority. Europe must speak and help find a peaceful path toward resolution and avoid more violence\".", "Europe must speak and help find a peaceful path toward resolution and avoid more violence\". Kasparov recommended that Spain look to how Britain handled the 2014 Scottish independence referendum, adding: \"look only at how Turkey and Iraq have treated the separatist Kurds. That cannot be the road for Spain and Catalonia.\"", "That cannot be the road for Spain and Catalonia.\" Kasparov supports recognition of the Armenian Genocide. He welcomed the Velvet Revolution in Armenia in 2018, just a few days after it happened. Kasparov condemned the assassination of Saudi journalist Jamal Khashoggi.", "Kasparov condemned the assassination of Saudi journalist Jamal Khashoggi. In October 2018, he wrote that Erdoğan's regime in Turkey \"has jailed more journalists than any country in the world and scores of them remain in prison in Turkey. Since 2016, Turkey's intelligence agency has abducted at least 80 people in operations in 18 countries.\"", "Since 2016, Turkey's intelligence agency has abducted at least 80 people in operations in 18 countries.\" In 2021, Kasparov stated that \"the only language that Putin understands is power, and his power is his money,\" arguing that the United States should target the bank accounts of Russian oligarchs to force Russia to rein in its criminals' cyberattacks against American agencies and companies.", "In 2021, Kasparov stated that \"the only language that Putin understands is power, and his power is his money,\" arguing that the United States should target the bank accounts of Russian oligarchs to force Russia to rein in its criminals' cyberattacks against American agencies and companies. Playing style Kasparov's attacking style of play has been compared by many to Alekhine's.", "Playing style Kasparov's attacking style of play has been compared by many to Alekhine's. Kasparov has described his style as being influenced chiefly by Alekhine, Tal and Fischer.", "Kasparov has described his style as being influenced chiefly by Alekhine, Tal and Fischer. Kramnik has opined that \"[Kasparov's] capacity for study is second to none\", and said \"There is nothing in chess he has been unable to deal with.\"", "Kramnik has opined that \"[Kasparov's] capacity for study is second to none\", and said \"There is nothing in chess he has been unable to deal with.\" Magnus Carlsen, whom Kasparov coached from 2009 to 2010, said of Kasparov, \"I've never seen someone with such a feel for dynamics in complex positions.\"", "Magnus Carlsen, whom Kasparov coached from 2009 to 2010, said of Kasparov, \"I've never seen someone with such a feel for dynamics in complex positions.\" Kasparov was known for his extensive opening preparation and aggressive play in the opening. Olympiads and other major team events Kasparov played in a total of eight Chess Olympiads.", "Olympiads and other major team events Kasparov played in a total of eight Chess Olympiads. He represented the Soviet Union four times and Russia four times, following the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991.", "He represented the Soviet Union four times and Russia four times, following the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991. In his 1980 Olympiad debut, he became, at age 17, the youngest player to represent the Soviet Union or Russia at that level, a record which was broken by Vladimir Kramnik in 1992.", "In his 1980 Olympiad debut, he became, at age 17, the youngest player to represent the Soviet Union or Russia at that level, a record which was broken by Vladimir Kramnik in 1992. In 82 games, he has scored (+50−3=29), for 78.7% and won a total of 19 medals, including team gold medals all eight times he competed.", "In 82 games, he has scored (+50−3=29), for 78.7% and won a total of 19 medals, including team gold medals all eight times he competed. For the 1994 Moscow Olympiad, he had a significant organizational role, in helping to put together the event on short notice, after Thessaloniki canceled its offer to host, a few weeks before the scheduled dates.", "For the 1994 Moscow Olympiad, he had a significant organizational role, in helping to put together the event on short notice, after Thessaloniki canceled its offer to host, a few weeks before the scheduled dates. Kasparov's detailed Olympiad record follows: Valletta 1980, USSR 2nd reserve, 9½/12 (+8−1=3), team gold, board bronze; Lucerne 1982, USSR 2nd board, 8½/11 (+6−0=5), team gold, board bronze; Dubai 1986, USSR 1st board, 8½/11 (+7−1=3), team gold, board gold, performance gold; Thessaloniki 1988, USSR 1st board, 8½/10 (+7−0=3), team gold, board gold, performance gold; Manila 1992, Russia board 1, 8½/10 (+7−0=3), team gold, board gold, performance silver; Moscow 1994, Russia board 1, 6½/10 (+4−1=5), team gold; Yerevan 1996, Russia board 1, 7/9 (+5−0=4), team gold, board silver, performance gold; Bled 2002, Russia board 1, 7½/9 (+6−0=3), team gold, performance gold.", "Kasparov's detailed Olympiad record follows: Valletta 1980, USSR 2nd reserve, 9½/12 (+8−1=3), team gold, board bronze; Lucerne 1982, USSR 2nd board, 8½/11 (+6−0=5), team gold, board bronze; Dubai 1986, USSR 1st board, 8½/11 (+7−1=3), team gold, board gold, performance gold; Thessaloniki 1988, USSR 1st board, 8½/10 (+7−0=3), team gold, board gold, performance gold; Manila 1992, Russia board 1, 8½/10 (+7−0=3), team gold, board gold, performance silver; Moscow 1994, Russia board 1, 6½/10 (+4−1=5), team gold; Yerevan 1996, Russia board 1, 7/9 (+5−0=4), team gold, board silver, performance gold; Bled 2002, Russia board 1, 7½/9 (+6−0=3), team gold, performance gold. Kasparov made his international teams debut for the USSR at age 16 in the 1980 European Team Championship and played for Russia in the 1992 edition of that championship.", "Kasparov made his international teams debut for the USSR at age 16 in the 1980 European Team Championship and played for Russia in the 1992 edition of that championship. He won a total of five medals.", "He won a total of five medals. His detailed Euroteams record follows: Skara 1980, USSR 2nd reserve, 5½/6 (+5−0=1), team gold, board gold; Debrecen 1992, Russia board 1, 6/8 (+4−0=4), team gold, board gold, performance silver.", "His detailed Euroteams record follows: Skara 1980, USSR 2nd reserve, 5½/6 (+5−0=1), team gold, board gold; Debrecen 1992, Russia board 1, 6/8 (+4−0=4), team gold, board gold, performance silver. Kasparov also represented the USSR once in Youth Olympiad competition, but the detailed data at Olimpbase is incomplete; the Chessmetrics Garry Kasparov player file has his individual score from that event.", "Kasparov also represented the USSR once in Youth Olympiad competition, but the detailed data at Olimpbase is incomplete; the Chessmetrics Garry Kasparov player file has his individual score from that event. Graz 1981, USSR board 1, 9/10 (+8−0=2), team gold.", "Graz 1981, USSR board 1, 9/10 (+8−0=2), team gold. Records and achievements Chess ratings achievements Kasparov holds the record for the longest time as the No. 1 rated player in the worldfrom 1984 to 2005 (Vladimir Kramnik shared the No. 1 ranking with him once, in the January 1996 FIDE rating list).", "1 ranking with him once, in the January 1996 FIDE rating list). He was also briefly ejected from the list following his split from FIDE in 1993, but during that time he headed the rating list of the rival PCA. At the time of his retirement, he was still ranked No.", "At the time of his retirement, he was still ranked No. 1 in the world, with a rating of 2812. His rating has fallen inactive since the January 2006 rating list. In January 1990, Kasparov achieved the (then) highest FIDE rating ever, passing 2800 and breaking Bobby Fischer's old record of 2785.", "In January 1990, Kasparov achieved the (then) highest FIDE rating ever, passing 2800 and breaking Bobby Fischer's old record of 2785. By the July 1999 and January 2000 FIDE rating lists, Kasparov had reached a 2851 Elo rating, at that time the highest rating ever achieved.", "By the July 1999 and January 2000 FIDE rating lists, Kasparov had reached a 2851 Elo rating, at that time the highest rating ever achieved. He held that record for the highest rating ever achieved until Magnus Carlsen attained a new record high rating of 2861 in January 2013.", "He held that record for the highest rating ever achieved until Magnus Carlsen attained a new record high rating of 2861 in January 2013. Other records Kasparov holds the record for most consecutive professional tournament victories, placing first or equal first in 15 individual tournaments from 1981 to 1990.", "Other records Kasparov holds the record for most consecutive professional tournament victories, placing first or equal first in 15 individual tournaments from 1981 to 1990. The streak was broken by Vasyl Ivanchuk at Linares 1991, where Kasparov placed second, half a point behind him after losing their individual game.", "The streak was broken by Vasyl Ivanchuk at Linares 1991, where Kasparov placed second, half a point behind him after losing their individual game. The details of this record winning streak follow: Frunze 1981, USSR Championship, 12½/17, tie for 1st; Bugojno 1982, 9½/13, 1st; Moscow 1982, Interzonal, 10/13, 1st; Nikšić 1983, 11/14, 1st; Brussels OHRA 1986, 7½/10, 1st; Brussels SWIFT 1987, 8½/11, tie for 1st; Amsterdam Optiebeurs 1988, 9/12, 1st; Belfort (World Cup) 1988, 11½/15, 1st; Moscow 1988, USSR Championship, 11½/17, tie for 1st; Reykjavík (World Cup) 1988, 11/17, 1st; Barcelona (World Cup) 1989, 11/16, tie for 1st; Skellefteå (World Cup) 1989, 9½/15, tie for 1st; Tilburg 1989, 12/14, 1st; Belgrade (Investbank) 1989, 9½/11, 1st; Linares 1990, 8/11, 1st.", "The details of this record winning streak follow: Frunze 1981, USSR Championship, 12½/17, tie for 1st; Bugojno 1982, 9½/13, 1st; Moscow 1982, Interzonal, 10/13, 1st; Nikšić 1983, 11/14, 1st; Brussels OHRA 1986, 7½/10, 1st; Brussels SWIFT 1987, 8½/11, tie for 1st; Amsterdam Optiebeurs 1988, 9/12, 1st; Belfort (World Cup) 1988, 11½/15, 1st; Moscow 1988, USSR Championship, 11½/17, tie for 1st; Reykjavík (World Cup) 1988, 11/17, 1st; Barcelona (World Cup) 1989, 11/16, tie for 1st; Skellefteå (World Cup) 1989, 9½/15, tie for 1st; Tilburg 1989, 12/14, 1st; Belgrade (Investbank) 1989, 9½/11, 1st; Linares 1990, 8/11, 1st. Kasparov went 9 years winning every supertournament he played in addition to contesting his series of 5 consecutive matches with Anatoly Karpov.", "Kasparov went 9 years winning every supertournament he played in addition to contesting his series of 5 consecutive matches with Anatoly Karpov. His only failure in this time period in either tournament or match play was in the World Chess Championship 1984 when the 21 year old Kasparov was trailing (-5, +3 = 40) against the defending champion Karpov before the match was abruptly cancelled.", "His only failure in this time period in either tournament or match play was in the World Chess Championship 1984 when the 21 year old Kasparov was trailing (-5, +3 = 40) against the defending champion Karpov before the match was abruptly cancelled. Later on in his career, Kasparov went on another long streak of consecutive supertournament wins.", "Later on in his career, Kasparov went on another long streak of consecutive supertournament wins. Wijk aan Zee Hoogovens 1999, 10/13, 1st; Linares 1999, 10½/14, 1st; Sarajevo 1999, 7/9, 1st; Wijk aan Zee Corus 2000, 9½/13, 1st; Linares 2000, 6/10, tie for 1st; Sarajevo 2000, 8½/11, 1st; Wijk aan Zee Corus 2001, 9/13, 1st; Linares 2001, 7.5/10, 1st; Astana 2001, 7/10, 1st; Linares 2002, 8/12, 1st.", "Wijk aan Zee Hoogovens 1999, 10/13, 1st; Linares 1999, 10½/14, 1st; Sarajevo 1999, 7/9, 1st; Wijk aan Zee Corus 2000, 9½/13, 1st; Linares 2000, 6/10, tie for 1st; Sarajevo 2000, 8½/11, 1st; Wijk aan Zee Corus 2001, 9/13, 1st; Linares 2001, 7.5/10, 1st; Astana 2001, 7/10, 1st; Linares 2002, 8/12, 1st. In these 10 consecutive classical supertournaments wins, Kasparov had a score of 53 wins, 61 draws and 1 loss in 115 games with his only loss coming against Ivan Sokolov in Wijk aan Zee 1999.", "In these 10 consecutive classical supertournaments wins, Kasparov had a score of 53 wins, 61 draws and 1 loss in 115 games with his only loss coming against Ivan Sokolov in Wijk aan Zee 1999. Kasparov won the Chess Oscar a record eleven times.", "Kasparov won the Chess Oscar a record eleven times. Chess and computers In 1983, Acorn Computers acted as one of the sponsors for Kasparov's Candidates semi-final match against Viktor Korchnoi. Kasparov was awarded a BBC Micro which he took back with him to Baku, making it perhaps the first western-made microcomputer to reach Baku at that time.", "Kasparov was awarded a BBC Micro which he took back with him to Baku, making it perhaps the first western-made microcomputer to reach Baku at that time. In 1985, computer chess magazine editor Frederic Friedel invited Kasparov to his house, and the two of them discussed how a chess database program would be useful for preparation.", "In 1985, computer chess magazine editor Frederic Friedel invited Kasparov to his house, and the two of them discussed how a chess database program would be useful for preparation. Two years later, Friedel founded Chessbase, and gave a copy of the program to Kasparov who started using it in his preparation.", "Two years later, Friedel founded Chessbase, and gave a copy of the program to Kasparov who started using it in his preparation. In 1985, Kasparov played against thirty-two different chess computers in Hamburg, winning all games, but with some difficulty.", "In 1985, Kasparov played against thirty-two different chess computers in Hamburg, winning all games, but with some difficulty. On 22 October 1989, Kasparov defeated the chess computer Deep Thought in both games of a two-game match.", "On 22 October 1989, Kasparov defeated the chess computer Deep Thought in both games of a two-game match. In December 1992, Kasparov visited Frederic Friedel in his hotel room in Cologne, and played 37 blitz games against Fritz 2 winning 24, drawing 4 and losing 9.", "In December 1992, Kasparov visited Frederic Friedel in his hotel room in Cologne, and played 37 blitz games against Fritz 2 winning 24, drawing 4 and losing 9. Kasparov cooperated in producing video material for the computer game Kasparov's Gambit released by Electronic Arts in November 1993.", "Kasparov cooperated in producing video material for the computer game Kasparov's Gambit released by Electronic Arts in November 1993. In April 1994, Intel acted as a sponsor for the first Professional Chess Association Grand Prix event in Moscow played a time control of 25 minutes per game.", "In April 1994, Intel acted as a sponsor for the first Professional Chess Association Grand Prix event in Moscow played a time control of 25 minutes per game. In May, Chessbase's Fritz 3 running on an Intel Pentium PC defeated Kasparov in their first in the Intel Express blitz tournament in Munich, but Kasparov managed to tie it for first, and then win the playoff with 3 wins and 2 draws.", "In May, Chessbase's Fritz 3 running on an Intel Pentium PC defeated Kasparov in their first in the Intel Express blitz tournament in Munich, but Kasparov managed to tie it for first, and then win the playoff with 3 wins and 2 draws. The next day, Kasparov lost to Fritz 3 again in a game on ZDF TV.", "The next day, Kasparov lost to Fritz 3 again in a game on ZDF TV. In August, Kasparov was knocked out of the London Intel Grand Prix by Richard Lang's ChessGenius 2 program in the first round.", "In August, Kasparov was knocked out of the London Intel Grand Prix by Richard Lang's ChessGenius 2 program in the first round. In 1995, during Kasparov's world title match with Viswanathan Anand, he unveiled an opening novelty that had been checked with a chess engine, an approach that would become increasingly common in subsequent years.", "In 1995, during Kasparov's world title match with Viswanathan Anand, he unveiled an opening novelty that had been checked with a chess engine, an approach that would become increasingly common in subsequent years. Kasparov played in a pair of six-game chess matches with an IBM supercomputer called Deep Blue.", "Kasparov played in a pair of six-game chess matches with an IBM supercomputer called Deep Blue. The first match was played in Philadelphia in 1996 and won by Kasparov. The second was played in New York City in 1997 and won by Deep Blue.", "The second was played in New York City in 1997 and won by Deep Blue. The 1997 match was the first defeat of a reigning world chess champion by a computer under tournament conditions. In May 1997, an updated version of Deep Blue defeated Kasparov 3½–2½ in a highly publicized six-game match.", "In May 1997, an updated version of Deep Blue defeated Kasparov 3½–2½ in a highly publicized six-game match. The match was even after five games but Kasparov lost quickly in Game 6. This was the first time a computer had ever defeated a world champion in a match.", "This was the first time a computer had ever defeated a world champion in a match. A documentary film was made about this famous match entitled Game Over: Kasparov and the Machine. Kasparov said that he was \"not well prepared\" to face Deep Blue in 1997.", "Kasparov said that he was \"not well prepared\" to face Deep Blue in 1997. He said that based on his \"objective strengths\" his play was stronger than that of Deep Blue. Kasparov claimed that several factors weighed against him in this match.", "Kasparov claimed that several factors weighed against him in this match. In particular, he was denied access to Deep Blue's recent games, in contrast to the computer's team, which could study hundreds of Kasparov's.", "In particular, he was denied access to Deep Blue's recent games, in contrast to the computer's team, which could study hundreds of Kasparov's. After the loss, Kasparov said that he sometimes saw deep intelligence and creativity in the machine's moves, suggesting that during the second game, human chess players, in contravention of the rules, intervened.", "After the loss, Kasparov said that he sometimes saw deep intelligence and creativity in the machine's moves, suggesting that during the second game, human chess players, in contravention of the rules, intervened. IBM denied that it cheated, saying the only human intervention occurred between games.", "IBM denied that it cheated, saying the only human intervention occurred between games. The rules provided for the developers to modify the program between games, an opportunity they said they used to shore up weaknesses in the computer's play revealed during the course of the match.", "The rules provided for the developers to modify the program between games, an opportunity they said they used to shore up weaknesses in the computer's play revealed during the course of the match. Kasparov requested printouts of the machine's log files but IBM refused, although the company later published the logs on the Internet.", "Kasparov requested printouts of the machine's log files but IBM refused, although the company later published the logs on the Internet. Much later, it was suggested that the behavior Kasparov noted had resulted from a glitch in the computer program. Although Kasparov wanted another rematch, IBM declined and ended their Deep Blue program.", "Although Kasparov wanted another rematch, IBM declined and ended their Deep Blue program. In January 2003, he engaged in a six-game classical time control match with a $1 million prize fund which was billed as the FIDE \"Man vs. Machine\" World Championship, against Deep Junior. The engine evaluated three million positions per second.", "The engine evaluated three million positions per second. After one win each and three draws, it was all up to the final game. After reaching a decent position Kasparov offered a draw, which was soon accepted by the Deep Junior team. Asked why he offered the draw, Kasparov said he feared making a blunder.", "Asked why he offered the draw, Kasparov said he feared making a blunder. Deep Junior was the first machine to beat Kasparov with black and at a standard time control. In June 2003, Mindscape released the computer game Kasparov Chessmate with Kasparov himself listed as a co-designer.", "In June 2003, Mindscape released the computer game Kasparov Chessmate with Kasparov himself listed as a co-designer. In November 2003, he engaged in a four-game match against the computer program X3D Fritz, using a virtual board, 3D glasses and a speech recognition system.", "In November 2003, he engaged in a four-game match against the computer program X3D Fritz, using a virtual board, 3D glasses and a speech recognition system. After two draws and one win apiece, the X3D Man–Machine match ended in a draw. Kasparov received $175,000 for the result and took home the golden trophy.", "Kasparov received $175,000 for the result and took home the golden trophy. Kasparov continued to criticize the blunder in the second game that cost him a crucial point. He felt that he had outplayed the machine overall and played well. \"I only made one mistake but unfortunately that one mistake lost the game.\"", "\"I only made one mistake but unfortunately that one mistake lost the game.\" Books and other writings Early writings Kasparov has written books on chess. He published a controversial autobiography when still in his early 20s, originally titled Child of Change, later retitled Unlimited Challenge.", "He published a controversial autobiography when still in his early 20s, originally titled Child of Change, later retitled Unlimited Challenge. This book was subsequently updated several times after he became World Champion. Its content is mainly literary, with a small chess component of key unannotated games.", "Its content is mainly literary, with a small chess component of key unannotated games. He published an annotated games collection in 1983, Fighting Chess: My Games and Career, which has been updated several times in further editions.", "He published an annotated games collection in 1983, Fighting Chess: My Games and Career, which has been updated several times in further editions. He also wrote a book annotating the games from his World Chess Championship 1985 victory, World Chess Championship Match: Moscow, 1985.", "He also wrote a book annotating the games from his World Chess Championship 1985 victory, World Chess Championship Match: Moscow, 1985. He has annotated his own games extensively for the Yugoslav Chess Informant series and for other chess publications.", "He has annotated his own games extensively for the Yugoslav Chess Informant series and for other chess publications. In 1982, he co-authored Batsford Chess Openings with British grandmaster Raymond Keene and this book was an enormous seller. It was updated into a second edition in 1989.", "It was updated into a second edition in 1989. He also co-authored two opening books with his trainer Alexander Nikitin in the 1980s for British publisher Batsfordon the Classical Variation of the Caro-Kann Defence and on the Scheveningen Variation of the Sicilian Defence. Kasparov has also contributed extensively to the five-volume openings series Encyclopedia of Chess Openings.", "Kasparov has also contributed extensively to the five-volume openings series Encyclopedia of Chess Openings. In 2000, Kasparov co-authored Kasparov Against the World: The Story of the Greatest Online Challenge with grandmaster Daniel King. The 202-page book analyzes the 1999 Kasparov versus the World game, and holds the record for the longest analysis devoted to a single chess game.", "The 202-page book analyzes the 1999 Kasparov versus the World game, and holds the record for the longest analysis devoted to a single chess game. My Great Predecessors series In 2003, the first volume of his five-volume work Garry Kasparov on My Great Predecessors was published.", "My Great Predecessors series In 2003, the first volume of his five-volume work Garry Kasparov on My Great Predecessors was published. This volume, which deals with the world chess champions Wilhelm Steinitz, Emanuel Lasker, José Raúl Capablanca, Alexander Alekhine, and some of their strong contemporaries, has received lavish praise from some reviewers (including Nigel Short), while attracting criticism from others for historical inaccuracies and analysis of games directly copied from unattributed sources.", "This volume, which deals with the world chess champions Wilhelm Steinitz, Emanuel Lasker, José Raúl Capablanca, Alexander Alekhine, and some of their strong contemporaries, has received lavish praise from some reviewers (including Nigel Short), while attracting criticism from others for historical inaccuracies and analysis of games directly copied from unattributed sources. Through suggestions on the book's website, most of these shortcomings were corrected in following editions and translations.", "Through suggestions on the book's website, most of these shortcomings were corrected in following editions and translations. Despite this, the first volume won the British Chess Federation's Book of the Year award in 2003. Volume two, covering Max Euwe, Mikhail Botvinnik, Vasily Smyslov and Mikhail Tal appeared later in 2003.", "Volume two, covering Max Euwe, Mikhail Botvinnik, Vasily Smyslov and Mikhail Tal appeared later in 2003. Volume three, covering Tigran Petrosian and Boris Spassky appeared in early 2004.", "Volume three, covering Tigran Petrosian and Boris Spassky appeared in early 2004. In December 2004, Kasparov released volume four, which covers Samuel Reshevsky, Miguel Najdorf, and Bent Larsen (none of these three were World Champions), but focuses primarily on Bobby Fischer.", "In December 2004, Kasparov released volume four, which covers Samuel Reshevsky, Miguel Najdorf, and Bent Larsen (none of these three were World Champions), but focuses primarily on Bobby Fischer. The fifth volume, devoted to the chess careers of World Champion Anatoly Karpov and challenger Viktor Korchnoi, was published in March 2006.", "The fifth volume, devoted to the chess careers of World Champion Anatoly Karpov and challenger Viktor Korchnoi, was published in March 2006. Modern Chess series His book Revolution in the 70s (published in March 2007) covers \"the openings revolution of the 1970s–1980s\" and is the first book in a new series called \"Modern Chess Series\", which intends to cover his matches with Karpov and selected games.", "Modern Chess series His book Revolution in the 70s (published in March 2007) covers \"the openings revolution of the 1970s–1980s\" and is the first book in a new series called \"Modern Chess Series\", which intends to cover his matches with Karpov and selected games. The book \"Revolution in the 70s\" concerns the revolution in opening theory that was witnessed in that decade.", "The book \"Revolution in the 70s\" concerns the revolution in opening theory that was witnessed in that decade. Such systems as the controversial (at the time) \"Hedgehog\" opening plan of passively developing the pieces no further than the first three ranks are examined in great detail.", "Such systems as the controversial (at the time) \"Hedgehog\" opening plan of passively developing the pieces no further than the first three ranks are examined in great detail. Kasparov also analyzes some of the most notable games played in that period.", "Kasparov also analyzes some of the most notable games played in that period. In a section at the end of the book, top opening theoreticians provide their own \"take\" on the progress made in opening theory in the 1980s. Garry Kasparov on Garry Kasparov series Kasparov published three volumes of his games, spanning his entire career.", "Garry Kasparov on Garry Kasparov series Kasparov published three volumes of his games, spanning his entire career. Winter Is Coming In October 2015, Kasparov published a book titled Winter Is Coming: Why Vladimir Putin and the Enemies of the Free World Must Be Stopped. The title is a reference to the HBO television series Game of Thrones.", "The title is a reference to the HBO television series Game of Thrones. In the book, Kasparov writes about the need for an organization composed solely of democratic countries to replace the United Nations. In an interview, he called the United Nations a \"catwalk for dictators\".", "In an interview, he called the United Nations a \"catwalk for dictators\". Historical revision Kasparov believes that the conventional history of civilization is radically incorrect. Specifically, he believes that the history of ancient civilizations is based on misdatings of events and achievements that actually occurred in the medieval period.", "Specifically, he believes that the history of ancient civilizations is based on misdatings of events and achievements that actually occurred in the medieval period. He has cited several aspects of ancient history that he says are likely to be anachronisms. Kasparov has written in support of New Chronology (Fomenko), although with some reservations.", "Kasparov has written in support of New Chronology (Fomenko), although with some reservations. In 2001, Kasparov expressed a desire to devote his time to promoting the New Chronology after his chess career.", "In 2001, Kasparov expressed a desire to devote his time to promoting the New Chronology after his chess career. \"New Chronology is a great area for investing my intellect ... My analytical abilities are well placed to figure out what was right and what was wrong.\"", "\"New Chronology is a great area for investing my intellect ... My analytical abilities are well placed to figure out what was right and what was wrong.\" \"When I stop playing chess, it may well be that I concentrate on promoting these ideas... I believe they can improve our lives.\"", "I believe they can improve our lives.\" Later, Kasparov renounced his support of Fomenko theories but reaffirmed his belief that mainstream historical knowledge is highly inconsistent. Other post-retirement writing In 2007, he wrote How Life Imitates Chess, an examination of the parallels between decision-making in chess and in the business world.", "Other post-retirement writing In 2007, he wrote How Life Imitates Chess, an examination of the parallels between decision-making in chess and in the business world. In 2008, Kasparov published a sympathetic obituary for Bobby Fischer, writing: \"I am often asked if I ever met or played Bobby Fischer.", "In 2008, Kasparov published a sympathetic obituary for Bobby Fischer, writing: \"I am often asked if I ever met or played Bobby Fischer. The answer is no, I never had that opportunity.", "The answer is no, I never had that opportunity. But even though he saw me as a member of the evil chess establishment that he felt had robbed and cheated him, I am sorry I never had a chance to thank him personally for what he did for our sport.\"", "But even though he saw me as a member of the evil chess establishment that he felt had robbed and cheated him, I am sorry I never had a chance to thank him personally for what he did for our sport.\" He is the chief advisor for the book publisher Everyman Chess.", "He is the chief advisor for the book publisher Everyman Chess. Kasparov works closely with Mig Greengard and his comments can often be found on Greengard's blog (apparently no longer active).", "Kasparov works closely with Mig Greengard and his comments can often be found on Greengard's blog (apparently no longer active). Kasparov collaborated with Max Levchin and Peter Thiel on The Blueprint, a book calling for a revival of world innovation, planned to release in March 2013 from W. W. Norton & Company.", "Kasparov collaborated with Max Levchin and Peter Thiel on The Blueprint, a book calling for a revival of world innovation, planned to release in March 2013 from W. W. Norton & Company. The book was never released, as the authors disagreed on its contents.", "The book was never released, as the authors disagreed on its contents. Kasparov argued that chess has become the model for reasoning in the same way that the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster became a model organism for geneticists, in an editorial comment on Google's AlphaZero chess-playing system.", "Kasparov argued that chess has become the model for reasoning in the same way that the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster became a model organism for geneticists, in an editorial comment on Google's AlphaZero chess-playing system. \"I was pleased to see that AlphaZero had a dynamic, open style like my own,\" he wrote in late 2018.", "\"I was pleased to see that AlphaZero had a dynamic, open style like my own,\" he wrote in late 2018. Kasparov served as a consultant for the 2020 Netflix miniseries The Queen's Gambit. He gave an extended interview to Slate describing his contributions.", "He gave an extended interview to Slate describing his contributions. In 2020, Kasparov collaborated with Matt Calkins, founder and CEO of Appian, on HYPERAUTOMATION, a book about low-code development and the future of business automation. Kasparov wrote the foreword where he discusses his experiences with human-machine relationships.", "Kasparov wrote the foreword where he discusses his experiences with human-machine relationships. Bibliography Kasparov Teaches Chess (1984–85, Sport in the USSR Magazine; 1986, First Collier Books) The Test of Time (Russian Chess) (1986, Pergamon Pr) World Chess Championship Match: Moscow, 1985 (1986, Everyman Chess) Child of Change: An Autobiography (1987, Hutchinson) London–Leningrad Championship Games (1987, Everyman Chess) Unlimited Challenge (1990, Grove Pr) The Sicilian Scheveningen (1991, B.T.", "Bibliography Kasparov Teaches Chess (1984–85, Sport in the USSR Magazine; 1986, First Collier Books) The Test of Time (Russian Chess) (1986, Pergamon Pr) World Chess Championship Match: Moscow, 1985 (1986, Everyman Chess) Child of Change: An Autobiography (1987, Hutchinson) London–Leningrad Championship Games (1987, Everyman Chess) Unlimited Challenge (1990, Grove Pr) The Sicilian Scheveningen (1991, B.T. Batsford Ltd) The Queen's Indian Defence: Kasparov System (1991, B.T.", "Batsford Ltd) The Queen's Indian Defence: Kasparov System (1991, B.T. Batsford Ltd) Kasparov Versus Karpov, 1990 (1991, Everyman Chess) Kasparov on the King's Indian (1993, B.T. Batsford Ltd) Kasparov, Garry. Jon Speelman and Bob Wade. 1995. Garry Kasparov's Fighting Chess.", "Garry Kasparov's Fighting Chess. Garry Kasparov's Fighting Chess. Henry Holt.", "Garry Kasparov's Fighting Chess. Henry Holt. Henry Holt. Garry Kasparov's Chess Challenge (1996, Everyman Chess) Lessons in Chess (1997, Everyman Chess) Kasparov Against the World: The Story of the Greatest Online Challenge (2000, Kasparov Chess Online) My Great Predecessors Part I (2003, Everyman Chess) My Great Predecessors Part II (2003, Everyman Chess) Checkmate!", "Garry Kasparov's Chess Challenge (1996, Everyman Chess) Lessons in Chess (1997, Everyman Chess) Kasparov Against the World: The Story of the Greatest Online Challenge (2000, Kasparov Chess Online) My Great Predecessors Part I (2003, Everyman Chess) My Great Predecessors Part II (2003, Everyman Chess) Checkmate! : My First Chess Book (2004, Everyman Mindsports) My Great Predecessors Part III (2004, Everyman Chess) My Great Predecessors Part IV (2004, Everyman Chess) My Great Predecessors Part V (2006, Everyman Chess) How Life Imitates Chess (2007, William Heinemann Ltd.) Garry Kasparov on Modern Chess, Part I: Revolution in the 70s (2007, Everyman Chess) Garry Kasparov on Modern Chess, Part II: Kasparov vs Karpov 1975–1985 (2008, Everyman Chess) Garry Kasparov on Modern Chess, Part III: Kasparov vs Karpov 1986–1987 (2009, Everyman Chess) Garry Kasparov on Modern Chess, Part IV: Kasparov vs Karpov 1988–2009 (2010, Everyman Chess) Garry Kasparov on Garry Kasparov, part I (2011, Everyman Chess) Garry Kasparov on Garry Kasparov, part II (2013, Everyman Chess) Garry Kasparov on Garry Kasparov, part III (2014, Everyman Chess) Winter Is Coming: Why Vladimir Putin and the Enemies of the Free World Must Be Stopped (2015, Public Affairs) Deep Thinking with Mig Greengard (2017, Public Affairs) Videos Kasparov, Garry, Nigel Short, Raymond Keene and Daniel King.", ": My First Chess Book (2004, Everyman Mindsports) My Great Predecessors Part III (2004, Everyman Chess) My Great Predecessors Part IV (2004, Everyman Chess) My Great Predecessors Part V (2006, Everyman Chess) How Life Imitates Chess (2007, William Heinemann Ltd.) Garry Kasparov on Modern Chess, Part I: Revolution in the 70s (2007, Everyman Chess) Garry Kasparov on Modern Chess, Part II: Kasparov vs Karpov 1975–1985 (2008, Everyman Chess) Garry Kasparov on Modern Chess, Part III: Kasparov vs Karpov 1986–1987 (2009, Everyman Chess) Garry Kasparov on Modern Chess, Part IV: Kasparov vs Karpov 1988–2009 (2010, Everyman Chess) Garry Kasparov on Garry Kasparov, part I (2011, Everyman Chess) Garry Kasparov on Garry Kasparov, part II (2013, Everyman Chess) Garry Kasparov on Garry Kasparov, part III (2014, Everyman Chess) Winter Is Coming: Why Vladimir Putin and the Enemies of the Free World Must Be Stopped (2015, Public Affairs) Deep Thinking with Mig Greengard (2017, Public Affairs) Videos Kasparov, Garry, Nigel Short, Raymond Keene and Daniel King. 1993.", "1993. 1993. Kasparov Short The Inside Story. Grandmaster Video. Kasparov, Garry, Jonathan Tisdall and Jim Plaskett. 2000. My Story. Grandmaster Video. Kasparov, Garry. 2004. How to Play the Queen's Gambit. Chessbase. Kasparov, Garry. 2005. How to Play the Najdorf. Chessbase. vol.", "How to Play the Najdorf. Chessbase. vol. vol. 1 , vol. 2 Kasparov, Garry. 2012. How I Became World Champion 1973–1985. Chessbase. Kasparov, Garry. 2017. Garry Kasparov Teaches Chess. Masterclass.com. Personal life Kasparov has lived in New York City since 2013.", "Personal life Kasparov has lived in New York City since 2013. He has been married three times: to Masha, with whom he had a daughter before divorcing; to Yulia, with whom he had a son before their 2005 divorce; and to Daria (Dasha), with whom he has two children, a daughter born in 2006 and a son born in 2015.", "He has been married three times: to Masha, with whom he had a daughter before divorcing; to Yulia, with whom he had a son before their 2005 divorce; and to Daria (Dasha), with whom he has two children, a daughter born in 2006 and a son born in 2015. Kasparov's wife manages his business activities worldwide as the founder of Kasparov International Management Inc. See also Kasparov Chess, Internet chess club.", "Kasparov's wife manages his business activities worldwide as the founder of Kasparov International Management Inc. See also Kasparov Chess, Internet chess club. Kasparov versus the World List of chess games between Kasparov and Kramnik Committee 2008 Putinism References Further reading External links Garry Kasparov, \"Man of the Year?", "Kasparov versus the World List of chess games between Kasparov and Kramnik Committee 2008 Putinism References Further reading External links Garry Kasparov, \"Man of the Year? \", OpinionJournal, 23 December 2007 Edward Winter, List of Books About Fischer and Kasparov Kasparov's \"Deep Thinking\" talk at Google Garry Kasparov's best games analyzed in video Articles about Garry Kasparov by Edward Winter 1963 births Living people 2011–2013 Russian protests 20th-century male writers 21st-century Russian politicians Azerbaijan University of Languages alumni Chess coaches Chess grandmasters Chess Olympiad competitors Chess historians Communist Party of the Soviet Union members Croatian activists Croatian chess writers Croatian people of Armenian descent Croatian people of Russian-Jewish descent Naturalized citizens of Croatia Chess players from Baku Recipients of the Order of Friendship of Peoples Russian anti-communists Russian chess players Russian chess writers Russian dissidents Russian liberals Russian people of Armenian descent Russian people of Jewish descent Russian political activists Russian sportsperson-politicians Solidarnost politicians Soviet chess players Soviet chess writers Soviet male writers The Other Russia (coalition) World chess champions World Junior Chess Champions" ]

[ "Timur", "Personality" ]

[ "The Siege of Isfahan was a siege of the city of Isfahan by the army of Timur in 1387.\n\nBackground\nTo annex the Muzaffarid kingdom Timur would have to capture its two main cities: Isfahan and Shiraz. When in 1387, Timur arrived with his army to Isfahan, It immediately surrendered and so he treated it with relative mercy as he normally did with cities that surrendered.\n\nSiege\nSoon after, Isfahan revolted against Timur's taxes by killing the tax collectors and some of Timur's soldiers. Timur laid siege to the city and recaptured it with little effort.\n\nMassacre of citizens\nAfter restoring his control over the city he ordered the massacre of the citizens who resisted; the death toll is reckoned to be at least 70,000. An eye-witness counted more than 28 towers constructed of about 1,500 heads each. This has been described as a \"systematic use of terror against towns...an integral element of Tamerlane's strategic element\" which he viewed as preventing bloodshed by discouraging resistance. His massacres were selective and he spared those who were artistic and educated. This would later influence the next great Iranian conqueror: Nader Shah.\n\nAftermath\nAfter the massacre Isfahan remained loyal to Timur and so he went to capture Shiraz. Unlike the events which occurred after the Siege of Herat Timur did not destroy any of the buildings and architecture allowing it retain its importance and influence in Persia.\n\nReferences\n\nIsfahan\nIsfahan\n1387 in Asia\nIsfahan\n1380s in the Middle East", "Saray Mulk Khanum ( 1341 – 1408) was the Empress consort of the Timurid Empire as the chief consort of Timur, also known as Tamerlane the Great, the founder of the Timurid Empire as well as the Timurid dynasty.\n\nBy birth, she was a princess of Moghulistan as a daughter of Qazan Khan ibn Yasaur and was also a direct descendant of Genghis Khan.\n\nFamily and lineage\n\nSaray Mulk Khanum was born a princess of Moghulistan in 1341 to Qazan Khan ibn Yasaur, the last Khan of the Chagatai Khanate. Saray's grandfather was Khan Yasa'ur, her father's predecessor and a great-great-grandson of Chagatai Khan. She was therefore, a direct descendant of Genghis Khan, the Great Khan (Emperor) and founder of the Mongol Empire. Saray was thus, a member of the House of Borjigin, the most renowned family clan in Eurasia.\n\nBeing the daughter of a Khan, Saray held the title of Khanum (\"daughter of a Khan or princess\") by birth.\n\nMarriage to Timur\n\nBefore her marriage to Timur, Saray had been previously married to her husband's predecessor, Amir Husayn of Balkh. When in 1370, Timur defeated and thereafter executed Husayn after the Siege of Balkh, he seized the harem of his predecessor and took to himself the latter's wives, one of whom being Saray Mulk Khanum. Saray was five years younger than Timur and was said to be very beautiful, sometimes described as possessing \"surpassing\" beauty.\n\nAs the daughter of a Khan and a descendant of Genghis Khan, Saray enjoyed the status of Timur's senior wife, although in her first husband's harem the chief wife was a daughter of Khan Tarmashirin, who after Husayn's fall was married to the Jalayir Khan Bahram. Through his marriage to Saray, Timur acquired the right to the surname Gurgan (\"son-in-law\") of Qazan Khan, which appears on his coins and often in the Mamluk sources. The title of gurgan was very important for Timur because it was indicative of his relations with the family of the Chughtai. In 1397, Timur married Tukal-Khanum, a daughter of the Mongol Khan Khizr Khoja, who skipped over several other wives due to her exalted lineage and took the second place in the harem, inferior in status only to Saray. Saray, therefore, held the position of being Timur's chief consort until his death.\n\nLittle is known of Saray and Timur's relationship, apart from the fact that she was his confidante and one of his closest advisers, but it is clear that she wielded great influence over her husband and in the Empire. She is also cited by most sources to have been Timur's \"favourite\" and his beloved wife. Saray also sometimes acted as regent during Timur's absences from Samarkand as a result of his western campaigns and wielded great authority at Court. As Timur's chief consort, Saray additionally held the title of \"Great Empress\" similar to the title held by Genghis Khan's chief wife, Börte. The Spanish ambassador, Ruy Gonzáles de Clavijo, who was sent by Henry III of Castile to visit Timur's court in 1405, called Saray, \"The Grand Khanum\".\n\nIn May 1394, Saray along with Timur's other wives followed her husband with the ughruq to Armenia and Transcaucasia where Ibrahim was born. In September, they returned to Sultaniya, but some time later were again summoned to join Timur. In the spring of 1395, both the Saray and Tukal with the children were sent to Samarkand, where Shahrukh had been staying since the autumn of 1394. In 1396, they were all in Khuzar, meeting Timur on his return from his \"Five Years\" campaign. During the Indian campaign, Saray Mulk Khanum and Ulugh accompanied Timur only as far as Kabul. In August 1398, Timur sent them back to Samarkand from the neighbourhood of Kabul.\n\nIssue\nSaray did not have any children with Timur, though she is sometimes referred to as the mother of her husband's youngest son, Shahrukh Mirza, who was actually born of a concubine. Even if Saray had any children with her husband, they did not survive, and neither did Tukal-Khanum's, and yet their power and influence were well noted by foreign visitors to the Court. It was the two Chingisid princesses' personal qualities and pedigree that allowed them to develop a such a prestigious dynastic position, since with Timurid consorts maternity was not in itself a path to power. Upon the birth of Shahrukh's eldest son, Ulugh Beg, in 1394, he was also, like his father, placed in Saray's care and grew up under the supervision of the Empress.\n\nClavijo's account of the Empress\n\nAlthough the Spanish ambassador, Ruy Gonzáles de Clavijo, probably did not intend it, his description of \"Cano\" (The Great Khanum), Timur's chief wife, as she entered the great pavilion serves as a potent metaphor for much that he witnessed during his sojourn in Samarkand, the capital of Timurid Empire, between 8 September and 20 November 1404. As the ambassador of Henry III of Castile, Clavijo enjoyed great generous access to the life and ceremony of the Timurid imperial court and left one of the most detailed and lengthy accounts of their settings. \"Cano\" identifiable as Empress Saray, had come to join her husband, Timur, for a great feast, one of the several arranged at the Khan-i-Gil (lit. Mine of clay) meadow located outside Samarkand.\n\nClavijo offers an expanded description of Saray's procession into the pavilion and of what she was wearing. Joined by fifteen servants to carry her train, eunuchs, and a male servant carrying a \"shade\" (sombra), Saray Mulk Khanum was dressed in red silk, her face covered by a white veil. She wore a complex headdress, fashioned from red fabric ornamented with pearls, rubies, turquoise, feathers, and held together with gold wire.\n\nClavijo estimated about 300 hundred attendants making up her royal suite. Her doubly screened face — one screen a cloth veil, the other a thick layer of applied make-up — concealed her true identity. The face that dimly showed beneath her veil was so thickly covered with white lead to protect from the Sun, that it looked as if it were made of paper.\n\nPatronizing education\n\nOne of the most important buildings of the late 14th century in Samarkand was the Khanum madrasa, opposite the great mosque of Timur. The madrasa was commissioned by Empress Saray in c. 1397 as she was interested in patronizing education and was built by her orders at the capital of the Timurid Empire: Samarkand. Saray had commissioned many other buildings, but only the Khanum madrasa foundations remains to this day. Timur named one of the largest mosques ever conducted (1399-1404) in honour of his wife, Bibi Khanum (Saray). However, the Bibi Khanym Mosque was actually commissied by Saray.\n\nSee also\nChagatai Khanate\nTimur\n\nReferences\n\nBibliography\n Brummett, Palmira Johnson (2009). The 'Book' of Travels: Genre, Ethnology, and Pilgrimage, 1250–1700. BRILL . .\n\nBorjigin\nPatrons of literature\n1406 deaths\n1343 births\n14th-century women rulers\nTimurid empresses\nTimur" ]

[ "Timur ( Temür, 'Iron'; 9 April 133617–19 February 1405), later Timūr Gurkānī ( Temür Küregen), was a Turco-Mongol conqueror who founded the Timurid Empire in and around modern-day Afghanistan, Iran and Central Asia, becoming the first ruler of the Timurid dynasty. As an undefeated commander, he is widely regarded as one of the greatest military leaders and tacticians in history.", "As an undefeated commander, he is widely regarded as one of the greatest military leaders and tacticians in history. Timur is also considered a great patron of art and architecture as he interacted with intellectuals such as Ibn Khaldun and Hafiz-i Abru and his reign introduced the Timurid Renaissance.", "Timur is also considered a great patron of art and architecture as he interacted with intellectuals such as Ibn Khaldun and Hafiz-i Abru and his reign introduced the Timurid Renaissance. Born into the Barlas confederation in Transoxiana (in modern-day Uzbekistan) on 9 April 1336, Timur gained control of the western Chagatai Khanate by 1370.", "Born into the Barlas confederation in Transoxiana (in modern-day Uzbekistan) on 9 April 1336, Timur gained control of the western Chagatai Khanate by 1370. From that base, he led military campaigns across Western, South and Central Asia, the Caucasus, and Southern Russia, defeating in the process the Khans of the Golden Horde, the Mamluks of Egypt and Syria, the emerging Ottoman Empire, and the late Delhi Sultanate of India and emerging as the most powerful ruler in the Islamic World.", "From that base, he led military campaigns across Western, South and Central Asia, the Caucasus, and Southern Russia, defeating in the process the Khans of the Golden Horde, the Mamluks of Egypt and Syria, the emerging Ottoman Empire, and the late Delhi Sultanate of India and emerging as the most powerful ruler in the Islamic World. From these conquests, he founded the Timurid Empire, but this empire fragmented shortly after his death.", "From these conquests, he founded the Timurid Empire, but this empire fragmented shortly after his death. Timur was the last of the great nomadic conquerors of the Eurasian Steppe, and his empire set the stage for the rise of the more structured and lasting Islamic gunpowder empires in the 16th and 17th centuries.", "Timur was the last of the great nomadic conquerors of the Eurasian Steppe, and his empire set the stage for the rise of the more structured and lasting Islamic gunpowder empires in the 16th and 17th centuries. Timur was of both Turkic and Mongol descent, and, while unlikely a direct descendant on either side, he shared a common ancestor with Genghis Khan on his father's side, though some authors have suggested his mother may have been a descendant of Khan.", "Timur was of both Turkic and Mongol descent, and, while unlikely a direct descendant on either side, he shared a common ancestor with Genghis Khan on his father's side, though some authors have suggested his mother may have been a descendant of Khan. He clearly sought to invoke the legacy of the latter's conquests during his lifetime.", "He clearly sought to invoke the legacy of the latter's conquests during his lifetime. Timur envisioned the restoration of the Mongol Empire of Genghis Khan (died 1227) and according to Gérard Chaliand, saw himself as Genghis Khan's heir.", "Timur envisioned the restoration of the Mongol Empire of Genghis Khan (died 1227) and according to Gérard Chaliand, saw himself as Genghis Khan's heir. According to Beatrice Forbes Manz, \"in his formal correspondence Temur continued throughout his life to portray himself as the restorer of Chinggisid rights.", "According to Beatrice Forbes Manz, \"in his formal correspondence Temur continued throughout his life to portray himself as the restorer of Chinggisid rights. He justified his Iranian, Mamluk, and Ottoman campaigns as a re-imposition of legitimate Mongol control over lands taken by usurpers.\"", "He justified his Iranian, Mamluk, and Ottoman campaigns as a re-imposition of legitimate Mongol control over lands taken by usurpers.\" To legitimize his conquests, Timur relied on Islamic symbols and language, referred to himself as the \"Sword of Islam\". He was a patron of educational and religious institutions.", "He was a patron of educational and religious institutions. He converted nearly all the Borjigin leaders to Islam during his lifetime. Timur decisively defeated the Christian Knights Hospitaller at the Siege of Smyrna, styling himself a ghazi.", "Timur decisively defeated the Christian Knights Hospitaller at the Siege of Smyrna, styling himself a ghazi. By the end of his reign, Timur had gained complete control over all the remnants of the Chagatai Khanate, the Ilkhanate, and the Golden Horde, and even attempted to restore the Yuan dynasty in China.", "By the end of his reign, Timur had gained complete control over all the remnants of the Chagatai Khanate, the Ilkhanate, and the Golden Horde, and even attempted to restore the Yuan dynasty in China. Timur's armies were inclusively multi-ethnic and were feared throughout Asia, Africa, and Europe, sizable parts of which his campaigns laid waste.", "Timur's armies were inclusively multi-ethnic and were feared throughout Asia, Africa, and Europe, sizable parts of which his campaigns laid waste. Scholars estimate that his military campaigns caused the deaths of 17 million people, amounting to about 5% of the world population at the time.", "Scholars estimate that his military campaigns caused the deaths of 17 million people, amounting to about 5% of the world population at the time. Of all the areas he conquered, Khwarazm suffered the most from his expeditions, as it rose several times against him.", "Of all the areas he conquered, Khwarazm suffered the most from his expeditions, as it rose several times against him. Timur was the grandfather of the Timurid sultan, astronomer and mathematician Ulugh Beg, who ruled Central Asia from 1411 to 1449, and the great-great-great-grandfather of Babur (1483–1530), founder of the Mughal Empire, which then ruled almost all of the Indian subcontinent.", "Timur was the grandfather of the Timurid sultan, astronomer and mathematician Ulugh Beg, who ruled Central Asia from 1411 to 1449, and the great-great-great-grandfather of Babur (1483–1530), founder of the Mughal Empire, which then ruled almost all of the Indian subcontinent. Ancestry Through his father, Timur claimed to be a descendant of Tumanay Khan, a male-line ancestor he shared with Genghis Khan.", "Ancestry Through his father, Timur claimed to be a descendant of Tumanay Khan, a male-line ancestor he shared with Genghis Khan. Tumanay's great-great grandson Qarachar Noyan was a minister for the emperor who later assisted the latter's son Chagatai in the governorship of Transoxiana.", "Tumanay's great-great grandson Qarachar Noyan was a minister for the emperor who later assisted the latter's son Chagatai in the governorship of Transoxiana. Though there are not many mentions of Qarachar in 13th and 14th century records, later Timurid sources greatly emphasised his role in the early history of the Mongol Empire.", "Though there are not many mentions of Qarachar in 13th and 14th century records, later Timurid sources greatly emphasised his role in the early history of the Mongol Empire. These histories also state that Genghis Khan later established the \"bond of fatherhood and sonship\" by marrying Chagatai's daughter to Qarachar.", "These histories also state that Genghis Khan later established the \"bond of fatherhood and sonship\" by marrying Chagatai's daughter to Qarachar. Through his alleged descent from this marriage, Timur claimed kinship with the Chagatai Khans. The origins of Timur's mother, Tekina Khatun, are less clear.", "The origins of Timur's mother, Tekina Khatun, are less clear. The Zafarnama merely states her name without giving any information regarding her background. Writing in 1403, Johannes de Galonifontibus, Archbishop of Sultaniyya, claimed that she was of lowly origin.", "Writing in 1403, Johannes de Galonifontibus, Archbishop of Sultaniyya, claimed that she was of lowly origin. The Mu'izz al-Ansab, written decades later, says that she was related to the Yasa'uri tribe, whose lands bordered that of the Barlas.", "The Mu'izz al-Ansab, written decades later, says that she was related to the Yasa'uri tribe, whose lands bordered that of the Barlas. Ibn Khaldun recounted that Timur himself described to him his mother's descent from the legendary Persian hero Manuchehr. Ibn Arabshah suggested that she was a descendant of Genghis Khan.", "Ibn Arabshah suggested that she was a descendant of Genghis Khan. The 18th century Books of Timur identify her as the daughter of 'Sadr al-Sharia', which is believed to refer to the Hanafi scholar Ubayd Allah al-Mahbubi of Bukhara.", "The 18th century Books of Timur identify her as the daughter of 'Sadr al-Sharia', which is believed to refer to the Hanafi scholar Ubayd Allah al-Mahbubi of Bukhara. Early life Timur was born in Transoxiana near the city of Kesh (modern Shahrisabz, Uzbekistan), some south of Samarkand, part of what was then the Chagatai Khanate.", "Early life Timur was born in Transoxiana near the city of Kesh (modern Shahrisabz, Uzbekistan), some south of Samarkand, part of what was then the Chagatai Khanate. His name Temur means \"Iron\" in the Chagatai language, his mother-tongue (cf. Uzbek Temir, Turkish Demir).", "Uzbek Temir, Turkish Demir). It is cognate with Genghis Khan's birth name of Temüjin. Later Timurid dynastic histories claim that Timur was born on 8 April 1336, but most sources from his lifetime give ages that are consistent with a birthdate in the late 1320s.", "Later Timurid dynastic histories claim that Timur was born on 8 April 1336, but most sources from his lifetime give ages that are consistent with a birthdate in the late 1320s. Historian Beatrice Forbes Manz suspects the 1336 date was designed to tie Timur to the legacy of Abu Sa'id Bahadur Khan, the last ruler of the Ilkhanate descended from Hulagu Khan, who died in that year.", "Historian Beatrice Forbes Manz suspects the 1336 date was designed to tie Timur to the legacy of Abu Sa'id Bahadur Khan, the last ruler of the Ilkhanate descended from Hulagu Khan, who died in that year. He was a member of the Barlas, a Mongolian tribe that had been turkified in many aspects.", "He was a member of the Barlas, a Mongolian tribe that had been turkified in many aspects. His father, Taraghai was described as a minor noble of this tribe. However, Manz believes that Timur may have later understated the social position of his father, so as to make his own successes appear more remarkable.", "However, Manz believes that Timur may have later understated the social position of his father, so as to make his own successes appear more remarkable. She states that though he is not believed to have been especially powerful, Taraghai was reasonably wealthy and influential.", "She states that though he is not believed to have been especially powerful, Taraghai was reasonably wealthy and influential. This is shown by Timur later returning to his birthplace following the death of his father in 1360, suggesting concern over his estate.", "This is shown by Timur later returning to his birthplace following the death of his father in 1360, suggesting concern over his estate. Taraghai's social significance is further hinted at by Arabshah, who described him as a magnate in the court of Amir Husayn Qara'unas.", "Taraghai's social significance is further hinted at by Arabshah, who described him as a magnate in the court of Amir Husayn Qara'unas. In addition to this, the father of the great Amir Hamid Kereyid of Moghulistan is stated as a friend of Taraghai's.", "In addition to this, the father of the great Amir Hamid Kereyid of Moghulistan is stated as a friend of Taraghai's. In his childhood, Timur and a small band of followers raided travelers for goods, especially animals such as sheep, horses, and cattle.", "In his childhood, Timur and a small band of followers raided travelers for goods, especially animals such as sheep, horses, and cattle. Around 1363, it is believed that Timur tried to steal a sheep from a shepherd but was shot by two arrows, one in his right leg and another in his right hand, where he lost two fingers.", "Around 1363, it is believed that Timur tried to steal a sheep from a shepherd but was shot by two arrows, one in his right leg and another in his right hand, where he lost two fingers. Both injuries crippled him for life.", "Both injuries crippled him for life. Some believe that Timur suffered his crippling injuries while serving as a mercenary to the khan of Sistan in what is today the Dashti Margo in southwest Afghanistan. Timur's injuries have given him the names of Timur the Lame and Tamerlane by Europeans.", "Timur's injuries have given him the names of Timur the Lame and Tamerlane by Europeans. Military leader About 1360, Timur gained prominence as a military leader whose troops were mostly Turkic tribesmen of the region. He took part in campaigns in Transoxiana with the Khan of the Chagatai Khanate.", "He took part in campaigns in Transoxiana with the Khan of the Chagatai Khanate. Allying himself both in cause and by family connection with Qazaghan, the dethroner and destroyer of Volga Bulgaria, he invaded Khorasan at the head of a thousand horsemen.", "Allying himself both in cause and by family connection with Qazaghan, the dethroner and destroyer of Volga Bulgaria, he invaded Khorasan at the head of a thousand horsemen. This was the second military expedition that he led, and its success led to further operations, among them the subjugation of Khwarezm and Urgench.", "This was the second military expedition that he led, and its success led to further operations, among them the subjugation of Khwarezm and Urgench. Following Qazaghan's murder, disputes arose among the many claimants to sovereign power.", "Following Qazaghan's murder, disputes arose among the many claimants to sovereign power. Tughlugh Timur of Kashgar, the Khan of the Eastern Chagatai Khanate, another descendant of Genghis Khan, invaded, interrupting this infighting. Timur was sent to negotiate with the invader but joined with him instead and was rewarded with Transoxania.", "Timur was sent to negotiate with the invader but joined with him instead and was rewarded with Transoxania. At about this time, his father died and Timur also became chief of the Berlas. Tughlugh then attempted to set his son Ilyas Khoja over Transoxania, but Timur repelled this invasion with a smaller force.", "Tughlugh then attempted to set his son Ilyas Khoja over Transoxania, but Timur repelled this invasion with a smaller force. Rise to power It was in this period that Timur reduced the Chagatai khans to the position of figureheads while he ruled in their name.", "Rise to power It was in this period that Timur reduced the Chagatai khans to the position of figureheads while he ruled in their name. Also during this period, Timur and his brother-in-law Amir Husayn, who were at first fellow fugitives and wanderers, became rivals and antagonists.", "Also during this period, Timur and his brother-in-law Amir Husayn, who were at first fellow fugitives and wanderers, became rivals and antagonists. The relationship between them became strained after Husayn abandoned efforts to carry out Timur's orders to finish off Ilya Khoja (former governor of Mawarannah) close to Tashkent.", "The relationship between them became strained after Husayn abandoned efforts to carry out Timur's orders to finish off Ilya Khoja (former governor of Mawarannah) close to Tashkent. Timur gained followers in Balkh, consisting of merchants, fellow tribesmen, Muslim clergy, aristocracy and agricultural workers, because of his kindness in sharing his belongings with them.", "Timur gained followers in Balkh, consisting of merchants, fellow tribesmen, Muslim clergy, aristocracy and agricultural workers, because of his kindness in sharing his belongings with them. This contrasted Timur's behavior with that of Husayn, who alienated these people, took many possessions from them via his heavy tax laws and selfishly spent the tax money building elaborate structures.", "This contrasted Timur's behavior with that of Husayn, who alienated these people, took many possessions from them via his heavy tax laws and selfishly spent the tax money building elaborate structures. Around 1370, Husayn surrendered to Timur and was later assassinated, which allowed Timur to be formally proclaimed sovereign at Balkh.", "Around 1370, Husayn surrendered to Timur and was later assassinated, which allowed Timur to be formally proclaimed sovereign at Balkh. He married Husayn's wife Saray Mulk Khanum, a descendant of Genghis Khan, allowing him to become imperial ruler of the Chaghatay tribe.", "He married Husayn's wife Saray Mulk Khanum, a descendant of Genghis Khan, allowing him to become imperial ruler of the Chaghatay tribe. Legitimization of Timur's rule Timur's Turco-Mongolian heritage provided opportunities and challenges as he sought to rule the Mongol Empire and the Muslim world.", "Legitimization of Timur's rule Timur's Turco-Mongolian heritage provided opportunities and challenges as he sought to rule the Mongol Empire and the Muslim world. According to the Mongol traditions, Timur could not claim the title of khan or rule the Mongol Empire because he was not a descendant of Genghis Khan.", "According to the Mongol traditions, Timur could not claim the title of khan or rule the Mongol Empire because he was not a descendant of Genghis Khan. Therefore, Timur set up a puppet Chaghatay Khan, Suyurghatmish, as the nominal ruler of Balkh as he pretended to act as a \"protector of the member of a Chinggisid line, that of Genghis Khan's eldest son, Jochi\".", "Therefore, Timur set up a puppet Chaghatay Khan, Suyurghatmish, as the nominal ruler of Balkh as he pretended to act as a \"protector of the member of a Chinggisid line, that of Genghis Khan's eldest son, Jochi\". Timur instead used the title of Amir meaning general, and acting in the name of the Chagatai ruler of Transoxania.", "Timur instead used the title of Amir meaning general, and acting in the name of the Chagatai ruler of Transoxania. To reinforce this position, Timur claimed the title Guregen (royal son-in-law) when he married Saray Mulk Khanum, a princess of Chinggisid descent.", "To reinforce this position, Timur claimed the title Guregen (royal son-in-law) when he married Saray Mulk Khanum, a princess of Chinggisid descent. As with the title of Khan, Timur similarly could not claim the supreme title of the Islamic world, Caliph, because the \"office was limited to the Quraysh, the tribe of the Prophet Muhammad\".", "As with the title of Khan, Timur similarly could not claim the supreme title of the Islamic world, Caliph, because the \"office was limited to the Quraysh, the tribe of the Prophet Muhammad\". Therefore, Timur reacted to the challenge by creating a myth and image of himself as a \"supernatural personal power\" ordained by God.", "Therefore, Timur reacted to the challenge by creating a myth and image of himself as a \"supernatural personal power\" ordained by God. Otherwise he was described as a spiritual descendant of Ali, thus taken lineage of both to Genghis Khan and the Quraysh. Period of expansion Timur spent the next 35 years in various wars and expeditions.", "Period of expansion Timur spent the next 35 years in various wars and expeditions. He not only consolidated his rule at home by the subjugation of his foes, but sought extension of territory by encroachments upon the lands of foreign potentates.", "He not only consolidated his rule at home by the subjugation of his foes, but sought extension of territory by encroachments upon the lands of foreign potentates. His conquests to the west and northwest led him to the lands near the Caspian Sea and to the banks of the Ural and the Volga.", "His conquests to the west and northwest led him to the lands near the Caspian Sea and to the banks of the Ural and the Volga. Conquests in the south and south-West encompassed almost every province in Persia, including Baghdad, Karbala and Northern Iraq.", "Conquests in the south and south-West encompassed almost every province in Persia, including Baghdad, Karbala and Northern Iraq. One of the most formidable of Timur's opponents was another Mongol ruler, a descendant of Genghis Khan named Tokhtamysh.", "One of the most formidable of Timur's opponents was another Mongol ruler, a descendant of Genghis Khan named Tokhtamysh. After having been a refugee in Timur's court, Tokhtamysh became ruler both of the eastern Kipchak and the Golden Horde. After his accession, he quarreled with Timur over the possession of Khwarizm and Azerbaijan.", "After his accession, he quarreled with Timur over the possession of Khwarizm and Azerbaijan. However, Timur still supported him against the Russians and in 1382 Tokhtamysh invaded the Muscovite dominion and burned Moscow.", "However, Timur still supported him against the Russians and in 1382 Tokhtamysh invaded the Muscovite dominion and burned Moscow. Orthodox tradition states that later, in 1395 Timur, having reached the frontier of the Principality of Ryazan, had taken Elets and started advancing towards Moscow.", "Orthodox tradition states that later, in 1395 Timur, having reached the frontier of the Principality of Ryazan, had taken Elets and started advancing towards Moscow. Great Prince Vasily I of Moscow went with an army to Kolomna and halted at the banks of the Oka River.", "Great Prince Vasily I of Moscow went with an army to Kolomna and halted at the banks of the Oka River. The clergy brought the famed Theotokos of Vladimir icon from Vladimir to Moscow. Along the way people prayed kneeling: \"O Mother of God, save the land of Russia!\" Suddenly, Timur's armies retreated.", "Suddenly, Timur's armies retreated. In memory of this miraculous deliverance of the Russian land from Timur on 26 August, the all-Russian celebration in honor of the Meeting of the Vladimir Icon of the Most Holy Mother of God was established.", "In memory of this miraculous deliverance of the Russian land from Timur on 26 August, the all-Russian celebration in honor of the Meeting of the Vladimir Icon of the Most Holy Mother of God was established. Conquest of Persia After the death of Abu Sa'id, ruler of the Ilkhanate, in 1335, there was a power vacuum in Persia.", "Conquest of Persia After the death of Abu Sa'id, ruler of the Ilkhanate, in 1335, there was a power vacuum in Persia. In the end, Persia was split amongst the Muzaffarids, Kartids, Eretnids, Chobanids, Injuids, Jalayirids, and Sarbadars.", "In the end, Persia was split amongst the Muzaffarids, Kartids, Eretnids, Chobanids, Injuids, Jalayirids, and Sarbadars. In 1383, Timur started his lengthy military conquest of Persia, though he already ruled over much of Persian Khorasan by 1381, after Khwaja Mas'ud, of the Sarbadar dynasty surrendered.", "In 1383, Timur started his lengthy military conquest of Persia, though he already ruled over much of Persian Khorasan by 1381, after Khwaja Mas'ud, of the Sarbadar dynasty surrendered. Timur began his Persian campaign with Herat, capital of the Kartid dynasty.", "Timur began his Persian campaign with Herat, capital of the Kartid dynasty. When Herat did not surrender he reduced the city to rubble and massacred most of its citizens; it remained in ruins until Shah Rukh ordered its reconstruction around 1415. Timur then sent a General to capture rebellious Kandahar.", "Timur then sent a General to capture rebellious Kandahar. With the capture of Herat the Kartid kingdom surrendered and became vassals of Timur; it would later be annexed outright less than a decade later in 1389 by Timur's son Miran Shah. Timur then headed west to capture the Zagros Mountains, passing through Mazandaran.", "Timur then headed west to capture the Zagros Mountains, passing through Mazandaran. During his travel through the north of Persia, he captured the then town of Tehran, which surrendered and was thus treated mercifully. He laid siege to Soltaniyeh in 1384.", "He laid siege to Soltaniyeh in 1384. Khorasan revolted one year later, so Timur destroyed Isfizar, and the prisoners were cemented into the walls alive. The next year the kingdom of Sistan, under the Mihrabanid dynasty, was ravaged, and its capital at Zaranj was destroyed.", "The next year the kingdom of Sistan, under the Mihrabanid dynasty, was ravaged, and its capital at Zaranj was destroyed. Timur then returned to his capital of Samarkand, where he began planning for his Georgian campaign and Golden Horde invasion. In 1386, Timur passed through Mazandaran as he had when trying to capture the Zagros.", "In 1386, Timur passed through Mazandaran as he had when trying to capture the Zagros. He went near the city of Soltaniyeh, which he had previously captured but instead turned north and captured Tabriz with little resistance, along with Maragha.", "He went near the city of Soltaniyeh, which he had previously captured but instead turned north and captured Tabriz with little resistance, along with Maragha. He ordered heavy taxation of the people, which was collected by Adil Aqa, who was also given control over Soltaniyeh. Adil was later executed because Timur suspected him of corruption.", "Adil was later executed because Timur suspected him of corruption. Timur then went north to begin his Georgian and Golden Horde campaigns, pausing his full-scale invasion of Persia. When he returned, he found his generals had done well in protecting the cities and lands he had conquered in Persia.", "When he returned, he found his generals had done well in protecting the cities and lands he had conquered in Persia. Though many rebelled, and his son Miran Shah, who may have been regent, was forced to annex rebellious vassal dynasties, his holdings remained.", "Though many rebelled, and his son Miran Shah, who may have been regent, was forced to annex rebellious vassal dynasties, his holdings remained. So he proceeded to capture the rest of Persia, specifically the two major southern cities of Isfahan and Shiraz.", "So he proceeded to capture the rest of Persia, specifically the two major southern cities of Isfahan and Shiraz. When he arrived with his army at Isfahan in 1387, the city immediately surrendered; he treated it with relative mercy as he normally did with cities that surrendered (unlike Herat).", "When he arrived with his army at Isfahan in 1387, the city immediately surrendered; he treated it with relative mercy as he normally did with cities that surrendered (unlike Herat). However, after Isfahan revolted against Timur's taxes by killing the tax collectors and some of Timur's soldiers, he ordered the massacre of the city's citizens; the death toll is reckoned at between 100,000 and 200,000.", "However, after Isfahan revolted against Timur's taxes by killing the tax collectors and some of Timur's soldiers, he ordered the massacre of the city's citizens; the death toll is reckoned at between 100,000 and 200,000. An eye-witness counted more than 28 towers constructed of about 1,500 heads each.", "An eye-witness counted more than 28 towers constructed of about 1,500 heads each. This has been described as a \"systematic use of terror against towns...an integral element of Tamerlane's strategic element\", which he viewed as preventing bloodshed by discouraging resistance. His massacres were selective and he spared the artistic and educated.", "His massacres were selective and he spared the artistic and educated. This would later influence the next great Persian conqueror: Nader Shah. Timur then began a five-year campaign to the west in 1392, attacking Persian Kurdistan.", "Timur then began a five-year campaign to the west in 1392, attacking Persian Kurdistan. In 1393, Shiraz was captured after surrendering, and the Muzaffarids became vassals of Timur, though prince Shah Mansur rebelled but was defeated, and the Muzafarids were annexed.", "In 1393, Shiraz was captured after surrendering, and the Muzaffarids became vassals of Timur, though prince Shah Mansur rebelled but was defeated, and the Muzafarids were annexed. Shortly after Georgia was devastated so that the Golden Horde could not use it to threaten northern Iran.", "Shortly after Georgia was devastated so that the Golden Horde could not use it to threaten northern Iran. In the same year, Timur caught Baghdad by surprise in August by marching there in only eight days from Shiraz. Sultan Ahmad Jalayir fled to Syria, where the Mamluk Sultan Barquq protected him and killed Timur's envoys.", "Sultan Ahmad Jalayir fled to Syria, where the Mamluk Sultan Barquq protected him and killed Timur's envoys. Timur left the Sarbadar prince Khwaja Mas'ud to govern Baghdad, but he was driven out when Ahmad Jalayir returned.", "Timur left the Sarbadar prince Khwaja Mas'ud to govern Baghdad, but he was driven out when Ahmad Jalayir returned. Ahmad was unpopular but got help from Qara Yusuf of the Kara Koyunlu; he fled again in 1399, this time to the Ottomans.", "Ahmad was unpopular but got help from Qara Yusuf of the Kara Koyunlu; he fled again in 1399, this time to the Ottomans. Tokhtamysh–Timur war In the meantime, Tokhtamysh, now khan of the Golden Horde, turned against his patron and in 1385 invaded Azerbaijan. The inevitable response by Timur resulted in the Tokhtamysh–Timur war.", "The inevitable response by Timur resulted in the Tokhtamysh–Timur war. In the initial stage of the war, Timur won a victory at the Battle of the Kondurcha River. After the battle Tokhtamysh and some of his army were allowed to escape. After Tokhtamysh's initial defeat, Timur invaded Muscovy to the north of Tokhtamysh's holdings.", "After Tokhtamysh's initial defeat, Timur invaded Muscovy to the north of Tokhtamysh's holdings. Timur's army burned Ryazan and advanced on Moscow. He was pulled away before reaching the Oka River by Tokhtamysh's renewed campaign in the south.", "He was pulled away before reaching the Oka River by Tokhtamysh's renewed campaign in the south. In the first phase of the conflict with Tokhtamysh, Timur led an army of over 100,000 men north for more than 700 miles into the steppe. He then rode west about 1,000 miles advancing in a front more than 10 miles wide.", "He then rode west about 1,000 miles advancing in a front more than 10 miles wide. During this advance, Timur's army got far enough north to be in a region of very long summer days causing complaints by his Muslim soldiers about keeping a long schedule of prayers.", "During this advance, Timur's army got far enough north to be in a region of very long summer days causing complaints by his Muslim soldiers about keeping a long schedule of prayers. It was then that Tokhtamysh's army was boxed in against the east bank of the Volga River in the Orenburg region and destroyed at the Battle of the Kondurcha River, in 1391.", "It was then that Tokhtamysh's army was boxed in against the east bank of the Volga River in the Orenburg region and destroyed at the Battle of the Kondurcha River, in 1391. In the second phase of the conflict, Timur took a different route against the enemy by invading the realm of Tokhtamysh via the Caucasus region.", "In the second phase of the conflict, Timur took a different route against the enemy by invading the realm of Tokhtamysh via the Caucasus region. In 1395, Timur defeated Tokhtamysh in the Battle of the Terek River, concluding the struggle between the two monarchs.", "In 1395, Timur defeated Tokhtamysh in the Battle of the Terek River, concluding the struggle between the two monarchs. Tokhtamysh was unable to restore his power or prestige, and he was killed about a decade later in the area of present-day Tyumen.", "Tokhtamysh was unable to restore his power or prestige, and he was killed about a decade later in the area of present-day Tyumen. During the course of Timur's campaigns, his army destroyed Sarai, the capital of the Golden Horde, and Astrakhan, subsequently disrupting the Golden Horde's Silk Road.", "During the course of Timur's campaigns, his army destroyed Sarai, the capital of the Golden Horde, and Astrakhan, subsequently disrupting the Golden Horde's Silk Road. The Golden Horde no longer held power after their losses to Timur.", "The Golden Horde no longer held power after their losses to Timur. Ismailis In May 1393, Timur's army invaded the Anjudan, crippling the Ismaili village only a year after his assault on the Ismailis in Mazandaran. The village was prepared for the attack, evidenced by its fortress and system of tunnels.", "The village was prepared for the attack, evidenced by its fortress and system of tunnels. Undeterred, Timur's soldiers flooded the tunnels by cutting into a channel overhead. Timur's reasons for attacking this village are not yet well understood.", "Timur's reasons for attacking this village are not yet well understood. However, it has been suggested that his religious persuasions and view of himself as an executor of divine will may have contributed to his motivations. The Persian historian Khwandamir explains that an Ismaili presence was growing more politically powerful in Persian Iraq.", "The Persian historian Khwandamir explains that an Ismaili presence was growing more politically powerful in Persian Iraq. A group of locals in the region was dissatisfied with this and, Khwandamir writes, these locals assembled and brought up their complaint with Timur, possibly provoking his attack on the Ismailis there.", "A group of locals in the region was dissatisfied with this and, Khwandamir writes, these locals assembled and brought up their complaint with Timur, possibly provoking his attack on the Ismailis there. Campaign against the Tughlaq dynasty In 1398, Timur invaded northern India, attacking the Delhi Sultanate ruled by Sultan Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah Tughluq of the Tughlaq dynasty.", "Campaign against the Tughlaq dynasty In 1398, Timur invaded northern India, attacking the Delhi Sultanate ruled by Sultan Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah Tughluq of the Tughlaq dynasty. After crossing the Indus River on 30 September 1398, he sacked Tulamba and massacred its inhabitants. Then he advanced and captured Multan by October.", "Then he advanced and captured Multan by October. His invasion was unopposed as most of the Indian nobility surrendered without a fight, however he did encounter resistance from the united army of Rajputs and Muslims at Bhatner under the command of the Rajput king Dulachand, Dulachand initially opposed Timur but when hard-pressed he considered surrender.", "His invasion was unopposed as most of the Indian nobility surrendered without a fight, however he did encounter resistance from the united army of Rajputs and Muslims at Bhatner under the command of the Rajput king Dulachand, Dulachand initially opposed Timur but when hard-pressed he considered surrender. He was locked outside the walls of Bhatner by his brother and was later killed by Timur.", "He was locked outside the walls of Bhatner by his brother and was later killed by Timur. The garrison of Bhatner then fought and were slaughtered to the last man. Bhatner was looted and burned to the ground.", "Bhatner was looted and burned to the ground. While on his march towards Delhi, Timur was opposed by the Jat peasantry, who would loot caravans and then disappear in the forests, Timur had 2,000 Jats killed and many taken captive. But the Sultanate at Delhi did nothing to stop his advance.", "But the Sultanate at Delhi did nothing to stop his advance. Capture of Delhi (1398) The battle took place on 17 December 1398. Sultan Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah Tughluq and the army of Mallu Iqbal had war elephants armored with chain mail and poison on their tusks.", "Sultan Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah Tughluq and the army of Mallu Iqbal had war elephants armored with chain mail and poison on their tusks. As his Tatar forces were afraid of the elephants, Timur ordered his men to dig a trench in front of their positions. Timur then loaded his camels with as much wood and hay as they could carry.", "Timur then loaded his camels with as much wood and hay as they could carry. When the war elephants charged, Timur set the hay on fire and prodded the camels with iron sticks, causing them to charge at the elephants, howling in pain: Timur had understood that elephants were easily panicked.", "When the war elephants charged, Timur set the hay on fire and prodded the camels with iron sticks, causing them to charge at the elephants, howling in pain: Timur had understood that elephants were easily panicked. Faced with the strange spectacle of camels flying straight at them with flames leaping from their backs, the elephants turned around and stampeded back toward their own lines.", "Faced with the strange spectacle of camels flying straight at them with flames leaping from their backs, the elephants turned around and stampeded back toward their own lines. Timur capitalized on the subsequent disruption in the forces of Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah Tughluq, securing an easy victory. Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah Tughluq fled with remnants of his forces.", "Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah Tughluq fled with remnants of his forces. Delhi was sacked and left in ruins. Before the battle for Delhi, Timur executed 100,000 captives. The capture of the Delhi Sultanate was one of Timur's greatest victories, as at that time, Delhi was one of the richest cities in the world.", "The capture of the Delhi Sultanate was one of Timur's greatest victories, as at that time, Delhi was one of the richest cities in the world. After Delhi fell to Timur's army, uprisings by its citizens against the Turkic-Mongols began to occur, causing a retaliatory bloody massacre within the city walls.", "After Delhi fell to Timur's army, uprisings by its citizens against the Turkic-Mongols began to occur, causing a retaliatory bloody massacre within the city walls. After three days of citizens uprising within Delhi, it was said that the city reeked of the decomposing bodies of its citizens with their heads being erected like structures and the bodies left as food for the birds by Timur's soldiers.", "After three days of citizens uprising within Delhi, it was said that the city reeked of the decomposing bodies of its citizens with their heads being erected like structures and the bodies left as food for the birds by Timur's soldiers. Timur's invasion and destruction of Delhi continued the chaos that was still consuming India, and the city would not be able to recover from the great loss it suffered for almost a century.", "Timur's invasion and destruction of Delhi continued the chaos that was still consuming India, and the city would not be able to recover from the great loss it suffered for almost a century. Campaigns in the Levant Before the end of 1399, Timur started a war with Bayezid I, sultan of the Ottoman Empire, and the Mamluk sultan of Egypt Nasir-ad-Din Faraj.", "Campaigns in the Levant Before the end of 1399, Timur started a war with Bayezid I, sultan of the Ottoman Empire, and the Mamluk sultan of Egypt Nasir-ad-Din Faraj. Bayezid began annexing the territory of Turkmen and Muslim rulers in Anatolia. As Timur claimed sovereignty over the Turkoman rulers, they took refuge behind him.", "As Timur claimed sovereignty over the Turkoman rulers, they took refuge behind him. In 1400, Timur invaded Armenia and Georgia. Of the surviving population, more than 60,000 of the local people were captured as slaves, and many districts were depopulated. He also sacked Sivas in Asia Minor.", "He also sacked Sivas in Asia Minor. Then Timur turned his attention to Syria, sacking Aleppo, and Damascus. The city's inhabitants were massacred, except for the artisans, who were deported to Samarkand. Timur invaded Baghdad in June 1401. After the capture of the city, 20,000 of its citizens were massacred.", "After the capture of the city, 20,000 of its citizens were massacred. Timur ordered that every soldier should return with at least two severed human heads to show him.", "Timur ordered that every soldier should return with at least two severed human heads to show him. When they ran out of men to kill, many warriors killed prisoners captured earlier in the campaign, and when they ran out of prisoners to kill, many resorted to beheading their own wives.", "When they ran out of men to kill, many warriors killed prisoners captured earlier in the campaign, and when they ran out of prisoners to kill, many resorted to beheading their own wives. Invasion of Anatolia In the meantime, years of insulting letters had passed between Timur and Bayezid.", "Invasion of Anatolia In the meantime, years of insulting letters had passed between Timur and Bayezid. Both rulers insulted each other in their own way while Timur preferred to undermine Bayezid's position as a ruler and play down the significance of his military successes.", "Both rulers insulted each other in their own way while Timur preferred to undermine Bayezid's position as a ruler and play down the significance of his military successes. This is the excerpt from one of Timur's letters addressed to Ottoman sultan: \"Believe me, you are but pismire ant: don't seek to fight the elephants for they'll crush you under their feet.", "This is the excerpt from one of Timur's letters addressed to Ottoman sultan: \"Believe me, you are but pismire ant: don't seek to fight the elephants for they'll crush you under their feet. Shall a petty prince such as you are contend with us?", "Shall a petty prince such as you are contend with us? But your rodomontades (braggadocio) are not extraordinary; for a Turcoman never spake with judgement. If you don't follow our counsels you will regret it\". Finally, Timur invaded Anatolia and defeated Bayezid in the Battle of Ankara on 20 July 1402.", "Finally, Timur invaded Anatolia and defeated Bayezid in the Battle of Ankara on 20 July 1402. Bayezid was captured in battle and subsequently died in captivity, initiating the twelve-year Ottoman Interregnum period. Timur's stated motivation for attacking Bayezid and the Ottoman Empire was the restoration of Seljuq authority.", "Timur's stated motivation for attacking Bayezid and the Ottoman Empire was the restoration of Seljuq authority. Timur saw the Seljuks as the rightful rulers of Anatolia as they had been granted rule by Mongol conquerors, illustrating again Timur's interest with Genghizid legitimacy.", "Timur saw the Seljuks as the rightful rulers of Anatolia as they had been granted rule by Mongol conquerors, illustrating again Timur's interest with Genghizid legitimacy. In December 1402, Timur besieged and took the city of Smyrna, a stronghold of the Christian Knights Hospitalers, thus he referred to himself as ghazi or \"Warrior of Islam\".", "In December 1402, Timur besieged and took the city of Smyrna, a stronghold of the Christian Knights Hospitalers, thus he referred to himself as ghazi or \"Warrior of Islam\". A mass beheading was carried out in Smyrna by Timur's soldiers.", "A mass beheading was carried out in Smyrna by Timur's soldiers. With the Treaty of Gallipoli in February 1402, Timur was furious with the Genoese and Venetians, as their ships ferried the Ottoman army to safety in Thrace.", "With the Treaty of Gallipoli in February 1402, Timur was furious with the Genoese and Venetians, as their ships ferried the Ottoman army to safety in Thrace. As Lord Kinross reported in The Ottoman Centuries, the Italians preferred the enemy they could handle to the one they could not.", "As Lord Kinross reported in The Ottoman Centuries, the Italians preferred the enemy they could handle to the one they could not. During the early interregnum, Bayezid I's son acted as Timur's vassal.", "During the early interregnum, Bayezid I's son acted as Timur's vassal. Unlike other princes, Mehmed minted coins that had Timur's name stamped as \"Demur han Gürgân\" (), alongside his own as \"Mehmed bin Bayezid han\" ().", "Unlike other princes, Mehmed minted coins that had Timur's name stamped as \"Demur han Gürgân\" (), alongside his own as \"Mehmed bin Bayezid han\" (). This was probably an attempt on Mehmed's part to justify to Timur his conquest of Bursa after the Battle of Ulubad.", "This was probably an attempt on Mehmed's part to justify to Timur his conquest of Bursa after the Battle of Ulubad. After Mehmed established himself in Rum, Timur had already begun preparations for his return to Central Asia, and took no further steps to interfere with the status quo in Anatolia.", "After Mehmed established himself in Rum, Timur had already begun preparations for his return to Central Asia, and took no further steps to interfere with the status quo in Anatolia. While Timur was still in Anatolia, Qara Yusuf assaulted Baghdad and captured it in 1402.", "While Timur was still in Anatolia, Qara Yusuf assaulted Baghdad and captured it in 1402. Timur returned to Persia and sent his grandson Abu Bakr ibn Miran Shah to reconquer Baghdad, which he proceeded to do. Timur then spent some time in Ardabil, where he gave Ali Safavi, leader of the Safaviyya, a number of captives.", "Timur then spent some time in Ardabil, where he gave Ali Safavi, leader of the Safaviyya, a number of captives. Subsequently, he marched to Khorasan and then to Samarkhand, where he spent nine months celebrating and preparing to invade Mongolia and China.", "Subsequently, he marched to Khorasan and then to Samarkhand, where he spent nine months celebrating and preparing to invade Mongolia and China. Attempts to attack the Ming dynasty By 1368, Han Chinese forces had driven the Mongols out of China.", "Attempts to attack the Ming dynasty By 1368, Han Chinese forces had driven the Mongols out of China. The first of the new Ming dynasty's emperors, the Hongwu Emperor, and his son, the Yongle Emperor, produced tributary states of many Central Asian countries.", "The first of the new Ming dynasty's emperors, the Hongwu Emperor, and his son, the Yongle Emperor, produced tributary states of many Central Asian countries. The suzerain-vassal relationship between Ming empire and Timurid existed for a long time. In 1394, Hongwu's ambassadors eventually presented Timur with a letter addressing him as a subject.", "In 1394, Hongwu's ambassadors eventually presented Timur with a letter addressing him as a subject. He had the ambassadors Fu An, Guo Ji, and Liu Wei detained. Neither Hongwu's next ambassador, Chen Dewen (1397), nor the delegation announcing the accession of the Yongle Emperor fared any better.", "Neither Hongwu's next ambassador, Chen Dewen (1397), nor the delegation announcing the accession of the Yongle Emperor fared any better. Timur eventually planned to invade China. To this end Timur made an alliance with surviving Mongol tribes based in Mongolia and prepared all the way to Bukhara.", "To this end Timur made an alliance with surviving Mongol tribes based in Mongolia and prepared all the way to Bukhara. Engke Khan sent his grandson Öljei Temür Khan, also known as \"Buyanshir Khan\" after he converted to Islam while at the court of Timur in Samarkand. Death Timur preferred to fight his battles in the spring.", "Death Timur preferred to fight his battles in the spring. However, he died en route during an uncharacteristic winter campaign. In December 1404, Timur began military campaigns against Ming China and detained a Ming envoy.", "In December 1404, Timur began military campaigns against Ming China and detained a Ming envoy. He suffered illness while encamped on the farther side of the Syr Daria and died at Farab on 17 February 1405, before ever reaching the Chinese border.", "He suffered illness while encamped on the farther side of the Syr Daria and died at Farab on 17 February 1405, before ever reaching the Chinese border. After his death the Ming envoys such as Fu An and the remaining entourage were released by his grandson Khalil Sultan.", "After his death the Ming envoys such as Fu An and the remaining entourage were released by his grandson Khalil Sultan. Geographer Clements Markham, in his introduction to the narrative of Clavijo's embassy, states that, after Timur died, his body \"was embalmed with musk and rose water, wrapped in linen, laid in an ebony coffin and sent to Samarkand, where it was buried\".", "Geographer Clements Markham, in his introduction to the narrative of Clavijo's embassy, states that, after Timur died, his body \"was embalmed with musk and rose water, wrapped in linen, laid in an ebony coffin and sent to Samarkand, where it was buried\". His tomb, the Gur-e-Amir, still stands in Samarkand, though it has been heavily restored in recent years.", "His tomb, the Gur-e-Amir, still stands in Samarkand, though it has been heavily restored in recent years. Succession Timur had twice previously appointed an heir apparent to succeed him, both of whom he had outlived. The first, his son Jahangir, died of illness in 1376.", "The first, his son Jahangir, died of illness in 1376. The second, his grandson Muhammad Sultan, had succumbed to battle wounds in 1403. After the latter's death, Timur did nothing to replace him.", "After the latter's death, Timur did nothing to replace him. It was only when he was on his own death-bed that he appointed Muhammad Sultan's younger brother, Pir Muhammad as his successor.", "It was only when he was on his own death-bed that he appointed Muhammad Sultan's younger brother, Pir Muhammad as his successor. Pir Muhammad was unable to gain sufficient support from his relatives and a bitter civil war erupted amongst Timur's descendants, with multiple princes pursuing their claims.", "Pir Muhammad was unable to gain sufficient support from his relatives and a bitter civil war erupted amongst Timur's descendants, with multiple princes pursuing their claims. It was not until 1409 that Timur's youngest son, Shah Rukh was able to overcome his rivals and take the throne as Timur's successor.", "It was not until 1409 that Timur's youngest son, Shah Rukh was able to overcome his rivals and take the throne as Timur's successor. Wives and concubines Timur had forty-three wives and concubines, all of these women were also his consorts.", "Wives and concubines Timur had forty-three wives and concubines, all of these women were also his consorts. Timur made dozens of women his wives and concubines as he conquered their fathers' or erstwhile husbands' lands.", "Timur made dozens of women his wives and concubines as he conquered their fathers' or erstwhile husbands' lands. Turmish Agha, mother of Jahangir Mirza, Jahanshah Mirza and Aka Begi; Oljay Turkhan Agha (m. 1357/58), daughter of Amir Mashlah and granddaughter of Amir Qazaghan; Saray Mulk Khanum (m. 1367), widow of Amir Husain, and daughter of Qazan Khan; Islam Agha (m. 1367), widow of Amir Husain, and daughter of Amir Bayan Salduz; Ulus Agha (m. 1367), widow of Amir Husain, and daughter of Amir Khizr Yasuri; Dilshad Agha (m. 1374), daughter of Shams ed-Din and his wife Bujan Agha; Touman Agha (m. 1377), daughter of Amir Musa and his wife Arzu Mulk Agha, daughter of Amir Bayezid Jalayir; Chulpan Mulk Agha, daughter of Haji Beg of Jetah; Tukal Khanum (m. 1397), daughter of Mongol Khan Khizr Khawaja Oglan; Tolun Agha, concubine, and mother of Umar Shaikh Mirza I; Mengli Agha, concubine, and mother of Miran Shah; Toghay Turkhan Agha, lady from the Kara Khitai, widow of Amir Husain, and mother of Shah Rukh; Tughdi Bey Agha, daughter of Aq Sufi Qongirat; Sultan Aray Agha, a Nukuz lady; Malikanshah Agha, a Filuni lady; Khand Malik Agha, mother of Ibrahim Mirza; Sultan Agha, mother of a son who died in infancy; His other wives and concubines included: Dawlat Tarkan Agha, Burhan Agha, Jani Beg Agha, Tini Beg Agha, Durr Sultan Agha, Munduz Agha, Bakht Sultan Agha, Nowruz Agha, Jahan Bakht Agha, Nigar Agha, Ruhparwar Agha, Dil Beg Agha, Dilshad Agha, Murad Beg Agha, Piruzbakht Agha, Khoshkeldi Agha, Dilkhosh Agha, Barat Bey Agha, Sevinch Malik Agha, Arzu Bey Agha, Yadgar Sultan Agha, Khudadad Agha, Bakht Nigar Agha, Qutlu Bey Agha, and another Nigar Agha .", "Turmish Agha, mother of Jahangir Mirza, Jahanshah Mirza and Aka Begi; Oljay Turkhan Agha (m. 1357/58), daughter of Amir Mashlah and granddaughter of Amir Qazaghan; Saray Mulk Khanum (m. 1367), widow of Amir Husain, and daughter of Qazan Khan; Islam Agha (m. 1367), widow of Amir Husain, and daughter of Amir Bayan Salduz; Ulus Agha (m. 1367), widow of Amir Husain, and daughter of Amir Khizr Yasuri; Dilshad Agha (m. 1374), daughter of Shams ed-Din and his wife Bujan Agha; Touman Agha (m. 1377), daughter of Amir Musa and his wife Arzu Mulk Agha, daughter of Amir Bayezid Jalayir; Chulpan Mulk Agha, daughter of Haji Beg of Jetah; Tukal Khanum (m. 1397), daughter of Mongol Khan Khizr Khawaja Oglan; Tolun Agha, concubine, and mother of Umar Shaikh Mirza I; Mengli Agha, concubine, and mother of Miran Shah; Toghay Turkhan Agha, lady from the Kara Khitai, widow of Amir Husain, and mother of Shah Rukh; Tughdi Bey Agha, daughter of Aq Sufi Qongirat; Sultan Aray Agha, a Nukuz lady; Malikanshah Agha, a Filuni lady; Khand Malik Agha, mother of Ibrahim Mirza; Sultan Agha, mother of a son who died in infancy; His other wives and concubines included: Dawlat Tarkan Agha, Burhan Agha, Jani Beg Agha, Tini Beg Agha, Durr Sultan Agha, Munduz Agha, Bakht Sultan Agha, Nowruz Agha, Jahan Bakht Agha, Nigar Agha, Ruhparwar Agha, Dil Beg Agha, Dilshad Agha, Murad Beg Agha, Piruzbakht Agha, Khoshkeldi Agha, Dilkhosh Agha, Barat Bey Agha, Sevinch Malik Agha, Arzu Bey Agha, Yadgar Sultan Agha, Khudadad Agha, Bakht Nigar Agha, Qutlu Bey Agha, and another Nigar Agha . Descendants Sons of Timur Umar Shaikh Mirza I – with Tolun Agha Jahangir Mirza – with Turmish Agha Miran Shah Mirza – with Mengli Agha Shah Rukh Mirza – with Toghay Turkhan Agha Daughters of Timur Aka Begi (died 1382) – by Turmish Agha.", "Descendants Sons of Timur Umar Shaikh Mirza I – with Tolun Agha Jahangir Mirza – with Turmish Agha Miran Shah Mirza – with Mengli Agha Shah Rukh Mirza – with Toghay Turkhan Agha Daughters of Timur Aka Begi (died 1382) – by Turmish Agha. Married to Muhammad Beg, son of Amir Musa Tayichiud Sultan Husayn Tayichiud Sultan Bakht Begum (died 1429/30) – by Oljay Turkhan Agha.", "Married to Muhammad Beg, son of Amir Musa Tayichiud Sultan Husayn Tayichiud Sultan Bakht Begum (died 1429/30) – by Oljay Turkhan Agha. Married first Muhammad Mirke Apardi, married second, 1389/90, Sulayman Shah Dughlat Sa'adat Sultan – by Dilshad Agha Bikijan – by Mengli Agha Qutlugh Sultan Agha – by Toghay Turkhan Agha Sons of Umar Shaikh Mirza I Pir Muhammad Iskandar Rustam Bayqara I Mansur Sultan Husayn Bayqarah Badi' al-Zaman Muhammed Mu'min Muhammad Zaman Mirza Muzaffar Hussein Ibrahim Hussein Sons of Jahangir Muhammad Sultan Mirza Pir Muhammad Sons of Miran Shah Khalil Sultan Abu Bakr Muhammad Mirza Abu Sa'id Mirza Umar Shaikh Mirza II Zahir-ud-din Muhammad Babur the Mughals Jahangir Mirza II Sons of Shah Rukh Mirza Mirza Muhammad Taraghay – better known as Ulugh Beg Abdul-Latif Ghiyath-al-Din Baysunghur Ala al-Dawla Mirza Ibrahim Mirza Sultan Muhammad Yadigar Muhammad Abul-Qasim Babur Mirza Sultan Ibrahim Mirza Abdullah Mirza Mirza Soyurghatmïsh Khan Muhammad Juki Religious views Timur was a practicing Sunni Muslim, possibly belonging to the Naqshbandi school, which was influential in Transoxiana.", "Married first Muhammad Mirke Apardi, married second, 1389/90, Sulayman Shah Dughlat Sa'adat Sultan – by Dilshad Agha Bikijan – by Mengli Agha Qutlugh Sultan Agha – by Toghay Turkhan Agha Sons of Umar Shaikh Mirza I Pir Muhammad Iskandar Rustam Bayqara I Mansur Sultan Husayn Bayqarah Badi' al-Zaman Muhammed Mu'min Muhammad Zaman Mirza Muzaffar Hussein Ibrahim Hussein Sons of Jahangir Muhammad Sultan Mirza Pir Muhammad Sons of Miran Shah Khalil Sultan Abu Bakr Muhammad Mirza Abu Sa'id Mirza Umar Shaikh Mirza II Zahir-ud-din Muhammad Babur the Mughals Jahangir Mirza II Sons of Shah Rukh Mirza Mirza Muhammad Taraghay – better known as Ulugh Beg Abdul-Latif Ghiyath-al-Din Baysunghur Ala al-Dawla Mirza Ibrahim Mirza Sultan Muhammad Yadigar Muhammad Abul-Qasim Babur Mirza Sultan Ibrahim Mirza Abdullah Mirza Mirza Soyurghatmïsh Khan Muhammad Juki Religious views Timur was a practicing Sunni Muslim, possibly belonging to the Naqshbandi school, which was influential in Transoxiana. His chief official religious counsellor and adviser was the Hanafi scholar 'Abdu 'l-Jabbar Khwarazmi.", "His chief official religious counsellor and adviser was the Hanafi scholar 'Abdu 'l-Jabbar Khwarazmi. In Tirmidh, he had come under the influence of his spiritual mentor Sayyid Baraka, a leader from Balkh who is buried alongside Timur in Gur-e-Amir.", "In Tirmidh, he had come under the influence of his spiritual mentor Sayyid Baraka, a leader from Balkh who is buried alongside Timur in Gur-e-Amir. Timur was known to hold Ali and the Ahl al-Bayt in high regard and has been noted by various scholars for his \"pro-Shia\" stance.", "Timur was known to hold Ali and the Ahl al-Bayt in high regard and has been noted by various scholars for his \"pro-Shia\" stance. However, he also punished Shias for desecrating the memories of the Sahaba.", "However, he also punished Shias for desecrating the memories of the Sahaba. Timur was also noted for attacking the Shia with Sunni apologism, while at other times he attacked Sunnis on religious grounds as well.", "Timur was also noted for attacking the Shia with Sunni apologism, while at other times he attacked Sunnis on religious grounds as well. In contrast, Timur held the Seljuk Sultan Ahmad Sanjar in high regard for attacking the Ismailis at Alamut, while Timur's own attack on Ismailis at Anjudan was equally brutal.", "In contrast, Timur held the Seljuk Sultan Ahmad Sanjar in high regard for attacking the Ismailis at Alamut, while Timur's own attack on Ismailis at Anjudan was equally brutal. Personality Timur is regarded as a military genius and as a brilliant tactician with an uncanny ability to work within a highly fluid political structure to win and maintain a loyal following of nomads during his rule in Central Asia.", "Personality Timur is regarded as a military genius and as a brilliant tactician with an uncanny ability to work within a highly fluid political structure to win and maintain a loyal following of nomads during his rule in Central Asia. He was also considered extraordinarily intelligentnot only intuitively but also intellectually.", "He was also considered extraordinarily intelligentnot only intuitively but also intellectually. In Samarkand and his many travels, Timur, under the guidance of distinguished scholars, was able to learn the Persian, Mongolian, and Turkish languages (according to Ahmad ibn Arabshah, Timur could not speak Arabic).", "In Samarkand and his many travels, Timur, under the guidance of distinguished scholars, was able to learn the Persian, Mongolian, and Turkish languages (according to Ahmad ibn Arabshah, Timur could not speak Arabic). According to John Joseph Saunders, Timur was \"the product of an Islamized and Iranized society\", and not steppe nomadic.", "According to John Joseph Saunders, Timur was \"the product of an Islamized and Iranized society\", and not steppe nomadic. More importantly, Timur was characterized as an opportunist.", "More importantly, Timur was characterized as an opportunist. Taking advantage of his Turco-Mongolian heritage, Timur frequently used either the Islamic religion or the sharia law, fiqh, and traditions of the Mongol Empire to achieve his military goals or domestic political aims.", "Taking advantage of his Turco-Mongolian heritage, Timur frequently used either the Islamic religion or the sharia law, fiqh, and traditions of the Mongol Empire to achieve his military goals or domestic political aims. Timur was a learned king, and enjoyed the company of scholars; he was tolerant and generous to them.", "Timur was a learned king, and enjoyed the company of scholars; he was tolerant and generous to them. He was a contemporary of the Persian poet Hafez, and a story of their meeting explains that Timur summoned Hafiz, who had written a ghazal with the following verse: For the black mole on thy cheek I would give the cities of Samarkand and Bukhara.", "He was a contemporary of the Persian poet Hafez, and a story of their meeting explains that Timur summoned Hafiz, who had written a ghazal with the following verse: For the black mole on thy cheek I would give the cities of Samarkand and Bukhara. Timur upbraided him for this verse and said, \"By the blows of my well tempered sword I have conquered the greater part of the world to enlarge Samarkand and Bukhara, my capitals and residences; and you, pitiful creature, would exchange these two cities for a mole.\"", "Timur upbraided him for this verse and said, \"By the blows of my well tempered sword I have conquered the greater part of the world to enlarge Samarkand and Bukhara, my capitals and residences; and you, pitiful creature, would exchange these two cities for a mole.\" Hafez, undaunted, replied, \"It is by similar generosity that I have been reduced, as you see, to my present state of poverty.\"", "Hafez, undaunted, replied, \"It is by similar generosity that I have been reduced, as you see, to my present state of poverty.\" It is reported that the King was pleased by the witty answer and the poet departed with magnificent gifts.", "It is reported that the King was pleased by the witty answer and the poet departed with magnificent gifts. There is a shared view that Timur's real motive for his campaigns was his imperialistic ambition, as expressed by his statement: \"The whole expanse of the inhabited part of the world is not large enough to have two kings.\"", "There is a shared view that Timur's real motive for his campaigns was his imperialistic ambition, as expressed by his statement: \"The whole expanse of the inhabited part of the world is not large enough to have two kings.\" However, besides Iran, Timur simply plundered the states he invaded with a purpose of enriching his native Samarqand and neglected the conquered areas, which may have resulted in a relatively quick disintegration of his Empire after his death.", "However, besides Iran, Timur simply plundered the states he invaded with a purpose of enriching his native Samarqand and neglected the conquered areas, which may have resulted in a relatively quick disintegration of his Empire after his death. Timur used Persian expressions in his conversations often, and his motto was the Persian phrase rāstī rustī (, meaning \"truth is safety\" or \"veritas salus\").", "Timur used Persian expressions in his conversations often, and his motto was the Persian phrase rāstī rustī (, meaning \"truth is safety\" or \"veritas salus\"). He is credited with the invention of the Tamerlane chess variant, played on a 10×11 board.", "He is credited with the invention of the Tamerlane chess variant, played on a 10×11 board. Exchanges with Europe Timur had numerous and diplomatic exchanges with various European states, especially Spain and France. Relations between the court of Henry III of Castile and that of Timur played an important part in medieval Castilian diplomacy.", "Relations between the court of Henry III of Castile and that of Timur played an important part in medieval Castilian diplomacy. In 1402, the time of the Battle of Ankara, two Spanish ambassadors were already with Timur: Pelayo de Sotomayor and Fernando de Palazuelos.", "In 1402, the time of the Battle of Ankara, two Spanish ambassadors were already with Timur: Pelayo de Sotomayor and Fernando de Palazuelos. Later, Timur sent to the court of the Kingdom of León and Castile a Chagatai ambassador named Hajji Muhammad al-Qazi with letters and gifts.", "Later, Timur sent to the court of the Kingdom of León and Castile a Chagatai ambassador named Hajji Muhammad al-Qazi with letters and gifts. In return, Henry III of Castile sent a famous embassy to Timur's court in Samarkand in 1403–06, led by Ruy González de Clavijo, with two other ambassadors, Alfonso Paez and Gomez de Salazar.", "In return, Henry III of Castile sent a famous embassy to Timur's court in Samarkand in 1403–06, led by Ruy González de Clavijo, with two other ambassadors, Alfonso Paez and Gomez de Salazar. On their return, Timur affirmed that he regarded the king of Castile \"as his very own son\".", "On their return, Timur affirmed that he regarded the king of Castile \"as his very own son\". According to Clavijo, Timur's good treatment of the Spanish delegation contrasted with the disdain shown by his host toward the envoys of the \"lord of Cathay\" (i.e., the Yongle Emperor), the Chinese ruler.", "According to Clavijo, Timur's good treatment of the Spanish delegation contrasted with the disdain shown by his host toward the envoys of the \"lord of Cathay\" (i.e., the Yongle Emperor), the Chinese ruler. Clavijo's visit to Samarkand allowed him to report to the European audience on the news from Cathay (China), which few Europeans had been able to visit directly in the century that had passed since the travels of Marco Polo.", "Clavijo's visit to Samarkand allowed him to report to the European audience on the news from Cathay (China), which few Europeans had been able to visit directly in the century that had passed since the travels of Marco Polo. The French archives preserve: A 30 July 1402 letter from Timur to Charles VI of France, suggesting that he send traders to Asia.", "The French archives preserve: A 30 July 1402 letter from Timur to Charles VI of France, suggesting that he send traders to Asia. It is written in Persian. A May 1403 letter.", "A May 1403 letter. A May 1403 letter. This is a Latin transcription of a letter from Timur to Charles VI, and another from Miran Shah, his son, to the Christian princes, announcing their victory over Bayezid I at Smyrna.", "This is a Latin transcription of a letter from Timur to Charles VI, and another from Miran Shah, his son, to the Christian princes, announcing their victory over Bayezid I at Smyrna. A copy has been kept of the answer of Charles VI to Timur, dated 15 June 1403.", "A copy has been kept of the answer of Charles VI to Timur, dated 15 June 1403. In addition, Byzantine John VII Palaiologos who was a regent during his uncle's absence in the West, sent a Dominican friar in August 1401 to Timur, to pay his respect and propose paying tribute to him instead of the Turks, once he managed to defeat them.", "In addition, Byzantine John VII Palaiologos who was a regent during his uncle's absence in the West, sent a Dominican friar in August 1401 to Timur, to pay his respect and propose paying tribute to him instead of the Turks, once he managed to defeat them. Legacy Timur's legacy is a mixed one.", "Legacy Timur's legacy is a mixed one. While Central Asia blossomed under his reign, other places, such as Baghdad, Damascus, Delhi and other Arab, Georgian, Persian, and Indian cities were sacked and destroyed and their populations massacred.", "While Central Asia blossomed under his reign, other places, such as Baghdad, Damascus, Delhi and other Arab, Georgian, Persian, and Indian cities were sacked and destroyed and their populations massacred. Thus, while Timur still retains a positive image in Muslim Central Asia, he is vilified by many in Arabia, Iraq, Persia, and India, where some of his greatest atrocities were carried out.", "Thus, while Timur still retains a positive image in Muslim Central Asia, he is vilified by many in Arabia, Iraq, Persia, and India, where some of his greatest atrocities were carried out. However, Ibn Khaldun praises Timur for having unified much of the Muslim world when other conquerors of the time could not.", "However, Ibn Khaldun praises Timur for having unified much of the Muslim world when other conquerors of the time could not. The next great conqueror of the Middle East, Nader Shah, was greatly influenced by Timur and almost re-enacted Timur's conquests and battle strategies in his own campaigns.", "The next great conqueror of the Middle East, Nader Shah, was greatly influenced by Timur and almost re-enacted Timur's conquests and battle strategies in his own campaigns. Like Timur, Nader Shah conquered most of Caucasia, Persia, and Central Asia along with also sacking Delhi.", "Like Timur, Nader Shah conquered most of Caucasia, Persia, and Central Asia along with also sacking Delhi. Timur's short-lived empire also melded the Turko-Persian tradition in Transoxiana, and in most of the territories that he incorporated into his fiefdom, Persian became the primary language of administration and literary culture (diwan), regardless of ethnicity.", "Timur's short-lived empire also melded the Turko-Persian tradition in Transoxiana, and in most of the territories that he incorporated into his fiefdom, Persian became the primary language of administration and literary culture (diwan), regardless of ethnicity. In addition, during his reign, some contributions to Turkic literature were penned, with Turkic cultural influence expanding and flourishing as a result.", "In addition, during his reign, some contributions to Turkic literature were penned, with Turkic cultural influence expanding and flourishing as a result. A literary form of Chagatai Turkic came into use alongside Persian as both a cultural and an official language.", "A literary form of Chagatai Turkic came into use alongside Persian as both a cultural and an official language. Tamerlane virtually exterminated the Church of the East, which had previously been a major branch of Christianity but afterwards became largely confined to a small area now known as the Assyrian Triangle.", "Tamerlane virtually exterminated the Church of the East, which had previously been a major branch of Christianity but afterwards became largely confined to a small area now known as the Assyrian Triangle. Timur became a relatively popular figure in Europe for centuries after his death, mainly because of his victory over the Ottoman Sultan Bayezid.", "Timur became a relatively popular figure in Europe for centuries after his death, mainly because of his victory over the Ottoman Sultan Bayezid. The Ottoman armies were at the time invading Eastern Europe and Timur was seen as an ally. Timur is officially recognized as a national hero in Uzbekistan.", "Timur is officially recognized as a national hero in Uzbekistan. His monument in Tashkent now occupies the place where Karl Marx's statue once stood.", "His monument in Tashkent now occupies the place where Karl Marx's statue once stood. Muhammad Iqbal, a philosopher, poet and politician in British India who is widely regarded as having inspired the Pakistan Movement, composed a notable poem entitled Dream of Timur, the poem itself was inspired by a prayer of the last Mughal emperor, Bahadur Shah II: In 1794, Sake Dean Mahomed published his travel book, The Travels of Dean Mahomet.", "Muhammad Iqbal, a philosopher, poet and politician in British India who is widely regarded as having inspired the Pakistan Movement, composed a notable poem entitled Dream of Timur, the poem itself was inspired by a prayer of the last Mughal emperor, Bahadur Shah II: In 1794, Sake Dean Mahomed published his travel book, The Travels of Dean Mahomet. The book begins with the praise of Genghis Khan, Timur, and particularly the first Mughal emperor, Babur.", "The book begins with the praise of Genghis Khan, Timur, and particularly the first Mughal emperor, Babur. He also gives important details on the then incumbent Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II. Historical sources The earliest known history of his reign was Nizam ad-Din Shami's Zafarnama, which was written during Timur's lifetime.", "Historical sources The earliest known history of his reign was Nizam ad-Din Shami's Zafarnama, which was written during Timur's lifetime. Between 1424 and 1428, Sharaf ad-Din Ali Yazdi wrote a second Zafarnama drawing heavily on Shami's earlier work. Ahmad ibn Arabshah wrote a much less favorable history in Arabic.", "Ahmad ibn Arabshah wrote a much less favorable history in Arabic. Arabshah's history was translated into Latin by the Dutch Orientalist Jacobus Golius in 1636. As Timurid-sponsored histories, the two Zafarnamas present a dramatically different picture from Arabshah's chronicle.", "As Timurid-sponsored histories, the two Zafarnamas present a dramatically different picture from Arabshah's chronicle. William Jones remarked that the former presented Timur as a \"liberal, benevolent and illustrious prince\" while the latter painted him as \"deformed and impious, of a low birth and detestable principles\".", "William Jones remarked that the former presented Timur as a \"liberal, benevolent and illustrious prince\" while the latter painted him as \"deformed and impious, of a low birth and detestable principles\". Malfuzat-i Timuri The Malfuzat-i Timurī and the appended Tuzūk-i Tīmūrī, supposedly Timur's own autobiography, are almost certainly 17th-century fabrications.", "Malfuzat-i Timuri The Malfuzat-i Timurī and the appended Tuzūk-i Tīmūrī, supposedly Timur's own autobiography, are almost certainly 17th-century fabrications. The scholar Abu Taleb Hosayni presented the texts to the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan, a distant descendant of Timur, in 1637–38, supposedly after discovering the Chagatai language originals in the library of a Yemeni ruler.", "The scholar Abu Taleb Hosayni presented the texts to the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan, a distant descendant of Timur, in 1637–38, supposedly after discovering the Chagatai language originals in the library of a Yemeni ruler. Due to the distance between Yemen and Timur's base in Transoxiana and the lack of any other evidence of the originals, most historians consider the story highly implausible, and suspect Hosayni of inventing both the text and its origin story.", "Due to the distance between Yemen and Timur's base in Transoxiana and the lack of any other evidence of the originals, most historians consider the story highly implausible, and suspect Hosayni of inventing both the text and its origin story. European views Timur arguably had a significant impact on the Renaissance culture and early modern Europe.", "European views Timur arguably had a significant impact on the Renaissance culture and early modern Europe. His achievements both fascinated and horrified Europeans from the fifteenth century to the early nineteenth century.", "His achievements both fascinated and horrified Europeans from the fifteenth century to the early nineteenth century. European views of Timur were mixed throughout the fifteenth century, with some European countries calling him an ally and others seeing him as a threat to Europe because of his rapid expansion and brutality.", "European views of Timur were mixed throughout the fifteenth century, with some European countries calling him an ally and others seeing him as a threat to Europe because of his rapid expansion and brutality. When Timur captured the Ottoman Sultan Bayezid at Ankara, he was often praised and seen as a trusted ally by European rulers, such as Charles VI of France and Henry IV of England, because they believed he was saving Christianity from the Turkic Empire in the Middle East.", "When Timur captured the Ottoman Sultan Bayezid at Ankara, he was often praised and seen as a trusted ally by European rulers, such as Charles VI of France and Henry IV of England, because they believed he was saving Christianity from the Turkic Empire in the Middle East. Those two kings also praised him because his victory at Ankara allowed Christian merchants to remain in the Middle East and allowed for their safe return home to both France and England.", "Those two kings also praised him because his victory at Ankara allowed Christian merchants to remain in the Middle East and allowed for their safe return home to both France and England. Timur was also praised because it was believed that he helped restore the right of passage for Christian pilgrims to the Holy Land.", "Timur was also praised because it was believed that he helped restore the right of passage for Christian pilgrims to the Holy Land. Other Europeans viewed Timur as a barbaric enemy who presented a threat to both European culture and the religion of Christianity.", "Other Europeans viewed Timur as a barbaric enemy who presented a threat to both European culture and the religion of Christianity. His rise to power moved many leaders, such as Henry III of Castile, to send embassies to Samarkand to scout out Timur, learn about his people, make alliances with him, and try to convince him to convert to Christianity in order to avoid war.", "His rise to power moved many leaders, such as Henry III of Castile, to send embassies to Samarkand to scout out Timur, learn about his people, make alliances with him, and try to convince him to convert to Christianity in order to avoid war. In the introduction to a 1723 translation of Yazdi's Zafarnama, the translator wrote: Exhumation and alleged curse Timur's body was exhumed from his tomb on 19 June 1941 and his remains examined by the Soviet anthropologists Mikhail M. Gerasimov, Lev V. Oshanin and V. Ia.", "In the introduction to a 1723 translation of Yazdi's Zafarnama, the translator wrote: Exhumation and alleged curse Timur's body was exhumed from his tomb on 19 June 1941 and his remains examined by the Soviet anthropologists Mikhail M. Gerasimov, Lev V. Oshanin and V. Ia. Zezenkova.", "Zezenkova. Zezenkova. Gerasimov reconstructed the likeness of Timur from his skull and found that his facial characteristics displayed \"typical Mongoloid features\", i.e. East Asian in modern terms. An anthropologic study of Timur's cranium shows that he belonged predominately to the South Siberian Mongoloid type. At , Timur was tall for his era.", "At , Timur was tall for his era. The examinations confirmed that Timur was lame and had a withered right arm due to his injuries. His right thighbone had knitted together with his kneecap, and the configuration of the knee joint suggests that he had kept his leg bent at all times and therefore would have had a pronounced limp.", "His right thighbone had knitted together with his kneecap, and the configuration of the knee joint suggests that he had kept his leg bent at all times and therefore would have had a pronounced limp. He appears to have been broad-chested and his hair and beard were red.", "He appears to have been broad-chested and his hair and beard were red. It is alleged that Timur's tomb was inscribed with the words, \"When I rise from the dead, the world shall tremble.\"", "It is alleged that Timur's tomb was inscribed with the words, \"When I rise from the dead, the world shall tremble.\" It is also said that when Gerasimov exhumed the body, an additional inscription inside the casket was found, which read, \"Whomsoever opens my tomb shall unleash an invader more terrible than I.\"", "It is also said that when Gerasimov exhumed the body, an additional inscription inside the casket was found, which read, \"Whomsoever opens my tomb shall unleash an invader more terrible than I.\" Even though people close to Gerasimov claim that this story is a fabrication, the legend persists.", "Even though people close to Gerasimov claim that this story is a fabrication, the legend persists. In any case, three days after Gerasimov began the exhumation, Adolf Hitler invaded the Soviet Union. Timur was re-buried with full Islamic ritual in November 1942 just before the Soviet victory at the Battle of Stalingrad.", "Timur was re-buried with full Islamic ritual in November 1942 just before the Soviet victory at the Battle of Stalingrad. In the arts Tamburlaine the Great, Parts I and II (English, 1563–1594): play by Christopher Marlowe Tamerlan ou la mort de Bajazet [Tamerlane or the Death of Bajazet] (1675): play by Jacques Pradon.", "In the arts Tamburlaine the Great, Parts I and II (English, 1563–1594): play by Christopher Marlowe Tamerlan ou la mort de Bajazet [Tamerlane or the Death of Bajazet] (1675): play by Jacques Pradon. Tamerlane (1701): play by Nicholas Rowe (English) Tamerlano (1724): opera by George Frideric Handel, in Italian, based on the 1675 Pradon play.", "Tamerlane (1701): play by Nicholas Rowe (English) Tamerlano (1724): opera by George Frideric Handel, in Italian, based on the 1675 Pradon play. Bajazet (1735): opera by Antonio Vivaldi, portrays the capture of Bayezid I by Timur.", "Bajazet (1735): opera by Antonio Vivaldi, portrays the capture of Bayezid I by Timur. Il gran Tamerlano (1772): opera by Josef Myslivecek which also portrays the capture of Bayezid I by Timur.", "Il gran Tamerlano (1772): opera by Josef Myslivecek which also portrays the capture of Bayezid I by Timur. Timour the Tartar (1811): equestrian drama by Matthew Lewis Tamerlane (published 1827): first published poem of Edgar Allan Poe.", "Timour the Tartar (1811): equestrian drama by Matthew Lewis Tamerlane (published 1827): first published poem of Edgar Allan Poe. Turandot (1924): opera by Giacomo Puccini (libretto by Giuseppe Adami and Renato Simoni) in which Timur is the deposed, blind former King of Tartary and father of the protagonist Calaf.", "Turandot (1924): opera by Giacomo Puccini (libretto by Giuseppe Adami and Renato Simoni) in which Timur is the deposed, blind former King of Tartary and father of the protagonist Calaf. Lord of Samarkand (The Lame Man; published 1932): story by Robert E. Howard in which Timour appears.", "Lord of Samarkand (The Lame Man; published 1932): story by Robert E. Howard in which Timour appears. Nesimi (1973): Azerbaijani film in which Timur was portrayed by Yusif Veliyev.", "Nesimi (1973): Azerbaijani film in which Timur was portrayed by Yusif Veliyev. Tamerlan (2003): Spanish-language novel by Colombian writer Enrique Serrano Day Watch (2006): Russian film in which Tamerlane in his youth is portrayed by Emir Baygazin, and in maturity by Gani Kulzhanov.", "Tamerlan (2003): Spanish-language novel by Colombian writer Enrique Serrano Day Watch (2006): Russian film in which Tamerlane in his youth is portrayed by Emir Baygazin, and in maturity by Gani Kulzhanov. Tamburlaine: Shadow of God (broadcast 2008): a BBC Radio 3 play by John Fletcher presenting a fictitious encounter between Tamburlaine, Ibn Khaldun, and Hafez.", "Tamburlaine: Shadow of God (broadcast 2008): a BBC Radio 3 play by John Fletcher presenting a fictitious encounter between Tamburlaine, Ibn Khaldun, and Hafez. Age of Empires II: Definitive Edition (2019): a video game containing a six-chapter campaign titled \"Tamerlane\".", "Age of Empires II: Definitive Edition (2019): a video game containing a six-chapter campaign titled \"Tamerlane\". Examples of Timurid architecture See also List of largest empires Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent Timuri Timurid conquests and invasions Timurlengia Notes References Further reading Abazov, Rafis.", "Examples of Timurid architecture See also List of largest empires Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent Timuri Timurid conquests and invasions Timurlengia Notes References Further reading Abazov, Rafis. \"Timur (Tamerlane) and the Timurid Empire in Central Asia.\" The Palgrave Concise Historical Atlas of Central Asia. Palgrave Macmillan US, 2008. 56–57.", "Palgrave Macmillan US, 2008. 56–57. 56–57. Marlowe, Christopher. Tamburlaine the Great. Ed. J. S. Cunningham. Manchester University Press, Manchester 1981. Manz, Beatrice Forbes. \"Temür and the Problem of a Conqueror's Legacy,\" Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, Third Series, Vol. 8, No.", "8, No. 8, No. 1 (Apr. 1998) Marozzi, Justin. Tamerlane: sword of Islam, conqueror of the world, London: HarperCollins, 2004 Marozzi, Justin.", "Tamerlane: sword of Islam, conqueror of the world, London: HarperCollins, 2004 Marozzi, Justin. \"Tamerlane\", in: The Art of War: great commanders of the ancient and medieval world, Andrew Roberts (editor), London: Quercus Military History, 2008.", "\"Tamerlane\", in: The Art of War: great commanders of the ancient and medieval world, Andrew Roberts (editor), London: Quercus Military History, 2008. Novosel'tsev, A. P. \"On the Historical Evaluation of Tamerlane.\" Soviet studies in history 12.3 (1973): 37–70.", "Soviet studies in history 12.3 (1973): 37–70. Shterenshis, Michael V. \"Approach to Tamerlane: Tradition and Innovation.\" Central Asia and the Caucasus 2 (2000). Sykes, P. M. \"Tamerlane\" Journal of the Central Asian Society 2.1 (1915): 17–33. YÜKSEL, Musa Şamil.", "YÜKSEL, Musa Şamil. YÜKSEL, Musa Şamil. \"Timur’un Yükselişi ve Batı’nın Diplomatik Cevabı, 1390–1405.\" Selçuk Üniversitesi Türkiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi 1.18 (2005): 231–243.", "Selçuk Üniversitesi Türkiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi 1.18 (2005): 231–243. External links Forbes, Andrew, & Henley, David: Timur's Legacy: The Architecture of Bukhara and Samarkand (CPA Media) Narrative of the Embassy of Ruy Gonzalez De Clavijo to the Court of Timour, at Samarcand, A.D. 1403–6 – .", "External links Forbes, Andrew, & Henley, David: Timur's Legacy: The Architecture of Bukhara and Samarkand (CPA Media) Narrative of the Embassy of Ruy Gonzalez De Clavijo to the Court of Timour, at Samarcand, A.D. 1403–6 – . Ruy González de Clavijo, Embassy to Tamerlane, 1403–1406, translated by Guy Le Strange, with a new Introduction by Caroline Stone (Hardinge Simpole, 2009).", "Ruy González de Clavijo, Embassy to Tamerlane, 1403–1406, translated by Guy Le Strange, with a new Introduction by Caroline Stone (Hardinge Simpole, 2009). Nationality or Religion: Views of Central Asian Islam Timurid dynasty 1336 births 1405 deaths Muslim monarchs Samarkand Royalty and nobility with disabilities Founding monarchs" ]

[ "Timur", "Personality", "What sort of personality did Timur possess?", "he was tolerant and generous" ]

[ "Epistemological particularism is the view that one can know something without knowing how one knows it. By this view, one's knowledge is justified before one knows how such belief could be justified. Taking this as a philosophical approach, one would ask the question \"What do we know?\" before asking \"How do we know?\" The term appears in Roderick Chisholm's \"The Problem of the Criterion\", and in the work of his student, Ernest Sosa (\"The Raft and the Pyramid: Coherence versus Foundations in the Theory of Knowledge\"). Particularism is contrasted with methodism, which answers the latter question before the former. Since the question \"What do we know\" implies that we know, particularism is considered fundamentally anti-skeptical, and was ridiculed by Kant in the Prolegomena.\n\nReferences\n\nEpistemological theories", "New York: A Love Story is the debut studio album by American R&B singer Mack Wilds. It was released on September 30, 2013, by Louder Than Life and RED Distribution. The album features guest appearances from Method Man, Raekwon and Doug E. Fresh. The album was nominated for Best Urban Contemporary Album at the 56th Grammy Awards, which was held on January 26, 2014.\n\nBackground\nIn July 2013, in an interview with Bossip, Mack Wilds spoke about why he decided to name the album New York: A Love Story, saying: \"We had a bunch of different titles. We had a bunch of different names, and thoughts and ideas. But it really just turned into what it sounds like. It sounded like New York and it sounded like a love story, so it really just kind of gave itself that name. We just let everybody know.\" In the same interview, he spoke about whose idea it was to use classic samples on the album, saying: \"Yes. It was a mix of both our ideas and thoughts. Salaam [Remi] came to the table and first it was moreso like a test, he wanted to see what I could do with certain songs. I think the first song I recorded was \"Own It\". And he just wanted to see what I could do with that, and we did it. Then we just started talking about different beats we wanted to try and it was a real moment, us just trying to figure out different things we could flip around like \"Yo, what if we flip this beat like this?\" or \"Yo, what if we just pull this from this and did that? Yo, that would be crazy.\" I think one of the first beats that we flipped was \"Hennesy\" with the Mobb Deep sample. And it just really came together. He played it for Havoc, Havoc loved it, gave him the original beat for it. Havoc twisted it, fixed it up. It was dope. It really just came together from there.\"\n\nIn November 2013, in an interview with Complex, he spoke about if he was surprised by the positive feedback he got from the album, saying: \"I was and I think it’s mainly because I didn’t know what to expect. You do a project, you know it feels good to yourself, you know what it is but to really have it be respected everywhere, by everyone. I really haven’t heard anything bad as of yet.\" He also spoke about how he wanted to represent New York on the album, saying: \"We really wanted to just re-represent that iconic sound of New York. I feel like it right now we are in a soundscape where real musicality is coming back but in hip-hop, there is such a focus on trap rap. We wanted to do something where we fully established what the sound is in New York. Things have changed, years have gone by, but I feel like in certain aspects New York is still the same New York was when hip-hop was becoming hip-hop. New York still has the same heartbeat as it always has.\" He also spoke about how it was working with producer Salaam Remi on the album, saying: \"Amazing. I think the best thing about it was that it wasn’t even just a work relationship. Salaam is like my big brother. I’ve known since I was 18. From 18 to literally this past December, we were just kicking it. He would bring me to the studio and let me hear some stuff. I would let him hear the things I was working on and he would critique it. As I started to grow as an artist, he finally got to a point where he was like, “Come down to Miami, let’s see what you can actually do.” We went out there for a week and we knocked out like seven records in seven days and four of those records made the album.\"\n\nHe also spoke about remaking Michael Jackson's \"Remember the Time\", saying: \"See, he tricked me with that! I say he tricked me because, I was in the room writing \"Henny\" and he called me into the other room, he was like, \"Yo! Just record 'Remember the Time' over that.\" I’m like, \"Are you serious?\" He was like, \"Yeah, yeah just record it.\" I’m thinking we are just playing around because we are in the studio, just having fun. I recorded it, he’s listening to it and he’s like, \"That’s good, we’re going to keep it.\" \"We are going to keep it? Do what? We’re keeping a Michael Jackson’s record?\" I almost threw up. It was crazy. But it’s amazing the way that it turned out especially after rerecording it, touching it up and hearing how the different aspects that he placed in it, like the orchestration or even the harps, it really turned it into a whole another monster.\"\n\nSingles\nOn June 24, 2013, the album's first single \"Own It\" was released. On July 30, 2013, the music video was released for \"Own It\". On December 16, 2013, the remix to \"Henny\" featuring Mobb Deep and French Montana, was released. On December 23, 2013, the music video was released for \"Henny\".\n\nCritical response\n\nUpon its release, New York: A Love Story was met with generally positive reviews from music critics. Andy Kellman gave the album four out of five stars, saying \"Tristan Wilds was only four years old when Enter the Wu-Tang was released, but he snared fellow Staten Island native Method Man for the first song of his debut album, in which The Wire and 90210 actor proclaims, \"The Shaolin is back again.\" While Wilds is predominantly a singer who couldn't possibly be termed hardcore, music of the early to mid-'90s—specifically post-new jack R&B, or hip-hop soul—informs much of New York: A Love Story. Wilds even re-envisions Michael Jackson's 1992 single \"Remember the Time\" by softening and slowing it into something of a 1994-1995 throwback. Other high points include the breezy \"My Crib,\" the harder \"Henny\" and \"Own It,\" and \"U Can Cry to Me,\" which would lose none of its appeal without the guest appearances from Raekwon and Doug E. Fresh. This is a promising first step from a smooth, thoughtful, and understated voice.\"\n\nTrack listing\n\nCharts\n\nReferences\n\n2013 debut albums\nAlbums produced by Salaam Remi\nContemporary R&B albums by American artists\nAlbums produced by Pete Rock\nAlbums produced by Ne-Yo\nAlbums produced by Rico Love\nAlbums produced by Havoc (musician)\nAlbums produced by DJ Premier\nAlbums produced by Bink (record producer)\nAlbums produced by James Poyser\nAlbums produced by James Fauntleroy" ]

[ "Timur ( Temür, 'Iron'; 9 April 133617–19 February 1405), later Timūr Gurkānī ( Temür Küregen), was a Turco-Mongol conqueror who founded the Timurid Empire in and around modern-day Afghanistan, Iran and Central Asia, becoming the first ruler of the Timurid dynasty. As an undefeated commander, he is widely regarded as one of the greatest military leaders and tacticians in history.", "As an undefeated commander, he is widely regarded as one of the greatest military leaders and tacticians in history. Timur is also considered a great patron of art and architecture as he interacted with intellectuals such as Ibn Khaldun and Hafiz-i Abru and his reign introduced the Timurid Renaissance.", "Timur is also considered a great patron of art and architecture as he interacted with intellectuals such as Ibn Khaldun and Hafiz-i Abru and his reign introduced the Timurid Renaissance. Born into the Barlas confederation in Transoxiana (in modern-day Uzbekistan) on 9 April 1336, Timur gained control of the western Chagatai Khanate by 1370.", "Born into the Barlas confederation in Transoxiana (in modern-day Uzbekistan) on 9 April 1336, Timur gained control of the western Chagatai Khanate by 1370. From that base, he led military campaigns across Western, South and Central Asia, the Caucasus, and Southern Russia, defeating in the process the Khans of the Golden Horde, the Mamluks of Egypt and Syria, the emerging Ottoman Empire, and the late Delhi Sultanate of India and emerging as the most powerful ruler in the Islamic World.", "From that base, he led military campaigns across Western, South and Central Asia, the Caucasus, and Southern Russia, defeating in the process the Khans of the Golden Horde, the Mamluks of Egypt and Syria, the emerging Ottoman Empire, and the late Delhi Sultanate of India and emerging as the most powerful ruler in the Islamic World. From these conquests, he founded the Timurid Empire, but this empire fragmented shortly after his death.", "From these conquests, he founded the Timurid Empire, but this empire fragmented shortly after his death. Timur was the last of the great nomadic conquerors of the Eurasian Steppe, and his empire set the stage for the rise of the more structured and lasting Islamic gunpowder empires in the 16th and 17th centuries.", "Timur was the last of the great nomadic conquerors of the Eurasian Steppe, and his empire set the stage for the rise of the more structured and lasting Islamic gunpowder empires in the 16th and 17th centuries. Timur was of both Turkic and Mongol descent, and, while unlikely a direct descendant on either side, he shared a common ancestor with Genghis Khan on his father's side, though some authors have suggested his mother may have been a descendant of Khan.", "Timur was of both Turkic and Mongol descent, and, while unlikely a direct descendant on either side, he shared a common ancestor with Genghis Khan on his father's side, though some authors have suggested his mother may have been a descendant of Khan. He clearly sought to invoke the legacy of the latter's conquests during his lifetime.", "He clearly sought to invoke the legacy of the latter's conquests during his lifetime. Timur envisioned the restoration of the Mongol Empire of Genghis Khan (died 1227) and according to Gérard Chaliand, saw himself as Genghis Khan's heir.", "Timur envisioned the restoration of the Mongol Empire of Genghis Khan (died 1227) and according to Gérard Chaliand, saw himself as Genghis Khan's heir. According to Beatrice Forbes Manz, \"in his formal correspondence Temur continued throughout his life to portray himself as the restorer of Chinggisid rights.", "According to Beatrice Forbes Manz, \"in his formal correspondence Temur continued throughout his life to portray himself as the restorer of Chinggisid rights. He justified his Iranian, Mamluk, and Ottoman campaigns as a re-imposition of legitimate Mongol control over lands taken by usurpers.\"", "He justified his Iranian, Mamluk, and Ottoman campaigns as a re-imposition of legitimate Mongol control over lands taken by usurpers.\" To legitimize his conquests, Timur relied on Islamic symbols and language, referred to himself as the \"Sword of Islam\". He was a patron of educational and religious institutions.", "He was a patron of educational and religious institutions. He converted nearly all the Borjigin leaders to Islam during his lifetime. Timur decisively defeated the Christian Knights Hospitaller at the Siege of Smyrna, styling himself a ghazi.", "Timur decisively defeated the Christian Knights Hospitaller at the Siege of Smyrna, styling himself a ghazi. By the end of his reign, Timur had gained complete control over all the remnants of the Chagatai Khanate, the Ilkhanate, and the Golden Horde, and even attempted to restore the Yuan dynasty in China.", "By the end of his reign, Timur had gained complete control over all the remnants of the Chagatai Khanate, the Ilkhanate, and the Golden Horde, and even attempted to restore the Yuan dynasty in China. Timur's armies were inclusively multi-ethnic and were feared throughout Asia, Africa, and Europe, sizable parts of which his campaigns laid waste.", "Timur's armies were inclusively multi-ethnic and were feared throughout Asia, Africa, and Europe, sizable parts of which his campaigns laid waste. Scholars estimate that his military campaigns caused the deaths of 17 million people, amounting to about 5% of the world population at the time.", "Scholars estimate that his military campaigns caused the deaths of 17 million people, amounting to about 5% of the world population at the time. Of all the areas he conquered, Khwarazm suffered the most from his expeditions, as it rose several times against him.", "Of all the areas he conquered, Khwarazm suffered the most from his expeditions, as it rose several times against him. Timur was the grandfather of the Timurid sultan, astronomer and mathematician Ulugh Beg, who ruled Central Asia from 1411 to 1449, and the great-great-great-grandfather of Babur (1483–1530), founder of the Mughal Empire, which then ruled almost all of the Indian subcontinent.", "Timur was the grandfather of the Timurid sultan, astronomer and mathematician Ulugh Beg, who ruled Central Asia from 1411 to 1449, and the great-great-great-grandfather of Babur (1483–1530), founder of the Mughal Empire, which then ruled almost all of the Indian subcontinent. Ancestry Through his father, Timur claimed to be a descendant of Tumanay Khan, a male-line ancestor he shared with Genghis Khan.", "Ancestry Through his father, Timur claimed to be a descendant of Tumanay Khan, a male-line ancestor he shared with Genghis Khan. Tumanay's great-great grandson Qarachar Noyan was a minister for the emperor who later assisted the latter's son Chagatai in the governorship of Transoxiana.", "Tumanay's great-great grandson Qarachar Noyan was a minister for the emperor who later assisted the latter's son Chagatai in the governorship of Transoxiana. Though there are not many mentions of Qarachar in 13th and 14th century records, later Timurid sources greatly emphasised his role in the early history of the Mongol Empire.", "Though there are not many mentions of Qarachar in 13th and 14th century records, later Timurid sources greatly emphasised his role in the early history of the Mongol Empire. These histories also state that Genghis Khan later established the \"bond of fatherhood and sonship\" by marrying Chagatai's daughter to Qarachar.", "These histories also state that Genghis Khan later established the \"bond of fatherhood and sonship\" by marrying Chagatai's daughter to Qarachar. Through his alleged descent from this marriage, Timur claimed kinship with the Chagatai Khans. The origins of Timur's mother, Tekina Khatun, are less clear.", "The origins of Timur's mother, Tekina Khatun, are less clear. The Zafarnama merely states her name without giving any information regarding her background. Writing in 1403, Johannes de Galonifontibus, Archbishop of Sultaniyya, claimed that she was of lowly origin.", "Writing in 1403, Johannes de Galonifontibus, Archbishop of Sultaniyya, claimed that she was of lowly origin. The Mu'izz al-Ansab, written decades later, says that she was related to the Yasa'uri tribe, whose lands bordered that of the Barlas.", "The Mu'izz al-Ansab, written decades later, says that she was related to the Yasa'uri tribe, whose lands bordered that of the Barlas. Ibn Khaldun recounted that Timur himself described to him his mother's descent from the legendary Persian hero Manuchehr. Ibn Arabshah suggested that she was a descendant of Genghis Khan.", "Ibn Arabshah suggested that she was a descendant of Genghis Khan. The 18th century Books of Timur identify her as the daughter of 'Sadr al-Sharia', which is believed to refer to the Hanafi scholar Ubayd Allah al-Mahbubi of Bukhara.", "The 18th century Books of Timur identify her as the daughter of 'Sadr al-Sharia', which is believed to refer to the Hanafi scholar Ubayd Allah al-Mahbubi of Bukhara. Early life Timur was born in Transoxiana near the city of Kesh (modern Shahrisabz, Uzbekistan), some south of Samarkand, part of what was then the Chagatai Khanate.", "Early life Timur was born in Transoxiana near the city of Kesh (modern Shahrisabz, Uzbekistan), some south of Samarkand, part of what was then the Chagatai Khanate. His name Temur means \"Iron\" in the Chagatai language, his mother-tongue (cf. Uzbek Temir, Turkish Demir).", "Uzbek Temir, Turkish Demir). It is cognate with Genghis Khan's birth name of Temüjin. Later Timurid dynastic histories claim that Timur was born on 8 April 1336, but most sources from his lifetime give ages that are consistent with a birthdate in the late 1320s.", "Later Timurid dynastic histories claim that Timur was born on 8 April 1336, but most sources from his lifetime give ages that are consistent with a birthdate in the late 1320s. Historian Beatrice Forbes Manz suspects the 1336 date was designed to tie Timur to the legacy of Abu Sa'id Bahadur Khan, the last ruler of the Ilkhanate descended from Hulagu Khan, who died in that year.", "Historian Beatrice Forbes Manz suspects the 1336 date was designed to tie Timur to the legacy of Abu Sa'id Bahadur Khan, the last ruler of the Ilkhanate descended from Hulagu Khan, who died in that year. He was a member of the Barlas, a Mongolian tribe that had been turkified in many aspects.", "He was a member of the Barlas, a Mongolian tribe that had been turkified in many aspects. His father, Taraghai was described as a minor noble of this tribe. However, Manz believes that Timur may have later understated the social position of his father, so as to make his own successes appear more remarkable.", "However, Manz believes that Timur may have later understated the social position of his father, so as to make his own successes appear more remarkable. She states that though he is not believed to have been especially powerful, Taraghai was reasonably wealthy and influential.", "She states that though he is not believed to have been especially powerful, Taraghai was reasonably wealthy and influential. This is shown by Timur later returning to his birthplace following the death of his father in 1360, suggesting concern over his estate.", "This is shown by Timur later returning to his birthplace following the death of his father in 1360, suggesting concern over his estate. Taraghai's social significance is further hinted at by Arabshah, who described him as a magnate in the court of Amir Husayn Qara'unas.", "Taraghai's social significance is further hinted at by Arabshah, who described him as a magnate in the court of Amir Husayn Qara'unas. In addition to this, the father of the great Amir Hamid Kereyid of Moghulistan is stated as a friend of Taraghai's.", "In addition to this, the father of the great Amir Hamid Kereyid of Moghulistan is stated as a friend of Taraghai's. In his childhood, Timur and a small band of followers raided travelers for goods, especially animals such as sheep, horses, and cattle.", "In his childhood, Timur and a small band of followers raided travelers for goods, especially animals such as sheep, horses, and cattle. Around 1363, it is believed that Timur tried to steal a sheep from a shepherd but was shot by two arrows, one in his right leg and another in his right hand, where he lost two fingers.", "Around 1363, it is believed that Timur tried to steal a sheep from a shepherd but was shot by two arrows, one in his right leg and another in his right hand, where he lost two fingers. Both injuries crippled him for life.", "Both injuries crippled him for life. Some believe that Timur suffered his crippling injuries while serving as a mercenary to the khan of Sistan in what is today the Dashti Margo in southwest Afghanistan. Timur's injuries have given him the names of Timur the Lame and Tamerlane by Europeans.", "Timur's injuries have given him the names of Timur the Lame and Tamerlane by Europeans. Military leader About 1360, Timur gained prominence as a military leader whose troops were mostly Turkic tribesmen of the region. He took part in campaigns in Transoxiana with the Khan of the Chagatai Khanate.", "He took part in campaigns in Transoxiana with the Khan of the Chagatai Khanate. Allying himself both in cause and by family connection with Qazaghan, the dethroner and destroyer of Volga Bulgaria, he invaded Khorasan at the head of a thousand horsemen.", "Allying himself both in cause and by family connection with Qazaghan, the dethroner and destroyer of Volga Bulgaria, he invaded Khorasan at the head of a thousand horsemen. This was the second military expedition that he led, and its success led to further operations, among them the subjugation of Khwarezm and Urgench.", "This was the second military expedition that he led, and its success led to further operations, among them the subjugation of Khwarezm and Urgench. Following Qazaghan's murder, disputes arose among the many claimants to sovereign power.", "Following Qazaghan's murder, disputes arose among the many claimants to sovereign power. Tughlugh Timur of Kashgar, the Khan of the Eastern Chagatai Khanate, another descendant of Genghis Khan, invaded, interrupting this infighting. Timur was sent to negotiate with the invader but joined with him instead and was rewarded with Transoxania.", "Timur was sent to negotiate with the invader but joined with him instead and was rewarded with Transoxania. At about this time, his father died and Timur also became chief of the Berlas. Tughlugh then attempted to set his son Ilyas Khoja over Transoxania, but Timur repelled this invasion with a smaller force.", "Tughlugh then attempted to set his son Ilyas Khoja over Transoxania, but Timur repelled this invasion with a smaller force. Rise to power It was in this period that Timur reduced the Chagatai khans to the position of figureheads while he ruled in their name.", "Rise to power It was in this period that Timur reduced the Chagatai khans to the position of figureheads while he ruled in their name. Also during this period, Timur and his brother-in-law Amir Husayn, who were at first fellow fugitives and wanderers, became rivals and antagonists.", "Also during this period, Timur and his brother-in-law Amir Husayn, who were at first fellow fugitives and wanderers, became rivals and antagonists. The relationship between them became strained after Husayn abandoned efforts to carry out Timur's orders to finish off Ilya Khoja (former governor of Mawarannah) close to Tashkent.", "The relationship between them became strained after Husayn abandoned efforts to carry out Timur's orders to finish off Ilya Khoja (former governor of Mawarannah) close to Tashkent. Timur gained followers in Balkh, consisting of merchants, fellow tribesmen, Muslim clergy, aristocracy and agricultural workers, because of his kindness in sharing his belongings with them.", "Timur gained followers in Balkh, consisting of merchants, fellow tribesmen, Muslim clergy, aristocracy and agricultural workers, because of his kindness in sharing his belongings with them. This contrasted Timur's behavior with that of Husayn, who alienated these people, took many possessions from them via his heavy tax laws and selfishly spent the tax money building elaborate structures.", "This contrasted Timur's behavior with that of Husayn, who alienated these people, took many possessions from them via his heavy tax laws and selfishly spent the tax money building elaborate structures. Around 1370, Husayn surrendered to Timur and was later assassinated, which allowed Timur to be formally proclaimed sovereign at Balkh.", "Around 1370, Husayn surrendered to Timur and was later assassinated, which allowed Timur to be formally proclaimed sovereign at Balkh. He married Husayn's wife Saray Mulk Khanum, a descendant of Genghis Khan, allowing him to become imperial ruler of the Chaghatay tribe.", "He married Husayn's wife Saray Mulk Khanum, a descendant of Genghis Khan, allowing him to become imperial ruler of the Chaghatay tribe. Legitimization of Timur's rule Timur's Turco-Mongolian heritage provided opportunities and challenges as he sought to rule the Mongol Empire and the Muslim world.", "Legitimization of Timur's rule Timur's Turco-Mongolian heritage provided opportunities and challenges as he sought to rule the Mongol Empire and the Muslim world. According to the Mongol traditions, Timur could not claim the title of khan or rule the Mongol Empire because he was not a descendant of Genghis Khan.", "According to the Mongol traditions, Timur could not claim the title of khan or rule the Mongol Empire because he was not a descendant of Genghis Khan. Therefore, Timur set up a puppet Chaghatay Khan, Suyurghatmish, as the nominal ruler of Balkh as he pretended to act as a \"protector of the member of a Chinggisid line, that of Genghis Khan's eldest son, Jochi\".", "Therefore, Timur set up a puppet Chaghatay Khan, Suyurghatmish, as the nominal ruler of Balkh as he pretended to act as a \"protector of the member of a Chinggisid line, that of Genghis Khan's eldest son, Jochi\". Timur instead used the title of Amir meaning general, and acting in the name of the Chagatai ruler of Transoxania.", "Timur instead used the title of Amir meaning general, and acting in the name of the Chagatai ruler of Transoxania. To reinforce this position, Timur claimed the title Guregen (royal son-in-law) when he married Saray Mulk Khanum, a princess of Chinggisid descent.", "To reinforce this position, Timur claimed the title Guregen (royal son-in-law) when he married Saray Mulk Khanum, a princess of Chinggisid descent. As with the title of Khan, Timur similarly could not claim the supreme title of the Islamic world, Caliph, because the \"office was limited to the Quraysh, the tribe of the Prophet Muhammad\".", "As with the title of Khan, Timur similarly could not claim the supreme title of the Islamic world, Caliph, because the \"office was limited to the Quraysh, the tribe of the Prophet Muhammad\". Therefore, Timur reacted to the challenge by creating a myth and image of himself as a \"supernatural personal power\" ordained by God.", "Therefore, Timur reacted to the challenge by creating a myth and image of himself as a \"supernatural personal power\" ordained by God. Otherwise he was described as a spiritual descendant of Ali, thus taken lineage of both to Genghis Khan and the Quraysh. Period of expansion Timur spent the next 35 years in various wars and expeditions.", "Period of expansion Timur spent the next 35 years in various wars and expeditions. He not only consolidated his rule at home by the subjugation of his foes, but sought extension of territory by encroachments upon the lands of foreign potentates.", "He not only consolidated his rule at home by the subjugation of his foes, but sought extension of territory by encroachments upon the lands of foreign potentates. His conquests to the west and northwest led him to the lands near the Caspian Sea and to the banks of the Ural and the Volga.", "His conquests to the west and northwest led him to the lands near the Caspian Sea and to the banks of the Ural and the Volga. Conquests in the south and south-West encompassed almost every province in Persia, including Baghdad, Karbala and Northern Iraq.", "Conquests in the south and south-West encompassed almost every province in Persia, including Baghdad, Karbala and Northern Iraq. One of the most formidable of Timur's opponents was another Mongol ruler, a descendant of Genghis Khan named Tokhtamysh.", "One of the most formidable of Timur's opponents was another Mongol ruler, a descendant of Genghis Khan named Tokhtamysh. After having been a refugee in Timur's court, Tokhtamysh became ruler both of the eastern Kipchak and the Golden Horde. After his accession, he quarreled with Timur over the possession of Khwarizm and Azerbaijan.", "After his accession, he quarreled with Timur over the possession of Khwarizm and Azerbaijan. However, Timur still supported him against the Russians and in 1382 Tokhtamysh invaded the Muscovite dominion and burned Moscow.", "However, Timur still supported him against the Russians and in 1382 Tokhtamysh invaded the Muscovite dominion and burned Moscow. Orthodox tradition states that later, in 1395 Timur, having reached the frontier of the Principality of Ryazan, had taken Elets and started advancing towards Moscow.", "Orthodox tradition states that later, in 1395 Timur, having reached the frontier of the Principality of Ryazan, had taken Elets and started advancing towards Moscow. Great Prince Vasily I of Moscow went with an army to Kolomna and halted at the banks of the Oka River.", "Great Prince Vasily I of Moscow went with an army to Kolomna and halted at the banks of the Oka River. The clergy brought the famed Theotokos of Vladimir icon from Vladimir to Moscow. Along the way people prayed kneeling: \"O Mother of God, save the land of Russia!\" Suddenly, Timur's armies retreated.", "Suddenly, Timur's armies retreated. In memory of this miraculous deliverance of the Russian land from Timur on 26 August, the all-Russian celebration in honor of the Meeting of the Vladimir Icon of the Most Holy Mother of God was established.", "In memory of this miraculous deliverance of the Russian land from Timur on 26 August, the all-Russian celebration in honor of the Meeting of the Vladimir Icon of the Most Holy Mother of God was established. Conquest of Persia After the death of Abu Sa'id, ruler of the Ilkhanate, in 1335, there was a power vacuum in Persia.", "Conquest of Persia After the death of Abu Sa'id, ruler of the Ilkhanate, in 1335, there was a power vacuum in Persia. In the end, Persia was split amongst the Muzaffarids, Kartids, Eretnids, Chobanids, Injuids, Jalayirids, and Sarbadars.", "In the end, Persia was split amongst the Muzaffarids, Kartids, Eretnids, Chobanids, Injuids, Jalayirids, and Sarbadars. In 1383, Timur started his lengthy military conquest of Persia, though he already ruled over much of Persian Khorasan by 1381, after Khwaja Mas'ud, of the Sarbadar dynasty surrendered.", "In 1383, Timur started his lengthy military conquest of Persia, though he already ruled over much of Persian Khorasan by 1381, after Khwaja Mas'ud, of the Sarbadar dynasty surrendered. Timur began his Persian campaign with Herat, capital of the Kartid dynasty.", "Timur began his Persian campaign with Herat, capital of the Kartid dynasty. When Herat did not surrender he reduced the city to rubble and massacred most of its citizens; it remained in ruins until Shah Rukh ordered its reconstruction around 1415. Timur then sent a General to capture rebellious Kandahar.", "Timur then sent a General to capture rebellious Kandahar. With the capture of Herat the Kartid kingdom surrendered and became vassals of Timur; it would later be annexed outright less than a decade later in 1389 by Timur's son Miran Shah. Timur then headed west to capture the Zagros Mountains, passing through Mazandaran.", "Timur then headed west to capture the Zagros Mountains, passing through Mazandaran. During his travel through the north of Persia, he captured the then town of Tehran, which surrendered and was thus treated mercifully. He laid siege to Soltaniyeh in 1384.", "He laid siege to Soltaniyeh in 1384. Khorasan revolted one year later, so Timur destroyed Isfizar, and the prisoners were cemented into the walls alive. The next year the kingdom of Sistan, under the Mihrabanid dynasty, was ravaged, and its capital at Zaranj was destroyed.", "The next year the kingdom of Sistan, under the Mihrabanid dynasty, was ravaged, and its capital at Zaranj was destroyed. Timur then returned to his capital of Samarkand, where he began planning for his Georgian campaign and Golden Horde invasion. In 1386, Timur passed through Mazandaran as he had when trying to capture the Zagros.", "In 1386, Timur passed through Mazandaran as he had when trying to capture the Zagros. He went near the city of Soltaniyeh, which he had previously captured but instead turned north and captured Tabriz with little resistance, along with Maragha.", "He went near the city of Soltaniyeh, which he had previously captured but instead turned north and captured Tabriz with little resistance, along with Maragha. He ordered heavy taxation of the people, which was collected by Adil Aqa, who was also given control over Soltaniyeh. Adil was later executed because Timur suspected him of corruption.", "Adil was later executed because Timur suspected him of corruption. Timur then went north to begin his Georgian and Golden Horde campaigns, pausing his full-scale invasion of Persia. When he returned, he found his generals had done well in protecting the cities and lands he had conquered in Persia.", "When he returned, he found his generals had done well in protecting the cities and lands he had conquered in Persia. Though many rebelled, and his son Miran Shah, who may have been regent, was forced to annex rebellious vassal dynasties, his holdings remained.", "Though many rebelled, and his son Miran Shah, who may have been regent, was forced to annex rebellious vassal dynasties, his holdings remained. So he proceeded to capture the rest of Persia, specifically the two major southern cities of Isfahan and Shiraz.", "So he proceeded to capture the rest of Persia, specifically the two major southern cities of Isfahan and Shiraz. When he arrived with his army at Isfahan in 1387, the city immediately surrendered; he treated it with relative mercy as he normally did with cities that surrendered (unlike Herat).", "When he arrived with his army at Isfahan in 1387, the city immediately surrendered; he treated it with relative mercy as he normally did with cities that surrendered (unlike Herat). However, after Isfahan revolted against Timur's taxes by killing the tax collectors and some of Timur's soldiers, he ordered the massacre of the city's citizens; the death toll is reckoned at between 100,000 and 200,000.", "However, after Isfahan revolted against Timur's taxes by killing the tax collectors and some of Timur's soldiers, he ordered the massacre of the city's citizens; the death toll is reckoned at between 100,000 and 200,000. An eye-witness counted more than 28 towers constructed of about 1,500 heads each.", "An eye-witness counted more than 28 towers constructed of about 1,500 heads each. This has been described as a \"systematic use of terror against towns...an integral element of Tamerlane's strategic element\", which he viewed as preventing bloodshed by discouraging resistance. His massacres were selective and he spared the artistic and educated.", "His massacres were selective and he spared the artistic and educated. This would later influence the next great Persian conqueror: Nader Shah. Timur then began a five-year campaign to the west in 1392, attacking Persian Kurdistan.", "Timur then began a five-year campaign to the west in 1392, attacking Persian Kurdistan. In 1393, Shiraz was captured after surrendering, and the Muzaffarids became vassals of Timur, though prince Shah Mansur rebelled but was defeated, and the Muzafarids were annexed.", "In 1393, Shiraz was captured after surrendering, and the Muzaffarids became vassals of Timur, though prince Shah Mansur rebelled but was defeated, and the Muzafarids were annexed. Shortly after Georgia was devastated so that the Golden Horde could not use it to threaten northern Iran.", "Shortly after Georgia was devastated so that the Golden Horde could not use it to threaten northern Iran. In the same year, Timur caught Baghdad by surprise in August by marching there in only eight days from Shiraz. Sultan Ahmad Jalayir fled to Syria, where the Mamluk Sultan Barquq protected him and killed Timur's envoys.", "Sultan Ahmad Jalayir fled to Syria, where the Mamluk Sultan Barquq protected him and killed Timur's envoys. Timur left the Sarbadar prince Khwaja Mas'ud to govern Baghdad, but he was driven out when Ahmad Jalayir returned.", "Timur left the Sarbadar prince Khwaja Mas'ud to govern Baghdad, but he was driven out when Ahmad Jalayir returned. Ahmad was unpopular but got help from Qara Yusuf of the Kara Koyunlu; he fled again in 1399, this time to the Ottomans.", "Ahmad was unpopular but got help from Qara Yusuf of the Kara Koyunlu; he fled again in 1399, this time to the Ottomans. Tokhtamysh–Timur war In the meantime, Tokhtamysh, now khan of the Golden Horde, turned against his patron and in 1385 invaded Azerbaijan. The inevitable response by Timur resulted in the Tokhtamysh–Timur war.", "The inevitable response by Timur resulted in the Tokhtamysh–Timur war. In the initial stage of the war, Timur won a victory at the Battle of the Kondurcha River. After the battle Tokhtamysh and some of his army were allowed to escape. After Tokhtamysh's initial defeat, Timur invaded Muscovy to the north of Tokhtamysh's holdings.", "After Tokhtamysh's initial defeat, Timur invaded Muscovy to the north of Tokhtamysh's holdings. Timur's army burned Ryazan and advanced on Moscow. He was pulled away before reaching the Oka River by Tokhtamysh's renewed campaign in the south.", "He was pulled away before reaching the Oka River by Tokhtamysh's renewed campaign in the south. In the first phase of the conflict with Tokhtamysh, Timur led an army of over 100,000 men north for more than 700 miles into the steppe. He then rode west about 1,000 miles advancing in a front more than 10 miles wide.", "He then rode west about 1,000 miles advancing in a front more than 10 miles wide. During this advance, Timur's army got far enough north to be in a region of very long summer days causing complaints by his Muslim soldiers about keeping a long schedule of prayers.", "During this advance, Timur's army got far enough north to be in a region of very long summer days causing complaints by his Muslim soldiers about keeping a long schedule of prayers. It was then that Tokhtamysh's army was boxed in against the east bank of the Volga River in the Orenburg region and destroyed at the Battle of the Kondurcha River, in 1391.", "It was then that Tokhtamysh's army was boxed in against the east bank of the Volga River in the Orenburg region and destroyed at the Battle of the Kondurcha River, in 1391. In the second phase of the conflict, Timur took a different route against the enemy by invading the realm of Tokhtamysh via the Caucasus region.", "In the second phase of the conflict, Timur took a different route against the enemy by invading the realm of Tokhtamysh via the Caucasus region. In 1395, Timur defeated Tokhtamysh in the Battle of the Terek River, concluding the struggle between the two monarchs.", "In 1395, Timur defeated Tokhtamysh in the Battle of the Terek River, concluding the struggle between the two monarchs. Tokhtamysh was unable to restore his power or prestige, and he was killed about a decade later in the area of present-day Tyumen.", "Tokhtamysh was unable to restore his power or prestige, and he was killed about a decade later in the area of present-day Tyumen. During the course of Timur's campaigns, his army destroyed Sarai, the capital of the Golden Horde, and Astrakhan, subsequently disrupting the Golden Horde's Silk Road.", "During the course of Timur's campaigns, his army destroyed Sarai, the capital of the Golden Horde, and Astrakhan, subsequently disrupting the Golden Horde's Silk Road. The Golden Horde no longer held power after their losses to Timur.", "The Golden Horde no longer held power after their losses to Timur. Ismailis In May 1393, Timur's army invaded the Anjudan, crippling the Ismaili village only a year after his assault on the Ismailis in Mazandaran. The village was prepared for the attack, evidenced by its fortress and system of tunnels.", "The village was prepared for the attack, evidenced by its fortress and system of tunnels. Undeterred, Timur's soldiers flooded the tunnels by cutting into a channel overhead. Timur's reasons for attacking this village are not yet well understood.", "Timur's reasons for attacking this village are not yet well understood. However, it has been suggested that his religious persuasions and view of himself as an executor of divine will may have contributed to his motivations. The Persian historian Khwandamir explains that an Ismaili presence was growing more politically powerful in Persian Iraq.", "The Persian historian Khwandamir explains that an Ismaili presence was growing more politically powerful in Persian Iraq. A group of locals in the region was dissatisfied with this and, Khwandamir writes, these locals assembled and brought up their complaint with Timur, possibly provoking his attack on the Ismailis there.", "A group of locals in the region was dissatisfied with this and, Khwandamir writes, these locals assembled and brought up their complaint with Timur, possibly provoking his attack on the Ismailis there. Campaign against the Tughlaq dynasty In 1398, Timur invaded northern India, attacking the Delhi Sultanate ruled by Sultan Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah Tughluq of the Tughlaq dynasty.", "Campaign against the Tughlaq dynasty In 1398, Timur invaded northern India, attacking the Delhi Sultanate ruled by Sultan Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah Tughluq of the Tughlaq dynasty. After crossing the Indus River on 30 September 1398, he sacked Tulamba and massacred its inhabitants. Then he advanced and captured Multan by October.", "Then he advanced and captured Multan by October. His invasion was unopposed as most of the Indian nobility surrendered without a fight, however he did encounter resistance from the united army of Rajputs and Muslims at Bhatner under the command of the Rajput king Dulachand, Dulachand initially opposed Timur but when hard-pressed he considered surrender.", "His invasion was unopposed as most of the Indian nobility surrendered without a fight, however he did encounter resistance from the united army of Rajputs and Muslims at Bhatner under the command of the Rajput king Dulachand, Dulachand initially opposed Timur but when hard-pressed he considered surrender. He was locked outside the walls of Bhatner by his brother and was later killed by Timur.", "He was locked outside the walls of Bhatner by his brother and was later killed by Timur. The garrison of Bhatner then fought and were slaughtered to the last man. Bhatner was looted and burned to the ground.", "Bhatner was looted and burned to the ground. While on his march towards Delhi, Timur was opposed by the Jat peasantry, who would loot caravans and then disappear in the forests, Timur had 2,000 Jats killed and many taken captive. But the Sultanate at Delhi did nothing to stop his advance.", "But the Sultanate at Delhi did nothing to stop his advance. Capture of Delhi (1398) The battle took place on 17 December 1398. Sultan Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah Tughluq and the army of Mallu Iqbal had war elephants armored with chain mail and poison on their tusks.", "Sultan Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah Tughluq and the army of Mallu Iqbal had war elephants armored with chain mail and poison on their tusks. As his Tatar forces were afraid of the elephants, Timur ordered his men to dig a trench in front of their positions. Timur then loaded his camels with as much wood and hay as they could carry.", "Timur then loaded his camels with as much wood and hay as they could carry. When the war elephants charged, Timur set the hay on fire and prodded the camels with iron sticks, causing them to charge at the elephants, howling in pain: Timur had understood that elephants were easily panicked.", "When the war elephants charged, Timur set the hay on fire and prodded the camels with iron sticks, causing them to charge at the elephants, howling in pain: Timur had understood that elephants were easily panicked. Faced with the strange spectacle of camels flying straight at them with flames leaping from their backs, the elephants turned around and stampeded back toward their own lines.", "Faced with the strange spectacle of camels flying straight at them with flames leaping from their backs, the elephants turned around and stampeded back toward their own lines. Timur capitalized on the subsequent disruption in the forces of Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah Tughluq, securing an easy victory. Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah Tughluq fled with remnants of his forces.", "Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah Tughluq fled with remnants of his forces. Delhi was sacked and left in ruins. Before the battle for Delhi, Timur executed 100,000 captives. The capture of the Delhi Sultanate was one of Timur's greatest victories, as at that time, Delhi was one of the richest cities in the world.", "The capture of the Delhi Sultanate was one of Timur's greatest victories, as at that time, Delhi was one of the richest cities in the world. After Delhi fell to Timur's army, uprisings by its citizens against the Turkic-Mongols began to occur, causing a retaliatory bloody massacre within the city walls.", "After Delhi fell to Timur's army, uprisings by its citizens against the Turkic-Mongols began to occur, causing a retaliatory bloody massacre within the city walls. After three days of citizens uprising within Delhi, it was said that the city reeked of the decomposing bodies of its citizens with their heads being erected like structures and the bodies left as food for the birds by Timur's soldiers.", "After three days of citizens uprising within Delhi, it was said that the city reeked of the decomposing bodies of its citizens with their heads being erected like structures and the bodies left as food for the birds by Timur's soldiers. Timur's invasion and destruction of Delhi continued the chaos that was still consuming India, and the city would not be able to recover from the great loss it suffered for almost a century.", "Timur's invasion and destruction of Delhi continued the chaos that was still consuming India, and the city would not be able to recover from the great loss it suffered for almost a century. Campaigns in the Levant Before the end of 1399, Timur started a war with Bayezid I, sultan of the Ottoman Empire, and the Mamluk sultan of Egypt Nasir-ad-Din Faraj.", "Campaigns in the Levant Before the end of 1399, Timur started a war with Bayezid I, sultan of the Ottoman Empire, and the Mamluk sultan of Egypt Nasir-ad-Din Faraj. Bayezid began annexing the territory of Turkmen and Muslim rulers in Anatolia. As Timur claimed sovereignty over the Turkoman rulers, they took refuge behind him.", "As Timur claimed sovereignty over the Turkoman rulers, they took refuge behind him. In 1400, Timur invaded Armenia and Georgia. Of the surviving population, more than 60,000 of the local people were captured as slaves, and many districts were depopulated. He also sacked Sivas in Asia Minor.", "He also sacked Sivas in Asia Minor. Then Timur turned his attention to Syria, sacking Aleppo, and Damascus. The city's inhabitants were massacred, except for the artisans, who were deported to Samarkand. Timur invaded Baghdad in June 1401. After the capture of the city, 20,000 of its citizens were massacred.", "After the capture of the city, 20,000 of its citizens were massacred. Timur ordered that every soldier should return with at least two severed human heads to show him.", "Timur ordered that every soldier should return with at least two severed human heads to show him. When they ran out of men to kill, many warriors killed prisoners captured earlier in the campaign, and when they ran out of prisoners to kill, many resorted to beheading their own wives.", "When they ran out of men to kill, many warriors killed prisoners captured earlier in the campaign, and when they ran out of prisoners to kill, many resorted to beheading their own wives. Invasion of Anatolia In the meantime, years of insulting letters had passed between Timur and Bayezid.", "Invasion of Anatolia In the meantime, years of insulting letters had passed between Timur and Bayezid. Both rulers insulted each other in their own way while Timur preferred to undermine Bayezid's position as a ruler and play down the significance of his military successes.", "Both rulers insulted each other in their own way while Timur preferred to undermine Bayezid's position as a ruler and play down the significance of his military successes. This is the excerpt from one of Timur's letters addressed to Ottoman sultan: \"Believe me, you are but pismire ant: don't seek to fight the elephants for they'll crush you under their feet.", "This is the excerpt from one of Timur's letters addressed to Ottoman sultan: \"Believe me, you are but pismire ant: don't seek to fight the elephants for they'll crush you under their feet. Shall a petty prince such as you are contend with us?", "Shall a petty prince such as you are contend with us? But your rodomontades (braggadocio) are not extraordinary; for a Turcoman never spake with judgement. If you don't follow our counsels you will regret it\". Finally, Timur invaded Anatolia and defeated Bayezid in the Battle of Ankara on 20 July 1402.", "Finally, Timur invaded Anatolia and defeated Bayezid in the Battle of Ankara on 20 July 1402. Bayezid was captured in battle and subsequently died in captivity, initiating the twelve-year Ottoman Interregnum period. Timur's stated motivation for attacking Bayezid and the Ottoman Empire was the restoration of Seljuq authority.", "Timur's stated motivation for attacking Bayezid and the Ottoman Empire was the restoration of Seljuq authority. Timur saw the Seljuks as the rightful rulers of Anatolia as they had been granted rule by Mongol conquerors, illustrating again Timur's interest with Genghizid legitimacy.", "Timur saw the Seljuks as the rightful rulers of Anatolia as they had been granted rule by Mongol conquerors, illustrating again Timur's interest with Genghizid legitimacy. In December 1402, Timur besieged and took the city of Smyrna, a stronghold of the Christian Knights Hospitalers, thus he referred to himself as ghazi or \"Warrior of Islam\".", "In December 1402, Timur besieged and took the city of Smyrna, a stronghold of the Christian Knights Hospitalers, thus he referred to himself as ghazi or \"Warrior of Islam\". A mass beheading was carried out in Smyrna by Timur's soldiers.", "A mass beheading was carried out in Smyrna by Timur's soldiers. With the Treaty of Gallipoli in February 1402, Timur was furious with the Genoese and Venetians, as their ships ferried the Ottoman army to safety in Thrace.", "With the Treaty of Gallipoli in February 1402, Timur was furious with the Genoese and Venetians, as their ships ferried the Ottoman army to safety in Thrace. As Lord Kinross reported in The Ottoman Centuries, the Italians preferred the enemy they could handle to the one they could not.", "As Lord Kinross reported in The Ottoman Centuries, the Italians preferred the enemy they could handle to the one they could not. During the early interregnum, Bayezid I's son acted as Timur's vassal.", "During the early interregnum, Bayezid I's son acted as Timur's vassal. Unlike other princes, Mehmed minted coins that had Timur's name stamped as \"Demur han Gürgân\" (), alongside his own as \"Mehmed bin Bayezid han\" ().", "Unlike other princes, Mehmed minted coins that had Timur's name stamped as \"Demur han Gürgân\" (), alongside his own as \"Mehmed bin Bayezid han\" (). This was probably an attempt on Mehmed's part to justify to Timur his conquest of Bursa after the Battle of Ulubad.", "This was probably an attempt on Mehmed's part to justify to Timur his conquest of Bursa after the Battle of Ulubad. After Mehmed established himself in Rum, Timur had already begun preparations for his return to Central Asia, and took no further steps to interfere with the status quo in Anatolia.", "After Mehmed established himself in Rum, Timur had already begun preparations for his return to Central Asia, and took no further steps to interfere with the status quo in Anatolia. While Timur was still in Anatolia, Qara Yusuf assaulted Baghdad and captured it in 1402.", "While Timur was still in Anatolia, Qara Yusuf assaulted Baghdad and captured it in 1402. Timur returned to Persia and sent his grandson Abu Bakr ibn Miran Shah to reconquer Baghdad, which he proceeded to do. Timur then spent some time in Ardabil, where he gave Ali Safavi, leader of the Safaviyya, a number of captives.", "Timur then spent some time in Ardabil, where he gave Ali Safavi, leader of the Safaviyya, a number of captives. Subsequently, he marched to Khorasan and then to Samarkhand, where he spent nine months celebrating and preparing to invade Mongolia and China.", "Subsequently, he marched to Khorasan and then to Samarkhand, where he spent nine months celebrating and preparing to invade Mongolia and China. Attempts to attack the Ming dynasty By 1368, Han Chinese forces had driven the Mongols out of China.", "Attempts to attack the Ming dynasty By 1368, Han Chinese forces had driven the Mongols out of China. The first of the new Ming dynasty's emperors, the Hongwu Emperor, and his son, the Yongle Emperor, produced tributary states of many Central Asian countries.", "The first of the new Ming dynasty's emperors, the Hongwu Emperor, and his son, the Yongle Emperor, produced tributary states of many Central Asian countries. The suzerain-vassal relationship between Ming empire and Timurid existed for a long time. In 1394, Hongwu's ambassadors eventually presented Timur with a letter addressing him as a subject.", "In 1394, Hongwu's ambassadors eventually presented Timur with a letter addressing him as a subject. He had the ambassadors Fu An, Guo Ji, and Liu Wei detained. Neither Hongwu's next ambassador, Chen Dewen (1397), nor the delegation announcing the accession of the Yongle Emperor fared any better.", "Neither Hongwu's next ambassador, Chen Dewen (1397), nor the delegation announcing the accession of the Yongle Emperor fared any better. Timur eventually planned to invade China. To this end Timur made an alliance with surviving Mongol tribes based in Mongolia and prepared all the way to Bukhara.", "To this end Timur made an alliance with surviving Mongol tribes based in Mongolia and prepared all the way to Bukhara. Engke Khan sent his grandson Öljei Temür Khan, also known as \"Buyanshir Khan\" after he converted to Islam while at the court of Timur in Samarkand. Death Timur preferred to fight his battles in the spring.", "Death Timur preferred to fight his battles in the spring. However, he died en route during an uncharacteristic winter campaign. In December 1404, Timur began military campaigns against Ming China and detained a Ming envoy.", "In December 1404, Timur began military campaigns against Ming China and detained a Ming envoy. He suffered illness while encamped on the farther side of the Syr Daria and died at Farab on 17 February 1405, before ever reaching the Chinese border.", "He suffered illness while encamped on the farther side of the Syr Daria and died at Farab on 17 February 1405, before ever reaching the Chinese border. After his death the Ming envoys such as Fu An and the remaining entourage were released by his grandson Khalil Sultan.", "After his death the Ming envoys such as Fu An and the remaining entourage were released by his grandson Khalil Sultan. Geographer Clements Markham, in his introduction to the narrative of Clavijo's embassy, states that, after Timur died, his body \"was embalmed with musk and rose water, wrapped in linen, laid in an ebony coffin and sent to Samarkand, where it was buried\".", "Geographer Clements Markham, in his introduction to the narrative of Clavijo's embassy, states that, after Timur died, his body \"was embalmed with musk and rose water, wrapped in linen, laid in an ebony coffin and sent to Samarkand, where it was buried\". His tomb, the Gur-e-Amir, still stands in Samarkand, though it has been heavily restored in recent years.", "His tomb, the Gur-e-Amir, still stands in Samarkand, though it has been heavily restored in recent years. Succession Timur had twice previously appointed an heir apparent to succeed him, both of whom he had outlived. The first, his son Jahangir, died of illness in 1376.", "The first, his son Jahangir, died of illness in 1376. The second, his grandson Muhammad Sultan, had succumbed to battle wounds in 1403. After the latter's death, Timur did nothing to replace him.", "After the latter's death, Timur did nothing to replace him. It was only when he was on his own death-bed that he appointed Muhammad Sultan's younger brother, Pir Muhammad as his successor.", "It was only when he was on his own death-bed that he appointed Muhammad Sultan's younger brother, Pir Muhammad as his successor. Pir Muhammad was unable to gain sufficient support from his relatives and a bitter civil war erupted amongst Timur's descendants, with multiple princes pursuing their claims.", "Pir Muhammad was unable to gain sufficient support from his relatives and a bitter civil war erupted amongst Timur's descendants, with multiple princes pursuing their claims. It was not until 1409 that Timur's youngest son, Shah Rukh was able to overcome his rivals and take the throne as Timur's successor.", "It was not until 1409 that Timur's youngest son, Shah Rukh was able to overcome his rivals and take the throne as Timur's successor. Wives and concubines Timur had forty-three wives and concubines, all of these women were also his consorts.", "Wives and concubines Timur had forty-three wives and concubines, all of these women were also his consorts. Timur made dozens of women his wives and concubines as he conquered their fathers' or erstwhile husbands' lands.", "Timur made dozens of women his wives and concubines as he conquered their fathers' or erstwhile husbands' lands. Turmish Agha, mother of Jahangir Mirza, Jahanshah Mirza and Aka Begi; Oljay Turkhan Agha (m. 1357/58), daughter of Amir Mashlah and granddaughter of Amir Qazaghan; Saray Mulk Khanum (m. 1367), widow of Amir Husain, and daughter of Qazan Khan; Islam Agha (m. 1367), widow of Amir Husain, and daughter of Amir Bayan Salduz; Ulus Agha (m. 1367), widow of Amir Husain, and daughter of Amir Khizr Yasuri; Dilshad Agha (m. 1374), daughter of Shams ed-Din and his wife Bujan Agha; Touman Agha (m. 1377), daughter of Amir Musa and his wife Arzu Mulk Agha, daughter of Amir Bayezid Jalayir; Chulpan Mulk Agha, daughter of Haji Beg of Jetah; Tukal Khanum (m. 1397), daughter of Mongol Khan Khizr Khawaja Oglan; Tolun Agha, concubine, and mother of Umar Shaikh Mirza I; Mengli Agha, concubine, and mother of Miran Shah; Toghay Turkhan Agha, lady from the Kara Khitai, widow of Amir Husain, and mother of Shah Rukh; Tughdi Bey Agha, daughter of Aq Sufi Qongirat; Sultan Aray Agha, a Nukuz lady; Malikanshah Agha, a Filuni lady; Khand Malik Agha, mother of Ibrahim Mirza; Sultan Agha, mother of a son who died in infancy; His other wives and concubines included: Dawlat Tarkan Agha, Burhan Agha, Jani Beg Agha, Tini Beg Agha, Durr Sultan Agha, Munduz Agha, Bakht Sultan Agha, Nowruz Agha, Jahan Bakht Agha, Nigar Agha, Ruhparwar Agha, Dil Beg Agha, Dilshad Agha, Murad Beg Agha, Piruzbakht Agha, Khoshkeldi Agha, Dilkhosh Agha, Barat Bey Agha, Sevinch Malik Agha, Arzu Bey Agha, Yadgar Sultan Agha, Khudadad Agha, Bakht Nigar Agha, Qutlu Bey Agha, and another Nigar Agha .", "Turmish Agha, mother of Jahangir Mirza, Jahanshah Mirza and Aka Begi; Oljay Turkhan Agha (m. 1357/58), daughter of Amir Mashlah and granddaughter of Amir Qazaghan; Saray Mulk Khanum (m. 1367), widow of Amir Husain, and daughter of Qazan Khan; Islam Agha (m. 1367), widow of Amir Husain, and daughter of Amir Bayan Salduz; Ulus Agha (m. 1367), widow of Amir Husain, and daughter of Amir Khizr Yasuri; Dilshad Agha (m. 1374), daughter of Shams ed-Din and his wife Bujan Agha; Touman Agha (m. 1377), daughter of Amir Musa and his wife Arzu Mulk Agha, daughter of Amir Bayezid Jalayir; Chulpan Mulk Agha, daughter of Haji Beg of Jetah; Tukal Khanum (m. 1397), daughter of Mongol Khan Khizr Khawaja Oglan; Tolun Agha, concubine, and mother of Umar Shaikh Mirza I; Mengli Agha, concubine, and mother of Miran Shah; Toghay Turkhan Agha, lady from the Kara Khitai, widow of Amir Husain, and mother of Shah Rukh; Tughdi Bey Agha, daughter of Aq Sufi Qongirat; Sultan Aray Agha, a Nukuz lady; Malikanshah Agha, a Filuni lady; Khand Malik Agha, mother of Ibrahim Mirza; Sultan Agha, mother of a son who died in infancy; His other wives and concubines included: Dawlat Tarkan Agha, Burhan Agha, Jani Beg Agha, Tini Beg Agha, Durr Sultan Agha, Munduz Agha, Bakht Sultan Agha, Nowruz Agha, Jahan Bakht Agha, Nigar Agha, Ruhparwar Agha, Dil Beg Agha, Dilshad Agha, Murad Beg Agha, Piruzbakht Agha, Khoshkeldi Agha, Dilkhosh Agha, Barat Bey Agha, Sevinch Malik Agha, Arzu Bey Agha, Yadgar Sultan Agha, Khudadad Agha, Bakht Nigar Agha, Qutlu Bey Agha, and another Nigar Agha . Descendants Sons of Timur Umar Shaikh Mirza I – with Tolun Agha Jahangir Mirza – with Turmish Agha Miran Shah Mirza – with Mengli Agha Shah Rukh Mirza – with Toghay Turkhan Agha Daughters of Timur Aka Begi (died 1382) – by Turmish Agha.", "Descendants Sons of Timur Umar Shaikh Mirza I – with Tolun Agha Jahangir Mirza – with Turmish Agha Miran Shah Mirza – with Mengli Agha Shah Rukh Mirza – with Toghay Turkhan Agha Daughters of Timur Aka Begi (died 1382) – by Turmish Agha. Married to Muhammad Beg, son of Amir Musa Tayichiud Sultan Husayn Tayichiud Sultan Bakht Begum (died 1429/30) – by Oljay Turkhan Agha.", "Married to Muhammad Beg, son of Amir Musa Tayichiud Sultan Husayn Tayichiud Sultan Bakht Begum (died 1429/30) – by Oljay Turkhan Agha. Married first Muhammad Mirke Apardi, married second, 1389/90, Sulayman Shah Dughlat Sa'adat Sultan – by Dilshad Agha Bikijan – by Mengli Agha Qutlugh Sultan Agha – by Toghay Turkhan Agha Sons of Umar Shaikh Mirza I Pir Muhammad Iskandar Rustam Bayqara I Mansur Sultan Husayn Bayqarah Badi' al-Zaman Muhammed Mu'min Muhammad Zaman Mirza Muzaffar Hussein Ibrahim Hussein Sons of Jahangir Muhammad Sultan Mirza Pir Muhammad Sons of Miran Shah Khalil Sultan Abu Bakr Muhammad Mirza Abu Sa'id Mirza Umar Shaikh Mirza II Zahir-ud-din Muhammad Babur the Mughals Jahangir Mirza II Sons of Shah Rukh Mirza Mirza Muhammad Taraghay – better known as Ulugh Beg Abdul-Latif Ghiyath-al-Din Baysunghur Ala al-Dawla Mirza Ibrahim Mirza Sultan Muhammad Yadigar Muhammad Abul-Qasim Babur Mirza Sultan Ibrahim Mirza Abdullah Mirza Mirza Soyurghatmïsh Khan Muhammad Juki Religious views Timur was a practicing Sunni Muslim, possibly belonging to the Naqshbandi school, which was influential in Transoxiana.", "Married first Muhammad Mirke Apardi, married second, 1389/90, Sulayman Shah Dughlat Sa'adat Sultan – by Dilshad Agha Bikijan – by Mengli Agha Qutlugh Sultan Agha – by Toghay Turkhan Agha Sons of Umar Shaikh Mirza I Pir Muhammad Iskandar Rustam Bayqara I Mansur Sultan Husayn Bayqarah Badi' al-Zaman Muhammed Mu'min Muhammad Zaman Mirza Muzaffar Hussein Ibrahim Hussein Sons of Jahangir Muhammad Sultan Mirza Pir Muhammad Sons of Miran Shah Khalil Sultan Abu Bakr Muhammad Mirza Abu Sa'id Mirza Umar Shaikh Mirza II Zahir-ud-din Muhammad Babur the Mughals Jahangir Mirza II Sons of Shah Rukh Mirza Mirza Muhammad Taraghay – better known as Ulugh Beg Abdul-Latif Ghiyath-al-Din Baysunghur Ala al-Dawla Mirza Ibrahim Mirza Sultan Muhammad Yadigar Muhammad Abul-Qasim Babur Mirza Sultan Ibrahim Mirza Abdullah Mirza Mirza Soyurghatmïsh Khan Muhammad Juki Religious views Timur was a practicing Sunni Muslim, possibly belonging to the Naqshbandi school, which was influential in Transoxiana. His chief official religious counsellor and adviser was the Hanafi scholar 'Abdu 'l-Jabbar Khwarazmi.", "His chief official religious counsellor and adviser was the Hanafi scholar 'Abdu 'l-Jabbar Khwarazmi. In Tirmidh, he had come under the influence of his spiritual mentor Sayyid Baraka, a leader from Balkh who is buried alongside Timur in Gur-e-Amir.", "In Tirmidh, he had come under the influence of his spiritual mentor Sayyid Baraka, a leader from Balkh who is buried alongside Timur in Gur-e-Amir. Timur was known to hold Ali and the Ahl al-Bayt in high regard and has been noted by various scholars for his \"pro-Shia\" stance.", "Timur was known to hold Ali and the Ahl al-Bayt in high regard and has been noted by various scholars for his \"pro-Shia\" stance. However, he also punished Shias for desecrating the memories of the Sahaba.", "However, he also punished Shias for desecrating the memories of the Sahaba. Timur was also noted for attacking the Shia with Sunni apologism, while at other times he attacked Sunnis on religious grounds as well.", "Timur was also noted for attacking the Shia with Sunni apologism, while at other times he attacked Sunnis on religious grounds as well. In contrast, Timur held the Seljuk Sultan Ahmad Sanjar in high regard for attacking the Ismailis at Alamut, while Timur's own attack on Ismailis at Anjudan was equally brutal.", "In contrast, Timur held the Seljuk Sultan Ahmad Sanjar in high regard for attacking the Ismailis at Alamut, while Timur's own attack on Ismailis at Anjudan was equally brutal. Personality Timur is regarded as a military genius and as a brilliant tactician with an uncanny ability to work within a highly fluid political structure to win and maintain a loyal following of nomads during his rule in Central Asia.", "Personality Timur is regarded as a military genius and as a brilliant tactician with an uncanny ability to work within a highly fluid political structure to win and maintain a loyal following of nomads during his rule in Central Asia. He was also considered extraordinarily intelligentnot only intuitively but also intellectually.", "He was also considered extraordinarily intelligentnot only intuitively but also intellectually. In Samarkand and his many travels, Timur, under the guidance of distinguished scholars, was able to learn the Persian, Mongolian, and Turkish languages (according to Ahmad ibn Arabshah, Timur could not speak Arabic).", "In Samarkand and his many travels, Timur, under the guidance of distinguished scholars, was able to learn the Persian, Mongolian, and Turkish languages (according to Ahmad ibn Arabshah, Timur could not speak Arabic). According to John Joseph Saunders, Timur was \"the product of an Islamized and Iranized society\", and not steppe nomadic.", "According to John Joseph Saunders, Timur was \"the product of an Islamized and Iranized society\", and not steppe nomadic. More importantly, Timur was characterized as an opportunist.", "More importantly, Timur was characterized as an opportunist. Taking advantage of his Turco-Mongolian heritage, Timur frequently used either the Islamic religion or the sharia law, fiqh, and traditions of the Mongol Empire to achieve his military goals or domestic political aims.", "Taking advantage of his Turco-Mongolian heritage, Timur frequently used either the Islamic religion or the sharia law, fiqh, and traditions of the Mongol Empire to achieve his military goals or domestic political aims. Timur was a learned king, and enjoyed the company of scholars; he was tolerant and generous to them.", "Timur was a learned king, and enjoyed the company of scholars; he was tolerant and generous to them. He was a contemporary of the Persian poet Hafez, and a story of their meeting explains that Timur summoned Hafiz, who had written a ghazal with the following verse: For the black mole on thy cheek I would give the cities of Samarkand and Bukhara.", "He was a contemporary of the Persian poet Hafez, and a story of their meeting explains that Timur summoned Hafiz, who had written a ghazal with the following verse: For the black mole on thy cheek I would give the cities of Samarkand and Bukhara. Timur upbraided him for this verse and said, \"By the blows of my well tempered sword I have conquered the greater part of the world to enlarge Samarkand and Bukhara, my capitals and residences; and you, pitiful creature, would exchange these two cities for a mole.\"", "Timur upbraided him for this verse and said, \"By the blows of my well tempered sword I have conquered the greater part of the world to enlarge Samarkand and Bukhara, my capitals and residences; and you, pitiful creature, would exchange these two cities for a mole.\" Hafez, undaunted, replied, \"It is by similar generosity that I have been reduced, as you see, to my present state of poverty.\"", "Hafez, undaunted, replied, \"It is by similar generosity that I have been reduced, as you see, to my present state of poverty.\" It is reported that the King was pleased by the witty answer and the poet departed with magnificent gifts.", "It is reported that the King was pleased by the witty answer and the poet departed with magnificent gifts. There is a shared view that Timur's real motive for his campaigns was his imperialistic ambition, as expressed by his statement: \"The whole expanse of the inhabited part of the world is not large enough to have two kings.\"", "There is a shared view that Timur's real motive for his campaigns was his imperialistic ambition, as expressed by his statement: \"The whole expanse of the inhabited part of the world is not large enough to have two kings.\" However, besides Iran, Timur simply plundered the states he invaded with a purpose of enriching his native Samarqand and neglected the conquered areas, which may have resulted in a relatively quick disintegration of his Empire after his death.", "However, besides Iran, Timur simply plundered the states he invaded with a purpose of enriching his native Samarqand and neglected the conquered areas, which may have resulted in a relatively quick disintegration of his Empire after his death. Timur used Persian expressions in his conversations often, and his motto was the Persian phrase rāstī rustī (, meaning \"truth is safety\" or \"veritas salus\").", "Timur used Persian expressions in his conversations often, and his motto was the Persian phrase rāstī rustī (, meaning \"truth is safety\" or \"veritas salus\"). He is credited with the invention of the Tamerlane chess variant, played on a 10×11 board.", "He is credited with the invention of the Tamerlane chess variant, played on a 10×11 board. Exchanges with Europe Timur had numerous and diplomatic exchanges with various European states, especially Spain and France. Relations between the court of Henry III of Castile and that of Timur played an important part in medieval Castilian diplomacy.", "Relations between the court of Henry III of Castile and that of Timur played an important part in medieval Castilian diplomacy. In 1402, the time of the Battle of Ankara, two Spanish ambassadors were already with Timur: Pelayo de Sotomayor and Fernando de Palazuelos.", "In 1402, the time of the Battle of Ankara, two Spanish ambassadors were already with Timur: Pelayo de Sotomayor and Fernando de Palazuelos. Later, Timur sent to the court of the Kingdom of León and Castile a Chagatai ambassador named Hajji Muhammad al-Qazi with letters and gifts.", "Later, Timur sent to the court of the Kingdom of León and Castile a Chagatai ambassador named Hajji Muhammad al-Qazi with letters and gifts. In return, Henry III of Castile sent a famous embassy to Timur's court in Samarkand in 1403–06, led by Ruy González de Clavijo, with two other ambassadors, Alfonso Paez and Gomez de Salazar.", "In return, Henry III of Castile sent a famous embassy to Timur's court in Samarkand in 1403–06, led by Ruy González de Clavijo, with two other ambassadors, Alfonso Paez and Gomez de Salazar. On their return, Timur affirmed that he regarded the king of Castile \"as his very own son\".", "On their return, Timur affirmed that he regarded the king of Castile \"as his very own son\". According to Clavijo, Timur's good treatment of the Spanish delegation contrasted with the disdain shown by his host toward the envoys of the \"lord of Cathay\" (i.e., the Yongle Emperor), the Chinese ruler.", "According to Clavijo, Timur's good treatment of the Spanish delegation contrasted with the disdain shown by his host toward the envoys of the \"lord of Cathay\" (i.e., the Yongle Emperor), the Chinese ruler. Clavijo's visit to Samarkand allowed him to report to the European audience on the news from Cathay (China), which few Europeans had been able to visit directly in the century that had passed since the travels of Marco Polo.", "Clavijo's visit to Samarkand allowed him to report to the European audience on the news from Cathay (China), which few Europeans had been able to visit directly in the century that had passed since the travels of Marco Polo. The French archives preserve: A 30 July 1402 letter from Timur to Charles VI of France, suggesting that he send traders to Asia.", "The French archives preserve: A 30 July 1402 letter from Timur to Charles VI of France, suggesting that he send traders to Asia. It is written in Persian. A May 1403 letter.", "A May 1403 letter. A May 1403 letter. This is a Latin transcription of a letter from Timur to Charles VI, and another from Miran Shah, his son, to the Christian princes, announcing their victory over Bayezid I at Smyrna.", "This is a Latin transcription of a letter from Timur to Charles VI, and another from Miran Shah, his son, to the Christian princes, announcing their victory over Bayezid I at Smyrna. A copy has been kept of the answer of Charles VI to Timur, dated 15 June 1403.", "A copy has been kept of the answer of Charles VI to Timur, dated 15 June 1403. In addition, Byzantine John VII Palaiologos who was a regent during his uncle's absence in the West, sent a Dominican friar in August 1401 to Timur, to pay his respect and propose paying tribute to him instead of the Turks, once he managed to defeat them.", "In addition, Byzantine John VII Palaiologos who was a regent during his uncle's absence in the West, sent a Dominican friar in August 1401 to Timur, to pay his respect and propose paying tribute to him instead of the Turks, once he managed to defeat them. Legacy Timur's legacy is a mixed one.", "Legacy Timur's legacy is a mixed one. While Central Asia blossomed under his reign, other places, such as Baghdad, Damascus, Delhi and other Arab, Georgian, Persian, and Indian cities were sacked and destroyed and their populations massacred.", "While Central Asia blossomed under his reign, other places, such as Baghdad, Damascus, Delhi and other Arab, Georgian, Persian, and Indian cities were sacked and destroyed and their populations massacred. Thus, while Timur still retains a positive image in Muslim Central Asia, he is vilified by many in Arabia, Iraq, Persia, and India, where some of his greatest atrocities were carried out.", "Thus, while Timur still retains a positive image in Muslim Central Asia, he is vilified by many in Arabia, Iraq, Persia, and India, where some of his greatest atrocities were carried out. However, Ibn Khaldun praises Timur for having unified much of the Muslim world when other conquerors of the time could not.", "However, Ibn Khaldun praises Timur for having unified much of the Muslim world when other conquerors of the time could not. The next great conqueror of the Middle East, Nader Shah, was greatly influenced by Timur and almost re-enacted Timur's conquests and battle strategies in his own campaigns.", "The next great conqueror of the Middle East, Nader Shah, was greatly influenced by Timur and almost re-enacted Timur's conquests and battle strategies in his own campaigns. Like Timur, Nader Shah conquered most of Caucasia, Persia, and Central Asia along with also sacking Delhi.", "Like Timur, Nader Shah conquered most of Caucasia, Persia, and Central Asia along with also sacking Delhi. Timur's short-lived empire also melded the Turko-Persian tradition in Transoxiana, and in most of the territories that he incorporated into his fiefdom, Persian became the primary language of administration and literary culture (diwan), regardless of ethnicity.", "Timur's short-lived empire also melded the Turko-Persian tradition in Transoxiana, and in most of the territories that he incorporated into his fiefdom, Persian became the primary language of administration and literary culture (diwan), regardless of ethnicity. In addition, during his reign, some contributions to Turkic literature were penned, with Turkic cultural influence expanding and flourishing as a result.", "In addition, during his reign, some contributions to Turkic literature were penned, with Turkic cultural influence expanding and flourishing as a result. A literary form of Chagatai Turkic came into use alongside Persian as both a cultural and an official language.", "A literary form of Chagatai Turkic came into use alongside Persian as both a cultural and an official language. Tamerlane virtually exterminated the Church of the East, which had previously been a major branch of Christianity but afterwards became largely confined to a small area now known as the Assyrian Triangle.", "Tamerlane virtually exterminated the Church of the East, which had previously been a major branch of Christianity but afterwards became largely confined to a small area now known as the Assyrian Triangle. Timur became a relatively popular figure in Europe for centuries after his death, mainly because of his victory over the Ottoman Sultan Bayezid.", "Timur became a relatively popular figure in Europe for centuries after his death, mainly because of his victory over the Ottoman Sultan Bayezid. The Ottoman armies were at the time invading Eastern Europe and Timur was seen as an ally. Timur is officially recognized as a national hero in Uzbekistan.", "Timur is officially recognized as a national hero in Uzbekistan. His monument in Tashkent now occupies the place where Karl Marx's statue once stood.", "His monument in Tashkent now occupies the place where Karl Marx's statue once stood. Muhammad Iqbal, a philosopher, poet and politician in British India who is widely regarded as having inspired the Pakistan Movement, composed a notable poem entitled Dream of Timur, the poem itself was inspired by a prayer of the last Mughal emperor, Bahadur Shah II: In 1794, Sake Dean Mahomed published his travel book, The Travels of Dean Mahomet.", "Muhammad Iqbal, a philosopher, poet and politician in British India who is widely regarded as having inspired the Pakistan Movement, composed a notable poem entitled Dream of Timur, the poem itself was inspired by a prayer of the last Mughal emperor, Bahadur Shah II: In 1794, Sake Dean Mahomed published his travel book, The Travels of Dean Mahomet. The book begins with the praise of Genghis Khan, Timur, and particularly the first Mughal emperor, Babur.", "The book begins with the praise of Genghis Khan, Timur, and particularly the first Mughal emperor, Babur. He also gives important details on the then incumbent Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II. Historical sources The earliest known history of his reign was Nizam ad-Din Shami's Zafarnama, which was written during Timur's lifetime.", "Historical sources The earliest known history of his reign was Nizam ad-Din Shami's Zafarnama, which was written during Timur's lifetime. Between 1424 and 1428, Sharaf ad-Din Ali Yazdi wrote a second Zafarnama drawing heavily on Shami's earlier work. Ahmad ibn Arabshah wrote a much less favorable history in Arabic.", "Ahmad ibn Arabshah wrote a much less favorable history in Arabic. Arabshah's history was translated into Latin by the Dutch Orientalist Jacobus Golius in 1636. As Timurid-sponsored histories, the two Zafarnamas present a dramatically different picture from Arabshah's chronicle.", "As Timurid-sponsored histories, the two Zafarnamas present a dramatically different picture from Arabshah's chronicle. William Jones remarked that the former presented Timur as a \"liberal, benevolent and illustrious prince\" while the latter painted him as \"deformed and impious, of a low birth and detestable principles\".", "William Jones remarked that the former presented Timur as a \"liberal, benevolent and illustrious prince\" while the latter painted him as \"deformed and impious, of a low birth and detestable principles\". Malfuzat-i Timuri The Malfuzat-i Timurī and the appended Tuzūk-i Tīmūrī, supposedly Timur's own autobiography, are almost certainly 17th-century fabrications.", "Malfuzat-i Timuri The Malfuzat-i Timurī and the appended Tuzūk-i Tīmūrī, supposedly Timur's own autobiography, are almost certainly 17th-century fabrications. The scholar Abu Taleb Hosayni presented the texts to the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan, a distant descendant of Timur, in 1637–38, supposedly after discovering the Chagatai language originals in the library of a Yemeni ruler.", "The scholar Abu Taleb Hosayni presented the texts to the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan, a distant descendant of Timur, in 1637–38, supposedly after discovering the Chagatai language originals in the library of a Yemeni ruler. Due to the distance between Yemen and Timur's base in Transoxiana and the lack of any other evidence of the originals, most historians consider the story highly implausible, and suspect Hosayni of inventing both the text and its origin story.", "Due to the distance between Yemen and Timur's base in Transoxiana and the lack of any other evidence of the originals, most historians consider the story highly implausible, and suspect Hosayni of inventing both the text and its origin story. European views Timur arguably had a significant impact on the Renaissance culture and early modern Europe.", "European views Timur arguably had a significant impact on the Renaissance culture and early modern Europe. His achievements both fascinated and horrified Europeans from the fifteenth century to the early nineteenth century.", "His achievements both fascinated and horrified Europeans from the fifteenth century to the early nineteenth century. European views of Timur were mixed throughout the fifteenth century, with some European countries calling him an ally and others seeing him as a threat to Europe because of his rapid expansion and brutality.", "European views of Timur were mixed throughout the fifteenth century, with some European countries calling him an ally and others seeing him as a threat to Europe because of his rapid expansion and brutality. When Timur captured the Ottoman Sultan Bayezid at Ankara, he was often praised and seen as a trusted ally by European rulers, such as Charles VI of France and Henry IV of England, because they believed he was saving Christianity from the Turkic Empire in the Middle East.", "When Timur captured the Ottoman Sultan Bayezid at Ankara, he was often praised and seen as a trusted ally by European rulers, such as Charles VI of France and Henry IV of England, because they believed he was saving Christianity from the Turkic Empire in the Middle East. Those two kings also praised him because his victory at Ankara allowed Christian merchants to remain in the Middle East and allowed for their safe return home to both France and England.", "Those two kings also praised him because his victory at Ankara allowed Christian merchants to remain in the Middle East and allowed for their safe return home to both France and England. Timur was also praised because it was believed that he helped restore the right of passage for Christian pilgrims to the Holy Land.", "Timur was also praised because it was believed that he helped restore the right of passage for Christian pilgrims to the Holy Land. Other Europeans viewed Timur as a barbaric enemy who presented a threat to both European culture and the religion of Christianity.", "Other Europeans viewed Timur as a barbaric enemy who presented a threat to both European culture and the religion of Christianity. His rise to power moved many leaders, such as Henry III of Castile, to send embassies to Samarkand to scout out Timur, learn about his people, make alliances with him, and try to convince him to convert to Christianity in order to avoid war.", "His rise to power moved many leaders, such as Henry III of Castile, to send embassies to Samarkand to scout out Timur, learn about his people, make alliances with him, and try to convince him to convert to Christianity in order to avoid war. In the introduction to a 1723 translation of Yazdi's Zafarnama, the translator wrote: Exhumation and alleged curse Timur's body was exhumed from his tomb on 19 June 1941 and his remains examined by the Soviet anthropologists Mikhail M. Gerasimov, Lev V. Oshanin and V. Ia.", "In the introduction to a 1723 translation of Yazdi's Zafarnama, the translator wrote: Exhumation and alleged curse Timur's body was exhumed from his tomb on 19 June 1941 and his remains examined by the Soviet anthropologists Mikhail M. Gerasimov, Lev V. Oshanin and V. Ia. Zezenkova.", "Zezenkova. Zezenkova. Gerasimov reconstructed the likeness of Timur from his skull and found that his facial characteristics displayed \"typical Mongoloid features\", i.e. East Asian in modern terms. An anthropologic study of Timur's cranium shows that he belonged predominately to the South Siberian Mongoloid type. At , Timur was tall for his era.", "At , Timur was tall for his era. The examinations confirmed that Timur was lame and had a withered right arm due to his injuries. His right thighbone had knitted together with his kneecap, and the configuration of the knee joint suggests that he had kept his leg bent at all times and therefore would have had a pronounced limp.", "His right thighbone had knitted together with his kneecap, and the configuration of the knee joint suggests that he had kept his leg bent at all times and therefore would have had a pronounced limp. He appears to have been broad-chested and his hair and beard were red.", "He appears to have been broad-chested and his hair and beard were red. It is alleged that Timur's tomb was inscribed with the words, \"When I rise from the dead, the world shall tremble.\"", "It is alleged that Timur's tomb was inscribed with the words, \"When I rise from the dead, the world shall tremble.\" It is also said that when Gerasimov exhumed the body, an additional inscription inside the casket was found, which read, \"Whomsoever opens my tomb shall unleash an invader more terrible than I.\"", "It is also said that when Gerasimov exhumed the body, an additional inscription inside the casket was found, which read, \"Whomsoever opens my tomb shall unleash an invader more terrible than I.\" Even though people close to Gerasimov claim that this story is a fabrication, the legend persists.", "Even though people close to Gerasimov claim that this story is a fabrication, the legend persists. In any case, three days after Gerasimov began the exhumation, Adolf Hitler invaded the Soviet Union. Timur was re-buried with full Islamic ritual in November 1942 just before the Soviet victory at the Battle of Stalingrad.", "Timur was re-buried with full Islamic ritual in November 1942 just before the Soviet victory at the Battle of Stalingrad. In the arts Tamburlaine the Great, Parts I and II (English, 1563–1594): play by Christopher Marlowe Tamerlan ou la mort de Bajazet [Tamerlane or the Death of Bajazet] (1675): play by Jacques Pradon.", "In the arts Tamburlaine the Great, Parts I and II (English, 1563–1594): play by Christopher Marlowe Tamerlan ou la mort de Bajazet [Tamerlane or the Death of Bajazet] (1675): play by Jacques Pradon. Tamerlane (1701): play by Nicholas Rowe (English) Tamerlano (1724): opera by George Frideric Handel, in Italian, based on the 1675 Pradon play.", "Tamerlane (1701): play by Nicholas Rowe (English) Tamerlano (1724): opera by George Frideric Handel, in Italian, based on the 1675 Pradon play. Bajazet (1735): opera by Antonio Vivaldi, portrays the capture of Bayezid I by Timur.", "Bajazet (1735): opera by Antonio Vivaldi, portrays the capture of Bayezid I by Timur. Il gran Tamerlano (1772): opera by Josef Myslivecek which also portrays the capture of Bayezid I by Timur.", "Il gran Tamerlano (1772): opera by Josef Myslivecek which also portrays the capture of Bayezid I by Timur. Timour the Tartar (1811): equestrian drama by Matthew Lewis Tamerlane (published 1827): first published poem of Edgar Allan Poe.", "Timour the Tartar (1811): equestrian drama by Matthew Lewis Tamerlane (published 1827): first published poem of Edgar Allan Poe. Turandot (1924): opera by Giacomo Puccini (libretto by Giuseppe Adami and Renato Simoni) in which Timur is the deposed, blind former King of Tartary and father of the protagonist Calaf.", "Turandot (1924): opera by Giacomo Puccini (libretto by Giuseppe Adami and Renato Simoni) in which Timur is the deposed, blind former King of Tartary and father of the protagonist Calaf. Lord of Samarkand (The Lame Man; published 1932): story by Robert E. Howard in which Timour appears.", "Lord of Samarkand (The Lame Man; published 1932): story by Robert E. Howard in which Timour appears. Nesimi (1973): Azerbaijani film in which Timur was portrayed by Yusif Veliyev.", "Nesimi (1973): Azerbaijani film in which Timur was portrayed by Yusif Veliyev. Tamerlan (2003): Spanish-language novel by Colombian writer Enrique Serrano Day Watch (2006): Russian film in which Tamerlane in his youth is portrayed by Emir Baygazin, and in maturity by Gani Kulzhanov.", "Tamerlan (2003): Spanish-language novel by Colombian writer Enrique Serrano Day Watch (2006): Russian film in which Tamerlane in his youth is portrayed by Emir Baygazin, and in maturity by Gani Kulzhanov. Tamburlaine: Shadow of God (broadcast 2008): a BBC Radio 3 play by John Fletcher presenting a fictitious encounter between Tamburlaine, Ibn Khaldun, and Hafez.", "Tamburlaine: Shadow of God (broadcast 2008): a BBC Radio 3 play by John Fletcher presenting a fictitious encounter between Tamburlaine, Ibn Khaldun, and Hafez. Age of Empires II: Definitive Edition (2019): a video game containing a six-chapter campaign titled \"Tamerlane\".", "Age of Empires II: Definitive Edition (2019): a video game containing a six-chapter campaign titled \"Tamerlane\". Examples of Timurid architecture See also List of largest empires Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent Timuri Timurid conquests and invasions Timurlengia Notes References Further reading Abazov, Rafis.", "Examples of Timurid architecture See also List of largest empires Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent Timuri Timurid conquests and invasions Timurlengia Notes References Further reading Abazov, Rafis. \"Timur (Tamerlane) and the Timurid Empire in Central Asia.\" The Palgrave Concise Historical Atlas of Central Asia. Palgrave Macmillan US, 2008. 56–57.", "Palgrave Macmillan US, 2008. 56–57. 56–57. Marlowe, Christopher. Tamburlaine the Great. Ed. J. S. Cunningham. Manchester University Press, Manchester 1981. Manz, Beatrice Forbes. \"Temür and the Problem of a Conqueror's Legacy,\" Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, Third Series, Vol. 8, No.", "8, No. 8, No. 1 (Apr. 1998) Marozzi, Justin. Tamerlane: sword of Islam, conqueror of the world, London: HarperCollins, 2004 Marozzi, Justin.", "Tamerlane: sword of Islam, conqueror of the world, London: HarperCollins, 2004 Marozzi, Justin. \"Tamerlane\", in: The Art of War: great commanders of the ancient and medieval world, Andrew Roberts (editor), London: Quercus Military History, 2008.", "\"Tamerlane\", in: The Art of War: great commanders of the ancient and medieval world, Andrew Roberts (editor), London: Quercus Military History, 2008. Novosel'tsev, A. P. \"On the Historical Evaluation of Tamerlane.\" Soviet studies in history 12.3 (1973): 37–70.", "Soviet studies in history 12.3 (1973): 37–70. Shterenshis, Michael V. \"Approach to Tamerlane: Tradition and Innovation.\" Central Asia and the Caucasus 2 (2000). Sykes, P. M. \"Tamerlane\" Journal of the Central Asian Society 2.1 (1915): 17–33. YÜKSEL, Musa Şamil.", "YÜKSEL, Musa Şamil. YÜKSEL, Musa Şamil. \"Timur’un Yükselişi ve Batı’nın Diplomatik Cevabı, 1390–1405.\" Selçuk Üniversitesi Türkiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi 1.18 (2005): 231–243.", "Selçuk Üniversitesi Türkiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi 1.18 (2005): 231–243. External links Forbes, Andrew, & Henley, David: Timur's Legacy: The Architecture of Bukhara and Samarkand (CPA Media) Narrative of the Embassy of Ruy Gonzalez De Clavijo to the Court of Timour, at Samarcand, A.D. 1403–6 – .", "External links Forbes, Andrew, & Henley, David: Timur's Legacy: The Architecture of Bukhara and Samarkand (CPA Media) Narrative of the Embassy of Ruy Gonzalez De Clavijo to the Court of Timour, at Samarcand, A.D. 1403–6 – . Ruy González de Clavijo, Embassy to Tamerlane, 1403–1406, translated by Guy Le Strange, with a new Introduction by Caroline Stone (Hardinge Simpole, 2009).", "Ruy González de Clavijo, Embassy to Tamerlane, 1403–1406, translated by Guy Le Strange, with a new Introduction by Caroline Stone (Hardinge Simpole, 2009). Nationality or Religion: Views of Central Asian Islam Timurid dynasty 1336 births 1405 deaths Muslim monarchs Samarkand Royalty and nobility with disabilities Founding monarchs" ]

[ "Timur", "Personality", "What sort of personality did Timur possess?", "he was tolerant and generous", "Do we know what he was generous with?", "scholars", "Was there a reason he was so tolerant?", "I don't know.", "What did the people think of Timur?", "Timur, mostly considered a barbarian,", "What is something Timur believed in?", "the Persian phrase rasti rusti" ]

[ "Rasti (from the German verb rasten, 'to secure, to place firmly, to lock into its place') is a construction toy made from plastic—similar to Lego, Tente and Mis Ladrillos—that was produced by the Knittax company in Argentina during the 1960s and 1970s. In 2007, manufacturing began again.\n\nConstruction \nThe construction method allows a person to join pieces by using medium pressure, locking the blocks together with semi-rigid plastic pins which, unlike other brands, avoids the friction and wear between the pins and the internal surfaces of the blocks. This system avoids the fragility and instability in the models, giving a solidity unequaled by any other construction toy or block system.\n\nQuality \nRasti bricks produced in Argentina were made with quality in mind—the shafts were made in chromed steel with plastic points for joining the special holes in the wheels. They were so popular that the word \"Rasti\" became regularly used as a synonym for durability and stability. It is still used as a generic noun to describe objects that can be assembled or disassembled in pieces saying: \"it was broken like a Rasti\" or \"you can build it like a Rasti\".\n\nHaving obtained a considerable popularity in the toy market in Argentina, the \"Rasti\" was exported to countries such as Canada and Germany (from where the original design came) until its production moved to Brazil where its license was granted to the company Hering, and remained in production for several years. The brand \"Rasti\" comes from the German word \"rasten\" which means \"to affirm, to establish giving solidity, stability and firmness\" which is the concept that governs the plastic blocks that are embedded to form various structures.\n\nIn Europe, with new colors but with the same basic pieces, the Rasti still continued selling after the new millennium (“Rasti-2000”).\nBetween the more popular sets sold in the Rasti decades, there are the Minibox 600, the Multibox 800, the technical kits 501 and 502, the three variants of Rasti Mobil (202, 203 and 204), the Motobox 45 and its more complete version the Motobox 90, and the larger set, \"Starbox 1000\".\n\nExternal links \nRasti in Argentina\n Rasti official page\n República Rasti\n Rasti Club Argentina\n\nReferences \n\nConstruction toys", "Speech Transmission Index (STI) is a measure of speech transmission quality. The absolute measurement of speech intelligibility is a complex science. The STI measures some physical characteristics of a transmission channel (a room, electro-acoustic equipment, telephone line, etc.), and expresses the ability of the channel to carry across the characteristics of a speech signal. STI is a well-established objective measurement predictor of how the characteristics of the transmission channel affect speech intelligibility.\n\nThe influence that a transmission channel has on speech intelligibility is dependent on:\n the speech level\n frequency response of the channel\n non-linear distortions\n background noise level\n quality of the sound reproduction equipment\n echos (reflections with delay > 100ms)\n the reverberation time\n psychoacoustic effects (masking effects)\n\nHistory \n\nThe STI was introduced by Tammo Houtgast and Herman Steeneken in 1971, and was accepted by Acoustical Society of America in 1980. Steeneken and Houtgast decided to develop the Speech Transmission Index because they were tasked to carry out a very lengthy series of dull speech intelligibility measurements for the Netherlands Armed Forces. Instead, they spent the time developing a much quicker objective method (which was actually the predecessor to the STI).\n\nHoutgast and Steeneken developed the Speech Transmission Index while working at The Netherlands Organisation of Applied Scientific Research TNO. Their team at TNO kept supporting and developing the STI, improving the model and developing hardware and software for measuring the STI, until 2010. In that year, the TNO research group responsible for the STI spun out of TNO and continued its work as a privately owned company named Embedded Acoustics. Embedded Acoustics now continues to support development of the STI, with Herman Steeneken (now formally retired from TNO) still acting as a senior consultant.\n\nIn the early years (until approx. 1985) the use of the STI was largely limited to a relatively small international community of speech researchers. The introduction of the RASTI (\"Room Acoustics STI\") made the STI method available to a larger population of engineers and consultants, especially when Bruel & Kjaer introduced their RASTI measuring device (which was based on the earlier RASTI system developed by Steeneken and Houtgast at TNO). RASTI was designed to be much faster than the original (\"full\") STI, taking less than 30 seconds instead of 15 minutes for a measuring point. However, RASTI was only intended (as the name says) for pure room acoustics, not electro-acoustics. Application of RASTI to transmission chains featuring electro-acoustic components (such as loudspeakers and microphones) became fairly common, and led to complaints about inaccurate results. The use of RASTI was even specified by some application standards (such as CAA specification 15 for aircraft cabin PA systems) for applications featuring electro-acoustics, simply because it was the only feasible method at the time. The inadequacies of RASTI were sometimes simply accepted for lack of a better alternative. TNO did produce and sell instruments for measuring full STI and various other STI derivatives, but these devices were relatively expensive, large and heavy.\n\nAround the year 2000, the need for an alternative to RASTI that could also be applied safely to Public Address (PA) systems had become fully apparent. At TNO, Jan Verhave and Herman Steeneken started work on a new STI method, that would later become known as STIPA (STI for Public Address systems). The first device to include STIPA measurements available for sale to the general public was made by Gold-Line. At this time, STIPA measuring instruments are available from various manufacturers.\n\nRASTI was standardized internationally in 1988, in IEC-60268-16. Since then, IEC-60268-16 has been revised three times, the latest revisions (rev.4) appearing in 2011. Each revision included updates of the STI methodology that had become accepted in the STI research community over time, such as the inclusion of redundancy between adjacent octave bands (rev.2), level-dependent auditory masking (rev.3) and various methods for applying the STI to specific populations such as non-natives and the hearing impaired (rev.4). An IEC maintenance team is currently working on rev. 5.\n\nRASTI was declared obsolete by the IEC in June 2011, with the appearance of rev. 4 of IEC-602682-16. At this time, this simplified STI derivative was still stipulated as a standard method in some industries. STIPA is now seen as the successor to RASTI for almost every application.\n\nScale \n\nSTI is a numeric representation measure of communication channel characteristics whose value varies from 0 = bad to 1 = excellent. On this scale, an STI of at least .5 is desirable for most applications.\n\nBarnett (1995, 1999) proposed to use a reference scale, the Common Intelligibility Scale (CIS), based on a mathematical relation with STI (CIS = 1 + log (STI)).\n\nSTI predicts the likelihood of syllables, words and sentences being comprehended. As an example, for native speakers, this likelihood is given by:\n\nIf non-native speakers, people with speech disorders or hard-of-hearing people are involved, other probabilities hold.\n\nIt is interesting but not astonishing that STI prediction is independent of the language spoken – not astonishing, as the ability of the channel to transport patterns of physical speech is measured.\n\nAnother method is defined for computing a physical measure that is highly correlated with the intelligibility of speech as evaluated by speech perception tests given a group of talkers and listeners. This measure is called the Speech Intelligibility Index, or SII.\n\nNominal qualification bands for STI \n\nThe IEC 60268-16 ed4 2011 Standard defines a qualification scale in order to provide flexibility for different applications. The values of this alpha-scale run from \"U\" to \"A+\".\n\nStandards \n\nSTI has gained international acceptance as the quantifier of channel influence on speech intelligibility. The International Electrotechnical Commission Objective rating of speech intelligibility by speech transmission index, as prepared by the TC 100 Technical Committee, defines the international standard.\n\nFurther the following standards have, as part of the requirements to be fulfilled, integrated testing the STI and realisation of a minimal speech transmission index:\n International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standard for sound system loudspeakers in Fire detection and fire alarm systems\n National Fire Protection Association Alarm Code\n British Standards Institution Fire detection and alarm systems for buildings\n German Institute for Standardization Sound Systems for Emergency Purposes\n\nSTIPA \n\nSTIPA (Speech Transmission Index for Public Address Systems) is a version of the STI using a simplified method and test signal. Within the STIPA signal, each octave band is modulated simultaneously with two modulation frequencies. The modulation frequencies are spread among the octave bands in a balanced way, making it possible to obtain a reliable STI measurement based on a sparsely sampled Modulation Transfer Function matrix. Although initially designed for Public Address systems (and similar installations, such as Voice Evacuation Systems and Mass Notification Systems), STIPA can also be used for a variety of other applications. The only situation in which RASTI is currently considered inferior to full STI is in the presence of strong echoes.\n\nA single STIPA measurement generally takes between 15 and 25 seconds, combining the speed of RASTI with (nearly) the wide scope of applicability and reliability of full STI. \n\nSince STIPA has become widely available, and given the fact that RASTI has several disadvantages and no benefits over STIPA, RASTI is now considered obsolete.\n\nAlthough the STIPA test signal does not resemble speech to the human ear, in terms of frequency content as well as intensity fluctuations it is a signal with speech-like characteristics.\n\nSpeech can be described as noise that is intensity-modulated by low-frequency signals. The STIPA signal contains such intensity modulations at 14 different modulation frequencies, spread across 7 octave bands. At the receiving end of the communication system, the depth of modulation of the received signal is measured and compared with that of the test signal in each of a number of frequency bands. Reductions in the modulation depth are associated with loss of intelligibility.\n\nIndirect method\n\nAn alternative Impulse response method, also known as the \"indirect method,\" assumes that the channel is linear and requires stricter synchronization of the sound source to the measurement instrument. The main benefit of the indirect method over the direct method (based on modulated test signals) is that the full MTF matrix is measured, covering all relevant modulation frequencies in all octave bands. In very large spaces (such as cathedrals), where echoes are likely to occur, the indirect method is usually preferred over direct method (e.g. using modulated STIPA signals). In general, the indirect method is often the best option when studying speech intelligibility based on \"pure room acoustics,\" when no electro-acoustic components are present within the transmission path.\n\nHowever, the requirement that the channel must be linear implies that the indirect method cannot be used reliably in many real-life applications: whenever the transmission chain features components that might exhibit non-linear behaviour (such as loudspeakers), indirect measurements may yield incorrect results. Also, depending on the type of impulse response measurement that is used, the influence of background noise present during measurements may not be dealt with correctly. This means that the indirect method should only be used with great care when measuring Public Address systems and Voice Evacuation systems. IEC-60268-16 rev. 4 does not disallow the indirect method for such applications, but issues the following words of warning: \"Critical analysis is therefore required of how the impulse response is obtained and potentially influenced by non-linearities in the transmission system, particularly as in practice, system components can be operated at the limits of their performance range.\" In practice, verification of the validity of the linearity assumption is often too complex for everyday use, making the (direct) STIPA method the preferred method whenever loudspeakers are involved.\n\nAlthough many measuring tools based on the indirect method offer STIPA as well as \"full STI\" options, the sparse Modulation Transfer Function matrix inherent to STIPA offers no advantages when using the indirect method. Impulse response based STIPA measurements must not be confused with direct STIPA measurements, as the validity of the result still depends on whether or not the channel is linear.\n\nList of manufacturers of STI measuring instruments \n\nSTI measuring instruments are (and have been) made by various manufacturers. Below is a list of brands under which STI measuring instruments have been sold, in alphabetical order.\n\n Audio Precision . Offers an STI Plug-in option for use with APx500 Series audio analyzers.\n Audiomatica . Offers an STI (including STIPA) tool in CLIO 11 system that is compliant with the latest version of the standard (IEC-60268-16 rev. 4). CLIO 12 system is capable of both indirect STI/STIPA and direct STIPA measurements.\n Bedrock Audio . This is the brand under which Embedded Acoustics sells their STIPA hardware, such as the SM50.\n Brüel & Kjær . Offers handheld as well as software based solutions.\n Gold Line . First to offer STIPA measuring solutions (DSP2 and DSP30), but currently not offering any tools that comply with the latest standards (IEC-60268-16 rev. 4).\n HEAD acoustics . Offers STI options (including STIPA, STITEL, and RASTI) for both the Artemis Suite and ACQUA test systems.\n Ivie . Offers STIPA-capable acoustic measuring tools such as the IE-45.\n Norsonic . Norsonic was early to adopt STIPA and offer STIPA modules on their instruments (Nor-140). Appears not to be sold in the US.\n NTi Audio . Offers STIPA modules with their AL1 and XL2 line of acoustic measuring instruments as well as a Talkbox and other peripherals. Apparent market leader at this moment (2013).\n Quest . Now part of 3M, Quest produces tools such as the Quest Verifier. \n TNO. Not currently marketing any products, but sold (among others) the STIDAS series of measuring instruments before.\n Svantek Offers an STI (including STIPA) measurement solution with their more advanced sound level meters.\n\nThe market for STI measuring solution is still developing, so the above list is subject to change as manufacturers enter or leave the market. The list does not include software producers that produce STI-capable acoustic measuring and simulation software. Mobile apps for STIPA measurements (such as the ones sold by Studio Six Digital and Embedded Acoustics ) are also excluded from the list.\n\nSee also \n Mean opinion score\n\nReferences \n\nJacob, K., McManus, S., Verhave, J.A., and Steeneken, H., (2002) \"Development of an Accurate, Handheld, Simple-to-use Meter for the Prediction of Speech Intelligibility\", Past, Present, and Future of the Speech Transmission Index, International Symposium on STI\n\nExternal links \nIntelligibility Conversion: %ALcons = Articulation Loss of Consonants in % to STI = Speech Transmission Index and vice versa\nBackground information on the STI and links to STI resources\nSpeech Intelligibility Papers IV\nSTI explained for the non sound specialist\n\nCommunication\nHearing\nHuman voice\nSound\nWaves" ]

[ "Timur ( Temür, 'Iron'; 9 April 133617–19 February 1405), later Timūr Gurkānī ( Temür Küregen), was a Turco-Mongol conqueror who founded the Timurid Empire in and around modern-day Afghanistan, Iran and Central Asia, becoming the first ruler of the Timurid dynasty. As an undefeated commander, he is widely regarded as one of the greatest military leaders and tacticians in history.", "As an undefeated commander, he is widely regarded as one of the greatest military leaders and tacticians in history. Timur is also considered a great patron of art and architecture as he interacted with intellectuals such as Ibn Khaldun and Hafiz-i Abru and his reign introduced the Timurid Renaissance.", "Timur is also considered a great patron of art and architecture as he interacted with intellectuals such as Ibn Khaldun and Hafiz-i Abru and his reign introduced the Timurid Renaissance. Born into the Barlas confederation in Transoxiana (in modern-day Uzbekistan) on 9 April 1336, Timur gained control of the western Chagatai Khanate by 1370.", "Born into the Barlas confederation in Transoxiana (in modern-day Uzbekistan) on 9 April 1336, Timur gained control of the western Chagatai Khanate by 1370. From that base, he led military campaigns across Western, South and Central Asia, the Caucasus, and Southern Russia, defeating in the process the Khans of the Golden Horde, the Mamluks of Egypt and Syria, the emerging Ottoman Empire, and the late Delhi Sultanate of India and emerging as the most powerful ruler in the Islamic World.", "From that base, he led military campaigns across Western, South and Central Asia, the Caucasus, and Southern Russia, defeating in the process the Khans of the Golden Horde, the Mamluks of Egypt and Syria, the emerging Ottoman Empire, and the late Delhi Sultanate of India and emerging as the most powerful ruler in the Islamic World. From these conquests, he founded the Timurid Empire, but this empire fragmented shortly after his death.", "From these conquests, he founded the Timurid Empire, but this empire fragmented shortly after his death. Timur was the last of the great nomadic conquerors of the Eurasian Steppe, and his empire set the stage for the rise of the more structured and lasting Islamic gunpowder empires in the 16th and 17th centuries.", "Timur was the last of the great nomadic conquerors of the Eurasian Steppe, and his empire set the stage for the rise of the more structured and lasting Islamic gunpowder empires in the 16th and 17th centuries. Timur was of both Turkic and Mongol descent, and, while unlikely a direct descendant on either side, he shared a common ancestor with Genghis Khan on his father's side, though some authors have suggested his mother may have been a descendant of Khan.", "Timur was of both Turkic and Mongol descent, and, while unlikely a direct descendant on either side, he shared a common ancestor with Genghis Khan on his father's side, though some authors have suggested his mother may have been a descendant of Khan. He clearly sought to invoke the legacy of the latter's conquests during his lifetime.", "He clearly sought to invoke the legacy of the latter's conquests during his lifetime. Timur envisioned the restoration of the Mongol Empire of Genghis Khan (died 1227) and according to Gérard Chaliand, saw himself as Genghis Khan's heir.", "Timur envisioned the restoration of the Mongol Empire of Genghis Khan (died 1227) and according to Gérard Chaliand, saw himself as Genghis Khan's heir. According to Beatrice Forbes Manz, \"in his formal correspondence Temur continued throughout his life to portray himself as the restorer of Chinggisid rights.", "According to Beatrice Forbes Manz, \"in his formal correspondence Temur continued throughout his life to portray himself as the restorer of Chinggisid rights. He justified his Iranian, Mamluk, and Ottoman campaigns as a re-imposition of legitimate Mongol control over lands taken by usurpers.\"", "He justified his Iranian, Mamluk, and Ottoman campaigns as a re-imposition of legitimate Mongol control over lands taken by usurpers.\" To legitimize his conquests, Timur relied on Islamic symbols and language, referred to himself as the \"Sword of Islam\". He was a patron of educational and religious institutions.", "He was a patron of educational and religious institutions. He converted nearly all the Borjigin leaders to Islam during his lifetime. Timur decisively defeated the Christian Knights Hospitaller at the Siege of Smyrna, styling himself a ghazi.", "Timur decisively defeated the Christian Knights Hospitaller at the Siege of Smyrna, styling himself a ghazi. By the end of his reign, Timur had gained complete control over all the remnants of the Chagatai Khanate, the Ilkhanate, and the Golden Horde, and even attempted to restore the Yuan dynasty in China.", "By the end of his reign, Timur had gained complete control over all the remnants of the Chagatai Khanate, the Ilkhanate, and the Golden Horde, and even attempted to restore the Yuan dynasty in China. Timur's armies were inclusively multi-ethnic and were feared throughout Asia, Africa, and Europe, sizable parts of which his campaigns laid waste.", "Timur's armies were inclusively multi-ethnic and were feared throughout Asia, Africa, and Europe, sizable parts of which his campaigns laid waste. Scholars estimate that his military campaigns caused the deaths of 17 million people, amounting to about 5% of the world population at the time.", "Scholars estimate that his military campaigns caused the deaths of 17 million people, amounting to about 5% of the world population at the time. Of all the areas he conquered, Khwarazm suffered the most from his expeditions, as it rose several times against him.", "Of all the areas he conquered, Khwarazm suffered the most from his expeditions, as it rose several times against him. Timur was the grandfather of the Timurid sultan, astronomer and mathematician Ulugh Beg, who ruled Central Asia from 1411 to 1449, and the great-great-great-grandfather of Babur (1483–1530), founder of the Mughal Empire, which then ruled almost all of the Indian subcontinent.", "Timur was the grandfather of the Timurid sultan, astronomer and mathematician Ulugh Beg, who ruled Central Asia from 1411 to 1449, and the great-great-great-grandfather of Babur (1483–1530), founder of the Mughal Empire, which then ruled almost all of the Indian subcontinent. Ancestry Through his father, Timur claimed to be a descendant of Tumanay Khan, a male-line ancestor he shared with Genghis Khan.", "Ancestry Through his father, Timur claimed to be a descendant of Tumanay Khan, a male-line ancestor he shared with Genghis Khan. Tumanay's great-great grandson Qarachar Noyan was a minister for the emperor who later assisted the latter's son Chagatai in the governorship of Transoxiana.", "Tumanay's great-great grandson Qarachar Noyan was a minister for the emperor who later assisted the latter's son Chagatai in the governorship of Transoxiana. Though there are not many mentions of Qarachar in 13th and 14th century records, later Timurid sources greatly emphasised his role in the early history of the Mongol Empire.", "Though there are not many mentions of Qarachar in 13th and 14th century records, later Timurid sources greatly emphasised his role in the early history of the Mongol Empire. These histories also state that Genghis Khan later established the \"bond of fatherhood and sonship\" by marrying Chagatai's daughter to Qarachar.", "These histories also state that Genghis Khan later established the \"bond of fatherhood and sonship\" by marrying Chagatai's daughter to Qarachar. Through his alleged descent from this marriage, Timur claimed kinship with the Chagatai Khans. The origins of Timur's mother, Tekina Khatun, are less clear.", "The origins of Timur's mother, Tekina Khatun, are less clear. The Zafarnama merely states her name without giving any information regarding her background. Writing in 1403, Johannes de Galonifontibus, Archbishop of Sultaniyya, claimed that she was of lowly origin.", "Writing in 1403, Johannes de Galonifontibus, Archbishop of Sultaniyya, claimed that she was of lowly origin. The Mu'izz al-Ansab, written decades later, says that she was related to the Yasa'uri tribe, whose lands bordered that of the Barlas.", "The Mu'izz al-Ansab, written decades later, says that she was related to the Yasa'uri tribe, whose lands bordered that of the Barlas. Ibn Khaldun recounted that Timur himself described to him his mother's descent from the legendary Persian hero Manuchehr. Ibn Arabshah suggested that she was a descendant of Genghis Khan.", "Ibn Arabshah suggested that she was a descendant of Genghis Khan. The 18th century Books of Timur identify her as the daughter of 'Sadr al-Sharia', which is believed to refer to the Hanafi scholar Ubayd Allah al-Mahbubi of Bukhara.", "The 18th century Books of Timur identify her as the daughter of 'Sadr al-Sharia', which is believed to refer to the Hanafi scholar Ubayd Allah al-Mahbubi of Bukhara. Early life Timur was born in Transoxiana near the city of Kesh (modern Shahrisabz, Uzbekistan), some south of Samarkand, part of what was then the Chagatai Khanate.", "Early life Timur was born in Transoxiana near the city of Kesh (modern Shahrisabz, Uzbekistan), some south of Samarkand, part of what was then the Chagatai Khanate. His name Temur means \"Iron\" in the Chagatai language, his mother-tongue (cf. Uzbek Temir, Turkish Demir).", "Uzbek Temir, Turkish Demir). It is cognate with Genghis Khan's birth name of Temüjin. Later Timurid dynastic histories claim that Timur was born on 8 April 1336, but most sources from his lifetime give ages that are consistent with a birthdate in the late 1320s.", "Later Timurid dynastic histories claim that Timur was born on 8 April 1336, but most sources from his lifetime give ages that are consistent with a birthdate in the late 1320s. Historian Beatrice Forbes Manz suspects the 1336 date was designed to tie Timur to the legacy of Abu Sa'id Bahadur Khan, the last ruler of the Ilkhanate descended from Hulagu Khan, who died in that year.", "Historian Beatrice Forbes Manz suspects the 1336 date was designed to tie Timur to the legacy of Abu Sa'id Bahadur Khan, the last ruler of the Ilkhanate descended from Hulagu Khan, who died in that year. He was a member of the Barlas, a Mongolian tribe that had been turkified in many aspects.", "He was a member of the Barlas, a Mongolian tribe that had been turkified in many aspects. His father, Taraghai was described as a minor noble of this tribe. However, Manz believes that Timur may have later understated the social position of his father, so as to make his own successes appear more remarkable.", "However, Manz believes that Timur may have later understated the social position of his father, so as to make his own successes appear more remarkable. She states that though he is not believed to have been especially powerful, Taraghai was reasonably wealthy and influential.", "She states that though he is not believed to have been especially powerful, Taraghai was reasonably wealthy and influential. This is shown by Timur later returning to his birthplace following the death of his father in 1360, suggesting concern over his estate.", "This is shown by Timur later returning to his birthplace following the death of his father in 1360, suggesting concern over his estate. Taraghai's social significance is further hinted at by Arabshah, who described him as a magnate in the court of Amir Husayn Qara'unas.", "Taraghai's social significance is further hinted at by Arabshah, who described him as a magnate in the court of Amir Husayn Qara'unas. In addition to this, the father of the great Amir Hamid Kereyid of Moghulistan is stated as a friend of Taraghai's.", "In addition to this, the father of the great Amir Hamid Kereyid of Moghulistan is stated as a friend of Taraghai's. In his childhood, Timur and a small band of followers raided travelers for goods, especially animals such as sheep, horses, and cattle.", "In his childhood, Timur and a small band of followers raided travelers for goods, especially animals such as sheep, horses, and cattle. Around 1363, it is believed that Timur tried to steal a sheep from a shepherd but was shot by two arrows, one in his right leg and another in his right hand, where he lost two fingers.", "Around 1363, it is believed that Timur tried to steal a sheep from a shepherd but was shot by two arrows, one in his right leg and another in his right hand, where he lost two fingers. Both injuries crippled him for life.", "Both injuries crippled him for life. Some believe that Timur suffered his crippling injuries while serving as a mercenary to the khan of Sistan in what is today the Dashti Margo in southwest Afghanistan. Timur's injuries have given him the names of Timur the Lame and Tamerlane by Europeans.", "Timur's injuries have given him the names of Timur the Lame and Tamerlane by Europeans. Military leader About 1360, Timur gained prominence as a military leader whose troops were mostly Turkic tribesmen of the region. He took part in campaigns in Transoxiana with the Khan of the Chagatai Khanate.", "He took part in campaigns in Transoxiana with the Khan of the Chagatai Khanate. Allying himself both in cause and by family connection with Qazaghan, the dethroner and destroyer of Volga Bulgaria, he invaded Khorasan at the head of a thousand horsemen.", "Allying himself both in cause and by family connection with Qazaghan, the dethroner and destroyer of Volga Bulgaria, he invaded Khorasan at the head of a thousand horsemen. This was the second military expedition that he led, and its success led to further operations, among them the subjugation of Khwarezm and Urgench.", "This was the second military expedition that he led, and its success led to further operations, among them the subjugation of Khwarezm and Urgench. Following Qazaghan's murder, disputes arose among the many claimants to sovereign power.", "Following Qazaghan's murder, disputes arose among the many claimants to sovereign power. Tughlugh Timur of Kashgar, the Khan of the Eastern Chagatai Khanate, another descendant of Genghis Khan, invaded, interrupting this infighting. Timur was sent to negotiate with the invader but joined with him instead and was rewarded with Transoxania.", "Timur was sent to negotiate with the invader but joined with him instead and was rewarded with Transoxania. At about this time, his father died and Timur also became chief of the Berlas. Tughlugh then attempted to set his son Ilyas Khoja over Transoxania, but Timur repelled this invasion with a smaller force.", "Tughlugh then attempted to set his son Ilyas Khoja over Transoxania, but Timur repelled this invasion with a smaller force. Rise to power It was in this period that Timur reduced the Chagatai khans to the position of figureheads while he ruled in their name.", "Rise to power It was in this period that Timur reduced the Chagatai khans to the position of figureheads while he ruled in their name. Also during this period, Timur and his brother-in-law Amir Husayn, who were at first fellow fugitives and wanderers, became rivals and antagonists.", "Also during this period, Timur and his brother-in-law Amir Husayn, who were at first fellow fugitives and wanderers, became rivals and antagonists. The relationship between them became strained after Husayn abandoned efforts to carry out Timur's orders to finish off Ilya Khoja (former governor of Mawarannah) close to Tashkent.", "The relationship between them became strained after Husayn abandoned efforts to carry out Timur's orders to finish off Ilya Khoja (former governor of Mawarannah) close to Tashkent. Timur gained followers in Balkh, consisting of merchants, fellow tribesmen, Muslim clergy, aristocracy and agricultural workers, because of his kindness in sharing his belongings with them.", "Timur gained followers in Balkh, consisting of merchants, fellow tribesmen, Muslim clergy, aristocracy and agricultural workers, because of his kindness in sharing his belongings with them. This contrasted Timur's behavior with that of Husayn, who alienated these people, took many possessions from them via his heavy tax laws and selfishly spent the tax money building elaborate structures.", "This contrasted Timur's behavior with that of Husayn, who alienated these people, took many possessions from them via his heavy tax laws and selfishly spent the tax money building elaborate structures. Around 1370, Husayn surrendered to Timur and was later assassinated, which allowed Timur to be formally proclaimed sovereign at Balkh.", "Around 1370, Husayn surrendered to Timur and was later assassinated, which allowed Timur to be formally proclaimed sovereign at Balkh. He married Husayn's wife Saray Mulk Khanum, a descendant of Genghis Khan, allowing him to become imperial ruler of the Chaghatay tribe.", "He married Husayn's wife Saray Mulk Khanum, a descendant of Genghis Khan, allowing him to become imperial ruler of the Chaghatay tribe. Legitimization of Timur's rule Timur's Turco-Mongolian heritage provided opportunities and challenges as he sought to rule the Mongol Empire and the Muslim world.", "Legitimization of Timur's rule Timur's Turco-Mongolian heritage provided opportunities and challenges as he sought to rule the Mongol Empire and the Muslim world. According to the Mongol traditions, Timur could not claim the title of khan or rule the Mongol Empire because he was not a descendant of Genghis Khan.", "According to the Mongol traditions, Timur could not claim the title of khan or rule the Mongol Empire because he was not a descendant of Genghis Khan. Therefore, Timur set up a puppet Chaghatay Khan, Suyurghatmish, as the nominal ruler of Balkh as he pretended to act as a \"protector of the member of a Chinggisid line, that of Genghis Khan's eldest son, Jochi\".", "Therefore, Timur set up a puppet Chaghatay Khan, Suyurghatmish, as the nominal ruler of Balkh as he pretended to act as a \"protector of the member of a Chinggisid line, that of Genghis Khan's eldest son, Jochi\". Timur instead used the title of Amir meaning general, and acting in the name of the Chagatai ruler of Transoxania.", "Timur instead used the title of Amir meaning general, and acting in the name of the Chagatai ruler of Transoxania. To reinforce this position, Timur claimed the title Guregen (royal son-in-law) when he married Saray Mulk Khanum, a princess of Chinggisid descent.", "To reinforce this position, Timur claimed the title Guregen (royal son-in-law) when he married Saray Mulk Khanum, a princess of Chinggisid descent. As with the title of Khan, Timur similarly could not claim the supreme title of the Islamic world, Caliph, because the \"office was limited to the Quraysh, the tribe of the Prophet Muhammad\".", "As with the title of Khan, Timur similarly could not claim the supreme title of the Islamic world, Caliph, because the \"office was limited to the Quraysh, the tribe of the Prophet Muhammad\". Therefore, Timur reacted to the challenge by creating a myth and image of himself as a \"supernatural personal power\" ordained by God.", "Therefore, Timur reacted to the challenge by creating a myth and image of himself as a \"supernatural personal power\" ordained by God. Otherwise he was described as a spiritual descendant of Ali, thus taken lineage of both to Genghis Khan and the Quraysh. Period of expansion Timur spent the next 35 years in various wars and expeditions.", "Period of expansion Timur spent the next 35 years in various wars and expeditions. He not only consolidated his rule at home by the subjugation of his foes, but sought extension of territory by encroachments upon the lands of foreign potentates.", "He not only consolidated his rule at home by the subjugation of his foes, but sought extension of territory by encroachments upon the lands of foreign potentates. His conquests to the west and northwest led him to the lands near the Caspian Sea and to the banks of the Ural and the Volga.", "His conquests to the west and northwest led him to the lands near the Caspian Sea and to the banks of the Ural and the Volga. Conquests in the south and south-West encompassed almost every province in Persia, including Baghdad, Karbala and Northern Iraq.", "Conquests in the south and south-West encompassed almost every province in Persia, including Baghdad, Karbala and Northern Iraq. One of the most formidable of Timur's opponents was another Mongol ruler, a descendant of Genghis Khan named Tokhtamysh.", "One of the most formidable of Timur's opponents was another Mongol ruler, a descendant of Genghis Khan named Tokhtamysh. After having been a refugee in Timur's court, Tokhtamysh became ruler both of the eastern Kipchak and the Golden Horde. After his accession, he quarreled with Timur over the possession of Khwarizm and Azerbaijan.", "After his accession, he quarreled with Timur over the possession of Khwarizm and Azerbaijan. However, Timur still supported him against the Russians and in 1382 Tokhtamysh invaded the Muscovite dominion and burned Moscow.", "However, Timur still supported him against the Russians and in 1382 Tokhtamysh invaded the Muscovite dominion and burned Moscow. Orthodox tradition states that later, in 1395 Timur, having reached the frontier of the Principality of Ryazan, had taken Elets and started advancing towards Moscow.", "Orthodox tradition states that later, in 1395 Timur, having reached the frontier of the Principality of Ryazan, had taken Elets and started advancing towards Moscow. Great Prince Vasily I of Moscow went with an army to Kolomna and halted at the banks of the Oka River.", "Great Prince Vasily I of Moscow went with an army to Kolomna and halted at the banks of the Oka River. The clergy brought the famed Theotokos of Vladimir icon from Vladimir to Moscow. Along the way people prayed kneeling: \"O Mother of God, save the land of Russia!\" Suddenly, Timur's armies retreated.", "Suddenly, Timur's armies retreated. In memory of this miraculous deliverance of the Russian land from Timur on 26 August, the all-Russian celebration in honor of the Meeting of the Vladimir Icon of the Most Holy Mother of God was established.", "In memory of this miraculous deliverance of the Russian land from Timur on 26 August, the all-Russian celebration in honor of the Meeting of the Vladimir Icon of the Most Holy Mother of God was established. Conquest of Persia After the death of Abu Sa'id, ruler of the Ilkhanate, in 1335, there was a power vacuum in Persia.", "Conquest of Persia After the death of Abu Sa'id, ruler of the Ilkhanate, in 1335, there was a power vacuum in Persia. In the end, Persia was split amongst the Muzaffarids, Kartids, Eretnids, Chobanids, Injuids, Jalayirids, and Sarbadars.", "In the end, Persia was split amongst the Muzaffarids, Kartids, Eretnids, Chobanids, Injuids, Jalayirids, and Sarbadars. In 1383, Timur started his lengthy military conquest of Persia, though he already ruled over much of Persian Khorasan by 1381, after Khwaja Mas'ud, of the Sarbadar dynasty surrendered.", "In 1383, Timur started his lengthy military conquest of Persia, though he already ruled over much of Persian Khorasan by 1381, after Khwaja Mas'ud, of the Sarbadar dynasty surrendered. Timur began his Persian campaign with Herat, capital of the Kartid dynasty.", "Timur began his Persian campaign with Herat, capital of the Kartid dynasty. When Herat did not surrender he reduced the city to rubble and massacred most of its citizens; it remained in ruins until Shah Rukh ordered its reconstruction around 1415. Timur then sent a General to capture rebellious Kandahar.", "Timur then sent a General to capture rebellious Kandahar. With the capture of Herat the Kartid kingdom surrendered and became vassals of Timur; it would later be annexed outright less than a decade later in 1389 by Timur's son Miran Shah. Timur then headed west to capture the Zagros Mountains, passing through Mazandaran.", "Timur then headed west to capture the Zagros Mountains, passing through Mazandaran. During his travel through the north of Persia, he captured the then town of Tehran, which surrendered and was thus treated mercifully. He laid siege to Soltaniyeh in 1384.", "He laid siege to Soltaniyeh in 1384. Khorasan revolted one year later, so Timur destroyed Isfizar, and the prisoners were cemented into the walls alive. The next year the kingdom of Sistan, under the Mihrabanid dynasty, was ravaged, and its capital at Zaranj was destroyed.", "The next year the kingdom of Sistan, under the Mihrabanid dynasty, was ravaged, and its capital at Zaranj was destroyed. Timur then returned to his capital of Samarkand, where he began planning for his Georgian campaign and Golden Horde invasion. In 1386, Timur passed through Mazandaran as he had when trying to capture the Zagros.", "In 1386, Timur passed through Mazandaran as he had when trying to capture the Zagros. He went near the city of Soltaniyeh, which he had previously captured but instead turned north and captured Tabriz with little resistance, along with Maragha.", "He went near the city of Soltaniyeh, which he had previously captured but instead turned north and captured Tabriz with little resistance, along with Maragha. He ordered heavy taxation of the people, which was collected by Adil Aqa, who was also given control over Soltaniyeh. Adil was later executed because Timur suspected him of corruption.", "Adil was later executed because Timur suspected him of corruption. Timur then went north to begin his Georgian and Golden Horde campaigns, pausing his full-scale invasion of Persia. When he returned, he found his generals had done well in protecting the cities and lands he had conquered in Persia.", "When he returned, he found his generals had done well in protecting the cities and lands he had conquered in Persia. Though many rebelled, and his son Miran Shah, who may have been regent, was forced to annex rebellious vassal dynasties, his holdings remained.", "Though many rebelled, and his son Miran Shah, who may have been regent, was forced to annex rebellious vassal dynasties, his holdings remained. So he proceeded to capture the rest of Persia, specifically the two major southern cities of Isfahan and Shiraz.", "So he proceeded to capture the rest of Persia, specifically the two major southern cities of Isfahan and Shiraz. When he arrived with his army at Isfahan in 1387, the city immediately surrendered; he treated it with relative mercy as he normally did with cities that surrendered (unlike Herat).", "When he arrived with his army at Isfahan in 1387, the city immediately surrendered; he treated it with relative mercy as he normally did with cities that surrendered (unlike Herat). However, after Isfahan revolted against Timur's taxes by killing the tax collectors and some of Timur's soldiers, he ordered the massacre of the city's citizens; the death toll is reckoned at between 100,000 and 200,000.", "However, after Isfahan revolted against Timur's taxes by killing the tax collectors and some of Timur's soldiers, he ordered the massacre of the city's citizens; the death toll is reckoned at between 100,000 and 200,000. An eye-witness counted more than 28 towers constructed of about 1,500 heads each.", "An eye-witness counted more than 28 towers constructed of about 1,500 heads each. This has been described as a \"systematic use of terror against towns...an integral element of Tamerlane's strategic element\", which he viewed as preventing bloodshed by discouraging resistance. His massacres were selective and he spared the artistic and educated.", "His massacres were selective and he spared the artistic and educated. This would later influence the next great Persian conqueror: Nader Shah. Timur then began a five-year campaign to the west in 1392, attacking Persian Kurdistan.", "Timur then began a five-year campaign to the west in 1392, attacking Persian Kurdistan. In 1393, Shiraz was captured after surrendering, and the Muzaffarids became vassals of Timur, though prince Shah Mansur rebelled but was defeated, and the Muzafarids were annexed.", "In 1393, Shiraz was captured after surrendering, and the Muzaffarids became vassals of Timur, though prince Shah Mansur rebelled but was defeated, and the Muzafarids were annexed. Shortly after Georgia was devastated so that the Golden Horde could not use it to threaten northern Iran.", "Shortly after Georgia was devastated so that the Golden Horde could not use it to threaten northern Iran. In the same year, Timur caught Baghdad by surprise in August by marching there in only eight days from Shiraz. Sultan Ahmad Jalayir fled to Syria, where the Mamluk Sultan Barquq protected him and killed Timur's envoys.", "Sultan Ahmad Jalayir fled to Syria, where the Mamluk Sultan Barquq protected him and killed Timur's envoys. Timur left the Sarbadar prince Khwaja Mas'ud to govern Baghdad, but he was driven out when Ahmad Jalayir returned.", "Timur left the Sarbadar prince Khwaja Mas'ud to govern Baghdad, but he was driven out when Ahmad Jalayir returned. Ahmad was unpopular but got help from Qara Yusuf of the Kara Koyunlu; he fled again in 1399, this time to the Ottomans.", "Ahmad was unpopular but got help from Qara Yusuf of the Kara Koyunlu; he fled again in 1399, this time to the Ottomans. Tokhtamysh–Timur war In the meantime, Tokhtamysh, now khan of the Golden Horde, turned against his patron and in 1385 invaded Azerbaijan. The inevitable response by Timur resulted in the Tokhtamysh–Timur war.", "The inevitable response by Timur resulted in the Tokhtamysh–Timur war. In the initial stage of the war, Timur won a victory at the Battle of the Kondurcha River. After the battle Tokhtamysh and some of his army were allowed to escape. After Tokhtamysh's initial defeat, Timur invaded Muscovy to the north of Tokhtamysh's holdings.", "After Tokhtamysh's initial defeat, Timur invaded Muscovy to the north of Tokhtamysh's holdings. Timur's army burned Ryazan and advanced on Moscow. He was pulled away before reaching the Oka River by Tokhtamysh's renewed campaign in the south.", "He was pulled away before reaching the Oka River by Tokhtamysh's renewed campaign in the south. In the first phase of the conflict with Tokhtamysh, Timur led an army of over 100,000 men north for more than 700 miles into the steppe. He then rode west about 1,000 miles advancing in a front more than 10 miles wide.", "He then rode west about 1,000 miles advancing in a front more than 10 miles wide. During this advance, Timur's army got far enough north to be in a region of very long summer days causing complaints by his Muslim soldiers about keeping a long schedule of prayers.", "During this advance, Timur's army got far enough north to be in a region of very long summer days causing complaints by his Muslim soldiers about keeping a long schedule of prayers. It was then that Tokhtamysh's army was boxed in against the east bank of the Volga River in the Orenburg region and destroyed at the Battle of the Kondurcha River, in 1391.", "It was then that Tokhtamysh's army was boxed in against the east bank of the Volga River in the Orenburg region and destroyed at the Battle of the Kondurcha River, in 1391. In the second phase of the conflict, Timur took a different route against the enemy by invading the realm of Tokhtamysh via the Caucasus region.", "In the second phase of the conflict, Timur took a different route against the enemy by invading the realm of Tokhtamysh via the Caucasus region. In 1395, Timur defeated Tokhtamysh in the Battle of the Terek River, concluding the struggle between the two monarchs.", "In 1395, Timur defeated Tokhtamysh in the Battle of the Terek River, concluding the struggle between the two monarchs. Tokhtamysh was unable to restore his power or prestige, and he was killed about a decade later in the area of present-day Tyumen.", "Tokhtamysh was unable to restore his power or prestige, and he was killed about a decade later in the area of present-day Tyumen. During the course of Timur's campaigns, his army destroyed Sarai, the capital of the Golden Horde, and Astrakhan, subsequently disrupting the Golden Horde's Silk Road.", "During the course of Timur's campaigns, his army destroyed Sarai, the capital of the Golden Horde, and Astrakhan, subsequently disrupting the Golden Horde's Silk Road. The Golden Horde no longer held power after their losses to Timur.", "The Golden Horde no longer held power after their losses to Timur. Ismailis In May 1393, Timur's army invaded the Anjudan, crippling the Ismaili village only a year after his assault on the Ismailis in Mazandaran. The village was prepared for the attack, evidenced by its fortress and system of tunnels.", "The village was prepared for the attack, evidenced by its fortress and system of tunnels. Undeterred, Timur's soldiers flooded the tunnels by cutting into a channel overhead. Timur's reasons for attacking this village are not yet well understood.", "Timur's reasons for attacking this village are not yet well understood. However, it has been suggested that his religious persuasions and view of himself as an executor of divine will may have contributed to his motivations. The Persian historian Khwandamir explains that an Ismaili presence was growing more politically powerful in Persian Iraq.", "The Persian historian Khwandamir explains that an Ismaili presence was growing more politically powerful in Persian Iraq. A group of locals in the region was dissatisfied with this and, Khwandamir writes, these locals assembled and brought up their complaint with Timur, possibly provoking his attack on the Ismailis there.", "A group of locals in the region was dissatisfied with this and, Khwandamir writes, these locals assembled and brought up their complaint with Timur, possibly provoking his attack on the Ismailis there. Campaign against the Tughlaq dynasty In 1398, Timur invaded northern India, attacking the Delhi Sultanate ruled by Sultan Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah Tughluq of the Tughlaq dynasty.", "Campaign against the Tughlaq dynasty In 1398, Timur invaded northern India, attacking the Delhi Sultanate ruled by Sultan Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah Tughluq of the Tughlaq dynasty. After crossing the Indus River on 30 September 1398, he sacked Tulamba and massacred its inhabitants. Then he advanced and captured Multan by October.", "Then he advanced and captured Multan by October. His invasion was unopposed as most of the Indian nobility surrendered without a fight, however he did encounter resistance from the united army of Rajputs and Muslims at Bhatner under the command of the Rajput king Dulachand, Dulachand initially opposed Timur but when hard-pressed he considered surrender.", "His invasion was unopposed as most of the Indian nobility surrendered without a fight, however he did encounter resistance from the united army of Rajputs and Muslims at Bhatner under the command of the Rajput king Dulachand, Dulachand initially opposed Timur but when hard-pressed he considered surrender. He was locked outside the walls of Bhatner by his brother and was later killed by Timur.", "He was locked outside the walls of Bhatner by his brother and was later killed by Timur. The garrison of Bhatner then fought and were slaughtered to the last man. Bhatner was looted and burned to the ground.", "Bhatner was looted and burned to the ground. While on his march towards Delhi, Timur was opposed by the Jat peasantry, who would loot caravans and then disappear in the forests, Timur had 2,000 Jats killed and many taken captive. But the Sultanate at Delhi did nothing to stop his advance.", "But the Sultanate at Delhi did nothing to stop his advance. Capture of Delhi (1398) The battle took place on 17 December 1398. Sultan Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah Tughluq and the army of Mallu Iqbal had war elephants armored with chain mail and poison on their tusks.", "Sultan Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah Tughluq and the army of Mallu Iqbal had war elephants armored with chain mail and poison on their tusks. As his Tatar forces were afraid of the elephants, Timur ordered his men to dig a trench in front of their positions. Timur then loaded his camels with as much wood and hay as they could carry.", "Timur then loaded his camels with as much wood and hay as they could carry. When the war elephants charged, Timur set the hay on fire and prodded the camels with iron sticks, causing them to charge at the elephants, howling in pain: Timur had understood that elephants were easily panicked.", "When the war elephants charged, Timur set the hay on fire and prodded the camels with iron sticks, causing them to charge at the elephants, howling in pain: Timur had understood that elephants were easily panicked. Faced with the strange spectacle of camels flying straight at them with flames leaping from their backs, the elephants turned around and stampeded back toward their own lines.", "Faced with the strange spectacle of camels flying straight at them with flames leaping from their backs, the elephants turned around and stampeded back toward their own lines. Timur capitalized on the subsequent disruption in the forces of Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah Tughluq, securing an easy victory. Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah Tughluq fled with remnants of his forces.", "Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah Tughluq fled with remnants of his forces. Delhi was sacked and left in ruins. Before the battle for Delhi, Timur executed 100,000 captives. The capture of the Delhi Sultanate was one of Timur's greatest victories, as at that time, Delhi was one of the richest cities in the world.", "The capture of the Delhi Sultanate was one of Timur's greatest victories, as at that time, Delhi was one of the richest cities in the world. After Delhi fell to Timur's army, uprisings by its citizens against the Turkic-Mongols began to occur, causing a retaliatory bloody massacre within the city walls.", "After Delhi fell to Timur's army, uprisings by its citizens against the Turkic-Mongols began to occur, causing a retaliatory bloody massacre within the city walls. After three days of citizens uprising within Delhi, it was said that the city reeked of the decomposing bodies of its citizens with their heads being erected like structures and the bodies left as food for the birds by Timur's soldiers.", "After three days of citizens uprising within Delhi, it was said that the city reeked of the decomposing bodies of its citizens with their heads being erected like structures and the bodies left as food for the birds by Timur's soldiers. Timur's invasion and destruction of Delhi continued the chaos that was still consuming India, and the city would not be able to recover from the great loss it suffered for almost a century.", "Timur's invasion and destruction of Delhi continued the chaos that was still consuming India, and the city would not be able to recover from the great loss it suffered for almost a century. Campaigns in the Levant Before the end of 1399, Timur started a war with Bayezid I, sultan of the Ottoman Empire, and the Mamluk sultan of Egypt Nasir-ad-Din Faraj.", "Campaigns in the Levant Before the end of 1399, Timur started a war with Bayezid I, sultan of the Ottoman Empire, and the Mamluk sultan of Egypt Nasir-ad-Din Faraj. Bayezid began annexing the territory of Turkmen and Muslim rulers in Anatolia. As Timur claimed sovereignty over the Turkoman rulers, they took refuge behind him.", "As Timur claimed sovereignty over the Turkoman rulers, they took refuge behind him. In 1400, Timur invaded Armenia and Georgia. Of the surviving population, more than 60,000 of the local people were captured as slaves, and many districts were depopulated. He also sacked Sivas in Asia Minor.", "He also sacked Sivas in Asia Minor. Then Timur turned his attention to Syria, sacking Aleppo, and Damascus. The city's inhabitants were massacred, except for the artisans, who were deported to Samarkand. Timur invaded Baghdad in June 1401. After the capture of the city, 20,000 of its citizens were massacred.", "After the capture of the city, 20,000 of its citizens were massacred. Timur ordered that every soldier should return with at least two severed human heads to show him.", "Timur ordered that every soldier should return with at least two severed human heads to show him. When they ran out of men to kill, many warriors killed prisoners captured earlier in the campaign, and when they ran out of prisoners to kill, many resorted to beheading their own wives.", "When they ran out of men to kill, many warriors killed prisoners captured earlier in the campaign, and when they ran out of prisoners to kill, many resorted to beheading their own wives. Invasion of Anatolia In the meantime, years of insulting letters had passed between Timur and Bayezid.", "Invasion of Anatolia In the meantime, years of insulting letters had passed between Timur and Bayezid. Both rulers insulted each other in their own way while Timur preferred to undermine Bayezid's position as a ruler and play down the significance of his military successes.", "Both rulers insulted each other in their own way while Timur preferred to undermine Bayezid's position as a ruler and play down the significance of his military successes. This is the excerpt from one of Timur's letters addressed to Ottoman sultan: \"Believe me, you are but pismire ant: don't seek to fight the elephants for they'll crush you under their feet.", "This is the excerpt from one of Timur's letters addressed to Ottoman sultan: \"Believe me, you are but pismire ant: don't seek to fight the elephants for they'll crush you under their feet. Shall a petty prince such as you are contend with us?", "Shall a petty prince such as you are contend with us? But your rodomontades (braggadocio) are not extraordinary; for a Turcoman never spake with judgement. If you don't follow our counsels you will regret it\". Finally, Timur invaded Anatolia and defeated Bayezid in the Battle of Ankara on 20 July 1402.", "Finally, Timur invaded Anatolia and defeated Bayezid in the Battle of Ankara on 20 July 1402. Bayezid was captured in battle and subsequently died in captivity, initiating the twelve-year Ottoman Interregnum period. Timur's stated motivation for attacking Bayezid and the Ottoman Empire was the restoration of Seljuq authority.", "Timur's stated motivation for attacking Bayezid and the Ottoman Empire was the restoration of Seljuq authority. Timur saw the Seljuks as the rightful rulers of Anatolia as they had been granted rule by Mongol conquerors, illustrating again Timur's interest with Genghizid legitimacy.", "Timur saw the Seljuks as the rightful rulers of Anatolia as they had been granted rule by Mongol conquerors, illustrating again Timur's interest with Genghizid legitimacy. In December 1402, Timur besieged and took the city of Smyrna, a stronghold of the Christian Knights Hospitalers, thus he referred to himself as ghazi or \"Warrior of Islam\".", "In December 1402, Timur besieged and took the city of Smyrna, a stronghold of the Christian Knights Hospitalers, thus he referred to himself as ghazi or \"Warrior of Islam\". A mass beheading was carried out in Smyrna by Timur's soldiers.", "A mass beheading was carried out in Smyrna by Timur's soldiers. With the Treaty of Gallipoli in February 1402, Timur was furious with the Genoese and Venetians, as their ships ferried the Ottoman army to safety in Thrace.", "With the Treaty of Gallipoli in February 1402, Timur was furious with the Genoese and Venetians, as their ships ferried the Ottoman army to safety in Thrace. As Lord Kinross reported in The Ottoman Centuries, the Italians preferred the enemy they could handle to the one they could not.", "As Lord Kinross reported in The Ottoman Centuries, the Italians preferred the enemy they could handle to the one they could not. During the early interregnum, Bayezid I's son acted as Timur's vassal.", "During the early interregnum, Bayezid I's son acted as Timur's vassal. Unlike other princes, Mehmed minted coins that had Timur's name stamped as \"Demur han Gürgân\" (), alongside his own as \"Mehmed bin Bayezid han\" ().", "Unlike other princes, Mehmed minted coins that had Timur's name stamped as \"Demur han Gürgân\" (), alongside his own as \"Mehmed bin Bayezid han\" (). This was probably an attempt on Mehmed's part to justify to Timur his conquest of Bursa after the Battle of Ulubad.", "This was probably an attempt on Mehmed's part to justify to Timur his conquest of Bursa after the Battle of Ulubad. After Mehmed established himself in Rum, Timur had already begun preparations for his return to Central Asia, and took no further steps to interfere with the status quo in Anatolia.", "After Mehmed established himself in Rum, Timur had already begun preparations for his return to Central Asia, and took no further steps to interfere with the status quo in Anatolia. While Timur was still in Anatolia, Qara Yusuf assaulted Baghdad and captured it in 1402.", "While Timur was still in Anatolia, Qara Yusuf assaulted Baghdad and captured it in 1402. Timur returned to Persia and sent his grandson Abu Bakr ibn Miran Shah to reconquer Baghdad, which he proceeded to do. Timur then spent some time in Ardabil, where he gave Ali Safavi, leader of the Safaviyya, a number of captives.", "Timur then spent some time in Ardabil, where he gave Ali Safavi, leader of the Safaviyya, a number of captives. Subsequently, he marched to Khorasan and then to Samarkhand, where he spent nine months celebrating and preparing to invade Mongolia and China.", "Subsequently, he marched to Khorasan and then to Samarkhand, where he spent nine months celebrating and preparing to invade Mongolia and China. Attempts to attack the Ming dynasty By 1368, Han Chinese forces had driven the Mongols out of China.", "Attempts to attack the Ming dynasty By 1368, Han Chinese forces had driven the Mongols out of China. The first of the new Ming dynasty's emperors, the Hongwu Emperor, and his son, the Yongle Emperor, produced tributary states of many Central Asian countries.", "The first of the new Ming dynasty's emperors, the Hongwu Emperor, and his son, the Yongle Emperor, produced tributary states of many Central Asian countries. The suzerain-vassal relationship between Ming empire and Timurid existed for a long time. In 1394, Hongwu's ambassadors eventually presented Timur with a letter addressing him as a subject.", "In 1394, Hongwu's ambassadors eventually presented Timur with a letter addressing him as a subject. He had the ambassadors Fu An, Guo Ji, and Liu Wei detained. Neither Hongwu's next ambassador, Chen Dewen (1397), nor the delegation announcing the accession of the Yongle Emperor fared any better.", "Neither Hongwu's next ambassador, Chen Dewen (1397), nor the delegation announcing the accession of the Yongle Emperor fared any better. Timur eventually planned to invade China. To this end Timur made an alliance with surviving Mongol tribes based in Mongolia and prepared all the way to Bukhara.", "To this end Timur made an alliance with surviving Mongol tribes based in Mongolia and prepared all the way to Bukhara. Engke Khan sent his grandson Öljei Temür Khan, also known as \"Buyanshir Khan\" after he converted to Islam while at the court of Timur in Samarkand. Death Timur preferred to fight his battles in the spring.", "Death Timur preferred to fight his battles in the spring. However, he died en route during an uncharacteristic winter campaign. In December 1404, Timur began military campaigns against Ming China and detained a Ming envoy.", "In December 1404, Timur began military campaigns against Ming China and detained a Ming envoy. He suffered illness while encamped on the farther side of the Syr Daria and died at Farab on 17 February 1405, before ever reaching the Chinese border.", "He suffered illness while encamped on the farther side of the Syr Daria and died at Farab on 17 February 1405, before ever reaching the Chinese border. After his death the Ming envoys such as Fu An and the remaining entourage were released by his grandson Khalil Sultan.", "After his death the Ming envoys such as Fu An and the remaining entourage were released by his grandson Khalil Sultan. Geographer Clements Markham, in his introduction to the narrative of Clavijo's embassy, states that, after Timur died, his body \"was embalmed with musk and rose water, wrapped in linen, laid in an ebony coffin and sent to Samarkand, where it was buried\".", "Geographer Clements Markham, in his introduction to the narrative of Clavijo's embassy, states that, after Timur died, his body \"was embalmed with musk and rose water, wrapped in linen, laid in an ebony coffin and sent to Samarkand, where it was buried\". His tomb, the Gur-e-Amir, still stands in Samarkand, though it has been heavily restored in recent years.", "His tomb, the Gur-e-Amir, still stands in Samarkand, though it has been heavily restored in recent years. Succession Timur had twice previously appointed an heir apparent to succeed him, both of whom he had outlived. The first, his son Jahangir, died of illness in 1376.", "The first, his son Jahangir, died of illness in 1376. The second, his grandson Muhammad Sultan, had succumbed to battle wounds in 1403. After the latter's death, Timur did nothing to replace him.", "After the latter's death, Timur did nothing to replace him. It was only when he was on his own death-bed that he appointed Muhammad Sultan's younger brother, Pir Muhammad as his successor.", "It was only when he was on his own death-bed that he appointed Muhammad Sultan's younger brother, Pir Muhammad as his successor. Pir Muhammad was unable to gain sufficient support from his relatives and a bitter civil war erupted amongst Timur's descendants, with multiple princes pursuing their claims.", "Pir Muhammad was unable to gain sufficient support from his relatives and a bitter civil war erupted amongst Timur's descendants, with multiple princes pursuing their claims. It was not until 1409 that Timur's youngest son, Shah Rukh was able to overcome his rivals and take the throne as Timur's successor.", "It was not until 1409 that Timur's youngest son, Shah Rukh was able to overcome his rivals and take the throne as Timur's successor. Wives and concubines Timur had forty-three wives and concubines, all of these women were also his consorts.", "Wives and concubines Timur had forty-three wives and concubines, all of these women were also his consorts. Timur made dozens of women his wives and concubines as he conquered their fathers' or erstwhile husbands' lands.", "Timur made dozens of women his wives and concubines as he conquered their fathers' or erstwhile husbands' lands. Turmish Agha, mother of Jahangir Mirza, Jahanshah Mirza and Aka Begi; Oljay Turkhan Agha (m. 1357/58), daughter of Amir Mashlah and granddaughter of Amir Qazaghan; Saray Mulk Khanum (m. 1367), widow of Amir Husain, and daughter of Qazan Khan; Islam Agha (m. 1367), widow of Amir Husain, and daughter of Amir Bayan Salduz; Ulus Agha (m. 1367), widow of Amir Husain, and daughter of Amir Khizr Yasuri; Dilshad Agha (m. 1374), daughter of Shams ed-Din and his wife Bujan Agha; Touman Agha (m. 1377), daughter of Amir Musa and his wife Arzu Mulk Agha, daughter of Amir Bayezid Jalayir; Chulpan Mulk Agha, daughter of Haji Beg of Jetah; Tukal Khanum (m. 1397), daughter of Mongol Khan Khizr Khawaja Oglan; Tolun Agha, concubine, and mother of Umar Shaikh Mirza I; Mengli Agha, concubine, and mother of Miran Shah; Toghay Turkhan Agha, lady from the Kara Khitai, widow of Amir Husain, and mother of Shah Rukh; Tughdi Bey Agha, daughter of Aq Sufi Qongirat; Sultan Aray Agha, a Nukuz lady; Malikanshah Agha, a Filuni lady; Khand Malik Agha, mother of Ibrahim Mirza; Sultan Agha, mother of a son who died in infancy; His other wives and concubines included: Dawlat Tarkan Agha, Burhan Agha, Jani Beg Agha, Tini Beg Agha, Durr Sultan Agha, Munduz Agha, Bakht Sultan Agha, Nowruz Agha, Jahan Bakht Agha, Nigar Agha, Ruhparwar Agha, Dil Beg Agha, Dilshad Agha, Murad Beg Agha, Piruzbakht Agha, Khoshkeldi Agha, Dilkhosh Agha, Barat Bey Agha, Sevinch Malik Agha, Arzu Bey Agha, Yadgar Sultan Agha, Khudadad Agha, Bakht Nigar Agha, Qutlu Bey Agha, and another Nigar Agha .", "Turmish Agha, mother of Jahangir Mirza, Jahanshah Mirza and Aka Begi; Oljay Turkhan Agha (m. 1357/58), daughter of Amir Mashlah and granddaughter of Amir Qazaghan; Saray Mulk Khanum (m. 1367), widow of Amir Husain, and daughter of Qazan Khan; Islam Agha (m. 1367), widow of Amir Husain, and daughter of Amir Bayan Salduz; Ulus Agha (m. 1367), widow of Amir Husain, and daughter of Amir Khizr Yasuri; Dilshad Agha (m. 1374), daughter of Shams ed-Din and his wife Bujan Agha; Touman Agha (m. 1377), daughter of Amir Musa and his wife Arzu Mulk Agha, daughter of Amir Bayezid Jalayir; Chulpan Mulk Agha, daughter of Haji Beg of Jetah; Tukal Khanum (m. 1397), daughter of Mongol Khan Khizr Khawaja Oglan; Tolun Agha, concubine, and mother of Umar Shaikh Mirza I; Mengli Agha, concubine, and mother of Miran Shah; Toghay Turkhan Agha, lady from the Kara Khitai, widow of Amir Husain, and mother of Shah Rukh; Tughdi Bey Agha, daughter of Aq Sufi Qongirat; Sultan Aray Agha, a Nukuz lady; Malikanshah Agha, a Filuni lady; Khand Malik Agha, mother of Ibrahim Mirza; Sultan Agha, mother of a son who died in infancy; His other wives and concubines included: Dawlat Tarkan Agha, Burhan Agha, Jani Beg Agha, Tini Beg Agha, Durr Sultan Agha, Munduz Agha, Bakht Sultan Agha, Nowruz Agha, Jahan Bakht Agha, Nigar Agha, Ruhparwar Agha, Dil Beg Agha, Dilshad Agha, Murad Beg Agha, Piruzbakht Agha, Khoshkeldi Agha, Dilkhosh Agha, Barat Bey Agha, Sevinch Malik Agha, Arzu Bey Agha, Yadgar Sultan Agha, Khudadad Agha, Bakht Nigar Agha, Qutlu Bey Agha, and another Nigar Agha . Descendants Sons of Timur Umar Shaikh Mirza I – with Tolun Agha Jahangir Mirza – with Turmish Agha Miran Shah Mirza – with Mengli Agha Shah Rukh Mirza – with Toghay Turkhan Agha Daughters of Timur Aka Begi (died 1382) – by Turmish Agha.", "Descendants Sons of Timur Umar Shaikh Mirza I – with Tolun Agha Jahangir Mirza – with Turmish Agha Miran Shah Mirza – with Mengli Agha Shah Rukh Mirza – with Toghay Turkhan Agha Daughters of Timur Aka Begi (died 1382) – by Turmish Agha. Married to Muhammad Beg, son of Amir Musa Tayichiud Sultan Husayn Tayichiud Sultan Bakht Begum (died 1429/30) – by Oljay Turkhan Agha.", "Married to Muhammad Beg, son of Amir Musa Tayichiud Sultan Husayn Tayichiud Sultan Bakht Begum (died 1429/30) – by Oljay Turkhan Agha. Married first Muhammad Mirke Apardi, married second, 1389/90, Sulayman Shah Dughlat Sa'adat Sultan – by Dilshad Agha Bikijan – by Mengli Agha Qutlugh Sultan Agha – by Toghay Turkhan Agha Sons of Umar Shaikh Mirza I Pir Muhammad Iskandar Rustam Bayqara I Mansur Sultan Husayn Bayqarah Badi' al-Zaman Muhammed Mu'min Muhammad Zaman Mirza Muzaffar Hussein Ibrahim Hussein Sons of Jahangir Muhammad Sultan Mirza Pir Muhammad Sons of Miran Shah Khalil Sultan Abu Bakr Muhammad Mirza Abu Sa'id Mirza Umar Shaikh Mirza II Zahir-ud-din Muhammad Babur the Mughals Jahangir Mirza II Sons of Shah Rukh Mirza Mirza Muhammad Taraghay – better known as Ulugh Beg Abdul-Latif Ghiyath-al-Din Baysunghur Ala al-Dawla Mirza Ibrahim Mirza Sultan Muhammad Yadigar Muhammad Abul-Qasim Babur Mirza Sultan Ibrahim Mirza Abdullah Mirza Mirza Soyurghatmïsh Khan Muhammad Juki Religious views Timur was a practicing Sunni Muslim, possibly belonging to the Naqshbandi school, which was influential in Transoxiana.", "Married first Muhammad Mirke Apardi, married second, 1389/90, Sulayman Shah Dughlat Sa'adat Sultan – by Dilshad Agha Bikijan – by Mengli Agha Qutlugh Sultan Agha – by Toghay Turkhan Agha Sons of Umar Shaikh Mirza I Pir Muhammad Iskandar Rustam Bayqara I Mansur Sultan Husayn Bayqarah Badi' al-Zaman Muhammed Mu'min Muhammad Zaman Mirza Muzaffar Hussein Ibrahim Hussein Sons of Jahangir Muhammad Sultan Mirza Pir Muhammad Sons of Miran Shah Khalil Sultan Abu Bakr Muhammad Mirza Abu Sa'id Mirza Umar Shaikh Mirza II Zahir-ud-din Muhammad Babur the Mughals Jahangir Mirza II Sons of Shah Rukh Mirza Mirza Muhammad Taraghay – better known as Ulugh Beg Abdul-Latif Ghiyath-al-Din Baysunghur Ala al-Dawla Mirza Ibrahim Mirza Sultan Muhammad Yadigar Muhammad Abul-Qasim Babur Mirza Sultan Ibrahim Mirza Abdullah Mirza Mirza Soyurghatmïsh Khan Muhammad Juki Religious views Timur was a practicing Sunni Muslim, possibly belonging to the Naqshbandi school, which was influential in Transoxiana. His chief official religious counsellor and adviser was the Hanafi scholar 'Abdu 'l-Jabbar Khwarazmi.", "His chief official religious counsellor and adviser was the Hanafi scholar 'Abdu 'l-Jabbar Khwarazmi. In Tirmidh, he had come under the influence of his spiritual mentor Sayyid Baraka, a leader from Balkh who is buried alongside Timur in Gur-e-Amir.", "In Tirmidh, he had come under the influence of his spiritual mentor Sayyid Baraka, a leader from Balkh who is buried alongside Timur in Gur-e-Amir. Timur was known to hold Ali and the Ahl al-Bayt in high regard and has been noted by various scholars for his \"pro-Shia\" stance.", "Timur was known to hold Ali and the Ahl al-Bayt in high regard and has been noted by various scholars for his \"pro-Shia\" stance. However, he also punished Shias for desecrating the memories of the Sahaba.", "However, he also punished Shias for desecrating the memories of the Sahaba. Timur was also noted for attacking the Shia with Sunni apologism, while at other times he attacked Sunnis on religious grounds as well.", "Timur was also noted for attacking the Shia with Sunni apologism, while at other times he attacked Sunnis on religious grounds as well. In contrast, Timur held the Seljuk Sultan Ahmad Sanjar in high regard for attacking the Ismailis at Alamut, while Timur's own attack on Ismailis at Anjudan was equally brutal.", "In contrast, Timur held the Seljuk Sultan Ahmad Sanjar in high regard for attacking the Ismailis at Alamut, while Timur's own attack on Ismailis at Anjudan was equally brutal. Personality Timur is regarded as a military genius and as a brilliant tactician with an uncanny ability to work within a highly fluid political structure to win and maintain a loyal following of nomads during his rule in Central Asia.", "Personality Timur is regarded as a military genius and as a brilliant tactician with an uncanny ability to work within a highly fluid political structure to win and maintain a loyal following of nomads during his rule in Central Asia. He was also considered extraordinarily intelligentnot only intuitively but also intellectually.", "He was also considered extraordinarily intelligentnot only intuitively but also intellectually. In Samarkand and his many travels, Timur, under the guidance of distinguished scholars, was able to learn the Persian, Mongolian, and Turkish languages (according to Ahmad ibn Arabshah, Timur could not speak Arabic).", "In Samarkand and his many travels, Timur, under the guidance of distinguished scholars, was able to learn the Persian, Mongolian, and Turkish languages (according to Ahmad ibn Arabshah, Timur could not speak Arabic). According to John Joseph Saunders, Timur was \"the product of an Islamized and Iranized society\", and not steppe nomadic.", "According to John Joseph Saunders, Timur was \"the product of an Islamized and Iranized society\", and not steppe nomadic. More importantly, Timur was characterized as an opportunist.", "More importantly, Timur was characterized as an opportunist. Taking advantage of his Turco-Mongolian heritage, Timur frequently used either the Islamic religion or the sharia law, fiqh, and traditions of the Mongol Empire to achieve his military goals or domestic political aims.", "Taking advantage of his Turco-Mongolian heritage, Timur frequently used either the Islamic religion or the sharia law, fiqh, and traditions of the Mongol Empire to achieve his military goals or domestic political aims. Timur was a learned king, and enjoyed the company of scholars; he was tolerant and generous to them.", "Timur was a learned king, and enjoyed the company of scholars; he was tolerant and generous to them. He was a contemporary of the Persian poet Hafez, and a story of their meeting explains that Timur summoned Hafiz, who had written a ghazal with the following verse: For the black mole on thy cheek I would give the cities of Samarkand and Bukhara.", "He was a contemporary of the Persian poet Hafez, and a story of their meeting explains that Timur summoned Hafiz, who had written a ghazal with the following verse: For the black mole on thy cheek I would give the cities of Samarkand and Bukhara. Timur upbraided him for this verse and said, \"By the blows of my well tempered sword I have conquered the greater part of the world to enlarge Samarkand and Bukhara, my capitals and residences; and you, pitiful creature, would exchange these two cities for a mole.\"", "Timur upbraided him for this verse and said, \"By the blows of my well tempered sword I have conquered the greater part of the world to enlarge Samarkand and Bukhara, my capitals and residences; and you, pitiful creature, would exchange these two cities for a mole.\" Hafez, undaunted, replied, \"It is by similar generosity that I have been reduced, as you see, to my present state of poverty.\"", "Hafez, undaunted, replied, \"It is by similar generosity that I have been reduced, as you see, to my present state of poverty.\" It is reported that the King was pleased by the witty answer and the poet departed with magnificent gifts.", "It is reported that the King was pleased by the witty answer and the poet departed with magnificent gifts. There is a shared view that Timur's real motive for his campaigns was his imperialistic ambition, as expressed by his statement: \"The whole expanse of the inhabited part of the world is not large enough to have two kings.\"", "There is a shared view that Timur's real motive for his campaigns was his imperialistic ambition, as expressed by his statement: \"The whole expanse of the inhabited part of the world is not large enough to have two kings.\" However, besides Iran, Timur simply plundered the states he invaded with a purpose of enriching his native Samarqand and neglected the conquered areas, which may have resulted in a relatively quick disintegration of his Empire after his death.", "However, besides Iran, Timur simply plundered the states he invaded with a purpose of enriching his native Samarqand and neglected the conquered areas, which may have resulted in a relatively quick disintegration of his Empire after his death. Timur used Persian expressions in his conversations often, and his motto was the Persian phrase rāstī rustī (, meaning \"truth is safety\" or \"veritas salus\").", "Timur used Persian expressions in his conversations often, and his motto was the Persian phrase rāstī rustī (, meaning \"truth is safety\" or \"veritas salus\"). He is credited with the invention of the Tamerlane chess variant, played on a 10×11 board.", "He is credited with the invention of the Tamerlane chess variant, played on a 10×11 board. Exchanges with Europe Timur had numerous and diplomatic exchanges with various European states, especially Spain and France. Relations between the court of Henry III of Castile and that of Timur played an important part in medieval Castilian diplomacy.", "Relations between the court of Henry III of Castile and that of Timur played an important part in medieval Castilian diplomacy. In 1402, the time of the Battle of Ankara, two Spanish ambassadors were already with Timur: Pelayo de Sotomayor and Fernando de Palazuelos.", "In 1402, the time of the Battle of Ankara, two Spanish ambassadors were already with Timur: Pelayo de Sotomayor and Fernando de Palazuelos. Later, Timur sent to the court of the Kingdom of León and Castile a Chagatai ambassador named Hajji Muhammad al-Qazi with letters and gifts.", "Later, Timur sent to the court of the Kingdom of León and Castile a Chagatai ambassador named Hajji Muhammad al-Qazi with letters and gifts. In return, Henry III of Castile sent a famous embassy to Timur's court in Samarkand in 1403–06, led by Ruy González de Clavijo, with two other ambassadors, Alfonso Paez and Gomez de Salazar.", "In return, Henry III of Castile sent a famous embassy to Timur's court in Samarkand in 1403–06, led by Ruy González de Clavijo, with two other ambassadors, Alfonso Paez and Gomez de Salazar. On their return, Timur affirmed that he regarded the king of Castile \"as his very own son\".", "On their return, Timur affirmed that he regarded the king of Castile \"as his very own son\". According to Clavijo, Timur's good treatment of the Spanish delegation contrasted with the disdain shown by his host toward the envoys of the \"lord of Cathay\" (i.e., the Yongle Emperor), the Chinese ruler.", "According to Clavijo, Timur's good treatment of the Spanish delegation contrasted with the disdain shown by his host toward the envoys of the \"lord of Cathay\" (i.e., the Yongle Emperor), the Chinese ruler. Clavijo's visit to Samarkand allowed him to report to the European audience on the news from Cathay (China), which few Europeans had been able to visit directly in the century that had passed since the travels of Marco Polo.", "Clavijo's visit to Samarkand allowed him to report to the European audience on the news from Cathay (China), which few Europeans had been able to visit directly in the century that had passed since the travels of Marco Polo. The French archives preserve: A 30 July 1402 letter from Timur to Charles VI of France, suggesting that he send traders to Asia.", "The French archives preserve: A 30 July 1402 letter from Timur to Charles VI of France, suggesting that he send traders to Asia. It is written in Persian. A May 1403 letter.", "A May 1403 letter. A May 1403 letter. This is a Latin transcription of a letter from Timur to Charles VI, and another from Miran Shah, his son, to the Christian princes, announcing their victory over Bayezid I at Smyrna.", "This is a Latin transcription of a letter from Timur to Charles VI, and another from Miran Shah, his son, to the Christian princes, announcing their victory over Bayezid I at Smyrna. A copy has been kept of the answer of Charles VI to Timur, dated 15 June 1403.", "A copy has been kept of the answer of Charles VI to Timur, dated 15 June 1403. In addition, Byzantine John VII Palaiologos who was a regent during his uncle's absence in the West, sent a Dominican friar in August 1401 to Timur, to pay his respect and propose paying tribute to him instead of the Turks, once he managed to defeat them.", "In addition, Byzantine John VII Palaiologos who was a regent during his uncle's absence in the West, sent a Dominican friar in August 1401 to Timur, to pay his respect and propose paying tribute to him instead of the Turks, once he managed to defeat them. Legacy Timur's legacy is a mixed one.", "Legacy Timur's legacy is a mixed one. While Central Asia blossomed under his reign, other places, such as Baghdad, Damascus, Delhi and other Arab, Georgian, Persian, and Indian cities were sacked and destroyed and their populations massacred.", "While Central Asia blossomed under his reign, other places, such as Baghdad, Damascus, Delhi and other Arab, Georgian, Persian, and Indian cities were sacked and destroyed and their populations massacred. Thus, while Timur still retains a positive image in Muslim Central Asia, he is vilified by many in Arabia, Iraq, Persia, and India, where some of his greatest atrocities were carried out.", "Thus, while Timur still retains a positive image in Muslim Central Asia, he is vilified by many in Arabia, Iraq, Persia, and India, where some of his greatest atrocities were carried out. However, Ibn Khaldun praises Timur for having unified much of the Muslim world when other conquerors of the time could not.", "However, Ibn Khaldun praises Timur for having unified much of the Muslim world when other conquerors of the time could not. The next great conqueror of the Middle East, Nader Shah, was greatly influenced by Timur and almost re-enacted Timur's conquests and battle strategies in his own campaigns.", "The next great conqueror of the Middle East, Nader Shah, was greatly influenced by Timur and almost re-enacted Timur's conquests and battle strategies in his own campaigns. Like Timur, Nader Shah conquered most of Caucasia, Persia, and Central Asia along with also sacking Delhi.", "Like Timur, Nader Shah conquered most of Caucasia, Persia, and Central Asia along with also sacking Delhi. Timur's short-lived empire also melded the Turko-Persian tradition in Transoxiana, and in most of the territories that he incorporated into his fiefdom, Persian became the primary language of administration and literary culture (diwan), regardless of ethnicity.", "Timur's short-lived empire also melded the Turko-Persian tradition in Transoxiana, and in most of the territories that he incorporated into his fiefdom, Persian became the primary language of administration and literary culture (diwan), regardless of ethnicity. In addition, during his reign, some contributions to Turkic literature were penned, with Turkic cultural influence expanding and flourishing as a result.", "In addition, during his reign, some contributions to Turkic literature were penned, with Turkic cultural influence expanding and flourishing as a result. A literary form of Chagatai Turkic came into use alongside Persian as both a cultural and an official language.", "A literary form of Chagatai Turkic came into use alongside Persian as both a cultural and an official language. Tamerlane virtually exterminated the Church of the East, which had previously been a major branch of Christianity but afterwards became largely confined to a small area now known as the Assyrian Triangle.", "Tamerlane virtually exterminated the Church of the East, which had previously been a major branch of Christianity but afterwards became largely confined to a small area now known as the Assyrian Triangle. Timur became a relatively popular figure in Europe for centuries after his death, mainly because of his victory over the Ottoman Sultan Bayezid.", "Timur became a relatively popular figure in Europe for centuries after his death, mainly because of his victory over the Ottoman Sultan Bayezid. The Ottoman armies were at the time invading Eastern Europe and Timur was seen as an ally. Timur is officially recognized as a national hero in Uzbekistan.", "Timur is officially recognized as a national hero in Uzbekistan. His monument in Tashkent now occupies the place where Karl Marx's statue once stood.", "His monument in Tashkent now occupies the place where Karl Marx's statue once stood. Muhammad Iqbal, a philosopher, poet and politician in British India who is widely regarded as having inspired the Pakistan Movement, composed a notable poem entitled Dream of Timur, the poem itself was inspired by a prayer of the last Mughal emperor, Bahadur Shah II: In 1794, Sake Dean Mahomed published his travel book, The Travels of Dean Mahomet.", "Muhammad Iqbal, a philosopher, poet and politician in British India who is widely regarded as having inspired the Pakistan Movement, composed a notable poem entitled Dream of Timur, the poem itself was inspired by a prayer of the last Mughal emperor, Bahadur Shah II: In 1794, Sake Dean Mahomed published his travel book, The Travels of Dean Mahomet. The book begins with the praise of Genghis Khan, Timur, and particularly the first Mughal emperor, Babur.", "The book begins with the praise of Genghis Khan, Timur, and particularly the first Mughal emperor, Babur. He also gives important details on the then incumbent Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II. Historical sources The earliest known history of his reign was Nizam ad-Din Shami's Zafarnama, which was written during Timur's lifetime.", "Historical sources The earliest known history of his reign was Nizam ad-Din Shami's Zafarnama, which was written during Timur's lifetime. Between 1424 and 1428, Sharaf ad-Din Ali Yazdi wrote a second Zafarnama drawing heavily on Shami's earlier work. Ahmad ibn Arabshah wrote a much less favorable history in Arabic.", "Ahmad ibn Arabshah wrote a much less favorable history in Arabic. Arabshah's history was translated into Latin by the Dutch Orientalist Jacobus Golius in 1636. As Timurid-sponsored histories, the two Zafarnamas present a dramatically different picture from Arabshah's chronicle.", "As Timurid-sponsored histories, the two Zafarnamas present a dramatically different picture from Arabshah's chronicle. William Jones remarked that the former presented Timur as a \"liberal, benevolent and illustrious prince\" while the latter painted him as \"deformed and impious, of a low birth and detestable principles\".", "William Jones remarked that the former presented Timur as a \"liberal, benevolent and illustrious prince\" while the latter painted him as \"deformed and impious, of a low birth and detestable principles\". Malfuzat-i Timuri The Malfuzat-i Timurī and the appended Tuzūk-i Tīmūrī, supposedly Timur's own autobiography, are almost certainly 17th-century fabrications.", "Malfuzat-i Timuri The Malfuzat-i Timurī and the appended Tuzūk-i Tīmūrī, supposedly Timur's own autobiography, are almost certainly 17th-century fabrications. The scholar Abu Taleb Hosayni presented the texts to the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan, a distant descendant of Timur, in 1637–38, supposedly after discovering the Chagatai language originals in the library of a Yemeni ruler.", "The scholar Abu Taleb Hosayni presented the texts to the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan, a distant descendant of Timur, in 1637–38, supposedly after discovering the Chagatai language originals in the library of a Yemeni ruler. Due to the distance between Yemen and Timur's base in Transoxiana and the lack of any other evidence of the originals, most historians consider the story highly implausible, and suspect Hosayni of inventing both the text and its origin story.", "Due to the distance between Yemen and Timur's base in Transoxiana and the lack of any other evidence of the originals, most historians consider the story highly implausible, and suspect Hosayni of inventing both the text and its origin story. European views Timur arguably had a significant impact on the Renaissance culture and early modern Europe.", "European views Timur arguably had a significant impact on the Renaissance culture and early modern Europe. His achievements both fascinated and horrified Europeans from the fifteenth century to the early nineteenth century.", "His achievements both fascinated and horrified Europeans from the fifteenth century to the early nineteenth century. European views of Timur were mixed throughout the fifteenth century, with some European countries calling him an ally and others seeing him as a threat to Europe because of his rapid expansion and brutality.", "European views of Timur were mixed throughout the fifteenth century, with some European countries calling him an ally and others seeing him as a threat to Europe because of his rapid expansion and brutality. When Timur captured the Ottoman Sultan Bayezid at Ankara, he was often praised and seen as a trusted ally by European rulers, such as Charles VI of France and Henry IV of England, because they believed he was saving Christianity from the Turkic Empire in the Middle East.", "When Timur captured the Ottoman Sultan Bayezid at Ankara, he was often praised and seen as a trusted ally by European rulers, such as Charles VI of France and Henry IV of England, because they believed he was saving Christianity from the Turkic Empire in the Middle East. Those two kings also praised him because his victory at Ankara allowed Christian merchants to remain in the Middle East and allowed for their safe return home to both France and England.", "Those two kings also praised him because his victory at Ankara allowed Christian merchants to remain in the Middle East and allowed for their safe return home to both France and England. Timur was also praised because it was believed that he helped restore the right of passage for Christian pilgrims to the Holy Land.", "Timur was also praised because it was believed that he helped restore the right of passage for Christian pilgrims to the Holy Land. Other Europeans viewed Timur as a barbaric enemy who presented a threat to both European culture and the religion of Christianity.", "Other Europeans viewed Timur as a barbaric enemy who presented a threat to both European culture and the religion of Christianity. His rise to power moved many leaders, such as Henry III of Castile, to send embassies to Samarkand to scout out Timur, learn about his people, make alliances with him, and try to convince him to convert to Christianity in order to avoid war.", "His rise to power moved many leaders, such as Henry III of Castile, to send embassies to Samarkand to scout out Timur, learn about his people, make alliances with him, and try to convince him to convert to Christianity in order to avoid war. In the introduction to a 1723 translation of Yazdi's Zafarnama, the translator wrote: Exhumation and alleged curse Timur's body was exhumed from his tomb on 19 June 1941 and his remains examined by the Soviet anthropologists Mikhail M. Gerasimov, Lev V. Oshanin and V. Ia.", "In the introduction to a 1723 translation of Yazdi's Zafarnama, the translator wrote: Exhumation and alleged curse Timur's body was exhumed from his tomb on 19 June 1941 and his remains examined by the Soviet anthropologists Mikhail M. Gerasimov, Lev V. Oshanin and V. Ia. Zezenkova.", "Zezenkova. Zezenkova. Gerasimov reconstructed the likeness of Timur from his skull and found that his facial characteristics displayed \"typical Mongoloid features\", i.e. East Asian in modern terms. An anthropologic study of Timur's cranium shows that he belonged predominately to the South Siberian Mongoloid type. At , Timur was tall for his era.", "At , Timur was tall for his era. The examinations confirmed that Timur was lame and had a withered right arm due to his injuries. His right thighbone had knitted together with his kneecap, and the configuration of the knee joint suggests that he had kept his leg bent at all times and therefore would have had a pronounced limp.", "His right thighbone had knitted together with his kneecap, and the configuration of the knee joint suggests that he had kept his leg bent at all times and therefore would have had a pronounced limp. He appears to have been broad-chested and his hair and beard were red.", "He appears to have been broad-chested and his hair and beard were red. It is alleged that Timur's tomb was inscribed with the words, \"When I rise from the dead, the world shall tremble.\"", "It is alleged that Timur's tomb was inscribed with the words, \"When I rise from the dead, the world shall tremble.\" It is also said that when Gerasimov exhumed the body, an additional inscription inside the casket was found, which read, \"Whomsoever opens my tomb shall unleash an invader more terrible than I.\"", "It is also said that when Gerasimov exhumed the body, an additional inscription inside the casket was found, which read, \"Whomsoever opens my tomb shall unleash an invader more terrible than I.\" Even though people close to Gerasimov claim that this story is a fabrication, the legend persists.", "Even though people close to Gerasimov claim that this story is a fabrication, the legend persists. In any case, three days after Gerasimov began the exhumation, Adolf Hitler invaded the Soviet Union. Timur was re-buried with full Islamic ritual in November 1942 just before the Soviet victory at the Battle of Stalingrad.", "Timur was re-buried with full Islamic ritual in November 1942 just before the Soviet victory at the Battle of Stalingrad. In the arts Tamburlaine the Great, Parts I and II (English, 1563–1594): play by Christopher Marlowe Tamerlan ou la mort de Bajazet [Tamerlane or the Death of Bajazet] (1675): play by Jacques Pradon.", "In the arts Tamburlaine the Great, Parts I and II (English, 1563–1594): play by Christopher Marlowe Tamerlan ou la mort de Bajazet [Tamerlane or the Death of Bajazet] (1675): play by Jacques Pradon. Tamerlane (1701): play by Nicholas Rowe (English) Tamerlano (1724): opera by George Frideric Handel, in Italian, based on the 1675 Pradon play.", "Tamerlane (1701): play by Nicholas Rowe (English) Tamerlano (1724): opera by George Frideric Handel, in Italian, based on the 1675 Pradon play. Bajazet (1735): opera by Antonio Vivaldi, portrays the capture of Bayezid I by Timur.", "Bajazet (1735): opera by Antonio Vivaldi, portrays the capture of Bayezid I by Timur. Il gran Tamerlano (1772): opera by Josef Myslivecek which also portrays the capture of Bayezid I by Timur.", "Il gran Tamerlano (1772): opera by Josef Myslivecek which also portrays the capture of Bayezid I by Timur. Timour the Tartar (1811): equestrian drama by Matthew Lewis Tamerlane (published 1827): first published poem of Edgar Allan Poe.", "Timour the Tartar (1811): equestrian drama by Matthew Lewis Tamerlane (published 1827): first published poem of Edgar Allan Poe. Turandot (1924): opera by Giacomo Puccini (libretto by Giuseppe Adami and Renato Simoni) in which Timur is the deposed, blind former King of Tartary and father of the protagonist Calaf.", "Turandot (1924): opera by Giacomo Puccini (libretto by Giuseppe Adami and Renato Simoni) in which Timur is the deposed, blind former King of Tartary and father of the protagonist Calaf. Lord of Samarkand (The Lame Man; published 1932): story by Robert E. Howard in which Timour appears.", "Lord of Samarkand (The Lame Man; published 1932): story by Robert E. Howard in which Timour appears. Nesimi (1973): Azerbaijani film in which Timur was portrayed by Yusif Veliyev.", "Nesimi (1973): Azerbaijani film in which Timur was portrayed by Yusif Veliyev. Tamerlan (2003): Spanish-language novel by Colombian writer Enrique Serrano Day Watch (2006): Russian film in which Tamerlane in his youth is portrayed by Emir Baygazin, and in maturity by Gani Kulzhanov.", "Tamerlan (2003): Spanish-language novel by Colombian writer Enrique Serrano Day Watch (2006): Russian film in which Tamerlane in his youth is portrayed by Emir Baygazin, and in maturity by Gani Kulzhanov. Tamburlaine: Shadow of God (broadcast 2008): a BBC Radio 3 play by John Fletcher presenting a fictitious encounter between Tamburlaine, Ibn Khaldun, and Hafez.", "Tamburlaine: Shadow of God (broadcast 2008): a BBC Radio 3 play by John Fletcher presenting a fictitious encounter between Tamburlaine, Ibn Khaldun, and Hafez. Age of Empires II: Definitive Edition (2019): a video game containing a six-chapter campaign titled \"Tamerlane\".", "Age of Empires II: Definitive Edition (2019): a video game containing a six-chapter campaign titled \"Tamerlane\". Examples of Timurid architecture See also List of largest empires Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent Timuri Timurid conquests and invasions Timurlengia Notes References Further reading Abazov, Rafis.", "Examples of Timurid architecture See also List of largest empires Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent Timuri Timurid conquests and invasions Timurlengia Notes References Further reading Abazov, Rafis. \"Timur (Tamerlane) and the Timurid Empire in Central Asia.\" The Palgrave Concise Historical Atlas of Central Asia. Palgrave Macmillan US, 2008. 56–57.", "Palgrave Macmillan US, 2008. 56–57. 56–57. Marlowe, Christopher. Tamburlaine the Great. Ed. J. S. Cunningham. Manchester University Press, Manchester 1981. Manz, Beatrice Forbes. \"Temür and the Problem of a Conqueror's Legacy,\" Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, Third Series, Vol. 8, No.", "8, No. 8, No. 1 (Apr. 1998) Marozzi, Justin. Tamerlane: sword of Islam, conqueror of the world, London: HarperCollins, 2004 Marozzi, Justin.", "Tamerlane: sword of Islam, conqueror of the world, London: HarperCollins, 2004 Marozzi, Justin. \"Tamerlane\", in: The Art of War: great commanders of the ancient and medieval world, Andrew Roberts (editor), London: Quercus Military History, 2008.", "\"Tamerlane\", in: The Art of War: great commanders of the ancient and medieval world, Andrew Roberts (editor), London: Quercus Military History, 2008. Novosel'tsev, A. P. \"On the Historical Evaluation of Tamerlane.\" Soviet studies in history 12.3 (1973): 37–70.", "Soviet studies in history 12.3 (1973): 37–70. Shterenshis, Michael V. \"Approach to Tamerlane: Tradition and Innovation.\" Central Asia and the Caucasus 2 (2000). Sykes, P. M. \"Tamerlane\" Journal of the Central Asian Society 2.1 (1915): 17–33. YÜKSEL, Musa Şamil.", "YÜKSEL, Musa Şamil. YÜKSEL, Musa Şamil. \"Timur’un Yükselişi ve Batı’nın Diplomatik Cevabı, 1390–1405.\" Selçuk Üniversitesi Türkiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi 1.18 (2005): 231–243.", "Selçuk Üniversitesi Türkiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi 1.18 (2005): 231–243. External links Forbes, Andrew, & Henley, David: Timur's Legacy: The Architecture of Bukhara and Samarkand (CPA Media) Narrative of the Embassy of Ruy Gonzalez De Clavijo to the Court of Timour, at Samarcand, A.D. 1403–6 – .", "External links Forbes, Andrew, & Henley, David: Timur's Legacy: The Architecture of Bukhara and Samarkand (CPA Media) Narrative of the Embassy of Ruy Gonzalez De Clavijo to the Court of Timour, at Samarcand, A.D. 1403–6 – . Ruy González de Clavijo, Embassy to Tamerlane, 1403–1406, translated by Guy Le Strange, with a new Introduction by Caroline Stone (Hardinge Simpole, 2009).", "Ruy González de Clavijo, Embassy to Tamerlane, 1403–1406, translated by Guy Le Strange, with a new Introduction by Caroline Stone (Hardinge Simpole, 2009). Nationality or Religion: Views of Central Asian Islam Timurid dynasty 1336 births 1405 deaths Muslim monarchs Samarkand Royalty and nobility with disabilities Founding monarchs" ]

[ "Timur", "Personality", "What sort of personality did Timur possess?", "he was tolerant and generous", "Do we know what he was generous with?", "scholars", "Was there a reason he was so tolerant?", "I don't know.", "What did the people think of Timur?", "Timur, mostly considered a barbarian,", "What is something Timur believed in?", "the Persian phrase rasti rusti", "What does rasti rusti mean or stand for?", "\"truth is safety\" or \"" ]

[ "Embroidery software is software that helps users create embroidery designs. While a large majority of embroidery software is specific to machine embroidery, there is also software available for use with hand embroidery, such as cross-stitch.\n\nComparison of embroidery software\nThis chart is not up to date. Besides the 6D/Premier Plus/Premier Plus 2 family what else is missing? Corrections are solicited.\n\nReferences\n\nEmbroidery software", "In logic, conditioned disjunction (sometimes called conditional disjunction) is a ternary logical connective introduced by Church. Given operands p, q, and r, which represent truth-valued propositions, the meaning of the conditioned disjunction is given by:\n\nIn words, is equivalent to: \"if q then p, else r\", or \"p or r, according as q or not q\". This may also be stated as \"q implies p, and not q implies r\". So, for any values of p, q, and r, the value of is the value of p when q is true, and is the value of r otherwise.\n\nThe conditioned disjunction is also equivalent to:\n\nand has the same truth table as the \"ternary\" (?:) operator in many programming languages. In electronic logic terms, it may also be viewed as a single-bit multiplexer.\n\nIn conjunction with truth constants denoting each truth-value, conditioned disjunction is truth-functionally complete for classical logic. Its truth table is the following:\n\nThere are other truth-functionally complete ternary connectives.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nLogical connectives\nTernary operations" ]

[ "Timur ( Temür, 'Iron'; 9 April 133617–19 February 1405), later Timūr Gurkānī ( Temür Küregen), was a Turco-Mongol conqueror who founded the Timurid Empire in and around modern-day Afghanistan, Iran and Central Asia, becoming the first ruler of the Timurid dynasty. As an undefeated commander, he is widely regarded as one of the greatest military leaders and tacticians in history.", "As an undefeated commander, he is widely regarded as one of the greatest military leaders and tacticians in history. Timur is also considered a great patron of art and architecture as he interacted with intellectuals such as Ibn Khaldun and Hafiz-i Abru and his reign introduced the Timurid Renaissance.", "Timur is also considered a great patron of art and architecture as he interacted with intellectuals such as Ibn Khaldun and Hafiz-i Abru and his reign introduced the Timurid Renaissance. Born into the Barlas confederation in Transoxiana (in modern-day Uzbekistan) on 9 April 1336, Timur gained control of the western Chagatai Khanate by 1370.", "Born into the Barlas confederation in Transoxiana (in modern-day Uzbekistan) on 9 April 1336, Timur gained control of the western Chagatai Khanate by 1370. From that base, he led military campaigns across Western, South and Central Asia, the Caucasus, and Southern Russia, defeating in the process the Khans of the Golden Horde, the Mamluks of Egypt and Syria, the emerging Ottoman Empire, and the late Delhi Sultanate of India and emerging as the most powerful ruler in the Islamic World.", "From that base, he led military campaigns across Western, South and Central Asia, the Caucasus, and Southern Russia, defeating in the process the Khans of the Golden Horde, the Mamluks of Egypt and Syria, the emerging Ottoman Empire, and the late Delhi Sultanate of India and emerging as the most powerful ruler in the Islamic World. From these conquests, he founded the Timurid Empire, but this empire fragmented shortly after his death.", "From these conquests, he founded the Timurid Empire, but this empire fragmented shortly after his death. Timur was the last of the great nomadic conquerors of the Eurasian Steppe, and his empire set the stage for the rise of the more structured and lasting Islamic gunpowder empires in the 16th and 17th centuries.", "Timur was the last of the great nomadic conquerors of the Eurasian Steppe, and his empire set the stage for the rise of the more structured and lasting Islamic gunpowder empires in the 16th and 17th centuries. Timur was of both Turkic and Mongol descent, and, while unlikely a direct descendant on either side, he shared a common ancestor with Genghis Khan on his father's side, though some authors have suggested his mother may have been a descendant of Khan.", "Timur was of both Turkic and Mongol descent, and, while unlikely a direct descendant on either side, he shared a common ancestor with Genghis Khan on his father's side, though some authors have suggested his mother may have been a descendant of Khan. He clearly sought to invoke the legacy of the latter's conquests during his lifetime.", "He clearly sought to invoke the legacy of the latter's conquests during his lifetime. Timur envisioned the restoration of the Mongol Empire of Genghis Khan (died 1227) and according to Gérard Chaliand, saw himself as Genghis Khan's heir.", "Timur envisioned the restoration of the Mongol Empire of Genghis Khan (died 1227) and according to Gérard Chaliand, saw himself as Genghis Khan's heir. According to Beatrice Forbes Manz, \"in his formal correspondence Temur continued throughout his life to portray himself as the restorer of Chinggisid rights.", "According to Beatrice Forbes Manz, \"in his formal correspondence Temur continued throughout his life to portray himself as the restorer of Chinggisid rights. He justified his Iranian, Mamluk, and Ottoman campaigns as a re-imposition of legitimate Mongol control over lands taken by usurpers.\"", "He justified his Iranian, Mamluk, and Ottoman campaigns as a re-imposition of legitimate Mongol control over lands taken by usurpers.\" To legitimize his conquests, Timur relied on Islamic symbols and language, referred to himself as the \"Sword of Islam\". He was a patron of educational and religious institutions.", "He was a patron of educational and religious institutions. He converted nearly all the Borjigin leaders to Islam during his lifetime. Timur decisively defeated the Christian Knights Hospitaller at the Siege of Smyrna, styling himself a ghazi.", "Timur decisively defeated the Christian Knights Hospitaller at the Siege of Smyrna, styling himself a ghazi. By the end of his reign, Timur had gained complete control over all the remnants of the Chagatai Khanate, the Ilkhanate, and the Golden Horde, and even attempted to restore the Yuan dynasty in China.", "By the end of his reign, Timur had gained complete control over all the remnants of the Chagatai Khanate, the Ilkhanate, and the Golden Horde, and even attempted to restore the Yuan dynasty in China. Timur's armies were inclusively multi-ethnic and were feared throughout Asia, Africa, and Europe, sizable parts of which his campaigns laid waste.", "Timur's armies were inclusively multi-ethnic and were feared throughout Asia, Africa, and Europe, sizable parts of which his campaigns laid waste. Scholars estimate that his military campaigns caused the deaths of 17 million people, amounting to about 5% of the world population at the time.", "Scholars estimate that his military campaigns caused the deaths of 17 million people, amounting to about 5% of the world population at the time. Of all the areas he conquered, Khwarazm suffered the most from his expeditions, as it rose several times against him.", "Of all the areas he conquered, Khwarazm suffered the most from his expeditions, as it rose several times against him. Timur was the grandfather of the Timurid sultan, astronomer and mathematician Ulugh Beg, who ruled Central Asia from 1411 to 1449, and the great-great-great-grandfather of Babur (1483–1530), founder of the Mughal Empire, which then ruled almost all of the Indian subcontinent.", "Timur was the grandfather of the Timurid sultan, astronomer and mathematician Ulugh Beg, who ruled Central Asia from 1411 to 1449, and the great-great-great-grandfather of Babur (1483–1530), founder of the Mughal Empire, which then ruled almost all of the Indian subcontinent. Ancestry Through his father, Timur claimed to be a descendant of Tumanay Khan, a male-line ancestor he shared with Genghis Khan.", "Ancestry Through his father, Timur claimed to be a descendant of Tumanay Khan, a male-line ancestor he shared with Genghis Khan. Tumanay's great-great grandson Qarachar Noyan was a minister for the emperor who later assisted the latter's son Chagatai in the governorship of Transoxiana.", "Tumanay's great-great grandson Qarachar Noyan was a minister for the emperor who later assisted the latter's son Chagatai in the governorship of Transoxiana. Though there are not many mentions of Qarachar in 13th and 14th century records, later Timurid sources greatly emphasised his role in the early history of the Mongol Empire.", "Though there are not many mentions of Qarachar in 13th and 14th century records, later Timurid sources greatly emphasised his role in the early history of the Mongol Empire. These histories also state that Genghis Khan later established the \"bond of fatherhood and sonship\" by marrying Chagatai's daughter to Qarachar.", "These histories also state that Genghis Khan later established the \"bond of fatherhood and sonship\" by marrying Chagatai's daughter to Qarachar. Through his alleged descent from this marriage, Timur claimed kinship with the Chagatai Khans. The origins of Timur's mother, Tekina Khatun, are less clear.", "The origins of Timur's mother, Tekina Khatun, are less clear. The Zafarnama merely states her name without giving any information regarding her background. Writing in 1403, Johannes de Galonifontibus, Archbishop of Sultaniyya, claimed that she was of lowly origin.", "Writing in 1403, Johannes de Galonifontibus, Archbishop of Sultaniyya, claimed that she was of lowly origin. The Mu'izz al-Ansab, written decades later, says that she was related to the Yasa'uri tribe, whose lands bordered that of the Barlas.", "The Mu'izz al-Ansab, written decades later, says that she was related to the Yasa'uri tribe, whose lands bordered that of the Barlas. Ibn Khaldun recounted that Timur himself described to him his mother's descent from the legendary Persian hero Manuchehr. Ibn Arabshah suggested that she was a descendant of Genghis Khan.", "Ibn Arabshah suggested that she was a descendant of Genghis Khan. The 18th century Books of Timur identify her as the daughter of 'Sadr al-Sharia', which is believed to refer to the Hanafi scholar Ubayd Allah al-Mahbubi of Bukhara.", "The 18th century Books of Timur identify her as the daughter of 'Sadr al-Sharia', which is believed to refer to the Hanafi scholar Ubayd Allah al-Mahbubi of Bukhara. Early life Timur was born in Transoxiana near the city of Kesh (modern Shahrisabz, Uzbekistan), some south of Samarkand, part of what was then the Chagatai Khanate.", "Early life Timur was born in Transoxiana near the city of Kesh (modern Shahrisabz, Uzbekistan), some south of Samarkand, part of what was then the Chagatai Khanate. His name Temur means \"Iron\" in the Chagatai language, his mother-tongue (cf. Uzbek Temir, Turkish Demir).", "Uzbek Temir, Turkish Demir). It is cognate with Genghis Khan's birth name of Temüjin. Later Timurid dynastic histories claim that Timur was born on 8 April 1336, but most sources from his lifetime give ages that are consistent with a birthdate in the late 1320s.", "Later Timurid dynastic histories claim that Timur was born on 8 April 1336, but most sources from his lifetime give ages that are consistent with a birthdate in the late 1320s. Historian Beatrice Forbes Manz suspects the 1336 date was designed to tie Timur to the legacy of Abu Sa'id Bahadur Khan, the last ruler of the Ilkhanate descended from Hulagu Khan, who died in that year.", "Historian Beatrice Forbes Manz suspects the 1336 date was designed to tie Timur to the legacy of Abu Sa'id Bahadur Khan, the last ruler of the Ilkhanate descended from Hulagu Khan, who died in that year. He was a member of the Barlas, a Mongolian tribe that had been turkified in many aspects.", "He was a member of the Barlas, a Mongolian tribe that had been turkified in many aspects. His father, Taraghai was described as a minor noble of this tribe. However, Manz believes that Timur may have later understated the social position of his father, so as to make his own successes appear more remarkable.", "However, Manz believes that Timur may have later understated the social position of his father, so as to make his own successes appear more remarkable. She states that though he is not believed to have been especially powerful, Taraghai was reasonably wealthy and influential.", "She states that though he is not believed to have been especially powerful, Taraghai was reasonably wealthy and influential. This is shown by Timur later returning to his birthplace following the death of his father in 1360, suggesting concern over his estate.", "This is shown by Timur later returning to his birthplace following the death of his father in 1360, suggesting concern over his estate. Taraghai's social significance is further hinted at by Arabshah, who described him as a magnate in the court of Amir Husayn Qara'unas.", "Taraghai's social significance is further hinted at by Arabshah, who described him as a magnate in the court of Amir Husayn Qara'unas. In addition to this, the father of the great Amir Hamid Kereyid of Moghulistan is stated as a friend of Taraghai's.", "In addition to this, the father of the great Amir Hamid Kereyid of Moghulistan is stated as a friend of Taraghai's. In his childhood, Timur and a small band of followers raided travelers for goods, especially animals such as sheep, horses, and cattle.", "In his childhood, Timur and a small band of followers raided travelers for goods, especially animals such as sheep, horses, and cattle. Around 1363, it is believed that Timur tried to steal a sheep from a shepherd but was shot by two arrows, one in his right leg and another in his right hand, where he lost two fingers.", "Around 1363, it is believed that Timur tried to steal a sheep from a shepherd but was shot by two arrows, one in his right leg and another in his right hand, where he lost two fingers. Both injuries crippled him for life.", "Both injuries crippled him for life. Some believe that Timur suffered his crippling injuries while serving as a mercenary to the khan of Sistan in what is today the Dashti Margo in southwest Afghanistan. Timur's injuries have given him the names of Timur the Lame and Tamerlane by Europeans.", "Timur's injuries have given him the names of Timur the Lame and Tamerlane by Europeans. Military leader About 1360, Timur gained prominence as a military leader whose troops were mostly Turkic tribesmen of the region. He took part in campaigns in Transoxiana with the Khan of the Chagatai Khanate.", "He took part in campaigns in Transoxiana with the Khan of the Chagatai Khanate. Allying himself both in cause and by family connection with Qazaghan, the dethroner and destroyer of Volga Bulgaria, he invaded Khorasan at the head of a thousand horsemen.", "Allying himself both in cause and by family connection with Qazaghan, the dethroner and destroyer of Volga Bulgaria, he invaded Khorasan at the head of a thousand horsemen. This was the second military expedition that he led, and its success led to further operations, among them the subjugation of Khwarezm and Urgench.", "This was the second military expedition that he led, and its success led to further operations, among them the subjugation of Khwarezm and Urgench. Following Qazaghan's murder, disputes arose among the many claimants to sovereign power.", "Following Qazaghan's murder, disputes arose among the many claimants to sovereign power. Tughlugh Timur of Kashgar, the Khan of the Eastern Chagatai Khanate, another descendant of Genghis Khan, invaded, interrupting this infighting. Timur was sent to negotiate with the invader but joined with him instead and was rewarded with Transoxania.", "Timur was sent to negotiate with the invader but joined with him instead and was rewarded with Transoxania. At about this time, his father died and Timur also became chief of the Berlas. Tughlugh then attempted to set his son Ilyas Khoja over Transoxania, but Timur repelled this invasion with a smaller force.", "Tughlugh then attempted to set his son Ilyas Khoja over Transoxania, but Timur repelled this invasion with a smaller force. Rise to power It was in this period that Timur reduced the Chagatai khans to the position of figureheads while he ruled in their name.", "Rise to power It was in this period that Timur reduced the Chagatai khans to the position of figureheads while he ruled in their name. Also during this period, Timur and his brother-in-law Amir Husayn, who were at first fellow fugitives and wanderers, became rivals and antagonists.", "Also during this period, Timur and his brother-in-law Amir Husayn, who were at first fellow fugitives and wanderers, became rivals and antagonists. The relationship between them became strained after Husayn abandoned efforts to carry out Timur's orders to finish off Ilya Khoja (former governor of Mawarannah) close to Tashkent.", "The relationship between them became strained after Husayn abandoned efforts to carry out Timur's orders to finish off Ilya Khoja (former governor of Mawarannah) close to Tashkent. Timur gained followers in Balkh, consisting of merchants, fellow tribesmen, Muslim clergy, aristocracy and agricultural workers, because of his kindness in sharing his belongings with them.", "Timur gained followers in Balkh, consisting of merchants, fellow tribesmen, Muslim clergy, aristocracy and agricultural workers, because of his kindness in sharing his belongings with them. This contrasted Timur's behavior with that of Husayn, who alienated these people, took many possessions from them via his heavy tax laws and selfishly spent the tax money building elaborate structures.", "This contrasted Timur's behavior with that of Husayn, who alienated these people, took many possessions from them via his heavy tax laws and selfishly spent the tax money building elaborate structures. Around 1370, Husayn surrendered to Timur and was later assassinated, which allowed Timur to be formally proclaimed sovereign at Balkh.", "Around 1370, Husayn surrendered to Timur and was later assassinated, which allowed Timur to be formally proclaimed sovereign at Balkh. He married Husayn's wife Saray Mulk Khanum, a descendant of Genghis Khan, allowing him to become imperial ruler of the Chaghatay tribe.", "He married Husayn's wife Saray Mulk Khanum, a descendant of Genghis Khan, allowing him to become imperial ruler of the Chaghatay tribe. Legitimization of Timur's rule Timur's Turco-Mongolian heritage provided opportunities and challenges as he sought to rule the Mongol Empire and the Muslim world.", "Legitimization of Timur's rule Timur's Turco-Mongolian heritage provided opportunities and challenges as he sought to rule the Mongol Empire and the Muslim world. According to the Mongol traditions, Timur could not claim the title of khan or rule the Mongol Empire because he was not a descendant of Genghis Khan.", "According to the Mongol traditions, Timur could not claim the title of khan or rule the Mongol Empire because he was not a descendant of Genghis Khan. Therefore, Timur set up a puppet Chaghatay Khan, Suyurghatmish, as the nominal ruler of Balkh as he pretended to act as a \"protector of the member of a Chinggisid line, that of Genghis Khan's eldest son, Jochi\".", "Therefore, Timur set up a puppet Chaghatay Khan, Suyurghatmish, as the nominal ruler of Balkh as he pretended to act as a \"protector of the member of a Chinggisid line, that of Genghis Khan's eldest son, Jochi\". Timur instead used the title of Amir meaning general, and acting in the name of the Chagatai ruler of Transoxania.", "Timur instead used the title of Amir meaning general, and acting in the name of the Chagatai ruler of Transoxania. To reinforce this position, Timur claimed the title Guregen (royal son-in-law) when he married Saray Mulk Khanum, a princess of Chinggisid descent.", "To reinforce this position, Timur claimed the title Guregen (royal son-in-law) when he married Saray Mulk Khanum, a princess of Chinggisid descent. As with the title of Khan, Timur similarly could not claim the supreme title of the Islamic world, Caliph, because the \"office was limited to the Quraysh, the tribe of the Prophet Muhammad\".", "As with the title of Khan, Timur similarly could not claim the supreme title of the Islamic world, Caliph, because the \"office was limited to the Quraysh, the tribe of the Prophet Muhammad\". Therefore, Timur reacted to the challenge by creating a myth and image of himself as a \"supernatural personal power\" ordained by God.", "Therefore, Timur reacted to the challenge by creating a myth and image of himself as a \"supernatural personal power\" ordained by God. Otherwise he was described as a spiritual descendant of Ali, thus taken lineage of both to Genghis Khan and the Quraysh. Period of expansion Timur spent the next 35 years in various wars and expeditions.", "Period of expansion Timur spent the next 35 years in various wars and expeditions. He not only consolidated his rule at home by the subjugation of his foes, but sought extension of territory by encroachments upon the lands of foreign potentates.", "He not only consolidated his rule at home by the subjugation of his foes, but sought extension of territory by encroachments upon the lands of foreign potentates. His conquests to the west and northwest led him to the lands near the Caspian Sea and to the banks of the Ural and the Volga.", "His conquests to the west and northwest led him to the lands near the Caspian Sea and to the banks of the Ural and the Volga. Conquests in the south and south-West encompassed almost every province in Persia, including Baghdad, Karbala and Northern Iraq.", "Conquests in the south and south-West encompassed almost every province in Persia, including Baghdad, Karbala and Northern Iraq. One of the most formidable of Timur's opponents was another Mongol ruler, a descendant of Genghis Khan named Tokhtamysh.", "One of the most formidable of Timur's opponents was another Mongol ruler, a descendant of Genghis Khan named Tokhtamysh. After having been a refugee in Timur's court, Tokhtamysh became ruler both of the eastern Kipchak and the Golden Horde. After his accession, he quarreled with Timur over the possession of Khwarizm and Azerbaijan.", "After his accession, he quarreled with Timur over the possession of Khwarizm and Azerbaijan. However, Timur still supported him against the Russians and in 1382 Tokhtamysh invaded the Muscovite dominion and burned Moscow.", "However, Timur still supported him against the Russians and in 1382 Tokhtamysh invaded the Muscovite dominion and burned Moscow. Orthodox tradition states that later, in 1395 Timur, having reached the frontier of the Principality of Ryazan, had taken Elets and started advancing towards Moscow.", "Orthodox tradition states that later, in 1395 Timur, having reached the frontier of the Principality of Ryazan, had taken Elets and started advancing towards Moscow. Great Prince Vasily I of Moscow went with an army to Kolomna and halted at the banks of the Oka River.", "Great Prince Vasily I of Moscow went with an army to Kolomna and halted at the banks of the Oka River. The clergy brought the famed Theotokos of Vladimir icon from Vladimir to Moscow. Along the way people prayed kneeling: \"O Mother of God, save the land of Russia!\" Suddenly, Timur's armies retreated.", "Suddenly, Timur's armies retreated. In memory of this miraculous deliverance of the Russian land from Timur on 26 August, the all-Russian celebration in honor of the Meeting of the Vladimir Icon of the Most Holy Mother of God was established.", "In memory of this miraculous deliverance of the Russian land from Timur on 26 August, the all-Russian celebration in honor of the Meeting of the Vladimir Icon of the Most Holy Mother of God was established. Conquest of Persia After the death of Abu Sa'id, ruler of the Ilkhanate, in 1335, there was a power vacuum in Persia.", "Conquest of Persia After the death of Abu Sa'id, ruler of the Ilkhanate, in 1335, there was a power vacuum in Persia. In the end, Persia was split amongst the Muzaffarids, Kartids, Eretnids, Chobanids, Injuids, Jalayirids, and Sarbadars.", "In the end, Persia was split amongst the Muzaffarids, Kartids, Eretnids, Chobanids, Injuids, Jalayirids, and Sarbadars. In 1383, Timur started his lengthy military conquest of Persia, though he already ruled over much of Persian Khorasan by 1381, after Khwaja Mas'ud, of the Sarbadar dynasty surrendered.", "In 1383, Timur started his lengthy military conquest of Persia, though he already ruled over much of Persian Khorasan by 1381, after Khwaja Mas'ud, of the Sarbadar dynasty surrendered. Timur began his Persian campaign with Herat, capital of the Kartid dynasty.", "Timur began his Persian campaign with Herat, capital of the Kartid dynasty. When Herat did not surrender he reduced the city to rubble and massacred most of its citizens; it remained in ruins until Shah Rukh ordered its reconstruction around 1415. Timur then sent a General to capture rebellious Kandahar.", "Timur then sent a General to capture rebellious Kandahar. With the capture of Herat the Kartid kingdom surrendered and became vassals of Timur; it would later be annexed outright less than a decade later in 1389 by Timur's son Miran Shah. Timur then headed west to capture the Zagros Mountains, passing through Mazandaran.", "Timur then headed west to capture the Zagros Mountains, passing through Mazandaran. During his travel through the north of Persia, he captured the then town of Tehran, which surrendered and was thus treated mercifully. He laid siege to Soltaniyeh in 1384.", "He laid siege to Soltaniyeh in 1384. Khorasan revolted one year later, so Timur destroyed Isfizar, and the prisoners were cemented into the walls alive. The next year the kingdom of Sistan, under the Mihrabanid dynasty, was ravaged, and its capital at Zaranj was destroyed.", "The next year the kingdom of Sistan, under the Mihrabanid dynasty, was ravaged, and its capital at Zaranj was destroyed. Timur then returned to his capital of Samarkand, where he began planning for his Georgian campaign and Golden Horde invasion. In 1386, Timur passed through Mazandaran as he had when trying to capture the Zagros.", "In 1386, Timur passed through Mazandaran as he had when trying to capture the Zagros. He went near the city of Soltaniyeh, which he had previously captured but instead turned north and captured Tabriz with little resistance, along with Maragha.", "He went near the city of Soltaniyeh, which he had previously captured but instead turned north and captured Tabriz with little resistance, along with Maragha. He ordered heavy taxation of the people, which was collected by Adil Aqa, who was also given control over Soltaniyeh. Adil was later executed because Timur suspected him of corruption.", "Adil was later executed because Timur suspected him of corruption. Timur then went north to begin his Georgian and Golden Horde campaigns, pausing his full-scale invasion of Persia. When he returned, he found his generals had done well in protecting the cities and lands he had conquered in Persia.", "When he returned, he found his generals had done well in protecting the cities and lands he had conquered in Persia. Though many rebelled, and his son Miran Shah, who may have been regent, was forced to annex rebellious vassal dynasties, his holdings remained.", "Though many rebelled, and his son Miran Shah, who may have been regent, was forced to annex rebellious vassal dynasties, his holdings remained. So he proceeded to capture the rest of Persia, specifically the two major southern cities of Isfahan and Shiraz.", "So he proceeded to capture the rest of Persia, specifically the two major southern cities of Isfahan and Shiraz. When he arrived with his army at Isfahan in 1387, the city immediately surrendered; he treated it with relative mercy as he normally did with cities that surrendered (unlike Herat).", "When he arrived with his army at Isfahan in 1387, the city immediately surrendered; he treated it with relative mercy as he normally did with cities that surrendered (unlike Herat). However, after Isfahan revolted against Timur's taxes by killing the tax collectors and some of Timur's soldiers, he ordered the massacre of the city's citizens; the death toll is reckoned at between 100,000 and 200,000.", "However, after Isfahan revolted against Timur's taxes by killing the tax collectors and some of Timur's soldiers, he ordered the massacre of the city's citizens; the death toll is reckoned at between 100,000 and 200,000. An eye-witness counted more than 28 towers constructed of about 1,500 heads each.", "An eye-witness counted more than 28 towers constructed of about 1,500 heads each. This has been described as a \"systematic use of terror against towns...an integral element of Tamerlane's strategic element\", which he viewed as preventing bloodshed by discouraging resistance. His massacres were selective and he spared the artistic and educated.", "His massacres were selective and he spared the artistic and educated. This would later influence the next great Persian conqueror: Nader Shah. Timur then began a five-year campaign to the west in 1392, attacking Persian Kurdistan.", "Timur then began a five-year campaign to the west in 1392, attacking Persian Kurdistan. In 1393, Shiraz was captured after surrendering, and the Muzaffarids became vassals of Timur, though prince Shah Mansur rebelled but was defeated, and the Muzafarids were annexed.", "In 1393, Shiraz was captured after surrendering, and the Muzaffarids became vassals of Timur, though prince Shah Mansur rebelled but was defeated, and the Muzafarids were annexed. Shortly after Georgia was devastated so that the Golden Horde could not use it to threaten northern Iran.", "Shortly after Georgia was devastated so that the Golden Horde could not use it to threaten northern Iran. In the same year, Timur caught Baghdad by surprise in August by marching there in only eight days from Shiraz. Sultan Ahmad Jalayir fled to Syria, where the Mamluk Sultan Barquq protected him and killed Timur's envoys.", "Sultan Ahmad Jalayir fled to Syria, where the Mamluk Sultan Barquq protected him and killed Timur's envoys. Timur left the Sarbadar prince Khwaja Mas'ud to govern Baghdad, but he was driven out when Ahmad Jalayir returned.", "Timur left the Sarbadar prince Khwaja Mas'ud to govern Baghdad, but he was driven out when Ahmad Jalayir returned. Ahmad was unpopular but got help from Qara Yusuf of the Kara Koyunlu; he fled again in 1399, this time to the Ottomans.", "Ahmad was unpopular but got help from Qara Yusuf of the Kara Koyunlu; he fled again in 1399, this time to the Ottomans. Tokhtamysh–Timur war In the meantime, Tokhtamysh, now khan of the Golden Horde, turned against his patron and in 1385 invaded Azerbaijan. The inevitable response by Timur resulted in the Tokhtamysh–Timur war.", "The inevitable response by Timur resulted in the Tokhtamysh–Timur war. In the initial stage of the war, Timur won a victory at the Battle of the Kondurcha River. After the battle Tokhtamysh and some of his army were allowed to escape. After Tokhtamysh's initial defeat, Timur invaded Muscovy to the north of Tokhtamysh's holdings.", "After Tokhtamysh's initial defeat, Timur invaded Muscovy to the north of Tokhtamysh's holdings. Timur's army burned Ryazan and advanced on Moscow. He was pulled away before reaching the Oka River by Tokhtamysh's renewed campaign in the south.", "He was pulled away before reaching the Oka River by Tokhtamysh's renewed campaign in the south. In the first phase of the conflict with Tokhtamysh, Timur led an army of over 100,000 men north for more than 700 miles into the steppe. He then rode west about 1,000 miles advancing in a front more than 10 miles wide.", "He then rode west about 1,000 miles advancing in a front more than 10 miles wide. During this advance, Timur's army got far enough north to be in a region of very long summer days causing complaints by his Muslim soldiers about keeping a long schedule of prayers.", "During this advance, Timur's army got far enough north to be in a region of very long summer days causing complaints by his Muslim soldiers about keeping a long schedule of prayers. It was then that Tokhtamysh's army was boxed in against the east bank of the Volga River in the Orenburg region and destroyed at the Battle of the Kondurcha River, in 1391.", "It was then that Tokhtamysh's army was boxed in against the east bank of the Volga River in the Orenburg region and destroyed at the Battle of the Kondurcha River, in 1391. In the second phase of the conflict, Timur took a different route against the enemy by invading the realm of Tokhtamysh via the Caucasus region.", "In the second phase of the conflict, Timur took a different route against the enemy by invading the realm of Tokhtamysh via the Caucasus region. In 1395, Timur defeated Tokhtamysh in the Battle of the Terek River, concluding the struggle between the two monarchs.", "In 1395, Timur defeated Tokhtamysh in the Battle of the Terek River, concluding the struggle between the two monarchs. Tokhtamysh was unable to restore his power or prestige, and he was killed about a decade later in the area of present-day Tyumen.", "Tokhtamysh was unable to restore his power or prestige, and he was killed about a decade later in the area of present-day Tyumen. During the course of Timur's campaigns, his army destroyed Sarai, the capital of the Golden Horde, and Astrakhan, subsequently disrupting the Golden Horde's Silk Road.", "During the course of Timur's campaigns, his army destroyed Sarai, the capital of the Golden Horde, and Astrakhan, subsequently disrupting the Golden Horde's Silk Road. The Golden Horde no longer held power after their losses to Timur.", "The Golden Horde no longer held power after their losses to Timur. Ismailis In May 1393, Timur's army invaded the Anjudan, crippling the Ismaili village only a year after his assault on the Ismailis in Mazandaran. The village was prepared for the attack, evidenced by its fortress and system of tunnels.", "The village was prepared for the attack, evidenced by its fortress and system of tunnels. Undeterred, Timur's soldiers flooded the tunnels by cutting into a channel overhead. Timur's reasons for attacking this village are not yet well understood.", "Timur's reasons for attacking this village are not yet well understood. However, it has been suggested that his religious persuasions and view of himself as an executor of divine will may have contributed to his motivations. The Persian historian Khwandamir explains that an Ismaili presence was growing more politically powerful in Persian Iraq.", "The Persian historian Khwandamir explains that an Ismaili presence was growing more politically powerful in Persian Iraq. A group of locals in the region was dissatisfied with this and, Khwandamir writes, these locals assembled and brought up their complaint with Timur, possibly provoking his attack on the Ismailis there.", "A group of locals in the region was dissatisfied with this and, Khwandamir writes, these locals assembled and brought up their complaint with Timur, possibly provoking his attack on the Ismailis there. Campaign against the Tughlaq dynasty In 1398, Timur invaded northern India, attacking the Delhi Sultanate ruled by Sultan Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah Tughluq of the Tughlaq dynasty.", "Campaign against the Tughlaq dynasty In 1398, Timur invaded northern India, attacking the Delhi Sultanate ruled by Sultan Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah Tughluq of the Tughlaq dynasty. After crossing the Indus River on 30 September 1398, he sacked Tulamba and massacred its inhabitants. Then he advanced and captured Multan by October.", "Then he advanced and captured Multan by October. His invasion was unopposed as most of the Indian nobility surrendered without a fight, however he did encounter resistance from the united army of Rajputs and Muslims at Bhatner under the command of the Rajput king Dulachand, Dulachand initially opposed Timur but when hard-pressed he considered surrender.", "His invasion was unopposed as most of the Indian nobility surrendered without a fight, however he did encounter resistance from the united army of Rajputs and Muslims at Bhatner under the command of the Rajput king Dulachand, Dulachand initially opposed Timur but when hard-pressed he considered surrender. He was locked outside the walls of Bhatner by his brother and was later killed by Timur.", "He was locked outside the walls of Bhatner by his brother and was later killed by Timur. The garrison of Bhatner then fought and were slaughtered to the last man. Bhatner was looted and burned to the ground.", "Bhatner was looted and burned to the ground. While on his march towards Delhi, Timur was opposed by the Jat peasantry, who would loot caravans and then disappear in the forests, Timur had 2,000 Jats killed and many taken captive. But the Sultanate at Delhi did nothing to stop his advance.", "But the Sultanate at Delhi did nothing to stop his advance. Capture of Delhi (1398) The battle took place on 17 December 1398. Sultan Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah Tughluq and the army of Mallu Iqbal had war elephants armored with chain mail and poison on their tusks.", "Sultan Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah Tughluq and the army of Mallu Iqbal had war elephants armored with chain mail and poison on their tusks. As his Tatar forces were afraid of the elephants, Timur ordered his men to dig a trench in front of their positions. Timur then loaded his camels with as much wood and hay as they could carry.", "Timur then loaded his camels with as much wood and hay as they could carry. When the war elephants charged, Timur set the hay on fire and prodded the camels with iron sticks, causing them to charge at the elephants, howling in pain: Timur had understood that elephants were easily panicked.", "When the war elephants charged, Timur set the hay on fire and prodded the camels with iron sticks, causing them to charge at the elephants, howling in pain: Timur had understood that elephants were easily panicked. Faced with the strange spectacle of camels flying straight at them with flames leaping from their backs, the elephants turned around and stampeded back toward their own lines.", "Faced with the strange spectacle of camels flying straight at them with flames leaping from their backs, the elephants turned around and stampeded back toward their own lines. Timur capitalized on the subsequent disruption in the forces of Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah Tughluq, securing an easy victory. Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah Tughluq fled with remnants of his forces.", "Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah Tughluq fled with remnants of his forces. Delhi was sacked and left in ruins. Before the battle for Delhi, Timur executed 100,000 captives. The capture of the Delhi Sultanate was one of Timur's greatest victories, as at that time, Delhi was one of the richest cities in the world.", "The capture of the Delhi Sultanate was one of Timur's greatest victories, as at that time, Delhi was one of the richest cities in the world. After Delhi fell to Timur's army, uprisings by its citizens against the Turkic-Mongols began to occur, causing a retaliatory bloody massacre within the city walls.", "After Delhi fell to Timur's army, uprisings by its citizens against the Turkic-Mongols began to occur, causing a retaliatory bloody massacre within the city walls. After three days of citizens uprising within Delhi, it was said that the city reeked of the decomposing bodies of its citizens with their heads being erected like structures and the bodies left as food for the birds by Timur's soldiers.", "After three days of citizens uprising within Delhi, it was said that the city reeked of the decomposing bodies of its citizens with their heads being erected like structures and the bodies left as food for the birds by Timur's soldiers. Timur's invasion and destruction of Delhi continued the chaos that was still consuming India, and the city would not be able to recover from the great loss it suffered for almost a century.", "Timur's invasion and destruction of Delhi continued the chaos that was still consuming India, and the city would not be able to recover from the great loss it suffered for almost a century. Campaigns in the Levant Before the end of 1399, Timur started a war with Bayezid I, sultan of the Ottoman Empire, and the Mamluk sultan of Egypt Nasir-ad-Din Faraj.", "Campaigns in the Levant Before the end of 1399, Timur started a war with Bayezid I, sultan of the Ottoman Empire, and the Mamluk sultan of Egypt Nasir-ad-Din Faraj. Bayezid began annexing the territory of Turkmen and Muslim rulers in Anatolia. As Timur claimed sovereignty over the Turkoman rulers, they took refuge behind him.", "As Timur claimed sovereignty over the Turkoman rulers, they took refuge behind him. In 1400, Timur invaded Armenia and Georgia. Of the surviving population, more than 60,000 of the local people were captured as slaves, and many districts were depopulated. He also sacked Sivas in Asia Minor.", "He also sacked Sivas in Asia Minor. Then Timur turned his attention to Syria, sacking Aleppo, and Damascus. The city's inhabitants were massacred, except for the artisans, who were deported to Samarkand. Timur invaded Baghdad in June 1401. After the capture of the city, 20,000 of its citizens were massacred.", "After the capture of the city, 20,000 of its citizens were massacred. Timur ordered that every soldier should return with at least two severed human heads to show him.", "Timur ordered that every soldier should return with at least two severed human heads to show him. When they ran out of men to kill, many warriors killed prisoners captured earlier in the campaign, and when they ran out of prisoners to kill, many resorted to beheading their own wives.", "When they ran out of men to kill, many warriors killed prisoners captured earlier in the campaign, and when they ran out of prisoners to kill, many resorted to beheading their own wives. Invasion of Anatolia In the meantime, years of insulting letters had passed between Timur and Bayezid.", "Invasion of Anatolia In the meantime, years of insulting letters had passed between Timur and Bayezid. Both rulers insulted each other in their own way while Timur preferred to undermine Bayezid's position as a ruler and play down the significance of his military successes.", "Both rulers insulted each other in their own way while Timur preferred to undermine Bayezid's position as a ruler and play down the significance of his military successes. This is the excerpt from one of Timur's letters addressed to Ottoman sultan: \"Believe me, you are but pismire ant: don't seek to fight the elephants for they'll crush you under their feet.", "This is the excerpt from one of Timur's letters addressed to Ottoman sultan: \"Believe me, you are but pismire ant: don't seek to fight the elephants for they'll crush you under their feet. Shall a petty prince such as you are contend with us?", "Shall a petty prince such as you are contend with us? But your rodomontades (braggadocio) are not extraordinary; for a Turcoman never spake with judgement. If you don't follow our counsels you will regret it\". Finally, Timur invaded Anatolia and defeated Bayezid in the Battle of Ankara on 20 July 1402.", "Finally, Timur invaded Anatolia and defeated Bayezid in the Battle of Ankara on 20 July 1402. Bayezid was captured in battle and subsequently died in captivity, initiating the twelve-year Ottoman Interregnum period. Timur's stated motivation for attacking Bayezid and the Ottoman Empire was the restoration of Seljuq authority.", "Timur's stated motivation for attacking Bayezid and the Ottoman Empire was the restoration of Seljuq authority. Timur saw the Seljuks as the rightful rulers of Anatolia as they had been granted rule by Mongol conquerors, illustrating again Timur's interest with Genghizid legitimacy.", "Timur saw the Seljuks as the rightful rulers of Anatolia as they had been granted rule by Mongol conquerors, illustrating again Timur's interest with Genghizid legitimacy. In December 1402, Timur besieged and took the city of Smyrna, a stronghold of the Christian Knights Hospitalers, thus he referred to himself as ghazi or \"Warrior of Islam\".", "In December 1402, Timur besieged and took the city of Smyrna, a stronghold of the Christian Knights Hospitalers, thus he referred to himself as ghazi or \"Warrior of Islam\". A mass beheading was carried out in Smyrna by Timur's soldiers.", "A mass beheading was carried out in Smyrna by Timur's soldiers. With the Treaty of Gallipoli in February 1402, Timur was furious with the Genoese and Venetians, as their ships ferried the Ottoman army to safety in Thrace.", "With the Treaty of Gallipoli in February 1402, Timur was furious with the Genoese and Venetians, as their ships ferried the Ottoman army to safety in Thrace. As Lord Kinross reported in The Ottoman Centuries, the Italians preferred the enemy they could handle to the one they could not.", "As Lord Kinross reported in The Ottoman Centuries, the Italians preferred the enemy they could handle to the one they could not. During the early interregnum, Bayezid I's son acted as Timur's vassal.", "During the early interregnum, Bayezid I's son acted as Timur's vassal. Unlike other princes, Mehmed minted coins that had Timur's name stamped as \"Demur han Gürgân\" (), alongside his own as \"Mehmed bin Bayezid han\" ().", "Unlike other princes, Mehmed minted coins that had Timur's name stamped as \"Demur han Gürgân\" (), alongside his own as \"Mehmed bin Bayezid han\" (). This was probably an attempt on Mehmed's part to justify to Timur his conquest of Bursa after the Battle of Ulubad.", "This was probably an attempt on Mehmed's part to justify to Timur his conquest of Bursa after the Battle of Ulubad. After Mehmed established himself in Rum, Timur had already begun preparations for his return to Central Asia, and took no further steps to interfere with the status quo in Anatolia.", "After Mehmed established himself in Rum, Timur had already begun preparations for his return to Central Asia, and took no further steps to interfere with the status quo in Anatolia. While Timur was still in Anatolia, Qara Yusuf assaulted Baghdad and captured it in 1402.", "While Timur was still in Anatolia, Qara Yusuf assaulted Baghdad and captured it in 1402. Timur returned to Persia and sent his grandson Abu Bakr ibn Miran Shah to reconquer Baghdad, which he proceeded to do. Timur then spent some time in Ardabil, where he gave Ali Safavi, leader of the Safaviyya, a number of captives.", "Timur then spent some time in Ardabil, where he gave Ali Safavi, leader of the Safaviyya, a number of captives. Subsequently, he marched to Khorasan and then to Samarkhand, where he spent nine months celebrating and preparing to invade Mongolia and China.", "Subsequently, he marched to Khorasan and then to Samarkhand, where he spent nine months celebrating and preparing to invade Mongolia and China. Attempts to attack the Ming dynasty By 1368, Han Chinese forces had driven the Mongols out of China.", "Attempts to attack the Ming dynasty By 1368, Han Chinese forces had driven the Mongols out of China. The first of the new Ming dynasty's emperors, the Hongwu Emperor, and his son, the Yongle Emperor, produced tributary states of many Central Asian countries.", "The first of the new Ming dynasty's emperors, the Hongwu Emperor, and his son, the Yongle Emperor, produced tributary states of many Central Asian countries. The suzerain-vassal relationship between Ming empire and Timurid existed for a long time. In 1394, Hongwu's ambassadors eventually presented Timur with a letter addressing him as a subject.", "In 1394, Hongwu's ambassadors eventually presented Timur with a letter addressing him as a subject. He had the ambassadors Fu An, Guo Ji, and Liu Wei detained. Neither Hongwu's next ambassador, Chen Dewen (1397), nor the delegation announcing the accession of the Yongle Emperor fared any better.", "Neither Hongwu's next ambassador, Chen Dewen (1397), nor the delegation announcing the accession of the Yongle Emperor fared any better. Timur eventually planned to invade China. To this end Timur made an alliance with surviving Mongol tribes based in Mongolia and prepared all the way to Bukhara.", "To this end Timur made an alliance with surviving Mongol tribes based in Mongolia and prepared all the way to Bukhara. Engke Khan sent his grandson Öljei Temür Khan, also known as \"Buyanshir Khan\" after he converted to Islam while at the court of Timur in Samarkand. Death Timur preferred to fight his battles in the spring.", "Death Timur preferred to fight his battles in the spring. However, he died en route during an uncharacteristic winter campaign. In December 1404, Timur began military campaigns against Ming China and detained a Ming envoy.", "In December 1404, Timur began military campaigns against Ming China and detained a Ming envoy. He suffered illness while encamped on the farther side of the Syr Daria and died at Farab on 17 February 1405, before ever reaching the Chinese border.", "He suffered illness while encamped on the farther side of the Syr Daria and died at Farab on 17 February 1405, before ever reaching the Chinese border. After his death the Ming envoys such as Fu An and the remaining entourage were released by his grandson Khalil Sultan.", "After his death the Ming envoys such as Fu An and the remaining entourage were released by his grandson Khalil Sultan. Geographer Clements Markham, in his introduction to the narrative of Clavijo's embassy, states that, after Timur died, his body \"was embalmed with musk and rose water, wrapped in linen, laid in an ebony coffin and sent to Samarkand, where it was buried\".", "Geographer Clements Markham, in his introduction to the narrative of Clavijo's embassy, states that, after Timur died, his body \"was embalmed with musk and rose water, wrapped in linen, laid in an ebony coffin and sent to Samarkand, where it was buried\". His tomb, the Gur-e-Amir, still stands in Samarkand, though it has been heavily restored in recent years.", "His tomb, the Gur-e-Amir, still stands in Samarkand, though it has been heavily restored in recent years. Succession Timur had twice previously appointed an heir apparent to succeed him, both of whom he had outlived. The first, his son Jahangir, died of illness in 1376.", "The first, his son Jahangir, died of illness in 1376. The second, his grandson Muhammad Sultan, had succumbed to battle wounds in 1403. After the latter's death, Timur did nothing to replace him.", "After the latter's death, Timur did nothing to replace him. It was only when he was on his own death-bed that he appointed Muhammad Sultan's younger brother, Pir Muhammad as his successor.", "It was only when he was on his own death-bed that he appointed Muhammad Sultan's younger brother, Pir Muhammad as his successor. Pir Muhammad was unable to gain sufficient support from his relatives and a bitter civil war erupted amongst Timur's descendants, with multiple princes pursuing their claims.", "Pir Muhammad was unable to gain sufficient support from his relatives and a bitter civil war erupted amongst Timur's descendants, with multiple princes pursuing their claims. It was not until 1409 that Timur's youngest son, Shah Rukh was able to overcome his rivals and take the throne as Timur's successor.", "It was not until 1409 that Timur's youngest son, Shah Rukh was able to overcome his rivals and take the throne as Timur's successor. Wives and concubines Timur had forty-three wives and concubines, all of these women were also his consorts.", "Wives and concubines Timur had forty-three wives and concubines, all of these women were also his consorts. Timur made dozens of women his wives and concubines as he conquered their fathers' or erstwhile husbands' lands.", "Timur made dozens of women his wives and concubines as he conquered their fathers' or erstwhile husbands' lands. Turmish Agha, mother of Jahangir Mirza, Jahanshah Mirza and Aka Begi; Oljay Turkhan Agha (m. 1357/58), daughter of Amir Mashlah and granddaughter of Amir Qazaghan; Saray Mulk Khanum (m. 1367), widow of Amir Husain, and daughter of Qazan Khan; Islam Agha (m. 1367), widow of Amir Husain, and daughter of Amir Bayan Salduz; Ulus Agha (m. 1367), widow of Amir Husain, and daughter of Amir Khizr Yasuri; Dilshad Agha (m. 1374), daughter of Shams ed-Din and his wife Bujan Agha; Touman Agha (m. 1377), daughter of Amir Musa and his wife Arzu Mulk Agha, daughter of Amir Bayezid Jalayir; Chulpan Mulk Agha, daughter of Haji Beg of Jetah; Tukal Khanum (m. 1397), daughter of Mongol Khan Khizr Khawaja Oglan; Tolun Agha, concubine, and mother of Umar Shaikh Mirza I; Mengli Agha, concubine, and mother of Miran Shah; Toghay Turkhan Agha, lady from the Kara Khitai, widow of Amir Husain, and mother of Shah Rukh; Tughdi Bey Agha, daughter of Aq Sufi Qongirat; Sultan Aray Agha, a Nukuz lady; Malikanshah Agha, a Filuni lady; Khand Malik Agha, mother of Ibrahim Mirza; Sultan Agha, mother of a son who died in infancy; His other wives and concubines included: Dawlat Tarkan Agha, Burhan Agha, Jani Beg Agha, Tini Beg Agha, Durr Sultan Agha, Munduz Agha, Bakht Sultan Agha, Nowruz Agha, Jahan Bakht Agha, Nigar Agha, Ruhparwar Agha, Dil Beg Agha, Dilshad Agha, Murad Beg Agha, Piruzbakht Agha, Khoshkeldi Agha, Dilkhosh Agha, Barat Bey Agha, Sevinch Malik Agha, Arzu Bey Agha, Yadgar Sultan Agha, Khudadad Agha, Bakht Nigar Agha, Qutlu Bey Agha, and another Nigar Agha .", "Turmish Agha, mother of Jahangir Mirza, Jahanshah Mirza and Aka Begi; Oljay Turkhan Agha (m. 1357/58), daughter of Amir Mashlah and granddaughter of Amir Qazaghan; Saray Mulk Khanum (m. 1367), widow of Amir Husain, and daughter of Qazan Khan; Islam Agha (m. 1367), widow of Amir Husain, and daughter of Amir Bayan Salduz; Ulus Agha (m. 1367), widow of Amir Husain, and daughter of Amir Khizr Yasuri; Dilshad Agha (m. 1374), daughter of Shams ed-Din and his wife Bujan Agha; Touman Agha (m. 1377), daughter of Amir Musa and his wife Arzu Mulk Agha, daughter of Amir Bayezid Jalayir; Chulpan Mulk Agha, daughter of Haji Beg of Jetah; Tukal Khanum (m. 1397), daughter of Mongol Khan Khizr Khawaja Oglan; Tolun Agha, concubine, and mother of Umar Shaikh Mirza I; Mengli Agha, concubine, and mother of Miran Shah; Toghay Turkhan Agha, lady from the Kara Khitai, widow of Amir Husain, and mother of Shah Rukh; Tughdi Bey Agha, daughter of Aq Sufi Qongirat; Sultan Aray Agha, a Nukuz lady; Malikanshah Agha, a Filuni lady; Khand Malik Agha, mother of Ibrahim Mirza; Sultan Agha, mother of a son who died in infancy; His other wives and concubines included: Dawlat Tarkan Agha, Burhan Agha, Jani Beg Agha, Tini Beg Agha, Durr Sultan Agha, Munduz Agha, Bakht Sultan Agha, Nowruz Agha, Jahan Bakht Agha, Nigar Agha, Ruhparwar Agha, Dil Beg Agha, Dilshad Agha, Murad Beg Agha, Piruzbakht Agha, Khoshkeldi Agha, Dilkhosh Agha, Barat Bey Agha, Sevinch Malik Agha, Arzu Bey Agha, Yadgar Sultan Agha, Khudadad Agha, Bakht Nigar Agha, Qutlu Bey Agha, and another Nigar Agha . Descendants Sons of Timur Umar Shaikh Mirza I – with Tolun Agha Jahangir Mirza – with Turmish Agha Miran Shah Mirza – with Mengli Agha Shah Rukh Mirza – with Toghay Turkhan Agha Daughters of Timur Aka Begi (died 1382) – by Turmish Agha.", "Descendants Sons of Timur Umar Shaikh Mirza I – with Tolun Agha Jahangir Mirza – with Turmish Agha Miran Shah Mirza – with Mengli Agha Shah Rukh Mirza – with Toghay Turkhan Agha Daughters of Timur Aka Begi (died 1382) – by Turmish Agha. Married to Muhammad Beg, son of Amir Musa Tayichiud Sultan Husayn Tayichiud Sultan Bakht Begum (died 1429/30) – by Oljay Turkhan Agha.", "Married to Muhammad Beg, son of Amir Musa Tayichiud Sultan Husayn Tayichiud Sultan Bakht Begum (died 1429/30) – by Oljay Turkhan Agha. Married first Muhammad Mirke Apardi, married second, 1389/90, Sulayman Shah Dughlat Sa'adat Sultan – by Dilshad Agha Bikijan – by Mengli Agha Qutlugh Sultan Agha – by Toghay Turkhan Agha Sons of Umar Shaikh Mirza I Pir Muhammad Iskandar Rustam Bayqara I Mansur Sultan Husayn Bayqarah Badi' al-Zaman Muhammed Mu'min Muhammad Zaman Mirza Muzaffar Hussein Ibrahim Hussein Sons of Jahangir Muhammad Sultan Mirza Pir Muhammad Sons of Miran Shah Khalil Sultan Abu Bakr Muhammad Mirza Abu Sa'id Mirza Umar Shaikh Mirza II Zahir-ud-din Muhammad Babur the Mughals Jahangir Mirza II Sons of Shah Rukh Mirza Mirza Muhammad Taraghay – better known as Ulugh Beg Abdul-Latif Ghiyath-al-Din Baysunghur Ala al-Dawla Mirza Ibrahim Mirza Sultan Muhammad Yadigar Muhammad Abul-Qasim Babur Mirza Sultan Ibrahim Mirza Abdullah Mirza Mirza Soyurghatmïsh Khan Muhammad Juki Religious views Timur was a practicing Sunni Muslim, possibly belonging to the Naqshbandi school, which was influential in Transoxiana.", "Married first Muhammad Mirke Apardi, married second, 1389/90, Sulayman Shah Dughlat Sa'adat Sultan – by Dilshad Agha Bikijan – by Mengli Agha Qutlugh Sultan Agha – by Toghay Turkhan Agha Sons of Umar Shaikh Mirza I Pir Muhammad Iskandar Rustam Bayqara I Mansur Sultan Husayn Bayqarah Badi' al-Zaman Muhammed Mu'min Muhammad Zaman Mirza Muzaffar Hussein Ibrahim Hussein Sons of Jahangir Muhammad Sultan Mirza Pir Muhammad Sons of Miran Shah Khalil Sultan Abu Bakr Muhammad Mirza Abu Sa'id Mirza Umar Shaikh Mirza II Zahir-ud-din Muhammad Babur the Mughals Jahangir Mirza II Sons of Shah Rukh Mirza Mirza Muhammad Taraghay – better known as Ulugh Beg Abdul-Latif Ghiyath-al-Din Baysunghur Ala al-Dawla Mirza Ibrahim Mirza Sultan Muhammad Yadigar Muhammad Abul-Qasim Babur Mirza Sultan Ibrahim Mirza Abdullah Mirza Mirza Soyurghatmïsh Khan Muhammad Juki Religious views Timur was a practicing Sunni Muslim, possibly belonging to the Naqshbandi school, which was influential in Transoxiana. His chief official religious counsellor and adviser was the Hanafi scholar 'Abdu 'l-Jabbar Khwarazmi.", "His chief official religious counsellor and adviser was the Hanafi scholar 'Abdu 'l-Jabbar Khwarazmi. In Tirmidh, he had come under the influence of his spiritual mentor Sayyid Baraka, a leader from Balkh who is buried alongside Timur in Gur-e-Amir.", "In Tirmidh, he had come under the influence of his spiritual mentor Sayyid Baraka, a leader from Balkh who is buried alongside Timur in Gur-e-Amir. Timur was known to hold Ali and the Ahl al-Bayt in high regard and has been noted by various scholars for his \"pro-Shia\" stance.", "Timur was known to hold Ali and the Ahl al-Bayt in high regard and has been noted by various scholars for his \"pro-Shia\" stance. However, he also punished Shias for desecrating the memories of the Sahaba.", "However, he also punished Shias for desecrating the memories of the Sahaba. Timur was also noted for attacking the Shia with Sunni apologism, while at other times he attacked Sunnis on religious grounds as well.", "Timur was also noted for attacking the Shia with Sunni apologism, while at other times he attacked Sunnis on religious grounds as well. In contrast, Timur held the Seljuk Sultan Ahmad Sanjar in high regard for attacking the Ismailis at Alamut, while Timur's own attack on Ismailis at Anjudan was equally brutal.", "In contrast, Timur held the Seljuk Sultan Ahmad Sanjar in high regard for attacking the Ismailis at Alamut, while Timur's own attack on Ismailis at Anjudan was equally brutal. Personality Timur is regarded as a military genius and as a brilliant tactician with an uncanny ability to work within a highly fluid political structure to win and maintain a loyal following of nomads during his rule in Central Asia.", "Personality Timur is regarded as a military genius and as a brilliant tactician with an uncanny ability to work within a highly fluid political structure to win and maintain a loyal following of nomads during his rule in Central Asia. He was also considered extraordinarily intelligentnot only intuitively but also intellectually.", "He was also considered extraordinarily intelligentnot only intuitively but also intellectually. In Samarkand and his many travels, Timur, under the guidance of distinguished scholars, was able to learn the Persian, Mongolian, and Turkish languages (according to Ahmad ibn Arabshah, Timur could not speak Arabic).", "In Samarkand and his many travels, Timur, under the guidance of distinguished scholars, was able to learn the Persian, Mongolian, and Turkish languages (according to Ahmad ibn Arabshah, Timur could not speak Arabic). According to John Joseph Saunders, Timur was \"the product of an Islamized and Iranized society\", and not steppe nomadic.", "According to John Joseph Saunders, Timur was \"the product of an Islamized and Iranized society\", and not steppe nomadic. More importantly, Timur was characterized as an opportunist.", "More importantly, Timur was characterized as an opportunist. Taking advantage of his Turco-Mongolian heritage, Timur frequently used either the Islamic religion or the sharia law, fiqh, and traditions of the Mongol Empire to achieve his military goals or domestic political aims.", "Taking advantage of his Turco-Mongolian heritage, Timur frequently used either the Islamic religion or the sharia law, fiqh, and traditions of the Mongol Empire to achieve his military goals or domestic political aims. Timur was a learned king, and enjoyed the company of scholars; he was tolerant and generous to them.", "Timur was a learned king, and enjoyed the company of scholars; he was tolerant and generous to them. He was a contemporary of the Persian poet Hafez, and a story of their meeting explains that Timur summoned Hafiz, who had written a ghazal with the following verse: For the black mole on thy cheek I would give the cities of Samarkand and Bukhara.", "He was a contemporary of the Persian poet Hafez, and a story of their meeting explains that Timur summoned Hafiz, who had written a ghazal with the following verse: For the black mole on thy cheek I would give the cities of Samarkand and Bukhara. Timur upbraided him for this verse and said, \"By the blows of my well tempered sword I have conquered the greater part of the world to enlarge Samarkand and Bukhara, my capitals and residences; and you, pitiful creature, would exchange these two cities for a mole.\"", "Timur upbraided him for this verse and said, \"By the blows of my well tempered sword I have conquered the greater part of the world to enlarge Samarkand and Bukhara, my capitals and residences; and you, pitiful creature, would exchange these two cities for a mole.\" Hafez, undaunted, replied, \"It is by similar generosity that I have been reduced, as you see, to my present state of poverty.\"", "Hafez, undaunted, replied, \"It is by similar generosity that I have been reduced, as you see, to my present state of poverty.\" It is reported that the King was pleased by the witty answer and the poet departed with magnificent gifts.", "It is reported that the King was pleased by the witty answer and the poet departed with magnificent gifts. There is a shared view that Timur's real motive for his campaigns was his imperialistic ambition, as expressed by his statement: \"The whole expanse of the inhabited part of the world is not large enough to have two kings.\"", "There is a shared view that Timur's real motive for his campaigns was his imperialistic ambition, as expressed by his statement: \"The whole expanse of the inhabited part of the world is not large enough to have two kings.\" However, besides Iran, Timur simply plundered the states he invaded with a purpose of enriching his native Samarqand and neglected the conquered areas, which may have resulted in a relatively quick disintegration of his Empire after his death.", "However, besides Iran, Timur simply plundered the states he invaded with a purpose of enriching his native Samarqand and neglected the conquered areas, which may have resulted in a relatively quick disintegration of his Empire after his death. Timur used Persian expressions in his conversations often, and his motto was the Persian phrase rāstī rustī (, meaning \"truth is safety\" or \"veritas salus\").", "Timur used Persian expressions in his conversations often, and his motto was the Persian phrase rāstī rustī (, meaning \"truth is safety\" or \"veritas salus\"). He is credited with the invention of the Tamerlane chess variant, played on a 10×11 board.", "He is credited with the invention of the Tamerlane chess variant, played on a 10×11 board. Exchanges with Europe Timur had numerous and diplomatic exchanges with various European states, especially Spain and France. Relations between the court of Henry III of Castile and that of Timur played an important part in medieval Castilian diplomacy.", "Relations between the court of Henry III of Castile and that of Timur played an important part in medieval Castilian diplomacy. In 1402, the time of the Battle of Ankara, two Spanish ambassadors were already with Timur: Pelayo de Sotomayor and Fernando de Palazuelos.", "In 1402, the time of the Battle of Ankara, two Spanish ambassadors were already with Timur: Pelayo de Sotomayor and Fernando de Palazuelos. Later, Timur sent to the court of the Kingdom of León and Castile a Chagatai ambassador named Hajji Muhammad al-Qazi with letters and gifts.", "Later, Timur sent to the court of the Kingdom of León and Castile a Chagatai ambassador named Hajji Muhammad al-Qazi with letters and gifts. In return, Henry III of Castile sent a famous embassy to Timur's court in Samarkand in 1403–06, led by Ruy González de Clavijo, with two other ambassadors, Alfonso Paez and Gomez de Salazar.", "In return, Henry III of Castile sent a famous embassy to Timur's court in Samarkand in 1403–06, led by Ruy González de Clavijo, with two other ambassadors, Alfonso Paez and Gomez de Salazar. On their return, Timur affirmed that he regarded the king of Castile \"as his very own son\".", "On their return, Timur affirmed that he regarded the king of Castile \"as his very own son\". According to Clavijo, Timur's good treatment of the Spanish delegation contrasted with the disdain shown by his host toward the envoys of the \"lord of Cathay\" (i.e., the Yongle Emperor), the Chinese ruler.", "According to Clavijo, Timur's good treatment of the Spanish delegation contrasted with the disdain shown by his host toward the envoys of the \"lord of Cathay\" (i.e., the Yongle Emperor), the Chinese ruler. Clavijo's visit to Samarkand allowed him to report to the European audience on the news from Cathay (China), which few Europeans had been able to visit directly in the century that had passed since the travels of Marco Polo.", "Clavijo's visit to Samarkand allowed him to report to the European audience on the news from Cathay (China), which few Europeans had been able to visit directly in the century that had passed since the travels of Marco Polo. The French archives preserve: A 30 July 1402 letter from Timur to Charles VI of France, suggesting that he send traders to Asia.", "The French archives preserve: A 30 July 1402 letter from Timur to Charles VI of France, suggesting that he send traders to Asia. It is written in Persian. A May 1403 letter.", "A May 1403 letter. A May 1403 letter. This is a Latin transcription of a letter from Timur to Charles VI, and another from Miran Shah, his son, to the Christian princes, announcing their victory over Bayezid I at Smyrna.", "This is a Latin transcription of a letter from Timur to Charles VI, and another from Miran Shah, his son, to the Christian princes, announcing their victory over Bayezid I at Smyrna. A copy has been kept of the answer of Charles VI to Timur, dated 15 June 1403.", "A copy has been kept of the answer of Charles VI to Timur, dated 15 June 1403. In addition, Byzantine John VII Palaiologos who was a regent during his uncle's absence in the West, sent a Dominican friar in August 1401 to Timur, to pay his respect and propose paying tribute to him instead of the Turks, once he managed to defeat them.", "In addition, Byzantine John VII Palaiologos who was a regent during his uncle's absence in the West, sent a Dominican friar in August 1401 to Timur, to pay his respect and propose paying tribute to him instead of the Turks, once he managed to defeat them. Legacy Timur's legacy is a mixed one.", "Legacy Timur's legacy is a mixed one. While Central Asia blossomed under his reign, other places, such as Baghdad, Damascus, Delhi and other Arab, Georgian, Persian, and Indian cities were sacked and destroyed and their populations massacred.", "While Central Asia blossomed under his reign, other places, such as Baghdad, Damascus, Delhi and other Arab, Georgian, Persian, and Indian cities were sacked and destroyed and their populations massacred. Thus, while Timur still retains a positive image in Muslim Central Asia, he is vilified by many in Arabia, Iraq, Persia, and India, where some of his greatest atrocities were carried out.", "Thus, while Timur still retains a positive image in Muslim Central Asia, he is vilified by many in Arabia, Iraq, Persia, and India, where some of his greatest atrocities were carried out. However, Ibn Khaldun praises Timur for having unified much of the Muslim world when other conquerors of the time could not.", "However, Ibn Khaldun praises Timur for having unified much of the Muslim world when other conquerors of the time could not. The next great conqueror of the Middle East, Nader Shah, was greatly influenced by Timur and almost re-enacted Timur's conquests and battle strategies in his own campaigns.", "The next great conqueror of the Middle East, Nader Shah, was greatly influenced by Timur and almost re-enacted Timur's conquests and battle strategies in his own campaigns. Like Timur, Nader Shah conquered most of Caucasia, Persia, and Central Asia along with also sacking Delhi.", "Like Timur, Nader Shah conquered most of Caucasia, Persia, and Central Asia along with also sacking Delhi. Timur's short-lived empire also melded the Turko-Persian tradition in Transoxiana, and in most of the territories that he incorporated into his fiefdom, Persian became the primary language of administration and literary culture (diwan), regardless of ethnicity.", "Timur's short-lived empire also melded the Turko-Persian tradition in Transoxiana, and in most of the territories that he incorporated into his fiefdom, Persian became the primary language of administration and literary culture (diwan), regardless of ethnicity. In addition, during his reign, some contributions to Turkic literature were penned, with Turkic cultural influence expanding and flourishing as a result.", "In addition, during his reign, some contributions to Turkic literature were penned, with Turkic cultural influence expanding and flourishing as a result. A literary form of Chagatai Turkic came into use alongside Persian as both a cultural and an official language.", "A literary form of Chagatai Turkic came into use alongside Persian as both a cultural and an official language. Tamerlane virtually exterminated the Church of the East, which had previously been a major branch of Christianity but afterwards became largely confined to a small area now known as the Assyrian Triangle.", "Tamerlane virtually exterminated the Church of the East, which had previously been a major branch of Christianity but afterwards became largely confined to a small area now known as the Assyrian Triangle. Timur became a relatively popular figure in Europe for centuries after his death, mainly because of his victory over the Ottoman Sultan Bayezid.", "Timur became a relatively popular figure in Europe for centuries after his death, mainly because of his victory over the Ottoman Sultan Bayezid. The Ottoman armies were at the time invading Eastern Europe and Timur was seen as an ally. Timur is officially recognized as a national hero in Uzbekistan.", "Timur is officially recognized as a national hero in Uzbekistan. His monument in Tashkent now occupies the place where Karl Marx's statue once stood.", "His monument in Tashkent now occupies the place where Karl Marx's statue once stood. Muhammad Iqbal, a philosopher, poet and politician in British India who is widely regarded as having inspired the Pakistan Movement, composed a notable poem entitled Dream of Timur, the poem itself was inspired by a prayer of the last Mughal emperor, Bahadur Shah II: In 1794, Sake Dean Mahomed published his travel book, The Travels of Dean Mahomet.", "Muhammad Iqbal, a philosopher, poet and politician in British India who is widely regarded as having inspired the Pakistan Movement, composed a notable poem entitled Dream of Timur, the poem itself was inspired by a prayer of the last Mughal emperor, Bahadur Shah II: In 1794, Sake Dean Mahomed published his travel book, The Travels of Dean Mahomet. The book begins with the praise of Genghis Khan, Timur, and particularly the first Mughal emperor, Babur.", "The book begins with the praise of Genghis Khan, Timur, and particularly the first Mughal emperor, Babur. He also gives important details on the then incumbent Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II. Historical sources The earliest known history of his reign was Nizam ad-Din Shami's Zafarnama, which was written during Timur's lifetime.", "Historical sources The earliest known history of his reign was Nizam ad-Din Shami's Zafarnama, which was written during Timur's lifetime. Between 1424 and 1428, Sharaf ad-Din Ali Yazdi wrote a second Zafarnama drawing heavily on Shami's earlier work. Ahmad ibn Arabshah wrote a much less favorable history in Arabic.", "Ahmad ibn Arabshah wrote a much less favorable history in Arabic. Arabshah's history was translated into Latin by the Dutch Orientalist Jacobus Golius in 1636. As Timurid-sponsored histories, the two Zafarnamas present a dramatically different picture from Arabshah's chronicle.", "As Timurid-sponsored histories, the two Zafarnamas present a dramatically different picture from Arabshah's chronicle. William Jones remarked that the former presented Timur as a \"liberal, benevolent and illustrious prince\" while the latter painted him as \"deformed and impious, of a low birth and detestable principles\".", "William Jones remarked that the former presented Timur as a \"liberal, benevolent and illustrious prince\" while the latter painted him as \"deformed and impious, of a low birth and detestable principles\". Malfuzat-i Timuri The Malfuzat-i Timurī and the appended Tuzūk-i Tīmūrī, supposedly Timur's own autobiography, are almost certainly 17th-century fabrications.", "Malfuzat-i Timuri The Malfuzat-i Timurī and the appended Tuzūk-i Tīmūrī, supposedly Timur's own autobiography, are almost certainly 17th-century fabrications. The scholar Abu Taleb Hosayni presented the texts to the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan, a distant descendant of Timur, in 1637–38, supposedly after discovering the Chagatai language originals in the library of a Yemeni ruler.", "The scholar Abu Taleb Hosayni presented the texts to the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan, a distant descendant of Timur, in 1637–38, supposedly after discovering the Chagatai language originals in the library of a Yemeni ruler. Due to the distance between Yemen and Timur's base in Transoxiana and the lack of any other evidence of the originals, most historians consider the story highly implausible, and suspect Hosayni of inventing both the text and its origin story.", "Due to the distance between Yemen and Timur's base in Transoxiana and the lack of any other evidence of the originals, most historians consider the story highly implausible, and suspect Hosayni of inventing both the text and its origin story. European views Timur arguably had a significant impact on the Renaissance culture and early modern Europe.", "European views Timur arguably had a significant impact on the Renaissance culture and early modern Europe. His achievements both fascinated and horrified Europeans from the fifteenth century to the early nineteenth century.", "His achievements both fascinated and horrified Europeans from the fifteenth century to the early nineteenth century. European views of Timur were mixed throughout the fifteenth century, with some European countries calling him an ally and others seeing him as a threat to Europe because of his rapid expansion and brutality.", "European views of Timur were mixed throughout the fifteenth century, with some European countries calling him an ally and others seeing him as a threat to Europe because of his rapid expansion and brutality. When Timur captured the Ottoman Sultan Bayezid at Ankara, he was often praised and seen as a trusted ally by European rulers, such as Charles VI of France and Henry IV of England, because they believed he was saving Christianity from the Turkic Empire in the Middle East.", "When Timur captured the Ottoman Sultan Bayezid at Ankara, he was often praised and seen as a trusted ally by European rulers, such as Charles VI of France and Henry IV of England, because they believed he was saving Christianity from the Turkic Empire in the Middle East. Those two kings also praised him because his victory at Ankara allowed Christian merchants to remain in the Middle East and allowed for their safe return home to both France and England.", "Those two kings also praised him because his victory at Ankara allowed Christian merchants to remain in the Middle East and allowed for their safe return home to both France and England. Timur was also praised because it was believed that he helped restore the right of passage for Christian pilgrims to the Holy Land.", "Timur was also praised because it was believed that he helped restore the right of passage for Christian pilgrims to the Holy Land. Other Europeans viewed Timur as a barbaric enemy who presented a threat to both European culture and the religion of Christianity.", "Other Europeans viewed Timur as a barbaric enemy who presented a threat to both European culture and the religion of Christianity. His rise to power moved many leaders, such as Henry III of Castile, to send embassies to Samarkand to scout out Timur, learn about his people, make alliances with him, and try to convince him to convert to Christianity in order to avoid war.", "His rise to power moved many leaders, such as Henry III of Castile, to send embassies to Samarkand to scout out Timur, learn about his people, make alliances with him, and try to convince him to convert to Christianity in order to avoid war. In the introduction to a 1723 translation of Yazdi's Zafarnama, the translator wrote: Exhumation and alleged curse Timur's body was exhumed from his tomb on 19 June 1941 and his remains examined by the Soviet anthropologists Mikhail M. Gerasimov, Lev V. Oshanin and V. Ia.", "In the introduction to a 1723 translation of Yazdi's Zafarnama, the translator wrote: Exhumation and alleged curse Timur's body was exhumed from his tomb on 19 June 1941 and his remains examined by the Soviet anthropologists Mikhail M. Gerasimov, Lev V. Oshanin and V. Ia. Zezenkova.", "Zezenkova. Zezenkova. Gerasimov reconstructed the likeness of Timur from his skull and found that his facial characteristics displayed \"typical Mongoloid features\", i.e. East Asian in modern terms. An anthropologic study of Timur's cranium shows that he belonged predominately to the South Siberian Mongoloid type. At , Timur was tall for his era.", "At , Timur was tall for his era. The examinations confirmed that Timur was lame and had a withered right arm due to his injuries. His right thighbone had knitted together with his kneecap, and the configuration of the knee joint suggests that he had kept his leg bent at all times and therefore would have had a pronounced limp.", "His right thighbone had knitted together with his kneecap, and the configuration of the knee joint suggests that he had kept his leg bent at all times and therefore would have had a pronounced limp. He appears to have been broad-chested and his hair and beard were red.", "He appears to have been broad-chested and his hair and beard were red. It is alleged that Timur's tomb was inscribed with the words, \"When I rise from the dead, the world shall tremble.\"", "It is alleged that Timur's tomb was inscribed with the words, \"When I rise from the dead, the world shall tremble.\" It is also said that when Gerasimov exhumed the body, an additional inscription inside the casket was found, which read, \"Whomsoever opens my tomb shall unleash an invader more terrible than I.\"", "It is also said that when Gerasimov exhumed the body, an additional inscription inside the casket was found, which read, \"Whomsoever opens my tomb shall unleash an invader more terrible than I.\" Even though people close to Gerasimov claim that this story is a fabrication, the legend persists.", "Even though people close to Gerasimov claim that this story is a fabrication, the legend persists. In any case, three days after Gerasimov began the exhumation, Adolf Hitler invaded the Soviet Union. Timur was re-buried with full Islamic ritual in November 1942 just before the Soviet victory at the Battle of Stalingrad.", "Timur was re-buried with full Islamic ritual in November 1942 just before the Soviet victory at the Battle of Stalingrad. In the arts Tamburlaine the Great, Parts I and II (English, 1563–1594): play by Christopher Marlowe Tamerlan ou la mort de Bajazet [Tamerlane or the Death of Bajazet] (1675): play by Jacques Pradon.", "In the arts Tamburlaine the Great, Parts I and II (English, 1563–1594): play by Christopher Marlowe Tamerlan ou la mort de Bajazet [Tamerlane or the Death of Bajazet] (1675): play by Jacques Pradon. Tamerlane (1701): play by Nicholas Rowe (English) Tamerlano (1724): opera by George Frideric Handel, in Italian, based on the 1675 Pradon play.", "Tamerlane (1701): play by Nicholas Rowe (English) Tamerlano (1724): opera by George Frideric Handel, in Italian, based on the 1675 Pradon play. Bajazet (1735): opera by Antonio Vivaldi, portrays the capture of Bayezid I by Timur.", "Bajazet (1735): opera by Antonio Vivaldi, portrays the capture of Bayezid I by Timur. Il gran Tamerlano (1772): opera by Josef Myslivecek which also portrays the capture of Bayezid I by Timur.", "Il gran Tamerlano (1772): opera by Josef Myslivecek which also portrays the capture of Bayezid I by Timur. Timour the Tartar (1811): equestrian drama by Matthew Lewis Tamerlane (published 1827): first published poem of Edgar Allan Poe.", "Timour the Tartar (1811): equestrian drama by Matthew Lewis Tamerlane (published 1827): first published poem of Edgar Allan Poe. Turandot (1924): opera by Giacomo Puccini (libretto by Giuseppe Adami and Renato Simoni) in which Timur is the deposed, blind former King of Tartary and father of the protagonist Calaf.", "Turandot (1924): opera by Giacomo Puccini (libretto by Giuseppe Adami and Renato Simoni) in which Timur is the deposed, blind former King of Tartary and father of the protagonist Calaf. Lord of Samarkand (The Lame Man; published 1932): story by Robert E. Howard in which Timour appears.", "Lord of Samarkand (The Lame Man; published 1932): story by Robert E. Howard in which Timour appears. Nesimi (1973): Azerbaijani film in which Timur was portrayed by Yusif Veliyev.", "Nesimi (1973): Azerbaijani film in which Timur was portrayed by Yusif Veliyev. Tamerlan (2003): Spanish-language novel by Colombian writer Enrique Serrano Day Watch (2006): Russian film in which Tamerlane in his youth is portrayed by Emir Baygazin, and in maturity by Gani Kulzhanov.", "Tamerlan (2003): Spanish-language novel by Colombian writer Enrique Serrano Day Watch (2006): Russian film in which Tamerlane in his youth is portrayed by Emir Baygazin, and in maturity by Gani Kulzhanov. Tamburlaine: Shadow of God (broadcast 2008): a BBC Radio 3 play by John Fletcher presenting a fictitious encounter between Tamburlaine, Ibn Khaldun, and Hafez.", "Tamburlaine: Shadow of God (broadcast 2008): a BBC Radio 3 play by John Fletcher presenting a fictitious encounter between Tamburlaine, Ibn Khaldun, and Hafez. Age of Empires II: Definitive Edition (2019): a video game containing a six-chapter campaign titled \"Tamerlane\".", "Age of Empires II: Definitive Edition (2019): a video game containing a six-chapter campaign titled \"Tamerlane\". Examples of Timurid architecture See also List of largest empires Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent Timuri Timurid conquests and invasions Timurlengia Notes References Further reading Abazov, Rafis.", "Examples of Timurid architecture See also List of largest empires Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent Timuri Timurid conquests and invasions Timurlengia Notes References Further reading Abazov, Rafis. \"Timur (Tamerlane) and the Timurid Empire in Central Asia.\" The Palgrave Concise Historical Atlas of Central Asia. Palgrave Macmillan US, 2008. 56–57.", "Palgrave Macmillan US, 2008. 56–57. 56–57. Marlowe, Christopher. Tamburlaine the Great. Ed. J. S. Cunningham. Manchester University Press, Manchester 1981. Manz, Beatrice Forbes. \"Temür and the Problem of a Conqueror's Legacy,\" Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, Third Series, Vol. 8, No.", "8, No. 8, No. 1 (Apr. 1998) Marozzi, Justin. Tamerlane: sword of Islam, conqueror of the world, London: HarperCollins, 2004 Marozzi, Justin.", "Tamerlane: sword of Islam, conqueror of the world, London: HarperCollins, 2004 Marozzi, Justin. \"Tamerlane\", in: The Art of War: great commanders of the ancient and medieval world, Andrew Roberts (editor), London: Quercus Military History, 2008.", "\"Tamerlane\", in: The Art of War: great commanders of the ancient and medieval world, Andrew Roberts (editor), London: Quercus Military History, 2008. Novosel'tsev, A. P. \"On the Historical Evaluation of Tamerlane.\" Soviet studies in history 12.3 (1973): 37–70.", "Soviet studies in history 12.3 (1973): 37–70. Shterenshis, Michael V. \"Approach to Tamerlane: Tradition and Innovation.\" Central Asia and the Caucasus 2 (2000). Sykes, P. M. \"Tamerlane\" Journal of the Central Asian Society 2.1 (1915): 17–33. YÜKSEL, Musa Şamil.", "YÜKSEL, Musa Şamil. YÜKSEL, Musa Şamil. \"Timur’un Yükselişi ve Batı’nın Diplomatik Cevabı, 1390–1405.\" Selçuk Üniversitesi Türkiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi 1.18 (2005): 231–243.", "Selçuk Üniversitesi Türkiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi 1.18 (2005): 231–243. External links Forbes, Andrew, & Henley, David: Timur's Legacy: The Architecture of Bukhara and Samarkand (CPA Media) Narrative of the Embassy of Ruy Gonzalez De Clavijo to the Court of Timour, at Samarcand, A.D. 1403–6 – .", "External links Forbes, Andrew, & Henley, David: Timur's Legacy: The Architecture of Bukhara and Samarkand (CPA Media) Narrative of the Embassy of Ruy Gonzalez De Clavijo to the Court of Timour, at Samarcand, A.D. 1403–6 – . Ruy González de Clavijo, Embassy to Tamerlane, 1403–1406, translated by Guy Le Strange, with a new Introduction by Caroline Stone (Hardinge Simpole, 2009).", "Ruy González de Clavijo, Embassy to Tamerlane, 1403–1406, translated by Guy Le Strange, with a new Introduction by Caroline Stone (Hardinge Simpole, 2009). Nationality or Religion: Views of Central Asian Islam Timurid dynasty 1336 births 1405 deaths Muslim monarchs Samarkand Royalty and nobility with disabilities Founding monarchs" ]

[ "Timur", "Personality", "What sort of personality did Timur possess?", "he was tolerant and generous", "Do we know what he was generous with?", "scholars", "Was there a reason he was so tolerant?", "I don't know.", "What did the people think of Timur?", "Timur, mostly considered a barbarian,", "What is something Timur believed in?", "the Persian phrase rasti rusti", "What does rasti rusti mean or stand for?", "\"truth is safety\" or \"", "What else did it stand for besides truth is safety?", "veritas salus" ]

[ "The Siege of Isfahan was a siege of the city of Isfahan by the army of Timur in 1387.\n\nBackground\nTo annex the Muzaffarid kingdom Timur would have to capture its two main cities: Isfahan and Shiraz. When in 1387, Timur arrived with his army to Isfahan, It immediately surrendered and so he treated it with relative mercy as he normally did with cities that surrendered.\n\nSiege\nSoon after, Isfahan revolted against Timur's taxes by killing the tax collectors and some of Timur's soldiers. Timur laid siege to the city and recaptured it with little effort.\n\nMassacre of citizens\nAfter restoring his control over the city he ordered the massacre of the citizens who resisted; the death toll is reckoned to be at least 70,000. An eye-witness counted more than 28 towers constructed of about 1,500 heads each. This has been described as a \"systematic use of terror against towns...an integral element of Tamerlane's strategic element\" which he viewed as preventing bloodshed by discouraging resistance. His massacres were selective and he spared those who were artistic and educated. This would later influence the next great Iranian conqueror: Nader Shah.\n\nAftermath\nAfter the massacre Isfahan remained loyal to Timur and so he went to capture Shiraz. Unlike the events which occurred after the Siege of Herat Timur did not destroy any of the buildings and architecture allowing it retain its importance and influence in Persia.\n\nReferences\n\nIsfahan\nIsfahan\n1387 in Asia\nIsfahan\n1380s in the Middle East", "Amur and Timur () are respectively a tiger and a goat who established an unlikely friendship in a safari park in Primorye in the Far East of Russia. Timur was placed in Amur's enclosure as food but, by his confident behaviour, established a rapport with Amur, who did not eat him. The pair were separated after another fight in 2016 and Timur was moved to the Exhibition of Achievements of National Economy (VDNKh) in Moscow. Timur died on November 5, 2019, aged 5.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n \n\nDuos\nIndividual animals in Russia\nPrimorsky Krai\n2012 animal births\n2014 animal births" ]

[ "Timur ( Temür, 'Iron'; 9 April 133617–19 February 1405), later Timūr Gurkānī ( Temür Küregen), was a Turco-Mongol conqueror who founded the Timurid Empire in and around modern-day Afghanistan, Iran and Central Asia, becoming the first ruler of the Timurid dynasty. As an undefeated commander, he is widely regarded as one of the greatest military leaders and tacticians in history.", "As an undefeated commander, he is widely regarded as one of the greatest military leaders and tacticians in history. Timur is also considered a great patron of art and architecture as he interacted with intellectuals such as Ibn Khaldun and Hafiz-i Abru and his reign introduced the Timurid Renaissance.", "Timur is also considered a great patron of art and architecture as he interacted with intellectuals such as Ibn Khaldun and Hafiz-i Abru and his reign introduced the Timurid Renaissance. Born into the Barlas confederation in Transoxiana (in modern-day Uzbekistan) on 9 April 1336, Timur gained control of the western Chagatai Khanate by 1370.", "Born into the Barlas confederation in Transoxiana (in modern-day Uzbekistan) on 9 April 1336, Timur gained control of the western Chagatai Khanate by 1370. From that base, he led military campaigns across Western, South and Central Asia, the Caucasus, and Southern Russia, defeating in the process the Khans of the Golden Horde, the Mamluks of Egypt and Syria, the emerging Ottoman Empire, and the late Delhi Sultanate of India and emerging as the most powerful ruler in the Islamic World.", "From that base, he led military campaigns across Western, South and Central Asia, the Caucasus, and Southern Russia, defeating in the process the Khans of the Golden Horde, the Mamluks of Egypt and Syria, the emerging Ottoman Empire, and the late Delhi Sultanate of India and emerging as the most powerful ruler in the Islamic World. From these conquests, he founded the Timurid Empire, but this empire fragmented shortly after his death.", "From these conquests, he founded the Timurid Empire, but this empire fragmented shortly after his death. Timur was the last of the great nomadic conquerors of the Eurasian Steppe, and his empire set the stage for the rise of the more structured and lasting Islamic gunpowder empires in the 16th and 17th centuries.", "Timur was the last of the great nomadic conquerors of the Eurasian Steppe, and his empire set the stage for the rise of the more structured and lasting Islamic gunpowder empires in the 16th and 17th centuries. Timur was of both Turkic and Mongol descent, and, while unlikely a direct descendant on either side, he shared a common ancestor with Genghis Khan on his father's side, though some authors have suggested his mother may have been a descendant of Khan.", "Timur was of both Turkic and Mongol descent, and, while unlikely a direct descendant on either side, he shared a common ancestor with Genghis Khan on his father's side, though some authors have suggested his mother may have been a descendant of Khan. He clearly sought to invoke the legacy of the latter's conquests during his lifetime.", "He clearly sought to invoke the legacy of the latter's conquests during his lifetime. Timur envisioned the restoration of the Mongol Empire of Genghis Khan (died 1227) and according to Gérard Chaliand, saw himself as Genghis Khan's heir.", "Timur envisioned the restoration of the Mongol Empire of Genghis Khan (died 1227) and according to Gérard Chaliand, saw himself as Genghis Khan's heir. According to Beatrice Forbes Manz, \"in his formal correspondence Temur continued throughout his life to portray himself as the restorer of Chinggisid rights.", "According to Beatrice Forbes Manz, \"in his formal correspondence Temur continued throughout his life to portray himself as the restorer of Chinggisid rights. He justified his Iranian, Mamluk, and Ottoman campaigns as a re-imposition of legitimate Mongol control over lands taken by usurpers.\"", "He justified his Iranian, Mamluk, and Ottoman campaigns as a re-imposition of legitimate Mongol control over lands taken by usurpers.\" To legitimize his conquests, Timur relied on Islamic symbols and language, referred to himself as the \"Sword of Islam\". He was a patron of educational and religious institutions.", "He was a patron of educational and religious institutions. He converted nearly all the Borjigin leaders to Islam during his lifetime. Timur decisively defeated the Christian Knights Hospitaller at the Siege of Smyrna, styling himself a ghazi.", "Timur decisively defeated the Christian Knights Hospitaller at the Siege of Smyrna, styling himself a ghazi. By the end of his reign, Timur had gained complete control over all the remnants of the Chagatai Khanate, the Ilkhanate, and the Golden Horde, and even attempted to restore the Yuan dynasty in China.", "By the end of his reign, Timur had gained complete control over all the remnants of the Chagatai Khanate, the Ilkhanate, and the Golden Horde, and even attempted to restore the Yuan dynasty in China. Timur's armies were inclusively multi-ethnic and were feared throughout Asia, Africa, and Europe, sizable parts of which his campaigns laid waste.", "Timur's armies were inclusively multi-ethnic and were feared throughout Asia, Africa, and Europe, sizable parts of which his campaigns laid waste. Scholars estimate that his military campaigns caused the deaths of 17 million people, amounting to about 5% of the world population at the time.", "Scholars estimate that his military campaigns caused the deaths of 17 million people, amounting to about 5% of the world population at the time. Of all the areas he conquered, Khwarazm suffered the most from his expeditions, as it rose several times against him.", "Of all the areas he conquered, Khwarazm suffered the most from his expeditions, as it rose several times against him. Timur was the grandfather of the Timurid sultan, astronomer and mathematician Ulugh Beg, who ruled Central Asia from 1411 to 1449, and the great-great-great-grandfather of Babur (1483–1530), founder of the Mughal Empire, which then ruled almost all of the Indian subcontinent.", "Timur was the grandfather of the Timurid sultan, astronomer and mathematician Ulugh Beg, who ruled Central Asia from 1411 to 1449, and the great-great-great-grandfather of Babur (1483–1530), founder of the Mughal Empire, which then ruled almost all of the Indian subcontinent. Ancestry Through his father, Timur claimed to be a descendant of Tumanay Khan, a male-line ancestor he shared with Genghis Khan.", "Ancestry Through his father, Timur claimed to be a descendant of Tumanay Khan, a male-line ancestor he shared with Genghis Khan. Tumanay's great-great grandson Qarachar Noyan was a minister for the emperor who later assisted the latter's son Chagatai in the governorship of Transoxiana.", "Tumanay's great-great grandson Qarachar Noyan was a minister for the emperor who later assisted the latter's son Chagatai in the governorship of Transoxiana. Though there are not many mentions of Qarachar in 13th and 14th century records, later Timurid sources greatly emphasised his role in the early history of the Mongol Empire.", "Though there are not many mentions of Qarachar in 13th and 14th century records, later Timurid sources greatly emphasised his role in the early history of the Mongol Empire. These histories also state that Genghis Khan later established the \"bond of fatherhood and sonship\" by marrying Chagatai's daughter to Qarachar.", "These histories also state that Genghis Khan later established the \"bond of fatherhood and sonship\" by marrying Chagatai's daughter to Qarachar. Through his alleged descent from this marriage, Timur claimed kinship with the Chagatai Khans. The origins of Timur's mother, Tekina Khatun, are less clear.", "The origins of Timur's mother, Tekina Khatun, are less clear. The Zafarnama merely states her name without giving any information regarding her background. Writing in 1403, Johannes de Galonifontibus, Archbishop of Sultaniyya, claimed that she was of lowly origin.", "Writing in 1403, Johannes de Galonifontibus, Archbishop of Sultaniyya, claimed that she was of lowly origin. The Mu'izz al-Ansab, written decades later, says that she was related to the Yasa'uri tribe, whose lands bordered that of the Barlas.", "The Mu'izz al-Ansab, written decades later, says that she was related to the Yasa'uri tribe, whose lands bordered that of the Barlas. Ibn Khaldun recounted that Timur himself described to him his mother's descent from the legendary Persian hero Manuchehr. Ibn Arabshah suggested that she was a descendant of Genghis Khan.", "Ibn Arabshah suggested that she was a descendant of Genghis Khan. The 18th century Books of Timur identify her as the daughter of 'Sadr al-Sharia', which is believed to refer to the Hanafi scholar Ubayd Allah al-Mahbubi of Bukhara.", "The 18th century Books of Timur identify her as the daughter of 'Sadr al-Sharia', which is believed to refer to the Hanafi scholar Ubayd Allah al-Mahbubi of Bukhara. Early life Timur was born in Transoxiana near the city of Kesh (modern Shahrisabz, Uzbekistan), some south of Samarkand, part of what was then the Chagatai Khanate.", "Early life Timur was born in Transoxiana near the city of Kesh (modern Shahrisabz, Uzbekistan), some south of Samarkand, part of what was then the Chagatai Khanate. His name Temur means \"Iron\" in the Chagatai language, his mother-tongue (cf. Uzbek Temir, Turkish Demir).", "Uzbek Temir, Turkish Demir). It is cognate with Genghis Khan's birth name of Temüjin. Later Timurid dynastic histories claim that Timur was born on 8 April 1336, but most sources from his lifetime give ages that are consistent with a birthdate in the late 1320s.", "Later Timurid dynastic histories claim that Timur was born on 8 April 1336, but most sources from his lifetime give ages that are consistent with a birthdate in the late 1320s. Historian Beatrice Forbes Manz suspects the 1336 date was designed to tie Timur to the legacy of Abu Sa'id Bahadur Khan, the last ruler of the Ilkhanate descended from Hulagu Khan, who died in that year.", "Historian Beatrice Forbes Manz suspects the 1336 date was designed to tie Timur to the legacy of Abu Sa'id Bahadur Khan, the last ruler of the Ilkhanate descended from Hulagu Khan, who died in that year. He was a member of the Barlas, a Mongolian tribe that had been turkified in many aspects.", "He was a member of the Barlas, a Mongolian tribe that had been turkified in many aspects. His father, Taraghai was described as a minor noble of this tribe. However, Manz believes that Timur may have later understated the social position of his father, so as to make his own successes appear more remarkable.", "However, Manz believes that Timur may have later understated the social position of his father, so as to make his own successes appear more remarkable. She states that though he is not believed to have been especially powerful, Taraghai was reasonably wealthy and influential.", "She states that though he is not believed to have been especially powerful, Taraghai was reasonably wealthy and influential. This is shown by Timur later returning to his birthplace following the death of his father in 1360, suggesting concern over his estate.", "This is shown by Timur later returning to his birthplace following the death of his father in 1360, suggesting concern over his estate. Taraghai's social significance is further hinted at by Arabshah, who described him as a magnate in the court of Amir Husayn Qara'unas.", "Taraghai's social significance is further hinted at by Arabshah, who described him as a magnate in the court of Amir Husayn Qara'unas. In addition to this, the father of the great Amir Hamid Kereyid of Moghulistan is stated as a friend of Taraghai's.", "In addition to this, the father of the great Amir Hamid Kereyid of Moghulistan is stated as a friend of Taraghai's. In his childhood, Timur and a small band of followers raided travelers for goods, especially animals such as sheep, horses, and cattle.", "In his childhood, Timur and a small band of followers raided travelers for goods, especially animals such as sheep, horses, and cattle. Around 1363, it is believed that Timur tried to steal a sheep from a shepherd but was shot by two arrows, one in his right leg and another in his right hand, where he lost two fingers.", "Around 1363, it is believed that Timur tried to steal a sheep from a shepherd but was shot by two arrows, one in his right leg and another in his right hand, where he lost two fingers. Both injuries crippled him for life.", "Both injuries crippled him for life. Some believe that Timur suffered his crippling injuries while serving as a mercenary to the khan of Sistan in what is today the Dashti Margo in southwest Afghanistan. Timur's injuries have given him the names of Timur the Lame and Tamerlane by Europeans.", "Timur's injuries have given him the names of Timur the Lame and Tamerlane by Europeans. Military leader About 1360, Timur gained prominence as a military leader whose troops were mostly Turkic tribesmen of the region. He took part in campaigns in Transoxiana with the Khan of the Chagatai Khanate.", "He took part in campaigns in Transoxiana with the Khan of the Chagatai Khanate. Allying himself both in cause and by family connection with Qazaghan, the dethroner and destroyer of Volga Bulgaria, he invaded Khorasan at the head of a thousand horsemen.", "Allying himself both in cause and by family connection with Qazaghan, the dethroner and destroyer of Volga Bulgaria, he invaded Khorasan at the head of a thousand horsemen. This was the second military expedition that he led, and its success led to further operations, among them the subjugation of Khwarezm and Urgench.", "This was the second military expedition that he led, and its success led to further operations, among them the subjugation of Khwarezm and Urgench. Following Qazaghan's murder, disputes arose among the many claimants to sovereign power.", "Following Qazaghan's murder, disputes arose among the many claimants to sovereign power. Tughlugh Timur of Kashgar, the Khan of the Eastern Chagatai Khanate, another descendant of Genghis Khan, invaded, interrupting this infighting. Timur was sent to negotiate with the invader but joined with him instead and was rewarded with Transoxania.", "Timur was sent to negotiate with the invader but joined with him instead and was rewarded with Transoxania. At about this time, his father died and Timur also became chief of the Berlas. Tughlugh then attempted to set his son Ilyas Khoja over Transoxania, but Timur repelled this invasion with a smaller force.", "Tughlugh then attempted to set his son Ilyas Khoja over Transoxania, but Timur repelled this invasion with a smaller force. Rise to power It was in this period that Timur reduced the Chagatai khans to the position of figureheads while he ruled in their name.", "Rise to power It was in this period that Timur reduced the Chagatai khans to the position of figureheads while he ruled in their name. Also during this period, Timur and his brother-in-law Amir Husayn, who were at first fellow fugitives and wanderers, became rivals and antagonists.", "Also during this period, Timur and his brother-in-law Amir Husayn, who were at first fellow fugitives and wanderers, became rivals and antagonists. The relationship between them became strained after Husayn abandoned efforts to carry out Timur's orders to finish off Ilya Khoja (former governor of Mawarannah) close to Tashkent.", "The relationship between them became strained after Husayn abandoned efforts to carry out Timur's orders to finish off Ilya Khoja (former governor of Mawarannah) close to Tashkent. Timur gained followers in Balkh, consisting of merchants, fellow tribesmen, Muslim clergy, aristocracy and agricultural workers, because of his kindness in sharing his belongings with them.", "Timur gained followers in Balkh, consisting of merchants, fellow tribesmen, Muslim clergy, aristocracy and agricultural workers, because of his kindness in sharing his belongings with them. This contrasted Timur's behavior with that of Husayn, who alienated these people, took many possessions from them via his heavy tax laws and selfishly spent the tax money building elaborate structures.", "This contrasted Timur's behavior with that of Husayn, who alienated these people, took many possessions from them via his heavy tax laws and selfishly spent the tax money building elaborate structures. Around 1370, Husayn surrendered to Timur and was later assassinated, which allowed Timur to be formally proclaimed sovereign at Balkh.", "Around 1370, Husayn surrendered to Timur and was later assassinated, which allowed Timur to be formally proclaimed sovereign at Balkh. He married Husayn's wife Saray Mulk Khanum, a descendant of Genghis Khan, allowing him to become imperial ruler of the Chaghatay tribe.", "He married Husayn's wife Saray Mulk Khanum, a descendant of Genghis Khan, allowing him to become imperial ruler of the Chaghatay tribe. Legitimization of Timur's rule Timur's Turco-Mongolian heritage provided opportunities and challenges as he sought to rule the Mongol Empire and the Muslim world.", "Legitimization of Timur's rule Timur's Turco-Mongolian heritage provided opportunities and challenges as he sought to rule the Mongol Empire and the Muslim world. According to the Mongol traditions, Timur could not claim the title of khan or rule the Mongol Empire because he was not a descendant of Genghis Khan.", "According to the Mongol traditions, Timur could not claim the title of khan or rule the Mongol Empire because he was not a descendant of Genghis Khan. Therefore, Timur set up a puppet Chaghatay Khan, Suyurghatmish, as the nominal ruler of Balkh as he pretended to act as a \"protector of the member of a Chinggisid line, that of Genghis Khan's eldest son, Jochi\".", "Therefore, Timur set up a puppet Chaghatay Khan, Suyurghatmish, as the nominal ruler of Balkh as he pretended to act as a \"protector of the member of a Chinggisid line, that of Genghis Khan's eldest son, Jochi\". Timur instead used the title of Amir meaning general, and acting in the name of the Chagatai ruler of Transoxania.", "Timur instead used the title of Amir meaning general, and acting in the name of the Chagatai ruler of Transoxania. To reinforce this position, Timur claimed the title Guregen (royal son-in-law) when he married Saray Mulk Khanum, a princess of Chinggisid descent.", "To reinforce this position, Timur claimed the title Guregen (royal son-in-law) when he married Saray Mulk Khanum, a princess of Chinggisid descent. As with the title of Khan, Timur similarly could not claim the supreme title of the Islamic world, Caliph, because the \"office was limited to the Quraysh, the tribe of the Prophet Muhammad\".", "As with the title of Khan, Timur similarly could not claim the supreme title of the Islamic world, Caliph, because the \"office was limited to the Quraysh, the tribe of the Prophet Muhammad\". Therefore, Timur reacted to the challenge by creating a myth and image of himself as a \"supernatural personal power\" ordained by God.", "Therefore, Timur reacted to the challenge by creating a myth and image of himself as a \"supernatural personal power\" ordained by God. Otherwise he was described as a spiritual descendant of Ali, thus taken lineage of both to Genghis Khan and the Quraysh. Period of expansion Timur spent the next 35 years in various wars and expeditions.", "Period of expansion Timur spent the next 35 years in various wars and expeditions. He not only consolidated his rule at home by the subjugation of his foes, but sought extension of territory by encroachments upon the lands of foreign potentates.", "He not only consolidated his rule at home by the subjugation of his foes, but sought extension of territory by encroachments upon the lands of foreign potentates. His conquests to the west and northwest led him to the lands near the Caspian Sea and to the banks of the Ural and the Volga.", "His conquests to the west and northwest led him to the lands near the Caspian Sea and to the banks of the Ural and the Volga. Conquests in the south and south-West encompassed almost every province in Persia, including Baghdad, Karbala and Northern Iraq.", "Conquests in the south and south-West encompassed almost every province in Persia, including Baghdad, Karbala and Northern Iraq. One of the most formidable of Timur's opponents was another Mongol ruler, a descendant of Genghis Khan named Tokhtamysh.", "One of the most formidable of Timur's opponents was another Mongol ruler, a descendant of Genghis Khan named Tokhtamysh. After having been a refugee in Timur's court, Tokhtamysh became ruler both of the eastern Kipchak and the Golden Horde. After his accession, he quarreled with Timur over the possession of Khwarizm and Azerbaijan.", "After his accession, he quarreled with Timur over the possession of Khwarizm and Azerbaijan. However, Timur still supported him against the Russians and in 1382 Tokhtamysh invaded the Muscovite dominion and burned Moscow.", "However, Timur still supported him against the Russians and in 1382 Tokhtamysh invaded the Muscovite dominion and burned Moscow. Orthodox tradition states that later, in 1395 Timur, having reached the frontier of the Principality of Ryazan, had taken Elets and started advancing towards Moscow.", "Orthodox tradition states that later, in 1395 Timur, having reached the frontier of the Principality of Ryazan, had taken Elets and started advancing towards Moscow. Great Prince Vasily I of Moscow went with an army to Kolomna and halted at the banks of the Oka River.", "Great Prince Vasily I of Moscow went with an army to Kolomna and halted at the banks of the Oka River. The clergy brought the famed Theotokos of Vladimir icon from Vladimir to Moscow. Along the way people prayed kneeling: \"O Mother of God, save the land of Russia!\" Suddenly, Timur's armies retreated.", "Suddenly, Timur's armies retreated. In memory of this miraculous deliverance of the Russian land from Timur on 26 August, the all-Russian celebration in honor of the Meeting of the Vladimir Icon of the Most Holy Mother of God was established.", "In memory of this miraculous deliverance of the Russian land from Timur on 26 August, the all-Russian celebration in honor of the Meeting of the Vladimir Icon of the Most Holy Mother of God was established. Conquest of Persia After the death of Abu Sa'id, ruler of the Ilkhanate, in 1335, there was a power vacuum in Persia.", "Conquest of Persia After the death of Abu Sa'id, ruler of the Ilkhanate, in 1335, there was a power vacuum in Persia. In the end, Persia was split amongst the Muzaffarids, Kartids, Eretnids, Chobanids, Injuids, Jalayirids, and Sarbadars.", "In the end, Persia was split amongst the Muzaffarids, Kartids, Eretnids, Chobanids, Injuids, Jalayirids, and Sarbadars. In 1383, Timur started his lengthy military conquest of Persia, though he already ruled over much of Persian Khorasan by 1381, after Khwaja Mas'ud, of the Sarbadar dynasty surrendered.", "In 1383, Timur started his lengthy military conquest of Persia, though he already ruled over much of Persian Khorasan by 1381, after Khwaja Mas'ud, of the Sarbadar dynasty surrendered. Timur began his Persian campaign with Herat, capital of the Kartid dynasty.", "Timur began his Persian campaign with Herat, capital of the Kartid dynasty. When Herat did not surrender he reduced the city to rubble and massacred most of its citizens; it remained in ruins until Shah Rukh ordered its reconstruction around 1415. Timur then sent a General to capture rebellious Kandahar.", "Timur then sent a General to capture rebellious Kandahar. With the capture of Herat the Kartid kingdom surrendered and became vassals of Timur; it would later be annexed outright less than a decade later in 1389 by Timur's son Miran Shah. Timur then headed west to capture the Zagros Mountains, passing through Mazandaran.", "Timur then headed west to capture the Zagros Mountains, passing through Mazandaran. During his travel through the north of Persia, he captured the then town of Tehran, which surrendered and was thus treated mercifully. He laid siege to Soltaniyeh in 1384.", "He laid siege to Soltaniyeh in 1384. Khorasan revolted one year later, so Timur destroyed Isfizar, and the prisoners were cemented into the walls alive. The next year the kingdom of Sistan, under the Mihrabanid dynasty, was ravaged, and its capital at Zaranj was destroyed.", "The next year the kingdom of Sistan, under the Mihrabanid dynasty, was ravaged, and its capital at Zaranj was destroyed. Timur then returned to his capital of Samarkand, where he began planning for his Georgian campaign and Golden Horde invasion. In 1386, Timur passed through Mazandaran as he had when trying to capture the Zagros.", "In 1386, Timur passed through Mazandaran as he had when trying to capture the Zagros. He went near the city of Soltaniyeh, which he had previously captured but instead turned north and captured Tabriz with little resistance, along with Maragha.", "He went near the city of Soltaniyeh, which he had previously captured but instead turned north and captured Tabriz with little resistance, along with Maragha. He ordered heavy taxation of the people, which was collected by Adil Aqa, who was also given control over Soltaniyeh. Adil was later executed because Timur suspected him of corruption.", "Adil was later executed because Timur suspected him of corruption. Timur then went north to begin his Georgian and Golden Horde campaigns, pausing his full-scale invasion of Persia. When he returned, he found his generals had done well in protecting the cities and lands he had conquered in Persia.", "When he returned, he found his generals had done well in protecting the cities and lands he had conquered in Persia. Though many rebelled, and his son Miran Shah, who may have been regent, was forced to annex rebellious vassal dynasties, his holdings remained.", "Though many rebelled, and his son Miran Shah, who may have been regent, was forced to annex rebellious vassal dynasties, his holdings remained. So he proceeded to capture the rest of Persia, specifically the two major southern cities of Isfahan and Shiraz.", "So he proceeded to capture the rest of Persia, specifically the two major southern cities of Isfahan and Shiraz. When he arrived with his army at Isfahan in 1387, the city immediately surrendered; he treated it with relative mercy as he normally did with cities that surrendered (unlike Herat).", "When he arrived with his army at Isfahan in 1387, the city immediately surrendered; he treated it with relative mercy as he normally did with cities that surrendered (unlike Herat). However, after Isfahan revolted against Timur's taxes by killing the tax collectors and some of Timur's soldiers, he ordered the massacre of the city's citizens; the death toll is reckoned at between 100,000 and 200,000.", "However, after Isfahan revolted against Timur's taxes by killing the tax collectors and some of Timur's soldiers, he ordered the massacre of the city's citizens; the death toll is reckoned at between 100,000 and 200,000. An eye-witness counted more than 28 towers constructed of about 1,500 heads each.", "An eye-witness counted more than 28 towers constructed of about 1,500 heads each. This has been described as a \"systematic use of terror against towns...an integral element of Tamerlane's strategic element\", which he viewed as preventing bloodshed by discouraging resistance. His massacres were selective and he spared the artistic and educated.", "His massacres were selective and he spared the artistic and educated. This would later influence the next great Persian conqueror: Nader Shah. Timur then began a five-year campaign to the west in 1392, attacking Persian Kurdistan.", "Timur then began a five-year campaign to the west in 1392, attacking Persian Kurdistan. In 1393, Shiraz was captured after surrendering, and the Muzaffarids became vassals of Timur, though prince Shah Mansur rebelled but was defeated, and the Muzafarids were annexed.", "In 1393, Shiraz was captured after surrendering, and the Muzaffarids became vassals of Timur, though prince Shah Mansur rebelled but was defeated, and the Muzafarids were annexed. Shortly after Georgia was devastated so that the Golden Horde could not use it to threaten northern Iran.", "Shortly after Georgia was devastated so that the Golden Horde could not use it to threaten northern Iran. In the same year, Timur caught Baghdad by surprise in August by marching there in only eight days from Shiraz. Sultan Ahmad Jalayir fled to Syria, where the Mamluk Sultan Barquq protected him and killed Timur's envoys.", "Sultan Ahmad Jalayir fled to Syria, where the Mamluk Sultan Barquq protected him and killed Timur's envoys. Timur left the Sarbadar prince Khwaja Mas'ud to govern Baghdad, but he was driven out when Ahmad Jalayir returned.", "Timur left the Sarbadar prince Khwaja Mas'ud to govern Baghdad, but he was driven out when Ahmad Jalayir returned. Ahmad was unpopular but got help from Qara Yusuf of the Kara Koyunlu; he fled again in 1399, this time to the Ottomans.", "Ahmad was unpopular but got help from Qara Yusuf of the Kara Koyunlu; he fled again in 1399, this time to the Ottomans. Tokhtamysh–Timur war In the meantime, Tokhtamysh, now khan of the Golden Horde, turned against his patron and in 1385 invaded Azerbaijan. The inevitable response by Timur resulted in the Tokhtamysh–Timur war.", "The inevitable response by Timur resulted in the Tokhtamysh–Timur war. In the initial stage of the war, Timur won a victory at the Battle of the Kondurcha River. After the battle Tokhtamysh and some of his army were allowed to escape. After Tokhtamysh's initial defeat, Timur invaded Muscovy to the north of Tokhtamysh's holdings.", "After Tokhtamysh's initial defeat, Timur invaded Muscovy to the north of Tokhtamysh's holdings. Timur's army burned Ryazan and advanced on Moscow. He was pulled away before reaching the Oka River by Tokhtamysh's renewed campaign in the south.", "He was pulled away before reaching the Oka River by Tokhtamysh's renewed campaign in the south. In the first phase of the conflict with Tokhtamysh, Timur led an army of over 100,000 men north for more than 700 miles into the steppe. He then rode west about 1,000 miles advancing in a front more than 10 miles wide.", "He then rode west about 1,000 miles advancing in a front more than 10 miles wide. During this advance, Timur's army got far enough north to be in a region of very long summer days causing complaints by his Muslim soldiers about keeping a long schedule of prayers.", "During this advance, Timur's army got far enough north to be in a region of very long summer days causing complaints by his Muslim soldiers about keeping a long schedule of prayers. It was then that Tokhtamysh's army was boxed in against the east bank of the Volga River in the Orenburg region and destroyed at the Battle of the Kondurcha River, in 1391.", "It was then that Tokhtamysh's army was boxed in against the east bank of the Volga River in the Orenburg region and destroyed at the Battle of the Kondurcha River, in 1391. In the second phase of the conflict, Timur took a different route against the enemy by invading the realm of Tokhtamysh via the Caucasus region.", "In the second phase of the conflict, Timur took a different route against the enemy by invading the realm of Tokhtamysh via the Caucasus region. In 1395, Timur defeated Tokhtamysh in the Battle of the Terek River, concluding the struggle between the two monarchs.", "In 1395, Timur defeated Tokhtamysh in the Battle of the Terek River, concluding the struggle between the two monarchs. Tokhtamysh was unable to restore his power or prestige, and he was killed about a decade later in the area of present-day Tyumen.", "Tokhtamysh was unable to restore his power or prestige, and he was killed about a decade later in the area of present-day Tyumen. During the course of Timur's campaigns, his army destroyed Sarai, the capital of the Golden Horde, and Astrakhan, subsequently disrupting the Golden Horde's Silk Road.", "During the course of Timur's campaigns, his army destroyed Sarai, the capital of the Golden Horde, and Astrakhan, subsequently disrupting the Golden Horde's Silk Road. The Golden Horde no longer held power after their losses to Timur.", "The Golden Horde no longer held power after their losses to Timur. Ismailis In May 1393, Timur's army invaded the Anjudan, crippling the Ismaili village only a year after his assault on the Ismailis in Mazandaran. The village was prepared for the attack, evidenced by its fortress and system of tunnels.", "The village was prepared for the attack, evidenced by its fortress and system of tunnels. Undeterred, Timur's soldiers flooded the tunnels by cutting into a channel overhead. Timur's reasons for attacking this village are not yet well understood.", "Timur's reasons for attacking this village are not yet well understood. However, it has been suggested that his religious persuasions and view of himself as an executor of divine will may have contributed to his motivations. The Persian historian Khwandamir explains that an Ismaili presence was growing more politically powerful in Persian Iraq.", "The Persian historian Khwandamir explains that an Ismaili presence was growing more politically powerful in Persian Iraq. A group of locals in the region was dissatisfied with this and, Khwandamir writes, these locals assembled and brought up their complaint with Timur, possibly provoking his attack on the Ismailis there.", "A group of locals in the region was dissatisfied with this and, Khwandamir writes, these locals assembled and brought up their complaint with Timur, possibly provoking his attack on the Ismailis there. Campaign against the Tughlaq dynasty In 1398, Timur invaded northern India, attacking the Delhi Sultanate ruled by Sultan Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah Tughluq of the Tughlaq dynasty.", "Campaign against the Tughlaq dynasty In 1398, Timur invaded northern India, attacking the Delhi Sultanate ruled by Sultan Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah Tughluq of the Tughlaq dynasty. After crossing the Indus River on 30 September 1398, he sacked Tulamba and massacred its inhabitants. Then he advanced and captured Multan by October.", "Then he advanced and captured Multan by October. His invasion was unopposed as most of the Indian nobility surrendered without a fight, however he did encounter resistance from the united army of Rajputs and Muslims at Bhatner under the command of the Rajput king Dulachand, Dulachand initially opposed Timur but when hard-pressed he considered surrender.", "His invasion was unopposed as most of the Indian nobility surrendered without a fight, however he did encounter resistance from the united army of Rajputs and Muslims at Bhatner under the command of the Rajput king Dulachand, Dulachand initially opposed Timur but when hard-pressed he considered surrender. He was locked outside the walls of Bhatner by his brother and was later killed by Timur.", "He was locked outside the walls of Bhatner by his brother and was later killed by Timur. The garrison of Bhatner then fought and were slaughtered to the last man. Bhatner was looted and burned to the ground.", "Bhatner was looted and burned to the ground. While on his march towards Delhi, Timur was opposed by the Jat peasantry, who would loot caravans and then disappear in the forests, Timur had 2,000 Jats killed and many taken captive. But the Sultanate at Delhi did nothing to stop his advance.", "But the Sultanate at Delhi did nothing to stop his advance. Capture of Delhi (1398) The battle took place on 17 December 1398. Sultan Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah Tughluq and the army of Mallu Iqbal had war elephants armored with chain mail and poison on their tusks.", "Sultan Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah Tughluq and the army of Mallu Iqbal had war elephants armored with chain mail and poison on their tusks. As his Tatar forces were afraid of the elephants, Timur ordered his men to dig a trench in front of their positions. Timur then loaded his camels with as much wood and hay as they could carry.", "Timur then loaded his camels with as much wood and hay as they could carry. When the war elephants charged, Timur set the hay on fire and prodded the camels with iron sticks, causing them to charge at the elephants, howling in pain: Timur had understood that elephants were easily panicked.", "When the war elephants charged, Timur set the hay on fire and prodded the camels with iron sticks, causing them to charge at the elephants, howling in pain: Timur had understood that elephants were easily panicked. Faced with the strange spectacle of camels flying straight at them with flames leaping from their backs, the elephants turned around and stampeded back toward their own lines.", "Faced with the strange spectacle of camels flying straight at them with flames leaping from their backs, the elephants turned around and stampeded back toward their own lines. Timur capitalized on the subsequent disruption in the forces of Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah Tughluq, securing an easy victory. Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah Tughluq fled with remnants of his forces.", "Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah Tughluq fled with remnants of his forces. Delhi was sacked and left in ruins. Before the battle for Delhi, Timur executed 100,000 captives. The capture of the Delhi Sultanate was one of Timur's greatest victories, as at that time, Delhi was one of the richest cities in the world.", "The capture of the Delhi Sultanate was one of Timur's greatest victories, as at that time, Delhi was one of the richest cities in the world. After Delhi fell to Timur's army, uprisings by its citizens against the Turkic-Mongols began to occur, causing a retaliatory bloody massacre within the city walls.", "After Delhi fell to Timur's army, uprisings by its citizens against the Turkic-Mongols began to occur, causing a retaliatory bloody massacre within the city walls. After three days of citizens uprising within Delhi, it was said that the city reeked of the decomposing bodies of its citizens with their heads being erected like structures and the bodies left as food for the birds by Timur's soldiers.", "After three days of citizens uprising within Delhi, it was said that the city reeked of the decomposing bodies of its citizens with their heads being erected like structures and the bodies left as food for the birds by Timur's soldiers. Timur's invasion and destruction of Delhi continued the chaos that was still consuming India, and the city would not be able to recover from the great loss it suffered for almost a century.", "Timur's invasion and destruction of Delhi continued the chaos that was still consuming India, and the city would not be able to recover from the great loss it suffered for almost a century. Campaigns in the Levant Before the end of 1399, Timur started a war with Bayezid I, sultan of the Ottoman Empire, and the Mamluk sultan of Egypt Nasir-ad-Din Faraj.", "Campaigns in the Levant Before the end of 1399, Timur started a war with Bayezid I, sultan of the Ottoman Empire, and the Mamluk sultan of Egypt Nasir-ad-Din Faraj. Bayezid began annexing the territory of Turkmen and Muslim rulers in Anatolia. As Timur claimed sovereignty over the Turkoman rulers, they took refuge behind him.", "As Timur claimed sovereignty over the Turkoman rulers, they took refuge behind him. In 1400, Timur invaded Armenia and Georgia. Of the surviving population, more than 60,000 of the local people were captured as slaves, and many districts were depopulated. He also sacked Sivas in Asia Minor.", "He also sacked Sivas in Asia Minor. Then Timur turned his attention to Syria, sacking Aleppo, and Damascus. The city's inhabitants were massacred, except for the artisans, who were deported to Samarkand. Timur invaded Baghdad in June 1401. After the capture of the city, 20,000 of its citizens were massacred.", "After the capture of the city, 20,000 of its citizens were massacred. Timur ordered that every soldier should return with at least two severed human heads to show him.", "Timur ordered that every soldier should return with at least two severed human heads to show him. When they ran out of men to kill, many warriors killed prisoners captured earlier in the campaign, and when they ran out of prisoners to kill, many resorted to beheading their own wives.", "When they ran out of men to kill, many warriors killed prisoners captured earlier in the campaign, and when they ran out of prisoners to kill, many resorted to beheading their own wives. Invasion of Anatolia In the meantime, years of insulting letters had passed between Timur and Bayezid.", "Invasion of Anatolia In the meantime, years of insulting letters had passed between Timur and Bayezid. Both rulers insulted each other in their own way while Timur preferred to undermine Bayezid's position as a ruler and play down the significance of his military successes.", "Both rulers insulted each other in their own way while Timur preferred to undermine Bayezid's position as a ruler and play down the significance of his military successes. This is the excerpt from one of Timur's letters addressed to Ottoman sultan: \"Believe me, you are but pismire ant: don't seek to fight the elephants for they'll crush you under their feet.", "This is the excerpt from one of Timur's letters addressed to Ottoman sultan: \"Believe me, you are but pismire ant: don't seek to fight the elephants for they'll crush you under their feet. Shall a petty prince such as you are contend with us?", "Shall a petty prince such as you are contend with us? But your rodomontades (braggadocio) are not extraordinary; for a Turcoman never spake with judgement. If you don't follow our counsels you will regret it\". Finally, Timur invaded Anatolia and defeated Bayezid in the Battle of Ankara on 20 July 1402.", "Finally, Timur invaded Anatolia and defeated Bayezid in the Battle of Ankara on 20 July 1402. Bayezid was captured in battle and subsequently died in captivity, initiating the twelve-year Ottoman Interregnum period. Timur's stated motivation for attacking Bayezid and the Ottoman Empire was the restoration of Seljuq authority.", "Timur's stated motivation for attacking Bayezid and the Ottoman Empire was the restoration of Seljuq authority. Timur saw the Seljuks as the rightful rulers of Anatolia as they had been granted rule by Mongol conquerors, illustrating again Timur's interest with Genghizid legitimacy.", "Timur saw the Seljuks as the rightful rulers of Anatolia as they had been granted rule by Mongol conquerors, illustrating again Timur's interest with Genghizid legitimacy. In December 1402, Timur besieged and took the city of Smyrna, a stronghold of the Christian Knights Hospitalers, thus he referred to himself as ghazi or \"Warrior of Islam\".", "In December 1402, Timur besieged and took the city of Smyrna, a stronghold of the Christian Knights Hospitalers, thus he referred to himself as ghazi or \"Warrior of Islam\". A mass beheading was carried out in Smyrna by Timur's soldiers.", "A mass beheading was carried out in Smyrna by Timur's soldiers. With the Treaty of Gallipoli in February 1402, Timur was furious with the Genoese and Venetians, as their ships ferried the Ottoman army to safety in Thrace.", "With the Treaty of Gallipoli in February 1402, Timur was furious with the Genoese and Venetians, as their ships ferried the Ottoman army to safety in Thrace. As Lord Kinross reported in The Ottoman Centuries, the Italians preferred the enemy they could handle to the one they could not.", "As Lord Kinross reported in The Ottoman Centuries, the Italians preferred the enemy they could handle to the one they could not. During the early interregnum, Bayezid I's son acted as Timur's vassal.", "During the early interregnum, Bayezid I's son acted as Timur's vassal. Unlike other princes, Mehmed minted coins that had Timur's name stamped as \"Demur han Gürgân\" (), alongside his own as \"Mehmed bin Bayezid han\" ().", "Unlike other princes, Mehmed minted coins that had Timur's name stamped as \"Demur han Gürgân\" (), alongside his own as \"Mehmed bin Bayezid han\" (). This was probably an attempt on Mehmed's part to justify to Timur his conquest of Bursa after the Battle of Ulubad.", "This was probably an attempt on Mehmed's part to justify to Timur his conquest of Bursa after the Battle of Ulubad. After Mehmed established himself in Rum, Timur had already begun preparations for his return to Central Asia, and took no further steps to interfere with the status quo in Anatolia.", "After Mehmed established himself in Rum, Timur had already begun preparations for his return to Central Asia, and took no further steps to interfere with the status quo in Anatolia. While Timur was still in Anatolia, Qara Yusuf assaulted Baghdad and captured it in 1402.", "While Timur was still in Anatolia, Qara Yusuf assaulted Baghdad and captured it in 1402. Timur returned to Persia and sent his grandson Abu Bakr ibn Miran Shah to reconquer Baghdad, which he proceeded to do. Timur then spent some time in Ardabil, where he gave Ali Safavi, leader of the Safaviyya, a number of captives.", "Timur then spent some time in Ardabil, where he gave Ali Safavi, leader of the Safaviyya, a number of captives. Subsequently, he marched to Khorasan and then to Samarkhand, where he spent nine months celebrating and preparing to invade Mongolia and China.", "Subsequently, he marched to Khorasan and then to Samarkhand, where he spent nine months celebrating and preparing to invade Mongolia and China. Attempts to attack the Ming dynasty By 1368, Han Chinese forces had driven the Mongols out of China.", "Attempts to attack the Ming dynasty By 1368, Han Chinese forces had driven the Mongols out of China. The first of the new Ming dynasty's emperors, the Hongwu Emperor, and his son, the Yongle Emperor, produced tributary states of many Central Asian countries.", "The first of the new Ming dynasty's emperors, the Hongwu Emperor, and his son, the Yongle Emperor, produced tributary states of many Central Asian countries. The suzerain-vassal relationship between Ming empire and Timurid existed for a long time. In 1394, Hongwu's ambassadors eventually presented Timur with a letter addressing him as a subject.", "In 1394, Hongwu's ambassadors eventually presented Timur with a letter addressing him as a subject. He had the ambassadors Fu An, Guo Ji, and Liu Wei detained. Neither Hongwu's next ambassador, Chen Dewen (1397), nor the delegation announcing the accession of the Yongle Emperor fared any better.", "Neither Hongwu's next ambassador, Chen Dewen (1397), nor the delegation announcing the accession of the Yongle Emperor fared any better. Timur eventually planned to invade China. To this end Timur made an alliance with surviving Mongol tribes based in Mongolia and prepared all the way to Bukhara.", "To this end Timur made an alliance with surviving Mongol tribes based in Mongolia and prepared all the way to Bukhara. Engke Khan sent his grandson Öljei Temür Khan, also known as \"Buyanshir Khan\" after he converted to Islam while at the court of Timur in Samarkand. Death Timur preferred to fight his battles in the spring.", "Death Timur preferred to fight his battles in the spring. However, he died en route during an uncharacteristic winter campaign. In December 1404, Timur began military campaigns against Ming China and detained a Ming envoy.", "In December 1404, Timur began military campaigns against Ming China and detained a Ming envoy. He suffered illness while encamped on the farther side of the Syr Daria and died at Farab on 17 February 1405, before ever reaching the Chinese border.", "He suffered illness while encamped on the farther side of the Syr Daria and died at Farab on 17 February 1405, before ever reaching the Chinese border. After his death the Ming envoys such as Fu An and the remaining entourage were released by his grandson Khalil Sultan.", "After his death the Ming envoys such as Fu An and the remaining entourage were released by his grandson Khalil Sultan. Geographer Clements Markham, in his introduction to the narrative of Clavijo's embassy, states that, after Timur died, his body \"was embalmed with musk and rose water, wrapped in linen, laid in an ebony coffin and sent to Samarkand, where it was buried\".", "Geographer Clements Markham, in his introduction to the narrative of Clavijo's embassy, states that, after Timur died, his body \"was embalmed with musk and rose water, wrapped in linen, laid in an ebony coffin and sent to Samarkand, where it was buried\". His tomb, the Gur-e-Amir, still stands in Samarkand, though it has been heavily restored in recent years.", "His tomb, the Gur-e-Amir, still stands in Samarkand, though it has been heavily restored in recent years. Succession Timur had twice previously appointed an heir apparent to succeed him, both of whom he had outlived. The first, his son Jahangir, died of illness in 1376.", "The first, his son Jahangir, died of illness in 1376. The second, his grandson Muhammad Sultan, had succumbed to battle wounds in 1403. After the latter's death, Timur did nothing to replace him.", "After the latter's death, Timur did nothing to replace him. It was only when he was on his own death-bed that he appointed Muhammad Sultan's younger brother, Pir Muhammad as his successor.", "It was only when he was on his own death-bed that he appointed Muhammad Sultan's younger brother, Pir Muhammad as his successor. Pir Muhammad was unable to gain sufficient support from his relatives and a bitter civil war erupted amongst Timur's descendants, with multiple princes pursuing their claims.", "Pir Muhammad was unable to gain sufficient support from his relatives and a bitter civil war erupted amongst Timur's descendants, with multiple princes pursuing their claims. It was not until 1409 that Timur's youngest son, Shah Rukh was able to overcome his rivals and take the throne as Timur's successor.", "It was not until 1409 that Timur's youngest son, Shah Rukh was able to overcome his rivals and take the throne as Timur's successor. Wives and concubines Timur had forty-three wives and concubines, all of these women were also his consorts.", "Wives and concubines Timur had forty-three wives and concubines, all of these women were also his consorts. Timur made dozens of women his wives and concubines as he conquered their fathers' or erstwhile husbands' lands.", "Timur made dozens of women his wives and concubines as he conquered their fathers' or erstwhile husbands' lands. Turmish Agha, mother of Jahangir Mirza, Jahanshah Mirza and Aka Begi; Oljay Turkhan Agha (m. 1357/58), daughter of Amir Mashlah and granddaughter of Amir Qazaghan; Saray Mulk Khanum (m. 1367), widow of Amir Husain, and daughter of Qazan Khan; Islam Agha (m. 1367), widow of Amir Husain, and daughter of Amir Bayan Salduz; Ulus Agha (m. 1367), widow of Amir Husain, and daughter of Amir Khizr Yasuri; Dilshad Agha (m. 1374), daughter of Shams ed-Din and his wife Bujan Agha; Touman Agha (m. 1377), daughter of Amir Musa and his wife Arzu Mulk Agha, daughter of Amir Bayezid Jalayir; Chulpan Mulk Agha, daughter of Haji Beg of Jetah; Tukal Khanum (m. 1397), daughter of Mongol Khan Khizr Khawaja Oglan; Tolun Agha, concubine, and mother of Umar Shaikh Mirza I; Mengli Agha, concubine, and mother of Miran Shah; Toghay Turkhan Agha, lady from the Kara Khitai, widow of Amir Husain, and mother of Shah Rukh; Tughdi Bey Agha, daughter of Aq Sufi Qongirat; Sultan Aray Agha, a Nukuz lady; Malikanshah Agha, a Filuni lady; Khand Malik Agha, mother of Ibrahim Mirza; Sultan Agha, mother of a son who died in infancy; His other wives and concubines included: Dawlat Tarkan Agha, Burhan Agha, Jani Beg Agha, Tini Beg Agha, Durr Sultan Agha, Munduz Agha, Bakht Sultan Agha, Nowruz Agha, Jahan Bakht Agha, Nigar Agha, Ruhparwar Agha, Dil Beg Agha, Dilshad Agha, Murad Beg Agha, Piruzbakht Agha, Khoshkeldi Agha, Dilkhosh Agha, Barat Bey Agha, Sevinch Malik Agha, Arzu Bey Agha, Yadgar Sultan Agha, Khudadad Agha, Bakht Nigar Agha, Qutlu Bey Agha, and another Nigar Agha .", "Turmish Agha, mother of Jahangir Mirza, Jahanshah Mirza and Aka Begi; Oljay Turkhan Agha (m. 1357/58), daughter of Amir Mashlah and granddaughter of Amir Qazaghan; Saray Mulk Khanum (m. 1367), widow of Amir Husain, and daughter of Qazan Khan; Islam Agha (m. 1367), widow of Amir Husain, and daughter of Amir Bayan Salduz; Ulus Agha (m. 1367), widow of Amir Husain, and daughter of Amir Khizr Yasuri; Dilshad Agha (m. 1374), daughter of Shams ed-Din and his wife Bujan Agha; Touman Agha (m. 1377), daughter of Amir Musa and his wife Arzu Mulk Agha, daughter of Amir Bayezid Jalayir; Chulpan Mulk Agha, daughter of Haji Beg of Jetah; Tukal Khanum (m. 1397), daughter of Mongol Khan Khizr Khawaja Oglan; Tolun Agha, concubine, and mother of Umar Shaikh Mirza I; Mengli Agha, concubine, and mother of Miran Shah; Toghay Turkhan Agha, lady from the Kara Khitai, widow of Amir Husain, and mother of Shah Rukh; Tughdi Bey Agha, daughter of Aq Sufi Qongirat; Sultan Aray Agha, a Nukuz lady; Malikanshah Agha, a Filuni lady; Khand Malik Agha, mother of Ibrahim Mirza; Sultan Agha, mother of a son who died in infancy; His other wives and concubines included: Dawlat Tarkan Agha, Burhan Agha, Jani Beg Agha, Tini Beg Agha, Durr Sultan Agha, Munduz Agha, Bakht Sultan Agha, Nowruz Agha, Jahan Bakht Agha, Nigar Agha, Ruhparwar Agha, Dil Beg Agha, Dilshad Agha, Murad Beg Agha, Piruzbakht Agha, Khoshkeldi Agha, Dilkhosh Agha, Barat Bey Agha, Sevinch Malik Agha, Arzu Bey Agha, Yadgar Sultan Agha, Khudadad Agha, Bakht Nigar Agha, Qutlu Bey Agha, and another Nigar Agha . Descendants Sons of Timur Umar Shaikh Mirza I – with Tolun Agha Jahangir Mirza – with Turmish Agha Miran Shah Mirza – with Mengli Agha Shah Rukh Mirza – with Toghay Turkhan Agha Daughters of Timur Aka Begi (died 1382) – by Turmish Agha.", "Descendants Sons of Timur Umar Shaikh Mirza I – with Tolun Agha Jahangir Mirza – with Turmish Agha Miran Shah Mirza – with Mengli Agha Shah Rukh Mirza – with Toghay Turkhan Agha Daughters of Timur Aka Begi (died 1382) – by Turmish Agha. Married to Muhammad Beg, son of Amir Musa Tayichiud Sultan Husayn Tayichiud Sultan Bakht Begum (died 1429/30) – by Oljay Turkhan Agha.", "Married to Muhammad Beg, son of Amir Musa Tayichiud Sultan Husayn Tayichiud Sultan Bakht Begum (died 1429/30) – by Oljay Turkhan Agha. Married first Muhammad Mirke Apardi, married second, 1389/90, Sulayman Shah Dughlat Sa'adat Sultan – by Dilshad Agha Bikijan – by Mengli Agha Qutlugh Sultan Agha – by Toghay Turkhan Agha Sons of Umar Shaikh Mirza I Pir Muhammad Iskandar Rustam Bayqara I Mansur Sultan Husayn Bayqarah Badi' al-Zaman Muhammed Mu'min Muhammad Zaman Mirza Muzaffar Hussein Ibrahim Hussein Sons of Jahangir Muhammad Sultan Mirza Pir Muhammad Sons of Miran Shah Khalil Sultan Abu Bakr Muhammad Mirza Abu Sa'id Mirza Umar Shaikh Mirza II Zahir-ud-din Muhammad Babur the Mughals Jahangir Mirza II Sons of Shah Rukh Mirza Mirza Muhammad Taraghay – better known as Ulugh Beg Abdul-Latif Ghiyath-al-Din Baysunghur Ala al-Dawla Mirza Ibrahim Mirza Sultan Muhammad Yadigar Muhammad Abul-Qasim Babur Mirza Sultan Ibrahim Mirza Abdullah Mirza Mirza Soyurghatmïsh Khan Muhammad Juki Religious views Timur was a practicing Sunni Muslim, possibly belonging to the Naqshbandi school, which was influential in Transoxiana.", "Married first Muhammad Mirke Apardi, married second, 1389/90, Sulayman Shah Dughlat Sa'adat Sultan – by Dilshad Agha Bikijan – by Mengli Agha Qutlugh Sultan Agha – by Toghay Turkhan Agha Sons of Umar Shaikh Mirza I Pir Muhammad Iskandar Rustam Bayqara I Mansur Sultan Husayn Bayqarah Badi' al-Zaman Muhammed Mu'min Muhammad Zaman Mirza Muzaffar Hussein Ibrahim Hussein Sons of Jahangir Muhammad Sultan Mirza Pir Muhammad Sons of Miran Shah Khalil Sultan Abu Bakr Muhammad Mirza Abu Sa'id Mirza Umar Shaikh Mirza II Zahir-ud-din Muhammad Babur the Mughals Jahangir Mirza II Sons of Shah Rukh Mirza Mirza Muhammad Taraghay – better known as Ulugh Beg Abdul-Latif Ghiyath-al-Din Baysunghur Ala al-Dawla Mirza Ibrahim Mirza Sultan Muhammad Yadigar Muhammad Abul-Qasim Babur Mirza Sultan Ibrahim Mirza Abdullah Mirza Mirza Soyurghatmïsh Khan Muhammad Juki Religious views Timur was a practicing Sunni Muslim, possibly belonging to the Naqshbandi school, which was influential in Transoxiana. His chief official religious counsellor and adviser was the Hanafi scholar 'Abdu 'l-Jabbar Khwarazmi.", "His chief official religious counsellor and adviser was the Hanafi scholar 'Abdu 'l-Jabbar Khwarazmi. In Tirmidh, he had come under the influence of his spiritual mentor Sayyid Baraka, a leader from Balkh who is buried alongside Timur in Gur-e-Amir.", "In Tirmidh, he had come under the influence of his spiritual mentor Sayyid Baraka, a leader from Balkh who is buried alongside Timur in Gur-e-Amir. Timur was known to hold Ali and the Ahl al-Bayt in high regard and has been noted by various scholars for his \"pro-Shia\" stance.", "Timur was known to hold Ali and the Ahl al-Bayt in high regard and has been noted by various scholars for his \"pro-Shia\" stance. However, he also punished Shias for desecrating the memories of the Sahaba.", "However, he also punished Shias for desecrating the memories of the Sahaba. Timur was also noted for attacking the Shia with Sunni apologism, while at other times he attacked Sunnis on religious grounds as well.", "Timur was also noted for attacking the Shia with Sunni apologism, while at other times he attacked Sunnis on religious grounds as well. In contrast, Timur held the Seljuk Sultan Ahmad Sanjar in high regard for attacking the Ismailis at Alamut, while Timur's own attack on Ismailis at Anjudan was equally brutal.", "In contrast, Timur held the Seljuk Sultan Ahmad Sanjar in high regard for attacking the Ismailis at Alamut, while Timur's own attack on Ismailis at Anjudan was equally brutal. Personality Timur is regarded as a military genius and as a brilliant tactician with an uncanny ability to work within a highly fluid political structure to win and maintain a loyal following of nomads during his rule in Central Asia.", "Personality Timur is regarded as a military genius and as a brilliant tactician with an uncanny ability to work within a highly fluid political structure to win and maintain a loyal following of nomads during his rule in Central Asia. He was also considered extraordinarily intelligentnot only intuitively but also intellectually.", "He was also considered extraordinarily intelligentnot only intuitively but also intellectually. In Samarkand and his many travels, Timur, under the guidance of distinguished scholars, was able to learn the Persian, Mongolian, and Turkish languages (according to Ahmad ibn Arabshah, Timur could not speak Arabic).", "In Samarkand and his many travels, Timur, under the guidance of distinguished scholars, was able to learn the Persian, Mongolian, and Turkish languages (according to Ahmad ibn Arabshah, Timur could not speak Arabic). According to John Joseph Saunders, Timur was \"the product of an Islamized and Iranized society\", and not steppe nomadic.", "According to John Joseph Saunders, Timur was \"the product of an Islamized and Iranized society\", and not steppe nomadic. More importantly, Timur was characterized as an opportunist.", "More importantly, Timur was characterized as an opportunist. Taking advantage of his Turco-Mongolian heritage, Timur frequently used either the Islamic religion or the sharia law, fiqh, and traditions of the Mongol Empire to achieve his military goals or domestic political aims.", "Taking advantage of his Turco-Mongolian heritage, Timur frequently used either the Islamic religion or the sharia law, fiqh, and traditions of the Mongol Empire to achieve his military goals or domestic political aims. Timur was a learned king, and enjoyed the company of scholars; he was tolerant and generous to them.", "Timur was a learned king, and enjoyed the company of scholars; he was tolerant and generous to them. He was a contemporary of the Persian poet Hafez, and a story of their meeting explains that Timur summoned Hafiz, who had written a ghazal with the following verse: For the black mole on thy cheek I would give the cities of Samarkand and Bukhara.", "He was a contemporary of the Persian poet Hafez, and a story of their meeting explains that Timur summoned Hafiz, who had written a ghazal with the following verse: For the black mole on thy cheek I would give the cities of Samarkand and Bukhara. Timur upbraided him for this verse and said, \"By the blows of my well tempered sword I have conquered the greater part of the world to enlarge Samarkand and Bukhara, my capitals and residences; and you, pitiful creature, would exchange these two cities for a mole.\"", "Timur upbraided him for this verse and said, \"By the blows of my well tempered sword I have conquered the greater part of the world to enlarge Samarkand and Bukhara, my capitals and residences; and you, pitiful creature, would exchange these two cities for a mole.\" Hafez, undaunted, replied, \"It is by similar generosity that I have been reduced, as you see, to my present state of poverty.\"", "Hafez, undaunted, replied, \"It is by similar generosity that I have been reduced, as you see, to my present state of poverty.\" It is reported that the King was pleased by the witty answer and the poet departed with magnificent gifts.", "It is reported that the King was pleased by the witty answer and the poet departed with magnificent gifts. There is a shared view that Timur's real motive for his campaigns was his imperialistic ambition, as expressed by his statement: \"The whole expanse of the inhabited part of the world is not large enough to have two kings.\"", "There is a shared view that Timur's real motive for his campaigns was his imperialistic ambition, as expressed by his statement: \"The whole expanse of the inhabited part of the world is not large enough to have two kings.\" However, besides Iran, Timur simply plundered the states he invaded with a purpose of enriching his native Samarqand and neglected the conquered areas, which may have resulted in a relatively quick disintegration of his Empire after his death.", "However, besides Iran, Timur simply plundered the states he invaded with a purpose of enriching his native Samarqand and neglected the conquered areas, which may have resulted in a relatively quick disintegration of his Empire after his death. Timur used Persian expressions in his conversations often, and his motto was the Persian phrase rāstī rustī (, meaning \"truth is safety\" or \"veritas salus\").", "Timur used Persian expressions in his conversations often, and his motto was the Persian phrase rāstī rustī (, meaning \"truth is safety\" or \"veritas salus\"). He is credited with the invention of the Tamerlane chess variant, played on a 10×11 board.", "He is credited with the invention of the Tamerlane chess variant, played on a 10×11 board. Exchanges with Europe Timur had numerous and diplomatic exchanges with various European states, especially Spain and France. Relations between the court of Henry III of Castile and that of Timur played an important part in medieval Castilian diplomacy.", "Relations between the court of Henry III of Castile and that of Timur played an important part in medieval Castilian diplomacy. In 1402, the time of the Battle of Ankara, two Spanish ambassadors were already with Timur: Pelayo de Sotomayor and Fernando de Palazuelos.", "In 1402, the time of the Battle of Ankara, two Spanish ambassadors were already with Timur: Pelayo de Sotomayor and Fernando de Palazuelos. Later, Timur sent to the court of the Kingdom of León and Castile a Chagatai ambassador named Hajji Muhammad al-Qazi with letters and gifts.", "Later, Timur sent to the court of the Kingdom of León and Castile a Chagatai ambassador named Hajji Muhammad al-Qazi with letters and gifts. In return, Henry III of Castile sent a famous embassy to Timur's court in Samarkand in 1403–06, led by Ruy González de Clavijo, with two other ambassadors, Alfonso Paez and Gomez de Salazar.", "In return, Henry III of Castile sent a famous embassy to Timur's court in Samarkand in 1403–06, led by Ruy González de Clavijo, with two other ambassadors, Alfonso Paez and Gomez de Salazar. On their return, Timur affirmed that he regarded the king of Castile \"as his very own son\".", "On their return, Timur affirmed that he regarded the king of Castile \"as his very own son\". According to Clavijo, Timur's good treatment of the Spanish delegation contrasted with the disdain shown by his host toward the envoys of the \"lord of Cathay\" (i.e., the Yongle Emperor), the Chinese ruler.", "According to Clavijo, Timur's good treatment of the Spanish delegation contrasted with the disdain shown by his host toward the envoys of the \"lord of Cathay\" (i.e., the Yongle Emperor), the Chinese ruler. Clavijo's visit to Samarkand allowed him to report to the European audience on the news from Cathay (China), which few Europeans had been able to visit directly in the century that had passed since the travels of Marco Polo.", "Clavijo's visit to Samarkand allowed him to report to the European audience on the news from Cathay (China), which few Europeans had been able to visit directly in the century that had passed since the travels of Marco Polo. The French archives preserve: A 30 July 1402 letter from Timur to Charles VI of France, suggesting that he send traders to Asia.", "The French archives preserve: A 30 July 1402 letter from Timur to Charles VI of France, suggesting that he send traders to Asia. It is written in Persian. A May 1403 letter.", "A May 1403 letter. A May 1403 letter. This is a Latin transcription of a letter from Timur to Charles VI, and another from Miran Shah, his son, to the Christian princes, announcing their victory over Bayezid I at Smyrna.", "This is a Latin transcription of a letter from Timur to Charles VI, and another from Miran Shah, his son, to the Christian princes, announcing their victory over Bayezid I at Smyrna. A copy has been kept of the answer of Charles VI to Timur, dated 15 June 1403.", "A copy has been kept of the answer of Charles VI to Timur, dated 15 June 1403. In addition, Byzantine John VII Palaiologos who was a regent during his uncle's absence in the West, sent a Dominican friar in August 1401 to Timur, to pay his respect and propose paying tribute to him instead of the Turks, once he managed to defeat them.", "In addition, Byzantine John VII Palaiologos who was a regent during his uncle's absence in the West, sent a Dominican friar in August 1401 to Timur, to pay his respect and propose paying tribute to him instead of the Turks, once he managed to defeat them. Legacy Timur's legacy is a mixed one.", "Legacy Timur's legacy is a mixed one. While Central Asia blossomed under his reign, other places, such as Baghdad, Damascus, Delhi and other Arab, Georgian, Persian, and Indian cities were sacked and destroyed and their populations massacred.", "While Central Asia blossomed under his reign, other places, such as Baghdad, Damascus, Delhi and other Arab, Georgian, Persian, and Indian cities were sacked and destroyed and their populations massacred. Thus, while Timur still retains a positive image in Muslim Central Asia, he is vilified by many in Arabia, Iraq, Persia, and India, where some of his greatest atrocities were carried out.", "Thus, while Timur still retains a positive image in Muslim Central Asia, he is vilified by many in Arabia, Iraq, Persia, and India, where some of his greatest atrocities were carried out. However, Ibn Khaldun praises Timur for having unified much of the Muslim world when other conquerors of the time could not.", "However, Ibn Khaldun praises Timur for having unified much of the Muslim world when other conquerors of the time could not. The next great conqueror of the Middle East, Nader Shah, was greatly influenced by Timur and almost re-enacted Timur's conquests and battle strategies in his own campaigns.", "The next great conqueror of the Middle East, Nader Shah, was greatly influenced by Timur and almost re-enacted Timur's conquests and battle strategies in his own campaigns. Like Timur, Nader Shah conquered most of Caucasia, Persia, and Central Asia along with also sacking Delhi.", "Like Timur, Nader Shah conquered most of Caucasia, Persia, and Central Asia along with also sacking Delhi. Timur's short-lived empire also melded the Turko-Persian tradition in Transoxiana, and in most of the territories that he incorporated into his fiefdom, Persian became the primary language of administration and literary culture (diwan), regardless of ethnicity.", "Timur's short-lived empire also melded the Turko-Persian tradition in Transoxiana, and in most of the territories that he incorporated into his fiefdom, Persian became the primary language of administration and literary culture (diwan), regardless of ethnicity. In addition, during his reign, some contributions to Turkic literature were penned, with Turkic cultural influence expanding and flourishing as a result.", "In addition, during his reign, some contributions to Turkic literature were penned, with Turkic cultural influence expanding and flourishing as a result. A literary form of Chagatai Turkic came into use alongside Persian as both a cultural and an official language.", "A literary form of Chagatai Turkic came into use alongside Persian as both a cultural and an official language. Tamerlane virtually exterminated the Church of the East, which had previously been a major branch of Christianity but afterwards became largely confined to a small area now known as the Assyrian Triangle.", "Tamerlane virtually exterminated the Church of the East, which had previously been a major branch of Christianity but afterwards became largely confined to a small area now known as the Assyrian Triangle. Timur became a relatively popular figure in Europe for centuries after his death, mainly because of his victory over the Ottoman Sultan Bayezid.", "Timur became a relatively popular figure in Europe for centuries after his death, mainly because of his victory over the Ottoman Sultan Bayezid. The Ottoman armies were at the time invading Eastern Europe and Timur was seen as an ally. Timur is officially recognized as a national hero in Uzbekistan.", "Timur is officially recognized as a national hero in Uzbekistan. His monument in Tashkent now occupies the place where Karl Marx's statue once stood.", "His monument in Tashkent now occupies the place where Karl Marx's statue once stood. Muhammad Iqbal, a philosopher, poet and politician in British India who is widely regarded as having inspired the Pakistan Movement, composed a notable poem entitled Dream of Timur, the poem itself was inspired by a prayer of the last Mughal emperor, Bahadur Shah II: In 1794, Sake Dean Mahomed published his travel book, The Travels of Dean Mahomet.", "Muhammad Iqbal, a philosopher, poet and politician in British India who is widely regarded as having inspired the Pakistan Movement, composed a notable poem entitled Dream of Timur, the poem itself was inspired by a prayer of the last Mughal emperor, Bahadur Shah II: In 1794, Sake Dean Mahomed published his travel book, The Travels of Dean Mahomet. The book begins with the praise of Genghis Khan, Timur, and particularly the first Mughal emperor, Babur.", "The book begins with the praise of Genghis Khan, Timur, and particularly the first Mughal emperor, Babur. He also gives important details on the then incumbent Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II. Historical sources The earliest known history of his reign was Nizam ad-Din Shami's Zafarnama, which was written during Timur's lifetime.", "Historical sources The earliest known history of his reign was Nizam ad-Din Shami's Zafarnama, which was written during Timur's lifetime. Between 1424 and 1428, Sharaf ad-Din Ali Yazdi wrote a second Zafarnama drawing heavily on Shami's earlier work. Ahmad ibn Arabshah wrote a much less favorable history in Arabic.", "Ahmad ibn Arabshah wrote a much less favorable history in Arabic. Arabshah's history was translated into Latin by the Dutch Orientalist Jacobus Golius in 1636. As Timurid-sponsored histories, the two Zafarnamas present a dramatically different picture from Arabshah's chronicle.", "As Timurid-sponsored histories, the two Zafarnamas present a dramatically different picture from Arabshah's chronicle. William Jones remarked that the former presented Timur as a \"liberal, benevolent and illustrious prince\" while the latter painted him as \"deformed and impious, of a low birth and detestable principles\".", "William Jones remarked that the former presented Timur as a \"liberal, benevolent and illustrious prince\" while the latter painted him as \"deformed and impious, of a low birth and detestable principles\". Malfuzat-i Timuri The Malfuzat-i Timurī and the appended Tuzūk-i Tīmūrī, supposedly Timur's own autobiography, are almost certainly 17th-century fabrications.", "Malfuzat-i Timuri The Malfuzat-i Timurī and the appended Tuzūk-i Tīmūrī, supposedly Timur's own autobiography, are almost certainly 17th-century fabrications. The scholar Abu Taleb Hosayni presented the texts to the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan, a distant descendant of Timur, in 1637–38, supposedly after discovering the Chagatai language originals in the library of a Yemeni ruler.", "The scholar Abu Taleb Hosayni presented the texts to the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan, a distant descendant of Timur, in 1637–38, supposedly after discovering the Chagatai language originals in the library of a Yemeni ruler. Due to the distance between Yemen and Timur's base in Transoxiana and the lack of any other evidence of the originals, most historians consider the story highly implausible, and suspect Hosayni of inventing both the text and its origin story.", "Due to the distance between Yemen and Timur's base in Transoxiana and the lack of any other evidence of the originals, most historians consider the story highly implausible, and suspect Hosayni of inventing both the text and its origin story. European views Timur arguably had a significant impact on the Renaissance culture and early modern Europe.", "European views Timur arguably had a significant impact on the Renaissance culture and early modern Europe. His achievements both fascinated and horrified Europeans from the fifteenth century to the early nineteenth century.", "His achievements both fascinated and horrified Europeans from the fifteenth century to the early nineteenth century. European views of Timur were mixed throughout the fifteenth century, with some European countries calling him an ally and others seeing him as a threat to Europe because of his rapid expansion and brutality.", "European views of Timur were mixed throughout the fifteenth century, with some European countries calling him an ally and others seeing him as a threat to Europe because of his rapid expansion and brutality. When Timur captured the Ottoman Sultan Bayezid at Ankara, he was often praised and seen as a trusted ally by European rulers, such as Charles VI of France and Henry IV of England, because they believed he was saving Christianity from the Turkic Empire in the Middle East.", "When Timur captured the Ottoman Sultan Bayezid at Ankara, he was often praised and seen as a trusted ally by European rulers, such as Charles VI of France and Henry IV of England, because they believed he was saving Christianity from the Turkic Empire in the Middle East. Those two kings also praised him because his victory at Ankara allowed Christian merchants to remain in the Middle East and allowed for their safe return home to both France and England.", "Those two kings also praised him because his victory at Ankara allowed Christian merchants to remain in the Middle East and allowed for their safe return home to both France and England. Timur was also praised because it was believed that he helped restore the right of passage for Christian pilgrims to the Holy Land.", "Timur was also praised because it was believed that he helped restore the right of passage for Christian pilgrims to the Holy Land. Other Europeans viewed Timur as a barbaric enemy who presented a threat to both European culture and the religion of Christianity.", "Other Europeans viewed Timur as a barbaric enemy who presented a threat to both European culture and the religion of Christianity. His rise to power moved many leaders, such as Henry III of Castile, to send embassies to Samarkand to scout out Timur, learn about his people, make alliances with him, and try to convince him to convert to Christianity in order to avoid war.", "His rise to power moved many leaders, such as Henry III of Castile, to send embassies to Samarkand to scout out Timur, learn about his people, make alliances with him, and try to convince him to convert to Christianity in order to avoid war. In the introduction to a 1723 translation of Yazdi's Zafarnama, the translator wrote: Exhumation and alleged curse Timur's body was exhumed from his tomb on 19 June 1941 and his remains examined by the Soviet anthropologists Mikhail M. Gerasimov, Lev V. Oshanin and V. Ia.", "In the introduction to a 1723 translation of Yazdi's Zafarnama, the translator wrote: Exhumation and alleged curse Timur's body was exhumed from his tomb on 19 June 1941 and his remains examined by the Soviet anthropologists Mikhail M. Gerasimov, Lev V. Oshanin and V. Ia. Zezenkova.", "Zezenkova. Zezenkova. Gerasimov reconstructed the likeness of Timur from his skull and found that his facial characteristics displayed \"typical Mongoloid features\", i.e. East Asian in modern terms. An anthropologic study of Timur's cranium shows that he belonged predominately to the South Siberian Mongoloid type. At , Timur was tall for his era.", "At , Timur was tall for his era. The examinations confirmed that Timur was lame and had a withered right arm due to his injuries. His right thighbone had knitted together with his kneecap, and the configuration of the knee joint suggests that he had kept his leg bent at all times and therefore would have had a pronounced limp.", "His right thighbone had knitted together with his kneecap, and the configuration of the knee joint suggests that he had kept his leg bent at all times and therefore would have had a pronounced limp. He appears to have been broad-chested and his hair and beard were red.", "He appears to have been broad-chested and his hair and beard were red. It is alleged that Timur's tomb was inscribed with the words, \"When I rise from the dead, the world shall tremble.\"", "It is alleged that Timur's tomb was inscribed with the words, \"When I rise from the dead, the world shall tremble.\" It is also said that when Gerasimov exhumed the body, an additional inscription inside the casket was found, which read, \"Whomsoever opens my tomb shall unleash an invader more terrible than I.\"", "It is also said that when Gerasimov exhumed the body, an additional inscription inside the casket was found, which read, \"Whomsoever opens my tomb shall unleash an invader more terrible than I.\" Even though people close to Gerasimov claim that this story is a fabrication, the legend persists.", "Even though people close to Gerasimov claim that this story is a fabrication, the legend persists. In any case, three days after Gerasimov began the exhumation, Adolf Hitler invaded the Soviet Union. Timur was re-buried with full Islamic ritual in November 1942 just before the Soviet victory at the Battle of Stalingrad.", "Timur was re-buried with full Islamic ritual in November 1942 just before the Soviet victory at the Battle of Stalingrad. In the arts Tamburlaine the Great, Parts I and II (English, 1563–1594): play by Christopher Marlowe Tamerlan ou la mort de Bajazet [Tamerlane or the Death of Bajazet] (1675): play by Jacques Pradon.", "In the arts Tamburlaine the Great, Parts I and II (English, 1563–1594): play by Christopher Marlowe Tamerlan ou la mort de Bajazet [Tamerlane or the Death of Bajazet] (1675): play by Jacques Pradon. Tamerlane (1701): play by Nicholas Rowe (English) Tamerlano (1724): opera by George Frideric Handel, in Italian, based on the 1675 Pradon play.", "Tamerlane (1701): play by Nicholas Rowe (English) Tamerlano (1724): opera by George Frideric Handel, in Italian, based on the 1675 Pradon play. Bajazet (1735): opera by Antonio Vivaldi, portrays the capture of Bayezid I by Timur.", "Bajazet (1735): opera by Antonio Vivaldi, portrays the capture of Bayezid I by Timur. Il gran Tamerlano (1772): opera by Josef Myslivecek which also portrays the capture of Bayezid I by Timur.", "Il gran Tamerlano (1772): opera by Josef Myslivecek which also portrays the capture of Bayezid I by Timur. Timour the Tartar (1811): equestrian drama by Matthew Lewis Tamerlane (published 1827): first published poem of Edgar Allan Poe.", "Timour the Tartar (1811): equestrian drama by Matthew Lewis Tamerlane (published 1827): first published poem of Edgar Allan Poe. Turandot (1924): opera by Giacomo Puccini (libretto by Giuseppe Adami and Renato Simoni) in which Timur is the deposed, blind former King of Tartary and father of the protagonist Calaf.", "Turandot (1924): opera by Giacomo Puccini (libretto by Giuseppe Adami and Renato Simoni) in which Timur is the deposed, blind former King of Tartary and father of the protagonist Calaf. Lord of Samarkand (The Lame Man; published 1932): story by Robert E. Howard in which Timour appears.", "Lord of Samarkand (The Lame Man; published 1932): story by Robert E. Howard in which Timour appears. Nesimi (1973): Azerbaijani film in which Timur was portrayed by Yusif Veliyev.", "Nesimi (1973): Azerbaijani film in which Timur was portrayed by Yusif Veliyev. Tamerlan (2003): Spanish-language novel by Colombian writer Enrique Serrano Day Watch (2006): Russian film in which Tamerlane in his youth is portrayed by Emir Baygazin, and in maturity by Gani Kulzhanov.", "Tamerlan (2003): Spanish-language novel by Colombian writer Enrique Serrano Day Watch (2006): Russian film in which Tamerlane in his youth is portrayed by Emir Baygazin, and in maturity by Gani Kulzhanov. Tamburlaine: Shadow of God (broadcast 2008): a BBC Radio 3 play by John Fletcher presenting a fictitious encounter between Tamburlaine, Ibn Khaldun, and Hafez.", "Tamburlaine: Shadow of God (broadcast 2008): a BBC Radio 3 play by John Fletcher presenting a fictitious encounter between Tamburlaine, Ibn Khaldun, and Hafez. Age of Empires II: Definitive Edition (2019): a video game containing a six-chapter campaign titled \"Tamerlane\".", "Age of Empires II: Definitive Edition (2019): a video game containing a six-chapter campaign titled \"Tamerlane\". Examples of Timurid architecture See also List of largest empires Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent Timuri Timurid conquests and invasions Timurlengia Notes References Further reading Abazov, Rafis.", "Examples of Timurid architecture See also List of largest empires Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent Timuri Timurid conquests and invasions Timurlengia Notes References Further reading Abazov, Rafis. \"Timur (Tamerlane) and the Timurid Empire in Central Asia.\" The Palgrave Concise Historical Atlas of Central Asia. Palgrave Macmillan US, 2008. 56–57.", "Palgrave Macmillan US, 2008. 56–57. 56–57. Marlowe, Christopher. Tamburlaine the Great. Ed. J. S. Cunningham. Manchester University Press, Manchester 1981. Manz, Beatrice Forbes. \"Temür and the Problem of a Conqueror's Legacy,\" Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, Third Series, Vol. 8, No.", "8, No. 8, No. 1 (Apr. 1998) Marozzi, Justin. Tamerlane: sword of Islam, conqueror of the world, London: HarperCollins, 2004 Marozzi, Justin.", "Tamerlane: sword of Islam, conqueror of the world, London: HarperCollins, 2004 Marozzi, Justin. \"Tamerlane\", in: The Art of War: great commanders of the ancient and medieval world, Andrew Roberts (editor), London: Quercus Military History, 2008.", "\"Tamerlane\", in: The Art of War: great commanders of the ancient and medieval world, Andrew Roberts (editor), London: Quercus Military History, 2008. Novosel'tsev, A. P. \"On the Historical Evaluation of Tamerlane.\" Soviet studies in history 12.3 (1973): 37–70.", "Soviet studies in history 12.3 (1973): 37–70. Shterenshis, Michael V. \"Approach to Tamerlane: Tradition and Innovation.\" Central Asia and the Caucasus 2 (2000). Sykes, P. M. \"Tamerlane\" Journal of the Central Asian Society 2.1 (1915): 17–33. YÜKSEL, Musa Şamil.", "YÜKSEL, Musa Şamil. YÜKSEL, Musa Şamil. \"Timur’un Yükselişi ve Batı’nın Diplomatik Cevabı, 1390–1405.\" Selçuk Üniversitesi Türkiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi 1.18 (2005): 231–243.", "Selçuk Üniversitesi Türkiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi 1.18 (2005): 231–243. External links Forbes, Andrew, & Henley, David: Timur's Legacy: The Architecture of Bukhara and Samarkand (CPA Media) Narrative of the Embassy of Ruy Gonzalez De Clavijo to the Court of Timour, at Samarcand, A.D. 1403–6 – .", "External links Forbes, Andrew, & Henley, David: Timur's Legacy: The Architecture of Bukhara and Samarkand (CPA Media) Narrative of the Embassy of Ruy Gonzalez De Clavijo to the Court of Timour, at Samarcand, A.D. 1403–6 – . Ruy González de Clavijo, Embassy to Tamerlane, 1403–1406, translated by Guy Le Strange, with a new Introduction by Caroline Stone (Hardinge Simpole, 2009).", "Ruy González de Clavijo, Embassy to Tamerlane, 1403–1406, translated by Guy Le Strange, with a new Introduction by Caroline Stone (Hardinge Simpole, 2009). Nationality or Religion: Views of Central Asian Islam Timurid dynasty 1336 births 1405 deaths Muslim monarchs Samarkand Royalty and nobility with disabilities Founding monarchs" ]

[ "George Washington", "Surveyor", "When was Washington a surveyor?", "Washington's introduction to surveying began at an early age through school exercises that taught him the basics of the profession,", "Where was Washington a surveyor?", "His first experiences at surveying occurred in the territory surrounding Mount Vernon.", "What is Mount Vernon?", "I don't know.", "Did he go to school for surveying?", "school exercises that taught him the basics of the profession, followed by practical experience in the field.", "How long did he do surveying?", "For the next four years, Washington worked surveying land in Western Virginia for the Ohio Company,", "Did he enjoy the profession?", "In October 1750, Washington resigned his position as an official surveyor,", "Why did he resign his position as a surveyor?", "receiving a military appointment as adjutant for southern Virginia.", "Was Washington excited about his military appointment?", "I don't know." ]

[ "Max J. Starcevich (October 19, 1911August 9, 1990) was a consensus All-American football guard at the University of Washington. Though he was selected by the Brooklyn Dodgers in the third round of the 1937 NFL Draft, Starcevich did not play in the National Football League. He was elected to the University of Washington Hall of Fame in 1989 and to the College Football Hall of Fame in 1990.\n\nEarly years \nBorn in Iowa, of Croat origin, Max Starcevich played high school football in Duluth, Minnesota. After high school he worked two years in a steel mill in Gary, Indiana. Max decided to go to college and attended junior college in Duluth for one year before moving to Seattle to attend the University of Washington. Starcevich was one of the \"Strauss Boys\" who were recruited by Alfred \"Doc\" Strauss. Dr. Alfred Strauss, a renowned surgeon and a pioneer in cancer research, was a Washington alumnus that moved to Chicago when he attended medical school. Over the years he recruited more than 100 football players from the Chicago area to the University of Washington, several of whom became All Americans.\n\nCollege career \nAt the University of Washington, Starcevich, who wore #66, played fullback and tackle before settling in at guard where he excelled. By the end of his career at Washington he lettered three times (1934, '35 and '36 seasons), was named All Pacific Coast Conference twice (1935 and '36 seasons) including first team in 1936, started in the 1937 Rose Bowl, and was named to the first team of the 1936 College Football All-America Team.\nIn Max Starcevich's last football game he started for the collegian team when they beat the defending NFL Champion Green Bay Packers, 6-0, in the 1937 Chicago Tribune All-Star Game. He was elected to the University of Washington Hall of Fame in 1989\n\nLater life \nStarcevich did not play football in the NFL. Instead he started a career as an educator in Seattle, where for 36 years he was a teacher, coach, and high school principal. Max began at Cleveland High and moved to Roosevelt High where he taught social studies. Later he was boy's adviser at Lincoln High. Starcevich stayed involved with football. He was an assistant coach at Cleveland High School (1937). In 1948, he was a Washington assistant coach assigned to the freshmen team under coach Howard Odell. He was also involved in high school football and basketball as an official for 20 years. Another of his passions was environmental conservation. Max was an officer in the Audubon Society.\n\nReferences \n\n1911 births\n1990 deaths\nAll-American college football players\nPeople from Centerville, Iowa\nPlayers of American football from Iowa\nAmerican football guards\nWashington Huskies football players\nCollege Football Hall of Fame inductees\nAmerican people of Croatian descent", "Tom Roggeman (September 5, 1931 – August 17, 2018) was an American football guard. He played for the Chicago Bears from 1956 to 1957.\n\nRoggeman played at Mishawaka High School for the varsity football team from 1946 to 1948. After graduating from high school he was accepted into Purdue University, where he earned a bachelor's degree in physical education and later masters in the same subject. After graduating from Purdue, he enlisted into the United States Marine Corps to fight in the Korean War. He would later go on to receive the rank of first lieutenant. While a Marine, Roggeman played for the football team in Quantico, VA. After completing his military service he joined the Chicago Bears in 1955 and played until 1957. After his time in the NFL ended he went on to coach the South Bend Washington High School as an assistant coach 1958. He would go on to marry Florence Junstine Kurpiewski. At Washington, Roggeman would go to on to have several undefeated seasons and won the Indiana State Champion title. After leaving South Ben Washington, he would become a coach, for the freshman and junior varsity teams, at Purdue University from 1970 to 1977. He died on August 17, 2018, in Chandler, Arizona at age 86.\n\nReferences\n\n1931 births\n2018 deaths\nAmerican football guards\nPurdue Boilermakers football players\nChicago Bears players" ]

[ "George Washington (February 22, 1732, 1799) was an American soldier, statesman, and Founding Father who served as the first president of the United States from 1789 to 1797. Appointed by the Continental Congress as commander of the Continental Army, Washington led the Patriot forces to victory in the American Revolutionary War, and presided at the Constitutional Convention of 1787, which established the Constitution of the United States and a federal government.", "Appointed by the Continental Congress as commander of the Continental Army, Washington led the Patriot forces to victory in the American Revolutionary War, and presided at the Constitutional Convention of 1787, which established the Constitution of the United States and a federal government. Washington has been called the \"Father of the Nation\" for his manifold leadership in the formative days of the country.", "Washington has been called the \"Father of the Nation\" for his manifold leadership in the formative days of the country. Washington's first public office was serving as official Surveyor of Culpeper County, Virginia from 1749 to 1750.", "Washington's first public office was serving as official Surveyor of Culpeper County, Virginia from 1749 to 1750. Subsequently, he received his initial military training (as well as a command with the Virginia Regiment) during the French and Indian War.", "Subsequently, he received his initial military training (as well as a command with the Virginia Regiment) during the French and Indian War. He was later elected to the Virginia House of Burgesses and was named a delegate to the Continental Congress. Here he was appointed Commanding General of the Continental Army.", "Here he was appointed Commanding General of the Continental Army. With this title, he commanded American forces (allied with France) in the defeat and surrender of the British at the Siege of Yorktown during the American Revolutionary War. He resigned his commission after the Treaty of Paris was signed in 1783.", "He resigned his commission after the Treaty of Paris was signed in 1783. Washington played an indispensable role in adopting and ratifying the Constitution of the United States. He was then twice elected president by the Electoral College unanimously.", "He was then twice elected president by the Electoral College unanimously. As president, he implemented a strong, well-financed national government while remaining impartial in a fierce rivalry between cabinet members Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton. During the French Revolution, he proclaimed a policy of neutrality while sanctioning the Jay Treaty.", "During the French Revolution, he proclaimed a policy of neutrality while sanctioning the Jay Treaty. He set enduring precedents for the office of president, including the title \"Mr. President\", and his Farewell Address is widely regarded as a pre-eminent statement on republicanism. Washington was a slaveowner who had a complicated relationship with slavery.", "Washington was a slaveowner who had a complicated relationship with slavery. During his lifetime he controlled a total of over 577 slaves, who were forced to work on his farms and wherever he lived, including the President's House in Philadelphia. As president, he signed laws passed by Congress that both protected and curtailed slavery.", "As president, he signed laws passed by Congress that both protected and curtailed slavery. His will said that one of his slaves, William Lee, should be freed upon his death, and that the other 123 slaves must work for his wife and be freed on her death.", "His will said that one of his slaves, William Lee, should be freed upon his death, and that the other 123 slaves must work for his wife and be freed on her death. She freed them during her lifetime to remove the incentive to hasten her death.", "She freed them during her lifetime to remove the incentive to hasten her death. He endeavored to assimilate Native Americans into the Anglo-American culture but fought indigenous resistance during instances of violent conflict. He was a member of the Anglican Church and the Freemasons, and he urged broad religious freedom in his roles as general and president.", "He was a member of the Anglican Church and the Freemasons, and he urged broad religious freedom in his roles as general and president. Upon his death, he was eulogized by Henry \"Light-Horse Harry\" Lee as \"first in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen\".", "Upon his death, he was eulogized by Henry \"Light-Horse Harry\" Lee as \"first in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen\". Washington has been memorialized by monuments, a federal holiday, various media, geographical locations, including the national capital, the State of Washington, stamps, and currency, and many scholars and polls rank him among the greatest U.S. presidents.", "Washington has been memorialized by monuments, a federal holiday, various media, geographical locations, including the national capital, the State of Washington, stamps, and currency, and many scholars and polls rank him among the greatest U.S. presidents. In 1976 Washington was posthumously promoted to the rank of General of the Armies of the United States.", "In 1976 Washington was posthumously promoted to the rank of General of the Armies of the United States. Early life (1732–1752) The Washington family was a wealthy Virginia planter family that had made its fortune through land speculation and the cultivation of tobacco.", "Early life (1732–1752) The Washington family was a wealthy Virginia planter family that had made its fortune through land speculation and the cultivation of tobacco. Washington's great-grandfather John Washington emigrated in 1656 from Sulgrave, Northamptonshire, England, to the English colony of Virginia where he accumulated of land, including Little Hunting Creek on the Potomac River.", "Washington's great-grandfather John Washington emigrated in 1656 from Sulgrave, Northamptonshire, England, to the English colony of Virginia where he accumulated of land, including Little Hunting Creek on the Potomac River. George Washington was born on February 22, 1732, at Popes Creek in Westmoreland County, Virginia, and was the first of six children of Augustine and Mary Ball Washington.", "George Washington was born on February 22, 1732, at Popes Creek in Westmoreland County, Virginia, and was the first of six children of Augustine and Mary Ball Washington. His father was a justice of the peace and a prominent public figure who had four additional children from his first marriage to Jane Butler.", "His father was a justice of the peace and a prominent public figure who had four additional children from his first marriage to Jane Butler. The family moved to Little Hunting Creek in 1735. In 1738, they moved to Ferry Farm near Fredericksburg, Virginia on the Rappahannock River.", "In 1738, they moved to Ferry Farm near Fredericksburg, Virginia on the Rappahannock River. When Augustine died in 1743, Washington inherited Ferry Farm and ten slaves; his older half-brother Lawrence inherited Little Hunting Creek and renamed it Mount Vernon.", "When Augustine died in 1743, Washington inherited Ferry Farm and ten slaves; his older half-brother Lawrence inherited Little Hunting Creek and renamed it Mount Vernon. Washington did not have the formal education his elder brothers received at Appleby Grammar School in England, but did attend the Lower Church School in Hartfield.", "Washington did not have the formal education his elder brothers received at Appleby Grammar School in England, but did attend the Lower Church School in Hartfield. He learned mathematics, trigonometry, and land surveying and became a talented draftsman and map-maker.", "He learned mathematics, trigonometry, and land surveying and became a talented draftsman and map-maker. By early adulthood, he was writing with \"considerable force\" and \"precision\"; however, his writing displayed little wit or humor.", "By early adulthood, he was writing with \"considerable force\" and \"precision\"; however, his writing displayed little wit or humor. In pursuit of admiration, status, and power, he tended to attribute his shortcomings and failures to someone else's ineffectuality.", "In pursuit of admiration, status, and power, he tended to attribute his shortcomings and failures to someone else's ineffectuality. Washington often visited Mount Vernon and Belvoir, the plantation that belonged to Lawrence's father-in-law William Fairfax.", "Washington often visited Mount Vernon and Belvoir, the plantation that belonged to Lawrence's father-in-law William Fairfax. Fairfax became Washington's patron and surrogate father, and Washington spent a month in 1748 with a team surveying Fairfax's Shenandoah Valley property. He received a surveyor's license the following year from the College of William & Mary.", "He received a surveyor's license the following year from the College of William & Mary. Even though Washington had not served the customary apprenticeship, Fairfax appointed him surveyor of Culpeper County, Virginia, and he appeared in Culpeper County to take his oath of office July 20, 1749.", "Even though Washington had not served the customary apprenticeship, Fairfax appointed him surveyor of Culpeper County, Virginia, and he appeared in Culpeper County to take his oath of office July 20, 1749. He subsequently familiarized himself with the frontier region, and though he resigned from the job in 1750, he continued to do surveys west of the Blue Ridge Mountains.", "He subsequently familiarized himself with the frontier region, and though he resigned from the job in 1750, he continued to do surveys west of the Blue Ridge Mountains. By 1752 he had bought almost in the Valley and owned .", "By 1752 he had bought almost in the Valley and owned . In 1751, Washington made his only trip abroad when he accompanied Lawrence to Barbados, hoping the climate would cure his brother's tuberculosis. Washington contracted smallpox during that trip, which immunized him and left his face slightly scarred.", "Washington contracted smallpox during that trip, which immunized him and left his face slightly scarred. Lawrence died in 1752, and Washington leased Mount Vernon from his widow Anne; he inherited it outright after her death in 1761.", "Lawrence died in 1752, and Washington leased Mount Vernon from his widow Anne; he inherited it outright after her death in 1761. Colonial military career (1752–1758) Lawrence Washington's service as adjutant general of the Virginia militia inspired his half-brother George to seek a commission.", "Colonial military career (1752–1758) Lawrence Washington's service as adjutant general of the Virginia militia inspired his half-brother George to seek a commission. Virginia's lieutenant governor, Robert Dinwiddie, appointed George Washington as a major and commander of one of the four militia districts. The British and French were competing for control of the Ohio Valley.", "The British and French were competing for control of the Ohio Valley. While the British were constructing forts along the Ohio River, the French were doing the same—constructing forts between the Ohio River and Lake Erie. In October 1753, Dinwiddie appointed Washington as a special envoy.", "In October 1753, Dinwiddie appointed Washington as a special envoy. He had sent George to demand French forces to vacate land that was being claimed by the British. Washington was also appointed to make peace with the Iroquois Confederacy, and to gather further intelligence about the French forces.", "Washington was also appointed to make peace with the Iroquois Confederacy, and to gather further intelligence about the French forces. Washington met with Half-King Tanacharison, and other Iroquois chiefs, at Logstown, and gathered information about the numbers and locations of the French forts, as well as intelligence concerning individuals taken prisoner by the French.", "Washington met with Half-King Tanacharison, and other Iroquois chiefs, at Logstown, and gathered information about the numbers and locations of the French forts, as well as intelligence concerning individuals taken prisoner by the French. Washington was given the nickname Conotocaurius (town destroyer or devourer of villages) by Tanacharison.", "Washington was given the nickname Conotocaurius (town destroyer or devourer of villages) by Tanacharison. The nickname had previously been given to his great-grandfather John Washington in the late seventeenth century by the Susquehannock. Washington's party reached the Ohio River in November 1753, and were intercepted by a French patrol.", "Washington's party reached the Ohio River in November 1753, and were intercepted by a French patrol. The party was escorted to Fort Le Boeuf, where Washington was received in a friendly manner. He delivered the British demand to vacate to the French commander Saint-Pierre, but the French refused to leave.", "He delivered the British demand to vacate to the French commander Saint-Pierre, but the French refused to leave. Saint-Pierre gave Washington his official answer in a sealed envelope after a few days' delay, as well as food and extra winter clothing for his party's journey back to Virginia.", "Saint-Pierre gave Washington his official answer in a sealed envelope after a few days' delay, as well as food and extra winter clothing for his party's journey back to Virginia. Washington completed the precarious mission in 77 days, in difficult winter conditions, achieving a measure of distinction when his report was published in Virginia and in London.", "Washington completed the precarious mission in 77 days, in difficult winter conditions, achieving a measure of distinction when his report was published in Virginia and in London. French and Indian War In February 1754, Dinwiddie promoted Washington to lieutenant colonel and second-in-command of the 300-strong Virginia Regiment, with orders to confront French forces at the Forks of the Ohio.", "French and Indian War In February 1754, Dinwiddie promoted Washington to lieutenant colonel and second-in-command of the 300-strong Virginia Regiment, with orders to confront French forces at the Forks of the Ohio. Washington set out for the Forks with half the regiment in April and soon learned a French force of 1,000 had begun construction of Fort Duquesne there.", "Washington set out for the Forks with half the regiment in April and soon learned a French force of 1,000 had begun construction of Fort Duquesne there. In May, having set up a defensive position at Great Meadows, he learned that the French had made camp seven miles (11 km) away; he decided to take the offensive.", "In May, having set up a defensive position at Great Meadows, he learned that the French had made camp seven miles (11 km) away; he decided to take the offensive. The French detachment proved to be only about fifty men, so Washington advanced on May 28 with a small force of Virginians and Indian allies to ambush them.", "The French detachment proved to be only about fifty men, so Washington advanced on May 28 with a small force of Virginians and Indian allies to ambush them. What took place, known as the Battle of Jumonville Glen or the \"Jumonville affair\", was disputed, and French forces were killed outright with muskets and hatchets.", "What took place, known as the Battle of Jumonville Glen or the \"Jumonville affair\", was disputed, and French forces were killed outright with muskets and hatchets. French commander Joseph Coulon de Jumonville, who carried a diplomatic message for the British to evacuate, was killed.", "French commander Joseph Coulon de Jumonville, who carried a diplomatic message for the British to evacuate, was killed. French forces found Jumonville and some of his men dead and scalped and assumed Washington was responsible. Washington blamed his translator for not communicating the French intentions. Dinwiddie congratulated Washington for his victory over the French.", "Dinwiddie congratulated Washington for his victory over the French. This incident ignited the French and Indian War, which later became part of the larger Seven Years' War. The full Virginia Regiment joined Washington at Fort Necessity the following month with news that he had been promoted to command of the regiment and colonel upon the regimental commander's death.", "The full Virginia Regiment joined Washington at Fort Necessity the following month with news that he had been promoted to command of the regiment and colonel upon the regimental commander's death. The regiment was reinforced by an independent company of a hundred South Carolinians led by Captain James Mackay, whose royal commission outranked that of Washington, and a conflict of command ensued.", "The regiment was reinforced by an independent company of a hundred South Carolinians led by Captain James Mackay, whose royal commission outranked that of Washington, and a conflict of command ensued. On July 3, a French force attacked with 900 men, and the ensuing battle ended in Washington's surrender.", "On July 3, a French force attacked with 900 men, and the ensuing battle ended in Washington's surrender. In the aftermath, Colonel James Innes took command of intercolonial forces, the Virginia Regiment was divided, and Washington was offered a captaincy which he refused, with the resignation of his commission.", "In the aftermath, Colonel James Innes took command of intercolonial forces, the Virginia Regiment was divided, and Washington was offered a captaincy which he refused, with the resignation of his commission. In 1755, Washington served voluntarily as an aide to General Edward Braddock, who led a British expedition to expel the French from Fort Duquesne and the Ohio Country.", "In 1755, Washington served voluntarily as an aide to General Edward Braddock, who led a British expedition to expel the French from Fort Duquesne and the Ohio Country. On Washington's recommendation, Braddock split the army into one main column and a lightly equipped \"flying column\".", "On Washington's recommendation, Braddock split the army into one main column and a lightly equipped \"flying column\". Suffering from a severe case of dysentery, Washington was left behind, and when he rejoined Braddock at Monongahela the French and their Indian allies ambushed the divided army.", "Suffering from a severe case of dysentery, Washington was left behind, and when he rejoined Braddock at Monongahela the French and their Indian allies ambushed the divided army. Two-thirds of the British force became casualties, including the mortally wounded Braddock.", "Two-thirds of the British force became casualties, including the mortally wounded Braddock. Under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Thomas Gage, Washington, still very ill, rallied the survivors and formed a rear guard, allowing the remnants of the force to disengage and retreat.", "Under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Thomas Gage, Washington, still very ill, rallied the survivors and formed a rear guard, allowing the remnants of the force to disengage and retreat. During the engagement, he had two horses shot from under him, and his hat and coat were bullet-pierced.", "During the engagement, he had two horses shot from under him, and his hat and coat were bullet-pierced. His conduct under fire redeemed his reputation among critics of his command in the Battle of Fort Necessity, but he was not included by the succeeding commander (Colonel Thomas Dunbar) in planning subsequent operations.", "His conduct under fire redeemed his reputation among critics of his command in the Battle of Fort Necessity, but he was not included by the succeeding commander (Colonel Thomas Dunbar) in planning subsequent operations. The Virginia Regiment was reconstituted in August 1755, and Dinwiddie appointed Washington its commander, again with the rank of colonel.", "The Virginia Regiment was reconstituted in August 1755, and Dinwiddie appointed Washington its commander, again with the rank of colonel. Washington clashed over seniority almost immediately, this time with John Dagworthy, another captain of superior royal rank, who commanded a detachment of Marylanders at the regiment's headquarters in Fort Cumberland.", "Washington clashed over seniority almost immediately, this time with John Dagworthy, another captain of superior royal rank, who commanded a detachment of Marylanders at the regiment's headquarters in Fort Cumberland. Washington, impatient for an offensive against Fort Duquesne, was convinced Braddock would have granted him a royal commission and pressed his case in February 1756 with Braddock's successor, William Shirley, and again in January 1757 with Shirley's successor, Lord Loudoun.", "Washington, impatient for an offensive against Fort Duquesne, was convinced Braddock would have granted him a royal commission and pressed his case in February 1756 with Braddock's successor, William Shirley, and again in January 1757 with Shirley's successor, Lord Loudoun. Shirley ruled in Washington's favor only in the matter of Dagworthy; Loudoun humiliated Washington, refused him a royal commission and agreed only to relieve him of the responsibility of manning Fort Cumberland.", "Shirley ruled in Washington's favor only in the matter of Dagworthy; Loudoun humiliated Washington, refused him a royal commission and agreed only to relieve him of the responsibility of manning Fort Cumberland. In 1758, the Virginia Regiment was assigned to the British Forbes Expedition to capture Fort Duquesne.", "In 1758, the Virginia Regiment was assigned to the British Forbes Expedition to capture Fort Duquesne. Washington disagreed with General John Forbes' tactics and chosen route. Forbes nevertheless made Washington a brevet brigadier general and gave him command of one of the three brigades that would assault the fort.", "Forbes nevertheless made Washington a brevet brigadier general and gave him command of one of the three brigades that would assault the fort. The French abandoned the fort and the valley before the assault was launched; Washington saw only a friendly fire incident which left 14 dead and 26 injured.", "The French abandoned the fort and the valley before the assault was launched; Washington saw only a friendly fire incident which left 14 dead and 26 injured. The war lasted another four years, and Washington resigned his commission and returned to Mount Vernon.", "The war lasted another four years, and Washington resigned his commission and returned to Mount Vernon. Under Washington, the Virginia Regiment had defended of frontier against twenty Indian attacks in ten months. He increased the professionalism of the regiment as it increased from 300 to 1,000 men, and Virginia's frontier population suffered less than other colonies.", "He increased the professionalism of the regiment as it increased from 300 to 1,000 men, and Virginia's frontier population suffered less than other colonies. Some historians have said this was Washington's \"only unqualified success\" during the war.", "Some historians have said this was Washington's \"only unqualified success\" during the war. Though he failed to realize a royal commission, he did gain self-confidence, leadership skills, and invaluable knowledge of British military tactics. The destructive competition Washington witnessed among colonial politicians fostered his later support of a strong central government.", "The destructive competition Washington witnessed among colonial politicians fostered his later support of a strong central government. Marriage, civilian, and political life (1755–1775) On January 6, 1759, Washington, at age 26, married Martha Dandridge Custis, the 27-year-old widow of wealthy plantation owner Daniel Parke Custis.", "Marriage, civilian, and political life (1755–1775) On January 6, 1759, Washington, at age 26, married Martha Dandridge Custis, the 27-year-old widow of wealthy plantation owner Daniel Parke Custis. The marriage took place at Martha's estate; she was intelligent, gracious, and experienced in managing a planter's estate, and the couple created a happy marriage.", "The marriage took place at Martha's estate; she was intelligent, gracious, and experienced in managing a planter's estate, and the couple created a happy marriage. They raised John Parke Custis (Jacky) and Martha \"Patsy\" Parke Custis, children from her previous marriage, and later Jacky's children Eleanor Parke Custis (Nelly) and George Washington Parke Custis (Washy).", "They raised John Parke Custis (Jacky) and Martha \"Patsy\" Parke Custis, children from her previous marriage, and later Jacky's children Eleanor Parke Custis (Nelly) and George Washington Parke Custis (Washy). Washington's 1751 bout with smallpox is thought to have rendered him sterile, though it is equally likely that \"Martha may have sustained injury during the birth of Patsy, her final child, making additional births impossible.\"", "Washington's 1751 bout with smallpox is thought to have rendered him sterile, though it is equally likely that \"Martha may have sustained injury during the birth of Patsy, her final child, making additional births impossible.\" The couple lamented not having any children together.", "The couple lamented not having any children together. They moved to Mount Vernon, near Alexandria, where he took up life as a planter of tobacco and wheat and emerged as a political figure.", "They moved to Mount Vernon, near Alexandria, where he took up life as a planter of tobacco and wheat and emerged as a political figure. The marriage gave Washington control over Martha's one-third dower interest in the Custis estate, and he managed the remaining two-thirds for Martha's children; the estate also included 84 slaves.", "The marriage gave Washington control over Martha's one-third dower interest in the Custis estate, and he managed the remaining two-thirds for Martha's children; the estate also included 84 slaves. He became one of Virginia's wealthiest men, which increased his social standing.", "He became one of Virginia's wealthiest men, which increased his social standing. At Washington's urging, Governor Lord Botetourt fulfilled Dinwiddie's 1754 promise of land bounties to all-volunteer militia during the French and Indian War.", "At Washington's urging, Governor Lord Botetourt fulfilled Dinwiddie's 1754 promise of land bounties to all-volunteer militia during the French and Indian War. In late 1770, Washington inspected the lands in the Ohio and Great Kanawha regions, and he engaged surveyor William Crawford to subdivide it.", "In late 1770, Washington inspected the lands in the Ohio and Great Kanawha regions, and he engaged surveyor William Crawford to subdivide it. Crawford allotted to Washington; Washington told the veterans that their land was hilly and unsuitable for farming, and he agreed to purchase , leaving some feeling they had been duped.", "Crawford allotted to Washington; Washington told the veterans that their land was hilly and unsuitable for farming, and he agreed to purchase , leaving some feeling they had been duped. He also doubled the size of Mount Vernon to and increased its slave population to more than a hundred by 1775.", "He also doubled the size of Mount Vernon to and increased its slave population to more than a hundred by 1775. Washington's political activities included supporting the candidacy of his friend George William Fairfax in his 1755 bid to represent the region in the Virginia House of Burgesses.", "Washington's political activities included supporting the candidacy of his friend George William Fairfax in his 1755 bid to represent the region in the Virginia House of Burgesses. This support led to a dispute which resulted in a physical altercation between Washington and another Virginia planter, William Payne.", "This support led to a dispute which resulted in a physical altercation between Washington and another Virginia planter, William Payne. Washington defused the situation, including ordering officers from the Virginia Regiment to stand down. Washington apologized to Payne the following day at a tavern. Payne had been expecting to be challenged to a duel.", "Payne had been expecting to be challenged to a duel. As a respected military hero and large landowner, Washington held local offices and was elected to the Virginia provincial legislature, representing Frederick County in the House of Burgesses for seven years beginning in 1758.", "As a respected military hero and large landowner, Washington held local offices and was elected to the Virginia provincial legislature, representing Frederick County in the House of Burgesses for seven years beginning in 1758. He plied the voters with beer, brandy, and other beverages, although he was absent while serving on the Forbes Expedition.", "He plied the voters with beer, brandy, and other beverages, although he was absent while serving on the Forbes Expedition. He won the election with roughly 40 percent of the vote, defeating three other candidates with the help of several local supporters.", "He won the election with roughly 40 percent of the vote, defeating three other candidates with the help of several local supporters. He rarely spoke in his early legislative career, but he became a prominent critic of Britain's taxation policy and mercantilist policies towards the American colonies starting in the 1760s.", "He rarely spoke in his early legislative career, but he became a prominent critic of Britain's taxation policy and mercantilist policies towards the American colonies starting in the 1760s. By occupation, Washington was a planter, and he imported luxuries and other goods from England, paying for them by exporting tobacco.", "By occupation, Washington was a planter, and he imported luxuries and other goods from England, paying for them by exporting tobacco. His profligate spending combined with low tobacco prices left him £1,800 in debt by 1764, prompting him to diversify his holdings.", "His profligate spending combined with low tobacco prices left him £1,800 in debt by 1764, prompting him to diversify his holdings. In 1765, because of erosion and other soil problems, he changed Mount Vernon's primary cash crop from tobacco to wheat and expanded operations to include corn flour milling and fishing.", "In 1765, because of erosion and other soil problems, he changed Mount Vernon's primary cash crop from tobacco to wheat and expanded operations to include corn flour milling and fishing. Washington also took time for leisure with fox hunting, fishing, dances, theater, cards, backgammon, and billiards.", "Washington also took time for leisure with fox hunting, fishing, dances, theater, cards, backgammon, and billiards. Washington soon was counted among the political and social elite in Virginia.", "Washington soon was counted among the political and social elite in Virginia. From 1768 to 1775, he invited some 2,000 guests to his Mount Vernon estate, mostly those whom he considered people of rank, and was known to be exceptionally cordial toward his guests.", "From 1768 to 1775, he invited some 2,000 guests to his Mount Vernon estate, mostly those whom he considered people of rank, and was known to be exceptionally cordial toward his guests. He became more politically active in 1769, presenting legislation in the Virginia Assembly to establish an embargo on goods from Great Britain.", "He became more politically active in 1769, presenting legislation in the Virginia Assembly to establish an embargo on goods from Great Britain. Washington's step-daughter Patsy Custis suffered from epileptic attacks from age 12, and she died in his arms in 1773.", "Washington's step-daughter Patsy Custis suffered from epileptic attacks from age 12, and she died in his arms in 1773. The following day, he wrote to Burwell Bassett: \"It is easier to conceive, than to describe, the distress of this Family\".", "The following day, he wrote to Burwell Bassett: \"It is easier to conceive, than to describe, the distress of this Family\". He canceled all business activity and remained with Martha every night for three months. Opposition to British Parliament and Crown Washington played a central role before and during the American Revolution.", "Opposition to British Parliament and Crown Washington played a central role before and during the American Revolution. His disdain for the British military had begun when he was passed over for promotion into the Regular Army.", "His disdain for the British military had begun when he was passed over for promotion into the Regular Army. Opposed to taxes imposed by the British Parliament on the Colonies without proper representation, he and other colonists were also angered by the Royal Proclamation of 1763 which banned American settlement west of the Allegheny Mountains and protected the British fur trade.", "Opposed to taxes imposed by the British Parliament on the Colonies without proper representation, he and other colonists were also angered by the Royal Proclamation of 1763 which banned American settlement west of the Allegheny Mountains and protected the British fur trade. Washington believed the Stamp Act of 1765 was an \"Act of Oppression\", and he celebrated its repeal the following year.", "Washington believed the Stamp Act of 1765 was an \"Act of Oppression\", and he celebrated its repeal the following year. In March 1766, Parliament passed the Declaratory Act asserting that Parliamentary law superseded colonial law. In the late 1760s, the interference of the British Crown in American lucrative western land speculation spurred on the American Revolution.", "In the late 1760s, the interference of the British Crown in American lucrative western land speculation spurred on the American Revolution. Washington himself was a prosperous land speculator, and in 1767, he encouraged \"adventures\" to acquire backcountry western lands.", "Washington himself was a prosperous land speculator, and in 1767, he encouraged \"adventures\" to acquire backcountry western lands. Washington helped lead widespread protests against the Townshend Acts passed by Parliament in 1767, and he introduced a proposal in May 1769 drafted by George Mason which called Virginians to boycott British goods; the Acts were mostly repealed in 1770.", "Washington helped lead widespread protests against the Townshend Acts passed by Parliament in 1767, and he introduced a proposal in May 1769 drafted by George Mason which called Virginians to boycott British goods; the Acts were mostly repealed in 1770. Parliament sought to punish Massachusetts colonists for their role in the Boston Tea Party in 1774 by passing the Coercive Acts, which Washington referred to as \"an invasion of our rights and privileges\".", "Parliament sought to punish Massachusetts colonists for their role in the Boston Tea Party in 1774 by passing the Coercive Acts, which Washington referred to as \"an invasion of our rights and privileges\". He said Americans must not submit to acts of tyranny since \"custom and use shall make us as tame and abject slaves, as the blacks we rule over with such arbitrary sway\".", "He said Americans must not submit to acts of tyranny since \"custom and use shall make us as tame and abject slaves, as the blacks we rule over with such arbitrary sway\". That July, he and George Mason drafted a list of resolutions for the Fairfax County committee which Washington chaired, and the committee adopted the Fairfax Resolves calling for a Continental Congress, and an end to the slave trade.", "That July, he and George Mason drafted a list of resolutions for the Fairfax County committee which Washington chaired, and the committee adopted the Fairfax Resolves calling for a Continental Congress, and an end to the slave trade. On August 1, Washington attended the First Virginia Convention, where he was selected as a delegate to the First Continental Congress, September 5 to October 26, 1774, which he also attended.", "On August 1, Washington attended the First Virginia Convention, where he was selected as a delegate to the First Continental Congress, September 5 to October 26, 1774, which he also attended. As tensions rose in 1774, he helped train county militias in Virginia and organized enforcement of the Continental Association boycott of British goods instituted by the Congress.", "As tensions rose in 1774, he helped train county militias in Virginia and organized enforcement of the Continental Association boycott of British goods instituted by the Congress. The American Revolutionary War began on April 19, 1775, with the Battles of Lexington and Concord and the Siege of Boston.", "The American Revolutionary War began on April 19, 1775, with the Battles of Lexington and Concord and the Siege of Boston. The colonists were divided over breaking away from British rule and split into two factions: Patriots who rejected British rule, and Loyalists who desired to remain subject to the King.", "The colonists were divided over breaking away from British rule and split into two factions: Patriots who rejected British rule, and Loyalists who desired to remain subject to the King. General Thomas Gage was commander of British forces in America at the beginning of the war.", "General Thomas Gage was commander of British forces in America at the beginning of the war. Upon hearing the shocking news of the onset of war, Washington was \"sobered and dismayed\", and he hastily departed Mount Vernon on May 4, 1775, to join the Second Continental Congress in Philadelphia.", "Upon hearing the shocking news of the onset of war, Washington was \"sobered and dismayed\", and he hastily departed Mount Vernon on May 4, 1775, to join the Second Continental Congress in Philadelphia. Commander in chief (1775–1783) Congress created the Continental Army on June 14, 1775, and Samuel and John Adams nominated Washington to become its commander-in-chief.", "Commander in chief (1775–1783) Congress created the Continental Army on June 14, 1775, and Samuel and John Adams nominated Washington to become its commander-in-chief. Washington was chosen over John Hancock because of his military experience and the belief that a Virginian would better unite the colonies.", "Washington was chosen over John Hancock because of his military experience and the belief that a Virginian would better unite the colonies. He was considered an incisive leader who kept his \"ambition in check\". He was unanimously elected commander in chief by Congress the next day.", "He was unanimously elected commander in chief by Congress the next day. Washington appeared before Congress in uniform and gave an acceptance speech on June 16, declining a salary—though he was later reimbursed expenses.", "Washington appeared before Congress in uniform and gave an acceptance speech on June 16, declining a salary—though he was later reimbursed expenses. He was commissioned on June 19 and was roundly praised by Congressional delegates, including John Adams, who proclaimed that he was the man best suited to lead and unite the colonies.", "He was commissioned on June 19 and was roundly praised by Congressional delegates, including John Adams, who proclaimed that he was the man best suited to lead and unite the colonies. Congress appointed Washington \"General & Commander in chief of the army of the United Colonies and of all the forces raised or to be raised by them\", and instructed him to take charge of the siege of Boston on June 22, 1775.", "Congress appointed Washington \"General & Commander in chief of the army of the United Colonies and of all the forces raised or to be raised by them\", and instructed him to take charge of the siege of Boston on June 22, 1775. Congress chose his primary staff officers, including Major General Artemas Ward, Adjutant General Horatio Gates, Major General Charles Lee, Major General Philip Schuyler, Major General Nathanael Greene, Colonel Henry Knox, and Colonel Alexander Hamilton.", "Congress chose his primary staff officers, including Major General Artemas Ward, Adjutant General Horatio Gates, Major General Charles Lee, Major General Philip Schuyler, Major General Nathanael Greene, Colonel Henry Knox, and Colonel Alexander Hamilton. Washington was impressed by Colonel Benedict Arnold and gave him responsibility for launching an invasion of Canada.", "Washington was impressed by Colonel Benedict Arnold and gave him responsibility for launching an invasion of Canada. He also engaged French and Indian War compatriot Brigadier General Daniel Morgan. Henry Knox impressed Adams with ordnance knowledge, and Washington promoted him to colonel and chief of artillery.", "Henry Knox impressed Adams with ordnance knowledge, and Washington promoted him to colonel and chief of artillery. At the start of the war, Washington opposed the recruiting of blacks, both free and enslaved, into the Continental Army. After his appointment, Washington banned their enlistment.", "After his appointment, Washington banned their enlistment. The British saw an opportunity to divide the colonies, and the colonial governor of Virginia issued a proclamation, which promised freedom to slaves if they joined the British. Desperate for manpower by late 1777, Washington relented and overturned his ban.", "Desperate for manpower by late 1777, Washington relented and overturned his ban. By the end of the war, around one-tenth of Washington's army were blacks. Following the British surrender, Washington sought to enforce terms of the preliminary Treaty of Paris (1783) by reclaiming slaves freed by the British and returning them to servitude.", "Following the British surrender, Washington sought to enforce terms of the preliminary Treaty of Paris (1783) by reclaiming slaves freed by the British and returning them to servitude. He arranged to make this request to Sir Guy Carleton on May 6, 1783.", "He arranged to make this request to Sir Guy Carleton on May 6, 1783. Instead, Carleton issued 3,000 freedom certificates and all former slaves in New York City were able to leave before the city was evacuated by the British in late November 1783.", "Instead, Carleton issued 3,000 freedom certificates and all former slaves in New York City were able to leave before the city was evacuated by the British in late November 1783. After the war Washington became the target of accusations made by General Lee involving his alleged questionable conduct as Commander in Chief during the war that were published by patriot-printer William Goddard.", "After the war Washington became the target of accusations made by General Lee involving his alleged questionable conduct as Commander in Chief during the war that were published by patriot-printer William Goddard. Goddard in a letter of May 30, 1785, had informed Washington of Lee's request to publish his account and assured him that he \"...took the liberty to suppress such expressions as appeared to be the ebullitions of a disappointed & irritated mind ...\".", "Goddard in a letter of May 30, 1785, had informed Washington of Lee's request to publish his account and assured him that he \"...took the liberty to suppress such expressions as appeared to be the ebullitions of a disappointed & irritated mind ...\". Washington replied, telling Goddard to print what he saw fit, and to let \"... the impartial & dispassionate world,\" draw their own conclusions.", "Washington replied, telling Goddard to print what he saw fit, and to let \"... the impartial & dispassionate world,\" draw their own conclusions. Siege of Boston Early in 1775, in response to the growing rebellious movement, London sent British troops, commanded by General Thomas Gage, to occupy Boston.", "Siege of Boston Early in 1775, in response to the growing rebellious movement, London sent British troops, commanded by General Thomas Gage, to occupy Boston. They set up fortifications about the city, making it impervious to attack. Various local militias surrounded the city and effectively trapped the British, resulting in a standoff.", "Various local militias surrounded the city and effectively trapped the British, resulting in a standoff. As Washington headed for Boston, word of his march preceded him, and he was greeted everywhere; gradually, he became a symbol of the Patriot cause.", "As Washington headed for Boston, word of his march preceded him, and he was greeted everywhere; gradually, he became a symbol of the Patriot cause. Upon arrival on July 2, 1775, two weeks after the Patriot defeat at nearby Bunker Hill, he set up his Cambridge, Massachusetts headquarters and inspected the new army there, only to find an undisciplined and badly outfitted militia.", "Upon arrival on July 2, 1775, two weeks after the Patriot defeat at nearby Bunker Hill, he set up his Cambridge, Massachusetts headquarters and inspected the new army there, only to find an undisciplined and badly outfitted militia. After consultation, he initiated Benjamin Franklin's suggested reforms—drilling the soldiers and imposing strict discipline, floggings, and incarceration.", "After consultation, he initiated Benjamin Franklin's suggested reforms—drilling the soldiers and imposing strict discipline, floggings, and incarceration. Washington ordered his officers to identify the skills of recruits to ensure military effectiveness, while removing incompetent officers. He petitioned Gage, his former superior, to release captured Patriot officers from prison and treat them humanely.", "He petitioned Gage, his former superior, to release captured Patriot officers from prison and treat them humanely. In October 1775, King George III declared that the colonies were in open rebellion and relieved General Gage of command for incompetence, replacing him with General William Howe.", "In October 1775, King George III declared that the colonies were in open rebellion and relieved General Gage of command for incompetence, replacing him with General William Howe. The Continental Army, further diminished by expiring short-term enlistments, and by January 1776 reduced by half to 9,600 men, had to be supplemented with the militia, and was joined by Knox with heavy artillery captured from Fort Ticonderoga.", "The Continental Army, further diminished by expiring short-term enlistments, and by January 1776 reduced by half to 9,600 men, had to be supplemented with the militia, and was joined by Knox with heavy artillery captured from Fort Ticonderoga. When the Charles River froze over, Washington was eager to cross and storm Boston, but General Gates and others were opposed to untrained militia striking well-garrisoned fortifications.", "When the Charles River froze over, Washington was eager to cross and storm Boston, but General Gates and others were opposed to untrained militia striking well-garrisoned fortifications. Washington reluctantly agreed to secure the Dorchester Heights, 100 feet above Boston, in an attempt to force the British out of the city.", "Washington reluctantly agreed to secure the Dorchester Heights, 100 feet above Boston, in an attempt to force the British out of the city. On March 9, under cover of darkness, Washington's troops brought up Knox's big guns and bombarded British ships in Boston harbor.", "On March 9, under cover of darkness, Washington's troops brought up Knox's big guns and bombarded British ships in Boston harbor. On March 17, 9,000 British troops and Loyalists began a chaotic ten-day evacuation of Boston aboard 120 ships.", "On March 17, 9,000 British troops and Loyalists began a chaotic ten-day evacuation of Boston aboard 120 ships. Soon after, Washington entered the city with 500 men, with explicit orders not to plunder the city. He ordered vaccinations against smallpox to great effect, as he did later in Morristown, New Jersey.", "He ordered vaccinations against smallpox to great effect, as he did later in Morristown, New Jersey. He refrained from exerting military authority in Boston, leaving civilian matters in the hands of local authorities.", "He refrained from exerting military authority in Boston, leaving civilian matters in the hands of local authorities. Invasion of Quebec (1775) The Invasion of Quebec (June 1775 – October 1776, French: Invasion du Québec) was the first major military initiative by the newly formed Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War.", "Invasion of Quebec (1775) The Invasion of Quebec (June 1775 – October 1776, French: Invasion du Québec) was the first major military initiative by the newly formed Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. On June 27, 1775, Congress authorized General Philip Schuyler to investigate, and, if it seemed appropriate, begin an invasion.", "On June 27, 1775, Congress authorized General Philip Schuyler to investigate, and, if it seemed appropriate, begin an invasion. Benedict Arnold, passed over for its command, went to Boston and convinced General George Washington to send a supporting force to Quebec City under his command.", "Benedict Arnold, passed over for its command, went to Boston and convinced General George Washington to send a supporting force to Quebec City under his command. The objective of the campaign was to seize the Province of Quebec (part of modern-day Canada) from Great Britain, and persuade French-speaking Canadiens to join the revolution on the side of the Thirteen Colonies.", "The objective of the campaign was to seize the Province of Quebec (part of modern-day Canada) from Great Britain, and persuade French-speaking Canadiens to join the revolution on the side of the Thirteen Colonies. One expedition left Fort Ticonderoga under Richard Montgomery, besieged and captured Fort St. Johns, and very nearly captured British General Guy Carleton when taking Montreal.", "One expedition left Fort Ticonderoga under Richard Montgomery, besieged and captured Fort St. Johns, and very nearly captured British General Guy Carleton when taking Montreal. The other expedition, under Benedict Arnold, left Cambridge, Massachusetts and traveled with great difficulty through the wilderness of Maine to Quebec City.", "The other expedition, under Benedict Arnold, left Cambridge, Massachusetts and traveled with great difficulty through the wilderness of Maine to Quebec City. The two forces joined there, but they were defeated at the Battle of Quebec in December 1775.", "The two forces joined there, but they were defeated at the Battle of Quebec in December 1775. Battle of Long Island Washington then proceeded to New York City, arriving on April 13, 1776, and began constructing fortifications to thwart the expected British attack.", "Battle of Long Island Washington then proceeded to New York City, arriving on April 13, 1776, and began constructing fortifications to thwart the expected British attack. He ordered his occupying forces to treat civilians and their property with respect, to avoid the abuses which Bostonian citizens suffered at the hands of British troops during their occupation.", "He ordered his occupying forces to treat civilians and their property with respect, to avoid the abuses which Bostonian citizens suffered at the hands of British troops during their occupation. A plot to assassinate or capture him was discovered and thwarted, resulting in the arrest of 98 people involved or complicit (56 of which were from Long Island (Kings (Brooklyn) and Queens counties), including the Loyalist Mayor of New York David Mathews.", "A plot to assassinate or capture him was discovered and thwarted, resulting in the arrest of 98 people involved or complicit (56 of which were from Long Island (Kings (Brooklyn) and Queens counties), including the Loyalist Mayor of New York David Mathews. Washington's bodyguard, Thomas Hickey, was hanged for mutiny and sedition.", "Washington's bodyguard, Thomas Hickey, was hanged for mutiny and sedition. General Howe transported his resupplied army, with the British fleet, from Halifax to New York, knowing the city was key to securing the continent.", "General Howe transported his resupplied army, with the British fleet, from Halifax to New York, knowing the city was key to securing the continent. George Germain, who ran the British war effort in England, believed it could be won with one \"decisive blow\".", "George Germain, who ran the British war effort in England, believed it could be won with one \"decisive blow\". The British forces, including more than a hundred ships and thousands of troops, began arriving on Staten Island on July2 to lay siege to the city.", "The British forces, including more than a hundred ships and thousands of troops, began arriving on Staten Island on July2 to lay siege to the city. After the Declaration of Independence was adopted on July 4, Washington informed his troops in his general orders of July9 that Congress had declared the united colonies to be \"free and independent states\".", "After the Declaration of Independence was adopted on July 4, Washington informed his troops in his general orders of July9 that Congress had declared the united colonies to be \"free and independent states\". Howe's troop strength totaled 32,000 regulars and Hessians auxiliaries, and Washington's consisted of 23,000, mostly raw recruits and militia.", "Howe's troop strength totaled 32,000 regulars and Hessians auxiliaries, and Washington's consisted of 23,000, mostly raw recruits and militia. In August, Howe landed 20,000 troops at Gravesend, Brooklyn, and approached Washington's fortifications, as George III proclaimed the rebellious American colonists to be traitors.", "In August, Howe landed 20,000 troops at Gravesend, Brooklyn, and approached Washington's fortifications, as George III proclaimed the rebellious American colonists to be traitors. Washington, opposing his generals, chose to fight, based upon inaccurate information that Howe's army had only 8,000-plus troops.", "Washington, opposing his generals, chose to fight, based upon inaccurate information that Howe's army had only 8,000-plus troops. In the Battle of Long Island, Howe assaulted Washington's flank and inflicted 1,500 Patriot casualties, the British suffering 400. Washington retreated, instructing General William Heath to acquisition river craft in the area.", "Washington retreated, instructing General William Heath to acquisition river craft in the area. On August 30, General William Alexander held off the British and gave cover while the army crossed the East River under darkness to Manhattan Island without loss of life or materiel, although Alexander was captured.", "On August 30, General William Alexander held off the British and gave cover while the army crossed the East River under darkness to Manhattan Island without loss of life or materiel, although Alexander was captured. Howe, emboldened by his Long Island victory, dispatched Washington as \"George Washington, Esq.\" in futility to negotiate peace.", "in futility to negotiate peace. in futility to negotiate peace. Washington declined, demanding to be addressed with diplomatic protocol, as general and fellow belligerent, not as a \"rebel\", lest his men are hanged as such if captured. The Royal Navy bombarded the unstable earthworks on lower Manhattan Island.", "The Royal Navy bombarded the unstable earthworks on lower Manhattan Island. Washington, with misgivings, heeded the advice of Generals Greene and Putnam to defend Fort Washington. They were unable to hold it, and Washington abandoned it despite General Lee's objections, as his army retired north to the White Plains.", "They were unable to hold it, and Washington abandoned it despite General Lee's objections, as his army retired north to the White Plains. Howe's pursuit forced Washington to retreat across the Hudson River to Fort Lee to avoid encirclement.", "Howe's pursuit forced Washington to retreat across the Hudson River to Fort Lee to avoid encirclement. Howe landed his troops on Manhattan in November and captured Fort Washington, inflicting high casualties on the Americans. Washington was responsible for delaying the retreat, though he blamed Congress and General Greene.", "Washington was responsible for delaying the retreat, though he blamed Congress and General Greene. Loyalists in New York considered Howe a liberator and spread a rumor that Washington had set fire to the city. Patriot morale reached its lowest when Lee was captured.", "Patriot morale reached its lowest when Lee was captured. Now reduced to 5,400 troops, Washington's army retreated through New Jersey, and Howe broke off pursuit, delaying his advance on Philadelphia, and set up winter quarters in New York.", "Now reduced to 5,400 troops, Washington's army retreated through New Jersey, and Howe broke off pursuit, delaying his advance on Philadelphia, and set up winter quarters in New York. Crossing the Delaware, Trenton, and Princeton Washington crossed the Delaware River into Pennsylvania, where Lee's replacement John Sullivan joined him with 2,000 more troops.", "Crossing the Delaware, Trenton, and Princeton Washington crossed the Delaware River into Pennsylvania, where Lee's replacement John Sullivan joined him with 2,000 more troops. The future of the Continental Army was in doubt for lack of supplies, a harsh winter, expiring enlistments, and desertions.", "The future of the Continental Army was in doubt for lack of supplies, a harsh winter, expiring enlistments, and desertions. Washington was disappointed that many New Jersey residents were Loyalists or skeptical about the prospect of independence.", "Washington was disappointed that many New Jersey residents were Loyalists or skeptical about the prospect of independence. Howe split up his British Army and posted a Hessian garrison at Trenton to hold western New Jersey and the east shore of the Delaware, but the army appeared complacent, and Washington and his generals devised a surprise attack on the Hessians at Trenton, which he codenamed \"Victory or Death\".", "Howe split up his British Army and posted a Hessian garrison at Trenton to hold western New Jersey and the east shore of the Delaware, but the army appeared complacent, and Washington and his generals devised a surprise attack on the Hessians at Trenton, which he codenamed \"Victory or Death\". The army was to cross the Delaware River to Trenton in three divisions: one led by Washington (2,400 troops), another by General James Ewing (700), and the third by Colonel John Cadwalader (1,500).", "The army was to cross the Delaware River to Trenton in three divisions: one led by Washington (2,400 troops), another by General James Ewing (700), and the third by Colonel John Cadwalader (1,500). The force was to then split, with Washington taking the Pennington Road and General Sullivan traveling south on the river's edge.", "The force was to then split, with Washington taking the Pennington Road and General Sullivan traveling south on the river's edge. Washington first ordered a 60-mile search for Durham boats to transport his army, and he ordered the destruction of vessels that could be used by the British.", "Washington first ordered a 60-mile search for Durham boats to transport his army, and he ordered the destruction of vessels that could be used by the British. Washington crossed the Delaware River on Christmas night, December 25, 1776, while he personally risked capture staking out the Jersey shoreline.", "Washington crossed the Delaware River on Christmas night, December 25, 1776, while he personally risked capture staking out the Jersey shoreline. His men followed across the ice-obstructed river in sleet and snow from McConkey's Ferry, with 40 men per vessel.", "His men followed across the ice-obstructed river in sleet and snow from McConkey's Ferry, with 40 men per vessel. The wind churned up the waters, and they were pelted with hail, but by 3:00a.m. on December 26, they made it across with no losses.", "on December 26, they made it across with no losses. Henry Knox was delayed, managing frightened horses and about 18 field guns on flat-bottomed ferries. Cadwalader and Ewing failed to cross due to the ice and heavy currents, and awaiting Washington doubted his planned attack on Trenton.", "Cadwalader and Ewing failed to cross due to the ice and heavy currents, and awaiting Washington doubted his planned attack on Trenton. Once Knox arrived, Washington proceeded to Trenton to take only his troops against the Hessians, rather than risk being spotted returning his army to Pennsylvania.", "Once Knox arrived, Washington proceeded to Trenton to take only his troops against the Hessians, rather than risk being spotted returning his army to Pennsylvania. The troops spotted Hessian positions a mile from Trenton, so Washington split his force into two columns, rallying his men: \"Soldiers keep by your officers.", "The troops spotted Hessian positions a mile from Trenton, so Washington split his force into two columns, rallying his men: \"Soldiers keep by your officers. For God's sake, keep by your officers.\" The two columns were separated at the Birmingham crossroads.", "The two columns were separated at the Birmingham crossroads. General Nathanael Greene's column took the upper Ferry Road, led by Washington, and General John Sullivan's column advanced on River Road. (See map.) The Americans marched in sleet and snowfall. Many were shoeless with bloodied feet, and two died of exposure.", "Many were shoeless with bloodied feet, and two died of exposure. At sunrise, Washington led them in a surprise attack on the Hessians, aided by Major General Knox and artillery. The Hessians had 22 killed (including Colonel Johann Rall), 83 wounded, and 850 captured with supplies.", "The Hessians had 22 killed (including Colonel Johann Rall), 83 wounded, and 850 captured with supplies. Washington retreated across Delaware River to Pennsylvania and returned to New Jersey on January 3, 1777, launching an attack on British regulars at Princeton, with 40 Americans killed or wounded and 273 British killed or captured.", "Washington retreated across Delaware River to Pennsylvania and returned to New Jersey on January 3, 1777, launching an attack on British regulars at Princeton, with 40 Americans killed or wounded and 273 British killed or captured. American Generals Hugh Mercer and John Cadwalader were being driven back by the British when Mercer was mortally wounded, then Washington arrived and led the men in a counterattack which advanced to within of the British line.", "American Generals Hugh Mercer and John Cadwalader were being driven back by the British when Mercer was mortally wounded, then Washington arrived and led the men in a counterattack which advanced to within of the British line. Some British troops retreated after a brief stand, while others took refuge in Nassau Hall, which became the target of Colonel Alexander Hamilton's cannons.", "Some British troops retreated after a brief stand, while others took refuge in Nassau Hall, which became the target of Colonel Alexander Hamilton's cannons. Washington's troops charged, the British surrendered in less than an hour, and 194 soldiers laid down their arms.", "Washington's troops charged, the British surrendered in less than an hour, and 194 soldiers laid down their arms. Howe retreated to New York City where his army remained inactive until early the next year.", "Howe retreated to New York City where his army remained inactive until early the next year. Washington's depleted Continental Army took up winter headquarters in Morristown, New Jersey while disrupting British supply lines and expelling them from parts of New Jersey. Washington later said the British could have successfully counterattacked his encampment before his troops were dug in.", "Washington later said the British could have successfully counterattacked his encampment before his troops were dug in. The victories at Trenton and Princeton by Washington revived Patriot morale and changed the course of the war. The British still controlled New York, and many Patriot soldiers did not re-enlist or deserted after the harsh winter campaign.", "The British still controlled New York, and many Patriot soldiers did not re-enlist or deserted after the harsh winter campaign. Congress instituted greater rewards for re-enlisting and punishments for desertion to effect greater troop numbers. Strategically, Washington's victories were pivotal for the Revolution and quashed the British strategy of showing overwhelming force followed by offering generous terms.", "Strategically, Washington's victories were pivotal for the Revolution and quashed the British strategy of showing overwhelming force followed by offering generous terms. In February 1777, word reached London of the American victories at Trenton and Princeton, and the British realized the Patriots were in a position to demand unconditional independence.", "In February 1777, word reached London of the American victories at Trenton and Princeton, and the British realized the Patriots were in a position to demand unconditional independence. Brandywine, Germantown, and Saratoga In July 1777, British General John Burgoyne led the Saratoga campaign south from Quebec through Lake Champlain and recaptured Fort Ticonderoga intending to divide New England, including control of the Hudson River.", "Brandywine, Germantown, and Saratoga In July 1777, British General John Burgoyne led the Saratoga campaign south from Quebec through Lake Champlain and recaptured Fort Ticonderoga intending to divide New England, including control of the Hudson River. However, General Howe in British-occupied New York blundered, taking his army south to Philadelphia rather than up the Hudson River to join Burgoyne near Albany.", "However, General Howe in British-occupied New York blundered, taking his army south to Philadelphia rather than up the Hudson River to join Burgoyne near Albany. Meanwhile, Washington and Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette rushed to Philadelphia to engage Howe and were shocked to learn of Burgoyne's progress in upstate New York, where the Patriots were led by General Philip Schuyler and successor Horatio Gates.", "Meanwhile, Washington and Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette rushed to Philadelphia to engage Howe and were shocked to learn of Burgoyne's progress in upstate New York, where the Patriots were led by General Philip Schuyler and successor Horatio Gates. Washington's army of less experienced men were defeated in the pitched battles at Philadelphia.", "Washington's army of less experienced men were defeated in the pitched battles at Philadelphia. Howe outmaneuvered Washington at the Battle of Brandywine on September 11, 1777, and marched unopposed into the nation's capital at Philadelphia. A Patriot attack failed against the British at Germantown in October.", "A Patriot attack failed against the British at Germantown in October. Major General Thomas Conway prompted some members of Congress (referred to as the Conway Cabal) to consider removing Washington from command because of the losses incurred at Philadelphia. Washington's supporters resisted, and the matter was finally dropped after much deliberation.", "Washington's supporters resisted, and the matter was finally dropped after much deliberation. Once the plot was exposed, Conway wrote an apology to Washington, resigned, and returned to France.", "Once the plot was exposed, Conway wrote an apology to Washington, resigned, and returned to France. Washington was concerned with Howe's movements during the Saratoga campaign to the north, and he was also aware that Burgoyne was moving south toward Saratoga from Quebec.", "Washington was concerned with Howe's movements during the Saratoga campaign to the north, and he was also aware that Burgoyne was moving south toward Saratoga from Quebec. Washington took some risks to support Gates' army, sending reinforcements north with Generals Benedict Arnold, his most aggressive field commander, and Benjamin Lincoln.", "Washington took some risks to support Gates' army, sending reinforcements north with Generals Benedict Arnold, his most aggressive field commander, and Benjamin Lincoln. On October 7, 1777, Burgoyne tried to take Bemis Heights but was isolated from support by Howe. He was forced to retreat to Saratoga and ultimately surrendered after the Battles of Saratoga.", "He was forced to retreat to Saratoga and ultimately surrendered after the Battles of Saratoga. As Washington suspected, Gates' victory emboldened his critics. Biographer John Alden maintains, \"It was inevitable that the defeats of Washington's forces and the concurrent victory of the forces in upper New York should be compared.\"", "Biographer John Alden maintains, \"It was inevitable that the defeats of Washington's forces and the concurrent victory of the forces in upper New York should be compared.\" The admiration for Washington was waning, including little credit from John Adams.", "The admiration for Washington was waning, including little credit from John Adams. British commander Howe resigned in May 1778, left America forever, and was replaced by Sir Henry Clinton. Valley Forge and Monmouth Washington's army of 11,000 went into winter quarters at Valley Forge north of Philadelphia in December 1777.", "Valley Forge and Monmouth Washington's army of 11,000 went into winter quarters at Valley Forge north of Philadelphia in December 1777. They suffered between 2,000 and 3,000 deaths in the extreme cold over six months, mostly from disease and lack of food, clothing, and shelter.", "They suffered between 2,000 and 3,000 deaths in the extreme cold over six months, mostly from disease and lack of food, clothing, and shelter. Meanwhile, the British were comfortably quartered in Philadelphia, paying for supplies in pounds sterling, while Washington struggled with a devalued American paper currency.", "Meanwhile, the British were comfortably quartered in Philadelphia, paying for supplies in pounds sterling, while Washington struggled with a devalued American paper currency. The woodlands were soon exhausted of game, and by February, lowered morale and increased desertions ensued. Washington made repeated petitions to the Continental Congress for provisions.", "Washington made repeated petitions to the Continental Congress for provisions. He received a congressional delegation to check the Army's conditions and expressed the urgency of the situation, proclaiming: \"Something must be done. Important alterations must be made.\"", "Important alterations must be made.\" He recommended that Congress expedite supplies, and Congress agreed to strengthen and fund the army's supply lines by reorganizing the commissary department. By late February, supplies began arriving.", "By late February, supplies began arriving. Baron Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben's incessant drilling soon transformed Washington's recruits into a disciplined fighting force, and the revitalized army emerged from Valley Forge early the following year. Washington promoted Von Steuben to Major General and made him chief of staff.", "Washington promoted Von Steuben to Major General and made him chief of staff. In early 1778, the French responded to Burgoyne's defeat and entered into a Treaty of Alliance with the Americans. The Continental Congress ratified the treaty in May, which amounted to a French declaration of war against Britain.", "The Continental Congress ratified the treaty in May, which amounted to a French declaration of war against Britain. The British evacuated Philadelphia for New York that June and Washington summoned a war council of American and French Generals.", "The British evacuated Philadelphia for New York that June and Washington summoned a war council of American and French Generals. He chose a partial attack on the retreating British at the Battle of Monmouth; the British were commanded by Howe's successor General Henry Clinton.", "He chose a partial attack on the retreating British at the Battle of Monmouth; the British were commanded by Howe's successor General Henry Clinton. Generals Charles Lee and Lafayette moved with 4,000 men, without Washington's knowledge, and bungled their first attack on June 28. Washington relieved Lee and achieved a draw after an expansive battle.", "Washington relieved Lee and achieved a draw after an expansive battle. At nightfall, the British continued their retreat to New York, and Washington moved his army outside the city. Monmouth was Washington's last battle in the North; he valued the safety of his army more than towns with little value to the British.", "Monmouth was Washington's last battle in the North; he valued the safety of his army more than towns with little value to the British. West Point espionage Washington became \"America's first spymaster\" by designing an espionage system against the British.", "West Point espionage Washington became \"America's first spymaster\" by designing an espionage system against the British. In 1778, Major Benjamin Tallmadge formed the Culper Ring at Washington's direction to covertly collect information about the British in New York. Washington had disregarded incidents of disloyalty by Benedict Arnold, who had distinguished himself in many battles.", "Washington had disregarded incidents of disloyalty by Benedict Arnold, who had distinguished himself in many battles. During mid-1780, Arnold began supplying British spymaster John André with sensitive information intended to compromise Washington and capture West Point, a key American defensive position on the Hudson River.", "During mid-1780, Arnold began supplying British spymaster John André with sensitive information intended to compromise Washington and capture West Point, a key American defensive position on the Hudson River. Historians have noted as possible reasons for Arnold's treachery his anger at losing promotions to junior officers, or repeated slights from Congress.", "Historians have noted as possible reasons for Arnold's treachery his anger at losing promotions to junior officers, or repeated slights from Congress. He was also deeply in debt, profiteering from the war, and disappointed by Washington's lack of support during his eventual court-martial.", "He was also deeply in debt, profiteering from the war, and disappointed by Washington's lack of support during his eventual court-martial. Arnold repeatedly asked for command of West Point, and Washington finally agreed in August. Arnold met André on September 21, giving him plans to take over the garrison.", "Arnold met André on September 21, giving him plans to take over the garrison. Militia forces captured André and discovered the plans, but Arnold escaped to New York. Washington recalled the commanders positioned under Arnold at key points around the fort to prevent any complicity, but he did not suspect Arnold's wife Peggy.", "Washington recalled the commanders positioned under Arnold at key points around the fort to prevent any complicity, but he did not suspect Arnold's wife Peggy. Washington assumed personal command at West Point and reorganized its defenses.", "Washington assumed personal command at West Point and reorganized its defenses. André's trial for espionage ended in a death sentence, and Washington offered to return him to the British in exchange for Arnold, but Clinton refused.", "André's trial for espionage ended in a death sentence, and Washington offered to return him to the British in exchange for Arnold, but Clinton refused. André was hanged on October 2, 1780, despite his last request being to face a firing squad, to deter other spies.", "André was hanged on October 2, 1780, despite his last request being to face a firing squad, to deter other spies. Southern theater and Yorktown In late 1778, General Clinton shipped 3,000 troops from New York to Georgia and launched a Southern invasion against Savannah, reinforced by 2,000 British and Loyalist troops.", "Southern theater and Yorktown In late 1778, General Clinton shipped 3,000 troops from New York to Georgia and launched a Southern invasion against Savannah, reinforced by 2,000 British and Loyalist troops. They repelled an attack by Patriots and French naval forces, which bolstered the British war effort.", "They repelled an attack by Patriots and French naval forces, which bolstered the British war effort. In mid-1779, Washington attacked Iroquois warriors of the Six Nations to force Britain's Indian allies out of New York, from which they had assaulted New England towns.", "In mid-1779, Washington attacked Iroquois warriors of the Six Nations to force Britain's Indian allies out of New York, from which they had assaulted New England towns. In response, Indian warriors joined with Loyalist rangers led by Walter Butler and killed more than 200 frontiersmen in June, laying waste to the Wyoming Valley in Pennsylvania.", "In response, Indian warriors joined with Loyalist rangers led by Walter Butler and killed more than 200 frontiersmen in June, laying waste to the Wyoming Valley in Pennsylvania. Washington retaliated by ordering General John Sullivan to lead an expedition to effect \"the total destruction and devastation\" of Iroquois villages and take their women and children hostage.", "Washington retaliated by ordering General John Sullivan to lead an expedition to effect \"the total destruction and devastation\" of Iroquois villages and take their women and children hostage. Those who managed to escape fled to Canada.", "Those who managed to escape fled to Canada. Washington's troops went into quarters at Morristown, New Jersey during the winter of 1779–1780 and suffered their worst winter of the war, with temperatures well below freezing. New York Harbor was frozen over, snow and ice covered the ground for weeks, and the troops again lacked provisions.", "New York Harbor was frozen over, snow and ice covered the ground for weeks, and the troops again lacked provisions. Clinton assembled 12,500 troops and attacked Charlestown, South Carolina in January 1780, defeating General Benjamin Lincoln who had only 5,100 Continental troops.", "Clinton assembled 12,500 troops and attacked Charlestown, South Carolina in January 1780, defeating General Benjamin Lincoln who had only 5,100 Continental troops. The British went on to occupy the South Carolina Piedmont in June, with no Patriot resistance. Clinton returned to New York and left 8,000 troops commanded by General Charles Cornwallis.", "Clinton returned to New York and left 8,000 troops commanded by General Charles Cornwallis. Congress replaced Lincoln with Horatio Gates; he failed in South Carolina and was replaced by Washington's choice of Nathaniel Greene, but the British already had the South in their grasp.", "Congress replaced Lincoln with Horatio Gates; he failed in South Carolina and was replaced by Washington's choice of Nathaniel Greene, but the British already had the South in their grasp. Washington was reinvigorated, however, when Lafayette returned from France with more ships, men, and supplies, and 5,000 veteran French troops led by Marshal Rochambeau arrived at Newport, Rhode Island in July 1780.", "Washington was reinvigorated, however, when Lafayette returned from France with more ships, men, and supplies, and 5,000 veteran French troops led by Marshal Rochambeau arrived at Newport, Rhode Island in July 1780. French naval forces then landed, led by Admiral Grasse, and Washington encouraged Rochambeau to move his fleet south to launch a joint land and naval attack on Arnold's troops.", "French naval forces then landed, led by Admiral Grasse, and Washington encouraged Rochambeau to move his fleet south to launch a joint land and naval attack on Arnold's troops. Washington's army went into winter quarters at New Windsor, New York in December 1780, and Washington urged Congress and state officials to expedite provisions in hopes that the army would not \"continue to struggle under the same difficulties they have hitherto endured\".", "Washington's army went into winter quarters at New Windsor, New York in December 1780, and Washington urged Congress and state officials to expedite provisions in hopes that the army would not \"continue to struggle under the same difficulties they have hitherto endured\". On March 1, 1781, Congress ratified the Articles of Confederation, but the government that took effect on March2 did not have the power to levy taxes, and it loosely held the states together.", "On March 1, 1781, Congress ratified the Articles of Confederation, but the government that took effect on March2 did not have the power to levy taxes, and it loosely held the states together. General Clinton sent Benedict Arnold, now a British Brigadier General with 1,700 troops, to Virginia to capture Portsmouth and conduct raids on Patriot forces from there; Washington responded by sending Lafayette south to counter Arnold's efforts.", "General Clinton sent Benedict Arnold, now a British Brigadier General with 1,700 troops, to Virginia to capture Portsmouth and conduct raids on Patriot forces from there; Washington responded by sending Lafayette south to counter Arnold's efforts. Washington initially hoped to bring the fight to New York, drawing off British forces from Virginia and ending the war there, but Rochambeau advised Grasse that Cornwallis in Virginia was the better target.", "Washington initially hoped to bring the fight to New York, drawing off British forces from Virginia and ending the war there, but Rochambeau advised Grasse that Cornwallis in Virginia was the better target. Grasse's fleet arrived off the Virginia coast, and Washington saw the advantage.", "Grasse's fleet arrived off the Virginia coast, and Washington saw the advantage. He made a feint towards Clinton in New York, then headed south to Virginia.", "He made a feint towards Clinton in New York, then headed south to Virginia. The Siege of Yorktown was a decisive Allied victory by the combined forces of the Continental Army commanded by General Washington, the French Army commanded by the General Comte de Rochambeau, and the French Navy commanded by Admiral de Grasse, in the defeat of Cornwallis' British forces.", "The Siege of Yorktown was a decisive Allied victory by the combined forces of the Continental Army commanded by General Washington, the French Army commanded by the General Comte de Rochambeau, and the French Navy commanded by Admiral de Grasse, in the defeat of Cornwallis' British forces. On August 19, the march to Yorktown led by Washington and Rochambeau began, which is known now as the \"celebrated march\".", "On August 19, the march to Yorktown led by Washington and Rochambeau began, which is known now as the \"celebrated march\". Washington was in command of an army of 7,800 Frenchmen, 3,100 militia, and 8,000 Continentals.", "Washington was in command of an army of 7,800 Frenchmen, 3,100 militia, and 8,000 Continentals. Not well experienced in siege warfare, Washington often referred to the judgment of General Rochambeau and used his advice about how to proceed; however, Rochambeau never challenged Washington's authority as the battle's commanding officer.", "Not well experienced in siege warfare, Washington often referred to the judgment of General Rochambeau and used his advice about how to proceed; however, Rochambeau never challenged Washington's authority as the battle's commanding officer. By late September, Patriot-French forces surrounded Yorktown, trapped the British army, and prevented British reinforcements from Clinton in the North, while the French navy emerged victorious at the Battle of the Chesapeake.", "By late September, Patriot-French forces surrounded Yorktown, trapped the British army, and prevented British reinforcements from Clinton in the North, while the French navy emerged victorious at the Battle of the Chesapeake. The final American offensive was begun with a shot fired by Washington.", "The final American offensive was begun with a shot fired by Washington. The siege ended with a British surrender on October 19, 1781; over 7,000 British soldiers were made prisoners of war, in the last major land battle of the American Revolutionary War.", "The siege ended with a British surrender on October 19, 1781; over 7,000 British soldiers were made prisoners of war, in the last major land battle of the American Revolutionary War. Washington negotiated the terms of surrender for two days, and the official signing ceremony took place on October 19; Cornwallis claimed illness and was absent, sending General Charles O'Hara as his proxy.", "Washington negotiated the terms of surrender for two days, and the official signing ceremony took place on October 19; Cornwallis claimed illness and was absent, sending General Charles O'Hara as his proxy. As a gesture of goodwill, Washington held a dinner for the American, French, and British generals, all of whom fraternized on friendly terms and identified with one another as members of the same professional military caste.", "As a gesture of goodwill, Washington held a dinner for the American, French, and British generals, all of whom fraternized on friendly terms and identified with one another as members of the same professional military caste. After the surrender at Yorktown, a situation developed that threatened relations between the newly independent America and Britain.", "After the surrender at Yorktown, a situation developed that threatened relations between the newly independent America and Britain. Following a series of retributive executions between Patriots and Loyalists, Washington, on May 18, 1782, wrote in a letter to General Moses Hazen that a British captain would be executed in retaliation for the execution of Joshua Huddy, a popular Patriot leader, who was hanged at the direction of the Loyalist Richard Lippincott.", "Following a series of retributive executions between Patriots and Loyalists, Washington, on May 18, 1782, wrote in a letter to General Moses Hazen that a British captain would be executed in retaliation for the execution of Joshua Huddy, a popular Patriot leader, who was hanged at the direction of the Loyalist Richard Lippincott. Washington wanted Lippincott himself to be executed but was rebuffed.", "Washington wanted Lippincott himself to be executed but was rebuffed. Subsequently, Charles Asgill was chosen instead, by a drawing of lots from a hat. This was a violation of the 14th article of the Yorktown Articles of Capitulation, which protected prisoners of war from acts of retaliation.", "This was a violation of the 14th article of the Yorktown Articles of Capitulation, which protected prisoners of war from acts of retaliation. Later, Washington's feelings on matters changed and in a letter of November 13, 1782, to Asgill, he acknowledged Asgill's letter and situation, expressing his desire not to see any harm come to him.", "Later, Washington's feelings on matters changed and in a letter of November 13, 1782, to Asgill, he acknowledged Asgill's letter and situation, expressing his desire not to see any harm come to him. After much consideration between the Continental Congress, Alexander Hamilton, Washington, and appeals from the French Crown, Asgill was finally released, where Washington issued Asgill a pass that allowed his passage to New York.", "After much consideration between the Continental Congress, Alexander Hamilton, Washington, and appeals from the French Crown, Asgill was finally released, where Washington issued Asgill a pass that allowed his passage to New York. Demobilization and resignation When peace negotiations began in April 1782, both the British and French began gradually evacuating their forces.", "Demobilization and resignation When peace negotiations began in April 1782, both the British and French began gradually evacuating their forces. The American treasury was empty, unpaid, and mutinous soldiers forced the adjournment of Congress, and Washington dispelled unrest by suppressing the Newburgh Conspiracy in March 1783; Congress promised officers a five-year bonus.", "The American treasury was empty, unpaid, and mutinous soldiers forced the adjournment of Congress, and Washington dispelled unrest by suppressing the Newburgh Conspiracy in March 1783; Congress promised officers a five-year bonus. Washington submitted an account of $450,000 in expenses which he had advanced to the army.", "Washington submitted an account of $450,000 in expenses which he had advanced to the army. The account was settled, though it was allegedly vague about large sums and included expenses his wife had incurred through visits to his headquarters. The following month, a Congressional committee led by Alexander Hamilton began adapting the army for peacetime.", "The following month, a Congressional committee led by Alexander Hamilton began adapting the army for peacetime. In August 1783, Washington gave the Army's perspective to the committee in his Sentiments on a Peace Establishment.", "In August 1783, Washington gave the Army's perspective to the committee in his Sentiments on a Peace Establishment. He advised Congress to keep a standing army, create a \"national militia\" of separate state units, and establish a navy and a national military academy.", "He advised Congress to keep a standing army, create a \"national militia\" of separate state units, and establish a navy and a national military academy. The Treaty of Paris was signed on September 3, 1783, and Great Britain officially recognized the independence of the United States.", "The Treaty of Paris was signed on September 3, 1783, and Great Britain officially recognized the independence of the United States. Washington then disbanded his army, giving a farewell address to his soldiers on November 2. During this time, Washington oversaw the evacuation of British forces in New York and was greeted by parades and celebrations.", "During this time, Washington oversaw the evacuation of British forces in New York and was greeted by parades and celebrations. There he announced that Colonel Henry Knox had been promoted commander-in-chief. Washington and Governor George Clinton took formal possession of the city on November 25.", "Washington and Governor George Clinton took formal possession of the city on November 25. In early December 1783, Washington bade farewell to his officers at Fraunces Tavern and resigned as commander-in-chief soon thereafter, refuting Loyalist predictions that he would not relinquish his military command.", "In early December 1783, Washington bade farewell to his officers at Fraunces Tavern and resigned as commander-in-chief soon thereafter, refuting Loyalist predictions that he would not relinquish his military command. In a final appearance in uniform, he gave a statement to the Congress: \"I consider it an indispensable duty to close this last solemn act of my official life, by commending the interests of our dearest country to the protection of Almighty God, and those who have the superintendence of them, to his holy keeping.\"", "In a final appearance in uniform, he gave a statement to the Congress: \"I consider it an indispensable duty to close this last solemn act of my official life, by commending the interests of our dearest country to the protection of Almighty God, and those who have the superintendence of them, to his holy keeping.\" Washington's resignation was acclaimed at home and abroad and showed a skeptical world that the new republic would not degenerate into chaos.", "Washington's resignation was acclaimed at home and abroad and showed a skeptical world that the new republic would not degenerate into chaos. The same month, Washington was appointed president-general of the Society of the Cincinnati, a newly established hereditary fraternity of Revolutionary War officers. He served in this capacity for the remainder of his life.", "He served in this capacity for the remainder of his life. Early republic (1783–1789) Return to Mount Vernon Washington was longing to return home after spending just ten days at Mount Vernon out of years of war.", "Early republic (1783–1789) Return to Mount Vernon Washington was longing to return home after spending just ten days at Mount Vernon out of years of war. He arrived on Christmas Eve, delighted to be \"free of the bustle of a camp and the busy scenes of public life\".", "He arrived on Christmas Eve, delighted to be \"free of the bustle of a camp and the busy scenes of public life\". He was a celebrity and was fêted during a visit to his mother at Fredericksburg in February 1784, and he received a constant stream of visitors wishing to pay their respects to him at Mount Vernon.", "He was a celebrity and was fêted during a visit to his mother at Fredericksburg in February 1784, and he received a constant stream of visitors wishing to pay their respects to him at Mount Vernon. Washington reactivated his interests in the Great Dismal Swamp and Potomac canal projects begun before the war, though neither paid him any dividends, and he undertook a 34-day, 680-mile (1090 km) trip to check on his land holdings in the Ohio Country.", "Washington reactivated his interests in the Great Dismal Swamp and Potomac canal projects begun before the war, though neither paid him any dividends, and he undertook a 34-day, 680-mile (1090 km) trip to check on his land holdings in the Ohio Country. He oversaw the completion of the remodeling work at Mount Vernon, which transformed his residence into the mansion that survives to this day—although his financial situation was not strong.", "He oversaw the completion of the remodeling work at Mount Vernon, which transformed his residence into the mansion that survives to this day—although his financial situation was not strong. Creditors paid him in depreciated wartime currency, and he owed significant amounts in taxes and wages.", "Creditors paid him in depreciated wartime currency, and he owed significant amounts in taxes and wages. Mount Vernon had made no profit during his absence, and he saw persistently poor crop yields due to pestilence and poor weather. His estate recorded its eleventh year running at a deficit in 1787, and there was little prospect of improvement.", "His estate recorded its eleventh year running at a deficit in 1787, and there was little prospect of improvement. Washington undertook a new landscaping plan and succeeded in cultivating a range of fast-growing trees and shrubs that were native to North America.", "Washington undertook a new landscaping plan and succeeded in cultivating a range of fast-growing trees and shrubs that were native to North America. He also began breeding mules after having been gifted a Spanish jack by King Charles III of Spain in 1784.", "He also began breeding mules after having been gifted a Spanish jack by King Charles III of Spain in 1784. There were few mules in the United States at that time, and he believed that properly bred mules would revolutionize agriculture and transportation.", "There were few mules in the United States at that time, and he believed that properly bred mules would revolutionize agriculture and transportation. Constitutional Convention of 1787 Before returning to private life in June 1783, Washington called for a strong union.", "Constitutional Convention of 1787 Before returning to private life in June 1783, Washington called for a strong union. Though he was concerned that he might be criticized for meddling in civil matters, he sent a circular letter to all the states, maintaining that the Articles of Confederation was no more than \"a rope of sand\" linking the states.", "Though he was concerned that he might be criticized for meddling in civil matters, he sent a circular letter to all the states, maintaining that the Articles of Confederation was no more than \"a rope of sand\" linking the states. He believed the nation was on the verge of \"anarchy and confusion\", was vulnerable to foreign intervention, and that a national constitution would unify the states under a strong central government.", "He believed the nation was on the verge of \"anarchy and confusion\", was vulnerable to foreign intervention, and that a national constitution would unify the states under a strong central government. When Shays' Rebellion erupted in Massachusetts on August 29, 1786, over taxation, Washington was further convinced that a national constitution was needed.", "When Shays' Rebellion erupted in Massachusetts on August 29, 1786, over taxation, Washington was further convinced that a national constitution was needed. Some nationalists feared that the new republic had descended into lawlessness, and they met together on September 11, 1786, at Annapolis to ask Congress to revise the Articles of Confederation.", "Some nationalists feared that the new republic had descended into lawlessness, and they met together on September 11, 1786, at Annapolis to ask Congress to revise the Articles of Confederation. One of their biggest efforts, however, was getting Washington to attend.", "One of their biggest efforts, however, was getting Washington to attend. Congress agreed to a Constitutional Convention to be held in Philadelphia in Spring 1787, and each state was to send delegates. On December 4, 1786, Washington was chosen to lead the Virginia delegation, but he declined on December 21.", "On December 4, 1786, Washington was chosen to lead the Virginia delegation, but he declined on December 21. He had concerns about the legality of the convention and consulted James Madison, Henry Knox, and others.", "He had concerns about the legality of the convention and consulted James Madison, Henry Knox, and others. They persuaded him to attend it, however, as his presence might induce reluctant states to send delegates and smooth the way for the ratification process.", "They persuaded him to attend it, however, as his presence might induce reluctant states to send delegates and smooth the way for the ratification process. On March 28, Washington told Governor Edmund Randolph that he would attend the convention but made it clear that he was urged to attend.", "On March 28, Washington told Governor Edmund Randolph that he would attend the convention but made it clear that he was urged to attend. Washington arrived in Philadelphia on May 9, 1787, though a quorum was not attained until Friday, May 25.", "Washington arrived in Philadelphia on May 9, 1787, though a quorum was not attained until Friday, May 25. Benjamin Franklin nominated Washington to preside over the convention, and he was unanimously elected to serve as president general.", "Benjamin Franklin nominated Washington to preside over the convention, and he was unanimously elected to serve as president general. The convention's state-mandated purpose was to revise the Articles of Confederation with \"all such alterations and further provisions\" required to improve them, and the new government would be established when the resulting document was \"duly confirmed by the several states\".", "The convention's state-mandated purpose was to revise the Articles of Confederation with \"all such alterations and further provisions\" required to improve them, and the new government would be established when the resulting document was \"duly confirmed by the several states\". Governor Edmund Randolph of Virginia introduced Madison's Virginia Plan on May 27, the third day of the convention.", "Governor Edmund Randolph of Virginia introduced Madison's Virginia Plan on May 27, the third day of the convention. It called for an entirely new constitution and a sovereign national government, which Washington highly recommended.", "It called for an entirely new constitution and a sovereign national government, which Washington highly recommended. Washington wrote Alexander Hamilton on July 10: \"I almost despair of seeing a favorable issue to the proceedings of our convention and do therefore repent having had any agency in the business.\"", "Washington wrote Alexander Hamilton on July 10: \"I almost despair of seeing a favorable issue to the proceedings of our convention and do therefore repent having had any agency in the business.\" Nevertheless, he lent his prestige to the goodwill and work of the other delegates.", "Nevertheless, he lent his prestige to the goodwill and work of the other delegates. He unsuccessfully lobbied many to support ratification of the Constitution, such as anti-federalist Patrick Henry; Washington told him \"the adoption of it under the present circumstances of the Union is in my opinion desirable\" and declared the alternative would be anarchy.", "He unsuccessfully lobbied many to support ratification of the Constitution, such as anti-federalist Patrick Henry; Washington told him \"the adoption of it under the present circumstances of the Union is in my opinion desirable\" and declared the alternative would be anarchy. Washington and Madison then spent four days at Mount Vernon evaluating the new government's transition.", "Washington and Madison then spent four days at Mount Vernon evaluating the new government's transition. Chancellor of William & Mary In 1788, the Board of Visitors of the College of William & Mary decided to re-establish the position of Chancellor, and elected Washington to the office on January 18.", "Chancellor of William & Mary In 1788, the Board of Visitors of the College of William & Mary decided to re-establish the position of Chancellor, and elected Washington to the office on January 18. The College Rector Samuel Griffin wrote to Washington inviting him to the post, and in a letter dated April 30, 1788, Washington accepted the position of the 14th Chancellor of the College of William & Mary.", "The College Rector Samuel Griffin wrote to Washington inviting him to the post, and in a letter dated April 30, 1788, Washington accepted the position of the 14th Chancellor of the College of William & Mary. He continued to serve in the post through his presidency until his death on December 14, 1799.", "He continued to serve in the post through his presidency until his death on December 14, 1799. First presidential election The delegates to the Convention anticipated a Washington presidency and left it to him to define the office once elected.", "First presidential election The delegates to the Convention anticipated a Washington presidency and left it to him to define the office once elected. The state electors under the Constitution voted for the president on February 4, 1789, and Washington suspected that most republicans had not voted for him.", "The state electors under the Constitution voted for the president on February 4, 1789, and Washington suspected that most republicans had not voted for him. The mandated March4 date passed without a Congressional quorum to count the votes, but a quorum was reached on April 5.", "The mandated March4 date passed without a Congressional quorum to count the votes, but a quorum was reached on April 5. The votes were tallied the next day, and Congressional Secretary Charles Thomson was sent to Mount Vernon to tell Washington he had been elected president.", "The votes were tallied the next day, and Congressional Secretary Charles Thomson was sent to Mount Vernon to tell Washington he had been elected president. Washington won the majority of every state's electoral votes; John Adams received the next highest number of votes and therefore became vice president.", "Washington won the majority of every state's electoral votes; John Adams received the next highest number of votes and therefore became vice president. Washington had \"anxious and painful sensations\" about leaving the \"domestic felicity\" of Mount Vernon, but departed for New York City on April 16 to be inaugurated.", "Washington had \"anxious and painful sensations\" about leaving the \"domestic felicity\" of Mount Vernon, but departed for New York City on April 16 to be inaugurated. Presidency (1789–1797) Washington was inaugurated on April 30, 1789, taking the oath of office at Federal Hall in New York City.", "Presidency (1789–1797) Washington was inaugurated on April 30, 1789, taking the oath of office at Federal Hall in New York City. His coach was led by militia and a marching band and followed by statesmen and foreign dignitaries in an inaugural parade, with a crowd of 10,000.", "His coach was led by militia and a marching band and followed by statesmen and foreign dignitaries in an inaugural parade, with a crowd of 10,000. Chancellor Robert R. Livingston administered the oath, using a Bible provided by the Masons, after which the militia fired a 13-gun salute.", "Chancellor Robert R. Livingston administered the oath, using a Bible provided by the Masons, after which the militia fired a 13-gun salute. Washington read a speech in the Senate Chamber, asking \"that Almighty Being who rules over the universe, who presides in the councils of nations—and whose providential aids can supply every human defect, consecrate the liberties and happiness of the people of the United States\".", "Washington read a speech in the Senate Chamber, asking \"that Almighty Being who rules over the universe, who presides in the councils of nations—and whose providential aids can supply every human defect, consecrate the liberties and happiness of the people of the United States\". Though he wished to serve without a salary, Congress insisted adamantly that he accept it, later providing Washington $25,000 per year to defray costs of the presidency.", "Though he wished to serve without a salary, Congress insisted adamantly that he accept it, later providing Washington $25,000 per year to defray costs of the presidency. Washington wrote to James Madison: \"As the first of everything in our situation will serve to establish a precedent, it is devoutly wished on my part that these precedents be fixed on true principles.\"", "Washington wrote to James Madison: \"As the first of everything in our situation will serve to establish a precedent, it is devoutly wished on my part that these precedents be fixed on true principles.\" To that end, he preferred the title \"Mr. President\" over more majestic names proposed by the Senate, including \"His Excellency\" and \"His Highness the President\".", "To that end, he preferred the title \"Mr. President\" over more majestic names proposed by the Senate, including \"His Excellency\" and \"His Highness the President\". His executive precedents included the inaugural address, messages to Congress, and the cabinet form of the executive branch.", "His executive precedents included the inaugural address, messages to Congress, and the cabinet form of the executive branch. Washington had planned to resign after his first term, but the political strife in the nation convinced him he should remain in office.", "Washington had planned to resign after his first term, but the political strife in the nation convinced him he should remain in office. He was an able administrator and a judge of talent and character, and he regularly talked with department heads to get their advice.", "He was an able administrator and a judge of talent and character, and he regularly talked with department heads to get their advice. He tolerated opposing views, despite fears that a democratic system would lead to political violence, and he conducted a smooth transition of power to his successor.", "He tolerated opposing views, despite fears that a democratic system would lead to political violence, and he conducted a smooth transition of power to his successor. He remained non-partisan throughout his presidency and opposed the divisiveness of political parties, but he favored a strong central government, was sympathetic to a Federalist form of government, and leery of the Republican opposition.", "He remained non-partisan throughout his presidency and opposed the divisiveness of political parties, but he favored a strong central government, was sympathetic to a Federalist form of government, and leery of the Republican opposition. Washington dealt with major problems.", "Washington dealt with major problems. Washington dealt with major problems. The old Confederation lacked the powers to handle its workload and had weak leadership, no executive, a small bureaucracy of clerks, a large debt, worthless paper money, and no power to establish taxes.", "The old Confederation lacked the powers to handle its workload and had weak leadership, no executive, a small bureaucracy of clerks, a large debt, worthless paper money, and no power to establish taxes. He had the task of assembling an executive department and relied on Tobias Lear for advice selecting its officers.", "He had the task of assembling an executive department and relied on Tobias Lear for advice selecting its officers. Great Britain refused to relinquish its forts in the American West, and Barbary pirates preyed on American merchant ships in the Mediterranean at a time when the United States did not even have a navy.", "Great Britain refused to relinquish its forts in the American West, and Barbary pirates preyed on American merchant ships in the Mediterranean at a time when the United States did not even have a navy. Cabinet and executive departments Congress created executive departments in 1789, including the State Department in July, the Department of War in August, and the Treasury Department in September.", "Cabinet and executive departments Congress created executive departments in 1789, including the State Department in July, the Department of War in August, and the Treasury Department in September. Washington appointed fellow Virginian Edmund Randolph as Attorney General, Samuel Osgood as Postmaster General, Thomas Jefferson as Secretary of State, and Henry Knox as Secretary of War.", "Washington appointed fellow Virginian Edmund Randolph as Attorney General, Samuel Osgood as Postmaster General, Thomas Jefferson as Secretary of State, and Henry Knox as Secretary of War. Finally, he appointed Alexander Hamilton as Secretary of the Treasury. Washington's cabinet became a consulting and advisory body, not mandated by the Constitution.", "Washington's cabinet became a consulting and advisory body, not mandated by the Constitution. Washington's cabinet members formed rival parties with sharply opposing views, most fiercely illustrated between Hamilton and Jefferson. Washington restricted cabinet discussions to topics of his choosing, without participating in the debate.", "Washington restricted cabinet discussions to topics of his choosing, without participating in the debate. He occasionally requested cabinet opinions in writing and expected department heads to agreeably carry out his decisions. Domestic issues Washington was apolitical and opposed the formation of parties, suspecting that conflict would undermine republicanism.", "Domestic issues Washington was apolitical and opposed the formation of parties, suspecting that conflict would undermine republicanism. He exercised great restraint in using his veto power, writing that \"I give my Signature to many Bills with which my Judgment is at variance….\" His closest advisors formed two factions, portending the First Party System.", "His closest advisors formed two factions, portending the First Party System. Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton formed the Federalist Party to promote national credit and a financially powerful nation. Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson opposed Hamilton's agenda and founded the Jeffersonian Republicans.", "Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson opposed Hamilton's agenda and founded the Jeffersonian Republicans. Washington favored Hamilton's agenda, however, and it ultimately went into effect—resulting in bitter controversy. Washington proclaimed November 26 as a day of Thanksgiving to encourage national unity.", "Washington proclaimed November 26 as a day of Thanksgiving to encourage national unity. \"It is the duty of all nations to acknowledge the providence of Almighty God, to obey His will, to be grateful for His benefits, and humbly to implore His protection and favor.\"", "\"It is the duty of all nations to acknowledge the providence of Almighty God, to obey His will, to be grateful for His benefits, and humbly to implore His protection and favor.\" He spent that day fasting and visiting debtors in prison to provide them with food and beer.", "He spent that day fasting and visiting debtors in prison to provide them with food and beer. African Americans In response to two antislavery petitions that were presented to Congress in 1790, slaveholders in Georgia and South Carolina objected and threatened to \"blow the trumpet of civil war\".", "African Americans In response to two antislavery petitions that were presented to Congress in 1790, slaveholders in Georgia and South Carolina objected and threatened to \"blow the trumpet of civil war\". Washington and Congress responded with a series of racist measures: naturalized citizenship was denied to black immigrants; blacks were barred from serving in state militias; the Southwest Territory that would soon become the state of Tennessee was permitted to maintain slavery; and two more slave states were admitted (Kentucky in 1792, and Tennessee in 1796).", "Washington and Congress responded with a series of racist measures: naturalized citizenship was denied to black immigrants; blacks were barred from serving in state militias; the Southwest Territory that would soon become the state of Tennessee was permitted to maintain slavery; and two more slave states were admitted (Kentucky in 1792, and Tennessee in 1796). On February 12, 1793, Washington signed into law the Fugitive Slave Act, which overrode state laws and courts, allowing agents to cross state lines to capture and return escaped slaves.", "On February 12, 1793, Washington signed into law the Fugitive Slave Act, which overrode state laws and courts, allowing agents to cross state lines to capture and return escaped slaves. Many free blacks in the north decried the law believing it would allow bounty hunting and the kidnappings of blacks.", "Many free blacks in the north decried the law believing it would allow bounty hunting and the kidnappings of blacks. The Fugitive Slave Act gave effect to the Constitution's Fugitive Slave Clause, and the Act was passed overwhelmingly in Congress (e.g. the vote was 48 to 7 in the House).", "the vote was 48 to 7 in the House). On the anti-slavery side of the ledger, in 1789 Washington signed a reenactment of the Northwest Ordinance which had freed all slaves brought after 1787 into a vast expanse of federal territory north of the Ohio River, except for slaves escaping from slave states.", "On the anti-slavery side of the ledger, in 1789 Washington signed a reenactment of the Northwest Ordinance which had freed all slaves brought after 1787 into a vast expanse of federal territory north of the Ohio River, except for slaves escaping from slave states. That 1787 law lapsed when the new U.S. Constitution was ratified in 1789.", "That 1787 law lapsed when the new U.S. Constitution was ratified in 1789. The Slave Trade Act of 1794, which sharply limited American involvement in the Atlantic slave trade, was also signed by Washington.", "The Slave Trade Act of 1794, which sharply limited American involvement in the Atlantic slave trade, was also signed by Washington. And, Congress acted on February 18, 1791, to admit the free state of Vermont into the Union as the 14th state as of March 4, 1791.", "And, Congress acted on February 18, 1791, to admit the free state of Vermont into the Union as the 14th state as of March 4, 1791. National Bank Washington's first term was largely devoted to economic concerns, in which Hamilton had devised various plans to address matters.", "National Bank Washington's first term was largely devoted to economic concerns, in which Hamilton had devised various plans to address matters. The establishment of public credit became a primary challenge for the federal government.", "The establishment of public credit became a primary challenge for the federal government. Hamilton submitted a report to a deadlocked Congress, and he, Madison, and Jefferson reached the Compromise of 1790 in which Jefferson agreed to Hamilton's debt proposals in exchange for moving the nation's capital temporarily to Philadelphia and then south near Georgetown on the Potomac River.", "Hamilton submitted a report to a deadlocked Congress, and he, Madison, and Jefferson reached the Compromise of 1790 in which Jefferson agreed to Hamilton's debt proposals in exchange for moving the nation's capital temporarily to Philadelphia and then south near Georgetown on the Potomac River. The terms were legislated in the Funding Act of 1790 and the Residence Act, both of which Washington signed into law.", "The terms were legislated in the Funding Act of 1790 and the Residence Act, both of which Washington signed into law. Congress authorized the assumption and payment of the nation's debts, with funding provided by customs duties and excise taxes. Hamilton created controversy among Cabinet members by advocating establishing the First Bank of the United States.", "Hamilton created controversy among Cabinet members by advocating establishing the First Bank of the United States. Madison and Jefferson objected, but the bank easily passed Congress. Jefferson and Randolph insisted that the new bank was beyond the authority granted by the constitution, as Hamilton believed.", "Jefferson and Randolph insisted that the new bank was beyond the authority granted by the constitution, as Hamilton believed. Washington sided with Hamilton and signed the legislation on February 25, and the rift became openly hostile between Hamilton and Jefferson. The nation's first financial crisis occurred in March 1792.", "The nation's first financial crisis occurred in March 1792. Hamilton's Federalists exploited large loans to gain control of U.S. debt securities, causing a run on the national bank; the markets returned to normal by mid-April.", "Hamilton's Federalists exploited large loans to gain control of U.S. debt securities, causing a run on the national bank; the markets returned to normal by mid-April. Jefferson believed Hamilton was part of the scheme, despite Hamilton's efforts to ameliorate, and Washington again found himself in the middle of a feud.", "Jefferson believed Hamilton was part of the scheme, despite Hamilton's efforts to ameliorate, and Washington again found himself in the middle of a feud. Jefferson–Hamilton feud Jefferson and Hamilton adopted diametrically opposed political principles.", "Jefferson–Hamilton feud Jefferson and Hamilton adopted diametrically opposed political principles. Hamilton believed in a strong national government requiring a national bank and foreign loans to function, while Jefferson believed the states and the farm element should primarily direct the government; he also resented the idea of banks and foreign loans.", "Hamilton believed in a strong national government requiring a national bank and foreign loans to function, while Jefferson believed the states and the farm element should primarily direct the government; he also resented the idea of banks and foreign loans. To Washington's dismay, the two men persistently entered into disputes and infighting.", "To Washington's dismay, the two men persistently entered into disputes and infighting. Hamilton demanded that Jefferson resign if he could not support Washington, and Jefferson told Washington that Hamilton's fiscal system would lead to the overthrow of the Republic. Washington urged them to call a truce for the nation's sake, but they ignored him.", "Washington urged them to call a truce for the nation's sake, but they ignored him. Washington reversed his decision to retire after his first term to minimize party strife, but the feud continued after his re-election.", "Washington reversed his decision to retire after his first term to minimize party strife, but the feud continued after his re-election. Jefferson's political actions, his support of Freneau's National Gazette, and his attempt to undermine Hamilton nearly led Washington to dismiss him from the cabinet; Jefferson ultimately resigned his position in December 1793, and Washington forsook him from that time on.", "Jefferson's political actions, his support of Freneau's National Gazette, and his attempt to undermine Hamilton nearly led Washington to dismiss him from the cabinet; Jefferson ultimately resigned his position in December 1793, and Washington forsook him from that time on. The feud led to the well-defined Federalist and Republican parties, and party affiliation became necessary for election to Congress by 1794.", "The feud led to the well-defined Federalist and Republican parties, and party affiliation became necessary for election to Congress by 1794. Washington remained aloof from congressional attacks on Hamilton, but he did not publicly protect him, either.", "Washington remained aloof from congressional attacks on Hamilton, but he did not publicly protect him, either. The Hamilton–Reynolds sex scandal opened Hamilton to disgrace, but Washington continued to hold him in \"very high esteem\" as the dominant force in establishing federal law and government.", "The Hamilton–Reynolds sex scandal opened Hamilton to disgrace, but Washington continued to hold him in \"very high esteem\" as the dominant force in establishing federal law and government. Whiskey Rebellion In March 1791, at Hamilton's urging, with support from Madison, Congress imposed an excise tax on distilled spirits to help curtail the national debt, which took effect in July.", "Whiskey Rebellion In March 1791, at Hamilton's urging, with support from Madison, Congress imposed an excise tax on distilled spirits to help curtail the national debt, which took effect in July. Grain farmers strongly protested in Pennsylvania's frontier districts; they argued that they were unrepresented and were shouldering too much of the debt, comparing their situation to excessive British taxation before the Revolutionary War.", "Grain farmers strongly protested in Pennsylvania's frontier districts; they argued that they were unrepresented and were shouldering too much of the debt, comparing their situation to excessive British taxation before the Revolutionary War. On August 2, Washington assembled his cabinet to discuss how to deal with the situation.", "On August 2, Washington assembled his cabinet to discuss how to deal with the situation. Unlike Washington, who had reservations about using force, Hamilton had long waited for such a situation and was eager to suppress the rebellion by using federal authority and force.", "Unlike Washington, who had reservations about using force, Hamilton had long waited for such a situation and was eager to suppress the rebellion by using federal authority and force. Not wanting to involve the federal government if possible, Washington called on Pennsylvania state officials to take the initiative, but they declined to take military action.", "Not wanting to involve the federal government if possible, Washington called on Pennsylvania state officials to take the initiative, but they declined to take military action. On August 7, Washington issued his first proclamation for calling up state militias.", "On August 7, Washington issued his first proclamation for calling up state militias. After appealing for peace, he reminded the protestors that, unlike the rule of the British crown, the Federal law was issued by state-elected representatives.", "After appealing for peace, he reminded the protestors that, unlike the rule of the British crown, the Federal law was issued by state-elected representatives. Threats and violence against tax collectors, however, escalated into defiance against federal authority in 1794 and gave rise to the Whiskey Rebellion.", "Threats and violence against tax collectors, however, escalated into defiance against federal authority in 1794 and gave rise to the Whiskey Rebellion. Washington issued a final proclamation on September 25, threatening the use of military force to no avail.", "Washington issued a final proclamation on September 25, threatening the use of military force to no avail. The federal army was not up to the task, so Washington invoked the Militia Act of 1792 to summon state militias.", "The federal army was not up to the task, so Washington invoked the Militia Act of 1792 to summon state militias. Governors sent troops, initially commanded by Washington, who gave the command to Light-Horse Harry Lee to lead them into the rebellious districts. They took 150 prisoners, and the remaining rebels dispersed without further fighting.", "They took 150 prisoners, and the remaining rebels dispersed without further fighting. Two of the prisoners were condemned to death, but Washington exercised his Constitutional authority for the first time and pardoned them. Washington's forceful action demonstrated that the new government could protect itself and its tax collectors.", "Washington's forceful action demonstrated that the new government could protect itself and its tax collectors. This represented the first use of federal military force against the states and citizens, and remains the only time an incumbent president has commanded troops in the field.", "This represented the first use of federal military force against the states and citizens, and remains the only time an incumbent president has commanded troops in the field. Washington justified his action against \"certain self-created societies\", which he regarded as \"subversive organizations\" that threatened the national union.", "Washington justified his action against \"certain self-created societies\", which he regarded as \"subversive organizations\" that threatened the national union. He did not dispute their right to protest, but he insisted that their dissent must not violate federal law. Congress agreed and extended their congratulations to him; only Madison and Jefferson expressed indifference.", "Congress agreed and extended their congratulations to him; only Madison and Jefferson expressed indifference. Foreign affairs In April 1792, the French Revolutionary Wars began between Great Britain and France, and Washington declared America's neutrality. The revolutionary government of France sent diplomat Citizen Genêt to America, and he was welcomed with great enthusiasm.", "The revolutionary government of France sent diplomat Citizen Genêt to America, and he was welcomed with great enthusiasm. He created a network of new Democratic-Republican Societies promoting France's interests, but Washington denounced them and demanded that the French recall Genêt.", "He created a network of new Democratic-Republican Societies promoting France's interests, but Washington denounced them and demanded that the French recall Genêt. The National Assembly of France granted Washington honorary French citizenship on August 26, 1792, during the early stages of the French Revolution.", "The National Assembly of France granted Washington honorary French citizenship on August 26, 1792, during the early stages of the French Revolution. Hamilton formulated the Jay Treaty to normalize trade relations with Great Britain while removing them from western forts, and also to resolve financial debts remaining from the Revolution.", "Hamilton formulated the Jay Treaty to normalize trade relations with Great Britain while removing them from western forts, and also to resolve financial debts remaining from the Revolution. Chief Justice John Jay acted as Washington's negotiator and signed the treaty on November 19, 1794; critical Jeffersonians, however, supported France.", "Chief Justice John Jay acted as Washington's negotiator and signed the treaty on November 19, 1794; critical Jeffersonians, however, supported France. Washington deliberated, then supported the treaty because it avoided war with Britain, but was disappointed that its provisions favored Britain.", "Washington deliberated, then supported the treaty because it avoided war with Britain, but was disappointed that its provisions favored Britain. He mobilized public opinion and secured ratification in the Senate but faced frequent public criticism. The British agreed to abandon their forts around the Great Lakes, and the United States modified the boundary with Canada.", "The British agreed to abandon their forts around the Great Lakes, and the United States modified the boundary with Canada. The government liquidated numerous pre-Revolutionary debts, and the British opened the British West Indies to American trade. The treaty secured peace with Britain and a decade of prosperous trade.", "The treaty secured peace with Britain and a decade of prosperous trade. Jefferson claimed that it angered France and \"invited rather than avoided\" war. Relations with France deteriorated afterward, leaving succeeding president John Adams with prospective war. James Monroe was the American Minister to France, but Washington recalled him for his opposition to the Treaty.", "James Monroe was the American Minister to France, but Washington recalled him for his opposition to the Treaty. The French refused to accept his replacement Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, and the French Directory declared the authority to seize American ships two days before Washington's term ended.", "The French refused to accept his replacement Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, and the French Directory declared the authority to seize American ships two days before Washington's term ended. Native American affairs Ron Chernow describes Washington as always trying to be even-handed in dealing with the Natives.", "Native American affairs Ron Chernow describes Washington as always trying to be even-handed in dealing with the Natives. He states that Washington hoped they would abandon their itinerant hunting life and adapt to fixed agricultural communities in the manner of white settlers.", "He states that Washington hoped they would abandon their itinerant hunting life and adapt to fixed agricultural communities in the manner of white settlers. He also maintains that Washington never advocated outright confiscation of tribal land or the forcible removal of tribes and that he berated American settlers who abused natives, admitting that he held out no hope for pacific relations with the natives as long as \"frontier settlers entertain the opinion that there is not the same crime (or indeed no crime at all) in killing a native as in killing a white man.\"", "He also maintains that Washington never advocated outright confiscation of tribal land or the forcible removal of tribes and that he berated American settlers who abused natives, admitting that he held out no hope for pacific relations with the natives as long as \"frontier settlers entertain the opinion that there is not the same crime (or indeed no crime at all) in killing a native as in killing a white man.\" By contrast, Colin G. Calloway writes that \"Washington had a lifelong obsession with getting Indian land, either for himself or for his nation, and initiated policies and campaigns that had devastating effects in Indian country.\"", "By contrast, Colin G. Calloway writes that \"Washington had a lifelong obsession with getting Indian land, either for himself or for his nation, and initiated policies and campaigns that had devastating effects in Indian country.\" \"The growth of the nation,\" Galloway has stated, \"demanded the dispossession of Indian people.", "\"The growth of the nation,\" Galloway has stated, \"demanded the dispossession of Indian people. Washington hoped the process could be bloodless and that Indian people would give up their lands for a \"fair\" price and move away.", "Washington hoped the process could be bloodless and that Indian people would give up their lands for a \"fair\" price and move away. But if Indians refused and resisted, as they often did, he felt he had no choice but to \"extirpate\" them and that the expeditions he sent to destroy Indian towns were therefore entirely justified.\"", "But if Indians refused and resisted, as they often did, he felt he had no choice but to \"extirpate\" them and that the expeditions he sent to destroy Indian towns were therefore entirely justified.\" During the Fall of 1789, Washington had to contend with the British refusing to evacuate their forts in the Northwest frontier and their concerted efforts to incite hostile Indian tribes to attack American settlers.", "During the Fall of 1789, Washington had to contend with the British refusing to evacuate their forts in the Northwest frontier and their concerted efforts to incite hostile Indian tribes to attack American settlers. The Northwest tribes under Miami chief Little Turtle allied with the British Army to resist American expansion, and killed 1,500 settlers between 1783 and 1790.", "The Northwest tribes under Miami chief Little Turtle allied with the British Army to resist American expansion, and killed 1,500 settlers between 1783 and 1790. As documented by Harless (2018), Washington declared that \"The Government of the United States are determined that their Administration of Indian Affairs shall be directed entirely by the great principles of Justice and humanity\", and provided that treaties should negotiate their land interests.", "As documented by Harless (2018), Washington declared that \"The Government of the United States are determined that their Administration of Indian Affairs shall be directed entirely by the great principles of Justice and humanity\", and provided that treaties should negotiate their land interests. The administration regarded powerful tribes as foreign nations, and Washington even smoked a peace pipe and drank wine with them at the Philadelphia presidential house.", "The administration regarded powerful tribes as foreign nations, and Washington even smoked a peace pipe and drank wine with them at the Philadelphia presidential house. He made numerous attempts to conciliate them; he equated killing indigenous peoples with killing whites and sought to integrate them into European-American culture.", "He made numerous attempts to conciliate them; he equated killing indigenous peoples with killing whites and sought to integrate them into European-American culture. Secretary of War Henry Knox also attempted to encourage agriculture among the tribes. In the Southwest, negotiations failed between federal commissioners and raiding Indian tribes seeking retribution.", "In the Southwest, negotiations failed between federal commissioners and raiding Indian tribes seeking retribution. Washington invited Creek Chief Alexander McGillivray and 24 leading chiefs to New York to negotiate a treaty and treated them like foreign dignitaries.", "Washington invited Creek Chief Alexander McGillivray and 24 leading chiefs to New York to negotiate a treaty and treated them like foreign dignitaries. Knox and McGillivray concluded the Treaty of New York on August 7, 1790, in Federal Hall, which provided the tribes with agricultural supplies and McGillivray with a rank of Brigadier General Army and a salary of $1,500.", "Knox and McGillivray concluded the Treaty of New York on August 7, 1790, in Federal Hall, which provided the tribes with agricultural supplies and McGillivray with a rank of Brigadier General Army and a salary of $1,500. In 1790, Washington sent Brigadier General Josiah Harmar to pacify the Northwest tribes, but Little Turtle routed him twice and forced him to withdraw.", "In 1790, Washington sent Brigadier General Josiah Harmar to pacify the Northwest tribes, but Little Turtle routed him twice and forced him to withdraw. The Western Confederacy of tribes used guerrilla tactics and were an effective force against the sparsely manned American Army.", "The Western Confederacy of tribes used guerrilla tactics and were an effective force against the sparsely manned American Army. Washington sent Major General Arthur St. Clair from Fort Washington on an expedition to restore peace in the territory in 1791.", "Washington sent Major General Arthur St. Clair from Fort Washington on an expedition to restore peace in the territory in 1791. On November 4, St. Clair's forces were ambushed and soundly defeated by tribal forces with few survivors, despite Washington's warning of surprise attacks.", "On November 4, St. Clair's forces were ambushed and soundly defeated by tribal forces with few survivors, despite Washington's warning of surprise attacks. Washington was outraged over what he viewed to be excessive Native American brutality and execution of captives, including women and children.", "Washington was outraged over what he viewed to be excessive Native American brutality and execution of captives, including women and children. St. Clair resigned his commission, and Washington replaced him with the Revolutionary War hero General Anthony Wayne.", "St. Clair resigned his commission, and Washington replaced him with the Revolutionary War hero General Anthony Wayne. From 1792 to 1793, Wayne instructed his troops on Native American warfare tactics and instilled discipline which was lacking under St. Clair.", "From 1792 to 1793, Wayne instructed his troops on Native American warfare tactics and instilled discipline which was lacking under St. Clair. In August 1794, Washington sent Wayne into tribal territory with authority to drive them out by burning their villages and crops in the Maumee Valley.", "In August 1794, Washington sent Wayne into tribal territory with authority to drive them out by burning their villages and crops in the Maumee Valley. On August 24, the American army under Wayne's leadership defeated the western confederacy at the Battle of Fallen Timbers, and the Treaty of Greenville in August 1795 opened up two-thirds of the Ohio Country for American settlement.", "On August 24, the American army under Wayne's leadership defeated the western confederacy at the Battle of Fallen Timbers, and the Treaty of Greenville in August 1795 opened up two-thirds of the Ohio Country for American settlement. Second term Originally, Washington had planned to retire after his first term, while many Americans could not imagine anyone else taking his place.", "Second term Originally, Washington had planned to retire after his first term, while many Americans could not imagine anyone else taking his place. After nearly four years as president, and dealing with the infighting in his own cabinet and with partisan critics, Washington showed little enthusiasm in running for a second term, while Martha also wanted him not to run.", "After nearly four years as president, and dealing with the infighting in his own cabinet and with partisan critics, Washington showed little enthusiasm in running for a second term, while Martha also wanted him not to run. James Madison urged him not to retire, that his absence would only allow the dangerous political rift in his cabinet and the House to worsen.", "James Madison urged him not to retire, that his absence would only allow the dangerous political rift in his cabinet and the House to worsen. Jefferson also pleaded with him not to retire and agreed to drop his attacks on Hamilton, or he would also retire if Washington did.", "Jefferson also pleaded with him not to retire and agreed to drop his attacks on Hamilton, or he would also retire if Washington did. Hamilton maintained that Washington's absence would be \"deplored as the greatest evil\" to the country at this time.", "Hamilton maintained that Washington's absence would be \"deplored as the greatest evil\" to the country at this time. Washington's close nephew George Augustine Washington, his manager at Mount Vernon, was critically ill and had to be replaced, further increasing Washington's desire to retire and return to Mount Vernon.", "Washington's close nephew George Augustine Washington, his manager at Mount Vernon, was critically ill and had to be replaced, further increasing Washington's desire to retire and return to Mount Vernon. When the election of 1792 neared, Washington did not publicly announce his presidential candidacy.", "When the election of 1792 neared, Washington did not publicly announce his presidential candidacy. Still, he silently consented to run to prevent a further political-personal rift in his cabinet. The Electoral College unanimously elected him president on February 13, 1793, and John Adams as vice president by a vote of 77 to 50.", "The Electoral College unanimously elected him president on February 13, 1793, and John Adams as vice president by a vote of 77 to 50. Washington, with nominal fanfare, arrived alone at his inauguration in his carriage.", "Washington, with nominal fanfare, arrived alone at his inauguration in his carriage. Sworn into office by Associate Justice William Cushing on March 4, 1793, in the Senate Chamber of Congress Hall in Philadelphia, Washington gave a brief address and then immediately retired to his Philadelphia presidential house, weary of office and in poor health.", "Sworn into office by Associate Justice William Cushing on March 4, 1793, in the Senate Chamber of Congress Hall in Philadelphia, Washington gave a brief address and then immediately retired to his Philadelphia presidential house, weary of office and in poor health. On April 22, 1793, during the French Revolution, Washington issued his famous Neutrality Proclamation and was resolved to pursue \"a conduct friendly and impartial toward the belligerent Powers\" while he warned Americans not to intervene in the international conflict.", "On April 22, 1793, during the French Revolution, Washington issued his famous Neutrality Proclamation and was resolved to pursue \"a conduct friendly and impartial toward the belligerent Powers\" while he warned Americans not to intervene in the international conflict. Although Washington recognized France's revolutionary government, he would eventually ask French minister to America Citizen Genêt be recalled over the Citizen Genêt Affair.", "Although Washington recognized France's revolutionary government, he would eventually ask French minister to America Citizen Genêt be recalled over the Citizen Genêt Affair. Genêt was a diplomatic troublemaker who was openly hostile toward Washington's neutrality policy.", "Genêt was a diplomatic troublemaker who was openly hostile toward Washington's neutrality policy. He procured four American ships as privateers to strike at Spanish forces (British allies) in Florida while organizing militias to strike at other British possessions. However, his efforts failed to draw America into the foreign campaigns during Washington's presidency.", "However, his efforts failed to draw America into the foreign campaigns during Washington's presidency. On July 31, 1793, Jefferson submitted his resignation from Washington's cabinet. Washington signed the Naval Act of 1794 and commissioned the first six federal frigates to combat Barbary pirates.", "Washington signed the Naval Act of 1794 and commissioned the first six federal frigates to combat Barbary pirates. In January 1795, Hamilton, who desired more income for his family, resigned office and was replaced by Washington appointment Oliver Wolcott, Jr. Washington and Hamilton remained friends.", "In January 1795, Hamilton, who desired more income for his family, resigned office and was replaced by Washington appointment Oliver Wolcott, Jr. Washington and Hamilton remained friends. However, Washington's relationship with his Secretary of War Henry Knox deteriorated. Knox resigned office on the rumor he profited from construction contracts on U.S. Frigates.", "Knox resigned office on the rumor he profited from construction contracts on U.S. Frigates. In the final months of his presidency, Washington was assailed by his political foes and a partisan press who accused him of being ambitious and greedy, while he argued that he had taken no salary during the war and had risked his life in battle.", "In the final months of his presidency, Washington was assailed by his political foes and a partisan press who accused him of being ambitious and greedy, while he argued that he had taken no salary during the war and had risked his life in battle. He regarded the press as a disuniting, \"diabolical\" force of falsehoods, sentiments that he expressed in his Farewell Address.", "He regarded the press as a disuniting, \"diabolical\" force of falsehoods, sentiments that he expressed in his Farewell Address. At the end of his second term, Washington retired for personal and political reasons, dismayed with personal attacks, and to ensure that a truly contested presidential election could be held.", "At the end of his second term, Washington retired for personal and political reasons, dismayed with personal attacks, and to ensure that a truly contested presidential election could be held. He did not feel bound to a two-term limit, but his retirement set a significant precedent.", "He did not feel bound to a two-term limit, but his retirement set a significant precedent. Washington is often credited with setting the principle of a two-term presidency, but it was Thomas Jefferson who first refused to run for a third term on political grounds.", "Washington is often credited with setting the principle of a two-term presidency, but it was Thomas Jefferson who first refused to run for a third term on political grounds. Farewell Address In 1796, Washington declined to run for a third term of office, believing his death in office would create an image of a lifetime appointment.", "Farewell Address In 1796, Washington declined to run for a third term of office, believing his death in office would create an image of a lifetime appointment. The precedent of a two-term limit was created by his retirement from office.", "The precedent of a two-term limit was created by his retirement from office. In May 1792, in anticipation of his retirement, Washington instructed James Madison to prepare a \"valedictory address\", an initial draft of which was entitled the \"Farewell Address\".", "In May 1792, in anticipation of his retirement, Washington instructed James Madison to prepare a \"valedictory address\", an initial draft of which was entitled the \"Farewell Address\". In May 1796, Washington sent the manuscript to his Secretary of Treasury Alexander Hamilton who did an extensive rewrite, while Washington provided final edits.", "In May 1796, Washington sent the manuscript to his Secretary of Treasury Alexander Hamilton who did an extensive rewrite, while Washington provided final edits. On September 19, 1796, David Claypoole's American Daily Advertiser published the final version of the address.", "On September 19, 1796, David Claypoole's American Daily Advertiser published the final version of the address. Washington stressed that national identity was paramount, while a united America would safeguard freedom and prosperity.", "Washington stressed that national identity was paramount, while a united America would safeguard freedom and prosperity. He warned the nation of three eminent dangers: regionalism, partisanship, and foreign entanglements, and said the \"name of AMERICAN, which belongs to you, in your national capacity, must always exalt the just pride of patriotism, more than any appellation derived from local discriminations.\"", "He warned the nation of three eminent dangers: regionalism, partisanship, and foreign entanglements, and said the \"name of AMERICAN, which belongs to you, in your national capacity, must always exalt the just pride of patriotism, more than any appellation derived from local discriminations.\" Washington called for men to move beyond partisanship for the common good, stressing that the United States must concentrate on its own interests.", "Washington called for men to move beyond partisanship for the common good, stressing that the United States must concentrate on its own interests. He warned against foreign alliances and their influence in domestic affairs, and bitter partisanship and the dangers of political parties. He counseled friendship and commerce with all nations, but advised against involvement in European wars.", "He counseled friendship and commerce with all nations, but advised against involvement in European wars. He stressed the importance of religion, asserting that \"religion and morality are indispensable supports\" in a republic. Washington's address favored Hamilton's Federalist ideology and economic policies.", "Washington's address favored Hamilton's Federalist ideology and economic policies. Washington closed the address by reflecting on his legacy: After initial publication, many Republicans, including Madison, criticized the Address and believed it was an anti-French campaign document. Madison believed Washington was strongly pro-British. Madison also was suspicious of who authored the Address.", "Madison also was suspicious of who authored the Address. In 1839, Washington biographer Jared Sparks maintained that Washington's \"...Farewell Address was printed and published with the laws, by order of the legislatures, as an evidence of the value they attached to its political precepts, and of their affection for its author.\"", "In 1839, Washington biographer Jared Sparks maintained that Washington's \"...Farewell Address was printed and published with the laws, by order of the legislatures, as an evidence of the value they attached to its political precepts, and of their affection for its author.\" In 1972, Washington scholar James Flexner referred to the Farewell Address as receiving as much acclaim as Thomas Jefferson's Declaration of Independence and Abraham Lincoln's Gettysburg Address.", "In 1972, Washington scholar James Flexner referred to the Farewell Address as receiving as much acclaim as Thomas Jefferson's Declaration of Independence and Abraham Lincoln's Gettysburg Address. In 2010, historian Ron Chernow reported the Farewell Address proved to be one of the most influential statements on Republicanism.", "In 2010, historian Ron Chernow reported the Farewell Address proved to be one of the most influential statements on Republicanism. Post-presidency (1797–1799) Retirement Washington retired to Mount Vernon in March 1797 and devoted time to his plantations and other business interests, including his distillery.", "Post-presidency (1797–1799) Retirement Washington retired to Mount Vernon in March 1797 and devoted time to his plantations and other business interests, including his distillery. His plantation operations were only minimally profitable, and his lands in the west (Piedmont) were under Indian attacks and yielded little income, with the squatters there refusing to pay rent.", "His plantation operations were only minimally profitable, and his lands in the west (Piedmont) were under Indian attacks and yielded little income, with the squatters there refusing to pay rent. He attempted to sell these but without success. He became an even more committed Federalist.", "He became an even more committed Federalist. He vocally supported the Alien and Sedition Acts and convinced Federalist John Marshall to run for Congress to weaken the Jeffersonian hold on Virginia. Washington grew restless in retirement, prompted by tensions with France, and he wrote to Secretary of War James McHenry offering to organize President Adams' army.", "Washington grew restless in retirement, prompted by tensions with France, and he wrote to Secretary of War James McHenry offering to organize President Adams' army. In a continuation of the French Revolutionary Wars, French privateers began seizing American ships in 1798, and relations deteriorated with France and led to the \"Quasi-War\".", "In a continuation of the French Revolutionary Wars, French privateers began seizing American ships in 1798, and relations deteriorated with France and led to the \"Quasi-War\". Without consulting Washington, Adams nominated him for a lieutenant general commission on July 4, 1798, and the position of commander-in-chief of the armies.", "Without consulting Washington, Adams nominated him for a lieutenant general commission on July 4, 1798, and the position of commander-in-chief of the armies. Washington chose to accept, replacing James Wilkinson, and he served as the commanding general from July 13, 1798, until his death 17 months later.", "Washington chose to accept, replacing James Wilkinson, and he served as the commanding general from July 13, 1798, until his death 17 months later. He participated in planning for a provisional army, but he avoided involvement in details.", "He participated in planning for a provisional army, but he avoided involvement in details. In advising McHenry of potential officers for the army, he appeared to make a complete break with Jefferson's Democratic-Republicans: \"you could as soon scrub the blackamoor white, as to change the principles of a profest Democrat; and that he will leave nothing unattempted to overturn the government of this country.\"", "In advising McHenry of potential officers for the army, he appeared to make a complete break with Jefferson's Democratic-Republicans: \"you could as soon scrub the blackamoor white, as to change the principles of a profest Democrat; and that he will leave nothing unattempted to overturn the government of this country.\" Washington delegated the active leadership of the army to Hamilton, a major general.", "Washington delegated the active leadership of the army to Hamilton, a major general. No army invaded the United States during this period, and Washington did not assume a field command.", "No army invaded the United States during this period, and Washington did not assume a field command. Washington was known to be rich because of the well-known \"glorified façade of wealth and grandeur\" at Mount Vernon, but nearly all his wealth was in the form of land and slaves rather than ready cash.", "Washington was known to be rich because of the well-known \"glorified façade of wealth and grandeur\" at Mount Vernon, but nearly all his wealth was in the form of land and slaves rather than ready cash. To supplement his income, he erected a distillery for substantial whiskey production.", "To supplement his income, he erected a distillery for substantial whiskey production. Historians estimate that the estate was worth about $1million in 1799 dollars, .", "Historians estimate that the estate was worth about $1million in 1799 dollars, . He bought land parcels to spur development around the new Federal City named in his honor, and he sold individual lots to middle-income investors rather than multiple lots to large investors, believing they would more likely commit to making improvements.", "He bought land parcels to spur development around the new Federal City named in his honor, and he sold individual lots to middle-income investors rather than multiple lots to large investors, believing they would more likely commit to making improvements. Final days and death On December 12, 1799, Washington inspected his farms on horseback.", "Final days and death On December 12, 1799, Washington inspected his farms on horseback. He returned home late and had guests over for dinner. He had a sore throat the next day but was well enough to mark trees for cutting. That evening, he complained of chest congestion but was still cheerful.", "That evening, he complained of chest congestion but was still cheerful. On Saturday, he awoke to an inflamed throat and difficulty breathing, so he ordered estate overseer George Rawlins to remove nearly a pint of his blood; bloodletting was a common practice of the time.", "On Saturday, he awoke to an inflamed throat and difficulty breathing, so he ordered estate overseer George Rawlins to remove nearly a pint of his blood; bloodletting was a common practice of the time. His family summoned Doctors James Craik, Gustavus Richard Brown, and Elisha C. Dick.", "His family summoned Doctors James Craik, Gustavus Richard Brown, and Elisha C. Dick. (Dr. William Thornton arrived some hours after Washington died.) Dr. Brown thought Washington had quinsy; Dr. Dick thought the condition was a more serious \"violent inflammation of the throat\".", "Dr. Brown thought Washington had quinsy; Dr. Dick thought the condition was a more serious \"violent inflammation of the throat\". They continued the process of bloodletting to approximately five pints, and Washington's condition deteriorated further. Dr. Dick proposed a tracheotomy, but the others were not familiar with that procedure and therefore disapproved.", "Dr. Dick proposed a tracheotomy, but the others were not familiar with that procedure and therefore disapproved. Washington instructed Brown and Dick to leave the room, while he assured Craik, \"Doctor, I die hard, but I am not afraid to go.\" Washington's death came more swiftly than expected.", "Washington's death came more swiftly than expected. On his deathbed, he instructed his private secretary Tobias Lear to wait three days before his burial, out of fear of being entombed alive. According to Lear, he died peacefully between 10 and 11 p.m. on December 14, 1799, with Martha seated at the foot of his bed.", "According to Lear, he died peacefully between 10 and 11 p.m. on December 14, 1799, with Martha seated at the foot of his bed. His last words were \"'Tis well\", from his conversation with Lear about his burial. He was 67.", "He was 67. He was 67. Congress immediately adjourned for the day upon news of Washington's death, and the Speaker's chair was shrouded in black the next morning. The funeral was held four days after his death on December 18, 1799, at Mount Vernon, where his body was interred.", "The funeral was held four days after his death on December 18, 1799, at Mount Vernon, where his body was interred. Cavalry and foot soldiers led the procession, and six colonels served as the pallbearers. The Mount Vernon funeral service was restricted mostly to family and friends.", "The Mount Vernon funeral service was restricted mostly to family and friends. Reverend Thomas Davis read the funeral service by the vault with a brief address, followed by a ceremony performed by various members of Washington's Masonic lodge in Alexandria, Virginia. Congress chose Light-Horse Harry Lee to deliver the eulogy.", "Congress chose Light-Horse Harry Lee to deliver the eulogy. Word of his death traveled slowly; church bells rang in the cities, and many places of business closed. People worldwide admired Washington and were saddened by his death, and memorial processions were held in major cities of the United States.", "People worldwide admired Washington and were saddened by his death, and memorial processions were held in major cities of the United States. Martha wore a black mourning cape for one year, and she burned their correspondence to protect their privacy.", "Martha wore a black mourning cape for one year, and she burned their correspondence to protect their privacy. Only five letters between the couple are known to have survived: two from Martha to George and three from him to her.", "Only five letters between the couple are known to have survived: two from Martha to George and three from him to her. The diagnosis of Washington's illness and the immediate cause of his death have been subjects of debate since the day he died. The published account of Drs.", "The published account of Drs. The published account of Drs. Craik and Brown stated that his symptoms had been consistent with cynanche trachealis (tracheal inflammation), a term of that period used to describe severe inflammation of the upper windpipe, including quinsy.", "Craik and Brown stated that his symptoms had been consistent with cynanche trachealis (tracheal inflammation), a term of that period used to describe severe inflammation of the upper windpipe, including quinsy. Accusations have persisted since Washington's death concerning medical malpractice, with some believing he had been bled to death.", "Accusations have persisted since Washington's death concerning medical malpractice, with some believing he had been bled to death. Various modern medical authors have speculated that he died from a severe case of epiglottitis complicated by the given treatments, most notably the massive blood loss which almost certainly caused hypovolemic shock.", "Various modern medical authors have speculated that he died from a severe case of epiglottitis complicated by the given treatments, most notably the massive blood loss which almost certainly caused hypovolemic shock. Burial, net worth, and aftermath Washington was buried in the old Washington family vault at Mount Vernon, situated on a grassy slope overspread with willow, juniper, cypress, and chestnut trees.", "Burial, net worth, and aftermath Washington was buried in the old Washington family vault at Mount Vernon, situated on a grassy slope overspread with willow, juniper, cypress, and chestnut trees. It contained the remains of his brother Lawrence and other family members, but the decrepit brick vault needed repair, prompting Washington to leave instructions in his will for the construction of a new vault.", "It contained the remains of his brother Lawrence and other family members, but the decrepit brick vault needed repair, prompting Washington to leave instructions in his will for the construction of a new vault. Washington's estate at the time of his death was worth an estimated $780,000 in 1799, approximately equivalent to $17.82million in 2021.", "Washington's estate at the time of his death was worth an estimated $780,000 in 1799, approximately equivalent to $17.82million in 2021. Washington's peak net worth was $587.0 million, including his 300 slaves. Washington held title to more than 65,000 acres of land in 37 different locations.", "Washington held title to more than 65,000 acres of land in 37 different locations. In 1830, a disgruntled ex-employee of the estate attempted to steal what he thought was Washington's skull, prompting the construction of a more secure vault.", "In 1830, a disgruntled ex-employee of the estate attempted to steal what he thought was Washington's skull, prompting the construction of a more secure vault. The next year, the new vault was constructed at Mount Vernon to receive the remains of George and Martha and other relatives.", "The next year, the new vault was constructed at Mount Vernon to receive the remains of George and Martha and other relatives. In 1832, a joint Congressional committee debated moving his body from Mount Vernon to a crypt in the Capitol.", "In 1832, a joint Congressional committee debated moving his body from Mount Vernon to a crypt in the Capitol. The crypt had been built by architect Charles Bulfinch in the 1820s during the reconstruction of the burned-out capital, after the Burning of Washington by the British during the War of 1812.", "The crypt had been built by architect Charles Bulfinch in the 1820s during the reconstruction of the burned-out capital, after the Burning of Washington by the British during the War of 1812. Southern opposition was intense, antagonized by an ever-growing rift between North and South; many were concerned that Washington's remains could end up on \"a shore foreign to his native soil\" if the country became divided, and Washington's remains stayed in Mount Vernon.", "Southern opposition was intense, antagonized by an ever-growing rift between North and South; many were concerned that Washington's remains could end up on \"a shore foreign to his native soil\" if the country became divided, and Washington's remains stayed in Mount Vernon. On October 7, 1837, Washington's remains were placed, still in the original lead coffin, within a marble sarcophagus designed by William Strickland and constructed by John Struthers earlier that year.", "On October 7, 1837, Washington's remains were placed, still in the original lead coffin, within a marble sarcophagus designed by William Strickland and constructed by John Struthers earlier that year. The sarcophagus was sealed and encased with planks, and an outer vault was constructed around it.", "The sarcophagus was sealed and encased with planks, and an outer vault was constructed around it. The outer vault has the sarcophagi of both George and Martha Washington; the inner vault has the remains of other Washington family members and relatives. Personal life Washington was somewhat reserved in personality, but he generally had a strong presence among others.", "Personal life Washington was somewhat reserved in personality, but he generally had a strong presence among others. He made speeches and announcements when required, but he was not a noted orator or debater.", "He made speeches and announcements when required, but he was not a noted orator or debater. He was taller than most of his contemporaries; accounts of his height vary from to tall, he weighed between as an adult, and he was known for his great strength.", "He was taller than most of his contemporaries; accounts of his height vary from to tall, he weighed between as an adult, and he was known for his great strength. He had grey-blue eyes and reddish-brown hair which he wore powdered in the fashion of the day.", "He had grey-blue eyes and reddish-brown hair which he wore powdered in the fashion of the day. He had a rugged and dominating presence, which garnered respect from his peers. He bought William Lee on May 27, 1768, and he was Washington's valet for 20 years.", "He bought William Lee on May 27, 1768, and he was Washington's valet for 20 years. He was the only slave freed immediately in Washington's will. Washington frequently suffered from severe tooth decay and ultimately lost all his teeth but one.", "Washington frequently suffered from severe tooth decay and ultimately lost all his teeth but one. He had several sets of false teeth, which he wore during his presidency, made using a variety of materials including both animal and human teeth, but wood was not used despite common lore.", "He had several sets of false teeth, which he wore during his presidency, made using a variety of materials including both animal and human teeth, but wood was not used despite common lore. These dental problems left him in constant pain, for which he took laudanum.", "These dental problems left him in constant pain, for which he took laudanum. As a public figure, he relied upon the strict confidence of his dentist. Washington was a talented equestrian early in life. He collected thoroughbreds at Mount Vernon, and his two favorite horses were Blueskin and Nelson.", "He collected thoroughbreds at Mount Vernon, and his two favorite horses were Blueskin and Nelson. Fellow Virginian Thomas Jefferson said Washington was \"the best horseman of his age and the most graceful figure that could be seen on horseback\"; he also hunted foxes, deer, ducks, and other game.", "Fellow Virginian Thomas Jefferson said Washington was \"the best horseman of his age and the most graceful figure that could be seen on horseback\"; he also hunted foxes, deer, ducks, and other game. He was an excellent dancer and attended the theater frequently.", "He was an excellent dancer and attended the theater frequently. He drank in moderation but was morally opposed to excessive drinking, smoking tobacco, gambling, and profanity. Religion and Freemasonry Washington was descended from Anglican minister Lawrence Washington (his great-great-grandfather), whose troubles with the Church of England may have prompted his heirs to emigrate to America.", "Religion and Freemasonry Washington was descended from Anglican minister Lawrence Washington (his great-great-grandfather), whose troubles with the Church of England may have prompted his heirs to emigrate to America. Washington was baptized as an infant in April 1732 and became a devoted member of the Church of England (the Anglican Church).", "Washington was baptized as an infant in April 1732 and became a devoted member of the Church of England (the Anglican Church). He served more than 20 years as a vestryman and churchwarden for Fairfax Parish and Truro Parish, Virginia.", "He served more than 20 years as a vestryman and churchwarden for Fairfax Parish and Truro Parish, Virginia. He privately prayed and read the Bible daily, and he publicly encouraged people and the nation to pray.", "He privately prayed and read the Bible daily, and he publicly encouraged people and the nation to pray. He may have taken communion on a regular basis prior to the Revolutionary War, but he did not do so following the war, for which he was admonished by Pastor James Abercrombie.", "He may have taken communion on a regular basis prior to the Revolutionary War, but he did not do so following the war, for which he was admonished by Pastor James Abercrombie. Washington believed in a \"wise, inscrutable, and irresistible\" Creator God who was active in the Universe, contrary to deistic thought.", "Washington believed in a \"wise, inscrutable, and irresistible\" Creator God who was active in the Universe, contrary to deistic thought. He referred to God by the Enlightenment terms Providence, the Creator, or the Almighty, and also as the Divine Author or the Supreme Being.", "He referred to God by the Enlightenment terms Providence, the Creator, or the Almighty, and also as the Divine Author or the Supreme Being. He believed in a divine power who watched over battlefields, was involved in the outcome of war, was protecting his life, and was involved in American politics—and specifically in the creation of the United States.", "He believed in a divine power who watched over battlefields, was involved in the outcome of war, was protecting his life, and was involved in American politics—and specifically in the creation of the United States. Modern historian Ron Chernow has posited that Washington avoided evangelistic Christianity or hellfire-and-brimstone speech along with communion and anything inclined to \"flaunt his religiosity\".", "Modern historian Ron Chernow has posited that Washington avoided evangelistic Christianity or hellfire-and-brimstone speech along with communion and anything inclined to \"flaunt his religiosity\". Chernow has also said Washington \"never used his religion as a device for partisan purposes or in official undertakings\".", "Chernow has also said Washington \"never used his religion as a device for partisan purposes or in official undertakings\". No mention of Jesus Christ appears in his private correspondence, and such references are rare in his public writings. He frequently quoted from the Bible or paraphrased it, and often referred to the Anglican Book of Common Prayer.", "He frequently quoted from the Bible or paraphrased it, and often referred to the Anglican Book of Common Prayer. There is debate on whether he is best classed as a Christian or a theistic rationalist—or both. Washington emphasized religious toleration in a nation with numerous denominations and religions.", "Washington emphasized religious toleration in a nation with numerous denominations and religions. He publicly attended services of different Christian denominations and prohibited anti-Catholic celebrations in the Army. He engaged workers at Mount Vernon without regard for religious belief or affiliation. While president, he acknowledged major religious sects and gave speeches on religious toleration.", "While president, he acknowledged major religious sects and gave speeches on religious toleration. He was distinctly rooted in the ideas, values, and modes of thinking of the Enlightenment, but he harbored no contempt of organized Christianity and its clergy, \"being no bigot myself to any mode of worship\".", "He was distinctly rooted in the ideas, values, and modes of thinking of the Enlightenment, but he harbored no contempt of organized Christianity and its clergy, \"being no bigot myself to any mode of worship\". In 1793, speaking to members of the New Church in Baltimore, Washington proclaimed, \"We have abundant reason to rejoice that in this Land the light of truth and reason has triumphed over the power of bigotry and superstition.\"", "In 1793, speaking to members of the New Church in Baltimore, Washington proclaimed, \"We have abundant reason to rejoice that in this Land the light of truth and reason has triumphed over the power of bigotry and superstition.\" Freemasonry was a widely accepted institution in the late 18th century, known for advocating moral teachings.", "Freemasonry was a widely accepted institution in the late 18th century, known for advocating moral teachings. Washington was attracted to the Masons' dedication to the Enlightenment principles of rationality, reason, and brotherhood. The American Masonic lodges did not share the anti-clerical perspective of the controversial European lodges.", "The American Masonic lodges did not share the anti-clerical perspective of the controversial European lodges. A Masonic lodge was established in Fredericksburg in September 1752, and Washington was initiated two months later at the age of 20 as one of its first Entered Apprentices. Within a year, he progressed through its ranks to become a Master Mason.", "Within a year, he progressed through its ranks to become a Master Mason. Washington had high regard for the Masonic Order, but his personal lodge attendance was sporadic.", "Washington had high regard for the Masonic Order, but his personal lodge attendance was sporadic. In 1777, a convention of Virginia lodges asked him to be the Grand Master of the newly established Grand Lodge of Virginia, but he declined due to his commitments leading the Continental Army.", "In 1777, a convention of Virginia lodges asked him to be the Grand Master of the newly established Grand Lodge of Virginia, but he declined due to his commitments leading the Continental Army. After 1782, he frequently corresponded with Masonic lodges and members, and he was listed as Master in the Virginia charter of Alexandria Lodge No.", "After 1782, he frequently corresponded with Masonic lodges and members, and he was listed as Master in the Virginia charter of Alexandria Lodge No. 22 in 1788. Slavery In Washington's lifetime, slavery was deeply ingrained in the economic and social fabric of Virginia.", "Slavery In Washington's lifetime, slavery was deeply ingrained in the economic and social fabric of Virginia. Slavery was legal in all of the Thirteen Colonies prior to the American Revolution. Washington's slaves Washington owned and rented enslaved African Americans, and during his lifetime over 577 slaves lived and worked at Mount Vernon.", "Washington's slaves Washington owned and rented enslaved African Americans, and during his lifetime over 577 slaves lived and worked at Mount Vernon. He acquired them through inheritance, gaining control of 84 dower slaves upon his marriage to Martha, and purchased at least 71 slaves between 1752 and 1773.", "He acquired them through inheritance, gaining control of 84 dower slaves upon his marriage to Martha, and purchased at least 71 slaves between 1752 and 1773. From 1786 he rented slaves, at his death he was renting 41. His early views on slavery were no different from any Virginia planter of the time.", "His early views on slavery were no different from any Virginia planter of the time. From the 1760s his attitudes underwent a slow evolution. The first doubts were prompted by his transition from tobacco to grain crops, which left him with a costly surplus of slaves, causing him to question the system's economic efficiency.", "The first doubts were prompted by his transition from tobacco to grain crops, which left him with a costly surplus of slaves, causing him to question the system's economic efficiency. His growing disillusionment with the institution was spurred by the principles of the American Revolution and revolutionary friends such as Lafayette and Hamilton.", "His growing disillusionment with the institution was spurred by the principles of the American Revolution and revolutionary friends such as Lafayette and Hamilton. Most historians agree the Revolution was central to the evolution of Washington's attitudes on slavery; \"After 1783\", Kenneth Morgan writes, \"...[Washington] began to express inner tensions about the problem of slavery more frequently, though always in private...\" The many contemporary reports of slave treatment at Mount Vernon are varied and conflicting.", "Most historians agree the Revolution was central to the evolution of Washington's attitudes on slavery; \"After 1783\", Kenneth Morgan writes, \"...[Washington] began to express inner tensions about the problem of slavery more frequently, though always in private...\" The many contemporary reports of slave treatment at Mount Vernon are varied and conflicting. Historian Kenneth Morgan (2000) maintains that Washington was frugal on spending for clothes and bedding for his slaves, and only provided them with just enough food, and that he maintained strict control over his slaves, instructing his overseers to keep them working hard from dawn to dusk year-round.", "Historian Kenneth Morgan (2000) maintains that Washington was frugal on spending for clothes and bedding for his slaves, and only provided them with just enough food, and that he maintained strict control over his slaves, instructing his overseers to keep them working hard from dawn to dusk year-round. However, historian Dorothy Twohig (2001) said: \"Food, clothing, and housing seem to have been at least adequate\".", "However, historian Dorothy Twohig (2001) said: \"Food, clothing, and housing seem to have been at least adequate\". Washington faced growing debts involved with the costs of supporting slaves. He held an \"engrained sense of racial superiority\" towards African Americans but harbored no ill feelings toward them.", "He held an \"engrained sense of racial superiority\" towards African Americans but harbored no ill feelings toward them. Some enslaved families worked at different locations on the plantation but were allowed to visit one another on their days off.", "Some enslaved families worked at different locations on the plantation but were allowed to visit one another on their days off. Washington's slaves received two hours off for meals during the workday and were given time off on Sundays and religious holidays.", "Washington's slaves received two hours off for meals during the workday and were given time off on Sundays and religious holidays. Some accounts report that Washington opposed flogging but at times sanctioned its use, generally as a last resort, on both men and women slaves.", "Some accounts report that Washington opposed flogging but at times sanctioned its use, generally as a last resort, on both men and women slaves. Washington used both reward and punishment to encourage discipline and productivity in his slaves.", "Washington used both reward and punishment to encourage discipline and productivity in his slaves. He tried appealing to an individual's sense of pride, gave better blankets and clothing to the \"most deserving\", and motivated his slaves with cash rewards.", "He tried appealing to an individual's sense of pride, gave better blankets and clothing to the \"most deserving\", and motivated his slaves with cash rewards. He believed \"watchfulness and admonition\" to be often better deterrents against transgressions but would punish those who \"will not do their duty by fair means\".", "He believed \"watchfulness and admonition\" to be often better deterrents against transgressions but would punish those who \"will not do their duty by fair means\". Punishment ranged in severity from demotion back to fieldwork, through whipping and beatings, to permanent separation from friends and family by sale.", "Punishment ranged in severity from demotion back to fieldwork, through whipping and beatings, to permanent separation from friends and family by sale. Historian Ron Chernow maintains that overseers were required to warn slaves before resorting to the lash and required Washington's written permission before whipping, though his extended absences did not always permit this.", "Historian Ron Chernow maintains that overseers were required to warn slaves before resorting to the lash and required Washington's written permission before whipping, though his extended absences did not always permit this. Washington remained dependent on slave labor to work his farms and negotiated the purchase of more slaves in 1786 and 1787.", "Washington remained dependent on slave labor to work his farms and negotiated the purchase of more slaves in 1786 and 1787. Washington brought several of his slaves with him and his family to the federal capital during his presidency.", "Washington brought several of his slaves with him and his family to the federal capital during his presidency. When the capital moved from New York City to Philadelphia in 1791, the president began rotating his slave household staff periodically between the capital and Mount Vernon.", "When the capital moved from New York City to Philadelphia in 1791, the president began rotating his slave household staff periodically between the capital and Mount Vernon. This was done deliberately to circumvent Pennsylvania's Slavery Abolition Act, which, in part, automatically freed any slave who moved to the state and lived there for more than six months.", "This was done deliberately to circumvent Pennsylvania's Slavery Abolition Act, which, in part, automatically freed any slave who moved to the state and lived there for more than six months. In May 1796, Martha's personal and favorite slave Oney Judge escaped to Portsmouth.", "In May 1796, Martha's personal and favorite slave Oney Judge escaped to Portsmouth. At Martha's behest, Washington attempted to capture Ona, using a Treasury agent, but this effort failed. In February 1797, Washington's personal slave Hercules escaped to Philadelphia and was never found.", "In February 1797, Washington's personal slave Hercules escaped to Philadelphia and was never found. In February 1786, Washington took a census of Mount Vernon and recorded 224 slaves. By 1799, slaves at Mount Vernon totaled 317, including 143 children.", "By 1799, slaves at Mount Vernon totaled 317, including 143 children. Washington owned 124 slaves, leased 40, and held 153 for his wife's dower interest. Washington supported many slaves who were too young or too old to work, greatly increasing Mount Vernon's slave population and causing the plantation to operate at a loss.", "Washington supported many slaves who were too young or too old to work, greatly increasing Mount Vernon's slave population and causing the plantation to operate at a loss. Abolition and manumission Based on his letters, diary, documents, accounts from colleagues, employees, friends, and visitors, Washington slowly developed a cautious sympathy toward abolitionism that eventually ended with his will freeing his military/war valet Billy Lee, and then subsequently freeing the rest of his personally-owned slaves outright upon Martha's death.", "Abolition and manumission Based on his letters, diary, documents, accounts from colleagues, employees, friends, and visitors, Washington slowly developed a cautious sympathy toward abolitionism that eventually ended with his will freeing his military/war valet Billy Lee, and then subsequently freeing the rest of his personally-owned slaves outright upon Martha's death. As president, he remained publicly silent on the topic of slavery, believing it was a nationally divisive issue which could destroy the union.", "As president, he remained publicly silent on the topic of slavery, believing it was a nationally divisive issue which could destroy the union. During the American Revolutionary War, Washington began to change his views on slavery.", "During the American Revolutionary War, Washington began to change his views on slavery. In a 1778 letter to Lund Washington, he made clear his desire \"to get quit of Negroes\" when discussing the exchange of slaves for the land he wanted to buy.", "In a 1778 letter to Lund Washington, he made clear his desire \"to get quit of Negroes\" when discussing the exchange of slaves for the land he wanted to buy. The next year, Washington stated his intention not to separate enslaved families as a result of \"a change of masters\".", "The next year, Washington stated his intention not to separate enslaved families as a result of \"a change of masters\". During the 1780s, Washington privately expressed his support for the gradual emancipation of slaves.", "During the 1780s, Washington privately expressed his support for the gradual emancipation of slaves. Between 1783 and 1786, he gave moral support to a plan proposed by Lafayette to purchase land and free slaves to work on it, but declined to participate in the experiment.", "Between 1783 and 1786, he gave moral support to a plan proposed by Lafayette to purchase land and free slaves to work on it, but declined to participate in the experiment. Washington privately expressed support for emancipation to prominent Methodists Thomas Coke and Francis Asbury in 1785 but declined to sign their petition.", "Washington privately expressed support for emancipation to prominent Methodists Thomas Coke and Francis Asbury in 1785 but declined to sign their petition. In personal correspondence the next year, he made clear his desire to see the institution of slavery ended by a gradual legislative process, a view that correlated with the mainstream antislavery literature published in the 1780s that Washington possessed.", "In personal correspondence the next year, he made clear his desire to see the institution of slavery ended by a gradual legislative process, a view that correlated with the mainstream antislavery literature published in the 1780s that Washington possessed. He significantly reduced his purchases of slaves after the war but continued to acquire them in small numbers.", "He significantly reduced his purchases of slaves after the war but continued to acquire them in small numbers. In 1788, Washington declined a suggestion from a leading French abolitionist, Jacques Brissot, to establish an abolitionist society in Virginia, stating that although he supported the idea, the time was not yet right to confront the issue.", "In 1788, Washington declined a suggestion from a leading French abolitionist, Jacques Brissot, to establish an abolitionist society in Virginia, stating that although he supported the idea, the time was not yet right to confront the issue. The historian Henry Wiencek (2003) believes, based on a remark that appears in the notebook of his biographer David Humphreys, that Washington considered making a public statement by freeing his slaves on the eve of his presidency in 1789.", "The historian Henry Wiencek (2003) believes, based on a remark that appears in the notebook of his biographer David Humphreys, that Washington considered making a public statement by freeing his slaves on the eve of his presidency in 1789. The historian Philip D. Morgan (2005) disagrees, believing the remark was a \"private expression of remorse\" at his inability to free his slaves.", "The historian Philip D. Morgan (2005) disagrees, believing the remark was a \"private expression of remorse\" at his inability to free his slaves. Other historians agree with Morgan that Washington was determined not to risk national unity over an issue as divisive as slavery.", "Other historians agree with Morgan that Washington was determined not to risk national unity over an issue as divisive as slavery. Washington never responded to any of the antislavery petitions he received, and the subject was not mentioned in either his last address to Congress or his Farewell Address.", "Washington never responded to any of the antislavery petitions he received, and the subject was not mentioned in either his last address to Congress or his Farewell Address. The first clear indication that Washington seriously intended to free his slaves appears in a letter written to his secretary, Tobias Lear, in 1794.", "The first clear indication that Washington seriously intended to free his slaves appears in a letter written to his secretary, Tobias Lear, in 1794. Washington instructed Lear to find buyers for his land in western Virginia, explaining in a private coda that he was doing so \"to liberate a certain species of property which I possess, very repugnantly to my own feelings\".", "Washington instructed Lear to find buyers for his land in western Virginia, explaining in a private coda that he was doing so \"to liberate a certain species of property which I possess, very repugnantly to my own feelings\". The plan, along with others Washington considered in 1795 and 1796, could not be realized because he failed to find buyers for his land, his reluctance to break up slave families, and the refusal of the Custis heirs to help prevent such separations by freeing their dower slaves at the same time.", "The plan, along with others Washington considered in 1795 and 1796, could not be realized because he failed to find buyers for his land, his reluctance to break up slave families, and the refusal of the Custis heirs to help prevent such separations by freeing their dower slaves at the same time. On July 9, 1799, Washington finished making his last will; the longest provision concerned slavery.", "On July 9, 1799, Washington finished making his last will; the longest provision concerned slavery. All his slaves were to be freed after the death of his wife, Martha. Washington said he did not free them immediately because his slaves intermarried with his wife's dower slaves. He forbade their sale or transportation out of Virginia.", "He forbade their sale or transportation out of Virginia. His will provided that old and young freed people be taken care of indefinitely; younger ones were to be taught to read and write and placed in suitable occupations.", "His will provided that old and young freed people be taken care of indefinitely; younger ones were to be taught to read and write and placed in suitable occupations. Washington freed more than 160 slaves, including about 25 he had acquired from his wife's brother Bartholomew Dandridge in payment of a debt.", "Washington freed more than 160 slaves, including about 25 he had acquired from his wife's brother Bartholomew Dandridge in payment of a debt. He was among the few large slave-holding Virginians during the Revolutionary Era who emancipated their slaves.", "He was among the few large slave-holding Virginians during the Revolutionary Era who emancipated their slaves. On January 1, 1801, one year after George Washington's death, Martha Washington signed an order to free his slaves.", "On January 1, 1801, one year after George Washington's death, Martha Washington signed an order to free his slaves. Many of them, having never strayed far from Mount Vernon, were naturally reluctant to try their luck elsewhere; others refused to abandon spouses or children still held as dower slaves (the Custis estate) and also stayed with or near Martha.", "Many of them, having never strayed far from Mount Vernon, were naturally reluctant to try their luck elsewhere; others refused to abandon spouses or children still held as dower slaves (the Custis estate) and also stayed with or near Martha. Following George Washington's instructions in his will, funds were used to feed and clothe the young, aged, and infirm slaves until the early 1830s.", "Following George Washington's instructions in his will, funds were used to feed and clothe the young, aged, and infirm slaves until the early 1830s. Historical reputation and legacy Washington's legacy endures as one of the most influential in American history since he served as commander-in-chief of the Continental Army, a hero of the Revolution, and the first president of the United States.", "Historical reputation and legacy Washington's legacy endures as one of the most influential in American history since he served as commander-in-chief of the Continental Army, a hero of the Revolution, and the first president of the United States. Various historians maintain that he also was a dominant factor in America's founding, the Revolutionary War, and the Constitutional Convention.", "Various historians maintain that he also was a dominant factor in America's founding, the Revolutionary War, and the Constitutional Convention. Revolutionary War comrade Light-Horse Harry Lee eulogized him as \"First in war—first in peace—and first in the hearts of his countrymen\".", "Revolutionary War comrade Light-Horse Harry Lee eulogized him as \"First in war—first in peace—and first in the hearts of his countrymen\". Lee's words became the hallmark by which Washington's reputation was impressed upon the American memory, with some biographers regarding him as the great exemplar of republicanism.", "Lee's words became the hallmark by which Washington's reputation was impressed upon the American memory, with some biographers regarding him as the great exemplar of republicanism. He set many precedents for the national government and the presidency in particular, and he was called the \"Father of His Country\" as early as 1778.", "He set many precedents for the national government and the presidency in particular, and he was called the \"Father of His Country\" as early as 1778. In 1879, Congress proclaimed Washington's Birthday to be a federal holiday. Twentieth-century biographer Douglas Southall Freeman concluded, \"The great big thing stamped across that man is character.\"", "Twentieth-century biographer Douglas Southall Freeman concluded, \"The great big thing stamped across that man is character.\" Modern historian David Hackett Fischer has expanded upon Freeman's assessment, defining Washington's character as \"integrity, self-discipline, courage, absolute honesty, resolve, and decision, but also forbearance, decency, and respect for others\".", "Modern historian David Hackett Fischer has expanded upon Freeman's assessment, defining Washington's character as \"integrity, self-discipline, courage, absolute honesty, resolve, and decision, but also forbearance, decency, and respect for others\". Washington became an international symbol for liberation and nationalism as the leader of the first successful revolution against a colonial empire.", "Washington became an international symbol for liberation and nationalism as the leader of the first successful revolution against a colonial empire. The Federalists made him the symbol of their party, but the Jeffersonians continued to distrust his influence for many years and delayed building the Washington Monument.", "The Federalists made him the symbol of their party, but the Jeffersonians continued to distrust his influence for many years and delayed building the Washington Monument. Washington was elected a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences on January 31, 1781, before he had even begun his presidency.", "Washington was elected a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences on January 31, 1781, before he had even begun his presidency. He was posthumously appointed to the grade of General of the Armies of the United States during the United States Bicentennial to ensure he would never be outranked; this was accomplished by the congressional joint resolution Public Law 94-479 passed on January 19, 1976, with an effective appointment date of July 4, 1976.", "He was posthumously appointed to the grade of General of the Armies of the United States during the United States Bicentennial to ensure he would never be outranked; this was accomplished by the congressional joint resolution Public Law 94-479 passed on January 19, 1976, with an effective appointment date of July 4, 1976. On March 13, 1978, Washington was militarily promoted to the rank of General of the Armies.", "On March 13, 1978, Washington was militarily promoted to the rank of General of the Armies. Parson Weems wrote a hagiographic biography in 1809 to honor Washington.", "Parson Weems wrote a hagiographic biography in 1809 to honor Washington. Historian Ron Chernow maintains that Weems attempted to humanize Washington, making him look less stern, and to inspire \"patriotism and morality\" and to foster \"enduring myths\", such as Washington's refusal to lie about damaging his father's cherry tree.", "Historian Ron Chernow maintains that Weems attempted to humanize Washington, making him look less stern, and to inspire \"patriotism and morality\" and to foster \"enduring myths\", such as Washington's refusal to lie about damaging his father's cherry tree. Weems' accounts have never been proven or disproven.", "Weems' accounts have never been proven or disproven. Historian John Ferling, however, maintains that Washington remains the only founder and president ever to be referred to as \"godlike\", and points out that his character has been the most scrutinized by historians, past and present.", "Historian John Ferling, however, maintains that Washington remains the only founder and president ever to be referred to as \"godlike\", and points out that his character has been the most scrutinized by historians, past and present. Historian Gordon S. Wood concludes that \"the greatest act of his life, the one that gave him his greatest fame, was his resignation as commander-in-chief of the American forces.\"", "Historian Gordon S. Wood concludes that \"the greatest act of his life, the one that gave him his greatest fame, was his resignation as commander-in-chief of the American forces.\" Chernow suggests that Washington was \"burdened by public life\" and divided by \"unacknowledged ambition mingled with self-doubt\".", "Chernow suggests that Washington was \"burdened by public life\" and divided by \"unacknowledged ambition mingled with self-doubt\". A 1993 review of presidential polls and surveys consistently ranked Washington number 4, 3, or2 among presidents. A 2018 Siena College Research Institute survey ranked him number1 among presidents.", "A 2018 Siena College Research Institute survey ranked him number1 among presidents. In the 21st century, Washington's reputation has been critically scrutinized. Along with various other Founding Fathers, he has been condemned for holding enslaved human beings.", "Along with various other Founding Fathers, he has been condemned for holding enslaved human beings. Though he expressed the desire to see the abolition of slavery come through legislation, he did not initiate or support any initiatives for bringing about its end.", "Though he expressed the desire to see the abolition of slavery come through legislation, he did not initiate or support any initiatives for bringing about its end. This has led to calls from some activists to remove his name from public buildings and his statue from public spaces.", "This has led to calls from some activists to remove his name from public buildings and his statue from public spaces. Nonetheless, Washington maintains his place among the highest-ranked U.S. Presidents, listed second (after Lincoln) in a 2021 C-SPAN poll.", "Nonetheless, Washington maintains his place among the highest-ranked U.S. Presidents, listed second (after Lincoln) in a 2021 C-SPAN poll. Memorials Jared Sparks began collecting and publishing Washington's documentary record in the 1830s in Life and Writings of George Washington (12 vols., 1834–1837).", "Memorials Jared Sparks began collecting and publishing Washington's documentary record in the 1830s in Life and Writings of George Washington (12 vols., 1834–1837). The Writings of George Washington from the Original Manuscript Sources, 1745–1799 (1931–1944) is a 39-volume set edited by John Clement Fitzpatrick, whom the George Washington Bicentennial Commission commissioned.", "The Writings of George Washington from the Original Manuscript Sources, 1745–1799 (1931–1944) is a 39-volume set edited by John Clement Fitzpatrick, whom the George Washington Bicentennial Commission commissioned. It contains more than 17,000 letters and documents and is available online from the University of Virginia.", "It contains more than 17,000 letters and documents and is available online from the University of Virginia. Educational institutions Numerous secondary schools are named in honor of Washington, as are many universities, including George Washington University and Washington University in St. Louis.", "Educational institutions Numerous secondary schools are named in honor of Washington, as are many universities, including George Washington University and Washington University in St. Louis. Places and monuments Many places and monuments have been named in honor of Washington, most notably the capital of the United States, Washington, D.C.", "Places and monuments Many places and monuments have been named in honor of Washington, most notably the capital of the United States, Washington, D.C. The state of Washington is the only US state to be named after a president.", "The state of Washington is the only US state to be named after a president. Washington appears as one of four U.S. presidents in a colossal statue by Gutzon Borglum on Mount Rushmore in South Dakota.", "Washington appears as one of four U.S. presidents in a colossal statue by Gutzon Borglum on Mount Rushmore in South Dakota. Currency and postage George Washington appears on contemporary U.S. currency, including the one-dollar bill, the Presidential one-dollar coin and the quarter-dollar coin (the Washington quarter).", "Currency and postage George Washington appears on contemporary U.S. currency, including the one-dollar bill, the Presidential one-dollar coin and the quarter-dollar coin (the Washington quarter). Washington and Benjamin Franklin appeared on the nation's first postage stamps in 1847. Washington has since appeared on many postage issues, more than any other person.", "Washington has since appeared on many postage issues, more than any other person. See also British Army during the American Revolutionary War List of American Revolutionary War battles List of Continental Forces in the American Revolutionary War Timeline of the American Revolution Founders Online References Notes Citations Bibliography Print sources Primary sources Online sources Further reading (Volume 1: Containing the debates in Massachusetts and New York) External links Copies of the wills of General George Washington: the first president of the United States and of Martha Washington, his wife (1904), edited by E. R. Holbrook George Washington Personal Manuscripts George Washington Resources at the University of Virginia Library George Washington's Speeches: Quote-search-tool Original Digitized Letters of George Washington Shapell Manuscript Foundation The Papers of George Washington, subset of Founders Online from the National Archives Washington & the American Revolution, BBC Radio4 discussion with Carol Berkin, Simon Middleton & Colin Bonwick (In Our Time, June 24, 2004) Guide to the George Washington Collection 1776–1792 at the University of Chicago Special Collections Research Center 1732 births 1799 deaths Washington family People from Mount Vernon, Virginia People from Westmoreland County, Virginia 18th-century American Episcopalians 18th-century American politicians 18th-century American writers 18th-century presidents of the United States 18th-century United States Army personnel American cartographers American foreign policy writers American Freemasons American male non-fiction writers American military personnel of the Seven Years' War American militia officers American people of English descent American planters American rebels American slave owners American surveyors British America army officers Burials at Mount Vernon Candidates in the 1789 United States presidential election Candidates in the 1792 United States presidential election Chancellors of the College of William & Mary Commanders in chief Commanding Generals of the United States Army Congressional Gold Medal recipients Continental Army generals Continental Army officers from Virginia Continental Congressmen from Virginia Deaths from respiratory disease Episcopalians from Virginia Farmers from Virginia Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences Free speech activists Hall of Fame for Great Americans inductees House of Burgesses members Members of the American Philosophical Society People of the American Enlightenment People of Virginia in the French and Indian War Presidents of the United States Signers of the Continental Association Signers of the United States Constitution United States Army generals Virginia Independents Virginia militiamen in the American Revolution Washington and Lee University people Washington College people" ]

[ "Thomas Eakins", "Photography" ]

[ "Eakins is an English surname. People with this name include:\n\nDallas Eakins (born 1967), Canadian ice hockey defenseman and head coach\nJim Eakins (born 1946), American basketball player\nJohn Eakins (1923/4–1998), Canadian politician\nPeter Eakins (born 1947), Australian rules footballer\nSusan Macdowell Eakins (1851–1938), American artist, wife of Thomas Eakins\nThomas Eakins (1844–1916), American artist\n\nSee also\nEakin\n\nEnglish-language surnames", "Portrait of Maud Cook is an 1895 painting by the American artist Thomas Eakins, Goodrich catalogue #279. It is in the collection of the Yale University Art Gallery.\n\nGiven the artist's lack of interest in fashion or conventional beauty, the portrait has been noted as \"a rare example of Eakins's studying the physical beauty of a young woman,\" and \"one of Eakins's loveliest paintings.\" \n\nMaud was the sister of Weda Cook, who posed for Eakins' The Concert Singer in 1892. She is seen in a pink dress, the fabric flowing from her shoulders and pinned between her breasts. Her head is tilted to the left, in the direction of the light source. The light creates deep shadows that define the structure of her face, yet is subtle enough to suggest a youthful skin tone. \n\nIn a letter written to Lloyd Goodrich in 1930, Cook recalled: \"As I was just a young girl my hair is down low in the neck and tied with a ribbon....Mr. Eakins never gave (the painting) a name but said to himself it was like a 'big rose bud'.\" Several art historians have remarked on the implications of Eakins' description, especially the Victorian association of the rose with virginity, and the bud with sexual potential. Cook was in her twenties when she sat for the portrait and did not marry until eleven years later. \n\nThe painting has been described as an example of Eakins' typical stark and unflattering vision. Although described as \"resembling a classical sculpture more than a pretty, contemporary woman\", Cook's representation is viewed as sensual, and representing an intensely private moment, underscored by the attention paid to her features and the disarray of her hairline. The suggestion of repressed sexuality has been seen as both intriguing and disturbing. \n\nBefore giving the painting to Cook, Eakins inscribed \"To his friend/Maude Cook/Thomas Eakins/1895\" on the back and carved its frame. Eventually the painting was acquired by Stephen Carlton Clark, who bequeathed it to Yale University Art Gallery, where it has been held since 1961.\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n Goodrich, Lloyd: Thomas Eakins, Vol. II. Harvard University Press, 1982. \n Homer, William Innes. Thomas Eakins: His Life and Art. Abbeville, 1992. \n Sewell, Darrel. Thomas Eakins: Artist of Philadelphia. Philadelphia Museum of Art, 1982. \n Sewell, Darrel; et al. Thomas Eakins. Yale University Press, 2001. \n Wilmerding, John, et al. Thomas Eakins. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1993. \n\n1895 paintings\nCook, Maud\nCook, Maud\nCook, Maud\nPaintings in the Yale University Art Gallery" ]

[ "Thomas Cowperthwait Eakins (; July 25, 1844 – June 25, 1916) was an American realist painter, photographer, sculptor, and fine arts educator. He is widely acknowledged to be one of the most important American artists.", "He is widely acknowledged to be one of the most important American artists. For the length of his professional career, from the early 1870s until his health began to fail some 40 years later, Eakins worked exactingly from life, choosing as his subject the people of his hometown of Philadelphia.", "For the length of his professional career, from the early 1870s until his health began to fail some 40 years later, Eakins worked exactingly from life, choosing as his subject the people of his hometown of Philadelphia. He painted several hundred portraits, usually of friends, family members, or prominent people in the arts, sciences, medicine, and clergy.", "He painted several hundred portraits, usually of friends, family members, or prominent people in the arts, sciences, medicine, and clergy. Taken en masse, the portraits offer an overview of the intellectual life of contemporary Philadelphia; individually, they are incisive depictions of thinking persons.", "Taken en masse, the portraits offer an overview of the intellectual life of contemporary Philadelphia; individually, they are incisive depictions of thinking persons. In addition, Eakins produced a number of large paintings that brought the portrait out of the drawing room and into the offices, streets, parks, rivers, arenas, and surgical amphitheaters of his city.", "In addition, Eakins produced a number of large paintings that brought the portrait out of the drawing room and into the offices, streets, parks, rivers, arenas, and surgical amphitheaters of his city. These active outdoor venues allowed him to paint the subject that most inspired him: the nude or lightly clad figure in motion.", "These active outdoor venues allowed him to paint the subject that most inspired him: the nude or lightly clad figure in motion. In the process, he could model the forms of the body in full sunlight, and create images of deep space utilizing his studies in perspective.", "In the process, he could model the forms of the body in full sunlight, and create images of deep space utilizing his studies in perspective. Eakins also took a keen interest in the new technologies of motion photography, a field in which he is now seen as an innovator.", "Eakins also took a keen interest in the new technologies of motion photography, a field in which he is now seen as an innovator. No less important in Eakins' life was his work as a teacher. As an instructor he was a highly influential presence in American art.", "As an instructor he was a highly influential presence in American art. The difficulties which beset him as an artist seeking to paint the portrait and figure realistically were paralleled and even amplified in his career as an educator, where behavioral and sexual scandals truncated his success and damaged his reputation.", "The difficulties which beset him as an artist seeking to paint the portrait and figure realistically were paralleled and even amplified in his career as an educator, where behavioral and sexual scandals truncated his success and damaged his reputation. Eakins was a controversial figure whose work received little by way of official recognition during his lifetime.", "Eakins was a controversial figure whose work received little by way of official recognition during his lifetime. Since his death, he has been celebrated by American art historians as \"the strongest, most profound realist in nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century American art\". Life and work Youth Eakins was born and lived most of his life in Philadelphia.", "Life and work Youth Eakins was born and lived most of his life in Philadelphia. He was the first child of Caroline Cowperthwait Eakins, a woman of English and Dutch descent, and Benjamin Eakins, a writing master and calligraphy teacher of Scots-Irish ancestry.", "He was the first child of Caroline Cowperthwait Eakins, a woman of English and Dutch descent, and Benjamin Eakins, a writing master and calligraphy teacher of Scots-Irish ancestry. Benjamin Eakins grew up on a farm in Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, the son of a weaver.", "Benjamin Eakins grew up on a farm in Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, the son of a weaver. He was successful in his chosen profession, and moved to Philadelphia in the early 1840s to raise his family.", "He was successful in his chosen profession, and moved to Philadelphia in the early 1840s to raise his family. Thomas Eakins observed his father at work and by twelve demonstrated skill in precise line drawing, perspective, and the use of a grid to lay out a careful design, skills he later applied to his art.", "Thomas Eakins observed his father at work and by twelve demonstrated skill in precise line drawing, perspective, and the use of a grid to lay out a careful design, skills he later applied to his art. He was an athletic child who enjoyed rowing, ice skating, swimming, wrestling, sailing, and gymnastics—activities he later painted and encouraged in his students.", "He was an athletic child who enjoyed rowing, ice skating, swimming, wrestling, sailing, and gymnastics—activities he later painted and encouraged in his students. Eakins attended Central High School, the premier public school for applied science and arts in the city, where he excelled in mechanical drawing.", "Eakins attended Central High School, the premier public school for applied science and arts in the city, where he excelled in mechanical drawing. Thomas met fellow artist and lifelong friend, Charles Lewis Fussell in high school and they reunited to study at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts.", "Thomas met fellow artist and lifelong friend, Charles Lewis Fussell in high school and they reunited to study at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts. Thomas began at the academy in 1861 and later attended courses in anatomy and dissection at Jefferson Medical College from 1864 to 65.", "Thomas began at the academy in 1861 and later attended courses in anatomy and dissection at Jefferson Medical College from 1864 to 65. For a while, he followed his father's profession and was listed in city directories as a \"writing teacher\". His scientific interest in the human body led him to consider becoming a surgeon.", "His scientific interest in the human body led him to consider becoming a surgeon. Eakins then studied art in Europe from 1866 to 1870, notably in Paris with Jean-Léon Gérôme, being only the second American pupil of the French realist painter, famous as a master of Orientalism.", "Eakins then studied art in Europe from 1866 to 1870, notably in Paris with Jean-Léon Gérôme, being only the second American pupil of the French realist painter, famous as a master of Orientalism. He also attended the atelier of Léon Bonnat, a realist painter who emphasized anatomical preciseness, a method adapted by Eakins.", "He also attended the atelier of Léon Bonnat, a realist painter who emphasized anatomical preciseness, a method adapted by Eakins. While studying at the École des Beaux-Arts, he seems to have taken scant interest in the new Impressionist movement, nor was he impressed by what he perceived as the classical pretensions of the French Academy.", "While studying at the École des Beaux-Arts, he seems to have taken scant interest in the new Impressionist movement, nor was he impressed by what he perceived as the classical pretensions of the French Academy. A letter home to his father in 1868 made his aesthetic clear: She [the female nude] is the most beautiful thing there is in the world except a naked man, but I never yet saw a study of one exhibited...", "A letter home to his father in 1868 made his aesthetic clear: She [the female nude] is the most beautiful thing there is in the world except a naked man, but I never yet saw a study of one exhibited... It would be a godsend to see a fine man model painted in the studio with the bare walls, alongside of the smiling smirking goddesses of waxy complexion amidst the delicious arsenic green trees and gentle wax flowers & purling streams running melodious up & down the hills especially up.", "It would be a godsend to see a fine man model painted in the studio with the bare walls, alongside of the smiling smirking goddesses of waxy complexion amidst the delicious arsenic green trees and gentle wax flowers & purling streams running melodious up & down the hills especially up. I hate affectation.", "I hate affectation. I hate affectation. Already at age 24, \"nudity and verity were linked with an unusual closeness in his mind.\" Yet his desire for truthfulness was more expansive, and the letters home to Philadelphia reveal a passion for realism that included, but was not limited to, the study of the figure.", "Yet his desire for truthfulness was more expansive, and the letters home to Philadelphia reveal a passion for realism that included, but was not limited to, the study of the figure. A trip to Spain for six months confirmed his admiration for the realism of artists such as Diego Velázquez and Jusepe de Ribera.", "A trip to Spain for six months confirmed his admiration for the realism of artists such as Diego Velázquez and Jusepe de Ribera. In Seville in 1869 he painted Carmelita Requeña, a portrait of a seven-year-old gypsy dancer more freely and colorfully painted than his Paris studies.", "In Seville in 1869 he painted Carmelita Requeña, a portrait of a seven-year-old gypsy dancer more freely and colorfully painted than his Paris studies. That same year he attempted his first large oil painting, A Street Scene in Seville, wherein he first dealt with the complications of a scene observed outside the studio.", "That same year he attempted his first large oil painting, A Street Scene in Seville, wherein he first dealt with the complications of a scene observed outside the studio. Although he failed to matriculate in a formal degree program and had showed no works in the European salons, Eakins succeeded in absorbing the techniques and methods of French and Spanish masters, and he began to formulate his artistic vision which he demonstrated in his first major painting upon his return to America.", "Although he failed to matriculate in a formal degree program and had showed no works in the European salons, Eakins succeeded in absorbing the techniques and methods of French and Spanish masters, and he began to formulate his artistic vision which he demonstrated in his first major painting upon his return to America. \"I shall seek to achieve my broad effect from the very beginning\", he declared.", "\"I shall seek to achieve my broad effect from the very beginning\", he declared. Early career Eakins' first works upon his return from Europe included a large group of rowing scenes, eleven oils and watercolors in all, of which the first and most famous is Max Schmitt in a Single Scull (1871; also known as The Champion Single Sculling).", "Early career Eakins' first works upon his return from Europe included a large group of rowing scenes, eleven oils and watercolors in all, of which the first and most famous is Max Schmitt in a Single Scull (1871; also known as The Champion Single Sculling). Both his subject and his technique drew attention.", "Both his subject and his technique drew attention. His selection of a contemporary sport was \"a shock to the artistic conventionalities of the city\". Eakins placed himself in the painting, in a scull behind Schmitt, his name inscribed on the boat.", "Eakins placed himself in the painting, in a scull behind Schmitt, his name inscribed on the boat. Typically, the work entailed critical observation of the painting's subject, as well as preparatory drawings of the figure and perspective plans of the scull in the water.", "Typically, the work entailed critical observation of the painting's subject, as well as preparatory drawings of the figure and perspective plans of the scull in the water. Its preparation and composition indicates the importance of Eakins' academic training in Paris.", "Its preparation and composition indicates the importance of Eakins' academic training in Paris. It was a completely original conception, true to Eakins' firsthand experience, and an almost startlingly successful image for the artist, who had struggled with his first outdoor composition less than a year before.", "It was a completely original conception, true to Eakins' firsthand experience, and an almost startlingly successful image for the artist, who had struggled with his first outdoor composition less than a year before. His first known sale was the watercolor The Sculler (1874).", "His first known sale was the watercolor The Sculler (1874). Most critics judged the rowing pictures successful and auspicious, but after the initial flourish, Eakins never revisited the subject of rowing and went on to other sports themes.", "Most critics judged the rowing pictures successful and auspicious, but after the initial flourish, Eakins never revisited the subject of rowing and went on to other sports themes. At the same time that he made these initial ventures into outdoor themes, Eakins produced a series of domestic Victorian interiors, often with his father, his sisters or friends as the subjects.", "At the same time that he made these initial ventures into outdoor themes, Eakins produced a series of domestic Victorian interiors, often with his father, his sisters or friends as the subjects. Home Scene (1871), Elizabeth at the Piano (1875), The Chess Players (1876), and Elizabeth Crowell and her Dog (1874), each dark in tonality, focus on the unsentimental characterization of individuals adopting natural attitudes in their homes.", "Home Scene (1871), Elizabeth at the Piano (1875), The Chess Players (1876), and Elizabeth Crowell and her Dog (1874), each dark in tonality, focus on the unsentimental characterization of individuals adopting natural attitudes in their homes. It was in this vein that in 1872 he painted his first large scale portrait, Kathrin, in which the subject, Kathrin Crowell, is seen in dim light, playing with a kitten.", "It was in this vein that in 1872 he painted his first large scale portrait, Kathrin, in which the subject, Kathrin Crowell, is seen in dim light, playing with a kitten. In 1874 Eakins and Crowell became engaged; they were still engaged five years later, when Crowell died of meningitis in 1879.", "In 1874 Eakins and Crowell became engaged; they were still engaged five years later, when Crowell died of meningitis in 1879. Teaching and forced resignation from Academy Eakins returned to the Pennsylvania Academy to teach in 1876 as a volunteer after the opening of the school's new Frank Furness designed building.", "Teaching and forced resignation from Academy Eakins returned to the Pennsylvania Academy to teach in 1876 as a volunteer after the opening of the school's new Frank Furness designed building. He became a salaried professor in 1878, and rose to director in 1882.", "He became a salaried professor in 1878, and rose to director in 1882. His teaching methods were controversial: there was no drawing from antique casts, and students received only a short study in charcoal, followed quickly by their introduction to painting, in order to grasp subjects in true color as soon as practical.", "His teaching methods were controversial: there was no drawing from antique casts, and students received only a short study in charcoal, followed quickly by their introduction to painting, in order to grasp subjects in true color as soon as practical. He encouraged students to use photography as an aid to understanding anatomy and the study of motion, and disallowed prize competitions.", "He encouraged students to use photography as an aid to understanding anatomy and the study of motion, and disallowed prize competitions. Although there was no specialized vocational instruction, students with aspirations for using their school training for applied arts, such as illustration, lithography, and decoration, were as welcome as students interested in becoming portrait artists.", "Although there was no specialized vocational instruction, students with aspirations for using their school training for applied arts, such as illustration, lithography, and decoration, were as welcome as students interested in becoming portrait artists. Most notable was his interest in the instruction of all aspects of the human figure, including anatomical study of the human and animal body, and surgical dissection; there were also rigorous courses in the fundamentals of form, and studies in perspective which involved mathematics.", "Most notable was his interest in the instruction of all aspects of the human figure, including anatomical study of the human and animal body, and surgical dissection; there were also rigorous courses in the fundamentals of form, and studies in perspective which involved mathematics. As an aid to the study of anatomy, plaster casts were made from dissections, duplicates of which were furnished to students.", "As an aid to the study of anatomy, plaster casts were made from dissections, duplicates of which were furnished to students. A similar study was made of the anatomy of horses; acknowledging Eakins' expertise, in 1891 his friend, the sculptor William Rudolf O'Donovan, asked him to collaborate on the commission to create bronze equestrian reliefs of Abraham Lincoln and Ulysses S. Grant, for the Soldiers' and Sailors' Arch in Grand Army Plaza in Brooklyn.", "A similar study was made of the anatomy of horses; acknowledging Eakins' expertise, in 1891 his friend, the sculptor William Rudolf O'Donovan, asked him to collaborate on the commission to create bronze equestrian reliefs of Abraham Lincoln and Ulysses S. Grant, for the Soldiers' and Sailors' Arch in Grand Army Plaza in Brooklyn. Owing to Eakins' devotion to working from life, the Academy's course of study was by the early 1880s the most \"liberal and advanced in the world\".", "Owing to Eakins' devotion to working from life, the Academy's course of study was by the early 1880s the most \"liberal and advanced in the world\". Eakins believed in teaching by example and letting the students find their own way with only terse guidance.", "Eakins believed in teaching by example and letting the students find their own way with only terse guidance. His students included painters, cartoonists, and illustrators such as Henry Ossawa Tanner, Thomas Pollock Anshutz, Edward Willis Redfield, Colin Campbell Cooper, Alice Barber Stephens, Frederick Judd Waugh, T. S. Sullivant and A. B. Frost.", "B. Frost. Frost. He stated his teaching philosophy bluntly, \"A teacher can do very little for a pupil & should only be thankful if he don't hinder him ... and the greater the master, mostly the less he can say.\" He believed that women should \"assume professional privileges\" as would men.", "He believed that women should \"assume professional privileges\" as would men. Life classes and dissection were segregated but women had access to male models (who were nude but wore loincloths). The line between impartiality and questionable behavior was a thin one.", "The line between impartiality and questionable behavior was a thin one. When a female student, Amelia Van Buren, asked about the movement of the pelvis, Eakins invited her to his studio, where he undressed and \"gave her the explanation as I could not have done by words only\".", "When a female student, Amelia Van Buren, asked about the movement of the pelvis, Eakins invited her to his studio, where he undressed and \"gave her the explanation as I could not have done by words only\". Such incidents, coupled with the ambitions of his younger associates to oust him and take over the school themselves, created tensions between him and the Academy's board of directors.", "Such incidents, coupled with the ambitions of his younger associates to oust him and take over the school themselves, created tensions between him and the Academy's board of directors. He was ultimately forced to resign in 1886, for removing the loincloth of a male model in a class where female students were present.", "He was ultimately forced to resign in 1886, for removing the loincloth of a male model in a class where female students were present. The forced resignation was a major setback for Eakins. His family was split, with his in-laws siding against him in public dispute.", "His family was split, with his in-laws siding against him in public dispute. He struggled to protect his name against rumors and false charges, had bouts of ill health, and suffered a humiliation which he felt for the rest of his life.", "He struggled to protect his name against rumors and false charges, had bouts of ill health, and suffered a humiliation which he felt for the rest of his life. A drawing manual he had written and prepared illustrations for remained unfinished and unpublished during his lifetime.", "A drawing manual he had written and prepared illustrations for remained unfinished and unpublished during his lifetime. Eakins' popularity among the students was such that a number of them broke with the Academy and formed the Art Students' League of Philadelphia (1886–1893), where Eakins subsequently instructed.", "Eakins' popularity among the students was such that a number of them broke with the Academy and formed the Art Students' League of Philadelphia (1886–1893), where Eakins subsequently instructed. It was there that he met the student, Samuel Murray, who would become his protege and lifelong friend.", "It was there that he met the student, Samuel Murray, who would become his protege and lifelong friend. He also lectured and taught at a number of other schools, including the Art Students League of New York, the National Academy of Design, Cooper Union, and the Art Students' Guild in Washington DC.", "He also lectured and taught at a number of other schools, including the Art Students League of New York, the National Academy of Design, Cooper Union, and the Art Students' Guild in Washington DC. Dismissed in March 1895 by the Drexel Institute in Philadelphia for again using a fully nude male model, he gradually withdrew from teaching by 1898.", "Dismissed in March 1895 by the Drexel Institute in Philadelphia for again using a fully nude male model, he gradually withdrew from teaching by 1898. Photography Eakins has been credited with having \"introduced the camera to the American art studio\".", "Photography Eakins has been credited with having \"introduced the camera to the American art studio\". During his study abroad, he was exposed to the use of photography by the French realists, though the use of photography was still frowned upon as a shortcut by traditionalists.", "During his study abroad, he was exposed to the use of photography by the French realists, though the use of photography was still frowned upon as a shortcut by traditionalists. In the late 1870s, Eakins was introduced to the photographic motion studies of Eadweard Muybridge, particularly the equine studies, and became interested in using the camera to study sequential movement.", "In the late 1870s, Eakins was introduced to the photographic motion studies of Eadweard Muybridge, particularly the equine studies, and became interested in using the camera to study sequential movement. In the mid-1880s, Eakins worked briefly alongside Muybridge in the latter's photographic studio at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia.", "In the mid-1880s, Eakins worked briefly alongside Muybridge in the latter's photographic studio at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia. Eakins soon performed his own independent motion studies, also usually involving the nude figure, and even developed his own technique for capturing movement on film.", "Eakins soon performed his own independent motion studies, also usually involving the nude figure, and even developed his own technique for capturing movement on film. Whereas Muybridge's system relied on a series of cameras triggered to produce a sequence of individual photographs, Eakins preferred to use a single camera to produce a series of exposures superimposed on one negative.", "Whereas Muybridge's system relied on a series of cameras triggered to produce a sequence of individual photographs, Eakins preferred to use a single camera to produce a series of exposures superimposed on one negative. Eakins was more interested in precision measurements on a single image to aid in translating a motion into a painting, while Muybridge preferred separate images that could also be displayed by his primitive movie projector.", "Eakins was more interested in precision measurements on a single image to aid in translating a motion into a painting, while Muybridge preferred separate images that could also be displayed by his primitive movie projector. After Eakins obtained a camera in 1880, several paintings, such as Mending the Net (1881) and Arcadia (1883), are known to have been derived at least in part from his photographs.", "After Eakins obtained a camera in 1880, several paintings, such as Mending the Net (1881) and Arcadia (1883), are known to have been derived at least in part from his photographs. Some figures appear to be detailed transcriptions and tracings from the photographs by some device like a magic lantern, which Eakins then took pains to cover up with oil paint.", "Some figures appear to be detailed transcriptions and tracings from the photographs by some device like a magic lantern, which Eakins then took pains to cover up with oil paint. Eakins' methods appear to be meticulously applied, and rather than shortcuts, were likely used in a quest for accuracy and realism.", "Eakins' methods appear to be meticulously applied, and rather than shortcuts, were likely used in a quest for accuracy and realism. An excellent example of Eakins' use of this new technology is his painting A May Morning in the Park, which relied heavily on photographic motion studies to depict the true gait of the four horses pulling the coach of patron Fairman Rogers.", "An excellent example of Eakins' use of this new technology is his painting A May Morning in the Park, which relied heavily on photographic motion studies to depict the true gait of the four horses pulling the coach of patron Fairman Rogers. But in typical fashion, Eakins also employed wax figures and oil sketches to get the final effect he desired.", "But in typical fashion, Eakins also employed wax figures and oil sketches to get the final effect he desired. The so-called \"Naked Series\", which began in 1883, were nude photos of students and professional models which were taken to show real human anatomy from several specific angles, and were often hung and displayed for study at the school.", "The so-called \"Naked Series\", which began in 1883, were nude photos of students and professional models which were taken to show real human anatomy from several specific angles, and were often hung and displayed for study at the school. Later, less regimented poses were taken indoors and out, of men, women, and children, including his wife.", "Later, less regimented poses were taken indoors and out, of men, women, and children, including his wife. The most provocative, and the only ones combining males and females, were nude photos of Eakins and a female model (see below).", "The most provocative, and the only ones combining males and females, were nude photos of Eakins and a female model (see below). Although witnesses and chaperones were usually on site, and the poses were mostly traditional in nature, the sheer quantity of the photos and Eakins' overt display of them may have undermined his standing at the Academy.", "Although witnesses and chaperones were usually on site, and the poses were mostly traditional in nature, the sheer quantity of the photos and Eakins' overt display of them may have undermined his standing at the Academy. In all, about eight hundred photographs are now attributed to Eakins and his circle, most of which are figure studies, both clothed and nude, and portraits.", "In all, about eight hundred photographs are now attributed to Eakins and his circle, most of which are figure studies, both clothed and nude, and portraits. No other American artist of his time matched Eakins' interest in photography, nor produced a comparable body of photographic works.", "No other American artist of his time matched Eakins' interest in photography, nor produced a comparable body of photographic works. Eakins used photography for his own private ends as well. Aside from nude men, and women, he also photographed nude children.", "Aside from nude men, and women, he also photographed nude children. While the photographs of the nude adults are more artistically composed, the younger children and infants are posed less formally. These photographs, that are “charged with sexual overtones,” as Susan Danly and Cheryl Leibold write, are of unidentified children.", "These photographs, that are “charged with sexual overtones,” as Susan Danly and Cheryl Leibold write, are of unidentified children. In the catalog of Eakins' collection at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, photograph number 308 is of an African American child reclining on a couch and posed as Venus.", "In the catalog of Eakins' collection at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, photograph number 308 is of an African American child reclining on a couch and posed as Venus. Both Saidiya Hartman and Fred Moten write, respectively, about the photograph, and the child that it arrests.", "Both Saidiya Hartman and Fred Moten write, respectively, about the photograph, and the child that it arrests. Portraits I will never have to give up painting, for even now I could paint heads good enough to make a living anywhere in America.", "Portraits I will never have to give up painting, for even now I could paint heads good enough to make a living anywhere in America. For Eakins, portraiture held little interest as a means of fashionable idealization or even simple verisimilitude.", "For Eakins, portraiture held little interest as a means of fashionable idealization or even simple verisimilitude. Instead, it provided the opportunity to reveal the character of an individual through the modeling of solid anatomical form.", "Instead, it provided the opportunity to reveal the character of an individual through the modeling of solid anatomical form. This meant that, notwithstanding his youthful optimism, Eakins would never be a commercially successful portrait painter, as few paid commissions came his way.", "This meant that, notwithstanding his youthful optimism, Eakins would never be a commercially successful portrait painter, as few paid commissions came his way. But his total output of some two hundred and fifty portraits is characterized by \"an uncompromising search for the unique human being\".", "But his total output of some two hundred and fifty portraits is characterized by \"an uncompromising search for the unique human being\". Often this search for individuality required that the subject be painted in his own daily working environment.", "Often this search for individuality required that the subject be painted in his own daily working environment. Eakins' Portrait of Professor Benjamin H. Rand (1874) was a prelude to what many consider his most important work.", "Eakins' Portrait of Professor Benjamin H. Rand (1874) was a prelude to what many consider his most important work. In The Gross Clinic (1875), a renowned Philadelphia surgeon, Dr. Samuel D. Gross, is seen presiding over an operation to remove part of a diseased bone from a patient's thigh.", "In The Gross Clinic (1875), a renowned Philadelphia surgeon, Dr. Samuel D. Gross, is seen presiding over an operation to remove part of a diseased bone from a patient's thigh. Gross lectures in an amphitheater crowded with students at Jefferson Medical College.", "Gross lectures in an amphitheater crowded with students at Jefferson Medical College. Eakins spent nearly a year on the painting, again choosing a novel subject, the discipline of modern surgery, in which Philadelphia was in the forefront.", "Eakins spent nearly a year on the painting, again choosing a novel subject, the discipline of modern surgery, in which Philadelphia was in the forefront. He initiated the project and may have had the goal of a grand work befitting a showing at the Centennial Exposition of 1876.", "He initiated the project and may have had the goal of a grand work befitting a showing at the Centennial Exposition of 1876. Though rejected for the Art Gallery, the painting was shown on the centennial grounds at an exhibit of a U.S. Army Post Hospital.", "Though rejected for the Art Gallery, the painting was shown on the centennial grounds at an exhibit of a U.S. Army Post Hospital. In sharp contrast, another Eakins submission, The Chess Players, was accepted by the Committee and was much admired at the Centennial Exhibition, and critically praised.", "In sharp contrast, another Eakins submission, The Chess Players, was accepted by the Committee and was much admired at the Centennial Exhibition, and critically praised. At 96 by 78 inches (240 × 200 cm), The Gross Clinic is one of the artist's largest works, and considered by some to be his greatest.", "At 96 by 78 inches (240 × 200 cm), The Gross Clinic is one of the artist's largest works, and considered by some to be his greatest. Eakins' high expectations at the start of the project were recorded in a letter, \"What elates me more is that I have just got a new picture blocked in and it is very far better than anything I have ever done.", "Eakins' high expectations at the start of the project were recorded in a letter, \"What elates me more is that I have just got a new picture blocked in and it is very far better than anything I have ever done. As I spoil things less and less in finishing I have the greatest hopes of this one\" But if Eakins hoped to impress his home town with the picture, he was to be disappointed; public reaction to the painting of a realistic surgical incision and the resultant blood was ambivalent at best, and it was finally purchased by the college for the unimpressive sum of $200.", "As I spoil things less and less in finishing I have the greatest hopes of this one\" But if Eakins hoped to impress his home town with the picture, he was to be disappointed; public reaction to the painting of a realistic surgical incision and the resultant blood was ambivalent at best, and it was finally purchased by the college for the unimpressive sum of $200. Eakins borrowed it for subsequent exhibitions, where it drew strong reactions, such as that of the New York Daily Tribune, which both acknowledged and damned its powerful image, \"but the more one praises it, the more one must condemn its admission to a gallery where men and women of weak nerves must be compelled to look at it.", "Eakins borrowed it for subsequent exhibitions, where it drew strong reactions, such as that of the New York Daily Tribune, which both acknowledged and damned its powerful image, \"but the more one praises it, the more one must condemn its admission to a gallery where men and women of weak nerves must be compelled to look at it. For not to look it is impossible...No purpose is gained by this morbid exhibition, no lesson taught—the painter shows his skill and the spectators' gorge rises at it—that is all.\"", "For not to look it is impossible...No purpose is gained by this morbid exhibition, no lesson taught—the painter shows his skill and the spectators' gorge rises at it—that is all.\" The college now describes it thus: \"Today the once maligned picture is celebrated as a great nineteenth-century medical history painting, featuring one of the most superb portraits in American art\".", "The college now describes it thus: \"Today the once maligned picture is celebrated as a great nineteenth-century medical history painting, featuring one of the most superb portraits in American art\". In 1876, Eakins completed a portrait of Dr. John Brinton, surgeon of the Philadelphia Hospital, and famed for his Civil War service.", "In 1876, Eakins completed a portrait of Dr. John Brinton, surgeon of the Philadelphia Hospital, and famed for his Civil War service. Done in a more informal setting than The Gross Clinic, it was a personal favorite of Eakins, and The Art Journal proclaimed \"it is in every respect a more favorable example of this artist's abilities than his much-talked-of composition representing a dissecting room.\"", "Done in a more informal setting than The Gross Clinic, it was a personal favorite of Eakins, and The Art Journal proclaimed \"it is in every respect a more favorable example of this artist's abilities than his much-talked-of composition representing a dissecting room.\" Other outstanding examples of his portraits include The Agnew Clinic (1889), Eakins' most important commission and largest painting, which depicted another eminent American surgeon, Dr. David Hayes Agnew, performing a mastectomy; The Dean's Roll Call (1899), featuring Dr. James W. Holland, and Professor Leslie W. Miller (1901), portraits of educators standing as if addressing an audience; a portrait of Frank Hamilton Cushing (c. 1895), in which the prominent ethnologist is seen performing an incantation at the Zuñi pueblo; Professor Henry A. Rowland (1897), a brilliant scientist whose study of spectroscopy revolutionized his field; Antiquated Music (1900), in which Mrs. William D. Frishmuth is shown seated amidst her collection of musical instruments; and The Concert Singer (1890–92), for which Eakins asked Weda Cook to sing \"O rest in the Lord\", so that he could study the muscles of her throat and mouth.", "Other outstanding examples of his portraits include The Agnew Clinic (1889), Eakins' most important commission and largest painting, which depicted another eminent American surgeon, Dr. David Hayes Agnew, performing a mastectomy; The Dean's Roll Call (1899), featuring Dr. James W. Holland, and Professor Leslie W. Miller (1901), portraits of educators standing as if addressing an audience; a portrait of Frank Hamilton Cushing (c. 1895), in which the prominent ethnologist is seen performing an incantation at the Zuñi pueblo; Professor Henry A. Rowland (1897), a brilliant scientist whose study of spectroscopy revolutionized his field; Antiquated Music (1900), in which Mrs. William D. Frishmuth is shown seated amidst her collection of musical instruments; and The Concert Singer (1890–92), for which Eakins asked Weda Cook to sing \"O rest in the Lord\", so that he could study the muscles of her throat and mouth. To replicate the proper deployment of a baton, Eakins enlisted an orchestral conductor to pose for the hand seen in the lower left-hand corner of the painting.", "To replicate the proper deployment of a baton, Eakins enlisted an orchestral conductor to pose for the hand seen in the lower left-hand corner of the painting. Of Eakins' later portraits, many took as their subjects women who were friends or students. Unlike most portrayals of women at the time, they are devoid of glamor and idealization.", "Unlike most portrayals of women at the time, they are devoid of glamor and idealization. For Portrait of Letitia Wilson Jordan (1888), Eakins painted the sitter wearing the same evening dress in which he had seen her at a party. She is a substantial presence, a vision quite different from the era's fashionable portraiture.", "She is a substantial presence, a vision quite different from the era's fashionable portraiture. So, too, his Portrait of Maud Cook (1895), where the obvious beauty of the subject is noted with \"a stark objectivity\".", "So, too, his Portrait of Maud Cook (1895), where the obvious beauty of the subject is noted with \"a stark objectivity\". The portrait of Miss Amelia Van Buren (c. 1890), a friend and former pupil, suggests the melancholy of a complex personality, and has been called \"the finest of all American portraits\".", "The portrait of Miss Amelia Van Buren (c. 1890), a friend and former pupil, suggests the melancholy of a complex personality, and has been called \"the finest of all American portraits\". Even Susan Macdowell Eakins, a strong painter and former student who married Eakins in 1884, was not sentimentalized: despite its richness of color, The Artist's Wife and His Setter Dog (c. 1884–89) is a penetratingly candid portrait.", "Even Susan Macdowell Eakins, a strong painter and former student who married Eakins in 1884, was not sentimentalized: despite its richness of color, The Artist's Wife and His Setter Dog (c. 1884–89) is a penetratingly candid portrait. Some of his most vivid portraits resulted from a late series done for the Catholic clergy, which included paintings of a cardinal, archbishops, bishops, and monsignors.", "Some of his most vivid portraits resulted from a late series done for the Catholic clergy, which included paintings of a cardinal, archbishops, bishops, and monsignors. As usual, most of the sitters were engaged at Eakins' request, and were given the portraits when Eakins had completed them.", "As usual, most of the sitters were engaged at Eakins' request, and were given the portraits when Eakins had completed them. In portraits of His Eminence Sebastiano Cardinal Martinelli (1902), Archbishop William Henry Elder (1903), and Monsignor James P. Turner (c. 1906), Eakins took advantage of the brilliant vestments of the offices to animate the compositions in a way not possible in his other male portraits.", "In portraits of His Eminence Sebastiano Cardinal Martinelli (1902), Archbishop William Henry Elder (1903), and Monsignor James P. Turner (c. 1906), Eakins took advantage of the brilliant vestments of the offices to animate the compositions in a way not possible in his other male portraits. Deeply affected by his dismissal from the Academy, Eakins focused his later career on portraiture, such as his 1905 Portrait of Professor William S. Forbes.", "Deeply affected by his dismissal from the Academy, Eakins focused his later career on portraiture, such as his 1905 Portrait of Professor William S. Forbes. His steadfast insistence on his own vision of realism, in addition to his notoriety from his school scandals, combined to hurt his income in later years.", "His steadfast insistence on his own vision of realism, in addition to his notoriety from his school scandals, combined to hurt his income in later years. Even as he approached these portraits with the skill of a highly trained anatomist, what is most noteworthy is the intense psychological presence of his sitters.", "Even as he approached these portraits with the skill of a highly trained anatomist, what is most noteworthy is the intense psychological presence of his sitters. However, it was precisely for this reason that his portraits were often rejected by the sitters or their families.", "However, it was precisely for this reason that his portraits were often rejected by the sitters or their families. As a result, Eakins came to rely on his friends and family members to model for portraits. His portrait of Walt Whitman (1887–1888) was the poet's favorite.", "His portrait of Walt Whitman (1887–1888) was the poet's favorite. The figure Eakins' lifelong interest in the figure, nude or nearly so, took several thematic forms. The rowing paintings of the early 1870s constitute the first series of figure studies.", "The rowing paintings of the early 1870s constitute the first series of figure studies. In Eakins' largest picture on the subject, The Biglin Brothers Turning the Stake (1873), the muscular dynamism of the body is given its fullest treatment.", "In Eakins' largest picture on the subject, The Biglin Brothers Turning the Stake (1873), the muscular dynamism of the body is given its fullest treatment. In the 1877 painting William Rush and His Model, he painted the female nude as integral to a historical subject, even though there is no evidence that the model who posed for Rush did so in the nude.", "In the 1877 painting William Rush and His Model, he painted the female nude as integral to a historical subject, even though there is no evidence that the model who posed for Rush did so in the nude. The Centennial Exhibition of 1876 helped foster a revival in interest in Colonial America and Eakins participated with an ambitious project employing oil studies, wax and wood models, and finally the portrait in 1877.", "The Centennial Exhibition of 1876 helped foster a revival in interest in Colonial America and Eakins participated with an ambitious project employing oil studies, wax and wood models, and finally the portrait in 1877. William Rush was a celebrated Colonial sculptor and ship carver, a revered example of an artist-citizen who figured prominently in Philadelphia civic life, and a founder of the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts where Eakins had started teaching.", "William Rush was a celebrated Colonial sculptor and ship carver, a revered example of an artist-citizen who figured prominently in Philadelphia civic life, and a founder of the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts where Eakins had started teaching. Despite his sincerely depicted reverence for Rush, Eakins' treatment of the human body once again drew criticism.", "Despite his sincerely depicted reverence for Rush, Eakins' treatment of the human body once again drew criticism. This time it was the nude model and her heaped-up clothes depicted front and center, with Rush relegated to the deep shadows in the left background, that stirred dissatisfaction.", "This time it was the nude model and her heaped-up clothes depicted front and center, with Rush relegated to the deep shadows in the left background, that stirred dissatisfaction. Nonetheless, Eakins found a subject that referenced his native city and an earlier Philadelphia artist, and allowed for an assay on the female nude seen from behind.", "Nonetheless, Eakins found a subject that referenced his native city and an earlier Philadelphia artist, and allowed for an assay on the female nude seen from behind. When he returned to the subject many years later, the narrative became more personal: In William Rush and His Model (1908), gone are the chaperon and detailed interior of the earlier work.", "When he returned to the subject many years later, the narrative became more personal: In William Rush and His Model (1908), gone are the chaperon and detailed interior of the earlier work. The professional distance between sculptor and model has been eliminated, and the relationship has become intimate.", "The professional distance between sculptor and model has been eliminated, and the relationship has become intimate. In one version of the painting from that year, the nude is seen from the front, being helped down from the model stand by an artist who bears a strong resemblance to Eakins.", "In one version of the painting from that year, the nude is seen from the front, being helped down from the model stand by an artist who bears a strong resemblance to Eakins. The Swimming Hole (1884–85) features Eakins' finest studies of the nude, in his most successfully constructed outdoor picture.", "The Swimming Hole (1884–85) features Eakins' finest studies of the nude, in his most successfully constructed outdoor picture. The figures are those of his friends and students, and include a self-portrait.", "The figures are those of his friends and students, and include a self-portrait. Although there are photographs by Eakins which relate to the painting, the picture's powerful pyramidal composition and sculptural conception of the individual bodies are completely distinctive pictorial resolutions. The work was painted on commission, but was refused.", "The work was painted on commission, but was refused. In the late 1890s Eakins returned to the male figure, this time in a more urban setting. Taking the Count (1896), a painting of a prizefight, was his second largest canvas, but not his most successful composition.", "Taking the Count (1896), a painting of a prizefight, was his second largest canvas, but not his most successful composition. The same may be said of Wrestlers (1899).", "The same may be said of Wrestlers (1899). More successful was Between Rounds (1899), for which boxer Billy Smith posed seated in his corner at Philadelphia's Arena; in fact, all the principal figures were posed by models re-enacting what had been an actual fight.", "More successful was Between Rounds (1899), for which boxer Billy Smith posed seated in his corner at Philadelphia's Arena; in fact, all the principal figures were posed by models re-enacting what had been an actual fight. Salutat (1898), a frieze-like composition in which the main figure is isolated, \"is one of Eakins' finest achievements in figure-painting.\"", "Salutat (1898), a frieze-like composition in which the main figure is isolated, \"is one of Eakins' finest achievements in figure-painting.\" Although Eakins was agnostic, he painted The Crucifixion in 1880.", "Although Eakins was agnostic, he painted The Crucifixion in 1880. Art historian Akela Reason says Eakins's selection of this subject has puzzled some art historians who, unable to reconcile what appears to be an anomalous religious image by a reputedly agnostic artist, have related it solely to Eakins's desire for realism, thus divesting the painting of its religious content.", "Art historian Akela Reason says Eakins's selection of this subject has puzzled some art historians who, unable to reconcile what appears to be an anomalous religious image by a reputedly agnostic artist, have related it solely to Eakins's desire for realism, thus divesting the painting of its religious content. Lloyd Goodrich, for example, considered this illustration of Christ's suffering completely devoid of \"religious sentiment\" and suggested that Eakins intended it simply as a realist study of the male nude body.", "Lloyd Goodrich, for example, considered this illustration of Christ's suffering completely devoid of \"religious sentiment\" and suggested that Eakins intended it simply as a realist study of the male nude body. As a result, art historians have frequently associated 'Crucifixion' (like Swimming) with Eakins's strong interest in anatomy and the nude.", "As a result, art historians have frequently associated 'Crucifixion' (like Swimming) with Eakins's strong interest in anatomy and the nude. In his later years Eakins persistently asked his female portrait models to pose in the nude, a practice which would have been all but prohibited in conventional Philadelphia society. Inevitably, his desires were frustrated.", "Inevitably, his desires were frustrated. Personal life and marriage The nature of Eakins' sexuality and its impact on his art is a matter of intense scholarly debate.", "Personal life and marriage The nature of Eakins' sexuality and its impact on his art is a matter of intense scholarly debate. Strong circumstantial evidence points to discussion during Eakins's lifetime that he had homosexual leanings, and there is little doubt that he was attracted to men, as evidenced in his photography, and three major paintings where male buttocks are a focal point: The Gross Clinic, Salutat, and The Swimming Hole.", "Strong circumstantial evidence points to discussion during Eakins's lifetime that he had homosexual leanings, and there is little doubt that he was attracted to men, as evidenced in his photography, and three major paintings where male buttocks are a focal point: The Gross Clinic, Salutat, and The Swimming Hole. The latter, in which Eakins appears, is increasingly seen as sensuous and autobiographical.", "The latter, in which Eakins appears, is increasingly seen as sensuous and autobiographical. Until recently, major Eakins scholars persistently denied he was homosexual, and such discussion was marginalized. While there is still no consensus, today discussion of homoerotic desire plays a large role in Eakins scholarship.", "While there is still no consensus, today discussion of homoerotic desire plays a large role in Eakins scholarship. The discovery of a large trove of Eakins' personal papers in 1984 has also driven reassessment of his life. Eakins met Emily Sartain, daughter of John Sartain, while studying at the academy.", "Eakins met Emily Sartain, daughter of John Sartain, while studying at the academy. Their romance foundered after Eakins moved to Paris to study, and she accused him of immorality. It is likely Eakins had told her of frequenting places where prostitutes assembled.", "It is likely Eakins had told her of frequenting places where prostitutes assembled. The son of Eakins' physician also reported that Eakins had been \"very loose sexually—went to France, where there are no morals, and the french morality suited him to a T\".", "The son of Eakins' physician also reported that Eakins had been \"very loose sexually—went to France, where there are no morals, and the french morality suited him to a T\". In 1884, at age 40, Eakins married Susan Hannah Macdowell, the daughter of a Philadelphia engraver.", "In 1884, at age 40, Eakins married Susan Hannah Macdowell, the daughter of a Philadelphia engraver. Two years earlier Eakins' sister Margaret, who had acted as his secretary and personal servant, had died of typhoid. It has been suggested that Eakins married to replace her.", "It has been suggested that Eakins married to replace her. Macdowell was 25 when Eakins met her at the Hazeltine Gallery where The Gross Clinic was being exhibited in 1875.", "Macdowell was 25 when Eakins met her at the Hazeltine Gallery where The Gross Clinic was being exhibited in 1875. Unlike many, she was impressed by the controversial painting and she decided to study with him at the Academy, which she attended for six years, adopting a sober, realistic style similar to her teacher's.", "Unlike many, she was impressed by the controversial painting and she decided to study with him at the Academy, which she attended for six years, adopting a sober, realistic style similar to her teacher's. Macdowell was an outstanding student and winner of the Mary Smith Prize for the best painting by a matriculating woman artist.", "Macdowell was an outstanding student and winner of the Mary Smith Prize for the best painting by a matriculating woman artist. During their childless marriage, she painted only sporadically and spent most of her time supporting her husband's career, entertaining guests and students, and faithfully backing him in his difficult times with the academy, even when some members of her family aligned against Eakins.", "During their childless marriage, she painted only sporadically and spent most of her time supporting her husband's career, entertaining guests and students, and faithfully backing him in his difficult times with the academy, even when some members of her family aligned against Eakins. She and Eakins both shared a passion for photography, both as photographers and subjects, and employed it as a tool for their art.", "She and Eakins both shared a passion for photography, both as photographers and subjects, and employed it as a tool for their art. She also posed nude for many of his photos and took images of him. Both had separate studios in their home.", "Both had separate studios in their home. After Eakins' death in 1916, she returned to painting, adding considerably to her output right up to the 1930s, in a style that became warmer, looser, and brighter in tone. She died in 1938.", "She died in 1938. She died in 1938. Thirty-five years after her death, in 1973, she had her first one-woman exhibition at the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts. In the latter years of his life, Eakins' constant companion was the handsome sculptor Samuel Murray, who shared his interest in boxing and bicycling.", "In the latter years of his life, Eakins' constant companion was the handsome sculptor Samuel Murray, who shared his interest in boxing and bicycling. The evidence suggests the relationship was more emotionally important to Eakins than that with his wife.", "The evidence suggests the relationship was more emotionally important to Eakins than that with his wife. Throughout his life, Eakins appears to have been drawn to those who were mentally vulnerable and then preyed upon those weaknesses. Several of his students ended their lives in insanity.", "Several of his students ended their lives in insanity. Death and legacy Eakins died on June 25, 1916, at the age of 71 and is buried at The Woodlands, which is located near the University of Pennsylvania in West Philadelphia. Late in life Eakins did experience some recognition. In 1902 he was made a National Academician.", "In 1902 he was made a National Academician. In 1914 the sale of a portrait study of D. Hayes Agnew for The Agnew Clinic to Dr. Albert C. Barnes precipitated much publicity when rumors circulated that the selling price was fifty thousand dollars. In fact, Barnes bought the painting for four thousand dollars.", "In fact, Barnes bought the painting for four thousand dollars. In the year after his death, Eakins was honored with a memorial retrospective at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, and in 1917–18 the Pennsylvania Academy followed suit.", "In the year after his death, Eakins was honored with a memorial retrospective at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, and in 1917–18 the Pennsylvania Academy followed suit. Susan Macdowell Eakins did much to preserve his reputation, including gifting the Philadelphia Museum of Art with more than fifty of her husband's oil paintings.", "Susan Macdowell Eakins did much to preserve his reputation, including gifting the Philadelphia Museum of Art with more than fifty of her husband's oil paintings. After her death in 1938, other works were sold off, and eventually another large collection of art and personal material was purchased by Joseph Hirshhorn, and now is part of the Hirshhorn Museum's collection.", "After her death in 1938, other works were sold off, and eventually another large collection of art and personal material was purchased by Joseph Hirshhorn, and now is part of the Hirshhorn Museum's collection. Since then, Eakins' home in North Philadelphia was put on the National Register of Historic Places list in 1966, and Eakins Oval, across from the Philadelphia Museum of Art on the Benjamin Franklin Parkway, was named for the artist.", "Since then, Eakins' home in North Philadelphia was put on the National Register of Historic Places list in 1966, and Eakins Oval, across from the Philadelphia Museum of Art on the Benjamin Franklin Parkway, was named for the artist. In 1967 The Biglin Brothers Racing (1872) was reproduced on a United States postage stamp.", "In 1967 The Biglin Brothers Racing (1872) was reproduced on a United States postage stamp. His work was also part of the painting event in the art competition at the 1932 Summer Olympics. Eakins' attitude toward realism in painting, and his desire to explore the heart of American life proved influential.", "Eakins' attitude toward realism in painting, and his desire to explore the heart of American life proved influential. He taught hundreds of students, among them his future wife Susan Macdowell, African-American painter Henry Ossawa Tanner, and Thomas Anshutz, who taught, in turn, Robert Henri, George Luks, John Sloan, and Everett Shinn, future members of the Ashcan School, and other realists and artistic heirs to Eakins' philosophy.", "He taught hundreds of students, among them his future wife Susan Macdowell, African-American painter Henry Ossawa Tanner, and Thomas Anshutz, who taught, in turn, Robert Henri, George Luks, John Sloan, and Everett Shinn, future members of the Ashcan School, and other realists and artistic heirs to Eakins' philosophy. Though his is not a household name, and though during his lifetime Eakins struggled to make a living from his work, today he is regarded as one of the most important American artists of any period.", "Though his is not a household name, and though during his lifetime Eakins struggled to make a living from his work, today he is regarded as one of the most important American artists of any period. Since the 1990s, Eakins has emerged as a major figure in sexuality studies in art history, for both the homoeroticism of his male nudes and for the complexity of his attitudes toward women.", "Since the 1990s, Eakins has emerged as a major figure in sexuality studies in art history, for both the homoeroticism of his male nudes and for the complexity of his attitudes toward women. Controversy shaped much of his career as a teacher and as an artist.", "Controversy shaped much of his career as a teacher and as an artist. He insisted on teaching men and women \"the same\", used nude male models in female classes and vice versa, and was accused of abusing female students.", "He insisted on teaching men and women \"the same\", used nude male models in female classes and vice versa, and was accused of abusing female students. Recent scholarship suggests that these scandals were grounded in more than the \"puritanical prudery\" of his contemporaries—as had once been assumed—and that Eakins' progressive academic principles may have protected unconscious and dubious agendas.", "Recent scholarship suggests that these scandals were grounded in more than the \"puritanical prudery\" of his contemporaries—as had once been assumed—and that Eakins' progressive academic principles may have protected unconscious and dubious agendas. These controversies may have been caused by a combination of factors such as the bohemianism of Eakins and his circle (in which students, for example, sometimes modeled in the nude for each other), the intensity and authority of his teaching style, and Eakins' inclination toward unorthodox or provocative behavior.", "These controversies may have been caused by a combination of factors such as the bohemianism of Eakins and his circle (in which students, for example, sometimes modeled in the nude for each other), the intensity and authority of his teaching style, and Eakins' inclination toward unorthodox or provocative behavior. Disposition of estate Eakins was unable to sell many of his works during his lifetime, so when he died in 1916, a large body of artwork passed to his widow, Susan Macdowell Eakins.", "Disposition of estate Eakins was unable to sell many of his works during his lifetime, so when he died in 1916, a large body of artwork passed to his widow, Susan Macdowell Eakins. She carefully preserved it, donating some of the strongest pieces to various museums.", "She carefully preserved it, donating some of the strongest pieces to various museums. When she in turn died in 1938, much of the remaining artistic estate was destroyed or damaged by executors, and the remainders were belatedly salvaged by a former Eakins student. For more details, see the article \"List of works by Thomas Eakins\".", "For more details, see the article \"List of works by Thomas Eakins\". On November 11, 2006, the Board of Trustees at Thomas Jefferson University agreed to sell The Gross Clinic to the National Gallery of Art in Washington DC, and the Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art in Bentonville, Arkansas for a record $68,000,000, the highest price for an Eakins painting as well as a record price for an individual American-made portrait.", "On November 11, 2006, the Board of Trustees at Thomas Jefferson University agreed to sell The Gross Clinic to the National Gallery of Art in Washington DC, and the Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art in Bentonville, Arkansas for a record $68,000,000, the highest price for an Eakins painting as well as a record price for an individual American-made portrait. On December 21, 2006, a group of donors agreed to match the price to keep the painting in Philadelphia.", "On December 21, 2006, a group of donors agreed to match the price to keep the painting in Philadelphia. It is displayed alternately at the Philadelphia Museum of Art and at the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts.", "It is displayed alternately at the Philadelphia Museum of Art and at the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts. Assessment On October 29, 1917, Robert Henri wrote an open letter to the Art Students League about Eakins: In 1982, in his two-volume Eakins biography, art historian Lloyd Goodrich wrote: In spite of limitations—and what artist is free of them?—Eakins' achievement was monumental.", "Assessment On October 29, 1917, Robert Henri wrote an open letter to the Art Students League about Eakins: In 1982, in his two-volume Eakins biography, art historian Lloyd Goodrich wrote: In spite of limitations—and what artist is free of them?—Eakins' achievement was monumental. He was our first major painter to accept completely the realities of contemporary urban America, and from them to create powerful, profound art...", "He was our first major painter to accept completely the realities of contemporary urban America, and from them to create powerful, profound art... In portraiture alone Eakins was the strongest American painter since Copley, with equal substance and power, and added penetration, depth, and subtlety.", "In portraiture alone Eakins was the strongest American painter since Copley, with equal substance and power, and added penetration, depth, and subtlety. John Canaday, art critic for The New York Times, wrote in 1964: As a supreme realist, Eakins appeared heavy and vulgar to a public that thought of art, and culture in general, largely in terms of a graceful sentimentality.", "John Canaday, art critic for The New York Times, wrote in 1964: As a supreme realist, Eakins appeared heavy and vulgar to a public that thought of art, and culture in general, largely in terms of a graceful sentimentality. Today he seems to us to have recorded his fellow Americans with a perception that was often as tender as it was vigorous, and to have preserved for us the essence of an American life which, indeed, he did not idealize—because it seemed to him beautiful beyond the necessity of idealization.", "Today he seems to us to have recorded his fellow Americans with a perception that was often as tender as it was vigorous, and to have preserved for us the essence of an American life which, indeed, he did not idealize—because it seemed to him beautiful beyond the necessity of idealization. See also List of painters by name beginning with \"E\" List of American artists before 1900 List of people from Philadelphia Visual art of the United States Notes Further reading Adams, Henry: Eakins Revealed: The Secret Life of an American Artist.", "See also List of painters by name beginning with \"E\" List of American artists before 1900 List of people from Philadelphia Visual art of the United States Notes Further reading Adams, Henry: Eakins Revealed: The Secret Life of an American Artist. Oxford University Press, 2005. .", "Oxford University Press, 2005. . Oxford University Press, 2005. . Berger, Martin: Man Made: Thomas Eakins and the Construction of Gilded Age Manhood. University of California Press, 2000. . Brown, Dotty: Boathouse Row: Waves of Change in the Birthplace of American Rowing. Temple University Press, 2017. .", "Temple University Press, 2017. . Temple University Press, 2017. . Canaday, John: Thomas Eakins; \"Familiar truths in clear and beautiful language\", Horizon. Volume VI, Number 4, Autumn 1964. Dacey, Philip: The Mystery of Max Schmitt, Poems on the Life of Thomas Eakins\".", "Dacey, Philip: The Mystery of Max Schmitt, Poems on the Life of Thomas Eakins\". Turning Point Press, 2004. Doyle, Jennifer: \"Sex, Scandal, and 'The Gross Clinic'\". Representations 68 (Fall 1999): 1–33. Goodrich, Lloyd: Thomas Eakins. Harvard University Press, 1982.", "Harvard University Press, 1982. Harvard University Press, 1982. Homer, William Innes: Thomas Eakins: His Life and Art. Abbeville Press, 1992. Johns, Elizabeth: Thomas Eakins. Princeton University Press, 1991. Kirkpatrick, Sidney: The Revenge of Thomas Eakins. Yale University Press, 2006. .", "Yale University Press, 2006. . Yale University Press, 2006. . Lubin, David: Acts of Portrayal: Eakins, Sargeant, James. Yale University Press, 1985. Sewell, Darrel; et al. Thomas Eakins. Yale University Press, 2001. Sewell, Darrel: Thomas Eakins: Artist of Philadelphia.", "Sewell, Darrel: Thomas Eakins: Artist of Philadelphia. Philadelphia Museum of Art, 1982. Sullivan, Mark W. \"Thomas Eakins and His Portrait of Father Fedigan,\" Records of the American Catholic Historical Society of Philadelphia, Vol. 109, No. 3-4 (Fall-Winter 1998), pp. 1–23.", "3-4 (Fall-Winter 1998), pp. 1–23. 1–23. Updike, John: Still Looking: Essays on American Art. Alfred A. Knopf, 2005. Weinberg, H. Barbara: Thomas Eakins and the Metropolitan Museum of Art. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1994.", "The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1994. Publication no: 885-660 Werbel, Amy: Thomas Eakins: Art, Medicine, and Sexuality in Nineteenth-Century Philadelphia. Yale University Press, 2007. . The Paris Letters of Thomas Eakins. Edited by William Innes Homer.", "Edited by William Innes Homer. Edited by William Innes Homer. Princeton, Princeton University Press, 2009, Braddock, Alan: Thomas Eakins and The Cultures of Modernity. University of California Press, 2009.", "University of California Press, 2009. (see index) External links Thomaseakins.org, 148 works by Thomas Eakins Thomas Eakins Exhibition at The Metropolitan Museum of Art Thomas Eakins letters online at the Smithsonian Archives of American Art Selections from the Seymour Adelman collection, 1845–1958 features a collection of documents relating to Eakins and his family from the Archives of American Art Works by Thomas Eakins at Bryn Mawr College Documentary film broadcast on PBS network in 2002 1844 births 1916 deaths 19th-century American painters American male painters 20th-century American painters American agnostics American people of Dutch descent American people of English descent American people of Scotch-Irish descent Central High School (Philadelphia) alumni Drexel University faculty Gilded Age Realist painters Artists from Philadelphia Art Students League of New York faculty Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts alumni Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts faculty American alumni of the École des Beaux-Arts American expatriates in France Schuylkill River National Academy of Design members American portrait painters 20th-century American sculptors 19th-century American sculptors 19th-century male artists American male sculptors Burials at The Woodlands Cemetery Painters from Pennsylvania Sculptors from Pennsylvania Nude photography Photographers from Pennsylvania 19th-century American photographers 20th-century American photographers Sculptors from New York (state) Olympic competitors in art competitions" ]

[ "Thomas Eakins", "Photography", "What did Thomas Eakins do?", "Eakins has been credited with having \"introduced the camera to the American art studio\"." ]

[ "In television and film, a piece to camera (PTC) is when a television presenter or a character speaks directly to the viewing audience through the camera.\n\nDetails\nIt is most common when a news or television show presenter is reporting or explaining items to the viewing audience. Indeed, news programmes usually take the form of a combination of both interviews and pieces to camera.\nThere are three type of piece to camera:\n opening PTC - when presenter opens-up the news, and introduce himself/herself to the audience.\n bridge PTC - information that presenter gives to bridge the gap between empty space. \n conclusive or closing PTC - ending of news where the presenter acknowledge itself and the cameraman, place and the news channel.\n\nThe term also applies to the period when an actor, playing a fictional character in a film or on television, talks into the camera and hence directly to the audience. Depending on the genre of the show, this may or may not be considered as a breaking the fourth wall.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nA television presenter’s guide to their first piece to camera\n\nCinematic techniques", "The Ritz Dakota Digital was a type of point-and-shoot digital camera, introduced in July 2003, and sold by the Ritz Camera Centers. It had a digital photo resolution of 1.2 megapixels (1280 pixels wide, 960 pixels high) and a storage capacity of 25 pictures.\n\nWhen introduced, the Dakota Digital sparked massive interest, primarily due to its price tag: US$10.99. At the time, a digital camera of similar resolution and functionality was in the $40–$70 range. The reason for the low price was that the Dakota Digital was a single-use camera, i.e. the consumer takes the pictures, returns the camera to the store, and the pictures are returned to the consumer in print and CD-ROM format (after an additional $11 processing fee) while the camera is refurbished and resold. The Dakota Digital wasn't the very first digital camera introduced as a single-use concept camera - Pentax and Sanyo did it in Japan two years before. However, it was the first single-use digital camera to be mass-marketed (the Pentax/Sanyo camera was only a three-month trial run), as well as the first single-use digital camera sold in the United States.\n\nAlmost immediately after introduction, several people began work on hacking the single-use Dakota Digital in attempts to transform it into what would be the least expensive reusable digital camera available at the time. In November 2003, only four months after it was introduced, they succeeded in this task. Technical details about the internal components were publicly posted on the Internet, along with instructions for creating various compatible link cables that connected the Dakota Digital to home personal computers. In addition to this, special third-party software provided a way to download pictures and clear the camera's internal flash memory to allow more pictures to be taken. The technical data, instructions and software met all requirements to make the Dakota Digital reusable.\n\nPublic announcement of how to transform the single-use camera into a reusable camera, paired with the very low camera price, immediately created high demand for the Dakota Digital. So Ritz began pulling the Dakota Digital out of its stores after learning of the hack, and the original camera soon became difficult to find.\n\nIn July 2004, a group of hackers made available methods to further improve the original Dakota Digital by upgrading the camera's firmware, or internal programming. These firmware upgrades added several new features, most notably the ability to adjust or remove the original 25 picture limit, along with various other changes and improvements.\n\nA few months after the original camera was pulled off the shelves, Ritz introduced two new models of Dakota Digital, the PV2 series. One was similar to the original model with a price of $10.99, while the other, priced at $18.99, contained a color LCD screen that displayed the most recent picture taken. Both were based on an entirely new chipset manufactured by SMaL Camera Technologies. Hacking of this camera has been more of a group effort than the first. John Maushammer removed and read the flash memory chip, wrote a disassembler, and commented significant portions of the firmware. Others investigated the USB interface, and John figured out the authentication mechanism and how to disable it. Others figured out how to download the images using modified versions of software for SMaL's other cameras, and other people are reverse-engineering the proprietary RAW file format.\n\nThe security mechanism on the original camera consisted of a challenge and response. The challenge was the camera's serial number, and the response was the 4-byte result of a simple hash function – the serial number converted from ASCII to binary-coded decimal, negated bitwise, and multiplied by 4. The weakness was that the hash function was stored in the firmware, so it could be completely understood and replicated. The PV2 used a better challenge and response mechanism. It was better not because it used a longer key (128 byte challenge, 128 byte response), but because the hash function was not stored algorithmically in firmware. Theoretically, the response could not be mathematically related to the challenge and the only correlation between the two could be a record saved in the manufacturer's database (which authorized processing systems would have to access to read pictures from the camera). In practice, though, only a few challenge/response pairs have been seen in the wild.\n\nSee also\nFlip Video\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nSlashdot | Ritz Disposable Digital Camera Hacked\nTechnical details for the Ritz Dakota Digital, with the original Mac and Linux drivers\nWindows driver & more technical details for the Ritz Dakota Digital, including hacking instructions (From cexx.org)\nDetails and instructions for upgrading the Dakota Digital firmware\nPV2 photos & technical details\nBulletin Board with latest PV2 hacking discussion\n\nDigital cameras\nCameras introduced in 2003" ]

[ "Thomas Cowperthwait Eakins (; July 25, 1844 – June 25, 1916) was an American realist painter, photographer, sculptor, and fine arts educator. He is widely acknowledged to be one of the most important American artists.", "He is widely acknowledged to be one of the most important American artists. For the length of his professional career, from the early 1870s until his health began to fail some 40 years later, Eakins worked exactingly from life, choosing as his subject the people of his hometown of Philadelphia.", "For the length of his professional career, from the early 1870s until his health began to fail some 40 years later, Eakins worked exactingly from life, choosing as his subject the people of his hometown of Philadelphia. He painted several hundred portraits, usually of friends, family members, or prominent people in the arts, sciences, medicine, and clergy.", "He painted several hundred portraits, usually of friends, family members, or prominent people in the arts, sciences, medicine, and clergy. Taken en masse, the portraits offer an overview of the intellectual life of contemporary Philadelphia; individually, they are incisive depictions of thinking persons.", "Taken en masse, the portraits offer an overview of the intellectual life of contemporary Philadelphia; individually, they are incisive depictions of thinking persons. In addition, Eakins produced a number of large paintings that brought the portrait out of the drawing room and into the offices, streets, parks, rivers, arenas, and surgical amphitheaters of his city.", "In addition, Eakins produced a number of large paintings that brought the portrait out of the drawing room and into the offices, streets, parks, rivers, arenas, and surgical amphitheaters of his city. These active outdoor venues allowed him to paint the subject that most inspired him: the nude or lightly clad figure in motion.", "These active outdoor venues allowed him to paint the subject that most inspired him: the nude or lightly clad figure in motion. In the process, he could model the forms of the body in full sunlight, and create images of deep space utilizing his studies in perspective.", "In the process, he could model the forms of the body in full sunlight, and create images of deep space utilizing his studies in perspective. Eakins also took a keen interest in the new technologies of motion photography, a field in which he is now seen as an innovator.", "Eakins also took a keen interest in the new technologies of motion photography, a field in which he is now seen as an innovator. No less important in Eakins' life was his work as a teacher. As an instructor he was a highly influential presence in American art.", "As an instructor he was a highly influential presence in American art. The difficulties which beset him as an artist seeking to paint the portrait and figure realistically were paralleled and even amplified in his career as an educator, where behavioral and sexual scandals truncated his success and damaged his reputation.", "The difficulties which beset him as an artist seeking to paint the portrait and figure realistically were paralleled and even amplified in his career as an educator, where behavioral and sexual scandals truncated his success and damaged his reputation. Eakins was a controversial figure whose work received little by way of official recognition during his lifetime.", "Eakins was a controversial figure whose work received little by way of official recognition during his lifetime. Since his death, he has been celebrated by American art historians as \"the strongest, most profound realist in nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century American art\". Life and work Youth Eakins was born and lived most of his life in Philadelphia.", "Life and work Youth Eakins was born and lived most of his life in Philadelphia. He was the first child of Caroline Cowperthwait Eakins, a woman of English and Dutch descent, and Benjamin Eakins, a writing master and calligraphy teacher of Scots-Irish ancestry.", "He was the first child of Caroline Cowperthwait Eakins, a woman of English and Dutch descent, and Benjamin Eakins, a writing master and calligraphy teacher of Scots-Irish ancestry. Benjamin Eakins grew up on a farm in Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, the son of a weaver.", "Benjamin Eakins grew up on a farm in Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, the son of a weaver. He was successful in his chosen profession, and moved to Philadelphia in the early 1840s to raise his family.", "He was successful in his chosen profession, and moved to Philadelphia in the early 1840s to raise his family. Thomas Eakins observed his father at work and by twelve demonstrated skill in precise line drawing, perspective, and the use of a grid to lay out a careful design, skills he later applied to his art.", "Thomas Eakins observed his father at work and by twelve demonstrated skill in precise line drawing, perspective, and the use of a grid to lay out a careful design, skills he later applied to his art. He was an athletic child who enjoyed rowing, ice skating, swimming, wrestling, sailing, and gymnastics—activities he later painted and encouraged in his students.", "He was an athletic child who enjoyed rowing, ice skating, swimming, wrestling, sailing, and gymnastics—activities he later painted and encouraged in his students. Eakins attended Central High School, the premier public school for applied science and arts in the city, where he excelled in mechanical drawing.", "Eakins attended Central High School, the premier public school for applied science and arts in the city, where he excelled in mechanical drawing. Thomas met fellow artist and lifelong friend, Charles Lewis Fussell in high school and they reunited to study at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts.", "Thomas met fellow artist and lifelong friend, Charles Lewis Fussell in high school and they reunited to study at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts. Thomas began at the academy in 1861 and later attended courses in anatomy and dissection at Jefferson Medical College from 1864 to 65.", "Thomas began at the academy in 1861 and later attended courses in anatomy and dissection at Jefferson Medical College from 1864 to 65. For a while, he followed his father's profession and was listed in city directories as a \"writing teacher\". His scientific interest in the human body led him to consider becoming a surgeon.", "His scientific interest in the human body led him to consider becoming a surgeon. Eakins then studied art in Europe from 1866 to 1870, notably in Paris with Jean-Léon Gérôme, being only the second American pupil of the French realist painter, famous as a master of Orientalism.", "Eakins then studied art in Europe from 1866 to 1870, notably in Paris with Jean-Léon Gérôme, being only the second American pupil of the French realist painter, famous as a master of Orientalism. He also attended the atelier of Léon Bonnat, a realist painter who emphasized anatomical preciseness, a method adapted by Eakins.", "He also attended the atelier of Léon Bonnat, a realist painter who emphasized anatomical preciseness, a method adapted by Eakins. While studying at the École des Beaux-Arts, he seems to have taken scant interest in the new Impressionist movement, nor was he impressed by what he perceived as the classical pretensions of the French Academy.", "While studying at the École des Beaux-Arts, he seems to have taken scant interest in the new Impressionist movement, nor was he impressed by what he perceived as the classical pretensions of the French Academy. A letter home to his father in 1868 made his aesthetic clear: She [the female nude] is the most beautiful thing there is in the world except a naked man, but I never yet saw a study of one exhibited...", "A letter home to his father in 1868 made his aesthetic clear: She [the female nude] is the most beautiful thing there is in the world except a naked man, but I never yet saw a study of one exhibited... It would be a godsend to see a fine man model painted in the studio with the bare walls, alongside of the smiling smirking goddesses of waxy complexion amidst the delicious arsenic green trees and gentle wax flowers & purling streams running melodious up & down the hills especially up.", "It would be a godsend to see a fine man model painted in the studio with the bare walls, alongside of the smiling smirking goddesses of waxy complexion amidst the delicious arsenic green trees and gentle wax flowers & purling streams running melodious up & down the hills especially up. I hate affectation.", "I hate affectation. I hate affectation. Already at age 24, \"nudity and verity were linked with an unusual closeness in his mind.\" Yet his desire for truthfulness was more expansive, and the letters home to Philadelphia reveal a passion for realism that included, but was not limited to, the study of the figure.", "Yet his desire for truthfulness was more expansive, and the letters home to Philadelphia reveal a passion for realism that included, but was not limited to, the study of the figure. A trip to Spain for six months confirmed his admiration for the realism of artists such as Diego Velázquez and Jusepe de Ribera.", "A trip to Spain for six months confirmed his admiration for the realism of artists such as Diego Velázquez and Jusepe de Ribera. In Seville in 1869 he painted Carmelita Requeña, a portrait of a seven-year-old gypsy dancer more freely and colorfully painted than his Paris studies.", "In Seville in 1869 he painted Carmelita Requeña, a portrait of a seven-year-old gypsy dancer more freely and colorfully painted than his Paris studies. That same year he attempted his first large oil painting, A Street Scene in Seville, wherein he first dealt with the complications of a scene observed outside the studio.", "That same year he attempted his first large oil painting, A Street Scene in Seville, wherein he first dealt with the complications of a scene observed outside the studio. Although he failed to matriculate in a formal degree program and had showed no works in the European salons, Eakins succeeded in absorbing the techniques and methods of French and Spanish masters, and he began to formulate his artistic vision which he demonstrated in his first major painting upon his return to America.", "Although he failed to matriculate in a formal degree program and had showed no works in the European salons, Eakins succeeded in absorbing the techniques and methods of French and Spanish masters, and he began to formulate his artistic vision which he demonstrated in his first major painting upon his return to America. \"I shall seek to achieve my broad effect from the very beginning\", he declared.", "\"I shall seek to achieve my broad effect from the very beginning\", he declared. Early career Eakins' first works upon his return from Europe included a large group of rowing scenes, eleven oils and watercolors in all, of which the first and most famous is Max Schmitt in a Single Scull (1871; also known as The Champion Single Sculling).", "Early career Eakins' first works upon his return from Europe included a large group of rowing scenes, eleven oils and watercolors in all, of which the first and most famous is Max Schmitt in a Single Scull (1871; also known as The Champion Single Sculling). Both his subject and his technique drew attention.", "Both his subject and his technique drew attention. His selection of a contemporary sport was \"a shock to the artistic conventionalities of the city\". Eakins placed himself in the painting, in a scull behind Schmitt, his name inscribed on the boat.", "Eakins placed himself in the painting, in a scull behind Schmitt, his name inscribed on the boat. Typically, the work entailed critical observation of the painting's subject, as well as preparatory drawings of the figure and perspective plans of the scull in the water.", "Typically, the work entailed critical observation of the painting's subject, as well as preparatory drawings of the figure and perspective plans of the scull in the water. Its preparation and composition indicates the importance of Eakins' academic training in Paris.", "Its preparation and composition indicates the importance of Eakins' academic training in Paris. It was a completely original conception, true to Eakins' firsthand experience, and an almost startlingly successful image for the artist, who had struggled with his first outdoor composition less than a year before.", "It was a completely original conception, true to Eakins' firsthand experience, and an almost startlingly successful image for the artist, who had struggled with his first outdoor composition less than a year before. His first known sale was the watercolor The Sculler (1874).", "His first known sale was the watercolor The Sculler (1874). Most critics judged the rowing pictures successful and auspicious, but after the initial flourish, Eakins never revisited the subject of rowing and went on to other sports themes.", "Most critics judged the rowing pictures successful and auspicious, but after the initial flourish, Eakins never revisited the subject of rowing and went on to other sports themes. At the same time that he made these initial ventures into outdoor themes, Eakins produced a series of domestic Victorian interiors, often with his father, his sisters or friends as the subjects.", "At the same time that he made these initial ventures into outdoor themes, Eakins produced a series of domestic Victorian interiors, often with his father, his sisters or friends as the subjects. Home Scene (1871), Elizabeth at the Piano (1875), The Chess Players (1876), and Elizabeth Crowell and her Dog (1874), each dark in tonality, focus on the unsentimental characterization of individuals adopting natural attitudes in their homes.", "Home Scene (1871), Elizabeth at the Piano (1875), The Chess Players (1876), and Elizabeth Crowell and her Dog (1874), each dark in tonality, focus on the unsentimental characterization of individuals adopting natural attitudes in their homes. It was in this vein that in 1872 he painted his first large scale portrait, Kathrin, in which the subject, Kathrin Crowell, is seen in dim light, playing with a kitten.", "It was in this vein that in 1872 he painted his first large scale portrait, Kathrin, in which the subject, Kathrin Crowell, is seen in dim light, playing with a kitten. In 1874 Eakins and Crowell became engaged; they were still engaged five years later, when Crowell died of meningitis in 1879.", "In 1874 Eakins and Crowell became engaged; they were still engaged five years later, when Crowell died of meningitis in 1879. Teaching and forced resignation from Academy Eakins returned to the Pennsylvania Academy to teach in 1876 as a volunteer after the opening of the school's new Frank Furness designed building.", "Teaching and forced resignation from Academy Eakins returned to the Pennsylvania Academy to teach in 1876 as a volunteer after the opening of the school's new Frank Furness designed building. He became a salaried professor in 1878, and rose to director in 1882.", "He became a salaried professor in 1878, and rose to director in 1882. His teaching methods were controversial: there was no drawing from antique casts, and students received only a short study in charcoal, followed quickly by their introduction to painting, in order to grasp subjects in true color as soon as practical.", "His teaching methods were controversial: there was no drawing from antique casts, and students received only a short study in charcoal, followed quickly by their introduction to painting, in order to grasp subjects in true color as soon as practical. He encouraged students to use photography as an aid to understanding anatomy and the study of motion, and disallowed prize competitions.", "He encouraged students to use photography as an aid to understanding anatomy and the study of motion, and disallowed prize competitions. Although there was no specialized vocational instruction, students with aspirations for using their school training for applied arts, such as illustration, lithography, and decoration, were as welcome as students interested in becoming portrait artists.", "Although there was no specialized vocational instruction, students with aspirations for using their school training for applied arts, such as illustration, lithography, and decoration, were as welcome as students interested in becoming portrait artists. Most notable was his interest in the instruction of all aspects of the human figure, including anatomical study of the human and animal body, and surgical dissection; there were also rigorous courses in the fundamentals of form, and studies in perspective which involved mathematics.", "Most notable was his interest in the instruction of all aspects of the human figure, including anatomical study of the human and animal body, and surgical dissection; there were also rigorous courses in the fundamentals of form, and studies in perspective which involved mathematics. As an aid to the study of anatomy, plaster casts were made from dissections, duplicates of which were furnished to students.", "As an aid to the study of anatomy, plaster casts were made from dissections, duplicates of which were furnished to students. A similar study was made of the anatomy of horses; acknowledging Eakins' expertise, in 1891 his friend, the sculptor William Rudolf O'Donovan, asked him to collaborate on the commission to create bronze equestrian reliefs of Abraham Lincoln and Ulysses S. Grant, for the Soldiers' and Sailors' Arch in Grand Army Plaza in Brooklyn.", "A similar study was made of the anatomy of horses; acknowledging Eakins' expertise, in 1891 his friend, the sculptor William Rudolf O'Donovan, asked him to collaborate on the commission to create bronze equestrian reliefs of Abraham Lincoln and Ulysses S. Grant, for the Soldiers' and Sailors' Arch in Grand Army Plaza in Brooklyn. Owing to Eakins' devotion to working from life, the Academy's course of study was by the early 1880s the most \"liberal and advanced in the world\".", "Owing to Eakins' devotion to working from life, the Academy's course of study was by the early 1880s the most \"liberal and advanced in the world\". Eakins believed in teaching by example and letting the students find their own way with only terse guidance.", "Eakins believed in teaching by example and letting the students find their own way with only terse guidance. His students included painters, cartoonists, and illustrators such as Henry Ossawa Tanner, Thomas Pollock Anshutz, Edward Willis Redfield, Colin Campbell Cooper, Alice Barber Stephens, Frederick Judd Waugh, T. S. Sullivant and A. B. Frost.", "B. Frost. Frost. He stated his teaching philosophy bluntly, \"A teacher can do very little for a pupil & should only be thankful if he don't hinder him ... and the greater the master, mostly the less he can say.\" He believed that women should \"assume professional privileges\" as would men.", "He believed that women should \"assume professional privileges\" as would men. Life classes and dissection were segregated but women had access to male models (who were nude but wore loincloths). The line between impartiality and questionable behavior was a thin one.", "The line between impartiality and questionable behavior was a thin one. When a female student, Amelia Van Buren, asked about the movement of the pelvis, Eakins invited her to his studio, where he undressed and \"gave her the explanation as I could not have done by words only\".", "When a female student, Amelia Van Buren, asked about the movement of the pelvis, Eakins invited her to his studio, where he undressed and \"gave her the explanation as I could not have done by words only\". Such incidents, coupled with the ambitions of his younger associates to oust him and take over the school themselves, created tensions between him and the Academy's board of directors.", "Such incidents, coupled with the ambitions of his younger associates to oust him and take over the school themselves, created tensions between him and the Academy's board of directors. He was ultimately forced to resign in 1886, for removing the loincloth of a male model in a class where female students were present.", "He was ultimately forced to resign in 1886, for removing the loincloth of a male model in a class where female students were present. The forced resignation was a major setback for Eakins. His family was split, with his in-laws siding against him in public dispute.", "His family was split, with his in-laws siding against him in public dispute. He struggled to protect his name against rumors and false charges, had bouts of ill health, and suffered a humiliation which he felt for the rest of his life.", "He struggled to protect his name against rumors and false charges, had bouts of ill health, and suffered a humiliation which he felt for the rest of his life. A drawing manual he had written and prepared illustrations for remained unfinished and unpublished during his lifetime.", "A drawing manual he had written and prepared illustrations for remained unfinished and unpublished during his lifetime. Eakins' popularity among the students was such that a number of them broke with the Academy and formed the Art Students' League of Philadelphia (1886–1893), where Eakins subsequently instructed.", "Eakins' popularity among the students was such that a number of them broke with the Academy and formed the Art Students' League of Philadelphia (1886–1893), where Eakins subsequently instructed. It was there that he met the student, Samuel Murray, who would become his protege and lifelong friend.", "It was there that he met the student, Samuel Murray, who would become his protege and lifelong friend. He also lectured and taught at a number of other schools, including the Art Students League of New York, the National Academy of Design, Cooper Union, and the Art Students' Guild in Washington DC.", "He also lectured and taught at a number of other schools, including the Art Students League of New York, the National Academy of Design, Cooper Union, and the Art Students' Guild in Washington DC. Dismissed in March 1895 by the Drexel Institute in Philadelphia for again using a fully nude male model, he gradually withdrew from teaching by 1898.", "Dismissed in March 1895 by the Drexel Institute in Philadelphia for again using a fully nude male model, he gradually withdrew from teaching by 1898. Photography Eakins has been credited with having \"introduced the camera to the American art studio\".", "Photography Eakins has been credited with having \"introduced the camera to the American art studio\". During his study abroad, he was exposed to the use of photography by the French realists, though the use of photography was still frowned upon as a shortcut by traditionalists.", "During his study abroad, he was exposed to the use of photography by the French realists, though the use of photography was still frowned upon as a shortcut by traditionalists. In the late 1870s, Eakins was introduced to the photographic motion studies of Eadweard Muybridge, particularly the equine studies, and became interested in using the camera to study sequential movement.", "In the late 1870s, Eakins was introduced to the photographic motion studies of Eadweard Muybridge, particularly the equine studies, and became interested in using the camera to study sequential movement. In the mid-1880s, Eakins worked briefly alongside Muybridge in the latter's photographic studio at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia.", "In the mid-1880s, Eakins worked briefly alongside Muybridge in the latter's photographic studio at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia. Eakins soon performed his own independent motion studies, also usually involving the nude figure, and even developed his own technique for capturing movement on film.", "Eakins soon performed his own independent motion studies, also usually involving the nude figure, and even developed his own technique for capturing movement on film. Whereas Muybridge's system relied on a series of cameras triggered to produce a sequence of individual photographs, Eakins preferred to use a single camera to produce a series of exposures superimposed on one negative.", "Whereas Muybridge's system relied on a series of cameras triggered to produce a sequence of individual photographs, Eakins preferred to use a single camera to produce a series of exposures superimposed on one negative. Eakins was more interested in precision measurements on a single image to aid in translating a motion into a painting, while Muybridge preferred separate images that could also be displayed by his primitive movie projector.", "Eakins was more interested in precision measurements on a single image to aid in translating a motion into a painting, while Muybridge preferred separate images that could also be displayed by his primitive movie projector. After Eakins obtained a camera in 1880, several paintings, such as Mending the Net (1881) and Arcadia (1883), are known to have been derived at least in part from his photographs.", "After Eakins obtained a camera in 1880, several paintings, such as Mending the Net (1881) and Arcadia (1883), are known to have been derived at least in part from his photographs. Some figures appear to be detailed transcriptions and tracings from the photographs by some device like a magic lantern, which Eakins then took pains to cover up with oil paint.", "Some figures appear to be detailed transcriptions and tracings from the photographs by some device like a magic lantern, which Eakins then took pains to cover up with oil paint. Eakins' methods appear to be meticulously applied, and rather than shortcuts, were likely used in a quest for accuracy and realism.", "Eakins' methods appear to be meticulously applied, and rather than shortcuts, were likely used in a quest for accuracy and realism. An excellent example of Eakins' use of this new technology is his painting A May Morning in the Park, which relied heavily on photographic motion studies to depict the true gait of the four horses pulling the coach of patron Fairman Rogers.", "An excellent example of Eakins' use of this new technology is his painting A May Morning in the Park, which relied heavily on photographic motion studies to depict the true gait of the four horses pulling the coach of patron Fairman Rogers. But in typical fashion, Eakins also employed wax figures and oil sketches to get the final effect he desired.", "But in typical fashion, Eakins also employed wax figures and oil sketches to get the final effect he desired. The so-called \"Naked Series\", which began in 1883, were nude photos of students and professional models which were taken to show real human anatomy from several specific angles, and were often hung and displayed for study at the school.", "The so-called \"Naked Series\", which began in 1883, were nude photos of students and professional models which were taken to show real human anatomy from several specific angles, and were often hung and displayed for study at the school. Later, less regimented poses were taken indoors and out, of men, women, and children, including his wife.", "Later, less regimented poses were taken indoors and out, of men, women, and children, including his wife. The most provocative, and the only ones combining males and females, were nude photos of Eakins and a female model (see below).", "The most provocative, and the only ones combining males and females, were nude photos of Eakins and a female model (see below). Although witnesses and chaperones were usually on site, and the poses were mostly traditional in nature, the sheer quantity of the photos and Eakins' overt display of them may have undermined his standing at the Academy.", "Although witnesses and chaperones were usually on site, and the poses were mostly traditional in nature, the sheer quantity of the photos and Eakins' overt display of them may have undermined his standing at the Academy. In all, about eight hundred photographs are now attributed to Eakins and his circle, most of which are figure studies, both clothed and nude, and portraits.", "In all, about eight hundred photographs are now attributed to Eakins and his circle, most of which are figure studies, both clothed and nude, and portraits. No other American artist of his time matched Eakins' interest in photography, nor produced a comparable body of photographic works.", "No other American artist of his time matched Eakins' interest in photography, nor produced a comparable body of photographic works. Eakins used photography for his own private ends as well. Aside from nude men, and women, he also photographed nude children.", "Aside from nude men, and women, he also photographed nude children. While the photographs of the nude adults are more artistically composed, the younger children and infants are posed less formally. These photographs, that are “charged with sexual overtones,” as Susan Danly and Cheryl Leibold write, are of unidentified children.", "These photographs, that are “charged with sexual overtones,” as Susan Danly and Cheryl Leibold write, are of unidentified children. In the catalog of Eakins' collection at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, photograph number 308 is of an African American child reclining on a couch and posed as Venus.", "In the catalog of Eakins' collection at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, photograph number 308 is of an African American child reclining on a couch and posed as Venus. Both Saidiya Hartman and Fred Moten write, respectively, about the photograph, and the child that it arrests.", "Both Saidiya Hartman and Fred Moten write, respectively, about the photograph, and the child that it arrests. Portraits I will never have to give up painting, for even now I could paint heads good enough to make a living anywhere in America.", "Portraits I will never have to give up painting, for even now I could paint heads good enough to make a living anywhere in America. For Eakins, portraiture held little interest as a means of fashionable idealization or even simple verisimilitude.", "For Eakins, portraiture held little interest as a means of fashionable idealization or even simple verisimilitude. Instead, it provided the opportunity to reveal the character of an individual through the modeling of solid anatomical form.", "Instead, it provided the opportunity to reveal the character of an individual through the modeling of solid anatomical form. This meant that, notwithstanding his youthful optimism, Eakins would never be a commercially successful portrait painter, as few paid commissions came his way.", "This meant that, notwithstanding his youthful optimism, Eakins would never be a commercially successful portrait painter, as few paid commissions came his way. But his total output of some two hundred and fifty portraits is characterized by \"an uncompromising search for the unique human being\".", "But his total output of some two hundred and fifty portraits is characterized by \"an uncompromising search for the unique human being\". Often this search for individuality required that the subject be painted in his own daily working environment.", "Often this search for individuality required that the subject be painted in his own daily working environment. Eakins' Portrait of Professor Benjamin H. Rand (1874) was a prelude to what many consider his most important work.", "Eakins' Portrait of Professor Benjamin H. Rand (1874) was a prelude to what many consider his most important work. In The Gross Clinic (1875), a renowned Philadelphia surgeon, Dr. Samuel D. Gross, is seen presiding over an operation to remove part of a diseased bone from a patient's thigh.", "In The Gross Clinic (1875), a renowned Philadelphia surgeon, Dr. Samuel D. Gross, is seen presiding over an operation to remove part of a diseased bone from a patient's thigh. Gross lectures in an amphitheater crowded with students at Jefferson Medical College.", "Gross lectures in an amphitheater crowded with students at Jefferson Medical College. Eakins spent nearly a year on the painting, again choosing a novel subject, the discipline of modern surgery, in which Philadelphia was in the forefront.", "Eakins spent nearly a year on the painting, again choosing a novel subject, the discipline of modern surgery, in which Philadelphia was in the forefront. He initiated the project and may have had the goal of a grand work befitting a showing at the Centennial Exposition of 1876.", "He initiated the project and may have had the goal of a grand work befitting a showing at the Centennial Exposition of 1876. Though rejected for the Art Gallery, the painting was shown on the centennial grounds at an exhibit of a U.S. Army Post Hospital.", "Though rejected for the Art Gallery, the painting was shown on the centennial grounds at an exhibit of a U.S. Army Post Hospital. In sharp contrast, another Eakins submission, The Chess Players, was accepted by the Committee and was much admired at the Centennial Exhibition, and critically praised.", "In sharp contrast, another Eakins submission, The Chess Players, was accepted by the Committee and was much admired at the Centennial Exhibition, and critically praised. At 96 by 78 inches (240 × 200 cm), The Gross Clinic is one of the artist's largest works, and considered by some to be his greatest.", "At 96 by 78 inches (240 × 200 cm), The Gross Clinic is one of the artist's largest works, and considered by some to be his greatest. Eakins' high expectations at the start of the project were recorded in a letter, \"What elates me more is that I have just got a new picture blocked in and it is very far better than anything I have ever done.", "Eakins' high expectations at the start of the project were recorded in a letter, \"What elates me more is that I have just got a new picture blocked in and it is very far better than anything I have ever done. As I spoil things less and less in finishing I have the greatest hopes of this one\" But if Eakins hoped to impress his home town with the picture, he was to be disappointed; public reaction to the painting of a realistic surgical incision and the resultant blood was ambivalent at best, and it was finally purchased by the college for the unimpressive sum of $200.", "As I spoil things less and less in finishing I have the greatest hopes of this one\" But if Eakins hoped to impress his home town with the picture, he was to be disappointed; public reaction to the painting of a realistic surgical incision and the resultant blood was ambivalent at best, and it was finally purchased by the college for the unimpressive sum of $200. Eakins borrowed it for subsequent exhibitions, where it drew strong reactions, such as that of the New York Daily Tribune, which both acknowledged and damned its powerful image, \"but the more one praises it, the more one must condemn its admission to a gallery where men and women of weak nerves must be compelled to look at it.", "Eakins borrowed it for subsequent exhibitions, where it drew strong reactions, such as that of the New York Daily Tribune, which both acknowledged and damned its powerful image, \"but the more one praises it, the more one must condemn its admission to a gallery where men and women of weak nerves must be compelled to look at it. For not to look it is impossible...No purpose is gained by this morbid exhibition, no lesson taught—the painter shows his skill and the spectators' gorge rises at it—that is all.\"", "For not to look it is impossible...No purpose is gained by this morbid exhibition, no lesson taught—the painter shows his skill and the spectators' gorge rises at it—that is all.\" The college now describes it thus: \"Today the once maligned picture is celebrated as a great nineteenth-century medical history painting, featuring one of the most superb portraits in American art\".", "The college now describes it thus: \"Today the once maligned picture is celebrated as a great nineteenth-century medical history painting, featuring one of the most superb portraits in American art\". In 1876, Eakins completed a portrait of Dr. John Brinton, surgeon of the Philadelphia Hospital, and famed for his Civil War service.", "In 1876, Eakins completed a portrait of Dr. John Brinton, surgeon of the Philadelphia Hospital, and famed for his Civil War service. Done in a more informal setting than The Gross Clinic, it was a personal favorite of Eakins, and The Art Journal proclaimed \"it is in every respect a more favorable example of this artist's abilities than his much-talked-of composition representing a dissecting room.\"", "Done in a more informal setting than The Gross Clinic, it was a personal favorite of Eakins, and The Art Journal proclaimed \"it is in every respect a more favorable example of this artist's abilities than his much-talked-of composition representing a dissecting room.\" Other outstanding examples of his portraits include The Agnew Clinic (1889), Eakins' most important commission and largest painting, which depicted another eminent American surgeon, Dr. David Hayes Agnew, performing a mastectomy; The Dean's Roll Call (1899), featuring Dr. James W. Holland, and Professor Leslie W. Miller (1901), portraits of educators standing as if addressing an audience; a portrait of Frank Hamilton Cushing (c. 1895), in which the prominent ethnologist is seen performing an incantation at the Zuñi pueblo; Professor Henry A. Rowland (1897), a brilliant scientist whose study of spectroscopy revolutionized his field; Antiquated Music (1900), in which Mrs. William D. Frishmuth is shown seated amidst her collection of musical instruments; and The Concert Singer (1890–92), for which Eakins asked Weda Cook to sing \"O rest in the Lord\", so that he could study the muscles of her throat and mouth.", "Other outstanding examples of his portraits include The Agnew Clinic (1889), Eakins' most important commission and largest painting, which depicted another eminent American surgeon, Dr. David Hayes Agnew, performing a mastectomy; The Dean's Roll Call (1899), featuring Dr. James W. Holland, and Professor Leslie W. Miller (1901), portraits of educators standing as if addressing an audience; a portrait of Frank Hamilton Cushing (c. 1895), in which the prominent ethnologist is seen performing an incantation at the Zuñi pueblo; Professor Henry A. Rowland (1897), a brilliant scientist whose study of spectroscopy revolutionized his field; Antiquated Music (1900), in which Mrs. William D. Frishmuth is shown seated amidst her collection of musical instruments; and The Concert Singer (1890–92), for which Eakins asked Weda Cook to sing \"O rest in the Lord\", so that he could study the muscles of her throat and mouth. To replicate the proper deployment of a baton, Eakins enlisted an orchestral conductor to pose for the hand seen in the lower left-hand corner of the painting.", "To replicate the proper deployment of a baton, Eakins enlisted an orchestral conductor to pose for the hand seen in the lower left-hand corner of the painting. Of Eakins' later portraits, many took as their subjects women who were friends or students. Unlike most portrayals of women at the time, they are devoid of glamor and idealization.", "Unlike most portrayals of women at the time, they are devoid of glamor and idealization. For Portrait of Letitia Wilson Jordan (1888), Eakins painted the sitter wearing the same evening dress in which he had seen her at a party. She is a substantial presence, a vision quite different from the era's fashionable portraiture.", "She is a substantial presence, a vision quite different from the era's fashionable portraiture. So, too, his Portrait of Maud Cook (1895), where the obvious beauty of the subject is noted with \"a stark objectivity\".", "So, too, his Portrait of Maud Cook (1895), where the obvious beauty of the subject is noted with \"a stark objectivity\". The portrait of Miss Amelia Van Buren (c. 1890), a friend and former pupil, suggests the melancholy of a complex personality, and has been called \"the finest of all American portraits\".", "The portrait of Miss Amelia Van Buren (c. 1890), a friend and former pupil, suggests the melancholy of a complex personality, and has been called \"the finest of all American portraits\". Even Susan Macdowell Eakins, a strong painter and former student who married Eakins in 1884, was not sentimentalized: despite its richness of color, The Artist's Wife and His Setter Dog (c. 1884–89) is a penetratingly candid portrait.", "Even Susan Macdowell Eakins, a strong painter and former student who married Eakins in 1884, was not sentimentalized: despite its richness of color, The Artist's Wife and His Setter Dog (c. 1884–89) is a penetratingly candid portrait. Some of his most vivid portraits resulted from a late series done for the Catholic clergy, which included paintings of a cardinal, archbishops, bishops, and monsignors.", "Some of his most vivid portraits resulted from a late series done for the Catholic clergy, which included paintings of a cardinal, archbishops, bishops, and monsignors. As usual, most of the sitters were engaged at Eakins' request, and were given the portraits when Eakins had completed them.", "As usual, most of the sitters were engaged at Eakins' request, and were given the portraits when Eakins had completed them. In portraits of His Eminence Sebastiano Cardinal Martinelli (1902), Archbishop William Henry Elder (1903), and Monsignor James P. Turner (c. 1906), Eakins took advantage of the brilliant vestments of the offices to animate the compositions in a way not possible in his other male portraits.", "In portraits of His Eminence Sebastiano Cardinal Martinelli (1902), Archbishop William Henry Elder (1903), and Monsignor James P. Turner (c. 1906), Eakins took advantage of the brilliant vestments of the offices to animate the compositions in a way not possible in his other male portraits. Deeply affected by his dismissal from the Academy, Eakins focused his later career on portraiture, such as his 1905 Portrait of Professor William S. Forbes.", "Deeply affected by his dismissal from the Academy, Eakins focused his later career on portraiture, such as his 1905 Portrait of Professor William S. Forbes. His steadfast insistence on his own vision of realism, in addition to his notoriety from his school scandals, combined to hurt his income in later years.", "His steadfast insistence on his own vision of realism, in addition to his notoriety from his school scandals, combined to hurt his income in later years. Even as he approached these portraits with the skill of a highly trained anatomist, what is most noteworthy is the intense psychological presence of his sitters.", "Even as he approached these portraits with the skill of a highly trained anatomist, what is most noteworthy is the intense psychological presence of his sitters. However, it was precisely for this reason that his portraits were often rejected by the sitters or their families.", "However, it was precisely for this reason that his portraits were often rejected by the sitters or their families. As a result, Eakins came to rely on his friends and family members to model for portraits. His portrait of Walt Whitman (1887–1888) was the poet's favorite.", "His portrait of Walt Whitman (1887–1888) was the poet's favorite. The figure Eakins' lifelong interest in the figure, nude or nearly so, took several thematic forms. The rowing paintings of the early 1870s constitute the first series of figure studies.", "The rowing paintings of the early 1870s constitute the first series of figure studies. In Eakins' largest picture on the subject, The Biglin Brothers Turning the Stake (1873), the muscular dynamism of the body is given its fullest treatment.", "In Eakins' largest picture on the subject, The Biglin Brothers Turning the Stake (1873), the muscular dynamism of the body is given its fullest treatment. In the 1877 painting William Rush and His Model, he painted the female nude as integral to a historical subject, even though there is no evidence that the model who posed for Rush did so in the nude.", "In the 1877 painting William Rush and His Model, he painted the female nude as integral to a historical subject, even though there is no evidence that the model who posed for Rush did so in the nude. The Centennial Exhibition of 1876 helped foster a revival in interest in Colonial America and Eakins participated with an ambitious project employing oil studies, wax and wood models, and finally the portrait in 1877.", "The Centennial Exhibition of 1876 helped foster a revival in interest in Colonial America and Eakins participated with an ambitious project employing oil studies, wax and wood models, and finally the portrait in 1877. William Rush was a celebrated Colonial sculptor and ship carver, a revered example of an artist-citizen who figured prominently in Philadelphia civic life, and a founder of the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts where Eakins had started teaching.", "William Rush was a celebrated Colonial sculptor and ship carver, a revered example of an artist-citizen who figured prominently in Philadelphia civic life, and a founder of the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts where Eakins had started teaching. Despite his sincerely depicted reverence for Rush, Eakins' treatment of the human body once again drew criticism.", "Despite his sincerely depicted reverence for Rush, Eakins' treatment of the human body once again drew criticism. This time it was the nude model and her heaped-up clothes depicted front and center, with Rush relegated to the deep shadows in the left background, that stirred dissatisfaction.", "This time it was the nude model and her heaped-up clothes depicted front and center, with Rush relegated to the deep shadows in the left background, that stirred dissatisfaction. Nonetheless, Eakins found a subject that referenced his native city and an earlier Philadelphia artist, and allowed for an assay on the female nude seen from behind.", "Nonetheless, Eakins found a subject that referenced his native city and an earlier Philadelphia artist, and allowed for an assay on the female nude seen from behind. When he returned to the subject many years later, the narrative became more personal: In William Rush and His Model (1908), gone are the chaperon and detailed interior of the earlier work.", "When he returned to the subject many years later, the narrative became more personal: In William Rush and His Model (1908), gone are the chaperon and detailed interior of the earlier work. The professional distance between sculptor and model has been eliminated, and the relationship has become intimate.", "The professional distance between sculptor and model has been eliminated, and the relationship has become intimate. In one version of the painting from that year, the nude is seen from the front, being helped down from the model stand by an artist who bears a strong resemblance to Eakins.", "In one version of the painting from that year, the nude is seen from the front, being helped down from the model stand by an artist who bears a strong resemblance to Eakins. The Swimming Hole (1884–85) features Eakins' finest studies of the nude, in his most successfully constructed outdoor picture.", "The Swimming Hole (1884–85) features Eakins' finest studies of the nude, in his most successfully constructed outdoor picture. The figures are those of his friends and students, and include a self-portrait.", "The figures are those of his friends and students, and include a self-portrait. Although there are photographs by Eakins which relate to the painting, the picture's powerful pyramidal composition and sculptural conception of the individual bodies are completely distinctive pictorial resolutions. The work was painted on commission, but was refused.", "The work was painted on commission, but was refused. In the late 1890s Eakins returned to the male figure, this time in a more urban setting. Taking the Count (1896), a painting of a prizefight, was his second largest canvas, but not his most successful composition.", "Taking the Count (1896), a painting of a prizefight, was his second largest canvas, but not his most successful composition. The same may be said of Wrestlers (1899).", "The same may be said of Wrestlers (1899). More successful was Between Rounds (1899), for which boxer Billy Smith posed seated in his corner at Philadelphia's Arena; in fact, all the principal figures were posed by models re-enacting what had been an actual fight.", "More successful was Between Rounds (1899), for which boxer Billy Smith posed seated in his corner at Philadelphia's Arena; in fact, all the principal figures were posed by models re-enacting what had been an actual fight. Salutat (1898), a frieze-like composition in which the main figure is isolated, \"is one of Eakins' finest achievements in figure-painting.\"", "Salutat (1898), a frieze-like composition in which the main figure is isolated, \"is one of Eakins' finest achievements in figure-painting.\" Although Eakins was agnostic, he painted The Crucifixion in 1880.", "Although Eakins was agnostic, he painted The Crucifixion in 1880. Art historian Akela Reason says Eakins's selection of this subject has puzzled some art historians who, unable to reconcile what appears to be an anomalous religious image by a reputedly agnostic artist, have related it solely to Eakins's desire for realism, thus divesting the painting of its religious content.", "Art historian Akela Reason says Eakins's selection of this subject has puzzled some art historians who, unable to reconcile what appears to be an anomalous religious image by a reputedly agnostic artist, have related it solely to Eakins's desire for realism, thus divesting the painting of its religious content. Lloyd Goodrich, for example, considered this illustration of Christ's suffering completely devoid of \"religious sentiment\" and suggested that Eakins intended it simply as a realist study of the male nude body.", "Lloyd Goodrich, for example, considered this illustration of Christ's suffering completely devoid of \"religious sentiment\" and suggested that Eakins intended it simply as a realist study of the male nude body. As a result, art historians have frequently associated 'Crucifixion' (like Swimming) with Eakins's strong interest in anatomy and the nude.", "As a result, art historians have frequently associated 'Crucifixion' (like Swimming) with Eakins's strong interest in anatomy and the nude. In his later years Eakins persistently asked his female portrait models to pose in the nude, a practice which would have been all but prohibited in conventional Philadelphia society. Inevitably, his desires were frustrated.", "Inevitably, his desires were frustrated. Personal life and marriage The nature of Eakins' sexuality and its impact on his art is a matter of intense scholarly debate.", "Personal life and marriage The nature of Eakins' sexuality and its impact on his art is a matter of intense scholarly debate. Strong circumstantial evidence points to discussion during Eakins's lifetime that he had homosexual leanings, and there is little doubt that he was attracted to men, as evidenced in his photography, and three major paintings where male buttocks are a focal point: The Gross Clinic, Salutat, and The Swimming Hole.", "Strong circumstantial evidence points to discussion during Eakins's lifetime that he had homosexual leanings, and there is little doubt that he was attracted to men, as evidenced in his photography, and three major paintings where male buttocks are a focal point: The Gross Clinic, Salutat, and The Swimming Hole. The latter, in which Eakins appears, is increasingly seen as sensuous and autobiographical.", "The latter, in which Eakins appears, is increasingly seen as sensuous and autobiographical. Until recently, major Eakins scholars persistently denied he was homosexual, and such discussion was marginalized. While there is still no consensus, today discussion of homoerotic desire plays a large role in Eakins scholarship.", "While there is still no consensus, today discussion of homoerotic desire plays a large role in Eakins scholarship. The discovery of a large trove of Eakins' personal papers in 1984 has also driven reassessment of his life. Eakins met Emily Sartain, daughter of John Sartain, while studying at the academy.", "Eakins met Emily Sartain, daughter of John Sartain, while studying at the academy. Their romance foundered after Eakins moved to Paris to study, and she accused him of immorality. It is likely Eakins had told her of frequenting places where prostitutes assembled.", "It is likely Eakins had told her of frequenting places where prostitutes assembled. The son of Eakins' physician also reported that Eakins had been \"very loose sexually—went to France, where there are no morals, and the french morality suited him to a T\".", "The son of Eakins' physician also reported that Eakins had been \"very loose sexually—went to France, where there are no morals, and the french morality suited him to a T\". In 1884, at age 40, Eakins married Susan Hannah Macdowell, the daughter of a Philadelphia engraver.", "In 1884, at age 40, Eakins married Susan Hannah Macdowell, the daughter of a Philadelphia engraver. Two years earlier Eakins' sister Margaret, who had acted as his secretary and personal servant, had died of typhoid. It has been suggested that Eakins married to replace her.", "It has been suggested that Eakins married to replace her. Macdowell was 25 when Eakins met her at the Hazeltine Gallery where The Gross Clinic was being exhibited in 1875.", "Macdowell was 25 when Eakins met her at the Hazeltine Gallery where The Gross Clinic was being exhibited in 1875. Unlike many, she was impressed by the controversial painting and she decided to study with him at the Academy, which she attended for six years, adopting a sober, realistic style similar to her teacher's.", "Unlike many, she was impressed by the controversial painting and she decided to study with him at the Academy, which she attended for six years, adopting a sober, realistic style similar to her teacher's. Macdowell was an outstanding student and winner of the Mary Smith Prize for the best painting by a matriculating woman artist.", "Macdowell was an outstanding student and winner of the Mary Smith Prize for the best painting by a matriculating woman artist. During their childless marriage, she painted only sporadically and spent most of her time supporting her husband's career, entertaining guests and students, and faithfully backing him in his difficult times with the academy, even when some members of her family aligned against Eakins.", "During their childless marriage, she painted only sporadically and spent most of her time supporting her husband's career, entertaining guests and students, and faithfully backing him in his difficult times with the academy, even when some members of her family aligned against Eakins. She and Eakins both shared a passion for photography, both as photographers and subjects, and employed it as a tool for their art.", "She and Eakins both shared a passion for photography, both as photographers and subjects, and employed it as a tool for their art. She also posed nude for many of his photos and took images of him. Both had separate studios in their home.", "Both had separate studios in their home. After Eakins' death in 1916, she returned to painting, adding considerably to her output right up to the 1930s, in a style that became warmer, looser, and brighter in tone. She died in 1938.", "She died in 1938. She died in 1938. Thirty-five years after her death, in 1973, she had her first one-woman exhibition at the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts. In the latter years of his life, Eakins' constant companion was the handsome sculptor Samuel Murray, who shared his interest in boxing and bicycling.", "In the latter years of his life, Eakins' constant companion was the handsome sculptor Samuel Murray, who shared his interest in boxing and bicycling. The evidence suggests the relationship was more emotionally important to Eakins than that with his wife.", "The evidence suggests the relationship was more emotionally important to Eakins than that with his wife. Throughout his life, Eakins appears to have been drawn to those who were mentally vulnerable and then preyed upon those weaknesses. Several of his students ended their lives in insanity.", "Several of his students ended their lives in insanity. Death and legacy Eakins died on June 25, 1916, at the age of 71 and is buried at The Woodlands, which is located near the University of Pennsylvania in West Philadelphia. Late in life Eakins did experience some recognition. In 1902 he was made a National Academician.", "In 1902 he was made a National Academician. In 1914 the sale of a portrait study of D. Hayes Agnew for The Agnew Clinic to Dr. Albert C. Barnes precipitated much publicity when rumors circulated that the selling price was fifty thousand dollars. In fact, Barnes bought the painting for four thousand dollars.", "In fact, Barnes bought the painting for four thousand dollars. In the year after his death, Eakins was honored with a memorial retrospective at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, and in 1917–18 the Pennsylvania Academy followed suit.", "In the year after his death, Eakins was honored with a memorial retrospective at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, and in 1917–18 the Pennsylvania Academy followed suit. Susan Macdowell Eakins did much to preserve his reputation, including gifting the Philadelphia Museum of Art with more than fifty of her husband's oil paintings.", "Susan Macdowell Eakins did much to preserve his reputation, including gifting the Philadelphia Museum of Art with more than fifty of her husband's oil paintings. After her death in 1938, other works were sold off, and eventually another large collection of art and personal material was purchased by Joseph Hirshhorn, and now is part of the Hirshhorn Museum's collection.", "After her death in 1938, other works were sold off, and eventually another large collection of art and personal material was purchased by Joseph Hirshhorn, and now is part of the Hirshhorn Museum's collection. Since then, Eakins' home in North Philadelphia was put on the National Register of Historic Places list in 1966, and Eakins Oval, across from the Philadelphia Museum of Art on the Benjamin Franklin Parkway, was named for the artist.", "Since then, Eakins' home in North Philadelphia was put on the National Register of Historic Places list in 1966, and Eakins Oval, across from the Philadelphia Museum of Art on the Benjamin Franklin Parkway, was named for the artist. In 1967 The Biglin Brothers Racing (1872) was reproduced on a United States postage stamp.", "In 1967 The Biglin Brothers Racing (1872) was reproduced on a United States postage stamp. His work was also part of the painting event in the art competition at the 1932 Summer Olympics. Eakins' attitude toward realism in painting, and his desire to explore the heart of American life proved influential.", "Eakins' attitude toward realism in painting, and his desire to explore the heart of American life proved influential. He taught hundreds of students, among them his future wife Susan Macdowell, African-American painter Henry Ossawa Tanner, and Thomas Anshutz, who taught, in turn, Robert Henri, George Luks, John Sloan, and Everett Shinn, future members of the Ashcan School, and other realists and artistic heirs to Eakins' philosophy.", "He taught hundreds of students, among them his future wife Susan Macdowell, African-American painter Henry Ossawa Tanner, and Thomas Anshutz, who taught, in turn, Robert Henri, George Luks, John Sloan, and Everett Shinn, future members of the Ashcan School, and other realists and artistic heirs to Eakins' philosophy. Though his is not a household name, and though during his lifetime Eakins struggled to make a living from his work, today he is regarded as one of the most important American artists of any period.", "Though his is not a household name, and though during his lifetime Eakins struggled to make a living from his work, today he is regarded as one of the most important American artists of any period. Since the 1990s, Eakins has emerged as a major figure in sexuality studies in art history, for both the homoeroticism of his male nudes and for the complexity of his attitudes toward women.", "Since the 1990s, Eakins has emerged as a major figure in sexuality studies in art history, for both the homoeroticism of his male nudes and for the complexity of his attitudes toward women. Controversy shaped much of his career as a teacher and as an artist.", "Controversy shaped much of his career as a teacher and as an artist. He insisted on teaching men and women \"the same\", used nude male models in female classes and vice versa, and was accused of abusing female students.", "He insisted on teaching men and women \"the same\", used nude male models in female classes and vice versa, and was accused of abusing female students. Recent scholarship suggests that these scandals were grounded in more than the \"puritanical prudery\" of his contemporaries—as had once been assumed—and that Eakins' progressive academic principles may have protected unconscious and dubious agendas.", "Recent scholarship suggests that these scandals were grounded in more than the \"puritanical prudery\" of his contemporaries—as had once been assumed—and that Eakins' progressive academic principles may have protected unconscious and dubious agendas. These controversies may have been caused by a combination of factors such as the bohemianism of Eakins and his circle (in which students, for example, sometimes modeled in the nude for each other), the intensity and authority of his teaching style, and Eakins' inclination toward unorthodox or provocative behavior.", "These controversies may have been caused by a combination of factors such as the bohemianism of Eakins and his circle (in which students, for example, sometimes modeled in the nude for each other), the intensity and authority of his teaching style, and Eakins' inclination toward unorthodox or provocative behavior. Disposition of estate Eakins was unable to sell many of his works during his lifetime, so when he died in 1916, a large body of artwork passed to his widow, Susan Macdowell Eakins.", "Disposition of estate Eakins was unable to sell many of his works during his lifetime, so when he died in 1916, a large body of artwork passed to his widow, Susan Macdowell Eakins. She carefully preserved it, donating some of the strongest pieces to various museums.", "She carefully preserved it, donating some of the strongest pieces to various museums. When she in turn died in 1938, much of the remaining artistic estate was destroyed or damaged by executors, and the remainders were belatedly salvaged by a former Eakins student. For more details, see the article \"List of works by Thomas Eakins\".", "For more details, see the article \"List of works by Thomas Eakins\". On November 11, 2006, the Board of Trustees at Thomas Jefferson University agreed to sell The Gross Clinic to the National Gallery of Art in Washington DC, and the Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art in Bentonville, Arkansas for a record $68,000,000, the highest price for an Eakins painting as well as a record price for an individual American-made portrait.", "On November 11, 2006, the Board of Trustees at Thomas Jefferson University agreed to sell The Gross Clinic to the National Gallery of Art in Washington DC, and the Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art in Bentonville, Arkansas for a record $68,000,000, the highest price for an Eakins painting as well as a record price for an individual American-made portrait. On December 21, 2006, a group of donors agreed to match the price to keep the painting in Philadelphia.", "On December 21, 2006, a group of donors agreed to match the price to keep the painting in Philadelphia. It is displayed alternately at the Philadelphia Museum of Art and at the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts.", "It is displayed alternately at the Philadelphia Museum of Art and at the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts. Assessment On October 29, 1917, Robert Henri wrote an open letter to the Art Students League about Eakins: In 1982, in his two-volume Eakins biography, art historian Lloyd Goodrich wrote: In spite of limitations—and what artist is free of them?—Eakins' achievement was monumental.", "Assessment On October 29, 1917, Robert Henri wrote an open letter to the Art Students League about Eakins: In 1982, in his two-volume Eakins biography, art historian Lloyd Goodrich wrote: In spite of limitations—and what artist is free of them?—Eakins' achievement was monumental. He was our first major painter to accept completely the realities of contemporary urban America, and from them to create powerful, profound art...", "He was our first major painter to accept completely the realities of contemporary urban America, and from them to create powerful, profound art... In portraiture alone Eakins was the strongest American painter since Copley, with equal substance and power, and added penetration, depth, and subtlety.", "In portraiture alone Eakins was the strongest American painter since Copley, with equal substance and power, and added penetration, depth, and subtlety. John Canaday, art critic for The New York Times, wrote in 1964: As a supreme realist, Eakins appeared heavy and vulgar to a public that thought of art, and culture in general, largely in terms of a graceful sentimentality.", "John Canaday, art critic for The New York Times, wrote in 1964: As a supreme realist, Eakins appeared heavy and vulgar to a public that thought of art, and culture in general, largely in terms of a graceful sentimentality. Today he seems to us to have recorded his fellow Americans with a perception that was often as tender as it was vigorous, and to have preserved for us the essence of an American life which, indeed, he did not idealize—because it seemed to him beautiful beyond the necessity of idealization.", "Today he seems to us to have recorded his fellow Americans with a perception that was often as tender as it was vigorous, and to have preserved for us the essence of an American life which, indeed, he did not idealize—because it seemed to him beautiful beyond the necessity of idealization. See also List of painters by name beginning with \"E\" List of American artists before 1900 List of people from Philadelphia Visual art of the United States Notes Further reading Adams, Henry: Eakins Revealed: The Secret Life of an American Artist.", "See also List of painters by name beginning with \"E\" List of American artists before 1900 List of people from Philadelphia Visual art of the United States Notes Further reading Adams, Henry: Eakins Revealed: The Secret Life of an American Artist. Oxford University Press, 2005. .", "Oxford University Press, 2005. . Oxford University Press, 2005. . Berger, Martin: Man Made: Thomas Eakins and the Construction of Gilded Age Manhood. University of California Press, 2000. . Brown, Dotty: Boathouse Row: Waves of Change in the Birthplace of American Rowing. Temple University Press, 2017. .", "Temple University Press, 2017. . Temple University Press, 2017. . Canaday, John: Thomas Eakins; \"Familiar truths in clear and beautiful language\", Horizon. Volume VI, Number 4, Autumn 1964. Dacey, Philip: The Mystery of Max Schmitt, Poems on the Life of Thomas Eakins\".", "Dacey, Philip: The Mystery of Max Schmitt, Poems on the Life of Thomas Eakins\". Turning Point Press, 2004. Doyle, Jennifer: \"Sex, Scandal, and 'The Gross Clinic'\". Representations 68 (Fall 1999): 1–33. Goodrich, Lloyd: Thomas Eakins. Harvard University Press, 1982.", "Harvard University Press, 1982. Harvard University Press, 1982. Homer, William Innes: Thomas Eakins: His Life and Art. Abbeville Press, 1992. Johns, Elizabeth: Thomas Eakins. Princeton University Press, 1991. Kirkpatrick, Sidney: The Revenge of Thomas Eakins. Yale University Press, 2006. .", "Yale University Press, 2006. . Yale University Press, 2006. . Lubin, David: Acts of Portrayal: Eakins, Sargeant, James. Yale University Press, 1985. Sewell, Darrel; et al. Thomas Eakins. Yale University Press, 2001. Sewell, Darrel: Thomas Eakins: Artist of Philadelphia.", "Sewell, Darrel: Thomas Eakins: Artist of Philadelphia. Philadelphia Museum of Art, 1982. Sullivan, Mark W. \"Thomas Eakins and His Portrait of Father Fedigan,\" Records of the American Catholic Historical Society of Philadelphia, Vol. 109, No. 3-4 (Fall-Winter 1998), pp. 1–23.", "3-4 (Fall-Winter 1998), pp. 1–23. 1–23. Updike, John: Still Looking: Essays on American Art. Alfred A. Knopf, 2005. Weinberg, H. Barbara: Thomas Eakins and the Metropolitan Museum of Art. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1994.", "The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1994. Publication no: 885-660 Werbel, Amy: Thomas Eakins: Art, Medicine, and Sexuality in Nineteenth-Century Philadelphia. Yale University Press, 2007. . The Paris Letters of Thomas Eakins. Edited by William Innes Homer.", "Edited by William Innes Homer. Edited by William Innes Homer. Princeton, Princeton University Press, 2009, Braddock, Alan: Thomas Eakins and The Cultures of Modernity. University of California Press, 2009.", "University of California Press, 2009. (see index) External links Thomaseakins.org, 148 works by Thomas Eakins Thomas Eakins Exhibition at The Metropolitan Museum of Art Thomas Eakins letters online at the Smithsonian Archives of American Art Selections from the Seymour Adelman collection, 1845–1958 features a collection of documents relating to Eakins and his family from the Archives of American Art Works by Thomas Eakins at Bryn Mawr College Documentary film broadcast on PBS network in 2002 1844 births 1916 deaths 19th-century American painters American male painters 20th-century American painters American agnostics American people of Dutch descent American people of English descent American people of Scotch-Irish descent Central High School (Philadelphia) alumni Drexel University faculty Gilded Age Realist painters Artists from Philadelphia Art Students League of New York faculty Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts alumni Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts faculty American alumni of the École des Beaux-Arts American expatriates in France Schuylkill River National Academy of Design members American portrait painters 20th-century American sculptors 19th-century American sculptors 19th-century male artists American male sculptors Burials at The Woodlands Cemetery Painters from Pennsylvania Sculptors from Pennsylvania Nude photography Photographers from Pennsylvania 19th-century American photographers 20th-century American photographers Sculptors from New York (state) Olympic competitors in art competitions" ]

[ "Thomas Eakins", "Photography", "What did Thomas Eakins do?", "Eakins has been credited with having \"introduced the camera to the American art studio\".", "How did he introduce the camera", "Eakins was more interested in precision measurements on a single image to aid in translating a motion into a painting," ]

[ "The Book on Adler (subtitle: The Religious Confusion of the Present Age, Illustrated by Magister Adler as a Phenomenon, A Mimical Monograph) is a work by the Danish philosopher Søren Kierkegaard, written during his second authorship, and was published posthumously in 1872. The work is partly about pastor Adolph Peter Adler who claimed to have received a revelation. After some questionable acts, Adler was subsequently dismissed from his pastor duties. Adler later claimed it was work of genius, and not of revelation. \n\nThe rest of the work focuses on the concept of authority and how it relates to Adler's situation. Kierkegaard was against claims of received revelation without due consideration.\n\nReception\nThe American philosopher Stanley Cavell helped to re-introduce the book to modern philosophical readers in his collection Must We Mean What We Say? (1969).\n\nJohannes Hohlenberg, a student of Kierkegaard's writings, said of the work: \"The book is extraordinarily revealing, because it shows the working of Kierkegaard's mind better than any of the other books. If we want to get an idea of what qualitative dialectics has to say when turned upon a very definite question, we ought to study the book about Adler\".\n\nReferences \n\nBook on Adler\nBook on Adler", "Leon Pierce Clark (sometimes L. Pierce Clark) (1870 – 3 December 1933) was an American psychiatrist and psychoanalyst. He was the president of the American Psychopathological Association (APPA) during 1923 and 1924.\n\nHis pioneering work in psychobiography was published during the last four years of his life and was way ahead of his time. In 1929 Clark published Napoleon: Self-Destroyed, the first book-size psychoanalytic study of Napoleon Bonaparte. In the last year of his life he published Lincoln: A Psycho-biography, another early work in this field. Clark fought some of the heated battles of the American psychiatrists against the American neurologists that were common in the first part of the twentieth century.\nClark's reputation suffered when he was found to have plagiarized most of \"Napoleon Self-Destroyed.\" Clark also was criticized for misunderstanding what Freud meant by what Clark referred to as \"narcism.\"\n\nBibliography\n Clark, Leon Pierce (1929) Napoleon Self-Destroyed. Foreword by James Harvey Robinson. New York: Jonathan Cape and Harrison Smith.\n Clark, Leon Pierce (1933) Lincoln: A Psycho-biography. New York and London, C. Scribner's Sons.\n Review of \"Napoleon: Self-Destroyed\", 1930, in the \"Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease,\" 71 (3): 347–356. This critique seems to have been forgotten. See also letters in Jelliffe Papers, Library of Congress.\n\nReferences\n\nAmerican psychiatrists\n1870 births\n1933 deaths" ]

[ "Thomas Cowperthwait Eakins (; July 25, 1844 – June 25, 1916) was an American realist painter, photographer, sculptor, and fine arts educator. He is widely acknowledged to be one of the most important American artists.", "He is widely acknowledged to be one of the most important American artists. For the length of his professional career, from the early 1870s until his health began to fail some 40 years later, Eakins worked exactingly from life, choosing as his subject the people of his hometown of Philadelphia.", "For the length of his professional career, from the early 1870s until his health began to fail some 40 years later, Eakins worked exactingly from life, choosing as his subject the people of his hometown of Philadelphia. He painted several hundred portraits, usually of friends, family members, or prominent people in the arts, sciences, medicine, and clergy.", "He painted several hundred portraits, usually of friends, family members, or prominent people in the arts, sciences, medicine, and clergy. Taken en masse, the portraits offer an overview of the intellectual life of contemporary Philadelphia; individually, they are incisive depictions of thinking persons.", "Taken en masse, the portraits offer an overview of the intellectual life of contemporary Philadelphia; individually, they are incisive depictions of thinking persons. In addition, Eakins produced a number of large paintings that brought the portrait out of the drawing room and into the offices, streets, parks, rivers, arenas, and surgical amphitheaters of his city.", "In addition, Eakins produced a number of large paintings that brought the portrait out of the drawing room and into the offices, streets, parks, rivers, arenas, and surgical amphitheaters of his city. These active outdoor venues allowed him to paint the subject that most inspired him: the nude or lightly clad figure in motion.", "These active outdoor venues allowed him to paint the subject that most inspired him: the nude or lightly clad figure in motion. In the process, he could model the forms of the body in full sunlight, and create images of deep space utilizing his studies in perspective.", "In the process, he could model the forms of the body in full sunlight, and create images of deep space utilizing his studies in perspective. Eakins also took a keen interest in the new technologies of motion photography, a field in which he is now seen as an innovator.", "Eakins also took a keen interest in the new technologies of motion photography, a field in which he is now seen as an innovator. No less important in Eakins' life was his work as a teacher. As an instructor he was a highly influential presence in American art.", "As an instructor he was a highly influential presence in American art. The difficulties which beset him as an artist seeking to paint the portrait and figure realistically were paralleled and even amplified in his career as an educator, where behavioral and sexual scandals truncated his success and damaged his reputation.", "The difficulties which beset him as an artist seeking to paint the portrait and figure realistically were paralleled and even amplified in his career as an educator, where behavioral and sexual scandals truncated his success and damaged his reputation. Eakins was a controversial figure whose work received little by way of official recognition during his lifetime.", "Eakins was a controversial figure whose work received little by way of official recognition during his lifetime. Since his death, he has been celebrated by American art historians as \"the strongest, most profound realist in nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century American art\". Life and work Youth Eakins was born and lived most of his life in Philadelphia.", "Life and work Youth Eakins was born and lived most of his life in Philadelphia. He was the first child of Caroline Cowperthwait Eakins, a woman of English and Dutch descent, and Benjamin Eakins, a writing master and calligraphy teacher of Scots-Irish ancestry.", "He was the first child of Caroline Cowperthwait Eakins, a woman of English and Dutch descent, and Benjamin Eakins, a writing master and calligraphy teacher of Scots-Irish ancestry. Benjamin Eakins grew up on a farm in Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, the son of a weaver.", "Benjamin Eakins grew up on a farm in Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, the son of a weaver. He was successful in his chosen profession, and moved to Philadelphia in the early 1840s to raise his family.", "He was successful in his chosen profession, and moved to Philadelphia in the early 1840s to raise his family. Thomas Eakins observed his father at work and by twelve demonstrated skill in precise line drawing, perspective, and the use of a grid to lay out a careful design, skills he later applied to his art.", "Thomas Eakins observed his father at work and by twelve demonstrated skill in precise line drawing, perspective, and the use of a grid to lay out a careful design, skills he later applied to his art. He was an athletic child who enjoyed rowing, ice skating, swimming, wrestling, sailing, and gymnastics—activities he later painted and encouraged in his students.", "He was an athletic child who enjoyed rowing, ice skating, swimming, wrestling, sailing, and gymnastics—activities he later painted and encouraged in his students. Eakins attended Central High School, the premier public school for applied science and arts in the city, where he excelled in mechanical drawing.", "Eakins attended Central High School, the premier public school for applied science and arts in the city, where he excelled in mechanical drawing. Thomas met fellow artist and lifelong friend, Charles Lewis Fussell in high school and they reunited to study at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts.", "Thomas met fellow artist and lifelong friend, Charles Lewis Fussell in high school and they reunited to study at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts. Thomas began at the academy in 1861 and later attended courses in anatomy and dissection at Jefferson Medical College from 1864 to 65.", "Thomas began at the academy in 1861 and later attended courses in anatomy and dissection at Jefferson Medical College from 1864 to 65. For a while, he followed his father's profession and was listed in city directories as a \"writing teacher\". His scientific interest in the human body led him to consider becoming a surgeon.", "His scientific interest in the human body led him to consider becoming a surgeon. Eakins then studied art in Europe from 1866 to 1870, notably in Paris with Jean-Léon Gérôme, being only the second American pupil of the French realist painter, famous as a master of Orientalism.", "Eakins then studied art in Europe from 1866 to 1870, notably in Paris with Jean-Léon Gérôme, being only the second American pupil of the French realist painter, famous as a master of Orientalism. He also attended the atelier of Léon Bonnat, a realist painter who emphasized anatomical preciseness, a method adapted by Eakins.", "He also attended the atelier of Léon Bonnat, a realist painter who emphasized anatomical preciseness, a method adapted by Eakins. While studying at the École des Beaux-Arts, he seems to have taken scant interest in the new Impressionist movement, nor was he impressed by what he perceived as the classical pretensions of the French Academy.", "While studying at the École des Beaux-Arts, he seems to have taken scant interest in the new Impressionist movement, nor was he impressed by what he perceived as the classical pretensions of the French Academy. A letter home to his father in 1868 made his aesthetic clear: She [the female nude] is the most beautiful thing there is in the world except a naked man, but I never yet saw a study of one exhibited...", "A letter home to his father in 1868 made his aesthetic clear: She [the female nude] is the most beautiful thing there is in the world except a naked man, but I never yet saw a study of one exhibited... It would be a godsend to see a fine man model painted in the studio with the bare walls, alongside of the smiling smirking goddesses of waxy complexion amidst the delicious arsenic green trees and gentle wax flowers & purling streams running melodious up & down the hills especially up.", "It would be a godsend to see a fine man model painted in the studio with the bare walls, alongside of the smiling smirking goddesses of waxy complexion amidst the delicious arsenic green trees and gentle wax flowers & purling streams running melodious up & down the hills especially up. I hate affectation.", "I hate affectation. I hate affectation. Already at age 24, \"nudity and verity were linked with an unusual closeness in his mind.\" Yet his desire for truthfulness was more expansive, and the letters home to Philadelphia reveal a passion for realism that included, but was not limited to, the study of the figure.", "Yet his desire for truthfulness was more expansive, and the letters home to Philadelphia reveal a passion for realism that included, but was not limited to, the study of the figure. A trip to Spain for six months confirmed his admiration for the realism of artists such as Diego Velázquez and Jusepe de Ribera.", "A trip to Spain for six months confirmed his admiration for the realism of artists such as Diego Velázquez and Jusepe de Ribera. In Seville in 1869 he painted Carmelita Requeña, a portrait of a seven-year-old gypsy dancer more freely and colorfully painted than his Paris studies.", "In Seville in 1869 he painted Carmelita Requeña, a portrait of a seven-year-old gypsy dancer more freely and colorfully painted than his Paris studies. That same year he attempted his first large oil painting, A Street Scene in Seville, wherein he first dealt with the complications of a scene observed outside the studio.", "That same year he attempted his first large oil painting, A Street Scene in Seville, wherein he first dealt with the complications of a scene observed outside the studio. Although he failed to matriculate in a formal degree program and had showed no works in the European salons, Eakins succeeded in absorbing the techniques and methods of French and Spanish masters, and he began to formulate his artistic vision which he demonstrated in his first major painting upon his return to America.", "Although he failed to matriculate in a formal degree program and had showed no works in the European salons, Eakins succeeded in absorbing the techniques and methods of French and Spanish masters, and he began to formulate his artistic vision which he demonstrated in his first major painting upon his return to America. \"I shall seek to achieve my broad effect from the very beginning\", he declared.", "\"I shall seek to achieve my broad effect from the very beginning\", he declared. Early career Eakins' first works upon his return from Europe included a large group of rowing scenes, eleven oils and watercolors in all, of which the first and most famous is Max Schmitt in a Single Scull (1871; also known as The Champion Single Sculling).", "Early career Eakins' first works upon his return from Europe included a large group of rowing scenes, eleven oils and watercolors in all, of which the first and most famous is Max Schmitt in a Single Scull (1871; also known as The Champion Single Sculling). Both his subject and his technique drew attention.", "Both his subject and his technique drew attention. His selection of a contemporary sport was \"a shock to the artistic conventionalities of the city\". Eakins placed himself in the painting, in a scull behind Schmitt, his name inscribed on the boat.", "Eakins placed himself in the painting, in a scull behind Schmitt, his name inscribed on the boat. Typically, the work entailed critical observation of the painting's subject, as well as preparatory drawings of the figure and perspective plans of the scull in the water.", "Typically, the work entailed critical observation of the painting's subject, as well as preparatory drawings of the figure and perspective plans of the scull in the water. Its preparation and composition indicates the importance of Eakins' academic training in Paris.", "Its preparation and composition indicates the importance of Eakins' academic training in Paris. It was a completely original conception, true to Eakins' firsthand experience, and an almost startlingly successful image for the artist, who had struggled with his first outdoor composition less than a year before.", "It was a completely original conception, true to Eakins' firsthand experience, and an almost startlingly successful image for the artist, who had struggled with his first outdoor composition less than a year before. His first known sale was the watercolor The Sculler (1874).", "His first known sale was the watercolor The Sculler (1874). Most critics judged the rowing pictures successful and auspicious, but after the initial flourish, Eakins never revisited the subject of rowing and went on to other sports themes.", "Most critics judged the rowing pictures successful and auspicious, but after the initial flourish, Eakins never revisited the subject of rowing and went on to other sports themes. At the same time that he made these initial ventures into outdoor themes, Eakins produced a series of domestic Victorian interiors, often with his father, his sisters or friends as the subjects.", "At the same time that he made these initial ventures into outdoor themes, Eakins produced a series of domestic Victorian interiors, often with his father, his sisters or friends as the subjects. Home Scene (1871), Elizabeth at the Piano (1875), The Chess Players (1876), and Elizabeth Crowell and her Dog (1874), each dark in tonality, focus on the unsentimental characterization of individuals adopting natural attitudes in their homes.", "Home Scene (1871), Elizabeth at the Piano (1875), The Chess Players (1876), and Elizabeth Crowell and her Dog (1874), each dark in tonality, focus on the unsentimental characterization of individuals adopting natural attitudes in their homes. It was in this vein that in 1872 he painted his first large scale portrait, Kathrin, in which the subject, Kathrin Crowell, is seen in dim light, playing with a kitten.", "It was in this vein that in 1872 he painted his first large scale portrait, Kathrin, in which the subject, Kathrin Crowell, is seen in dim light, playing with a kitten. In 1874 Eakins and Crowell became engaged; they were still engaged five years later, when Crowell died of meningitis in 1879.", "In 1874 Eakins and Crowell became engaged; they were still engaged five years later, when Crowell died of meningitis in 1879. Teaching and forced resignation from Academy Eakins returned to the Pennsylvania Academy to teach in 1876 as a volunteer after the opening of the school's new Frank Furness designed building.", "Teaching and forced resignation from Academy Eakins returned to the Pennsylvania Academy to teach in 1876 as a volunteer after the opening of the school's new Frank Furness designed building. He became a salaried professor in 1878, and rose to director in 1882.", "He became a salaried professor in 1878, and rose to director in 1882. His teaching methods were controversial: there was no drawing from antique casts, and students received only a short study in charcoal, followed quickly by their introduction to painting, in order to grasp subjects in true color as soon as practical.", "His teaching methods were controversial: there was no drawing from antique casts, and students received only a short study in charcoal, followed quickly by their introduction to painting, in order to grasp subjects in true color as soon as practical. He encouraged students to use photography as an aid to understanding anatomy and the study of motion, and disallowed prize competitions.", "He encouraged students to use photography as an aid to understanding anatomy and the study of motion, and disallowed prize competitions. Although there was no specialized vocational instruction, students with aspirations for using their school training for applied arts, such as illustration, lithography, and decoration, were as welcome as students interested in becoming portrait artists.", "Although there was no specialized vocational instruction, students with aspirations for using their school training for applied arts, such as illustration, lithography, and decoration, were as welcome as students interested in becoming portrait artists. Most notable was his interest in the instruction of all aspects of the human figure, including anatomical study of the human and animal body, and surgical dissection; there were also rigorous courses in the fundamentals of form, and studies in perspective which involved mathematics.", "Most notable was his interest in the instruction of all aspects of the human figure, including anatomical study of the human and animal body, and surgical dissection; there were also rigorous courses in the fundamentals of form, and studies in perspective which involved mathematics. As an aid to the study of anatomy, plaster casts were made from dissections, duplicates of which were furnished to students.", "As an aid to the study of anatomy, plaster casts were made from dissections, duplicates of which were furnished to students. A similar study was made of the anatomy of horses; acknowledging Eakins' expertise, in 1891 his friend, the sculptor William Rudolf O'Donovan, asked him to collaborate on the commission to create bronze equestrian reliefs of Abraham Lincoln and Ulysses S. Grant, for the Soldiers' and Sailors' Arch in Grand Army Plaza in Brooklyn.", "A similar study was made of the anatomy of horses; acknowledging Eakins' expertise, in 1891 his friend, the sculptor William Rudolf O'Donovan, asked him to collaborate on the commission to create bronze equestrian reliefs of Abraham Lincoln and Ulysses S. Grant, for the Soldiers' and Sailors' Arch in Grand Army Plaza in Brooklyn. Owing to Eakins' devotion to working from life, the Academy's course of study was by the early 1880s the most \"liberal and advanced in the world\".", "Owing to Eakins' devotion to working from life, the Academy's course of study was by the early 1880s the most \"liberal and advanced in the world\". Eakins believed in teaching by example and letting the students find their own way with only terse guidance.", "Eakins believed in teaching by example and letting the students find their own way with only terse guidance. His students included painters, cartoonists, and illustrators such as Henry Ossawa Tanner, Thomas Pollock Anshutz, Edward Willis Redfield, Colin Campbell Cooper, Alice Barber Stephens, Frederick Judd Waugh, T. S. Sullivant and A. B. Frost.", "B. Frost. Frost. He stated his teaching philosophy bluntly, \"A teacher can do very little for a pupil & should only be thankful if he don't hinder him ... and the greater the master, mostly the less he can say.\" He believed that women should \"assume professional privileges\" as would men.", "He believed that women should \"assume professional privileges\" as would men. Life classes and dissection were segregated but women had access to male models (who were nude but wore loincloths). The line between impartiality and questionable behavior was a thin one.", "The line between impartiality and questionable behavior was a thin one. When a female student, Amelia Van Buren, asked about the movement of the pelvis, Eakins invited her to his studio, where he undressed and \"gave her the explanation as I could not have done by words only\".", "When a female student, Amelia Van Buren, asked about the movement of the pelvis, Eakins invited her to his studio, where he undressed and \"gave her the explanation as I could not have done by words only\". Such incidents, coupled with the ambitions of his younger associates to oust him and take over the school themselves, created tensions between him and the Academy's board of directors.", "Such incidents, coupled with the ambitions of his younger associates to oust him and take over the school themselves, created tensions between him and the Academy's board of directors. He was ultimately forced to resign in 1886, for removing the loincloth of a male model in a class where female students were present.", "He was ultimately forced to resign in 1886, for removing the loincloth of a male model in a class where female students were present. The forced resignation was a major setback for Eakins. His family was split, with his in-laws siding against him in public dispute.", "His family was split, with his in-laws siding against him in public dispute. He struggled to protect his name against rumors and false charges, had bouts of ill health, and suffered a humiliation which he felt for the rest of his life.", "He struggled to protect his name against rumors and false charges, had bouts of ill health, and suffered a humiliation which he felt for the rest of his life. A drawing manual he had written and prepared illustrations for remained unfinished and unpublished during his lifetime.", "A drawing manual he had written and prepared illustrations for remained unfinished and unpublished during his lifetime. Eakins' popularity among the students was such that a number of them broke with the Academy and formed the Art Students' League of Philadelphia (1886–1893), where Eakins subsequently instructed.", "Eakins' popularity among the students was such that a number of them broke with the Academy and formed the Art Students' League of Philadelphia (1886–1893), where Eakins subsequently instructed. It was there that he met the student, Samuel Murray, who would become his protege and lifelong friend.", "It was there that he met the student, Samuel Murray, who would become his protege and lifelong friend. He also lectured and taught at a number of other schools, including the Art Students League of New York, the National Academy of Design, Cooper Union, and the Art Students' Guild in Washington DC.", "He also lectured and taught at a number of other schools, including the Art Students League of New York, the National Academy of Design, Cooper Union, and the Art Students' Guild in Washington DC. Dismissed in March 1895 by the Drexel Institute in Philadelphia for again using a fully nude male model, he gradually withdrew from teaching by 1898.", "Dismissed in March 1895 by the Drexel Institute in Philadelphia for again using a fully nude male model, he gradually withdrew from teaching by 1898. Photography Eakins has been credited with having \"introduced the camera to the American art studio\".", "Photography Eakins has been credited with having \"introduced the camera to the American art studio\". During his study abroad, he was exposed to the use of photography by the French realists, though the use of photography was still frowned upon as a shortcut by traditionalists.", "During his study abroad, he was exposed to the use of photography by the French realists, though the use of photography was still frowned upon as a shortcut by traditionalists. In the late 1870s, Eakins was introduced to the photographic motion studies of Eadweard Muybridge, particularly the equine studies, and became interested in using the camera to study sequential movement.", "In the late 1870s, Eakins was introduced to the photographic motion studies of Eadweard Muybridge, particularly the equine studies, and became interested in using the camera to study sequential movement. In the mid-1880s, Eakins worked briefly alongside Muybridge in the latter's photographic studio at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia.", "In the mid-1880s, Eakins worked briefly alongside Muybridge in the latter's photographic studio at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia. Eakins soon performed his own independent motion studies, also usually involving the nude figure, and even developed his own technique for capturing movement on film.", "Eakins soon performed his own independent motion studies, also usually involving the nude figure, and even developed his own technique for capturing movement on film. Whereas Muybridge's system relied on a series of cameras triggered to produce a sequence of individual photographs, Eakins preferred to use a single camera to produce a series of exposures superimposed on one negative.", "Whereas Muybridge's system relied on a series of cameras triggered to produce a sequence of individual photographs, Eakins preferred to use a single camera to produce a series of exposures superimposed on one negative. Eakins was more interested in precision measurements on a single image to aid in translating a motion into a painting, while Muybridge preferred separate images that could also be displayed by his primitive movie projector.", "Eakins was more interested in precision measurements on a single image to aid in translating a motion into a painting, while Muybridge preferred separate images that could also be displayed by his primitive movie projector. After Eakins obtained a camera in 1880, several paintings, such as Mending the Net (1881) and Arcadia (1883), are known to have been derived at least in part from his photographs.", "After Eakins obtained a camera in 1880, several paintings, such as Mending the Net (1881) and Arcadia (1883), are known to have been derived at least in part from his photographs. Some figures appear to be detailed transcriptions and tracings from the photographs by some device like a magic lantern, which Eakins then took pains to cover up with oil paint.", "Some figures appear to be detailed transcriptions and tracings from the photographs by some device like a magic lantern, which Eakins then took pains to cover up with oil paint. Eakins' methods appear to be meticulously applied, and rather than shortcuts, were likely used in a quest for accuracy and realism.", "Eakins' methods appear to be meticulously applied, and rather than shortcuts, were likely used in a quest for accuracy and realism. An excellent example of Eakins' use of this new technology is his painting A May Morning in the Park, which relied heavily on photographic motion studies to depict the true gait of the four horses pulling the coach of patron Fairman Rogers.", "An excellent example of Eakins' use of this new technology is his painting A May Morning in the Park, which relied heavily on photographic motion studies to depict the true gait of the four horses pulling the coach of patron Fairman Rogers. But in typical fashion, Eakins also employed wax figures and oil sketches to get the final effect he desired.", "But in typical fashion, Eakins also employed wax figures and oil sketches to get the final effect he desired. The so-called \"Naked Series\", which began in 1883, were nude photos of students and professional models which were taken to show real human anatomy from several specific angles, and were often hung and displayed for study at the school.", "The so-called \"Naked Series\", which began in 1883, were nude photos of students and professional models which were taken to show real human anatomy from several specific angles, and were often hung and displayed for study at the school. Later, less regimented poses were taken indoors and out, of men, women, and children, including his wife.", "Later, less regimented poses were taken indoors and out, of men, women, and children, including his wife. The most provocative, and the only ones combining males and females, were nude photos of Eakins and a female model (see below).", "The most provocative, and the only ones combining males and females, were nude photos of Eakins and a female model (see below). Although witnesses and chaperones were usually on site, and the poses were mostly traditional in nature, the sheer quantity of the photos and Eakins' overt display of them may have undermined his standing at the Academy.", "Although witnesses and chaperones were usually on site, and the poses were mostly traditional in nature, the sheer quantity of the photos and Eakins' overt display of them may have undermined his standing at the Academy. In all, about eight hundred photographs are now attributed to Eakins and his circle, most of which are figure studies, both clothed and nude, and portraits.", "In all, about eight hundred photographs are now attributed to Eakins and his circle, most of which are figure studies, both clothed and nude, and portraits. No other American artist of his time matched Eakins' interest in photography, nor produced a comparable body of photographic works.", "No other American artist of his time matched Eakins' interest in photography, nor produced a comparable body of photographic works. Eakins used photography for his own private ends as well. Aside from nude men, and women, he also photographed nude children.", "Aside from nude men, and women, he also photographed nude children. While the photographs of the nude adults are more artistically composed, the younger children and infants are posed less formally. These photographs, that are “charged with sexual overtones,” as Susan Danly and Cheryl Leibold write, are of unidentified children.", "These photographs, that are “charged with sexual overtones,” as Susan Danly and Cheryl Leibold write, are of unidentified children. In the catalog of Eakins' collection at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, photograph number 308 is of an African American child reclining on a couch and posed as Venus.", "In the catalog of Eakins' collection at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, photograph number 308 is of an African American child reclining on a couch and posed as Venus. Both Saidiya Hartman and Fred Moten write, respectively, about the photograph, and the child that it arrests.", "Both Saidiya Hartman and Fred Moten write, respectively, about the photograph, and the child that it arrests. Portraits I will never have to give up painting, for even now I could paint heads good enough to make a living anywhere in America.", "Portraits I will never have to give up painting, for even now I could paint heads good enough to make a living anywhere in America. For Eakins, portraiture held little interest as a means of fashionable idealization or even simple verisimilitude.", "For Eakins, portraiture held little interest as a means of fashionable idealization or even simple verisimilitude. Instead, it provided the opportunity to reveal the character of an individual through the modeling of solid anatomical form.", "Instead, it provided the opportunity to reveal the character of an individual through the modeling of solid anatomical form. This meant that, notwithstanding his youthful optimism, Eakins would never be a commercially successful portrait painter, as few paid commissions came his way.", "This meant that, notwithstanding his youthful optimism, Eakins would never be a commercially successful portrait painter, as few paid commissions came his way. But his total output of some two hundred and fifty portraits is characterized by \"an uncompromising search for the unique human being\".", "But his total output of some two hundred and fifty portraits is characterized by \"an uncompromising search for the unique human being\". Often this search for individuality required that the subject be painted in his own daily working environment.", "Often this search for individuality required that the subject be painted in his own daily working environment. Eakins' Portrait of Professor Benjamin H. Rand (1874) was a prelude to what many consider his most important work.", "Eakins' Portrait of Professor Benjamin H. Rand (1874) was a prelude to what many consider his most important work. In The Gross Clinic (1875), a renowned Philadelphia surgeon, Dr. Samuel D. Gross, is seen presiding over an operation to remove part of a diseased bone from a patient's thigh.", "In The Gross Clinic (1875), a renowned Philadelphia surgeon, Dr. Samuel D. Gross, is seen presiding over an operation to remove part of a diseased bone from a patient's thigh. Gross lectures in an amphitheater crowded with students at Jefferson Medical College.", "Gross lectures in an amphitheater crowded with students at Jefferson Medical College. Eakins spent nearly a year on the painting, again choosing a novel subject, the discipline of modern surgery, in which Philadelphia was in the forefront.", "Eakins spent nearly a year on the painting, again choosing a novel subject, the discipline of modern surgery, in which Philadelphia was in the forefront. He initiated the project and may have had the goal of a grand work befitting a showing at the Centennial Exposition of 1876.", "He initiated the project and may have had the goal of a grand work befitting a showing at the Centennial Exposition of 1876. Though rejected for the Art Gallery, the painting was shown on the centennial grounds at an exhibit of a U.S. Army Post Hospital.", "Though rejected for the Art Gallery, the painting was shown on the centennial grounds at an exhibit of a U.S. Army Post Hospital. In sharp contrast, another Eakins submission, The Chess Players, was accepted by the Committee and was much admired at the Centennial Exhibition, and critically praised.", "In sharp contrast, another Eakins submission, The Chess Players, was accepted by the Committee and was much admired at the Centennial Exhibition, and critically praised. At 96 by 78 inches (240 × 200 cm), The Gross Clinic is one of the artist's largest works, and considered by some to be his greatest.", "At 96 by 78 inches (240 × 200 cm), The Gross Clinic is one of the artist's largest works, and considered by some to be his greatest. Eakins' high expectations at the start of the project were recorded in a letter, \"What elates me more is that I have just got a new picture blocked in and it is very far better than anything I have ever done.", "Eakins' high expectations at the start of the project were recorded in a letter, \"What elates me more is that I have just got a new picture blocked in and it is very far better than anything I have ever done. As I spoil things less and less in finishing I have the greatest hopes of this one\" But if Eakins hoped to impress his home town with the picture, he was to be disappointed; public reaction to the painting of a realistic surgical incision and the resultant blood was ambivalent at best, and it was finally purchased by the college for the unimpressive sum of $200.", "As I spoil things less and less in finishing I have the greatest hopes of this one\" But if Eakins hoped to impress his home town with the picture, he was to be disappointed; public reaction to the painting of a realistic surgical incision and the resultant blood was ambivalent at best, and it was finally purchased by the college for the unimpressive sum of $200. Eakins borrowed it for subsequent exhibitions, where it drew strong reactions, such as that of the New York Daily Tribune, which both acknowledged and damned its powerful image, \"but the more one praises it, the more one must condemn its admission to a gallery where men and women of weak nerves must be compelled to look at it.", "Eakins borrowed it for subsequent exhibitions, where it drew strong reactions, such as that of the New York Daily Tribune, which both acknowledged and damned its powerful image, \"but the more one praises it, the more one must condemn its admission to a gallery where men and women of weak nerves must be compelled to look at it. For not to look it is impossible...No purpose is gained by this morbid exhibition, no lesson taught—the painter shows his skill and the spectators' gorge rises at it—that is all.\"", "For not to look it is impossible...No purpose is gained by this morbid exhibition, no lesson taught—the painter shows his skill and the spectators' gorge rises at it—that is all.\" The college now describes it thus: \"Today the once maligned picture is celebrated as a great nineteenth-century medical history painting, featuring one of the most superb portraits in American art\".", "The college now describes it thus: \"Today the once maligned picture is celebrated as a great nineteenth-century medical history painting, featuring one of the most superb portraits in American art\". In 1876, Eakins completed a portrait of Dr. John Brinton, surgeon of the Philadelphia Hospital, and famed for his Civil War service.", "In 1876, Eakins completed a portrait of Dr. John Brinton, surgeon of the Philadelphia Hospital, and famed for his Civil War service. Done in a more informal setting than The Gross Clinic, it was a personal favorite of Eakins, and The Art Journal proclaimed \"it is in every respect a more favorable example of this artist's abilities than his much-talked-of composition representing a dissecting room.\"", "Done in a more informal setting than The Gross Clinic, it was a personal favorite of Eakins, and The Art Journal proclaimed \"it is in every respect a more favorable example of this artist's abilities than his much-talked-of composition representing a dissecting room.\" Other outstanding examples of his portraits include The Agnew Clinic (1889), Eakins' most important commission and largest painting, which depicted another eminent American surgeon, Dr. David Hayes Agnew, performing a mastectomy; The Dean's Roll Call (1899), featuring Dr. James W. Holland, and Professor Leslie W. Miller (1901), portraits of educators standing as if addressing an audience; a portrait of Frank Hamilton Cushing (c. 1895), in which the prominent ethnologist is seen performing an incantation at the Zuñi pueblo; Professor Henry A. Rowland (1897), a brilliant scientist whose study of spectroscopy revolutionized his field; Antiquated Music (1900), in which Mrs. William D. Frishmuth is shown seated amidst her collection of musical instruments; and The Concert Singer (1890–92), for which Eakins asked Weda Cook to sing \"O rest in the Lord\", so that he could study the muscles of her throat and mouth.", "Other outstanding examples of his portraits include The Agnew Clinic (1889), Eakins' most important commission and largest painting, which depicted another eminent American surgeon, Dr. David Hayes Agnew, performing a mastectomy; The Dean's Roll Call (1899), featuring Dr. James W. Holland, and Professor Leslie W. Miller (1901), portraits of educators standing as if addressing an audience; a portrait of Frank Hamilton Cushing (c. 1895), in which the prominent ethnologist is seen performing an incantation at the Zuñi pueblo; Professor Henry A. Rowland (1897), a brilliant scientist whose study of spectroscopy revolutionized his field; Antiquated Music (1900), in which Mrs. William D. Frishmuth is shown seated amidst her collection of musical instruments; and The Concert Singer (1890–92), for which Eakins asked Weda Cook to sing \"O rest in the Lord\", so that he could study the muscles of her throat and mouth. To replicate the proper deployment of a baton, Eakins enlisted an orchestral conductor to pose for the hand seen in the lower left-hand corner of the painting.", "To replicate the proper deployment of a baton, Eakins enlisted an orchestral conductor to pose for the hand seen in the lower left-hand corner of the painting. Of Eakins' later portraits, many took as their subjects women who were friends or students. Unlike most portrayals of women at the time, they are devoid of glamor and idealization.", "Unlike most portrayals of women at the time, they are devoid of glamor and idealization. For Portrait of Letitia Wilson Jordan (1888), Eakins painted the sitter wearing the same evening dress in which he had seen her at a party. She is a substantial presence, a vision quite different from the era's fashionable portraiture.", "She is a substantial presence, a vision quite different from the era's fashionable portraiture. So, too, his Portrait of Maud Cook (1895), where the obvious beauty of the subject is noted with \"a stark objectivity\".", "So, too, his Portrait of Maud Cook (1895), where the obvious beauty of the subject is noted with \"a stark objectivity\". The portrait of Miss Amelia Van Buren (c. 1890), a friend and former pupil, suggests the melancholy of a complex personality, and has been called \"the finest of all American portraits\".", "The portrait of Miss Amelia Van Buren (c. 1890), a friend and former pupil, suggests the melancholy of a complex personality, and has been called \"the finest of all American portraits\". Even Susan Macdowell Eakins, a strong painter and former student who married Eakins in 1884, was not sentimentalized: despite its richness of color, The Artist's Wife and His Setter Dog (c. 1884–89) is a penetratingly candid portrait.", "Even Susan Macdowell Eakins, a strong painter and former student who married Eakins in 1884, was not sentimentalized: despite its richness of color, The Artist's Wife and His Setter Dog (c. 1884–89) is a penetratingly candid portrait. Some of his most vivid portraits resulted from a late series done for the Catholic clergy, which included paintings of a cardinal, archbishops, bishops, and monsignors.", "Some of his most vivid portraits resulted from a late series done for the Catholic clergy, which included paintings of a cardinal, archbishops, bishops, and monsignors. As usual, most of the sitters were engaged at Eakins' request, and were given the portraits when Eakins had completed them.", "As usual, most of the sitters were engaged at Eakins' request, and were given the portraits when Eakins had completed them. In portraits of His Eminence Sebastiano Cardinal Martinelli (1902), Archbishop William Henry Elder (1903), and Monsignor James P. Turner (c. 1906), Eakins took advantage of the brilliant vestments of the offices to animate the compositions in a way not possible in his other male portraits.", "In portraits of His Eminence Sebastiano Cardinal Martinelli (1902), Archbishop William Henry Elder (1903), and Monsignor James P. Turner (c. 1906), Eakins took advantage of the brilliant vestments of the offices to animate the compositions in a way not possible in his other male portraits. Deeply affected by his dismissal from the Academy, Eakins focused his later career on portraiture, such as his 1905 Portrait of Professor William S. Forbes.", "Deeply affected by his dismissal from the Academy, Eakins focused his later career on portraiture, such as his 1905 Portrait of Professor William S. Forbes. His steadfast insistence on his own vision of realism, in addition to his notoriety from his school scandals, combined to hurt his income in later years.", "His steadfast insistence on his own vision of realism, in addition to his notoriety from his school scandals, combined to hurt his income in later years. Even as he approached these portraits with the skill of a highly trained anatomist, what is most noteworthy is the intense psychological presence of his sitters.", "Even as he approached these portraits with the skill of a highly trained anatomist, what is most noteworthy is the intense psychological presence of his sitters. However, it was precisely for this reason that his portraits were often rejected by the sitters or their families.", "However, it was precisely for this reason that his portraits were often rejected by the sitters or their families. As a result, Eakins came to rely on his friends and family members to model for portraits. His portrait of Walt Whitman (1887–1888) was the poet's favorite.", "His portrait of Walt Whitman (1887–1888) was the poet's favorite. The figure Eakins' lifelong interest in the figure, nude or nearly so, took several thematic forms. The rowing paintings of the early 1870s constitute the first series of figure studies.", "The rowing paintings of the early 1870s constitute the first series of figure studies. In Eakins' largest picture on the subject, The Biglin Brothers Turning the Stake (1873), the muscular dynamism of the body is given its fullest treatment.", "In Eakins' largest picture on the subject, The Biglin Brothers Turning the Stake (1873), the muscular dynamism of the body is given its fullest treatment. In the 1877 painting William Rush and His Model, he painted the female nude as integral to a historical subject, even though there is no evidence that the model who posed for Rush did so in the nude.", "In the 1877 painting William Rush and His Model, he painted the female nude as integral to a historical subject, even though there is no evidence that the model who posed for Rush did so in the nude. The Centennial Exhibition of 1876 helped foster a revival in interest in Colonial America and Eakins participated with an ambitious project employing oil studies, wax and wood models, and finally the portrait in 1877.", "The Centennial Exhibition of 1876 helped foster a revival in interest in Colonial America and Eakins participated with an ambitious project employing oil studies, wax and wood models, and finally the portrait in 1877. William Rush was a celebrated Colonial sculptor and ship carver, a revered example of an artist-citizen who figured prominently in Philadelphia civic life, and a founder of the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts where Eakins had started teaching.", "William Rush was a celebrated Colonial sculptor and ship carver, a revered example of an artist-citizen who figured prominently in Philadelphia civic life, and a founder of the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts where Eakins had started teaching. Despite his sincerely depicted reverence for Rush, Eakins' treatment of the human body once again drew criticism.", "Despite his sincerely depicted reverence for Rush, Eakins' treatment of the human body once again drew criticism. This time it was the nude model and her heaped-up clothes depicted front and center, with Rush relegated to the deep shadows in the left background, that stirred dissatisfaction.", "This time it was the nude model and her heaped-up clothes depicted front and center, with Rush relegated to the deep shadows in the left background, that stirred dissatisfaction. Nonetheless, Eakins found a subject that referenced his native city and an earlier Philadelphia artist, and allowed for an assay on the female nude seen from behind.", "Nonetheless, Eakins found a subject that referenced his native city and an earlier Philadelphia artist, and allowed for an assay on the female nude seen from behind. When he returned to the subject many years later, the narrative became more personal: In William Rush and His Model (1908), gone are the chaperon and detailed interior of the earlier work.", "When he returned to the subject many years later, the narrative became more personal: In William Rush and His Model (1908), gone are the chaperon and detailed interior of the earlier work. The professional distance between sculptor and model has been eliminated, and the relationship has become intimate.", "The professional distance between sculptor and model has been eliminated, and the relationship has become intimate. In one version of the painting from that year, the nude is seen from the front, being helped down from the model stand by an artist who bears a strong resemblance to Eakins.", "In one version of the painting from that year, the nude is seen from the front, being helped down from the model stand by an artist who bears a strong resemblance to Eakins. The Swimming Hole (1884–85) features Eakins' finest studies of the nude, in his most successfully constructed outdoor picture.", "The Swimming Hole (1884–85) features Eakins' finest studies of the nude, in his most successfully constructed outdoor picture. The figures are those of his friends and students, and include a self-portrait.", "The figures are those of his friends and students, and include a self-portrait. Although there are photographs by Eakins which relate to the painting, the picture's powerful pyramidal composition and sculptural conception of the individual bodies are completely distinctive pictorial resolutions. The work was painted on commission, but was refused.", "The work was painted on commission, but was refused. In the late 1890s Eakins returned to the male figure, this time in a more urban setting. Taking the Count (1896), a painting of a prizefight, was his second largest canvas, but not his most successful composition.", "Taking the Count (1896), a painting of a prizefight, was his second largest canvas, but not his most successful composition. The same may be said of Wrestlers (1899).", "The same may be said of Wrestlers (1899). More successful was Between Rounds (1899), for which boxer Billy Smith posed seated in his corner at Philadelphia's Arena; in fact, all the principal figures were posed by models re-enacting what had been an actual fight.", "More successful was Between Rounds (1899), for which boxer Billy Smith posed seated in his corner at Philadelphia's Arena; in fact, all the principal figures were posed by models re-enacting what had been an actual fight. Salutat (1898), a frieze-like composition in which the main figure is isolated, \"is one of Eakins' finest achievements in figure-painting.\"", "Salutat (1898), a frieze-like composition in which the main figure is isolated, \"is one of Eakins' finest achievements in figure-painting.\" Although Eakins was agnostic, he painted The Crucifixion in 1880.", "Although Eakins was agnostic, he painted The Crucifixion in 1880. Art historian Akela Reason says Eakins's selection of this subject has puzzled some art historians who, unable to reconcile what appears to be an anomalous religious image by a reputedly agnostic artist, have related it solely to Eakins's desire for realism, thus divesting the painting of its religious content.", "Art historian Akela Reason says Eakins's selection of this subject has puzzled some art historians who, unable to reconcile what appears to be an anomalous religious image by a reputedly agnostic artist, have related it solely to Eakins's desire for realism, thus divesting the painting of its religious content. Lloyd Goodrich, for example, considered this illustration of Christ's suffering completely devoid of \"religious sentiment\" and suggested that Eakins intended it simply as a realist study of the male nude body.", "Lloyd Goodrich, for example, considered this illustration of Christ's suffering completely devoid of \"religious sentiment\" and suggested that Eakins intended it simply as a realist study of the male nude body. As a result, art historians have frequently associated 'Crucifixion' (like Swimming) with Eakins's strong interest in anatomy and the nude.", "As a result, art historians have frequently associated 'Crucifixion' (like Swimming) with Eakins's strong interest in anatomy and the nude. In his later years Eakins persistently asked his female portrait models to pose in the nude, a practice which would have been all but prohibited in conventional Philadelphia society. Inevitably, his desires were frustrated.", "Inevitably, his desires were frustrated. Personal life and marriage The nature of Eakins' sexuality and its impact on his art is a matter of intense scholarly debate.", "Personal life and marriage The nature of Eakins' sexuality and its impact on his art is a matter of intense scholarly debate. Strong circumstantial evidence points to discussion during Eakins's lifetime that he had homosexual leanings, and there is little doubt that he was attracted to men, as evidenced in his photography, and three major paintings where male buttocks are a focal point: The Gross Clinic, Salutat, and The Swimming Hole.", "Strong circumstantial evidence points to discussion during Eakins's lifetime that he had homosexual leanings, and there is little doubt that he was attracted to men, as evidenced in his photography, and three major paintings where male buttocks are a focal point: The Gross Clinic, Salutat, and The Swimming Hole. The latter, in which Eakins appears, is increasingly seen as sensuous and autobiographical.", "The latter, in which Eakins appears, is increasingly seen as sensuous and autobiographical. Until recently, major Eakins scholars persistently denied he was homosexual, and such discussion was marginalized. While there is still no consensus, today discussion of homoerotic desire plays a large role in Eakins scholarship.", "While there is still no consensus, today discussion of homoerotic desire plays a large role in Eakins scholarship. The discovery of a large trove of Eakins' personal papers in 1984 has also driven reassessment of his life. Eakins met Emily Sartain, daughter of John Sartain, while studying at the academy.", "Eakins met Emily Sartain, daughter of John Sartain, while studying at the academy. Their romance foundered after Eakins moved to Paris to study, and she accused him of immorality. It is likely Eakins had told her of frequenting places where prostitutes assembled.", "It is likely Eakins had told her of frequenting places where prostitutes assembled. The son of Eakins' physician also reported that Eakins had been \"very loose sexually—went to France, where there are no morals, and the french morality suited him to a T\".", "The son of Eakins' physician also reported that Eakins had been \"very loose sexually—went to France, where there are no morals, and the french morality suited him to a T\". In 1884, at age 40, Eakins married Susan Hannah Macdowell, the daughter of a Philadelphia engraver.", "In 1884, at age 40, Eakins married Susan Hannah Macdowell, the daughter of a Philadelphia engraver. Two years earlier Eakins' sister Margaret, who had acted as his secretary and personal servant, had died of typhoid. It has been suggested that Eakins married to replace her.", "It has been suggested that Eakins married to replace her. Macdowell was 25 when Eakins met her at the Hazeltine Gallery where The Gross Clinic was being exhibited in 1875.", "Macdowell was 25 when Eakins met her at the Hazeltine Gallery where The Gross Clinic was being exhibited in 1875. Unlike many, she was impressed by the controversial painting and she decided to study with him at the Academy, which she attended for six years, adopting a sober, realistic style similar to her teacher's.", "Unlike many, she was impressed by the controversial painting and she decided to study with him at the Academy, which she attended for six years, adopting a sober, realistic style similar to her teacher's. Macdowell was an outstanding student and winner of the Mary Smith Prize for the best painting by a matriculating woman artist.", "Macdowell was an outstanding student and winner of the Mary Smith Prize for the best painting by a matriculating woman artist. During their childless marriage, she painted only sporadically and spent most of her time supporting her husband's career, entertaining guests and students, and faithfully backing him in his difficult times with the academy, even when some members of her family aligned against Eakins.", "During their childless marriage, she painted only sporadically and spent most of her time supporting her husband's career, entertaining guests and students, and faithfully backing him in his difficult times with the academy, even when some members of her family aligned against Eakins. She and Eakins both shared a passion for photography, both as photographers and subjects, and employed it as a tool for their art.", "She and Eakins both shared a passion for photography, both as photographers and subjects, and employed it as a tool for their art. She also posed nude for many of his photos and took images of him. Both had separate studios in their home.", "Both had separate studios in their home. After Eakins' death in 1916, she returned to painting, adding considerably to her output right up to the 1930s, in a style that became warmer, looser, and brighter in tone. She died in 1938.", "She died in 1938. She died in 1938. Thirty-five years after her death, in 1973, she had her first one-woman exhibition at the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts. In the latter years of his life, Eakins' constant companion was the handsome sculptor Samuel Murray, who shared his interest in boxing and bicycling.", "In the latter years of his life, Eakins' constant companion was the handsome sculptor Samuel Murray, who shared his interest in boxing and bicycling. The evidence suggests the relationship was more emotionally important to Eakins than that with his wife.", "The evidence suggests the relationship was more emotionally important to Eakins than that with his wife. Throughout his life, Eakins appears to have been drawn to those who were mentally vulnerable and then preyed upon those weaknesses. Several of his students ended their lives in insanity.", "Several of his students ended their lives in insanity. Death and legacy Eakins died on June 25, 1916, at the age of 71 and is buried at The Woodlands, which is located near the University of Pennsylvania in West Philadelphia. Late in life Eakins did experience some recognition. In 1902 he was made a National Academician.", "In 1902 he was made a National Academician. In 1914 the sale of a portrait study of D. Hayes Agnew for The Agnew Clinic to Dr. Albert C. Barnes precipitated much publicity when rumors circulated that the selling price was fifty thousand dollars. In fact, Barnes bought the painting for four thousand dollars.", "In fact, Barnes bought the painting for four thousand dollars. In the year after his death, Eakins was honored with a memorial retrospective at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, and in 1917–18 the Pennsylvania Academy followed suit.", "In the year after his death, Eakins was honored with a memorial retrospective at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, and in 1917–18 the Pennsylvania Academy followed suit. Susan Macdowell Eakins did much to preserve his reputation, including gifting the Philadelphia Museum of Art with more than fifty of her husband's oil paintings.", "Susan Macdowell Eakins did much to preserve his reputation, including gifting the Philadelphia Museum of Art with more than fifty of her husband's oil paintings. After her death in 1938, other works were sold off, and eventually another large collection of art and personal material was purchased by Joseph Hirshhorn, and now is part of the Hirshhorn Museum's collection.", "After her death in 1938, other works were sold off, and eventually another large collection of art and personal material was purchased by Joseph Hirshhorn, and now is part of the Hirshhorn Museum's collection. Since then, Eakins' home in North Philadelphia was put on the National Register of Historic Places list in 1966, and Eakins Oval, across from the Philadelphia Museum of Art on the Benjamin Franklin Parkway, was named for the artist.", "Since then, Eakins' home in North Philadelphia was put on the National Register of Historic Places list in 1966, and Eakins Oval, across from the Philadelphia Museum of Art on the Benjamin Franklin Parkway, was named for the artist. In 1967 The Biglin Brothers Racing (1872) was reproduced on a United States postage stamp.", "In 1967 The Biglin Brothers Racing (1872) was reproduced on a United States postage stamp. His work was also part of the painting event in the art competition at the 1932 Summer Olympics. Eakins' attitude toward realism in painting, and his desire to explore the heart of American life proved influential.", "Eakins' attitude toward realism in painting, and his desire to explore the heart of American life proved influential. He taught hundreds of students, among them his future wife Susan Macdowell, African-American painter Henry Ossawa Tanner, and Thomas Anshutz, who taught, in turn, Robert Henri, George Luks, John Sloan, and Everett Shinn, future members of the Ashcan School, and other realists and artistic heirs to Eakins' philosophy.", "He taught hundreds of students, among them his future wife Susan Macdowell, African-American painter Henry Ossawa Tanner, and Thomas Anshutz, who taught, in turn, Robert Henri, George Luks, John Sloan, and Everett Shinn, future members of the Ashcan School, and other realists and artistic heirs to Eakins' philosophy. Though his is not a household name, and though during his lifetime Eakins struggled to make a living from his work, today he is regarded as one of the most important American artists of any period.", "Though his is not a household name, and though during his lifetime Eakins struggled to make a living from his work, today he is regarded as one of the most important American artists of any period. Since the 1990s, Eakins has emerged as a major figure in sexuality studies in art history, for both the homoeroticism of his male nudes and for the complexity of his attitudes toward women.", "Since the 1990s, Eakins has emerged as a major figure in sexuality studies in art history, for both the homoeroticism of his male nudes and for the complexity of his attitudes toward women. Controversy shaped much of his career as a teacher and as an artist.", "Controversy shaped much of his career as a teacher and as an artist. He insisted on teaching men and women \"the same\", used nude male models in female classes and vice versa, and was accused of abusing female students.", "He insisted on teaching men and women \"the same\", used nude male models in female classes and vice versa, and was accused of abusing female students. Recent scholarship suggests that these scandals were grounded in more than the \"puritanical prudery\" of his contemporaries—as had once been assumed—and that Eakins' progressive academic principles may have protected unconscious and dubious agendas.", "Recent scholarship suggests that these scandals were grounded in more than the \"puritanical prudery\" of his contemporaries—as had once been assumed—and that Eakins' progressive academic principles may have protected unconscious and dubious agendas. These controversies may have been caused by a combination of factors such as the bohemianism of Eakins and his circle (in which students, for example, sometimes modeled in the nude for each other), the intensity and authority of his teaching style, and Eakins' inclination toward unorthodox or provocative behavior.", "These controversies may have been caused by a combination of factors such as the bohemianism of Eakins and his circle (in which students, for example, sometimes modeled in the nude for each other), the intensity and authority of his teaching style, and Eakins' inclination toward unorthodox or provocative behavior. Disposition of estate Eakins was unable to sell many of his works during his lifetime, so when he died in 1916, a large body of artwork passed to his widow, Susan Macdowell Eakins.", "Disposition of estate Eakins was unable to sell many of his works during his lifetime, so when he died in 1916, a large body of artwork passed to his widow, Susan Macdowell Eakins. She carefully preserved it, donating some of the strongest pieces to various museums.", "She carefully preserved it, donating some of the strongest pieces to various museums. When she in turn died in 1938, much of the remaining artistic estate was destroyed or damaged by executors, and the remainders were belatedly salvaged by a former Eakins student. For more details, see the article \"List of works by Thomas Eakins\".", "For more details, see the article \"List of works by Thomas Eakins\". On November 11, 2006, the Board of Trustees at Thomas Jefferson University agreed to sell The Gross Clinic to the National Gallery of Art in Washington DC, and the Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art in Bentonville, Arkansas for a record $68,000,000, the highest price for an Eakins painting as well as a record price for an individual American-made portrait.", "On November 11, 2006, the Board of Trustees at Thomas Jefferson University agreed to sell The Gross Clinic to the National Gallery of Art in Washington DC, and the Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art in Bentonville, Arkansas for a record $68,000,000, the highest price for an Eakins painting as well as a record price for an individual American-made portrait. On December 21, 2006, a group of donors agreed to match the price to keep the painting in Philadelphia.", "On December 21, 2006, a group of donors agreed to match the price to keep the painting in Philadelphia. It is displayed alternately at the Philadelphia Museum of Art and at the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts.", "It is displayed alternately at the Philadelphia Museum of Art and at the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts. Assessment On October 29, 1917, Robert Henri wrote an open letter to the Art Students League about Eakins: In 1982, in his two-volume Eakins biography, art historian Lloyd Goodrich wrote: In spite of limitations—and what artist is free of them?—Eakins' achievement was monumental.", "Assessment On October 29, 1917, Robert Henri wrote an open letter to the Art Students League about Eakins: In 1982, in his two-volume Eakins biography, art historian Lloyd Goodrich wrote: In spite of limitations—and what artist is free of them?—Eakins' achievement was monumental. He was our first major painter to accept completely the realities of contemporary urban America, and from them to create powerful, profound art...", "He was our first major painter to accept completely the realities of contemporary urban America, and from them to create powerful, profound art... In portraiture alone Eakins was the strongest American painter since Copley, with equal substance and power, and added penetration, depth, and subtlety.", "In portraiture alone Eakins was the strongest American painter since Copley, with equal substance and power, and added penetration, depth, and subtlety. John Canaday, art critic for The New York Times, wrote in 1964: As a supreme realist, Eakins appeared heavy and vulgar to a public that thought of art, and culture in general, largely in terms of a graceful sentimentality.", "John Canaday, art critic for The New York Times, wrote in 1964: As a supreme realist, Eakins appeared heavy and vulgar to a public that thought of art, and culture in general, largely in terms of a graceful sentimentality. Today he seems to us to have recorded his fellow Americans with a perception that was often as tender as it was vigorous, and to have preserved for us the essence of an American life which, indeed, he did not idealize—because it seemed to him beautiful beyond the necessity of idealization.", "Today he seems to us to have recorded his fellow Americans with a perception that was often as tender as it was vigorous, and to have preserved for us the essence of an American life which, indeed, he did not idealize—because it seemed to him beautiful beyond the necessity of idealization. See also List of painters by name beginning with \"E\" List of American artists before 1900 List of people from Philadelphia Visual art of the United States Notes Further reading Adams, Henry: Eakins Revealed: The Secret Life of an American Artist.", "See also List of painters by name beginning with \"E\" List of American artists before 1900 List of people from Philadelphia Visual art of the United States Notes Further reading Adams, Henry: Eakins Revealed: The Secret Life of an American Artist. Oxford University Press, 2005. .", "Oxford University Press, 2005. . Oxford University Press, 2005. . Berger, Martin: Man Made: Thomas Eakins and the Construction of Gilded Age Manhood. University of California Press, 2000. . Brown, Dotty: Boathouse Row: Waves of Change in the Birthplace of American Rowing. Temple University Press, 2017. .", "Temple University Press, 2017. . Temple University Press, 2017. . Canaday, John: Thomas Eakins; \"Familiar truths in clear and beautiful language\", Horizon. Volume VI, Number 4, Autumn 1964. Dacey, Philip: The Mystery of Max Schmitt, Poems on the Life of Thomas Eakins\".", "Dacey, Philip: The Mystery of Max Schmitt, Poems on the Life of Thomas Eakins\". Turning Point Press, 2004. Doyle, Jennifer: \"Sex, Scandal, and 'The Gross Clinic'\". Representations 68 (Fall 1999): 1–33. Goodrich, Lloyd: Thomas Eakins. Harvard University Press, 1982.", "Harvard University Press, 1982. Harvard University Press, 1982. Homer, William Innes: Thomas Eakins: His Life and Art. Abbeville Press, 1992. Johns, Elizabeth: Thomas Eakins. Princeton University Press, 1991. Kirkpatrick, Sidney: The Revenge of Thomas Eakins. Yale University Press, 2006. .", "Yale University Press, 2006. . Yale University Press, 2006. . Lubin, David: Acts of Portrayal: Eakins, Sargeant, James. Yale University Press, 1985. Sewell, Darrel; et al. Thomas Eakins. Yale University Press, 2001. Sewell, Darrel: Thomas Eakins: Artist of Philadelphia.", "Sewell, Darrel: Thomas Eakins: Artist of Philadelphia. Philadelphia Museum of Art, 1982. Sullivan, Mark W. \"Thomas Eakins and His Portrait of Father Fedigan,\" Records of the American Catholic Historical Society of Philadelphia, Vol. 109, No. 3-4 (Fall-Winter 1998), pp. 1–23.", "3-4 (Fall-Winter 1998), pp. 1–23. 1–23. Updike, John: Still Looking: Essays on American Art. Alfred A. Knopf, 2005. Weinberg, H. Barbara: Thomas Eakins and the Metropolitan Museum of Art. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1994.", "The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1994. Publication no: 885-660 Werbel, Amy: Thomas Eakins: Art, Medicine, and Sexuality in Nineteenth-Century Philadelphia. Yale University Press, 2007. . The Paris Letters of Thomas Eakins. Edited by William Innes Homer.", "Edited by William Innes Homer. Edited by William Innes Homer. Princeton, Princeton University Press, 2009, Braddock, Alan: Thomas Eakins and The Cultures of Modernity. University of California Press, 2009.", "University of California Press, 2009. (see index) External links Thomaseakins.org, 148 works by Thomas Eakins Thomas Eakins Exhibition at The Metropolitan Museum of Art Thomas Eakins letters online at the Smithsonian Archives of American Art Selections from the Seymour Adelman collection, 1845–1958 features a collection of documents relating to Eakins and his family from the Archives of American Art Works by Thomas Eakins at Bryn Mawr College Documentary film broadcast on PBS network in 2002 1844 births 1916 deaths 19th-century American painters American male painters 20th-century American painters American agnostics American people of Dutch descent American people of English descent American people of Scotch-Irish descent Central High School (Philadelphia) alumni Drexel University faculty Gilded Age Realist painters Artists from Philadelphia Art Students League of New York faculty Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts alumni Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts faculty American alumni of the École des Beaux-Arts American expatriates in France Schuylkill River National Academy of Design members American portrait painters 20th-century American sculptors 19th-century American sculptors 19th-century male artists American male sculptors Burials at The Woodlands Cemetery Painters from Pennsylvania Sculptors from Pennsylvania Nude photography Photographers from Pennsylvania 19th-century American photographers 20th-century American photographers Sculptors from New York (state) Olympic competitors in art competitions" ]

[ "Thomas Eakins", "Photography", "What did Thomas Eakins do?", "Eakins has been credited with having \"introduced the camera to the American art studio\".", "How did he introduce the camera", "Eakins was more interested in precision measurements on a single image to aid in translating a motion into a painting,", "What was some of his work?", "Mending the Net (1881) and Arcadia (1883)," ]

[ "Le schpountz is a 1999 French film directed by Gérard Oury (a remake of the 1938 film Heartbeat by Marcel Pagnol). Irénée does not want to work in his uncle's grocery shop and spends his time dreaming of becoming an actor. Irénée's chance comes when a crew of movie makers came to his little village. Irénée begins to go overboard to get noticed, which earns him the traditional joke reserved to a \"schpountz\" (naive person): a phoney contract and a departure for Paris.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n\n1999 comedy films\n1999 films\nFilms based on works by Marcel Pagnol\nFilms directed by Gérard Oury\nFilms set in New York City\nFrench comedy films\nFrench films\nFrench-language films\nRemakes of French films", "\"Did Anyone Approach You?\" is a song by the Norwegian band A-ha. It was the third single to be taken from their 2002 album Lifelines. It was recorded at The Alabaster Room in New York City sometime between June 2001 and January 2002.\n\nTrack listing\n \"Did Anyone Approach You? (Original Album Version)\" (4:11)\n \"Did Anyone Approach You? (Turner Remix)\" (3:43)\n \"Did Anyone Approach You? (Reamped)\" (4:51)\n \"Did Anyone Approach You? (Tore Johansson Remix)\" (5:55)\n \"Afternoon High (Demo Version)\" (4:40)\n \"Did Anyone Approach You? (Video Clip)\" (4:11)\n\nVideo\nThe video was filmed by Lauren Savoy, the wife of A-ha guitarist Paul Waaktaar-Savoy. It was shot at Ullevaal Stadion on 6 June 2002, the first concert on the band's Lifelines tour.\n\nCharts\n\nReferences\n\n2002 singles\nA-ha songs\nSongs written by Paul Waaktaar-Savoy\nWarner Music Group singles\n2002 songs" ]

[ "Thomas Cowperthwait Eakins (; July 25, 1844 – June 25, 1916) was an American realist painter, photographer, sculptor, and fine arts educator. He is widely acknowledged to be one of the most important American artists.", "He is widely acknowledged to be one of the most important American artists. For the length of his professional career, from the early 1870s until his health began to fail some 40 years later, Eakins worked exactingly from life, choosing as his subject the people of his hometown of Philadelphia.", "For the length of his professional career, from the early 1870s until his health began to fail some 40 years later, Eakins worked exactingly from life, choosing as his subject the people of his hometown of Philadelphia. He painted several hundred portraits, usually of friends, family members, or prominent people in the arts, sciences, medicine, and clergy.", "He painted several hundred portraits, usually of friends, family members, or prominent people in the arts, sciences, medicine, and clergy. Taken en masse, the portraits offer an overview of the intellectual life of contemporary Philadelphia; individually, they are incisive depictions of thinking persons.", "Taken en masse, the portraits offer an overview of the intellectual life of contemporary Philadelphia; individually, they are incisive depictions of thinking persons. In addition, Eakins produced a number of large paintings that brought the portrait out of the drawing room and into the offices, streets, parks, rivers, arenas, and surgical amphitheaters of his city.", "In addition, Eakins produced a number of large paintings that brought the portrait out of the drawing room and into the offices, streets, parks, rivers, arenas, and surgical amphitheaters of his city. These active outdoor venues allowed him to paint the subject that most inspired him: the nude or lightly clad figure in motion.", "These active outdoor venues allowed him to paint the subject that most inspired him: the nude or lightly clad figure in motion. In the process, he could model the forms of the body in full sunlight, and create images of deep space utilizing his studies in perspective.", "In the process, he could model the forms of the body in full sunlight, and create images of deep space utilizing his studies in perspective. Eakins also took a keen interest in the new technologies of motion photography, a field in which he is now seen as an innovator.", "Eakins also took a keen interest in the new technologies of motion photography, a field in which he is now seen as an innovator. No less important in Eakins' life was his work as a teacher. As an instructor he was a highly influential presence in American art.", "As an instructor he was a highly influential presence in American art. The difficulties which beset him as an artist seeking to paint the portrait and figure realistically were paralleled and even amplified in his career as an educator, where behavioral and sexual scandals truncated his success and damaged his reputation.", "The difficulties which beset him as an artist seeking to paint the portrait and figure realistically were paralleled and even amplified in his career as an educator, where behavioral and sexual scandals truncated his success and damaged his reputation. Eakins was a controversial figure whose work received little by way of official recognition during his lifetime.", "Eakins was a controversial figure whose work received little by way of official recognition during his lifetime. Since his death, he has been celebrated by American art historians as \"the strongest, most profound realist in nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century American art\". Life and work Youth Eakins was born and lived most of his life in Philadelphia.", "Life and work Youth Eakins was born and lived most of his life in Philadelphia. He was the first child of Caroline Cowperthwait Eakins, a woman of English and Dutch descent, and Benjamin Eakins, a writing master and calligraphy teacher of Scots-Irish ancestry.", "He was the first child of Caroline Cowperthwait Eakins, a woman of English and Dutch descent, and Benjamin Eakins, a writing master and calligraphy teacher of Scots-Irish ancestry. Benjamin Eakins grew up on a farm in Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, the son of a weaver.", "Benjamin Eakins grew up on a farm in Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, the son of a weaver. He was successful in his chosen profession, and moved to Philadelphia in the early 1840s to raise his family.", "He was successful in his chosen profession, and moved to Philadelphia in the early 1840s to raise his family. Thomas Eakins observed his father at work and by twelve demonstrated skill in precise line drawing, perspective, and the use of a grid to lay out a careful design, skills he later applied to his art.", "Thomas Eakins observed his father at work and by twelve demonstrated skill in precise line drawing, perspective, and the use of a grid to lay out a careful design, skills he later applied to his art. He was an athletic child who enjoyed rowing, ice skating, swimming, wrestling, sailing, and gymnastics—activities he later painted and encouraged in his students.", "He was an athletic child who enjoyed rowing, ice skating, swimming, wrestling, sailing, and gymnastics—activities he later painted and encouraged in his students. Eakins attended Central High School, the premier public school for applied science and arts in the city, where he excelled in mechanical drawing.", "Eakins attended Central High School, the premier public school for applied science and arts in the city, where he excelled in mechanical drawing. Thomas met fellow artist and lifelong friend, Charles Lewis Fussell in high school and they reunited to study at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts.", "Thomas met fellow artist and lifelong friend, Charles Lewis Fussell in high school and they reunited to study at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts. Thomas began at the academy in 1861 and later attended courses in anatomy and dissection at Jefferson Medical College from 1864 to 65.", "Thomas began at the academy in 1861 and later attended courses in anatomy and dissection at Jefferson Medical College from 1864 to 65. For a while, he followed his father's profession and was listed in city directories as a \"writing teacher\". His scientific interest in the human body led him to consider becoming a surgeon.", "His scientific interest in the human body led him to consider becoming a surgeon. Eakins then studied art in Europe from 1866 to 1870, notably in Paris with Jean-Léon Gérôme, being only the second American pupil of the French realist painter, famous as a master of Orientalism.", "Eakins then studied art in Europe from 1866 to 1870, notably in Paris with Jean-Léon Gérôme, being only the second American pupil of the French realist painter, famous as a master of Orientalism. He also attended the atelier of Léon Bonnat, a realist painter who emphasized anatomical preciseness, a method adapted by Eakins.", "He also attended the atelier of Léon Bonnat, a realist painter who emphasized anatomical preciseness, a method adapted by Eakins. While studying at the École des Beaux-Arts, he seems to have taken scant interest in the new Impressionist movement, nor was he impressed by what he perceived as the classical pretensions of the French Academy.", "While studying at the École des Beaux-Arts, he seems to have taken scant interest in the new Impressionist movement, nor was he impressed by what he perceived as the classical pretensions of the French Academy. A letter home to his father in 1868 made his aesthetic clear: She [the female nude] is the most beautiful thing there is in the world except a naked man, but I never yet saw a study of one exhibited...", "A letter home to his father in 1868 made his aesthetic clear: She [the female nude] is the most beautiful thing there is in the world except a naked man, but I never yet saw a study of one exhibited... It would be a godsend to see a fine man model painted in the studio with the bare walls, alongside of the smiling smirking goddesses of waxy complexion amidst the delicious arsenic green trees and gentle wax flowers & purling streams running melodious up & down the hills especially up.", "It would be a godsend to see a fine man model painted in the studio with the bare walls, alongside of the smiling smirking goddesses of waxy complexion amidst the delicious arsenic green trees and gentle wax flowers & purling streams running melodious up & down the hills especially up. I hate affectation.", "I hate affectation. I hate affectation. Already at age 24, \"nudity and verity were linked with an unusual closeness in his mind.\" Yet his desire for truthfulness was more expansive, and the letters home to Philadelphia reveal a passion for realism that included, but was not limited to, the study of the figure.", "Yet his desire for truthfulness was more expansive, and the letters home to Philadelphia reveal a passion for realism that included, but was not limited to, the study of the figure. A trip to Spain for six months confirmed his admiration for the realism of artists such as Diego Velázquez and Jusepe de Ribera.", "A trip to Spain for six months confirmed his admiration for the realism of artists such as Diego Velázquez and Jusepe de Ribera. In Seville in 1869 he painted Carmelita Requeña, a portrait of a seven-year-old gypsy dancer more freely and colorfully painted than his Paris studies.", "In Seville in 1869 he painted Carmelita Requeña, a portrait of a seven-year-old gypsy dancer more freely and colorfully painted than his Paris studies. That same year he attempted his first large oil painting, A Street Scene in Seville, wherein he first dealt with the complications of a scene observed outside the studio.", "That same year he attempted his first large oil painting, A Street Scene in Seville, wherein he first dealt with the complications of a scene observed outside the studio. Although he failed to matriculate in a formal degree program and had showed no works in the European salons, Eakins succeeded in absorbing the techniques and methods of French and Spanish masters, and he began to formulate his artistic vision which he demonstrated in his first major painting upon his return to America.", "Although he failed to matriculate in a formal degree program and had showed no works in the European salons, Eakins succeeded in absorbing the techniques and methods of French and Spanish masters, and he began to formulate his artistic vision which he demonstrated in his first major painting upon his return to America. \"I shall seek to achieve my broad effect from the very beginning\", he declared.", "\"I shall seek to achieve my broad effect from the very beginning\", he declared. Early career Eakins' first works upon his return from Europe included a large group of rowing scenes, eleven oils and watercolors in all, of which the first and most famous is Max Schmitt in a Single Scull (1871; also known as The Champion Single Sculling).", "Early career Eakins' first works upon his return from Europe included a large group of rowing scenes, eleven oils and watercolors in all, of which the first and most famous is Max Schmitt in a Single Scull (1871; also known as The Champion Single Sculling). Both his subject and his technique drew attention.", "Both his subject and his technique drew attention. His selection of a contemporary sport was \"a shock to the artistic conventionalities of the city\". Eakins placed himself in the painting, in a scull behind Schmitt, his name inscribed on the boat.", "Eakins placed himself in the painting, in a scull behind Schmitt, his name inscribed on the boat. Typically, the work entailed critical observation of the painting's subject, as well as preparatory drawings of the figure and perspective plans of the scull in the water.", "Typically, the work entailed critical observation of the painting's subject, as well as preparatory drawings of the figure and perspective plans of the scull in the water. Its preparation and composition indicates the importance of Eakins' academic training in Paris.", "Its preparation and composition indicates the importance of Eakins' academic training in Paris. It was a completely original conception, true to Eakins' firsthand experience, and an almost startlingly successful image for the artist, who had struggled with his first outdoor composition less than a year before.", "It was a completely original conception, true to Eakins' firsthand experience, and an almost startlingly successful image for the artist, who had struggled with his first outdoor composition less than a year before. His first known sale was the watercolor The Sculler (1874).", "His first known sale was the watercolor The Sculler (1874). Most critics judged the rowing pictures successful and auspicious, but after the initial flourish, Eakins never revisited the subject of rowing and went on to other sports themes.", "Most critics judged the rowing pictures successful and auspicious, but after the initial flourish, Eakins never revisited the subject of rowing and went on to other sports themes. At the same time that he made these initial ventures into outdoor themes, Eakins produced a series of domestic Victorian interiors, often with his father, his sisters or friends as the subjects.", "At the same time that he made these initial ventures into outdoor themes, Eakins produced a series of domestic Victorian interiors, often with his father, his sisters or friends as the subjects. Home Scene (1871), Elizabeth at the Piano (1875), The Chess Players (1876), and Elizabeth Crowell and her Dog (1874), each dark in tonality, focus on the unsentimental characterization of individuals adopting natural attitudes in their homes.", "Home Scene (1871), Elizabeth at the Piano (1875), The Chess Players (1876), and Elizabeth Crowell and her Dog (1874), each dark in tonality, focus on the unsentimental characterization of individuals adopting natural attitudes in their homes. It was in this vein that in 1872 he painted his first large scale portrait, Kathrin, in which the subject, Kathrin Crowell, is seen in dim light, playing with a kitten.", "It was in this vein that in 1872 he painted his first large scale portrait, Kathrin, in which the subject, Kathrin Crowell, is seen in dim light, playing with a kitten. In 1874 Eakins and Crowell became engaged; they were still engaged five years later, when Crowell died of meningitis in 1879.", "In 1874 Eakins and Crowell became engaged; they were still engaged five years later, when Crowell died of meningitis in 1879. Teaching and forced resignation from Academy Eakins returned to the Pennsylvania Academy to teach in 1876 as a volunteer after the opening of the school's new Frank Furness designed building.", "Teaching and forced resignation from Academy Eakins returned to the Pennsylvania Academy to teach in 1876 as a volunteer after the opening of the school's new Frank Furness designed building. He became a salaried professor in 1878, and rose to director in 1882.", "He became a salaried professor in 1878, and rose to director in 1882. His teaching methods were controversial: there was no drawing from antique casts, and students received only a short study in charcoal, followed quickly by their introduction to painting, in order to grasp subjects in true color as soon as practical.", "His teaching methods were controversial: there was no drawing from antique casts, and students received only a short study in charcoal, followed quickly by their introduction to painting, in order to grasp subjects in true color as soon as practical. He encouraged students to use photography as an aid to understanding anatomy and the study of motion, and disallowed prize competitions.", "He encouraged students to use photography as an aid to understanding anatomy and the study of motion, and disallowed prize competitions. Although there was no specialized vocational instruction, students with aspirations for using their school training for applied arts, such as illustration, lithography, and decoration, were as welcome as students interested in becoming portrait artists.", "Although there was no specialized vocational instruction, students with aspirations for using their school training for applied arts, such as illustration, lithography, and decoration, were as welcome as students interested in becoming portrait artists. Most notable was his interest in the instruction of all aspects of the human figure, including anatomical study of the human and animal body, and surgical dissection; there were also rigorous courses in the fundamentals of form, and studies in perspective which involved mathematics.", "Most notable was his interest in the instruction of all aspects of the human figure, including anatomical study of the human and animal body, and surgical dissection; there were also rigorous courses in the fundamentals of form, and studies in perspective which involved mathematics. As an aid to the study of anatomy, plaster casts were made from dissections, duplicates of which were furnished to students.", "As an aid to the study of anatomy, plaster casts were made from dissections, duplicates of which were furnished to students. A similar study was made of the anatomy of horses; acknowledging Eakins' expertise, in 1891 his friend, the sculptor William Rudolf O'Donovan, asked him to collaborate on the commission to create bronze equestrian reliefs of Abraham Lincoln and Ulysses S. Grant, for the Soldiers' and Sailors' Arch in Grand Army Plaza in Brooklyn.", "A similar study was made of the anatomy of horses; acknowledging Eakins' expertise, in 1891 his friend, the sculptor William Rudolf O'Donovan, asked him to collaborate on the commission to create bronze equestrian reliefs of Abraham Lincoln and Ulysses S. Grant, for the Soldiers' and Sailors' Arch in Grand Army Plaza in Brooklyn. Owing to Eakins' devotion to working from life, the Academy's course of study was by the early 1880s the most \"liberal and advanced in the world\".", "Owing to Eakins' devotion to working from life, the Academy's course of study was by the early 1880s the most \"liberal and advanced in the world\". Eakins believed in teaching by example and letting the students find their own way with only terse guidance.", "Eakins believed in teaching by example and letting the students find their own way with only terse guidance. His students included painters, cartoonists, and illustrators such as Henry Ossawa Tanner, Thomas Pollock Anshutz, Edward Willis Redfield, Colin Campbell Cooper, Alice Barber Stephens, Frederick Judd Waugh, T. S. Sullivant and A. B. Frost.", "B. Frost. Frost. He stated his teaching philosophy bluntly, \"A teacher can do very little for a pupil & should only be thankful if he don't hinder him ... and the greater the master, mostly the less he can say.\" He believed that women should \"assume professional privileges\" as would men.", "He believed that women should \"assume professional privileges\" as would men. Life classes and dissection were segregated but women had access to male models (who were nude but wore loincloths). The line between impartiality and questionable behavior was a thin one.", "The line between impartiality and questionable behavior was a thin one. When a female student, Amelia Van Buren, asked about the movement of the pelvis, Eakins invited her to his studio, where he undressed and \"gave her the explanation as I could not have done by words only\".", "When a female student, Amelia Van Buren, asked about the movement of the pelvis, Eakins invited her to his studio, where he undressed and \"gave her the explanation as I could not have done by words only\". Such incidents, coupled with the ambitions of his younger associates to oust him and take over the school themselves, created tensions between him and the Academy's board of directors.", "Such incidents, coupled with the ambitions of his younger associates to oust him and take over the school themselves, created tensions between him and the Academy's board of directors. He was ultimately forced to resign in 1886, for removing the loincloth of a male model in a class where female students were present.", "He was ultimately forced to resign in 1886, for removing the loincloth of a male model in a class where female students were present. The forced resignation was a major setback for Eakins. His family was split, with his in-laws siding against him in public dispute.", "His family was split, with his in-laws siding against him in public dispute. He struggled to protect his name against rumors and false charges, had bouts of ill health, and suffered a humiliation which he felt for the rest of his life.", "He struggled to protect his name against rumors and false charges, had bouts of ill health, and suffered a humiliation which he felt for the rest of his life. A drawing manual he had written and prepared illustrations for remained unfinished and unpublished during his lifetime.", "A drawing manual he had written and prepared illustrations for remained unfinished and unpublished during his lifetime. Eakins' popularity among the students was such that a number of them broke with the Academy and formed the Art Students' League of Philadelphia (1886–1893), where Eakins subsequently instructed.", "Eakins' popularity among the students was such that a number of them broke with the Academy and formed the Art Students' League of Philadelphia (1886–1893), where Eakins subsequently instructed. It was there that he met the student, Samuel Murray, who would become his protege and lifelong friend.", "It was there that he met the student, Samuel Murray, who would become his protege and lifelong friend. He also lectured and taught at a number of other schools, including the Art Students League of New York, the National Academy of Design, Cooper Union, and the Art Students' Guild in Washington DC.", "He also lectured and taught at a number of other schools, including the Art Students League of New York, the National Academy of Design, Cooper Union, and the Art Students' Guild in Washington DC. Dismissed in March 1895 by the Drexel Institute in Philadelphia for again using a fully nude male model, he gradually withdrew from teaching by 1898.", "Dismissed in March 1895 by the Drexel Institute in Philadelphia for again using a fully nude male model, he gradually withdrew from teaching by 1898. Photography Eakins has been credited with having \"introduced the camera to the American art studio\".", "Photography Eakins has been credited with having \"introduced the camera to the American art studio\". During his study abroad, he was exposed to the use of photography by the French realists, though the use of photography was still frowned upon as a shortcut by traditionalists.", "During his study abroad, he was exposed to the use of photography by the French realists, though the use of photography was still frowned upon as a shortcut by traditionalists. In the late 1870s, Eakins was introduced to the photographic motion studies of Eadweard Muybridge, particularly the equine studies, and became interested in using the camera to study sequential movement.", "In the late 1870s, Eakins was introduced to the photographic motion studies of Eadweard Muybridge, particularly the equine studies, and became interested in using the camera to study sequential movement. In the mid-1880s, Eakins worked briefly alongside Muybridge in the latter's photographic studio at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia.", "In the mid-1880s, Eakins worked briefly alongside Muybridge in the latter's photographic studio at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia. Eakins soon performed his own independent motion studies, also usually involving the nude figure, and even developed his own technique for capturing movement on film.", "Eakins soon performed his own independent motion studies, also usually involving the nude figure, and even developed his own technique for capturing movement on film. Whereas Muybridge's system relied on a series of cameras triggered to produce a sequence of individual photographs, Eakins preferred to use a single camera to produce a series of exposures superimposed on one negative.", "Whereas Muybridge's system relied on a series of cameras triggered to produce a sequence of individual photographs, Eakins preferred to use a single camera to produce a series of exposures superimposed on one negative. Eakins was more interested in precision measurements on a single image to aid in translating a motion into a painting, while Muybridge preferred separate images that could also be displayed by his primitive movie projector.", "Eakins was more interested in precision measurements on a single image to aid in translating a motion into a painting, while Muybridge preferred separate images that could also be displayed by his primitive movie projector. After Eakins obtained a camera in 1880, several paintings, such as Mending the Net (1881) and Arcadia (1883), are known to have been derived at least in part from his photographs.", "After Eakins obtained a camera in 1880, several paintings, such as Mending the Net (1881) and Arcadia (1883), are known to have been derived at least in part from his photographs. Some figures appear to be detailed transcriptions and tracings from the photographs by some device like a magic lantern, which Eakins then took pains to cover up with oil paint.", "Some figures appear to be detailed transcriptions and tracings from the photographs by some device like a magic lantern, which Eakins then took pains to cover up with oil paint. Eakins' methods appear to be meticulously applied, and rather than shortcuts, were likely used in a quest for accuracy and realism.", "Eakins' methods appear to be meticulously applied, and rather than shortcuts, were likely used in a quest for accuracy and realism. An excellent example of Eakins' use of this new technology is his painting A May Morning in the Park, which relied heavily on photographic motion studies to depict the true gait of the four horses pulling the coach of patron Fairman Rogers.", "An excellent example of Eakins' use of this new technology is his painting A May Morning in the Park, which relied heavily on photographic motion studies to depict the true gait of the four horses pulling the coach of patron Fairman Rogers. But in typical fashion, Eakins also employed wax figures and oil sketches to get the final effect he desired.", "But in typical fashion, Eakins also employed wax figures and oil sketches to get the final effect he desired. The so-called \"Naked Series\", which began in 1883, were nude photos of students and professional models which were taken to show real human anatomy from several specific angles, and were often hung and displayed for study at the school.", "The so-called \"Naked Series\", which began in 1883, were nude photos of students and professional models which were taken to show real human anatomy from several specific angles, and were often hung and displayed for study at the school. Later, less regimented poses were taken indoors and out, of men, women, and children, including his wife.", "Later, less regimented poses were taken indoors and out, of men, women, and children, including his wife. The most provocative, and the only ones combining males and females, were nude photos of Eakins and a female model (see below).", "The most provocative, and the only ones combining males and females, were nude photos of Eakins and a female model (see below). Although witnesses and chaperones were usually on site, and the poses were mostly traditional in nature, the sheer quantity of the photos and Eakins' overt display of them may have undermined his standing at the Academy.", "Although witnesses and chaperones were usually on site, and the poses were mostly traditional in nature, the sheer quantity of the photos and Eakins' overt display of them may have undermined his standing at the Academy. In all, about eight hundred photographs are now attributed to Eakins and his circle, most of which are figure studies, both clothed and nude, and portraits.", "In all, about eight hundred photographs are now attributed to Eakins and his circle, most of which are figure studies, both clothed and nude, and portraits. No other American artist of his time matched Eakins' interest in photography, nor produced a comparable body of photographic works.", "No other American artist of his time matched Eakins' interest in photography, nor produced a comparable body of photographic works. Eakins used photography for his own private ends as well. Aside from nude men, and women, he also photographed nude children.", "Aside from nude men, and women, he also photographed nude children. While the photographs of the nude adults are more artistically composed, the younger children and infants are posed less formally. These photographs, that are “charged with sexual overtones,” as Susan Danly and Cheryl Leibold write, are of unidentified children.", "These photographs, that are “charged with sexual overtones,” as Susan Danly and Cheryl Leibold write, are of unidentified children. In the catalog of Eakins' collection at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, photograph number 308 is of an African American child reclining on a couch and posed as Venus.", "In the catalog of Eakins' collection at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, photograph number 308 is of an African American child reclining on a couch and posed as Venus. Both Saidiya Hartman and Fred Moten write, respectively, about the photograph, and the child that it arrests.", "Both Saidiya Hartman and Fred Moten write, respectively, about the photograph, and the child that it arrests. Portraits I will never have to give up painting, for even now I could paint heads good enough to make a living anywhere in America.", "Portraits I will never have to give up painting, for even now I could paint heads good enough to make a living anywhere in America. For Eakins, portraiture held little interest as a means of fashionable idealization or even simple verisimilitude.", "For Eakins, portraiture held little interest as a means of fashionable idealization or even simple verisimilitude. Instead, it provided the opportunity to reveal the character of an individual through the modeling of solid anatomical form.", "Instead, it provided the opportunity to reveal the character of an individual through the modeling of solid anatomical form. This meant that, notwithstanding his youthful optimism, Eakins would never be a commercially successful portrait painter, as few paid commissions came his way.", "This meant that, notwithstanding his youthful optimism, Eakins would never be a commercially successful portrait painter, as few paid commissions came his way. But his total output of some two hundred and fifty portraits is characterized by \"an uncompromising search for the unique human being\".", "But his total output of some two hundred and fifty portraits is characterized by \"an uncompromising search for the unique human being\". Often this search for individuality required that the subject be painted in his own daily working environment.", "Often this search for individuality required that the subject be painted in his own daily working environment. Eakins' Portrait of Professor Benjamin H. Rand (1874) was a prelude to what many consider his most important work.", "Eakins' Portrait of Professor Benjamin H. Rand (1874) was a prelude to what many consider his most important work. In The Gross Clinic (1875), a renowned Philadelphia surgeon, Dr. Samuel D. Gross, is seen presiding over an operation to remove part of a diseased bone from a patient's thigh.", "In The Gross Clinic (1875), a renowned Philadelphia surgeon, Dr. Samuel D. Gross, is seen presiding over an operation to remove part of a diseased bone from a patient's thigh. Gross lectures in an amphitheater crowded with students at Jefferson Medical College.", "Gross lectures in an amphitheater crowded with students at Jefferson Medical College. Eakins spent nearly a year on the painting, again choosing a novel subject, the discipline of modern surgery, in which Philadelphia was in the forefront.", "Eakins spent nearly a year on the painting, again choosing a novel subject, the discipline of modern surgery, in which Philadelphia was in the forefront. He initiated the project and may have had the goal of a grand work befitting a showing at the Centennial Exposition of 1876.", "He initiated the project and may have had the goal of a grand work befitting a showing at the Centennial Exposition of 1876. Though rejected for the Art Gallery, the painting was shown on the centennial grounds at an exhibit of a U.S. Army Post Hospital.", "Though rejected for the Art Gallery, the painting was shown on the centennial grounds at an exhibit of a U.S. Army Post Hospital. In sharp contrast, another Eakins submission, The Chess Players, was accepted by the Committee and was much admired at the Centennial Exhibition, and critically praised.", "In sharp contrast, another Eakins submission, The Chess Players, was accepted by the Committee and was much admired at the Centennial Exhibition, and critically praised. At 96 by 78 inches (240 × 200 cm), The Gross Clinic is one of the artist's largest works, and considered by some to be his greatest.", "At 96 by 78 inches (240 × 200 cm), The Gross Clinic is one of the artist's largest works, and considered by some to be his greatest. Eakins' high expectations at the start of the project were recorded in a letter, \"What elates me more is that I have just got a new picture blocked in and it is very far better than anything I have ever done.", "Eakins' high expectations at the start of the project were recorded in a letter, \"What elates me more is that I have just got a new picture blocked in and it is very far better than anything I have ever done. As I spoil things less and less in finishing I have the greatest hopes of this one\" But if Eakins hoped to impress his home town with the picture, he was to be disappointed; public reaction to the painting of a realistic surgical incision and the resultant blood was ambivalent at best, and it was finally purchased by the college for the unimpressive sum of $200.", "As I spoil things less and less in finishing I have the greatest hopes of this one\" But if Eakins hoped to impress his home town with the picture, he was to be disappointed; public reaction to the painting of a realistic surgical incision and the resultant blood was ambivalent at best, and it was finally purchased by the college for the unimpressive sum of $200. Eakins borrowed it for subsequent exhibitions, where it drew strong reactions, such as that of the New York Daily Tribune, which both acknowledged and damned its powerful image, \"but the more one praises it, the more one must condemn its admission to a gallery where men and women of weak nerves must be compelled to look at it.", "Eakins borrowed it for subsequent exhibitions, where it drew strong reactions, such as that of the New York Daily Tribune, which both acknowledged and damned its powerful image, \"but the more one praises it, the more one must condemn its admission to a gallery where men and women of weak nerves must be compelled to look at it. For not to look it is impossible...No purpose is gained by this morbid exhibition, no lesson taught—the painter shows his skill and the spectators' gorge rises at it—that is all.\"", "For not to look it is impossible...No purpose is gained by this morbid exhibition, no lesson taught—the painter shows his skill and the spectators' gorge rises at it—that is all.\" The college now describes it thus: \"Today the once maligned picture is celebrated as a great nineteenth-century medical history painting, featuring one of the most superb portraits in American art\".", "The college now describes it thus: \"Today the once maligned picture is celebrated as a great nineteenth-century medical history painting, featuring one of the most superb portraits in American art\". In 1876, Eakins completed a portrait of Dr. John Brinton, surgeon of the Philadelphia Hospital, and famed for his Civil War service.", "In 1876, Eakins completed a portrait of Dr. John Brinton, surgeon of the Philadelphia Hospital, and famed for his Civil War service. Done in a more informal setting than The Gross Clinic, it was a personal favorite of Eakins, and The Art Journal proclaimed \"it is in every respect a more favorable example of this artist's abilities than his much-talked-of composition representing a dissecting room.\"", "Done in a more informal setting than The Gross Clinic, it was a personal favorite of Eakins, and The Art Journal proclaimed \"it is in every respect a more favorable example of this artist's abilities than his much-talked-of composition representing a dissecting room.\" Other outstanding examples of his portraits include The Agnew Clinic (1889), Eakins' most important commission and largest painting, which depicted another eminent American surgeon, Dr. David Hayes Agnew, performing a mastectomy; The Dean's Roll Call (1899), featuring Dr. James W. Holland, and Professor Leslie W. Miller (1901), portraits of educators standing as if addressing an audience; a portrait of Frank Hamilton Cushing (c. 1895), in which the prominent ethnologist is seen performing an incantation at the Zuñi pueblo; Professor Henry A. Rowland (1897), a brilliant scientist whose study of spectroscopy revolutionized his field; Antiquated Music (1900), in which Mrs. William D. Frishmuth is shown seated amidst her collection of musical instruments; and The Concert Singer (1890–92), for which Eakins asked Weda Cook to sing \"O rest in the Lord\", so that he could study the muscles of her throat and mouth.", "Other outstanding examples of his portraits include The Agnew Clinic (1889), Eakins' most important commission and largest painting, which depicted another eminent American surgeon, Dr. David Hayes Agnew, performing a mastectomy; The Dean's Roll Call (1899), featuring Dr. James W. Holland, and Professor Leslie W. Miller (1901), portraits of educators standing as if addressing an audience; a portrait of Frank Hamilton Cushing (c. 1895), in which the prominent ethnologist is seen performing an incantation at the Zuñi pueblo; Professor Henry A. Rowland (1897), a brilliant scientist whose study of spectroscopy revolutionized his field; Antiquated Music (1900), in which Mrs. William D. Frishmuth is shown seated amidst her collection of musical instruments; and The Concert Singer (1890–92), for which Eakins asked Weda Cook to sing \"O rest in the Lord\", so that he could study the muscles of her throat and mouth. To replicate the proper deployment of a baton, Eakins enlisted an orchestral conductor to pose for the hand seen in the lower left-hand corner of the painting.", "To replicate the proper deployment of a baton, Eakins enlisted an orchestral conductor to pose for the hand seen in the lower left-hand corner of the painting. Of Eakins' later portraits, many took as their subjects women who were friends or students. Unlike most portrayals of women at the time, they are devoid of glamor and idealization.", "Unlike most portrayals of women at the time, they are devoid of glamor and idealization. For Portrait of Letitia Wilson Jordan (1888), Eakins painted the sitter wearing the same evening dress in which he had seen her at a party. She is a substantial presence, a vision quite different from the era's fashionable portraiture.", "She is a substantial presence, a vision quite different from the era's fashionable portraiture. So, too, his Portrait of Maud Cook (1895), where the obvious beauty of the subject is noted with \"a stark objectivity\".", "So, too, his Portrait of Maud Cook (1895), where the obvious beauty of the subject is noted with \"a stark objectivity\". The portrait of Miss Amelia Van Buren (c. 1890), a friend and former pupil, suggests the melancholy of a complex personality, and has been called \"the finest of all American portraits\".", "The portrait of Miss Amelia Van Buren (c. 1890), a friend and former pupil, suggests the melancholy of a complex personality, and has been called \"the finest of all American portraits\". Even Susan Macdowell Eakins, a strong painter and former student who married Eakins in 1884, was not sentimentalized: despite its richness of color, The Artist's Wife and His Setter Dog (c. 1884–89) is a penetratingly candid portrait.", "Even Susan Macdowell Eakins, a strong painter and former student who married Eakins in 1884, was not sentimentalized: despite its richness of color, The Artist's Wife and His Setter Dog (c. 1884–89) is a penetratingly candid portrait. Some of his most vivid portraits resulted from a late series done for the Catholic clergy, which included paintings of a cardinal, archbishops, bishops, and monsignors.", "Some of his most vivid portraits resulted from a late series done for the Catholic clergy, which included paintings of a cardinal, archbishops, bishops, and monsignors. As usual, most of the sitters were engaged at Eakins' request, and were given the portraits when Eakins had completed them.", "As usual, most of the sitters were engaged at Eakins' request, and were given the portraits when Eakins had completed them. In portraits of His Eminence Sebastiano Cardinal Martinelli (1902), Archbishop William Henry Elder (1903), and Monsignor James P. Turner (c. 1906), Eakins took advantage of the brilliant vestments of the offices to animate the compositions in a way not possible in his other male portraits.", "In portraits of His Eminence Sebastiano Cardinal Martinelli (1902), Archbishop William Henry Elder (1903), and Monsignor James P. Turner (c. 1906), Eakins took advantage of the brilliant vestments of the offices to animate the compositions in a way not possible in his other male portraits. Deeply affected by his dismissal from the Academy, Eakins focused his later career on portraiture, such as his 1905 Portrait of Professor William S. Forbes.", "Deeply affected by his dismissal from the Academy, Eakins focused his later career on portraiture, such as his 1905 Portrait of Professor William S. Forbes. His steadfast insistence on his own vision of realism, in addition to his notoriety from his school scandals, combined to hurt his income in later years.", "His steadfast insistence on his own vision of realism, in addition to his notoriety from his school scandals, combined to hurt his income in later years. Even as he approached these portraits with the skill of a highly trained anatomist, what is most noteworthy is the intense psychological presence of his sitters.", "Even as he approached these portraits with the skill of a highly trained anatomist, what is most noteworthy is the intense psychological presence of his sitters. However, it was precisely for this reason that his portraits were often rejected by the sitters or their families.", "However, it was precisely for this reason that his portraits were often rejected by the sitters or their families. As a result, Eakins came to rely on his friends and family members to model for portraits. His portrait of Walt Whitman (1887–1888) was the poet's favorite.", "His portrait of Walt Whitman (1887–1888) was the poet's favorite. The figure Eakins' lifelong interest in the figure, nude or nearly so, took several thematic forms. The rowing paintings of the early 1870s constitute the first series of figure studies.", "The rowing paintings of the early 1870s constitute the first series of figure studies. In Eakins' largest picture on the subject, The Biglin Brothers Turning the Stake (1873), the muscular dynamism of the body is given its fullest treatment.", "In Eakins' largest picture on the subject, The Biglin Brothers Turning the Stake (1873), the muscular dynamism of the body is given its fullest treatment. In the 1877 painting William Rush and His Model, he painted the female nude as integral to a historical subject, even though there is no evidence that the model who posed for Rush did so in the nude.", "In the 1877 painting William Rush and His Model, he painted the female nude as integral to a historical subject, even though there is no evidence that the model who posed for Rush did so in the nude. The Centennial Exhibition of 1876 helped foster a revival in interest in Colonial America and Eakins participated with an ambitious project employing oil studies, wax and wood models, and finally the portrait in 1877.", "The Centennial Exhibition of 1876 helped foster a revival in interest in Colonial America and Eakins participated with an ambitious project employing oil studies, wax and wood models, and finally the portrait in 1877. William Rush was a celebrated Colonial sculptor and ship carver, a revered example of an artist-citizen who figured prominently in Philadelphia civic life, and a founder of the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts where Eakins had started teaching.", "William Rush was a celebrated Colonial sculptor and ship carver, a revered example of an artist-citizen who figured prominently in Philadelphia civic life, and a founder of the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts where Eakins had started teaching. Despite his sincerely depicted reverence for Rush, Eakins' treatment of the human body once again drew criticism.", "Despite his sincerely depicted reverence for Rush, Eakins' treatment of the human body once again drew criticism. This time it was the nude model and her heaped-up clothes depicted front and center, with Rush relegated to the deep shadows in the left background, that stirred dissatisfaction.", "This time it was the nude model and her heaped-up clothes depicted front and center, with Rush relegated to the deep shadows in the left background, that stirred dissatisfaction. Nonetheless, Eakins found a subject that referenced his native city and an earlier Philadelphia artist, and allowed for an assay on the female nude seen from behind.", "Nonetheless, Eakins found a subject that referenced his native city and an earlier Philadelphia artist, and allowed for an assay on the female nude seen from behind. When he returned to the subject many years later, the narrative became more personal: In William Rush and His Model (1908), gone are the chaperon and detailed interior of the earlier work.", "When he returned to the subject many years later, the narrative became more personal: In William Rush and His Model (1908), gone are the chaperon and detailed interior of the earlier work. The professional distance between sculptor and model has been eliminated, and the relationship has become intimate.", "The professional distance between sculptor and model has been eliminated, and the relationship has become intimate. In one version of the painting from that year, the nude is seen from the front, being helped down from the model stand by an artist who bears a strong resemblance to Eakins.", "In one version of the painting from that year, the nude is seen from the front, being helped down from the model stand by an artist who bears a strong resemblance to Eakins. The Swimming Hole (1884–85) features Eakins' finest studies of the nude, in his most successfully constructed outdoor picture.", "The Swimming Hole (1884–85) features Eakins' finest studies of the nude, in his most successfully constructed outdoor picture. The figures are those of his friends and students, and include a self-portrait.", "The figures are those of his friends and students, and include a self-portrait. Although there are photographs by Eakins which relate to the painting, the picture's powerful pyramidal composition and sculptural conception of the individual bodies are completely distinctive pictorial resolutions. The work was painted on commission, but was refused.", "The work was painted on commission, but was refused. In the late 1890s Eakins returned to the male figure, this time in a more urban setting. Taking the Count (1896), a painting of a prizefight, was his second largest canvas, but not his most successful composition.", "Taking the Count (1896), a painting of a prizefight, was his second largest canvas, but not his most successful composition. The same may be said of Wrestlers (1899).", "The same may be said of Wrestlers (1899). More successful was Between Rounds (1899), for which boxer Billy Smith posed seated in his corner at Philadelphia's Arena; in fact, all the principal figures were posed by models re-enacting what had been an actual fight.", "More successful was Between Rounds (1899), for which boxer Billy Smith posed seated in his corner at Philadelphia's Arena; in fact, all the principal figures were posed by models re-enacting what had been an actual fight. Salutat (1898), a frieze-like composition in which the main figure is isolated, \"is one of Eakins' finest achievements in figure-painting.\"", "Salutat (1898), a frieze-like composition in which the main figure is isolated, \"is one of Eakins' finest achievements in figure-painting.\" Although Eakins was agnostic, he painted The Crucifixion in 1880.", "Although Eakins was agnostic, he painted The Crucifixion in 1880. Art historian Akela Reason says Eakins's selection of this subject has puzzled some art historians who, unable to reconcile what appears to be an anomalous religious image by a reputedly agnostic artist, have related it solely to Eakins's desire for realism, thus divesting the painting of its religious content.", "Art historian Akela Reason says Eakins's selection of this subject has puzzled some art historians who, unable to reconcile what appears to be an anomalous religious image by a reputedly agnostic artist, have related it solely to Eakins's desire for realism, thus divesting the painting of its religious content. Lloyd Goodrich, for example, considered this illustration of Christ's suffering completely devoid of \"religious sentiment\" and suggested that Eakins intended it simply as a realist study of the male nude body.", "Lloyd Goodrich, for example, considered this illustration of Christ's suffering completely devoid of \"religious sentiment\" and suggested that Eakins intended it simply as a realist study of the male nude body. As a result, art historians have frequently associated 'Crucifixion' (like Swimming) with Eakins's strong interest in anatomy and the nude.", "As a result, art historians have frequently associated 'Crucifixion' (like Swimming) with Eakins's strong interest in anatomy and the nude. In his later years Eakins persistently asked his female portrait models to pose in the nude, a practice which would have been all but prohibited in conventional Philadelphia society. Inevitably, his desires were frustrated.", "Inevitably, his desires were frustrated. Personal life and marriage The nature of Eakins' sexuality and its impact on his art is a matter of intense scholarly debate.", "Personal life and marriage The nature of Eakins' sexuality and its impact on his art is a matter of intense scholarly debate. Strong circumstantial evidence points to discussion during Eakins's lifetime that he had homosexual leanings, and there is little doubt that he was attracted to men, as evidenced in his photography, and three major paintings where male buttocks are a focal point: The Gross Clinic, Salutat, and The Swimming Hole.", "Strong circumstantial evidence points to discussion during Eakins's lifetime that he had homosexual leanings, and there is little doubt that he was attracted to men, as evidenced in his photography, and three major paintings where male buttocks are a focal point: The Gross Clinic, Salutat, and The Swimming Hole. The latter, in which Eakins appears, is increasingly seen as sensuous and autobiographical.", "The latter, in which Eakins appears, is increasingly seen as sensuous and autobiographical. Until recently, major Eakins scholars persistently denied he was homosexual, and such discussion was marginalized. While there is still no consensus, today discussion of homoerotic desire plays a large role in Eakins scholarship.", "While there is still no consensus, today discussion of homoerotic desire plays a large role in Eakins scholarship. The discovery of a large trove of Eakins' personal papers in 1984 has also driven reassessment of his life. Eakins met Emily Sartain, daughter of John Sartain, while studying at the academy.", "Eakins met Emily Sartain, daughter of John Sartain, while studying at the academy. Their romance foundered after Eakins moved to Paris to study, and she accused him of immorality. It is likely Eakins had told her of frequenting places where prostitutes assembled.", "It is likely Eakins had told her of frequenting places where prostitutes assembled. The son of Eakins' physician also reported that Eakins had been \"very loose sexually—went to France, where there are no morals, and the french morality suited him to a T\".", "The son of Eakins' physician also reported that Eakins had been \"very loose sexually—went to France, where there are no morals, and the french morality suited him to a T\". In 1884, at age 40, Eakins married Susan Hannah Macdowell, the daughter of a Philadelphia engraver.", "In 1884, at age 40, Eakins married Susan Hannah Macdowell, the daughter of a Philadelphia engraver. Two years earlier Eakins' sister Margaret, who had acted as his secretary and personal servant, had died of typhoid. It has been suggested that Eakins married to replace her.", "It has been suggested that Eakins married to replace her. Macdowell was 25 when Eakins met her at the Hazeltine Gallery where The Gross Clinic was being exhibited in 1875.", "Macdowell was 25 when Eakins met her at the Hazeltine Gallery where The Gross Clinic was being exhibited in 1875. Unlike many, she was impressed by the controversial painting and she decided to study with him at the Academy, which she attended for six years, adopting a sober, realistic style similar to her teacher's.", "Unlike many, she was impressed by the controversial painting and she decided to study with him at the Academy, which she attended for six years, adopting a sober, realistic style similar to her teacher's. Macdowell was an outstanding student and winner of the Mary Smith Prize for the best painting by a matriculating woman artist.", "Macdowell was an outstanding student and winner of the Mary Smith Prize for the best painting by a matriculating woman artist. During their childless marriage, she painted only sporadically and spent most of her time supporting her husband's career, entertaining guests and students, and faithfully backing him in his difficult times with the academy, even when some members of her family aligned against Eakins.", "During their childless marriage, she painted only sporadically and spent most of her time supporting her husband's career, entertaining guests and students, and faithfully backing him in his difficult times with the academy, even when some members of her family aligned against Eakins. She and Eakins both shared a passion for photography, both as photographers and subjects, and employed it as a tool for their art.", "She and Eakins both shared a passion for photography, both as photographers and subjects, and employed it as a tool for their art. She also posed nude for many of his photos and took images of him. Both had separate studios in their home.", "Both had separate studios in their home. After Eakins' death in 1916, she returned to painting, adding considerably to her output right up to the 1930s, in a style that became warmer, looser, and brighter in tone. She died in 1938.", "She died in 1938. She died in 1938. Thirty-five years after her death, in 1973, she had her first one-woman exhibition at the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts. In the latter years of his life, Eakins' constant companion was the handsome sculptor Samuel Murray, who shared his interest in boxing and bicycling.", "In the latter years of his life, Eakins' constant companion was the handsome sculptor Samuel Murray, who shared his interest in boxing and bicycling. The evidence suggests the relationship was more emotionally important to Eakins than that with his wife.", "The evidence suggests the relationship was more emotionally important to Eakins than that with his wife. Throughout his life, Eakins appears to have been drawn to those who were mentally vulnerable and then preyed upon those weaknesses. Several of his students ended their lives in insanity.", "Several of his students ended their lives in insanity. Death and legacy Eakins died on June 25, 1916, at the age of 71 and is buried at The Woodlands, which is located near the University of Pennsylvania in West Philadelphia. Late in life Eakins did experience some recognition. In 1902 he was made a National Academician.", "In 1902 he was made a National Academician. In 1914 the sale of a portrait study of D. Hayes Agnew for The Agnew Clinic to Dr. Albert C. Barnes precipitated much publicity when rumors circulated that the selling price was fifty thousand dollars. In fact, Barnes bought the painting for four thousand dollars.", "In fact, Barnes bought the painting for four thousand dollars. In the year after his death, Eakins was honored with a memorial retrospective at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, and in 1917–18 the Pennsylvania Academy followed suit.", "In the year after his death, Eakins was honored with a memorial retrospective at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, and in 1917–18 the Pennsylvania Academy followed suit. Susan Macdowell Eakins did much to preserve his reputation, including gifting the Philadelphia Museum of Art with more than fifty of her husband's oil paintings.", "Susan Macdowell Eakins did much to preserve his reputation, including gifting the Philadelphia Museum of Art with more than fifty of her husband's oil paintings. After her death in 1938, other works were sold off, and eventually another large collection of art and personal material was purchased by Joseph Hirshhorn, and now is part of the Hirshhorn Museum's collection.", "After her death in 1938, other works were sold off, and eventually another large collection of art and personal material was purchased by Joseph Hirshhorn, and now is part of the Hirshhorn Museum's collection. Since then, Eakins' home in North Philadelphia was put on the National Register of Historic Places list in 1966, and Eakins Oval, across from the Philadelphia Museum of Art on the Benjamin Franklin Parkway, was named for the artist.", "Since then, Eakins' home in North Philadelphia was put on the National Register of Historic Places list in 1966, and Eakins Oval, across from the Philadelphia Museum of Art on the Benjamin Franklin Parkway, was named for the artist. In 1967 The Biglin Brothers Racing (1872) was reproduced on a United States postage stamp.", "In 1967 The Biglin Brothers Racing (1872) was reproduced on a United States postage stamp. His work was also part of the painting event in the art competition at the 1932 Summer Olympics. Eakins' attitude toward realism in painting, and his desire to explore the heart of American life proved influential.", "Eakins' attitude toward realism in painting, and his desire to explore the heart of American life proved influential. He taught hundreds of students, among them his future wife Susan Macdowell, African-American painter Henry Ossawa Tanner, and Thomas Anshutz, who taught, in turn, Robert Henri, George Luks, John Sloan, and Everett Shinn, future members of the Ashcan School, and other realists and artistic heirs to Eakins' philosophy.", "He taught hundreds of students, among them his future wife Susan Macdowell, African-American painter Henry Ossawa Tanner, and Thomas Anshutz, who taught, in turn, Robert Henri, George Luks, John Sloan, and Everett Shinn, future members of the Ashcan School, and other realists and artistic heirs to Eakins' philosophy. Though his is not a household name, and though during his lifetime Eakins struggled to make a living from his work, today he is regarded as one of the most important American artists of any period.", "Though his is not a household name, and though during his lifetime Eakins struggled to make a living from his work, today he is regarded as one of the most important American artists of any period. Since the 1990s, Eakins has emerged as a major figure in sexuality studies in art history, for both the homoeroticism of his male nudes and for the complexity of his attitudes toward women.", "Since the 1990s, Eakins has emerged as a major figure in sexuality studies in art history, for both the homoeroticism of his male nudes and for the complexity of his attitudes toward women. Controversy shaped much of his career as a teacher and as an artist.", "Controversy shaped much of his career as a teacher and as an artist. He insisted on teaching men and women \"the same\", used nude male models in female classes and vice versa, and was accused of abusing female students.", "He insisted on teaching men and women \"the same\", used nude male models in female classes and vice versa, and was accused of abusing female students. Recent scholarship suggests that these scandals were grounded in more than the \"puritanical prudery\" of his contemporaries—as had once been assumed—and that Eakins' progressive academic principles may have protected unconscious and dubious agendas.", "Recent scholarship suggests that these scandals were grounded in more than the \"puritanical prudery\" of his contemporaries—as had once been assumed—and that Eakins' progressive academic principles may have protected unconscious and dubious agendas. These controversies may have been caused by a combination of factors such as the bohemianism of Eakins and his circle (in which students, for example, sometimes modeled in the nude for each other), the intensity and authority of his teaching style, and Eakins' inclination toward unorthodox or provocative behavior.", "These controversies may have been caused by a combination of factors such as the bohemianism of Eakins and his circle (in which students, for example, sometimes modeled in the nude for each other), the intensity and authority of his teaching style, and Eakins' inclination toward unorthodox or provocative behavior. Disposition of estate Eakins was unable to sell many of his works during his lifetime, so when he died in 1916, a large body of artwork passed to his widow, Susan Macdowell Eakins.", "Disposition of estate Eakins was unable to sell many of his works during his lifetime, so when he died in 1916, a large body of artwork passed to his widow, Susan Macdowell Eakins. She carefully preserved it, donating some of the strongest pieces to various museums.", "She carefully preserved it, donating some of the strongest pieces to various museums. When she in turn died in 1938, much of the remaining artistic estate was destroyed or damaged by executors, and the remainders were belatedly salvaged by a former Eakins student. For more details, see the article \"List of works by Thomas Eakins\".", "For more details, see the article \"List of works by Thomas Eakins\". On November 11, 2006, the Board of Trustees at Thomas Jefferson University agreed to sell The Gross Clinic to the National Gallery of Art in Washington DC, and the Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art in Bentonville, Arkansas for a record $68,000,000, the highest price for an Eakins painting as well as a record price for an individual American-made portrait.", "On November 11, 2006, the Board of Trustees at Thomas Jefferson University agreed to sell The Gross Clinic to the National Gallery of Art in Washington DC, and the Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art in Bentonville, Arkansas for a record $68,000,000, the highest price for an Eakins painting as well as a record price for an individual American-made portrait. On December 21, 2006, a group of donors agreed to match the price to keep the painting in Philadelphia.", "On December 21, 2006, a group of donors agreed to match the price to keep the painting in Philadelphia. It is displayed alternately at the Philadelphia Museum of Art and at the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts.", "It is displayed alternately at the Philadelphia Museum of Art and at the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts. Assessment On October 29, 1917, Robert Henri wrote an open letter to the Art Students League about Eakins: In 1982, in his two-volume Eakins biography, art historian Lloyd Goodrich wrote: In spite of limitations—and what artist is free of them?—Eakins' achievement was monumental.", "Assessment On October 29, 1917, Robert Henri wrote an open letter to the Art Students League about Eakins: In 1982, in his two-volume Eakins biography, art historian Lloyd Goodrich wrote: In spite of limitations—and what artist is free of them?—Eakins' achievement was monumental. He was our first major painter to accept completely the realities of contemporary urban America, and from them to create powerful, profound art...", "He was our first major painter to accept completely the realities of contemporary urban America, and from them to create powerful, profound art... In portraiture alone Eakins was the strongest American painter since Copley, with equal substance and power, and added penetration, depth, and subtlety.", "In portraiture alone Eakins was the strongest American painter since Copley, with equal substance and power, and added penetration, depth, and subtlety. John Canaday, art critic for The New York Times, wrote in 1964: As a supreme realist, Eakins appeared heavy and vulgar to a public that thought of art, and culture in general, largely in terms of a graceful sentimentality.", "John Canaday, art critic for The New York Times, wrote in 1964: As a supreme realist, Eakins appeared heavy and vulgar to a public that thought of art, and culture in general, largely in terms of a graceful sentimentality. Today he seems to us to have recorded his fellow Americans with a perception that was often as tender as it was vigorous, and to have preserved for us the essence of an American life which, indeed, he did not idealize—because it seemed to him beautiful beyond the necessity of idealization.", "Today he seems to us to have recorded his fellow Americans with a perception that was often as tender as it was vigorous, and to have preserved for us the essence of an American life which, indeed, he did not idealize—because it seemed to him beautiful beyond the necessity of idealization. See also List of painters by name beginning with \"E\" List of American artists before 1900 List of people from Philadelphia Visual art of the United States Notes Further reading Adams, Henry: Eakins Revealed: The Secret Life of an American Artist.", "See also List of painters by name beginning with \"E\" List of American artists before 1900 List of people from Philadelphia Visual art of the United States Notes Further reading Adams, Henry: Eakins Revealed: The Secret Life of an American Artist. Oxford University Press, 2005. .", "Oxford University Press, 2005. . Oxford University Press, 2005. . Berger, Martin: Man Made: Thomas Eakins and the Construction of Gilded Age Manhood. University of California Press, 2000. . Brown, Dotty: Boathouse Row: Waves of Change in the Birthplace of American Rowing. Temple University Press, 2017. .", "Temple University Press, 2017. . Temple University Press, 2017. . Canaday, John: Thomas Eakins; \"Familiar truths in clear and beautiful language\", Horizon. Volume VI, Number 4, Autumn 1964. Dacey, Philip: The Mystery of Max Schmitt, Poems on the Life of Thomas Eakins\".", "Dacey, Philip: The Mystery of Max Schmitt, Poems on the Life of Thomas Eakins\". Turning Point Press, 2004. Doyle, Jennifer: \"Sex, Scandal, and 'The Gross Clinic'\". Representations 68 (Fall 1999): 1–33. Goodrich, Lloyd: Thomas Eakins. Harvard University Press, 1982.", "Harvard University Press, 1982. Harvard University Press, 1982. Homer, William Innes: Thomas Eakins: His Life and Art. Abbeville Press, 1992. Johns, Elizabeth: Thomas Eakins. Princeton University Press, 1991. Kirkpatrick, Sidney: The Revenge of Thomas Eakins. Yale University Press, 2006. .", "Yale University Press, 2006. . Yale University Press, 2006. . Lubin, David: Acts of Portrayal: Eakins, Sargeant, James. Yale University Press, 1985. Sewell, Darrel; et al. Thomas Eakins. Yale University Press, 2001. Sewell, Darrel: Thomas Eakins: Artist of Philadelphia.", "Sewell, Darrel: Thomas Eakins: Artist of Philadelphia. Philadelphia Museum of Art, 1982. Sullivan, Mark W. \"Thomas Eakins and His Portrait of Father Fedigan,\" Records of the American Catholic Historical Society of Philadelphia, Vol. 109, No. 3-4 (Fall-Winter 1998), pp. 1–23.", "3-4 (Fall-Winter 1998), pp. 1–23. 1–23. Updike, John: Still Looking: Essays on American Art. Alfred A. Knopf, 2005. Weinberg, H. Barbara: Thomas Eakins and the Metropolitan Museum of Art. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1994.", "The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1994. Publication no: 885-660 Werbel, Amy: Thomas Eakins: Art, Medicine, and Sexuality in Nineteenth-Century Philadelphia. Yale University Press, 2007. . The Paris Letters of Thomas Eakins. Edited by William Innes Homer.", "Edited by William Innes Homer. Edited by William Innes Homer. Princeton, Princeton University Press, 2009, Braddock, Alan: Thomas Eakins and The Cultures of Modernity. University of California Press, 2009.", "University of California Press, 2009. (see index) External links Thomaseakins.org, 148 works by Thomas Eakins Thomas Eakins Exhibition at The Metropolitan Museum of Art Thomas Eakins letters online at the Smithsonian Archives of American Art Selections from the Seymour Adelman collection, 1845–1958 features a collection of documents relating to Eakins and his family from the Archives of American Art Works by Thomas Eakins at Bryn Mawr College Documentary film broadcast on PBS network in 2002 1844 births 1916 deaths 19th-century American painters American male painters 20th-century American painters American agnostics American people of Dutch descent American people of English descent American people of Scotch-Irish descent Central High School (Philadelphia) alumni Drexel University faculty Gilded Age Realist painters Artists from Philadelphia Art Students League of New York faculty Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts alumni Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts faculty American alumni of the École des Beaux-Arts American expatriates in France Schuylkill River National Academy of Design members American portrait painters 20th-century American sculptors 19th-century American sculptors 19th-century male artists American male sculptors Burials at The Woodlands Cemetery Painters from Pennsylvania Sculptors from Pennsylvania Nude photography Photographers from Pennsylvania 19th-century American photographers 20th-century American photographers Sculptors from New York (state) Olympic competitors in art competitions" ]

[ "Thomas Eakins", "Photography", "What did Thomas Eakins do?", "Eakins has been credited with having \"introduced the camera to the American art studio\".", "How did he introduce the camera", "Eakins was more interested in precision measurements on a single image to aid in translating a motion into a painting,", "What was some of his work?", "Mending the Net (1881) and Arcadia (1883),", "Did his work get noticed by anyone", "Although witnesses and chaperones were usually on site, and the poses were mostly traditional in nature," ]

[ "Přírodní park Třebíčsko (before Oblast klidu Třebíčsko) is a natural park near Třebíč in the Czech Republic. There are many interesting plants. The park was founded in 1983.\n\nKobylinec and Ptáčovský kopeček\n\nKobylinec is a natural monument situated ca 0,5 km from the village of Trnava.\nThe area of this monument is 0,44 ha. Pulsatilla grandis can be found here and in the Ptáčovský kopeček park near Ptáčov near Třebíč. Both monuments are very popular for tourists.\n\nPonds\n\nIn the natural park there are some interesting ponds such as Velký Bor, Malý Bor, Buršík near Přeckov and a brook Březinka. Dams on the brook are examples of European beaver activity.\n\nSyenitové skály near Pocoucov\n\nSyenitové skály (rocks of syenit) near Pocoucov is one of famed locations. There are interesting granite boulders. The area of the reservation is 0,77 ha.\n\nExternal links\nParts of this article or all article was translated from Czech. The original article is :cs:Přírodní park Třebíčsko.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nNature near the village Trnava which is there\n\nTřebíč\nParks in the Czech Republic\nTourist attractions in the Vysočina Region", "Damn Interesting is an independent website founded by Alan Bellows in 2005. The website presents true stories from science, history, and psychology, primarily as long-form articles, often illustrated with original artwork. Works are written by various authors, and published at irregular intervals. The website openly rejects advertising, relying on reader and listener donations to cover operating costs.\n\nAs of October 2012, each article is also published as a podcast under the same name. In November 2019, a second podcast was launched under the title Damn Interesting Week, featuring unscripted commentary on an assortment of news articles featured on the website's \"Curated Links\" section that week. In mid-2020, a third podcast called Damn Interesting Curio Cabinet began highlighting the website's periodic short-form articles in the same radioplay format as the original podcast.\n\nIn July 2009, Damn Interesting published the print book Alien Hand Syndrome through Workman Publishing. It contains some favorites from the site and some exclusive content.\n\nAwards and recognition \nIn August 2007, PC Magazine named Damn Interesting one of the \"Top 100 Undiscovered Web Sites\".\nThe article \"The Zero-Armed Bandit\" by Alan Bellows won a 2015 Sidney Award from David Brooks in The New York Times.\nThe article \"Ghoulish Acts and Dastardly Deeds\" by Alan Bellows was cited as \"nonfiction journalism from 2017 that will stand the test of time\" by Conor Friedersdorf in The Atlantic.\nThe article \"Dupes and Duplicity\" by Jennifer Lee Noonan won a 2020 Sidney Award from David Brooks in the New York Times.\n\nAccusing The Dollop of plagiarism \n\nOn July 9, 2015, Bellows posted an open letter accusing The Dollop, a comedy podcast about history, of plagiarism due to their repeated use of verbatim text from Damn Interesting articles without permission or attribution. Dave Anthony, the writer of The Dollop, responded on reddit, admitting to using Damn Interesting content, but claiming that the use was protected by fair use, and that \"historical facts are not copyrightable.\" In an article about the controversy on Plagiarism Today, Jonathan Bailey concluded, \"Any way one looks at it, The Dollop failed its ethical obligations to all of the people, not just those writing for Damn Interesting, who put in the time, energy and expertise into writing the original content upon which their show is based.\"\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n Official website\n\n2005 podcast debuts" ]

[ "Thomas Cowperthwait Eakins (; July 25, 1844 – June 25, 1916) was an American realist painter, photographer, sculptor, and fine arts educator. He is widely acknowledged to be one of the most important American artists.", "He is widely acknowledged to be one of the most important American artists. For the length of his professional career, from the early 1870s until his health began to fail some 40 years later, Eakins worked exactingly from life, choosing as his subject the people of his hometown of Philadelphia.", "For the length of his professional career, from the early 1870s until his health began to fail some 40 years later, Eakins worked exactingly from life, choosing as his subject the people of his hometown of Philadelphia. He painted several hundred portraits, usually of friends, family members, or prominent people in the arts, sciences, medicine, and clergy.", "He painted several hundred portraits, usually of friends, family members, or prominent people in the arts, sciences, medicine, and clergy. Taken en masse, the portraits offer an overview of the intellectual life of contemporary Philadelphia; individually, they are incisive depictions of thinking persons.", "Taken en masse, the portraits offer an overview of the intellectual life of contemporary Philadelphia; individually, they are incisive depictions of thinking persons. In addition, Eakins produced a number of large paintings that brought the portrait out of the drawing room and into the offices, streets, parks, rivers, arenas, and surgical amphitheaters of his city.", "In addition, Eakins produced a number of large paintings that brought the portrait out of the drawing room and into the offices, streets, parks, rivers, arenas, and surgical amphitheaters of his city. These active outdoor venues allowed him to paint the subject that most inspired him: the nude or lightly clad figure in motion.", "These active outdoor venues allowed him to paint the subject that most inspired him: the nude or lightly clad figure in motion. In the process, he could model the forms of the body in full sunlight, and create images of deep space utilizing his studies in perspective.", "In the process, he could model the forms of the body in full sunlight, and create images of deep space utilizing his studies in perspective. Eakins also took a keen interest in the new technologies of motion photography, a field in which he is now seen as an innovator.", "Eakins also took a keen interest in the new technologies of motion photography, a field in which he is now seen as an innovator. No less important in Eakins' life was his work as a teacher. As an instructor he was a highly influential presence in American art.", "As an instructor he was a highly influential presence in American art. The difficulties which beset him as an artist seeking to paint the portrait and figure realistically were paralleled and even amplified in his career as an educator, where behavioral and sexual scandals truncated his success and damaged his reputation.", "The difficulties which beset him as an artist seeking to paint the portrait and figure realistically were paralleled and even amplified in his career as an educator, where behavioral and sexual scandals truncated his success and damaged his reputation. Eakins was a controversial figure whose work received little by way of official recognition during his lifetime.", "Eakins was a controversial figure whose work received little by way of official recognition during his lifetime. Since his death, he has been celebrated by American art historians as \"the strongest, most profound realist in nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century American art\". Life and work Youth Eakins was born and lived most of his life in Philadelphia.", "Life and work Youth Eakins was born and lived most of his life in Philadelphia. He was the first child of Caroline Cowperthwait Eakins, a woman of English and Dutch descent, and Benjamin Eakins, a writing master and calligraphy teacher of Scots-Irish ancestry.", "He was the first child of Caroline Cowperthwait Eakins, a woman of English and Dutch descent, and Benjamin Eakins, a writing master and calligraphy teacher of Scots-Irish ancestry. Benjamin Eakins grew up on a farm in Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, the son of a weaver.", "Benjamin Eakins grew up on a farm in Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, the son of a weaver. He was successful in his chosen profession, and moved to Philadelphia in the early 1840s to raise his family.", "He was successful in his chosen profession, and moved to Philadelphia in the early 1840s to raise his family. Thomas Eakins observed his father at work and by twelve demonstrated skill in precise line drawing, perspective, and the use of a grid to lay out a careful design, skills he later applied to his art.", "Thomas Eakins observed his father at work and by twelve demonstrated skill in precise line drawing, perspective, and the use of a grid to lay out a careful design, skills he later applied to his art. He was an athletic child who enjoyed rowing, ice skating, swimming, wrestling, sailing, and gymnastics—activities he later painted and encouraged in his students.", "He was an athletic child who enjoyed rowing, ice skating, swimming, wrestling, sailing, and gymnastics—activities he later painted and encouraged in his students. Eakins attended Central High School, the premier public school for applied science and arts in the city, where he excelled in mechanical drawing.", "Eakins attended Central High School, the premier public school for applied science and arts in the city, where he excelled in mechanical drawing. Thomas met fellow artist and lifelong friend, Charles Lewis Fussell in high school and they reunited to study at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts.", "Thomas met fellow artist and lifelong friend, Charles Lewis Fussell in high school and they reunited to study at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts. Thomas began at the academy in 1861 and later attended courses in anatomy and dissection at Jefferson Medical College from 1864 to 65.", "Thomas began at the academy in 1861 and later attended courses in anatomy and dissection at Jefferson Medical College from 1864 to 65. For a while, he followed his father's profession and was listed in city directories as a \"writing teacher\". His scientific interest in the human body led him to consider becoming a surgeon.", "His scientific interest in the human body led him to consider becoming a surgeon. Eakins then studied art in Europe from 1866 to 1870, notably in Paris with Jean-Léon Gérôme, being only the second American pupil of the French realist painter, famous as a master of Orientalism.", "Eakins then studied art in Europe from 1866 to 1870, notably in Paris with Jean-Léon Gérôme, being only the second American pupil of the French realist painter, famous as a master of Orientalism. He also attended the atelier of Léon Bonnat, a realist painter who emphasized anatomical preciseness, a method adapted by Eakins.", "He also attended the atelier of Léon Bonnat, a realist painter who emphasized anatomical preciseness, a method adapted by Eakins. While studying at the École des Beaux-Arts, he seems to have taken scant interest in the new Impressionist movement, nor was he impressed by what he perceived as the classical pretensions of the French Academy.", "While studying at the École des Beaux-Arts, he seems to have taken scant interest in the new Impressionist movement, nor was he impressed by what he perceived as the classical pretensions of the French Academy. A letter home to his father in 1868 made his aesthetic clear: She [the female nude] is the most beautiful thing there is in the world except a naked man, but I never yet saw a study of one exhibited...", "A letter home to his father in 1868 made his aesthetic clear: She [the female nude] is the most beautiful thing there is in the world except a naked man, but I never yet saw a study of one exhibited... It would be a godsend to see a fine man model painted in the studio with the bare walls, alongside of the smiling smirking goddesses of waxy complexion amidst the delicious arsenic green trees and gentle wax flowers & purling streams running melodious up & down the hills especially up.", "It would be a godsend to see a fine man model painted in the studio with the bare walls, alongside of the smiling smirking goddesses of waxy complexion amidst the delicious arsenic green trees and gentle wax flowers & purling streams running melodious up & down the hills especially up. I hate affectation.", "I hate affectation. I hate affectation. Already at age 24, \"nudity and verity were linked with an unusual closeness in his mind.\" Yet his desire for truthfulness was more expansive, and the letters home to Philadelphia reveal a passion for realism that included, but was not limited to, the study of the figure.", "Yet his desire for truthfulness was more expansive, and the letters home to Philadelphia reveal a passion for realism that included, but was not limited to, the study of the figure. A trip to Spain for six months confirmed his admiration for the realism of artists such as Diego Velázquez and Jusepe de Ribera.", "A trip to Spain for six months confirmed his admiration for the realism of artists such as Diego Velázquez and Jusepe de Ribera. In Seville in 1869 he painted Carmelita Requeña, a portrait of a seven-year-old gypsy dancer more freely and colorfully painted than his Paris studies.", "In Seville in 1869 he painted Carmelita Requeña, a portrait of a seven-year-old gypsy dancer more freely and colorfully painted than his Paris studies. That same year he attempted his first large oil painting, A Street Scene in Seville, wherein he first dealt with the complications of a scene observed outside the studio.", "That same year he attempted his first large oil painting, A Street Scene in Seville, wherein he first dealt with the complications of a scene observed outside the studio. Although he failed to matriculate in a formal degree program and had showed no works in the European salons, Eakins succeeded in absorbing the techniques and methods of French and Spanish masters, and he began to formulate his artistic vision which he demonstrated in his first major painting upon his return to America.", "Although he failed to matriculate in a formal degree program and had showed no works in the European salons, Eakins succeeded in absorbing the techniques and methods of French and Spanish masters, and he began to formulate his artistic vision which he demonstrated in his first major painting upon his return to America. \"I shall seek to achieve my broad effect from the very beginning\", he declared.", "\"I shall seek to achieve my broad effect from the very beginning\", he declared. Early career Eakins' first works upon his return from Europe included a large group of rowing scenes, eleven oils and watercolors in all, of which the first and most famous is Max Schmitt in a Single Scull (1871; also known as The Champion Single Sculling).", "Early career Eakins' first works upon his return from Europe included a large group of rowing scenes, eleven oils and watercolors in all, of which the first and most famous is Max Schmitt in a Single Scull (1871; also known as The Champion Single Sculling). Both his subject and his technique drew attention.", "Both his subject and his technique drew attention. His selection of a contemporary sport was \"a shock to the artistic conventionalities of the city\". Eakins placed himself in the painting, in a scull behind Schmitt, his name inscribed on the boat.", "Eakins placed himself in the painting, in a scull behind Schmitt, his name inscribed on the boat. Typically, the work entailed critical observation of the painting's subject, as well as preparatory drawings of the figure and perspective plans of the scull in the water.", "Typically, the work entailed critical observation of the painting's subject, as well as preparatory drawings of the figure and perspective plans of the scull in the water. Its preparation and composition indicates the importance of Eakins' academic training in Paris.", "Its preparation and composition indicates the importance of Eakins' academic training in Paris. It was a completely original conception, true to Eakins' firsthand experience, and an almost startlingly successful image for the artist, who had struggled with his first outdoor composition less than a year before.", "It was a completely original conception, true to Eakins' firsthand experience, and an almost startlingly successful image for the artist, who had struggled with his first outdoor composition less than a year before. His first known sale was the watercolor The Sculler (1874).", "His first known sale was the watercolor The Sculler (1874). Most critics judged the rowing pictures successful and auspicious, but after the initial flourish, Eakins never revisited the subject of rowing and went on to other sports themes.", "Most critics judged the rowing pictures successful and auspicious, but after the initial flourish, Eakins never revisited the subject of rowing and went on to other sports themes. At the same time that he made these initial ventures into outdoor themes, Eakins produced a series of domestic Victorian interiors, often with his father, his sisters or friends as the subjects.", "At the same time that he made these initial ventures into outdoor themes, Eakins produced a series of domestic Victorian interiors, often with his father, his sisters or friends as the subjects. Home Scene (1871), Elizabeth at the Piano (1875), The Chess Players (1876), and Elizabeth Crowell and her Dog (1874), each dark in tonality, focus on the unsentimental characterization of individuals adopting natural attitudes in their homes.", "Home Scene (1871), Elizabeth at the Piano (1875), The Chess Players (1876), and Elizabeth Crowell and her Dog (1874), each dark in tonality, focus on the unsentimental characterization of individuals adopting natural attitudes in their homes. It was in this vein that in 1872 he painted his first large scale portrait, Kathrin, in which the subject, Kathrin Crowell, is seen in dim light, playing with a kitten.", "It was in this vein that in 1872 he painted his first large scale portrait, Kathrin, in which the subject, Kathrin Crowell, is seen in dim light, playing with a kitten. In 1874 Eakins and Crowell became engaged; they were still engaged five years later, when Crowell died of meningitis in 1879.", "In 1874 Eakins and Crowell became engaged; they were still engaged five years later, when Crowell died of meningitis in 1879. Teaching and forced resignation from Academy Eakins returned to the Pennsylvania Academy to teach in 1876 as a volunteer after the opening of the school's new Frank Furness designed building.", "Teaching and forced resignation from Academy Eakins returned to the Pennsylvania Academy to teach in 1876 as a volunteer after the opening of the school's new Frank Furness designed building. He became a salaried professor in 1878, and rose to director in 1882.", "He became a salaried professor in 1878, and rose to director in 1882. His teaching methods were controversial: there was no drawing from antique casts, and students received only a short study in charcoal, followed quickly by their introduction to painting, in order to grasp subjects in true color as soon as practical.", "His teaching methods were controversial: there was no drawing from antique casts, and students received only a short study in charcoal, followed quickly by their introduction to painting, in order to grasp subjects in true color as soon as practical. He encouraged students to use photography as an aid to understanding anatomy and the study of motion, and disallowed prize competitions.", "He encouraged students to use photography as an aid to understanding anatomy and the study of motion, and disallowed prize competitions. Although there was no specialized vocational instruction, students with aspirations for using their school training for applied arts, such as illustration, lithography, and decoration, were as welcome as students interested in becoming portrait artists.", "Although there was no specialized vocational instruction, students with aspirations for using their school training for applied arts, such as illustration, lithography, and decoration, were as welcome as students interested in becoming portrait artists. Most notable was his interest in the instruction of all aspects of the human figure, including anatomical study of the human and animal body, and surgical dissection; there were also rigorous courses in the fundamentals of form, and studies in perspective which involved mathematics.", "Most notable was his interest in the instruction of all aspects of the human figure, including anatomical study of the human and animal body, and surgical dissection; there were also rigorous courses in the fundamentals of form, and studies in perspective which involved mathematics. As an aid to the study of anatomy, plaster casts were made from dissections, duplicates of which were furnished to students.", "As an aid to the study of anatomy, plaster casts were made from dissections, duplicates of which were furnished to students. A similar study was made of the anatomy of horses; acknowledging Eakins' expertise, in 1891 his friend, the sculptor William Rudolf O'Donovan, asked him to collaborate on the commission to create bronze equestrian reliefs of Abraham Lincoln and Ulysses S. Grant, for the Soldiers' and Sailors' Arch in Grand Army Plaza in Brooklyn.", "A similar study was made of the anatomy of horses; acknowledging Eakins' expertise, in 1891 his friend, the sculptor William Rudolf O'Donovan, asked him to collaborate on the commission to create bronze equestrian reliefs of Abraham Lincoln and Ulysses S. Grant, for the Soldiers' and Sailors' Arch in Grand Army Plaza in Brooklyn. Owing to Eakins' devotion to working from life, the Academy's course of study was by the early 1880s the most \"liberal and advanced in the world\".", "Owing to Eakins' devotion to working from life, the Academy's course of study was by the early 1880s the most \"liberal and advanced in the world\". Eakins believed in teaching by example and letting the students find their own way with only terse guidance.", "Eakins believed in teaching by example and letting the students find their own way with only terse guidance. His students included painters, cartoonists, and illustrators such as Henry Ossawa Tanner, Thomas Pollock Anshutz, Edward Willis Redfield, Colin Campbell Cooper, Alice Barber Stephens, Frederick Judd Waugh, T. S. Sullivant and A. B. Frost.", "B. Frost. Frost. He stated his teaching philosophy bluntly, \"A teacher can do very little for a pupil & should only be thankful if he don't hinder him ... and the greater the master, mostly the less he can say.\" He believed that women should \"assume professional privileges\" as would men.", "He believed that women should \"assume professional privileges\" as would men. Life classes and dissection were segregated but women had access to male models (who were nude but wore loincloths). The line between impartiality and questionable behavior was a thin one.", "The line between impartiality and questionable behavior was a thin one. When a female student, Amelia Van Buren, asked about the movement of the pelvis, Eakins invited her to his studio, where he undressed and \"gave her the explanation as I could not have done by words only\".", "When a female student, Amelia Van Buren, asked about the movement of the pelvis, Eakins invited her to his studio, where he undressed and \"gave her the explanation as I could not have done by words only\". Such incidents, coupled with the ambitions of his younger associates to oust him and take over the school themselves, created tensions between him and the Academy's board of directors.", "Such incidents, coupled with the ambitions of his younger associates to oust him and take over the school themselves, created tensions between him and the Academy's board of directors. He was ultimately forced to resign in 1886, for removing the loincloth of a male model in a class where female students were present.", "He was ultimately forced to resign in 1886, for removing the loincloth of a male model in a class where female students were present. The forced resignation was a major setback for Eakins. His family was split, with his in-laws siding against him in public dispute.", "His family was split, with his in-laws siding against him in public dispute. He struggled to protect his name against rumors and false charges, had bouts of ill health, and suffered a humiliation which he felt for the rest of his life.", "He struggled to protect his name against rumors and false charges, had bouts of ill health, and suffered a humiliation which he felt for the rest of his life. A drawing manual he had written and prepared illustrations for remained unfinished and unpublished during his lifetime.", "A drawing manual he had written and prepared illustrations for remained unfinished and unpublished during his lifetime. Eakins' popularity among the students was such that a number of them broke with the Academy and formed the Art Students' League of Philadelphia (1886–1893), where Eakins subsequently instructed.", "Eakins' popularity among the students was such that a number of them broke with the Academy and formed the Art Students' League of Philadelphia (1886–1893), where Eakins subsequently instructed. It was there that he met the student, Samuel Murray, who would become his protege and lifelong friend.", "It was there that he met the student, Samuel Murray, who would become his protege and lifelong friend. He also lectured and taught at a number of other schools, including the Art Students League of New York, the National Academy of Design, Cooper Union, and the Art Students' Guild in Washington DC.", "He also lectured and taught at a number of other schools, including the Art Students League of New York, the National Academy of Design, Cooper Union, and the Art Students' Guild in Washington DC. Dismissed in March 1895 by the Drexel Institute in Philadelphia for again using a fully nude male model, he gradually withdrew from teaching by 1898.", "Dismissed in March 1895 by the Drexel Institute in Philadelphia for again using a fully nude male model, he gradually withdrew from teaching by 1898. Photography Eakins has been credited with having \"introduced the camera to the American art studio\".", "Photography Eakins has been credited with having \"introduced the camera to the American art studio\". During his study abroad, he was exposed to the use of photography by the French realists, though the use of photography was still frowned upon as a shortcut by traditionalists.", "During his study abroad, he was exposed to the use of photography by the French realists, though the use of photography was still frowned upon as a shortcut by traditionalists. In the late 1870s, Eakins was introduced to the photographic motion studies of Eadweard Muybridge, particularly the equine studies, and became interested in using the camera to study sequential movement.", "In the late 1870s, Eakins was introduced to the photographic motion studies of Eadweard Muybridge, particularly the equine studies, and became interested in using the camera to study sequential movement. In the mid-1880s, Eakins worked briefly alongside Muybridge in the latter's photographic studio at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia.", "In the mid-1880s, Eakins worked briefly alongside Muybridge in the latter's photographic studio at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia. Eakins soon performed his own independent motion studies, also usually involving the nude figure, and even developed his own technique for capturing movement on film.", "Eakins soon performed his own independent motion studies, also usually involving the nude figure, and even developed his own technique for capturing movement on film. Whereas Muybridge's system relied on a series of cameras triggered to produce a sequence of individual photographs, Eakins preferred to use a single camera to produce a series of exposures superimposed on one negative.", "Whereas Muybridge's system relied on a series of cameras triggered to produce a sequence of individual photographs, Eakins preferred to use a single camera to produce a series of exposures superimposed on one negative. Eakins was more interested in precision measurements on a single image to aid in translating a motion into a painting, while Muybridge preferred separate images that could also be displayed by his primitive movie projector.", "Eakins was more interested in precision measurements on a single image to aid in translating a motion into a painting, while Muybridge preferred separate images that could also be displayed by his primitive movie projector. After Eakins obtained a camera in 1880, several paintings, such as Mending the Net (1881) and Arcadia (1883), are known to have been derived at least in part from his photographs.", "After Eakins obtained a camera in 1880, several paintings, such as Mending the Net (1881) and Arcadia (1883), are known to have been derived at least in part from his photographs. Some figures appear to be detailed transcriptions and tracings from the photographs by some device like a magic lantern, which Eakins then took pains to cover up with oil paint.", "Some figures appear to be detailed transcriptions and tracings from the photographs by some device like a magic lantern, which Eakins then took pains to cover up with oil paint. Eakins' methods appear to be meticulously applied, and rather than shortcuts, were likely used in a quest for accuracy and realism.", "Eakins' methods appear to be meticulously applied, and rather than shortcuts, were likely used in a quest for accuracy and realism. An excellent example of Eakins' use of this new technology is his painting A May Morning in the Park, which relied heavily on photographic motion studies to depict the true gait of the four horses pulling the coach of patron Fairman Rogers.", "An excellent example of Eakins' use of this new technology is his painting A May Morning in the Park, which relied heavily on photographic motion studies to depict the true gait of the four horses pulling the coach of patron Fairman Rogers. But in typical fashion, Eakins also employed wax figures and oil sketches to get the final effect he desired.", "But in typical fashion, Eakins also employed wax figures and oil sketches to get the final effect he desired. The so-called \"Naked Series\", which began in 1883, were nude photos of students and professional models which were taken to show real human anatomy from several specific angles, and were often hung and displayed for study at the school.", "The so-called \"Naked Series\", which began in 1883, were nude photos of students and professional models which were taken to show real human anatomy from several specific angles, and were often hung and displayed for study at the school. Later, less regimented poses were taken indoors and out, of men, women, and children, including his wife.", "Later, less regimented poses were taken indoors and out, of men, women, and children, including his wife. The most provocative, and the only ones combining males and females, were nude photos of Eakins and a female model (see below).", "The most provocative, and the only ones combining males and females, were nude photos of Eakins and a female model (see below). Although witnesses and chaperones were usually on site, and the poses were mostly traditional in nature, the sheer quantity of the photos and Eakins' overt display of them may have undermined his standing at the Academy.", "Although witnesses and chaperones were usually on site, and the poses were mostly traditional in nature, the sheer quantity of the photos and Eakins' overt display of them may have undermined his standing at the Academy. In all, about eight hundred photographs are now attributed to Eakins and his circle, most of which are figure studies, both clothed and nude, and portraits.", "In all, about eight hundred photographs are now attributed to Eakins and his circle, most of which are figure studies, both clothed and nude, and portraits. No other American artist of his time matched Eakins' interest in photography, nor produced a comparable body of photographic works.", "No other American artist of his time matched Eakins' interest in photography, nor produced a comparable body of photographic works. Eakins used photography for his own private ends as well. Aside from nude men, and women, he also photographed nude children.", "Aside from nude men, and women, he also photographed nude children. While the photographs of the nude adults are more artistically composed, the younger children and infants are posed less formally. These photographs, that are “charged with sexual overtones,” as Susan Danly and Cheryl Leibold write, are of unidentified children.", "These photographs, that are “charged with sexual overtones,” as Susan Danly and Cheryl Leibold write, are of unidentified children. In the catalog of Eakins' collection at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, photograph number 308 is of an African American child reclining on a couch and posed as Venus.", "In the catalog of Eakins' collection at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, photograph number 308 is of an African American child reclining on a couch and posed as Venus. Both Saidiya Hartman and Fred Moten write, respectively, about the photograph, and the child that it arrests.", "Both Saidiya Hartman and Fred Moten write, respectively, about the photograph, and the child that it arrests. Portraits I will never have to give up painting, for even now I could paint heads good enough to make a living anywhere in America.", "Portraits I will never have to give up painting, for even now I could paint heads good enough to make a living anywhere in America. For Eakins, portraiture held little interest as a means of fashionable idealization or even simple verisimilitude.", "For Eakins, portraiture held little interest as a means of fashionable idealization or even simple verisimilitude. Instead, it provided the opportunity to reveal the character of an individual through the modeling of solid anatomical form.", "Instead, it provided the opportunity to reveal the character of an individual through the modeling of solid anatomical form. This meant that, notwithstanding his youthful optimism, Eakins would never be a commercially successful portrait painter, as few paid commissions came his way.", "This meant that, notwithstanding his youthful optimism, Eakins would never be a commercially successful portrait painter, as few paid commissions came his way. But his total output of some two hundred and fifty portraits is characterized by \"an uncompromising search for the unique human being\".", "But his total output of some two hundred and fifty portraits is characterized by \"an uncompromising search for the unique human being\". Often this search for individuality required that the subject be painted in his own daily working environment.", "Often this search for individuality required that the subject be painted in his own daily working environment. Eakins' Portrait of Professor Benjamin H. Rand (1874) was a prelude to what many consider his most important work.", "Eakins' Portrait of Professor Benjamin H. Rand (1874) was a prelude to what many consider his most important work. In The Gross Clinic (1875), a renowned Philadelphia surgeon, Dr. Samuel D. Gross, is seen presiding over an operation to remove part of a diseased bone from a patient's thigh.", "In The Gross Clinic (1875), a renowned Philadelphia surgeon, Dr. Samuel D. Gross, is seen presiding over an operation to remove part of a diseased bone from a patient's thigh. Gross lectures in an amphitheater crowded with students at Jefferson Medical College.", "Gross lectures in an amphitheater crowded with students at Jefferson Medical College. Eakins spent nearly a year on the painting, again choosing a novel subject, the discipline of modern surgery, in which Philadelphia was in the forefront.", "Eakins spent nearly a year on the painting, again choosing a novel subject, the discipline of modern surgery, in which Philadelphia was in the forefront. He initiated the project and may have had the goal of a grand work befitting a showing at the Centennial Exposition of 1876.", "He initiated the project and may have had the goal of a grand work befitting a showing at the Centennial Exposition of 1876. Though rejected for the Art Gallery, the painting was shown on the centennial grounds at an exhibit of a U.S. Army Post Hospital.", "Though rejected for the Art Gallery, the painting was shown on the centennial grounds at an exhibit of a U.S. Army Post Hospital. In sharp contrast, another Eakins submission, The Chess Players, was accepted by the Committee and was much admired at the Centennial Exhibition, and critically praised.", "In sharp contrast, another Eakins submission, The Chess Players, was accepted by the Committee and was much admired at the Centennial Exhibition, and critically praised. At 96 by 78 inches (240 × 200 cm), The Gross Clinic is one of the artist's largest works, and considered by some to be his greatest.", "At 96 by 78 inches (240 × 200 cm), The Gross Clinic is one of the artist's largest works, and considered by some to be his greatest. Eakins' high expectations at the start of the project were recorded in a letter, \"What elates me more is that I have just got a new picture blocked in and it is very far better than anything I have ever done.", "Eakins' high expectations at the start of the project were recorded in a letter, \"What elates me more is that I have just got a new picture blocked in and it is very far better than anything I have ever done. As I spoil things less and less in finishing I have the greatest hopes of this one\" But if Eakins hoped to impress his home town with the picture, he was to be disappointed; public reaction to the painting of a realistic surgical incision and the resultant blood was ambivalent at best, and it was finally purchased by the college for the unimpressive sum of $200.", "As I spoil things less and less in finishing I have the greatest hopes of this one\" But if Eakins hoped to impress his home town with the picture, he was to be disappointed; public reaction to the painting of a realistic surgical incision and the resultant blood was ambivalent at best, and it was finally purchased by the college for the unimpressive sum of $200. Eakins borrowed it for subsequent exhibitions, where it drew strong reactions, such as that of the New York Daily Tribune, which both acknowledged and damned its powerful image, \"but the more one praises it, the more one must condemn its admission to a gallery where men and women of weak nerves must be compelled to look at it.", "Eakins borrowed it for subsequent exhibitions, where it drew strong reactions, such as that of the New York Daily Tribune, which both acknowledged and damned its powerful image, \"but the more one praises it, the more one must condemn its admission to a gallery where men and women of weak nerves must be compelled to look at it. For not to look it is impossible...No purpose is gained by this morbid exhibition, no lesson taught—the painter shows his skill and the spectators' gorge rises at it—that is all.\"", "For not to look it is impossible...No purpose is gained by this morbid exhibition, no lesson taught—the painter shows his skill and the spectators' gorge rises at it—that is all.\" The college now describes it thus: \"Today the once maligned picture is celebrated as a great nineteenth-century medical history painting, featuring one of the most superb portraits in American art\".", "The college now describes it thus: \"Today the once maligned picture is celebrated as a great nineteenth-century medical history painting, featuring one of the most superb portraits in American art\". In 1876, Eakins completed a portrait of Dr. John Brinton, surgeon of the Philadelphia Hospital, and famed for his Civil War service.", "In 1876, Eakins completed a portrait of Dr. John Brinton, surgeon of the Philadelphia Hospital, and famed for his Civil War service. Done in a more informal setting than The Gross Clinic, it was a personal favorite of Eakins, and The Art Journal proclaimed \"it is in every respect a more favorable example of this artist's abilities than his much-talked-of composition representing a dissecting room.\"", "Done in a more informal setting than The Gross Clinic, it was a personal favorite of Eakins, and The Art Journal proclaimed \"it is in every respect a more favorable example of this artist's abilities than his much-talked-of composition representing a dissecting room.\" Other outstanding examples of his portraits include The Agnew Clinic (1889), Eakins' most important commission and largest painting, which depicted another eminent American surgeon, Dr. David Hayes Agnew, performing a mastectomy; The Dean's Roll Call (1899), featuring Dr. James W. Holland, and Professor Leslie W. Miller (1901), portraits of educators standing as if addressing an audience; a portrait of Frank Hamilton Cushing (c. 1895), in which the prominent ethnologist is seen performing an incantation at the Zuñi pueblo; Professor Henry A. Rowland (1897), a brilliant scientist whose study of spectroscopy revolutionized his field; Antiquated Music (1900), in which Mrs. William D. Frishmuth is shown seated amidst her collection of musical instruments; and The Concert Singer (1890–92), for which Eakins asked Weda Cook to sing \"O rest in the Lord\", so that he could study the muscles of her throat and mouth.", "Other outstanding examples of his portraits include The Agnew Clinic (1889), Eakins' most important commission and largest painting, which depicted another eminent American surgeon, Dr. David Hayes Agnew, performing a mastectomy; The Dean's Roll Call (1899), featuring Dr. James W. Holland, and Professor Leslie W. Miller (1901), portraits of educators standing as if addressing an audience; a portrait of Frank Hamilton Cushing (c. 1895), in which the prominent ethnologist is seen performing an incantation at the Zuñi pueblo; Professor Henry A. Rowland (1897), a brilliant scientist whose study of spectroscopy revolutionized his field; Antiquated Music (1900), in which Mrs. William D. Frishmuth is shown seated amidst her collection of musical instruments; and The Concert Singer (1890–92), for which Eakins asked Weda Cook to sing \"O rest in the Lord\", so that he could study the muscles of her throat and mouth. To replicate the proper deployment of a baton, Eakins enlisted an orchestral conductor to pose for the hand seen in the lower left-hand corner of the painting.", "To replicate the proper deployment of a baton, Eakins enlisted an orchestral conductor to pose for the hand seen in the lower left-hand corner of the painting. Of Eakins' later portraits, many took as their subjects women who were friends or students. Unlike most portrayals of women at the time, they are devoid of glamor and idealization.", "Unlike most portrayals of women at the time, they are devoid of glamor and idealization. For Portrait of Letitia Wilson Jordan (1888), Eakins painted the sitter wearing the same evening dress in which he had seen her at a party. She is a substantial presence, a vision quite different from the era's fashionable portraiture.", "She is a substantial presence, a vision quite different from the era's fashionable portraiture. So, too, his Portrait of Maud Cook (1895), where the obvious beauty of the subject is noted with \"a stark objectivity\".", "So, too, his Portrait of Maud Cook (1895), where the obvious beauty of the subject is noted with \"a stark objectivity\". The portrait of Miss Amelia Van Buren (c. 1890), a friend and former pupil, suggests the melancholy of a complex personality, and has been called \"the finest of all American portraits\".", "The portrait of Miss Amelia Van Buren (c. 1890), a friend and former pupil, suggests the melancholy of a complex personality, and has been called \"the finest of all American portraits\". Even Susan Macdowell Eakins, a strong painter and former student who married Eakins in 1884, was not sentimentalized: despite its richness of color, The Artist's Wife and His Setter Dog (c. 1884–89) is a penetratingly candid portrait.", "Even Susan Macdowell Eakins, a strong painter and former student who married Eakins in 1884, was not sentimentalized: despite its richness of color, The Artist's Wife and His Setter Dog (c. 1884–89) is a penetratingly candid portrait. Some of his most vivid portraits resulted from a late series done for the Catholic clergy, which included paintings of a cardinal, archbishops, bishops, and monsignors.", "Some of his most vivid portraits resulted from a late series done for the Catholic clergy, which included paintings of a cardinal, archbishops, bishops, and monsignors. As usual, most of the sitters were engaged at Eakins' request, and were given the portraits when Eakins had completed them.", "As usual, most of the sitters were engaged at Eakins' request, and were given the portraits when Eakins had completed them. In portraits of His Eminence Sebastiano Cardinal Martinelli (1902), Archbishop William Henry Elder (1903), and Monsignor James P. Turner (c. 1906), Eakins took advantage of the brilliant vestments of the offices to animate the compositions in a way not possible in his other male portraits.", "In portraits of His Eminence Sebastiano Cardinal Martinelli (1902), Archbishop William Henry Elder (1903), and Monsignor James P. Turner (c. 1906), Eakins took advantage of the brilliant vestments of the offices to animate the compositions in a way not possible in his other male portraits. Deeply affected by his dismissal from the Academy, Eakins focused his later career on portraiture, such as his 1905 Portrait of Professor William S. Forbes.", "Deeply affected by his dismissal from the Academy, Eakins focused his later career on portraiture, such as his 1905 Portrait of Professor William S. Forbes. His steadfast insistence on his own vision of realism, in addition to his notoriety from his school scandals, combined to hurt his income in later years.", "His steadfast insistence on his own vision of realism, in addition to his notoriety from his school scandals, combined to hurt his income in later years. Even as he approached these portraits with the skill of a highly trained anatomist, what is most noteworthy is the intense psychological presence of his sitters.", "Even as he approached these portraits with the skill of a highly trained anatomist, what is most noteworthy is the intense psychological presence of his sitters. However, it was precisely for this reason that his portraits were often rejected by the sitters or their families.", "However, it was precisely for this reason that his portraits were often rejected by the sitters or their families. As a result, Eakins came to rely on his friends and family members to model for portraits. His portrait of Walt Whitman (1887–1888) was the poet's favorite.", "His portrait of Walt Whitman (1887–1888) was the poet's favorite. The figure Eakins' lifelong interest in the figure, nude or nearly so, took several thematic forms. The rowing paintings of the early 1870s constitute the first series of figure studies.", "The rowing paintings of the early 1870s constitute the first series of figure studies. In Eakins' largest picture on the subject, The Biglin Brothers Turning the Stake (1873), the muscular dynamism of the body is given its fullest treatment.", "In Eakins' largest picture on the subject, The Biglin Brothers Turning the Stake (1873), the muscular dynamism of the body is given its fullest treatment. In the 1877 painting William Rush and His Model, he painted the female nude as integral to a historical subject, even though there is no evidence that the model who posed for Rush did so in the nude.", "In the 1877 painting William Rush and His Model, he painted the female nude as integral to a historical subject, even though there is no evidence that the model who posed for Rush did so in the nude. The Centennial Exhibition of 1876 helped foster a revival in interest in Colonial America and Eakins participated with an ambitious project employing oil studies, wax and wood models, and finally the portrait in 1877.", "The Centennial Exhibition of 1876 helped foster a revival in interest in Colonial America and Eakins participated with an ambitious project employing oil studies, wax and wood models, and finally the portrait in 1877. William Rush was a celebrated Colonial sculptor and ship carver, a revered example of an artist-citizen who figured prominently in Philadelphia civic life, and a founder of the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts where Eakins had started teaching.", "William Rush was a celebrated Colonial sculptor and ship carver, a revered example of an artist-citizen who figured prominently in Philadelphia civic life, and a founder of the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts where Eakins had started teaching. Despite his sincerely depicted reverence for Rush, Eakins' treatment of the human body once again drew criticism.", "Despite his sincerely depicted reverence for Rush, Eakins' treatment of the human body once again drew criticism. This time it was the nude model and her heaped-up clothes depicted front and center, with Rush relegated to the deep shadows in the left background, that stirred dissatisfaction.", "This time it was the nude model and her heaped-up clothes depicted front and center, with Rush relegated to the deep shadows in the left background, that stirred dissatisfaction. Nonetheless, Eakins found a subject that referenced his native city and an earlier Philadelphia artist, and allowed for an assay on the female nude seen from behind.", "Nonetheless, Eakins found a subject that referenced his native city and an earlier Philadelphia artist, and allowed for an assay on the female nude seen from behind. When he returned to the subject many years later, the narrative became more personal: In William Rush and His Model (1908), gone are the chaperon and detailed interior of the earlier work.", "When he returned to the subject many years later, the narrative became more personal: In William Rush and His Model (1908), gone are the chaperon and detailed interior of the earlier work. The professional distance between sculptor and model has been eliminated, and the relationship has become intimate.", "The professional distance between sculptor and model has been eliminated, and the relationship has become intimate. In one version of the painting from that year, the nude is seen from the front, being helped down from the model stand by an artist who bears a strong resemblance to Eakins.", "In one version of the painting from that year, the nude is seen from the front, being helped down from the model stand by an artist who bears a strong resemblance to Eakins. The Swimming Hole (1884–85) features Eakins' finest studies of the nude, in his most successfully constructed outdoor picture.", "The Swimming Hole (1884–85) features Eakins' finest studies of the nude, in his most successfully constructed outdoor picture. The figures are those of his friends and students, and include a self-portrait.", "The figures are those of his friends and students, and include a self-portrait. Although there are photographs by Eakins which relate to the painting, the picture's powerful pyramidal composition and sculptural conception of the individual bodies are completely distinctive pictorial resolutions. The work was painted on commission, but was refused.", "The work was painted on commission, but was refused. In the late 1890s Eakins returned to the male figure, this time in a more urban setting. Taking the Count (1896), a painting of a prizefight, was his second largest canvas, but not his most successful composition.", "Taking the Count (1896), a painting of a prizefight, was his second largest canvas, but not his most successful composition. The same may be said of Wrestlers (1899).", "The same may be said of Wrestlers (1899). More successful was Between Rounds (1899), for which boxer Billy Smith posed seated in his corner at Philadelphia's Arena; in fact, all the principal figures were posed by models re-enacting what had been an actual fight.", "More successful was Between Rounds (1899), for which boxer Billy Smith posed seated in his corner at Philadelphia's Arena; in fact, all the principal figures were posed by models re-enacting what had been an actual fight. Salutat (1898), a frieze-like composition in which the main figure is isolated, \"is one of Eakins' finest achievements in figure-painting.\"", "Salutat (1898), a frieze-like composition in which the main figure is isolated, \"is one of Eakins' finest achievements in figure-painting.\" Although Eakins was agnostic, he painted The Crucifixion in 1880.", "Although Eakins was agnostic, he painted The Crucifixion in 1880. Art historian Akela Reason says Eakins's selection of this subject has puzzled some art historians who, unable to reconcile what appears to be an anomalous religious image by a reputedly agnostic artist, have related it solely to Eakins's desire for realism, thus divesting the painting of its religious content.", "Art historian Akela Reason says Eakins's selection of this subject has puzzled some art historians who, unable to reconcile what appears to be an anomalous religious image by a reputedly agnostic artist, have related it solely to Eakins's desire for realism, thus divesting the painting of its religious content. Lloyd Goodrich, for example, considered this illustration of Christ's suffering completely devoid of \"religious sentiment\" and suggested that Eakins intended it simply as a realist study of the male nude body.", "Lloyd Goodrich, for example, considered this illustration of Christ's suffering completely devoid of \"religious sentiment\" and suggested that Eakins intended it simply as a realist study of the male nude body. As a result, art historians have frequently associated 'Crucifixion' (like Swimming) with Eakins's strong interest in anatomy and the nude.", "As a result, art historians have frequently associated 'Crucifixion' (like Swimming) with Eakins's strong interest in anatomy and the nude. In his later years Eakins persistently asked his female portrait models to pose in the nude, a practice which would have been all but prohibited in conventional Philadelphia society. Inevitably, his desires were frustrated.", "Inevitably, his desires were frustrated. Personal life and marriage The nature of Eakins' sexuality and its impact on his art is a matter of intense scholarly debate.", "Personal life and marriage The nature of Eakins' sexuality and its impact on his art is a matter of intense scholarly debate. Strong circumstantial evidence points to discussion during Eakins's lifetime that he had homosexual leanings, and there is little doubt that he was attracted to men, as evidenced in his photography, and three major paintings where male buttocks are a focal point: The Gross Clinic, Salutat, and The Swimming Hole.", "Strong circumstantial evidence points to discussion during Eakins's lifetime that he had homosexual leanings, and there is little doubt that he was attracted to men, as evidenced in his photography, and three major paintings where male buttocks are a focal point: The Gross Clinic, Salutat, and The Swimming Hole. The latter, in which Eakins appears, is increasingly seen as sensuous and autobiographical.", "The latter, in which Eakins appears, is increasingly seen as sensuous and autobiographical. Until recently, major Eakins scholars persistently denied he was homosexual, and such discussion was marginalized. While there is still no consensus, today discussion of homoerotic desire plays a large role in Eakins scholarship.", "While there is still no consensus, today discussion of homoerotic desire plays a large role in Eakins scholarship. The discovery of a large trove of Eakins' personal papers in 1984 has also driven reassessment of his life. Eakins met Emily Sartain, daughter of John Sartain, while studying at the academy.", "Eakins met Emily Sartain, daughter of John Sartain, while studying at the academy. Their romance foundered after Eakins moved to Paris to study, and she accused him of immorality. It is likely Eakins had told her of frequenting places where prostitutes assembled.", "It is likely Eakins had told her of frequenting places where prostitutes assembled. The son of Eakins' physician also reported that Eakins had been \"very loose sexually—went to France, where there are no morals, and the french morality suited him to a T\".", "The son of Eakins' physician also reported that Eakins had been \"very loose sexually—went to France, where there are no morals, and the french morality suited him to a T\". In 1884, at age 40, Eakins married Susan Hannah Macdowell, the daughter of a Philadelphia engraver.", "In 1884, at age 40, Eakins married Susan Hannah Macdowell, the daughter of a Philadelphia engraver. Two years earlier Eakins' sister Margaret, who had acted as his secretary and personal servant, had died of typhoid. It has been suggested that Eakins married to replace her.", "It has been suggested that Eakins married to replace her. Macdowell was 25 when Eakins met her at the Hazeltine Gallery where The Gross Clinic was being exhibited in 1875.", "Macdowell was 25 when Eakins met her at the Hazeltine Gallery where The Gross Clinic was being exhibited in 1875. Unlike many, she was impressed by the controversial painting and she decided to study with him at the Academy, which she attended for six years, adopting a sober, realistic style similar to her teacher's.", "Unlike many, she was impressed by the controversial painting and she decided to study with him at the Academy, which she attended for six years, adopting a sober, realistic style similar to her teacher's. Macdowell was an outstanding student and winner of the Mary Smith Prize for the best painting by a matriculating woman artist.", "Macdowell was an outstanding student and winner of the Mary Smith Prize for the best painting by a matriculating woman artist. During their childless marriage, she painted only sporadically and spent most of her time supporting her husband's career, entertaining guests and students, and faithfully backing him in his difficult times with the academy, even when some members of her family aligned against Eakins.", "During their childless marriage, she painted only sporadically and spent most of her time supporting her husband's career, entertaining guests and students, and faithfully backing him in his difficult times with the academy, even when some members of her family aligned against Eakins. She and Eakins both shared a passion for photography, both as photographers and subjects, and employed it as a tool for their art.", "She and Eakins both shared a passion for photography, both as photographers and subjects, and employed it as a tool for their art. She also posed nude for many of his photos and took images of him. Both had separate studios in their home.", "Both had separate studios in their home. After Eakins' death in 1916, she returned to painting, adding considerably to her output right up to the 1930s, in a style that became warmer, looser, and brighter in tone. She died in 1938.", "She died in 1938. She died in 1938. Thirty-five years after her death, in 1973, she had her first one-woman exhibition at the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts. In the latter years of his life, Eakins' constant companion was the handsome sculptor Samuel Murray, who shared his interest in boxing and bicycling.", "In the latter years of his life, Eakins' constant companion was the handsome sculptor Samuel Murray, who shared his interest in boxing and bicycling. The evidence suggests the relationship was more emotionally important to Eakins than that with his wife.", "The evidence suggests the relationship was more emotionally important to Eakins than that with his wife. Throughout his life, Eakins appears to have been drawn to those who were mentally vulnerable and then preyed upon those weaknesses. Several of his students ended their lives in insanity.", "Several of his students ended their lives in insanity. Death and legacy Eakins died on June 25, 1916, at the age of 71 and is buried at The Woodlands, which is located near the University of Pennsylvania in West Philadelphia. Late in life Eakins did experience some recognition. In 1902 he was made a National Academician.", "In 1902 he was made a National Academician. In 1914 the sale of a portrait study of D. Hayes Agnew for The Agnew Clinic to Dr. Albert C. Barnes precipitated much publicity when rumors circulated that the selling price was fifty thousand dollars. In fact, Barnes bought the painting for four thousand dollars.", "In fact, Barnes bought the painting for four thousand dollars. In the year after his death, Eakins was honored with a memorial retrospective at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, and in 1917–18 the Pennsylvania Academy followed suit.", "In the year after his death, Eakins was honored with a memorial retrospective at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, and in 1917–18 the Pennsylvania Academy followed suit. Susan Macdowell Eakins did much to preserve his reputation, including gifting the Philadelphia Museum of Art with more than fifty of her husband's oil paintings.", "Susan Macdowell Eakins did much to preserve his reputation, including gifting the Philadelphia Museum of Art with more than fifty of her husband's oil paintings. After her death in 1938, other works were sold off, and eventually another large collection of art and personal material was purchased by Joseph Hirshhorn, and now is part of the Hirshhorn Museum's collection.", "After her death in 1938, other works were sold off, and eventually another large collection of art and personal material was purchased by Joseph Hirshhorn, and now is part of the Hirshhorn Museum's collection. Since then, Eakins' home in North Philadelphia was put on the National Register of Historic Places list in 1966, and Eakins Oval, across from the Philadelphia Museum of Art on the Benjamin Franklin Parkway, was named for the artist.", "Since then, Eakins' home in North Philadelphia was put on the National Register of Historic Places list in 1966, and Eakins Oval, across from the Philadelphia Museum of Art on the Benjamin Franklin Parkway, was named for the artist. In 1967 The Biglin Brothers Racing (1872) was reproduced on a United States postage stamp.", "In 1967 The Biglin Brothers Racing (1872) was reproduced on a United States postage stamp. His work was also part of the painting event in the art competition at the 1932 Summer Olympics. Eakins' attitude toward realism in painting, and his desire to explore the heart of American life proved influential.", "Eakins' attitude toward realism in painting, and his desire to explore the heart of American life proved influential. He taught hundreds of students, among them his future wife Susan Macdowell, African-American painter Henry Ossawa Tanner, and Thomas Anshutz, who taught, in turn, Robert Henri, George Luks, John Sloan, and Everett Shinn, future members of the Ashcan School, and other realists and artistic heirs to Eakins' philosophy.", "He taught hundreds of students, among them his future wife Susan Macdowell, African-American painter Henry Ossawa Tanner, and Thomas Anshutz, who taught, in turn, Robert Henri, George Luks, John Sloan, and Everett Shinn, future members of the Ashcan School, and other realists and artistic heirs to Eakins' philosophy. Though his is not a household name, and though during his lifetime Eakins struggled to make a living from his work, today he is regarded as one of the most important American artists of any period.", "Though his is not a household name, and though during his lifetime Eakins struggled to make a living from his work, today he is regarded as one of the most important American artists of any period. Since the 1990s, Eakins has emerged as a major figure in sexuality studies in art history, for both the homoeroticism of his male nudes and for the complexity of his attitudes toward women.", "Since the 1990s, Eakins has emerged as a major figure in sexuality studies in art history, for both the homoeroticism of his male nudes and for the complexity of his attitudes toward women. Controversy shaped much of his career as a teacher and as an artist.", "Controversy shaped much of his career as a teacher and as an artist. He insisted on teaching men and women \"the same\", used nude male models in female classes and vice versa, and was accused of abusing female students.", "He insisted on teaching men and women \"the same\", used nude male models in female classes and vice versa, and was accused of abusing female students. Recent scholarship suggests that these scandals were grounded in more than the \"puritanical prudery\" of his contemporaries—as had once been assumed—and that Eakins' progressive academic principles may have protected unconscious and dubious agendas.", "Recent scholarship suggests that these scandals were grounded in more than the \"puritanical prudery\" of his contemporaries—as had once been assumed—and that Eakins' progressive academic principles may have protected unconscious and dubious agendas. These controversies may have been caused by a combination of factors such as the bohemianism of Eakins and his circle (in which students, for example, sometimes modeled in the nude for each other), the intensity and authority of his teaching style, and Eakins' inclination toward unorthodox or provocative behavior.", "These controversies may have been caused by a combination of factors such as the bohemianism of Eakins and his circle (in which students, for example, sometimes modeled in the nude for each other), the intensity and authority of his teaching style, and Eakins' inclination toward unorthodox or provocative behavior. Disposition of estate Eakins was unable to sell many of his works during his lifetime, so when he died in 1916, a large body of artwork passed to his widow, Susan Macdowell Eakins.", "Disposition of estate Eakins was unable to sell many of his works during his lifetime, so when he died in 1916, a large body of artwork passed to his widow, Susan Macdowell Eakins. She carefully preserved it, donating some of the strongest pieces to various museums.", "She carefully preserved it, donating some of the strongest pieces to various museums. When she in turn died in 1938, much of the remaining artistic estate was destroyed or damaged by executors, and the remainders were belatedly salvaged by a former Eakins student. For more details, see the article \"List of works by Thomas Eakins\".", "For more details, see the article \"List of works by Thomas Eakins\". On November 11, 2006, the Board of Trustees at Thomas Jefferson University agreed to sell The Gross Clinic to the National Gallery of Art in Washington DC, and the Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art in Bentonville, Arkansas for a record $68,000,000, the highest price for an Eakins painting as well as a record price for an individual American-made portrait.", "On November 11, 2006, the Board of Trustees at Thomas Jefferson University agreed to sell The Gross Clinic to the National Gallery of Art in Washington DC, and the Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art in Bentonville, Arkansas for a record $68,000,000, the highest price for an Eakins painting as well as a record price for an individual American-made portrait. On December 21, 2006, a group of donors agreed to match the price to keep the painting in Philadelphia.", "On December 21, 2006, a group of donors agreed to match the price to keep the painting in Philadelphia. It is displayed alternately at the Philadelphia Museum of Art and at the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts.", "It is displayed alternately at the Philadelphia Museum of Art and at the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts. Assessment On October 29, 1917, Robert Henri wrote an open letter to the Art Students League about Eakins: In 1982, in his two-volume Eakins biography, art historian Lloyd Goodrich wrote: In spite of limitations—and what artist is free of them?—Eakins' achievement was monumental.", "Assessment On October 29, 1917, Robert Henri wrote an open letter to the Art Students League about Eakins: In 1982, in his two-volume Eakins biography, art historian Lloyd Goodrich wrote: In spite of limitations—and what artist is free of them?—Eakins' achievement was monumental. He was our first major painter to accept completely the realities of contemporary urban America, and from them to create powerful, profound art...", "He was our first major painter to accept completely the realities of contemporary urban America, and from them to create powerful, profound art... In portraiture alone Eakins was the strongest American painter since Copley, with equal substance and power, and added penetration, depth, and subtlety.", "In portraiture alone Eakins was the strongest American painter since Copley, with equal substance and power, and added penetration, depth, and subtlety. John Canaday, art critic for The New York Times, wrote in 1964: As a supreme realist, Eakins appeared heavy and vulgar to a public that thought of art, and culture in general, largely in terms of a graceful sentimentality.", "John Canaday, art critic for The New York Times, wrote in 1964: As a supreme realist, Eakins appeared heavy and vulgar to a public that thought of art, and culture in general, largely in terms of a graceful sentimentality. Today he seems to us to have recorded his fellow Americans with a perception that was often as tender as it was vigorous, and to have preserved for us the essence of an American life which, indeed, he did not idealize—because it seemed to him beautiful beyond the necessity of idealization.", "Today he seems to us to have recorded his fellow Americans with a perception that was often as tender as it was vigorous, and to have preserved for us the essence of an American life which, indeed, he did not idealize—because it seemed to him beautiful beyond the necessity of idealization. See also List of painters by name beginning with \"E\" List of American artists before 1900 List of people from Philadelphia Visual art of the United States Notes Further reading Adams, Henry: Eakins Revealed: The Secret Life of an American Artist.", "See also List of painters by name beginning with \"E\" List of American artists before 1900 List of people from Philadelphia Visual art of the United States Notes Further reading Adams, Henry: Eakins Revealed: The Secret Life of an American Artist. Oxford University Press, 2005. .", "Oxford University Press, 2005. . Oxford University Press, 2005. . Berger, Martin: Man Made: Thomas Eakins and the Construction of Gilded Age Manhood. University of California Press, 2000. . Brown, Dotty: Boathouse Row: Waves of Change in the Birthplace of American Rowing. Temple University Press, 2017. .", "Temple University Press, 2017. . Temple University Press, 2017. . Canaday, John: Thomas Eakins; \"Familiar truths in clear and beautiful language\", Horizon. Volume VI, Number 4, Autumn 1964. Dacey, Philip: The Mystery of Max Schmitt, Poems on the Life of Thomas Eakins\".", "Dacey, Philip: The Mystery of Max Schmitt, Poems on the Life of Thomas Eakins\". Turning Point Press, 2004. Doyle, Jennifer: \"Sex, Scandal, and 'The Gross Clinic'\". Representations 68 (Fall 1999): 1–33. Goodrich, Lloyd: Thomas Eakins. Harvard University Press, 1982.", "Harvard University Press, 1982. Harvard University Press, 1982. Homer, William Innes: Thomas Eakins: His Life and Art. Abbeville Press, 1992. Johns, Elizabeth: Thomas Eakins. Princeton University Press, 1991. Kirkpatrick, Sidney: The Revenge of Thomas Eakins. Yale University Press, 2006. .", "Yale University Press, 2006. . Yale University Press, 2006. . Lubin, David: Acts of Portrayal: Eakins, Sargeant, James. Yale University Press, 1985. Sewell, Darrel; et al. Thomas Eakins. Yale University Press, 2001. Sewell, Darrel: Thomas Eakins: Artist of Philadelphia.", "Sewell, Darrel: Thomas Eakins: Artist of Philadelphia. Philadelphia Museum of Art, 1982. Sullivan, Mark W. \"Thomas Eakins and His Portrait of Father Fedigan,\" Records of the American Catholic Historical Society of Philadelphia, Vol. 109, No. 3-4 (Fall-Winter 1998), pp. 1–23.", "3-4 (Fall-Winter 1998), pp. 1–23. 1–23. Updike, John: Still Looking: Essays on American Art. Alfred A. Knopf, 2005. Weinberg, H. Barbara: Thomas Eakins and the Metropolitan Museum of Art. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1994.", "The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1994. Publication no: 885-660 Werbel, Amy: Thomas Eakins: Art, Medicine, and Sexuality in Nineteenth-Century Philadelphia. Yale University Press, 2007. . The Paris Letters of Thomas Eakins. Edited by William Innes Homer.", "Edited by William Innes Homer. Edited by William Innes Homer. Princeton, Princeton University Press, 2009, Braddock, Alan: Thomas Eakins and The Cultures of Modernity. University of California Press, 2009.", "University of California Press, 2009. (see index) External links Thomaseakins.org, 148 works by Thomas Eakins Thomas Eakins Exhibition at The Metropolitan Museum of Art Thomas Eakins letters online at the Smithsonian Archives of American Art Selections from the Seymour Adelman collection, 1845–1958 features a collection of documents relating to Eakins and his family from the Archives of American Art Works by Thomas Eakins at Bryn Mawr College Documentary film broadcast on PBS network in 2002 1844 births 1916 deaths 19th-century American painters American male painters 20th-century American painters American agnostics American people of Dutch descent American people of English descent American people of Scotch-Irish descent Central High School (Philadelphia) alumni Drexel University faculty Gilded Age Realist painters Artists from Philadelphia Art Students League of New York faculty Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts alumni Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts faculty American alumni of the École des Beaux-Arts American expatriates in France Schuylkill River National Academy of Design members American portrait painters 20th-century American sculptors 19th-century American sculptors 19th-century male artists American male sculptors Burials at The Woodlands Cemetery Painters from Pennsylvania Sculptors from Pennsylvania Nude photography Photographers from Pennsylvania 19th-century American photographers 20th-century American photographers Sculptors from New York (state) Olympic competitors in art competitions" ]

[ "Thomas Eakins", "Photography", "What did Thomas Eakins do?", "Eakins has been credited with having \"introduced the camera to the American art studio\".", "How did he introduce the camera", "Eakins was more interested in precision measurements on a single image to aid in translating a motion into a painting,", "What was some of his work?", "Mending the Net (1881) and Arcadia (1883),", "Did his work get noticed by anyone", "Although witnesses and chaperones were usually on site, and the poses were mostly traditional in nature,", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "nude photos of students and professional models which were taken to show real human anatomy" ]

[ "Do You Know What I'm Going To Do Next Saturday? is a 1963 children's book published by Beginner Books and written by Helen Palmer Geisel, the first wife of Theodor Seuss Geisel (Dr. Seuss). Unlike most of the Beginner Books, Do You Know What I'm Going To Do Next Saturday? did not follow the format of text with inline drawings, being illustrated with black-and-white photographs by Lynn Fayman, featuring a boy named Rawli Davis. It is sometimes misattributed to Dr. Seuss himself. The book's cover features a photograph of a young boy sitting at a breakfast table with a huge pile of pancakes.\n\nActivities mentioned in the book include bowling, water skiing, marching, boxing, and shooting guns with the United States Marines, and eating more spaghetti \"than anyone else has eaten before.\n\nHelen Palmer's photograph-based children's books did not prove to be as popular as the more traditional text-and-illustrations format; however, Do You Know What I'm Going To Do Next Saturday received positive reviews and was listed by The New York Times as one of the best children's books of 1963. The book is currently out of print.\n\nReferences\n\n1963 children's books\nAmerican picture books", "Women as Lovers is the sixth studio album by American avant-garde band Xiu Xiu. It was released on January 29, 2008, by Kill Rock Stars, and shares its title with the Martin Chalmers translation of Elfriede Jelinek's 1975 novel Die Liebhaberinnen.\n\nPrior to its release, the album was reported to be \"more approachable or communicative on a basic human level\" than anything else the band has released. The first track, \"I Do What I Want When I Want\", was released on December 11 via Pitchfork Media's \"Forkcast\", and is also available free of charge from Kill Rock Stars' webstore.\n\nThe release through the iTunes Store includes seven exclusive bonus tracks, whilst 500 limited edition copies were packaged with a DVD called \"What's Your Problem?\", containing four tour films, 100 photos, and sixteen music videos.\n\nTrack listing\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n Amazon.com listing\n\n2008 albums\nXiu Xiu albums\nKill Rock Stars albums" ]

[ "Thomas Cowperthwait Eakins (; July 25, 1844 – June 25, 1916) was an American realist painter, photographer, sculptor, and fine arts educator. He is widely acknowledged to be one of the most important American artists.", "He is widely acknowledged to be one of the most important American artists. For the length of his professional career, from the early 1870s until his health began to fail some 40 years later, Eakins worked exactingly from life, choosing as his subject the people of his hometown of Philadelphia.", "For the length of his professional career, from the early 1870s until his health began to fail some 40 years later, Eakins worked exactingly from life, choosing as his subject the people of his hometown of Philadelphia. He painted several hundred portraits, usually of friends, family members, or prominent people in the arts, sciences, medicine, and clergy.", "He painted several hundred portraits, usually of friends, family members, or prominent people in the arts, sciences, medicine, and clergy. Taken en masse, the portraits offer an overview of the intellectual life of contemporary Philadelphia; individually, they are incisive depictions of thinking persons.", "Taken en masse, the portraits offer an overview of the intellectual life of contemporary Philadelphia; individually, they are incisive depictions of thinking persons. In addition, Eakins produced a number of large paintings that brought the portrait out of the drawing room and into the offices, streets, parks, rivers, arenas, and surgical amphitheaters of his city.", "In addition, Eakins produced a number of large paintings that brought the portrait out of the drawing room and into the offices, streets, parks, rivers, arenas, and surgical amphitheaters of his city. These active outdoor venues allowed him to paint the subject that most inspired him: the nude or lightly clad figure in motion.", "These active outdoor venues allowed him to paint the subject that most inspired him: the nude or lightly clad figure in motion. In the process, he could model the forms of the body in full sunlight, and create images of deep space utilizing his studies in perspective.", "In the process, he could model the forms of the body in full sunlight, and create images of deep space utilizing his studies in perspective. Eakins also took a keen interest in the new technologies of motion photography, a field in which he is now seen as an innovator.", "Eakins also took a keen interest in the new technologies of motion photography, a field in which he is now seen as an innovator. No less important in Eakins' life was his work as a teacher. As an instructor he was a highly influential presence in American art.", "As an instructor he was a highly influential presence in American art. The difficulties which beset him as an artist seeking to paint the portrait and figure realistically were paralleled and even amplified in his career as an educator, where behavioral and sexual scandals truncated his success and damaged his reputation.", "The difficulties which beset him as an artist seeking to paint the portrait and figure realistically were paralleled and even amplified in his career as an educator, where behavioral and sexual scandals truncated his success and damaged his reputation. Eakins was a controversial figure whose work received little by way of official recognition during his lifetime.", "Eakins was a controversial figure whose work received little by way of official recognition during his lifetime. Since his death, he has been celebrated by American art historians as \"the strongest, most profound realist in nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century American art\". Life and work Youth Eakins was born and lived most of his life in Philadelphia.", "Life and work Youth Eakins was born and lived most of his life in Philadelphia. He was the first child of Caroline Cowperthwait Eakins, a woman of English and Dutch descent, and Benjamin Eakins, a writing master and calligraphy teacher of Scots-Irish ancestry.", "He was the first child of Caroline Cowperthwait Eakins, a woman of English and Dutch descent, and Benjamin Eakins, a writing master and calligraphy teacher of Scots-Irish ancestry. Benjamin Eakins grew up on a farm in Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, the son of a weaver.", "Benjamin Eakins grew up on a farm in Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, the son of a weaver. He was successful in his chosen profession, and moved to Philadelphia in the early 1840s to raise his family.", "He was successful in his chosen profession, and moved to Philadelphia in the early 1840s to raise his family. Thomas Eakins observed his father at work and by twelve demonstrated skill in precise line drawing, perspective, and the use of a grid to lay out a careful design, skills he later applied to his art.", "Thomas Eakins observed his father at work and by twelve demonstrated skill in precise line drawing, perspective, and the use of a grid to lay out a careful design, skills he later applied to his art. He was an athletic child who enjoyed rowing, ice skating, swimming, wrestling, sailing, and gymnastics—activities he later painted and encouraged in his students.", "He was an athletic child who enjoyed rowing, ice skating, swimming, wrestling, sailing, and gymnastics—activities he later painted and encouraged in his students. Eakins attended Central High School, the premier public school for applied science and arts in the city, where he excelled in mechanical drawing.", "Eakins attended Central High School, the premier public school for applied science and arts in the city, where he excelled in mechanical drawing. Thomas met fellow artist and lifelong friend, Charles Lewis Fussell in high school and they reunited to study at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts.", "Thomas met fellow artist and lifelong friend, Charles Lewis Fussell in high school and they reunited to study at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts. Thomas began at the academy in 1861 and later attended courses in anatomy and dissection at Jefferson Medical College from 1864 to 65.", "Thomas began at the academy in 1861 and later attended courses in anatomy and dissection at Jefferson Medical College from 1864 to 65. For a while, he followed his father's profession and was listed in city directories as a \"writing teacher\". His scientific interest in the human body led him to consider becoming a surgeon.", "His scientific interest in the human body led him to consider becoming a surgeon. Eakins then studied art in Europe from 1866 to 1870, notably in Paris with Jean-Léon Gérôme, being only the second American pupil of the French realist painter, famous as a master of Orientalism.", "Eakins then studied art in Europe from 1866 to 1870, notably in Paris with Jean-Léon Gérôme, being only the second American pupil of the French realist painter, famous as a master of Orientalism. He also attended the atelier of Léon Bonnat, a realist painter who emphasized anatomical preciseness, a method adapted by Eakins.", "He also attended the atelier of Léon Bonnat, a realist painter who emphasized anatomical preciseness, a method adapted by Eakins. While studying at the École des Beaux-Arts, he seems to have taken scant interest in the new Impressionist movement, nor was he impressed by what he perceived as the classical pretensions of the French Academy.", "While studying at the École des Beaux-Arts, he seems to have taken scant interest in the new Impressionist movement, nor was he impressed by what he perceived as the classical pretensions of the French Academy. A letter home to his father in 1868 made his aesthetic clear: She [the female nude] is the most beautiful thing there is in the world except a naked man, but I never yet saw a study of one exhibited...", "A letter home to his father in 1868 made his aesthetic clear: She [the female nude] is the most beautiful thing there is in the world except a naked man, but I never yet saw a study of one exhibited... It would be a godsend to see a fine man model painted in the studio with the bare walls, alongside of the smiling smirking goddesses of waxy complexion amidst the delicious arsenic green trees and gentle wax flowers & purling streams running melodious up & down the hills especially up.", "It would be a godsend to see a fine man model painted in the studio with the bare walls, alongside of the smiling smirking goddesses of waxy complexion amidst the delicious arsenic green trees and gentle wax flowers & purling streams running melodious up & down the hills especially up. I hate affectation.", "I hate affectation. I hate affectation. Already at age 24, \"nudity and verity were linked with an unusual closeness in his mind.\" Yet his desire for truthfulness was more expansive, and the letters home to Philadelphia reveal a passion for realism that included, but was not limited to, the study of the figure.", "Yet his desire for truthfulness was more expansive, and the letters home to Philadelphia reveal a passion for realism that included, but was not limited to, the study of the figure. A trip to Spain for six months confirmed his admiration for the realism of artists such as Diego Velázquez and Jusepe de Ribera.", "A trip to Spain for six months confirmed his admiration for the realism of artists such as Diego Velázquez and Jusepe de Ribera. In Seville in 1869 he painted Carmelita Requeña, a portrait of a seven-year-old gypsy dancer more freely and colorfully painted than his Paris studies.", "In Seville in 1869 he painted Carmelita Requeña, a portrait of a seven-year-old gypsy dancer more freely and colorfully painted than his Paris studies. That same year he attempted his first large oil painting, A Street Scene in Seville, wherein he first dealt with the complications of a scene observed outside the studio.", "That same year he attempted his first large oil painting, A Street Scene in Seville, wherein he first dealt with the complications of a scene observed outside the studio. Although he failed to matriculate in a formal degree program and had showed no works in the European salons, Eakins succeeded in absorbing the techniques and methods of French and Spanish masters, and he began to formulate his artistic vision which he demonstrated in his first major painting upon his return to America.", "Although he failed to matriculate in a formal degree program and had showed no works in the European salons, Eakins succeeded in absorbing the techniques and methods of French and Spanish masters, and he began to formulate his artistic vision which he demonstrated in his first major painting upon his return to America. \"I shall seek to achieve my broad effect from the very beginning\", he declared.", "\"I shall seek to achieve my broad effect from the very beginning\", he declared. Early career Eakins' first works upon his return from Europe included a large group of rowing scenes, eleven oils and watercolors in all, of which the first and most famous is Max Schmitt in a Single Scull (1871; also known as The Champion Single Sculling).", "Early career Eakins' first works upon his return from Europe included a large group of rowing scenes, eleven oils and watercolors in all, of which the first and most famous is Max Schmitt in a Single Scull (1871; also known as The Champion Single Sculling). Both his subject and his technique drew attention.", "Both his subject and his technique drew attention. His selection of a contemporary sport was \"a shock to the artistic conventionalities of the city\". Eakins placed himself in the painting, in a scull behind Schmitt, his name inscribed on the boat.", "Eakins placed himself in the painting, in a scull behind Schmitt, his name inscribed on the boat. Typically, the work entailed critical observation of the painting's subject, as well as preparatory drawings of the figure and perspective plans of the scull in the water.", "Typically, the work entailed critical observation of the painting's subject, as well as preparatory drawings of the figure and perspective plans of the scull in the water. Its preparation and composition indicates the importance of Eakins' academic training in Paris.", "Its preparation and composition indicates the importance of Eakins' academic training in Paris. It was a completely original conception, true to Eakins' firsthand experience, and an almost startlingly successful image for the artist, who had struggled with his first outdoor composition less than a year before.", "It was a completely original conception, true to Eakins' firsthand experience, and an almost startlingly successful image for the artist, who had struggled with his first outdoor composition less than a year before. His first known sale was the watercolor The Sculler (1874).", "His first known sale was the watercolor The Sculler (1874). Most critics judged the rowing pictures successful and auspicious, but after the initial flourish, Eakins never revisited the subject of rowing and went on to other sports themes.", "Most critics judged the rowing pictures successful and auspicious, but after the initial flourish, Eakins never revisited the subject of rowing and went on to other sports themes. At the same time that he made these initial ventures into outdoor themes, Eakins produced a series of domestic Victorian interiors, often with his father, his sisters or friends as the subjects.", "At the same time that he made these initial ventures into outdoor themes, Eakins produced a series of domestic Victorian interiors, often with his father, his sisters or friends as the subjects. Home Scene (1871), Elizabeth at the Piano (1875), The Chess Players (1876), and Elizabeth Crowell and her Dog (1874), each dark in tonality, focus on the unsentimental characterization of individuals adopting natural attitudes in their homes.", "Home Scene (1871), Elizabeth at the Piano (1875), The Chess Players (1876), and Elizabeth Crowell and her Dog (1874), each dark in tonality, focus on the unsentimental characterization of individuals adopting natural attitudes in their homes. It was in this vein that in 1872 he painted his first large scale portrait, Kathrin, in which the subject, Kathrin Crowell, is seen in dim light, playing with a kitten.", "It was in this vein that in 1872 he painted his first large scale portrait, Kathrin, in which the subject, Kathrin Crowell, is seen in dim light, playing with a kitten. In 1874 Eakins and Crowell became engaged; they were still engaged five years later, when Crowell died of meningitis in 1879.", "In 1874 Eakins and Crowell became engaged; they were still engaged five years later, when Crowell died of meningitis in 1879. Teaching and forced resignation from Academy Eakins returned to the Pennsylvania Academy to teach in 1876 as a volunteer after the opening of the school's new Frank Furness designed building.", "Teaching and forced resignation from Academy Eakins returned to the Pennsylvania Academy to teach in 1876 as a volunteer after the opening of the school's new Frank Furness designed building. He became a salaried professor in 1878, and rose to director in 1882.", "He became a salaried professor in 1878, and rose to director in 1882. His teaching methods were controversial: there was no drawing from antique casts, and students received only a short study in charcoal, followed quickly by their introduction to painting, in order to grasp subjects in true color as soon as practical.", "His teaching methods were controversial: there was no drawing from antique casts, and students received only a short study in charcoal, followed quickly by their introduction to painting, in order to grasp subjects in true color as soon as practical. He encouraged students to use photography as an aid to understanding anatomy and the study of motion, and disallowed prize competitions.", "He encouraged students to use photography as an aid to understanding anatomy and the study of motion, and disallowed prize competitions. Although there was no specialized vocational instruction, students with aspirations for using their school training for applied arts, such as illustration, lithography, and decoration, were as welcome as students interested in becoming portrait artists.", "Although there was no specialized vocational instruction, students with aspirations for using their school training for applied arts, such as illustration, lithography, and decoration, were as welcome as students interested in becoming portrait artists. Most notable was his interest in the instruction of all aspects of the human figure, including anatomical study of the human and animal body, and surgical dissection; there were also rigorous courses in the fundamentals of form, and studies in perspective which involved mathematics.", "Most notable was his interest in the instruction of all aspects of the human figure, including anatomical study of the human and animal body, and surgical dissection; there were also rigorous courses in the fundamentals of form, and studies in perspective which involved mathematics. As an aid to the study of anatomy, plaster casts were made from dissections, duplicates of which were furnished to students.", "As an aid to the study of anatomy, plaster casts were made from dissections, duplicates of which were furnished to students. A similar study was made of the anatomy of horses; acknowledging Eakins' expertise, in 1891 his friend, the sculptor William Rudolf O'Donovan, asked him to collaborate on the commission to create bronze equestrian reliefs of Abraham Lincoln and Ulysses S. Grant, for the Soldiers' and Sailors' Arch in Grand Army Plaza in Brooklyn.", "A similar study was made of the anatomy of horses; acknowledging Eakins' expertise, in 1891 his friend, the sculptor William Rudolf O'Donovan, asked him to collaborate on the commission to create bronze equestrian reliefs of Abraham Lincoln and Ulysses S. Grant, for the Soldiers' and Sailors' Arch in Grand Army Plaza in Brooklyn. Owing to Eakins' devotion to working from life, the Academy's course of study was by the early 1880s the most \"liberal and advanced in the world\".", "Owing to Eakins' devotion to working from life, the Academy's course of study was by the early 1880s the most \"liberal and advanced in the world\". Eakins believed in teaching by example and letting the students find their own way with only terse guidance.", "Eakins believed in teaching by example and letting the students find their own way with only terse guidance. His students included painters, cartoonists, and illustrators such as Henry Ossawa Tanner, Thomas Pollock Anshutz, Edward Willis Redfield, Colin Campbell Cooper, Alice Barber Stephens, Frederick Judd Waugh, T. S. Sullivant and A. B. Frost.", "B. Frost. Frost. He stated his teaching philosophy bluntly, \"A teacher can do very little for a pupil & should only be thankful if he don't hinder him ... and the greater the master, mostly the less he can say.\" He believed that women should \"assume professional privileges\" as would men.", "He believed that women should \"assume professional privileges\" as would men. Life classes and dissection were segregated but women had access to male models (who were nude but wore loincloths). The line between impartiality and questionable behavior was a thin one.", "The line between impartiality and questionable behavior was a thin one. When a female student, Amelia Van Buren, asked about the movement of the pelvis, Eakins invited her to his studio, where he undressed and \"gave her the explanation as I could not have done by words only\".", "When a female student, Amelia Van Buren, asked about the movement of the pelvis, Eakins invited her to his studio, where he undressed and \"gave her the explanation as I could not have done by words only\". Such incidents, coupled with the ambitions of his younger associates to oust him and take over the school themselves, created tensions between him and the Academy's board of directors.", "Such incidents, coupled with the ambitions of his younger associates to oust him and take over the school themselves, created tensions between him and the Academy's board of directors. He was ultimately forced to resign in 1886, for removing the loincloth of a male model in a class where female students were present.", "He was ultimately forced to resign in 1886, for removing the loincloth of a male model in a class where female students were present. The forced resignation was a major setback for Eakins. His family was split, with his in-laws siding against him in public dispute.", "His family was split, with his in-laws siding against him in public dispute. He struggled to protect his name against rumors and false charges, had bouts of ill health, and suffered a humiliation which he felt for the rest of his life.", "He struggled to protect his name against rumors and false charges, had bouts of ill health, and suffered a humiliation which he felt for the rest of his life. A drawing manual he had written and prepared illustrations for remained unfinished and unpublished during his lifetime.", "A drawing manual he had written and prepared illustrations for remained unfinished and unpublished during his lifetime. Eakins' popularity among the students was such that a number of them broke with the Academy and formed the Art Students' League of Philadelphia (1886–1893), where Eakins subsequently instructed.", "Eakins' popularity among the students was such that a number of them broke with the Academy and formed the Art Students' League of Philadelphia (1886–1893), where Eakins subsequently instructed. It was there that he met the student, Samuel Murray, who would become his protege and lifelong friend.", "It was there that he met the student, Samuel Murray, who would become his protege and lifelong friend. He also lectured and taught at a number of other schools, including the Art Students League of New York, the National Academy of Design, Cooper Union, and the Art Students' Guild in Washington DC.", "He also lectured and taught at a number of other schools, including the Art Students League of New York, the National Academy of Design, Cooper Union, and the Art Students' Guild in Washington DC. Dismissed in March 1895 by the Drexel Institute in Philadelphia for again using a fully nude male model, he gradually withdrew from teaching by 1898.", "Dismissed in March 1895 by the Drexel Institute in Philadelphia for again using a fully nude male model, he gradually withdrew from teaching by 1898. Photography Eakins has been credited with having \"introduced the camera to the American art studio\".", "Photography Eakins has been credited with having \"introduced the camera to the American art studio\". During his study abroad, he was exposed to the use of photography by the French realists, though the use of photography was still frowned upon as a shortcut by traditionalists.", "During his study abroad, he was exposed to the use of photography by the French realists, though the use of photography was still frowned upon as a shortcut by traditionalists. In the late 1870s, Eakins was introduced to the photographic motion studies of Eadweard Muybridge, particularly the equine studies, and became interested in using the camera to study sequential movement.", "In the late 1870s, Eakins was introduced to the photographic motion studies of Eadweard Muybridge, particularly the equine studies, and became interested in using the camera to study sequential movement. In the mid-1880s, Eakins worked briefly alongside Muybridge in the latter's photographic studio at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia.", "In the mid-1880s, Eakins worked briefly alongside Muybridge in the latter's photographic studio at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia. Eakins soon performed his own independent motion studies, also usually involving the nude figure, and even developed his own technique for capturing movement on film.", "Eakins soon performed his own independent motion studies, also usually involving the nude figure, and even developed his own technique for capturing movement on film. Whereas Muybridge's system relied on a series of cameras triggered to produce a sequence of individual photographs, Eakins preferred to use a single camera to produce a series of exposures superimposed on one negative.", "Whereas Muybridge's system relied on a series of cameras triggered to produce a sequence of individual photographs, Eakins preferred to use a single camera to produce a series of exposures superimposed on one negative. Eakins was more interested in precision measurements on a single image to aid in translating a motion into a painting, while Muybridge preferred separate images that could also be displayed by his primitive movie projector.", "Eakins was more interested in precision measurements on a single image to aid in translating a motion into a painting, while Muybridge preferred separate images that could also be displayed by his primitive movie projector. After Eakins obtained a camera in 1880, several paintings, such as Mending the Net (1881) and Arcadia (1883), are known to have been derived at least in part from his photographs.", "After Eakins obtained a camera in 1880, several paintings, such as Mending the Net (1881) and Arcadia (1883), are known to have been derived at least in part from his photographs. Some figures appear to be detailed transcriptions and tracings from the photographs by some device like a magic lantern, which Eakins then took pains to cover up with oil paint.", "Some figures appear to be detailed transcriptions and tracings from the photographs by some device like a magic lantern, which Eakins then took pains to cover up with oil paint. Eakins' methods appear to be meticulously applied, and rather than shortcuts, were likely used in a quest for accuracy and realism.", "Eakins' methods appear to be meticulously applied, and rather than shortcuts, were likely used in a quest for accuracy and realism. An excellent example of Eakins' use of this new technology is his painting A May Morning in the Park, which relied heavily on photographic motion studies to depict the true gait of the four horses pulling the coach of patron Fairman Rogers.", "An excellent example of Eakins' use of this new technology is his painting A May Morning in the Park, which relied heavily on photographic motion studies to depict the true gait of the four horses pulling the coach of patron Fairman Rogers. But in typical fashion, Eakins also employed wax figures and oil sketches to get the final effect he desired.", "But in typical fashion, Eakins also employed wax figures and oil sketches to get the final effect he desired. The so-called \"Naked Series\", which began in 1883, were nude photos of students and professional models which were taken to show real human anatomy from several specific angles, and were often hung and displayed for study at the school.", "The so-called \"Naked Series\", which began in 1883, were nude photos of students and professional models which were taken to show real human anatomy from several specific angles, and were often hung and displayed for study at the school. Later, less regimented poses were taken indoors and out, of men, women, and children, including his wife.", "Later, less regimented poses were taken indoors and out, of men, women, and children, including his wife. The most provocative, and the only ones combining males and females, were nude photos of Eakins and a female model (see below).", "The most provocative, and the only ones combining males and females, were nude photos of Eakins and a female model (see below). Although witnesses and chaperones were usually on site, and the poses were mostly traditional in nature, the sheer quantity of the photos and Eakins' overt display of them may have undermined his standing at the Academy.", "Although witnesses and chaperones were usually on site, and the poses were mostly traditional in nature, the sheer quantity of the photos and Eakins' overt display of them may have undermined his standing at the Academy. In all, about eight hundred photographs are now attributed to Eakins and his circle, most of which are figure studies, both clothed and nude, and portraits.", "In all, about eight hundred photographs are now attributed to Eakins and his circle, most of which are figure studies, both clothed and nude, and portraits. No other American artist of his time matched Eakins' interest in photography, nor produced a comparable body of photographic works.", "No other American artist of his time matched Eakins' interest in photography, nor produced a comparable body of photographic works. Eakins used photography for his own private ends as well. Aside from nude men, and women, he also photographed nude children.", "Aside from nude men, and women, he also photographed nude children. While the photographs of the nude adults are more artistically composed, the younger children and infants are posed less formally. These photographs, that are “charged with sexual overtones,” as Susan Danly and Cheryl Leibold write, are of unidentified children.", "These photographs, that are “charged with sexual overtones,” as Susan Danly and Cheryl Leibold write, are of unidentified children. In the catalog of Eakins' collection at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, photograph number 308 is of an African American child reclining on a couch and posed as Venus.", "In the catalog of Eakins' collection at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, photograph number 308 is of an African American child reclining on a couch and posed as Venus. Both Saidiya Hartman and Fred Moten write, respectively, about the photograph, and the child that it arrests.", "Both Saidiya Hartman and Fred Moten write, respectively, about the photograph, and the child that it arrests. Portraits I will never have to give up painting, for even now I could paint heads good enough to make a living anywhere in America.", "Portraits I will never have to give up painting, for even now I could paint heads good enough to make a living anywhere in America. For Eakins, portraiture held little interest as a means of fashionable idealization or even simple verisimilitude.", "For Eakins, portraiture held little interest as a means of fashionable idealization or even simple verisimilitude. Instead, it provided the opportunity to reveal the character of an individual through the modeling of solid anatomical form.", "Instead, it provided the opportunity to reveal the character of an individual through the modeling of solid anatomical form. This meant that, notwithstanding his youthful optimism, Eakins would never be a commercially successful portrait painter, as few paid commissions came his way.", "This meant that, notwithstanding his youthful optimism, Eakins would never be a commercially successful portrait painter, as few paid commissions came his way. But his total output of some two hundred and fifty portraits is characterized by \"an uncompromising search for the unique human being\".", "But his total output of some two hundred and fifty portraits is characterized by \"an uncompromising search for the unique human being\". Often this search for individuality required that the subject be painted in his own daily working environment.", "Often this search for individuality required that the subject be painted in his own daily working environment. Eakins' Portrait of Professor Benjamin H. Rand (1874) was a prelude to what many consider his most important work.", "Eakins' Portrait of Professor Benjamin H. Rand (1874) was a prelude to what many consider his most important work. In The Gross Clinic (1875), a renowned Philadelphia surgeon, Dr. Samuel D. Gross, is seen presiding over an operation to remove part of a diseased bone from a patient's thigh.", "In The Gross Clinic (1875), a renowned Philadelphia surgeon, Dr. Samuel D. Gross, is seen presiding over an operation to remove part of a diseased bone from a patient's thigh. Gross lectures in an amphitheater crowded with students at Jefferson Medical College.", "Gross lectures in an amphitheater crowded with students at Jefferson Medical College. Eakins spent nearly a year on the painting, again choosing a novel subject, the discipline of modern surgery, in which Philadelphia was in the forefront.", "Eakins spent nearly a year on the painting, again choosing a novel subject, the discipline of modern surgery, in which Philadelphia was in the forefront. He initiated the project and may have had the goal of a grand work befitting a showing at the Centennial Exposition of 1876.", "He initiated the project and may have had the goal of a grand work befitting a showing at the Centennial Exposition of 1876. Though rejected for the Art Gallery, the painting was shown on the centennial grounds at an exhibit of a U.S. Army Post Hospital.", "Though rejected for the Art Gallery, the painting was shown on the centennial grounds at an exhibit of a U.S. Army Post Hospital. In sharp contrast, another Eakins submission, The Chess Players, was accepted by the Committee and was much admired at the Centennial Exhibition, and critically praised.", "In sharp contrast, another Eakins submission, The Chess Players, was accepted by the Committee and was much admired at the Centennial Exhibition, and critically praised. At 96 by 78 inches (240 × 200 cm), The Gross Clinic is one of the artist's largest works, and considered by some to be his greatest.", "At 96 by 78 inches (240 × 200 cm), The Gross Clinic is one of the artist's largest works, and considered by some to be his greatest. Eakins' high expectations at the start of the project were recorded in a letter, \"What elates me more is that I have just got a new picture blocked in and it is very far better than anything I have ever done.", "Eakins' high expectations at the start of the project were recorded in a letter, \"What elates me more is that I have just got a new picture blocked in and it is very far better than anything I have ever done. As I spoil things less and less in finishing I have the greatest hopes of this one\" But if Eakins hoped to impress his home town with the picture, he was to be disappointed; public reaction to the painting of a realistic surgical incision and the resultant blood was ambivalent at best, and it was finally purchased by the college for the unimpressive sum of $200.", "As I spoil things less and less in finishing I have the greatest hopes of this one\" But if Eakins hoped to impress his home town with the picture, he was to be disappointed; public reaction to the painting of a realistic surgical incision and the resultant blood was ambivalent at best, and it was finally purchased by the college for the unimpressive sum of $200. Eakins borrowed it for subsequent exhibitions, where it drew strong reactions, such as that of the New York Daily Tribune, which both acknowledged and damned its powerful image, \"but the more one praises it, the more one must condemn its admission to a gallery where men and women of weak nerves must be compelled to look at it.", "Eakins borrowed it for subsequent exhibitions, where it drew strong reactions, such as that of the New York Daily Tribune, which both acknowledged and damned its powerful image, \"but the more one praises it, the more one must condemn its admission to a gallery where men and women of weak nerves must be compelled to look at it. For not to look it is impossible...No purpose is gained by this morbid exhibition, no lesson taught—the painter shows his skill and the spectators' gorge rises at it—that is all.\"", "For not to look it is impossible...No purpose is gained by this morbid exhibition, no lesson taught—the painter shows his skill and the spectators' gorge rises at it—that is all.\" The college now describes it thus: \"Today the once maligned picture is celebrated as a great nineteenth-century medical history painting, featuring one of the most superb portraits in American art\".", "The college now describes it thus: \"Today the once maligned picture is celebrated as a great nineteenth-century medical history painting, featuring one of the most superb portraits in American art\". In 1876, Eakins completed a portrait of Dr. John Brinton, surgeon of the Philadelphia Hospital, and famed for his Civil War service.", "In 1876, Eakins completed a portrait of Dr. John Brinton, surgeon of the Philadelphia Hospital, and famed for his Civil War service. Done in a more informal setting than The Gross Clinic, it was a personal favorite of Eakins, and The Art Journal proclaimed \"it is in every respect a more favorable example of this artist's abilities than his much-talked-of composition representing a dissecting room.\"", "Done in a more informal setting than The Gross Clinic, it was a personal favorite of Eakins, and The Art Journal proclaimed \"it is in every respect a more favorable example of this artist's abilities than his much-talked-of composition representing a dissecting room.\" Other outstanding examples of his portraits include The Agnew Clinic (1889), Eakins' most important commission and largest painting, which depicted another eminent American surgeon, Dr. David Hayes Agnew, performing a mastectomy; The Dean's Roll Call (1899), featuring Dr. James W. Holland, and Professor Leslie W. Miller (1901), portraits of educators standing as if addressing an audience; a portrait of Frank Hamilton Cushing (c. 1895), in which the prominent ethnologist is seen performing an incantation at the Zuñi pueblo; Professor Henry A. Rowland (1897), a brilliant scientist whose study of spectroscopy revolutionized his field; Antiquated Music (1900), in which Mrs. William D. Frishmuth is shown seated amidst her collection of musical instruments; and The Concert Singer (1890–92), for which Eakins asked Weda Cook to sing \"O rest in the Lord\", so that he could study the muscles of her throat and mouth.", "Other outstanding examples of his portraits include The Agnew Clinic (1889), Eakins' most important commission and largest painting, which depicted another eminent American surgeon, Dr. David Hayes Agnew, performing a mastectomy; The Dean's Roll Call (1899), featuring Dr. James W. Holland, and Professor Leslie W. Miller (1901), portraits of educators standing as if addressing an audience; a portrait of Frank Hamilton Cushing (c. 1895), in which the prominent ethnologist is seen performing an incantation at the Zuñi pueblo; Professor Henry A. Rowland (1897), a brilliant scientist whose study of spectroscopy revolutionized his field; Antiquated Music (1900), in which Mrs. William D. Frishmuth is shown seated amidst her collection of musical instruments; and The Concert Singer (1890–92), for which Eakins asked Weda Cook to sing \"O rest in the Lord\", so that he could study the muscles of her throat and mouth. To replicate the proper deployment of a baton, Eakins enlisted an orchestral conductor to pose for the hand seen in the lower left-hand corner of the painting.", "To replicate the proper deployment of a baton, Eakins enlisted an orchestral conductor to pose for the hand seen in the lower left-hand corner of the painting. Of Eakins' later portraits, many took as their subjects women who were friends or students. Unlike most portrayals of women at the time, they are devoid of glamor and idealization.", "Unlike most portrayals of women at the time, they are devoid of glamor and idealization. For Portrait of Letitia Wilson Jordan (1888), Eakins painted the sitter wearing the same evening dress in which he had seen her at a party. She is a substantial presence, a vision quite different from the era's fashionable portraiture.", "She is a substantial presence, a vision quite different from the era's fashionable portraiture. So, too, his Portrait of Maud Cook (1895), where the obvious beauty of the subject is noted with \"a stark objectivity\".", "So, too, his Portrait of Maud Cook (1895), where the obvious beauty of the subject is noted with \"a stark objectivity\". The portrait of Miss Amelia Van Buren (c. 1890), a friend and former pupil, suggests the melancholy of a complex personality, and has been called \"the finest of all American portraits\".", "The portrait of Miss Amelia Van Buren (c. 1890), a friend and former pupil, suggests the melancholy of a complex personality, and has been called \"the finest of all American portraits\". Even Susan Macdowell Eakins, a strong painter and former student who married Eakins in 1884, was not sentimentalized: despite its richness of color, The Artist's Wife and His Setter Dog (c. 1884–89) is a penetratingly candid portrait.", "Even Susan Macdowell Eakins, a strong painter and former student who married Eakins in 1884, was not sentimentalized: despite its richness of color, The Artist's Wife and His Setter Dog (c. 1884–89) is a penetratingly candid portrait. Some of his most vivid portraits resulted from a late series done for the Catholic clergy, which included paintings of a cardinal, archbishops, bishops, and monsignors.", "Some of his most vivid portraits resulted from a late series done for the Catholic clergy, which included paintings of a cardinal, archbishops, bishops, and monsignors. As usual, most of the sitters were engaged at Eakins' request, and were given the portraits when Eakins had completed them.", "As usual, most of the sitters were engaged at Eakins' request, and were given the portraits when Eakins had completed them. In portraits of His Eminence Sebastiano Cardinal Martinelli (1902), Archbishop William Henry Elder (1903), and Monsignor James P. Turner (c. 1906), Eakins took advantage of the brilliant vestments of the offices to animate the compositions in a way not possible in his other male portraits.", "In portraits of His Eminence Sebastiano Cardinal Martinelli (1902), Archbishop William Henry Elder (1903), and Monsignor James P. Turner (c. 1906), Eakins took advantage of the brilliant vestments of the offices to animate the compositions in a way not possible in his other male portraits. Deeply affected by his dismissal from the Academy, Eakins focused his later career on portraiture, such as his 1905 Portrait of Professor William S. Forbes.", "Deeply affected by his dismissal from the Academy, Eakins focused his later career on portraiture, such as his 1905 Portrait of Professor William S. Forbes. His steadfast insistence on his own vision of realism, in addition to his notoriety from his school scandals, combined to hurt his income in later years.", "His steadfast insistence on his own vision of realism, in addition to his notoriety from his school scandals, combined to hurt his income in later years. Even as he approached these portraits with the skill of a highly trained anatomist, what is most noteworthy is the intense psychological presence of his sitters.", "Even as he approached these portraits with the skill of a highly trained anatomist, what is most noteworthy is the intense psychological presence of his sitters. However, it was precisely for this reason that his portraits were often rejected by the sitters or their families.", "However, it was precisely for this reason that his portraits were often rejected by the sitters or their families. As a result, Eakins came to rely on his friends and family members to model for portraits. His portrait of Walt Whitman (1887–1888) was the poet's favorite.", "His portrait of Walt Whitman (1887–1888) was the poet's favorite. The figure Eakins' lifelong interest in the figure, nude or nearly so, took several thematic forms. The rowing paintings of the early 1870s constitute the first series of figure studies.", "The rowing paintings of the early 1870s constitute the first series of figure studies. In Eakins' largest picture on the subject, The Biglin Brothers Turning the Stake (1873), the muscular dynamism of the body is given its fullest treatment.", "In Eakins' largest picture on the subject, The Biglin Brothers Turning the Stake (1873), the muscular dynamism of the body is given its fullest treatment. In the 1877 painting William Rush and His Model, he painted the female nude as integral to a historical subject, even though there is no evidence that the model who posed for Rush did so in the nude.", "In the 1877 painting William Rush and His Model, he painted the female nude as integral to a historical subject, even though there is no evidence that the model who posed for Rush did so in the nude. The Centennial Exhibition of 1876 helped foster a revival in interest in Colonial America and Eakins participated with an ambitious project employing oil studies, wax and wood models, and finally the portrait in 1877.", "The Centennial Exhibition of 1876 helped foster a revival in interest in Colonial America and Eakins participated with an ambitious project employing oil studies, wax and wood models, and finally the portrait in 1877. William Rush was a celebrated Colonial sculptor and ship carver, a revered example of an artist-citizen who figured prominently in Philadelphia civic life, and a founder of the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts where Eakins had started teaching.", "William Rush was a celebrated Colonial sculptor and ship carver, a revered example of an artist-citizen who figured prominently in Philadelphia civic life, and a founder of the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts where Eakins had started teaching. Despite his sincerely depicted reverence for Rush, Eakins' treatment of the human body once again drew criticism.", "Despite his sincerely depicted reverence for Rush, Eakins' treatment of the human body once again drew criticism. This time it was the nude model and her heaped-up clothes depicted front and center, with Rush relegated to the deep shadows in the left background, that stirred dissatisfaction.", "This time it was the nude model and her heaped-up clothes depicted front and center, with Rush relegated to the deep shadows in the left background, that stirred dissatisfaction. Nonetheless, Eakins found a subject that referenced his native city and an earlier Philadelphia artist, and allowed for an assay on the female nude seen from behind.", "Nonetheless, Eakins found a subject that referenced his native city and an earlier Philadelphia artist, and allowed for an assay on the female nude seen from behind. When he returned to the subject many years later, the narrative became more personal: In William Rush and His Model (1908), gone are the chaperon and detailed interior of the earlier work.", "When he returned to the subject many years later, the narrative became more personal: In William Rush and His Model (1908), gone are the chaperon and detailed interior of the earlier work. The professional distance between sculptor and model has been eliminated, and the relationship has become intimate.", "The professional distance between sculptor and model has been eliminated, and the relationship has become intimate. In one version of the painting from that year, the nude is seen from the front, being helped down from the model stand by an artist who bears a strong resemblance to Eakins.", "In one version of the painting from that year, the nude is seen from the front, being helped down from the model stand by an artist who bears a strong resemblance to Eakins. The Swimming Hole (1884–85) features Eakins' finest studies of the nude, in his most successfully constructed outdoor picture.", "The Swimming Hole (1884–85) features Eakins' finest studies of the nude, in his most successfully constructed outdoor picture. The figures are those of his friends and students, and include a self-portrait.", "The figures are those of his friends and students, and include a self-portrait. Although there are photographs by Eakins which relate to the painting, the picture's powerful pyramidal composition and sculptural conception of the individual bodies are completely distinctive pictorial resolutions. The work was painted on commission, but was refused.", "The work was painted on commission, but was refused. In the late 1890s Eakins returned to the male figure, this time in a more urban setting. Taking the Count (1896), a painting of a prizefight, was his second largest canvas, but not his most successful composition.", "Taking the Count (1896), a painting of a prizefight, was his second largest canvas, but not his most successful composition. The same may be said of Wrestlers (1899).", "The same may be said of Wrestlers (1899). More successful was Between Rounds (1899), for which boxer Billy Smith posed seated in his corner at Philadelphia's Arena; in fact, all the principal figures were posed by models re-enacting what had been an actual fight.", "More successful was Between Rounds (1899), for which boxer Billy Smith posed seated in his corner at Philadelphia's Arena; in fact, all the principal figures were posed by models re-enacting what had been an actual fight. Salutat (1898), a frieze-like composition in which the main figure is isolated, \"is one of Eakins' finest achievements in figure-painting.\"", "Salutat (1898), a frieze-like composition in which the main figure is isolated, \"is one of Eakins' finest achievements in figure-painting.\" Although Eakins was agnostic, he painted The Crucifixion in 1880.", "Although Eakins was agnostic, he painted The Crucifixion in 1880. Art historian Akela Reason says Eakins's selection of this subject has puzzled some art historians who, unable to reconcile what appears to be an anomalous religious image by a reputedly agnostic artist, have related it solely to Eakins's desire for realism, thus divesting the painting of its religious content.", "Art historian Akela Reason says Eakins's selection of this subject has puzzled some art historians who, unable to reconcile what appears to be an anomalous religious image by a reputedly agnostic artist, have related it solely to Eakins's desire for realism, thus divesting the painting of its religious content. Lloyd Goodrich, for example, considered this illustration of Christ's suffering completely devoid of \"religious sentiment\" and suggested that Eakins intended it simply as a realist study of the male nude body.", "Lloyd Goodrich, for example, considered this illustration of Christ's suffering completely devoid of \"religious sentiment\" and suggested that Eakins intended it simply as a realist study of the male nude body. As a result, art historians have frequently associated 'Crucifixion' (like Swimming) with Eakins's strong interest in anatomy and the nude.", "As a result, art historians have frequently associated 'Crucifixion' (like Swimming) with Eakins's strong interest in anatomy and the nude. In his later years Eakins persistently asked his female portrait models to pose in the nude, a practice which would have been all but prohibited in conventional Philadelphia society. Inevitably, his desires were frustrated.", "Inevitably, his desires were frustrated. Personal life and marriage The nature of Eakins' sexuality and its impact on his art is a matter of intense scholarly debate.", "Personal life and marriage The nature of Eakins' sexuality and its impact on his art is a matter of intense scholarly debate. Strong circumstantial evidence points to discussion during Eakins's lifetime that he had homosexual leanings, and there is little doubt that he was attracted to men, as evidenced in his photography, and three major paintings where male buttocks are a focal point: The Gross Clinic, Salutat, and The Swimming Hole.", "Strong circumstantial evidence points to discussion during Eakins's lifetime that he had homosexual leanings, and there is little doubt that he was attracted to men, as evidenced in his photography, and three major paintings where male buttocks are a focal point: The Gross Clinic, Salutat, and The Swimming Hole. The latter, in which Eakins appears, is increasingly seen as sensuous and autobiographical.", "The latter, in which Eakins appears, is increasingly seen as sensuous and autobiographical. Until recently, major Eakins scholars persistently denied he was homosexual, and such discussion was marginalized. While there is still no consensus, today discussion of homoerotic desire plays a large role in Eakins scholarship.", "While there is still no consensus, today discussion of homoerotic desire plays a large role in Eakins scholarship. The discovery of a large trove of Eakins' personal papers in 1984 has also driven reassessment of his life. Eakins met Emily Sartain, daughter of John Sartain, while studying at the academy.", "Eakins met Emily Sartain, daughter of John Sartain, while studying at the academy. Their romance foundered after Eakins moved to Paris to study, and she accused him of immorality. It is likely Eakins had told her of frequenting places where prostitutes assembled.", "It is likely Eakins had told her of frequenting places where prostitutes assembled. The son of Eakins' physician also reported that Eakins had been \"very loose sexually—went to France, where there are no morals, and the french morality suited him to a T\".", "The son of Eakins' physician also reported that Eakins had been \"very loose sexually—went to France, where there are no morals, and the french morality suited him to a T\". In 1884, at age 40, Eakins married Susan Hannah Macdowell, the daughter of a Philadelphia engraver.", "In 1884, at age 40, Eakins married Susan Hannah Macdowell, the daughter of a Philadelphia engraver. Two years earlier Eakins' sister Margaret, who had acted as his secretary and personal servant, had died of typhoid. It has been suggested that Eakins married to replace her.", "It has been suggested that Eakins married to replace her. Macdowell was 25 when Eakins met her at the Hazeltine Gallery where The Gross Clinic was being exhibited in 1875.", "Macdowell was 25 when Eakins met her at the Hazeltine Gallery where The Gross Clinic was being exhibited in 1875. Unlike many, she was impressed by the controversial painting and she decided to study with him at the Academy, which she attended for six years, adopting a sober, realistic style similar to her teacher's.", "Unlike many, she was impressed by the controversial painting and she decided to study with him at the Academy, which she attended for six years, adopting a sober, realistic style similar to her teacher's. Macdowell was an outstanding student and winner of the Mary Smith Prize for the best painting by a matriculating woman artist.", "Macdowell was an outstanding student and winner of the Mary Smith Prize for the best painting by a matriculating woman artist. During their childless marriage, she painted only sporadically and spent most of her time supporting her husband's career, entertaining guests and students, and faithfully backing him in his difficult times with the academy, even when some members of her family aligned against Eakins.", "During their childless marriage, she painted only sporadically and spent most of her time supporting her husband's career, entertaining guests and students, and faithfully backing him in his difficult times with the academy, even when some members of her family aligned against Eakins. She and Eakins both shared a passion for photography, both as photographers and subjects, and employed it as a tool for their art.", "She and Eakins both shared a passion for photography, both as photographers and subjects, and employed it as a tool for their art. She also posed nude for many of his photos and took images of him. Both had separate studios in their home.", "Both had separate studios in their home. After Eakins' death in 1916, she returned to painting, adding considerably to her output right up to the 1930s, in a style that became warmer, looser, and brighter in tone. She died in 1938.", "She died in 1938. She died in 1938. Thirty-five years after her death, in 1973, she had her first one-woman exhibition at the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts. In the latter years of his life, Eakins' constant companion was the handsome sculptor Samuel Murray, who shared his interest in boxing and bicycling.", "In the latter years of his life, Eakins' constant companion was the handsome sculptor Samuel Murray, who shared his interest in boxing and bicycling. The evidence suggests the relationship was more emotionally important to Eakins than that with his wife.", "The evidence suggests the relationship was more emotionally important to Eakins than that with his wife. Throughout his life, Eakins appears to have been drawn to those who were mentally vulnerable and then preyed upon those weaknesses. Several of his students ended their lives in insanity.", "Several of his students ended their lives in insanity. Death and legacy Eakins died on June 25, 1916, at the age of 71 and is buried at The Woodlands, which is located near the University of Pennsylvania in West Philadelphia. Late in life Eakins did experience some recognition. In 1902 he was made a National Academician.", "In 1902 he was made a National Academician. In 1914 the sale of a portrait study of D. Hayes Agnew for The Agnew Clinic to Dr. Albert C. Barnes precipitated much publicity when rumors circulated that the selling price was fifty thousand dollars. In fact, Barnes bought the painting for four thousand dollars.", "In fact, Barnes bought the painting for four thousand dollars. In the year after his death, Eakins was honored with a memorial retrospective at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, and in 1917–18 the Pennsylvania Academy followed suit.", "In the year after his death, Eakins was honored with a memorial retrospective at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, and in 1917–18 the Pennsylvania Academy followed suit. Susan Macdowell Eakins did much to preserve his reputation, including gifting the Philadelphia Museum of Art with more than fifty of her husband's oil paintings.", "Susan Macdowell Eakins did much to preserve his reputation, including gifting the Philadelphia Museum of Art with more than fifty of her husband's oil paintings. After her death in 1938, other works were sold off, and eventually another large collection of art and personal material was purchased by Joseph Hirshhorn, and now is part of the Hirshhorn Museum's collection.", "After her death in 1938, other works were sold off, and eventually another large collection of art and personal material was purchased by Joseph Hirshhorn, and now is part of the Hirshhorn Museum's collection. Since then, Eakins' home in North Philadelphia was put on the National Register of Historic Places list in 1966, and Eakins Oval, across from the Philadelphia Museum of Art on the Benjamin Franklin Parkway, was named for the artist.", "Since then, Eakins' home in North Philadelphia was put on the National Register of Historic Places list in 1966, and Eakins Oval, across from the Philadelphia Museum of Art on the Benjamin Franklin Parkway, was named for the artist. In 1967 The Biglin Brothers Racing (1872) was reproduced on a United States postage stamp.", "In 1967 The Biglin Brothers Racing (1872) was reproduced on a United States postage stamp. His work was also part of the painting event in the art competition at the 1932 Summer Olympics. Eakins' attitude toward realism in painting, and his desire to explore the heart of American life proved influential.", "Eakins' attitude toward realism in painting, and his desire to explore the heart of American life proved influential. He taught hundreds of students, among them his future wife Susan Macdowell, African-American painter Henry Ossawa Tanner, and Thomas Anshutz, who taught, in turn, Robert Henri, George Luks, John Sloan, and Everett Shinn, future members of the Ashcan School, and other realists and artistic heirs to Eakins' philosophy.", "He taught hundreds of students, among them his future wife Susan Macdowell, African-American painter Henry Ossawa Tanner, and Thomas Anshutz, who taught, in turn, Robert Henri, George Luks, John Sloan, and Everett Shinn, future members of the Ashcan School, and other realists and artistic heirs to Eakins' philosophy. Though his is not a household name, and though during his lifetime Eakins struggled to make a living from his work, today he is regarded as one of the most important American artists of any period.", "Though his is not a household name, and though during his lifetime Eakins struggled to make a living from his work, today he is regarded as one of the most important American artists of any period. Since the 1990s, Eakins has emerged as a major figure in sexuality studies in art history, for both the homoeroticism of his male nudes and for the complexity of his attitudes toward women.", "Since the 1990s, Eakins has emerged as a major figure in sexuality studies in art history, for both the homoeroticism of his male nudes and for the complexity of his attitudes toward women. Controversy shaped much of his career as a teacher and as an artist.", "Controversy shaped much of his career as a teacher and as an artist. He insisted on teaching men and women \"the same\", used nude male models in female classes and vice versa, and was accused of abusing female students.", "He insisted on teaching men and women \"the same\", used nude male models in female classes and vice versa, and was accused of abusing female students. Recent scholarship suggests that these scandals were grounded in more than the \"puritanical prudery\" of his contemporaries—as had once been assumed—and that Eakins' progressive academic principles may have protected unconscious and dubious agendas.", "Recent scholarship suggests that these scandals were grounded in more than the \"puritanical prudery\" of his contemporaries—as had once been assumed—and that Eakins' progressive academic principles may have protected unconscious and dubious agendas. These controversies may have been caused by a combination of factors such as the bohemianism of Eakins and his circle (in which students, for example, sometimes modeled in the nude for each other), the intensity and authority of his teaching style, and Eakins' inclination toward unorthodox or provocative behavior.", "These controversies may have been caused by a combination of factors such as the bohemianism of Eakins and his circle (in which students, for example, sometimes modeled in the nude for each other), the intensity and authority of his teaching style, and Eakins' inclination toward unorthodox or provocative behavior. Disposition of estate Eakins was unable to sell many of his works during his lifetime, so when he died in 1916, a large body of artwork passed to his widow, Susan Macdowell Eakins.", "Disposition of estate Eakins was unable to sell many of his works during his lifetime, so when he died in 1916, a large body of artwork passed to his widow, Susan Macdowell Eakins. She carefully preserved it, donating some of the strongest pieces to various museums.", "She carefully preserved it, donating some of the strongest pieces to various museums. When she in turn died in 1938, much of the remaining artistic estate was destroyed or damaged by executors, and the remainders were belatedly salvaged by a former Eakins student. For more details, see the article \"List of works by Thomas Eakins\".", "For more details, see the article \"List of works by Thomas Eakins\". On November 11, 2006, the Board of Trustees at Thomas Jefferson University agreed to sell The Gross Clinic to the National Gallery of Art in Washington DC, and the Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art in Bentonville, Arkansas for a record $68,000,000, the highest price for an Eakins painting as well as a record price for an individual American-made portrait.", "On November 11, 2006, the Board of Trustees at Thomas Jefferson University agreed to sell The Gross Clinic to the National Gallery of Art in Washington DC, and the Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art in Bentonville, Arkansas for a record $68,000,000, the highest price for an Eakins painting as well as a record price for an individual American-made portrait. On December 21, 2006, a group of donors agreed to match the price to keep the painting in Philadelphia.", "On December 21, 2006, a group of donors agreed to match the price to keep the painting in Philadelphia. It is displayed alternately at the Philadelphia Museum of Art and at the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts.", "It is displayed alternately at the Philadelphia Museum of Art and at the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts. Assessment On October 29, 1917, Robert Henri wrote an open letter to the Art Students League about Eakins: In 1982, in his two-volume Eakins biography, art historian Lloyd Goodrich wrote: In spite of limitations—and what artist is free of them?—Eakins' achievement was monumental.", "Assessment On October 29, 1917, Robert Henri wrote an open letter to the Art Students League about Eakins: In 1982, in his two-volume Eakins biography, art historian Lloyd Goodrich wrote: In spite of limitations—and what artist is free of them?—Eakins' achievement was monumental. He was our first major painter to accept completely the realities of contemporary urban America, and from them to create powerful, profound art...", "He was our first major painter to accept completely the realities of contemporary urban America, and from them to create powerful, profound art... In portraiture alone Eakins was the strongest American painter since Copley, with equal substance and power, and added penetration, depth, and subtlety.", "In portraiture alone Eakins was the strongest American painter since Copley, with equal substance and power, and added penetration, depth, and subtlety. John Canaday, art critic for The New York Times, wrote in 1964: As a supreme realist, Eakins appeared heavy and vulgar to a public that thought of art, and culture in general, largely in terms of a graceful sentimentality.", "John Canaday, art critic for The New York Times, wrote in 1964: As a supreme realist, Eakins appeared heavy and vulgar to a public that thought of art, and culture in general, largely in terms of a graceful sentimentality. Today he seems to us to have recorded his fellow Americans with a perception that was often as tender as it was vigorous, and to have preserved for us the essence of an American life which, indeed, he did not idealize—because it seemed to him beautiful beyond the necessity of idealization.", "Today he seems to us to have recorded his fellow Americans with a perception that was often as tender as it was vigorous, and to have preserved for us the essence of an American life which, indeed, he did not idealize—because it seemed to him beautiful beyond the necessity of idealization. See also List of painters by name beginning with \"E\" List of American artists before 1900 List of people from Philadelphia Visual art of the United States Notes Further reading Adams, Henry: Eakins Revealed: The Secret Life of an American Artist.", "See also List of painters by name beginning with \"E\" List of American artists before 1900 List of people from Philadelphia Visual art of the United States Notes Further reading Adams, Henry: Eakins Revealed: The Secret Life of an American Artist. Oxford University Press, 2005. .", "Oxford University Press, 2005. . Oxford University Press, 2005. . Berger, Martin: Man Made: Thomas Eakins and the Construction of Gilded Age Manhood. University of California Press, 2000. . Brown, Dotty: Boathouse Row: Waves of Change in the Birthplace of American Rowing. Temple University Press, 2017. .", "Temple University Press, 2017. . Temple University Press, 2017. . Canaday, John: Thomas Eakins; \"Familiar truths in clear and beautiful language\", Horizon. Volume VI, Number 4, Autumn 1964. Dacey, Philip: The Mystery of Max Schmitt, Poems on the Life of Thomas Eakins\".", "Dacey, Philip: The Mystery of Max Schmitt, Poems on the Life of Thomas Eakins\". Turning Point Press, 2004. Doyle, Jennifer: \"Sex, Scandal, and 'The Gross Clinic'\". Representations 68 (Fall 1999): 1–33. Goodrich, Lloyd: Thomas Eakins. Harvard University Press, 1982.", "Harvard University Press, 1982. Harvard University Press, 1982. Homer, William Innes: Thomas Eakins: His Life and Art. Abbeville Press, 1992. Johns, Elizabeth: Thomas Eakins. Princeton University Press, 1991. Kirkpatrick, Sidney: The Revenge of Thomas Eakins. Yale University Press, 2006. .", "Yale University Press, 2006. . Yale University Press, 2006. . Lubin, David: Acts of Portrayal: Eakins, Sargeant, James. Yale University Press, 1985. Sewell, Darrel; et al. Thomas Eakins. Yale University Press, 2001. Sewell, Darrel: Thomas Eakins: Artist of Philadelphia.", "Sewell, Darrel: Thomas Eakins: Artist of Philadelphia. Philadelphia Museum of Art, 1982. Sullivan, Mark W. \"Thomas Eakins and His Portrait of Father Fedigan,\" Records of the American Catholic Historical Society of Philadelphia, Vol. 109, No. 3-4 (Fall-Winter 1998), pp. 1–23.", "3-4 (Fall-Winter 1998), pp. 1–23. 1–23. Updike, John: Still Looking: Essays on American Art. Alfred A. Knopf, 2005. Weinberg, H. Barbara: Thomas Eakins and the Metropolitan Museum of Art. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1994.", "The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1994. Publication no: 885-660 Werbel, Amy: Thomas Eakins: Art, Medicine, and Sexuality in Nineteenth-Century Philadelphia. Yale University Press, 2007. . The Paris Letters of Thomas Eakins. Edited by William Innes Homer.", "Edited by William Innes Homer. Edited by William Innes Homer. Princeton, Princeton University Press, 2009, Braddock, Alan: Thomas Eakins and The Cultures of Modernity. University of California Press, 2009.", "University of California Press, 2009. (see index) External links Thomaseakins.org, 148 works by Thomas Eakins Thomas Eakins Exhibition at The Metropolitan Museum of Art Thomas Eakins letters online at the Smithsonian Archives of American Art Selections from the Seymour Adelman collection, 1845–1958 features a collection of documents relating to Eakins and his family from the Archives of American Art Works by Thomas Eakins at Bryn Mawr College Documentary film broadcast on PBS network in 2002 1844 births 1916 deaths 19th-century American painters American male painters 20th-century American painters American agnostics American people of Dutch descent American people of English descent American people of Scotch-Irish descent Central High School (Philadelphia) alumni Drexel University faculty Gilded Age Realist painters Artists from Philadelphia Art Students League of New York faculty Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts alumni Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts faculty American alumni of the École des Beaux-Arts American expatriates in France Schuylkill River National Academy of Design members American portrait painters 20th-century American sculptors 19th-century American sculptors 19th-century male artists American male sculptors Burials at The Woodlands Cemetery Painters from Pennsylvania Sculptors from Pennsylvania Nude photography Photographers from Pennsylvania 19th-century American photographers 20th-century American photographers Sculptors from New York (state) Olympic competitors in art competitions" ]

[ "Earth Crisis", "Lyrics, views and activism" ]

[ "\"Ishy Bilady\" () is the national anthem of the United Arab Emirates (, ). It was officially accepted as the national anthem of the United Arab Emirates after the formation of the country in 1971.\n\nHistory and use\nAfter the country's formal nationalisation in 1971, Egyptian composer Saad Abdel Wahab -- a nephew of famous Egyptian composer Mohammed Abdel Wahab-- created the melody for \"ʿĪshī Bilādī\" in that same year; however, the anthem did not have lyrics until 1986, which were written by ʿĀrif al-Shaykh.\n\nLyrics\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nUnited Arab Emirates: Ishy Bilady - Audio of the national anthem of United Arab Emirates, with information and lyrics\nInstrumental version of \"Tahiat Alalam\" in RealAudio\nVocal version of \"Ishy Bilady\".\n\nAsian anthems\nEmirati patriotic songs\nNational symbols of the United Arab Emirates\nNational anthem compositions in F major", "\"Down by the Bay\" is a traditional children's song. A famous version was performed by Raffi and appears on his 1976 album Singable Songs for the Very Young. In an interview with the Vulture Newsletter, Raffi described it as being “An old, old song\", saying that \"It may have been a World War I song... It came from England.” \n\nIn recent years, it has gained popularity as a campfire song among the Scouting Movement in Britain. Another version of the song is \"Down by the Sea.\" The chorus from this was used by the folk band, Fiddler's Dram, in their song \"Johnny John.\"\n\nThe song lyrics are usually as follows:\n\nUsually the insertion lyrics follow some kind of variation of the question \"Did/(Have) you ever see(n) a _ _ing a _?\", with the first and last blank rhyming. For example:\n \"Did you ever see a moose kissing a goose?\" (or \"goose kissing a moose\")\n \"Did you ever see a whale with a polka dot tail?\"\n \"Did you ever see a fly wearing a tie?\"\n \"Did you ever see a bear combing his hair?\"\n \"Did you ever see a lion being a bean?\"\n\nThe song can be ended with the following line:\n \"Did you ever have a time when you couldn't make a rhyme?\"\n\nEach of the rhyming lines is followed by the ending line:\n \"Down by the bay\"\n\nReferences\n\nEnglish children's songs\n1910s songs\nSongwriter unknown\nYear of song unknown" ]

[ "Earth Crisis is an American hardcore punk band from Syracuse, New York, active from 1989 until 2001, reuniting in 2007. Since 1993 the band's longest serving members are vocalist Karl Buechner, lead guitarist Scott Crouse, bassist Ian Edwards and drummer Dennis Merrick. Their third and current rhythm guitarist Erick Edwards joined the band in 1998.", "Their third and current rhythm guitarist Erick Edwards joined the band in 1998. The band has released eight studio albums, three compilations, two live albums and six music videos. The band is known for supporting animal rights, promoting a straight edge and vegan lifestyle, and addressing further social and political issues.", "The band is known for supporting animal rights, promoting a straight edge and vegan lifestyle, and addressing further social and political issues. Earth Crisis is considered a crucial developer and influence for both the metalcore genre and vegan straight edge movement.", "Earth Crisis is considered a crucial developer and influence for both the metalcore genre and vegan straight edge movement. History Initial career (1989–1995) The band originally formed in 1989, after bassist Karl Buechner proposed the idea to his friend DJ Rose, whom he knew because both skateboarded together.", "History Initial career (1989–1995) The band originally formed in 1989, after bassist Karl Buechner proposed the idea to his friend DJ Rose, whom he knew because both skateboarded together. Rose became the vocalist and they were joined by Jesse Buckley on drums and John Moseman on guitar.", "Rose became the vocalist and they were joined by Jesse Buckley on drums and John Moseman on guitar. Established in the latter part of the youth crew heyday, where many groups disbanded and their members stopped being straight edge, they wanted to \"keep that torch burning\", as Buechner said.", "Established in the latter part of the youth crew heyday, where many groups disbanded and their members stopped being straight edge, they wanted to \"keep that torch burning\", as Buechner said. \"The feeling of disappointment we had in those bands lead us to promote straight edge as being a lifetime commitment to never touch a drop of poison.", "\"The feeling of disappointment we had in those bands lead us to promote straight edge as being a lifetime commitment to never touch a drop of poison. We wanted people to know they can believe in us.\"", "We wanted people to know they can believe in us.\" Rose named the band after the 1984's album of the same name from the British reggae band Steel Pulse, because its cover portrayed many of the things they \"would stand against\", such as the starving African children, the two blocs of the Cold War and Klansmen.", "Rose named the band after the 1984's album of the same name from the British reggae band Steel Pulse, because its cover portrayed many of the things they \"would stand against\", such as the starving African children, the two blocs of the Cold War and Klansmen. Its initial lineup was short-lived; they had two or three practices and played a show in Utica, New York.", "Its initial lineup was short-lived; they had two or three practices and played a show in Utica, New York. After that performance, Rose decided to quit the group to spend more time booking shows.", "After that performance, Rose decided to quit the group to spend more time booking shows. Buechner continued composing and formed a new lineup of the band in 1991, after attending a skateboard demonstration where he met members of the vegan straight edge band Framework.", "Buechner continued composing and formed a new lineup of the band in 1991, after attending a skateboard demonstration where he met members of the vegan straight edge band Framework. He switched to lead vocals in the process and was joined by four of the five members of Framework: guitarist Scott Crouse, bassist Ian \"Bulldog\" Edwards, guitarist Ben Read and drummer Michael Riccardi, all of who participated in Earth Crisis as a side project.", "He switched to lead vocals in the process and was joined by four of the five members of Framework: guitarist Scott Crouse, bassist Ian \"Bulldog\" Edwards, guitarist Ben Read and drummer Michael Riccardi, all of who participated in Earth Crisis as a side project. Both Earth Crisis and Framework appeared on the 1992 various artists tape compilation Structure Hardcore Compilation, released by the members of Chokehold.", "Both Earth Crisis and Framework appeared on the 1992 various artists tape compilation Structure Hardcore Compilation, released by the members of Chokehold. Earth Crisis' three-song EP All Out War marked their debut release later in 1992, and shortly afterwards the band became a first priority.", "Earth Crisis' three-song EP All Out War marked their debut release later in 1992, and shortly afterwards the band became a first priority. In the summer of 1993, at the start of the All Out War tour, Earth Crisis recorded the Firestorm EP in the studio of Bill Korecky in Cleveland and released it through Victory Records.", "In the summer of 1993, at the start of the All Out War tour, Earth Crisis recorded the Firestorm EP in the studio of Bill Korecky in Cleveland and released it through Victory Records. For this album, Riccardi was replaced by Dennis Merrick. Later on, Ben Read was replaced by Kris Wiechmann.", "Later on, Ben Read was replaced by Kris Wiechmann. Destroy the Machines, their first full-length record, was released in 1995 and would eventually become the best-selling album in the history of Victory Records. Later this year, the band's touring van was involved in an accident that injured all band members, most severely Merrick.", "Later this year, the band's touring van was involved in an accident that injured all band members, most severely Merrick. During his recovery time, the other band members began the group Path of Resistance with Riccardi, Rose and another friend to remain occupied.", "During his recovery time, the other band members began the group Path of Resistance with Riccardi, Rose and another friend to remain occupied. Subsequent years and breakup: (1996–2001) 1996's Gomorrah's Season Ends brought a more complex and developed form of metalcore and, shortly thereafter, they were asked to take part in the inaugural Ozzfest, including one song for its live album.", "Subsequent years and breakup: (1996–2001) 1996's Gomorrah's Season Ends brought a more complex and developed form of metalcore and, shortly thereafter, they were asked to take part in the inaugural Ozzfest, including one song for its live album. Their popularity grew, resulting in a deal with Roadrunner Records, and the band released Breed the Killers in 1998, the first with guitarist Erick Edwards (bassist Ian Edwards's brother) replacing Wiechmann.", "Their popularity grew, resulting in a deal with Roadrunner Records, and the band released Breed the Killers in 1998, the first with guitarist Erick Edwards (bassist Ian Edwards's brother) replacing Wiechmann. The album was produced by Andy Sneap and featured a guest appearance by Machine Head vocalist and guitarist Robb Flynn.", "The album was produced by Andy Sneap and featured a guest appearance by Machine Head vocalist and guitarist Robb Flynn. The band later returned to Victory Records, releasing 2000's Slither soon after.", "The band later returned to Victory Records, releasing 2000's Slither soon after. With more emphasis on production and a change of style steered towards nu metal, it drew mixed reactions from critics and fans but had a wider exposure in mainstream music.", "With more emphasis on production and a change of style steered towards nu metal, it drew mixed reactions from critics and fans but had a wider exposure in mainstream music. Their final album before their breakup was 2001's Last of the Sane, which included cover versions of songs by The Rolling Stones, Slayer, Led Zeppelin, Cream and Dead Kennedys.", "Their final album before their breakup was 2001's Last of the Sane, which included cover versions of songs by The Rolling Stones, Slayer, Led Zeppelin, Cream and Dead Kennedys. In 2001, Earth Crisis disbanded on good terms because some members could no longer engage in a full-time touring band due to their personal lives.", "In 2001, Earth Crisis disbanded on good terms because some members could no longer engage in a full-time touring band due to their personal lives. They played the final show of their initial career at Hellfest in Syracuse.", "They played the final show of their initial career at Hellfest in Syracuse. After the band's breakup in 2001, Buechner, Bulldog and Erick Edwards went on to form Freya, a band named for the Norse goddess of fertility. Meanwhile, Crouse and Dennis Merrick moved to California and formed the group Isolated.", "Meanwhile, Crouse and Dennis Merrick moved to California and formed the group Isolated. Reformation (2007–2009) On January 27, 2007, the reunited Earth Crisis played the Maryland Metal and Hardcore Festival. Although it was originally planned as a one-off concert, numerous American and European dates followed thereafter.", "Although it was originally planned as a one-off concert, numerous American and European dates followed thereafter. Earth Crisis headlined the Firestorm Fest in early 2008. On September 10, 2008 it was announced that they had signed a worldwide deal with Century Media.", "On September 10, 2008 it was announced that they had signed a worldwide deal with Century Media. They entered the studio on October 16, 2008 to record a new record, and Tue Madsen was hired to mix the project.", "They entered the studio on October 16, 2008 to record a new record, and Tue Madsen was hired to mix the project. The finished album, To the Death, was released in Europe on April 20, 2009 and in North America on May 5, 2009.", "The finished album, To the Death, was released in Europe on April 20, 2009 and in North America on May 5, 2009. In August and September 2009, Earth Crisis played America and Europe on the Hell on Earth Tour, alongside Sworn Enemy, Neaera, Waking the Cadaver, War of Ages, Thy Will Be Done and War from a Harlots Mouth.", "In August and September 2009, Earth Crisis played America and Europe on the Hell on Earth Tour, alongside Sworn Enemy, Neaera, Waking the Cadaver, War of Ages, Thy Will Be Done and War from a Harlots Mouth. Latest releases: (2010–present) In March 2010, they announced that drummer Andy Hurley of Fall Out Boy and formerly Racetraitor would serve as a touring musician for a portion of the band's upcoming tour, as Merrick will only be available for certain dates.", "Latest releases: (2010–present) In March 2010, they announced that drummer Andy Hurley of Fall Out Boy and formerly Racetraitor would serve as a touring musician for a portion of the band's upcoming tour, as Merrick will only be available for certain dates. In July 2011, Earth Crisis released their seventh studio album, Neutralize the Threat.", "In July 2011, Earth Crisis released their seventh studio album, Neutralize the Threat. The album was mixed and mastered by Zeuss. The tracks \"Raise\" and \"Total War\" were released online as an album teaser. Earth Crisis released their eighth studio album Salvation of Innocents on March 4, 2014.", "Earth Crisis released their eighth studio album Salvation of Innocents on March 4, 2014. A comic book of the Liberator series published by Black Mask Studios was made in collaboration with the band and released simultaneously with the album, sharing similar conceptual ideas and artwork.", "A comic book of the Liberator series published by Black Mask Studios was made in collaboration with the band and released simultaneously with the album, sharing similar conceptual ideas and artwork. Musical style and influences Although ideologically tied to the straight edge movement, the initial musical influences of Earth Crisis were mainly from New York hardcore bands such as Agnostic Front, Cro-Mags and Sick of It All.", "Musical style and influences Although ideologically tied to the straight edge movement, the initial musical influences of Earth Crisis were mainly from New York hardcore bands such as Agnostic Front, Cro-Mags and Sick of It All. After the All Out War EP, they developed an increasingly technical and heavier style, citing death metal bands Napalm Death, Bolt Thrower and Obituary as prime inspirations.", "After the All Out War EP, they developed an increasingly technical and heavier style, citing death metal bands Napalm Death, Bolt Thrower and Obituary as prime inspirations. Buechner's vocals became rougher with each release as well, culminating in the completely gutturally screamed Gomorrah's Season Ends.", "Buechner's vocals became rougher with each release as well, culminating in the completely gutturally screamed Gomorrah's Season Ends. Terrorizer magazine referred to this album as \"heavy hardcore taken to a new level, all the blackness that was hinted at on Firestorm realized in all its formidable glory.\"", "Terrorizer magazine referred to this album as \"heavy hardcore taken to a new level, all the blackness that was hinted at on Firestorm realized in all its formidable glory.\" In this period, many of their songs were built on Merrick's drum beats.", "In this period, many of their songs were built on Merrick's drum beats. Their third studio album, Breed the Killers, maintained the previous aggressiveness and its growled vocals were \"taken about as far as possible\", but it followed a structure more akin to the \"post-Judge hardcore of the Path of Resistance record Who Dares Wins\", according to Shawn Macomber of Decibel.", "Their third studio album, Breed the Killers, maintained the previous aggressiveness and its growled vocals were \"taken about as far as possible\", but it followed a structure more akin to the \"post-Judge hardcore of the Path of Resistance record Who Dares Wins\", according to Shawn Macomber of Decibel. Dennis Merrick said: \"On Breed the Killers I think we achieved the most honest representation of our sound without sounding too raw or too slick\".", "Dennis Merrick said: \"On Breed the Killers I think we achieved the most honest representation of our sound without sounding too raw or too slick\". Its follow-up, Slither, had a change of style that steered towards nu metal.", "Its follow-up, Slither, had a change of style that steered towards nu metal. Buechner declared that, rather than being influenced by other styles, they \"resurrected\" the sound of All Out War in a proper way, which also had melodic choruses and spoken word verses.", "Buechner declared that, rather than being influenced by other styles, they \"resurrected\" the sound of All Out War in a proper way, which also had melodic choruses and spoken word verses. Their first post-reunion album, To the Death, was described by Buechner as \"a mixture between Destroying the Machines and Breed the Killers.\"", "Their first post-reunion album, To the Death, was described by Buechner as \"a mixture between Destroying the Machines and Breed the Killers.\" According to Stereo Killer, it was \"arguably the band's heaviest offering\" but with \"more traditional verse/chorus/verse\" material.", "According to Stereo Killer, it was \"arguably the band's heaviest offering\" but with \"more traditional verse/chorus/verse\" material. Neutralize the Threat followed a similar path, but \"with a Gomorrah's Season Ends vibe thrown in\", the band stated.", "Neutralize the Threat followed a similar path, but \"with a Gomorrah's Season Ends vibe thrown in\", the band stated. Scott Crouse said that he always tried \"to get the perfect blend of heaviness, imagery and listenability\" and that these two albums were the first to \"hit that mark\".", "Scott Crouse said that he always tried \"to get the perfect blend of heaviness, imagery and listenability\" and that these two albums were the first to \"hit that mark\". Salvation of Innocents included, in addition, some clean vocals that were compared by one reviewer to the sludge metal band Crowbar, as well as \"some elements of melodic metalcore\" and faster songs.", "Salvation of Innocents included, in addition, some clean vocals that were compared by one reviewer to the sludge metal band Crowbar, as well as \"some elements of melodic metalcore\" and faster songs. When asked what ten bands inspired Earth Crisis over the years in a 2016 interview, Scott Crouse named DYS, Judge, Corrosion of Conformity, Agnostic Front, Slayer, Sepultura, Metallica, Conviction, Zero Tolerance and Iron Maiden.", "When asked what ten bands inspired Earth Crisis over the years in a 2016 interview, Scott Crouse named DYS, Judge, Corrosion of Conformity, Agnostic Front, Slayer, Sepultura, Metallica, Conviction, Zero Tolerance and Iron Maiden. Lyrics, views and activism The name of the band, Earth Crisis, indicates how their members see the current state of the planet and in their lyrics they seek to offer solutions to it; these are either \"educational\" or encourage direct-action.", "Lyrics, views and activism The name of the band, Earth Crisis, indicates how their members see the current state of the planet and in their lyrics they seek to offer solutions to it; these are either \"educational\" or encourage direct-action. Most of them focus on rejection of recreational drugs, animal products, animal testing, industrial livestock production, illegal drug trade and an impending earth's doom caused by wars or an ecological collapse.", "Most of them focus on rejection of recreational drugs, animal products, animal testing, industrial livestock production, illegal drug trade and an impending earth's doom caused by wars or an ecological collapse. On the other hand, they promote straight edge, veganism, self-empowerment and organizations such as Earth First!, Sea Shepherd Conservation Society and the Animal Liberation Front.", "On the other hand, they promote straight edge, veganism, self-empowerment and organizations such as Earth First!, Sea Shepherd Conservation Society and the Animal Liberation Front. In the words of the academic Jonathan Pieslak, some of their lyrics \"read like passages\" taken from \"direct-action essays\" of these institutions.", "In the words of the academic Jonathan Pieslak, some of their lyrics \"read like passages\" taken from \"direct-action essays\" of these institutions. Other subjects include criticism against white supremacy and, especially on Breed the Killers, oppressive governments. 2000's record Slither incorporated more topical issues, such as genetic engineering and second amendment rights.", "2000's record Slither incorporated more topical issues, such as genetic engineering and second amendment rights. Their seventh and eighth albums, Neutralize the Threat and Salvation of Innocents, are concept albums entirely dedicated to real-life vigilantes and animal rights/anti-vivisection, respectively.", "Their seventh and eighth albums, Neutralize the Threat and Salvation of Innocents, are concept albums entirely dedicated to real-life vigilantes and animal rights/anti-vivisection, respectively. The albums All Out War, Gomorrah's Season Ends and Breed the Killers included essays that delve into their lyrics and beliefs.", "The albums All Out War, Gomorrah's Season Ends and Breed the Killers included essays that delve into their lyrics and beliefs. According to the sociologist Ross Haenfler, Earth Crisis combined \"youth crew's outspoken commitment to straight edge with Manliftingbanner's direct politics\".", "According to the sociologist Ross Haenfler, Earth Crisis combined \"youth crew's outspoken commitment to straight edge with Manliftingbanner's direct politics\". In a 1998 interview with Roadrunner Records, Karl Buechner described Earth Crisis' philosophy: \"I want to boil it down to one notion: personal accountability.", "In a 1998 interview with Roadrunner Records, Karl Buechner described Earth Crisis' philosophy: \"I want to boil it down to one notion: personal accountability. Respect for yourself, respect for the lives of innocent beings around us.\"", "Respect for yourself, respect for the lives of innocent beings around us.\" He added that \"Just being drug-free doesn't make you a good person, you need to use that clarity of the mind to become actively involved in the struggle that is being waged for earth, human and animal liberation.\"", "He added that \"Just being drug-free doesn't make you a good person, you need to use that clarity of the mind to become actively involved in the struggle that is being waged for earth, human and animal liberation.\" Their message disjoined from the \"posicore\" attitudes in its advocation for violent direct action.", "Their message disjoined from the \"posicore\" attitudes in its advocation for violent direct action. However, they believe that it must be used only as a last resort: \"destruction and violence are the last thing I want to see but tragically, they are sometimes necessary.", "However, they believe that it must be used only as a last resort: \"destruction and violence are the last thing I want to see but tragically, they are sometimes necessary. We place so far greater value on the lives of the innocent beings than any type of worth that could be put upon someone who's sadistic or greedy and doesn't want to change their profit system\", said Buechner.", "We place so far greater value on the lives of the innocent beings than any type of worth that could be put upon someone who's sadistic or greedy and doesn't want to change their profit system\", said Buechner. The band cited authors Peter Singer, John Robbins and Huey P. Newton as inspirations.", "The band cited authors Peter Singer, John Robbins and Huey P. Newton as inspirations. In their live shows, there is usually literature about PETA, Greenpeace and others distributed. They have been longtime supporters for organizations such as the Animal Defense League, having done several benefit concerts for them.", "They have been longtime supporters for organizations such as the Animal Defense League, having done several benefit concerts for them. Nevertheless, they are not part of any of these groups or a political party: \"We're about things we're interested in and we sing about things that happen politically, but we're not left-core or right wing.", "Nevertheless, they are not part of any of these groups or a political party: \"We're about things we're interested in and we sing about things that happen politically, but we're not left-core or right wing. We don't want to get tangled up in someone else's agenda, which can happen if you join up in certain organizations.\"", "We don't want to get tangled up in someone else's agenda, which can happen if you join up in certain organizations.\" Earth Crisis was occasionally misidentified with the hardline subculture, but they are not against homosexuality and believe that abortion should remain as an option in some instances.", "Earth Crisis was occasionally misidentified with the hardline subculture, but they are not against homosexuality and believe that abortion should remain as an option in some instances. They also do not have a religious agenda and think that that is mainly a personal choice. Legacy Earth Crisis had a huge impact on both the hardcore punk music and its ideals.", "Legacy Earth Crisis had a huge impact on both the hardcore punk music and its ideals. MetalSucks said: \"For anybody who was not in the hardcore scene back then, it is hard to describe the impact they had or how controversial they were.", "MetalSucks said: \"For anybody who was not in the hardcore scene back then, it is hard to describe the impact they had or how controversial they were. You either loved them or hated them for bringing both metal and veganism into the hardcore scene\".", "You either loved them or hated them for bringing both metal and veganism into the hardcore scene\". Sociologist Ross Haenfler stated in The Vinyl Factory that \"Earth Crisis became the face of straight edge throughout the 1990s\" through \"the convergence of 'radical' animal rights activism, a more aggressive 'metalcore' sound, and hardcore crews\", becoming \"one of the most controversial bands in the scene's history.\"", "Sociologist Ross Haenfler stated in The Vinyl Factory that \"Earth Crisis became the face of straight edge throughout the 1990s\" through \"the convergence of 'radical' animal rights activism, a more aggressive 'metalcore' sound, and hardcore crews\", becoming \"one of the most controversial bands in the scene's history.\" Their albums Firestorm, Destroy the Machines and Gomorrah's Season Ends were particularly influential for the emerging metalcore genre.", "Their albums Firestorm, Destroy the Machines and Gomorrah's Season Ends were particularly influential for the emerging metalcore genre. According to Andrew O'Neill, \"Earth Crisis inspired a much more heavy metal sound in hardcore\" and \"the distinction between the two [genres] started to crumble\" shortly after those records were released.", "According to Andrew O'Neill, \"Earth Crisis inspired a much more heavy metal sound in hardcore\" and \"the distinction between the two [genres] started to crumble\" shortly after those records were released. To a large extent, Earth Crisis was responsible for the rising of vegan straight edge militancy in the mid- to late 90s, when veganism was rarely present in mainstream culture.", "To a large extent, Earth Crisis was responsible for the rising of vegan straight edge militancy in the mid- to late 90s, when veganism was rarely present in mainstream culture. Haenfler said that, while \"earlier straight edge bands advocated vegetarianism – for example Youth of Today, Insted and Manliftingbanner\", Earth Crisis \"made animal rights (and environmentalism) central to the scene\" as a \"self-described 'vegan straight edge' band\", \"inspiring thousands of kids to give up animal products entirely.\"", "Haenfler said that, while \"earlier straight edge bands advocated vegetarianism – for example Youth of Today, Insted and Manliftingbanner\", Earth Crisis \"made animal rights (and environmentalism) central to the scene\" as a \"self-described 'vegan straight edge' band\", \"inspiring thousands of kids to give up animal products entirely.\" They also spawned many activists in the scene because their message \"imparted the sense of urgency in a way that nothing else that ever come before had\", according to Peter Daniel Young.", "They also spawned many activists in the scene because their message \"imparted the sense of urgency in a way that nothing else that ever come before had\", according to Peter Daniel Young. Some of their songs went on to be considered by some as anthems, such as \"Firestorm\" for straight edge and \"Ultramilitance\" for eco-terrorists.", "Some of their songs went on to be considered by some as anthems, such as \"Firestorm\" for straight edge and \"Ultramilitance\" for eco-terrorists. They also drew major media attention, having been featured and interviewed by CNN, CBS and The New York Times, while lead singer Karl Buechner was invited to address the Congress about teens and substance abuse.", "They also drew major media attention, having been featured and interviewed by CNN, CBS and The New York Times, while lead singer Karl Buechner was invited to address the Congress about teens and substance abuse. Comments from other musicians Many artists have cited Earth Crisis as an influence or have expressed their admiration for them, including Davey Havok and Jade Puget of AFI and XTRMST, Hatebreed, Throwdown, Robb Flynn of Machine Head, Jona Weinhofen of I Killed the Prom Queen and Bring Me the Horizon, Jeremy Bolm of Touché Amoré, Tim McIlrath of Rise Against, Tim Lambesis of As I Lay Dying, Glassjaw, Andy Hurley and Pete Wentz of Fall Out Boy and Racetraitor, Igor Cavalera of Sepultura, Paul Waggoner and Thomas Giles of Between the Buried and Me, Matt Fox of Shai Hulud, Heaven Shall Burn, Unearth, Brian Cook of Botch, Code Orange, Guy Kozowyk of The Red Chord, Greg Bennick of Trial, Maroon, Deadlock, Marc Görtz of Caliban, Born from Pain, Saving Grace, Twelve Tribes, Dan Smith of The Dear & Departed, First Blood, No Innocent Victim and Clear; as well as activists such as Peter Daniel Young.", "Comments from other musicians Many artists have cited Earth Crisis as an influence or have expressed their admiration for them, including Davey Havok and Jade Puget of AFI and XTRMST, Hatebreed, Throwdown, Robb Flynn of Machine Head, Jona Weinhofen of I Killed the Prom Queen and Bring Me the Horizon, Jeremy Bolm of Touché Amoré, Tim McIlrath of Rise Against, Tim Lambesis of As I Lay Dying, Glassjaw, Andy Hurley and Pete Wentz of Fall Out Boy and Racetraitor, Igor Cavalera of Sepultura, Paul Waggoner and Thomas Giles of Between the Buried and Me, Matt Fox of Shai Hulud, Heaven Shall Burn, Unearth, Brian Cook of Botch, Code Orange, Guy Kozowyk of The Red Chord, Greg Bennick of Trial, Maroon, Deadlock, Marc Görtz of Caliban, Born from Pain, Saving Grace, Twelve Tribes, Dan Smith of The Dear & Departed, First Blood, No Innocent Victim and Clear; as well as activists such as Peter Daniel Young. Members Current members Karl Buechner – vocals (1989–2001, 2007–present) bass (1989) Scott Crouse – lead guitar (1991–2001, 2007–present) Ian \"Bulldog\" Edwards – bass (1991–2001, 2007–present) Dennis Merrick – drums (1993–2001, 2007–present) Erick Edwards – rhythm guitar (1998–2001, 2007–present) Former members Ben Read – rhythm guitar (1991–1994) Kris Wiechmann – rhythm guitar (1994–1998) Michael Riccardi – drums (1991–1993) Touring musicians Jim Winters – rhythm guitar (1993–1996) Andy Hurley – drums (2010) Timeline Discography Studio albums Destroy the Machines (1995, Victory Records) Gomorrah's Season Ends (1996, Victory Records) Breed the Killers (1998, Roadrunner Records) Slither (2000, Victory Records) Last of the Sane (2001, Victory Records) To the Death (2009, Century Media Records) Neutralize the Threat (2011, Century Media Records) Salvation of Innocents (2014, Candlelight Records) EPs All Out War (EP) (1992, Conviction Records, re-released 1995 on Victory Records) Firestorm (EP) (1993, Victory Records, re-released 1995) Forced to Kill (7\") (2009, Seventh Dagger Records) The Discipline (EP) (2015, Bullet Tooth Records) Music videos \"Broken Foundation\" (1996) \"Killing Brain Cells\" (2000) \"Provoke\" (2000) \"Nemesis\" (2000) \"To Ashes\" (2009) \"Total War\" (2011) Live and compilation albums The California Takeover (1996), Victory Records, split live album with Strife and Snapcase) The Oath That Keeps Me Free (1998, Victory Records) Forever True – 1991–2001 (Compilation) (2001, Victory Records) See also Animal rights and punk subculture References External links American metalcore musical groups Musical groups from Syracuse, New York Straight edge groups Musical groups established in 1989 Victory Records artists Equal Vision Records artists Century Media Records artists Hardcore punk groups from New York (state) Veganism activists Political music groups" ]

[ "Earth Crisis", "Lyrics, views and activism", "Did they have any famous lyrics?", "these are either \"educational\" or encourage direct-action." ]

[ "\"What Is and What Should Never Be\" is a song by English rock band Led Zeppelin. It was written by Jimmy Page and Robert Plant and was included as the second track on Led Zeppelin II (1969).\n\nComposition and recording\n\"What is and What Should Never Be\" was one of the first songs on which Page used his soon-to-become trademark Gibson Les Paul for recording. The production makes liberal use of stereo as the guitars pan back and forth between channels. Robert Plant's vocals were phased during the verses. Record producer Rick Rubin has remarked, \"The descending riff [of \"What Is and What Should Never Be\"] is amazing: It's like a bow is being drawn back, and then it releases. The rhythm of the vocals is almost like a rap. It's insane — one of their most psychedelic songs.\" \nThis was also one of the first songs recorded by the band for which Robert Plant received writing credit. According to rock journalist Stephen Davis, the author of the Led Zeppelin biography Hammer of the Gods: The Led Zeppelin Saga, the lyrics for this song reflect a romance Plant had with his wife's younger sister.\n\nLive performances\n\"What Is and What Should Never Be\" was performed live at Led Zeppelin concerts between 1969 and 1973. A live version taken from a performance at the Royal Albert Hall in 1970 can be seen on the Led Zeppelin DVD. Another was included on disc two of the live triple album How The West Was Won. Two more versions were included in BBC Sessions.\n\nPersonnel\n Robert Plant – vocals\n Jimmy Page – guitars, backing vocals\n John Paul Jones – bass guitar, backing vocals\n John Bonham – drums, gong\n\nCover versions\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\"What Is and What Should Never Be\" at ledzeppelin.com\n\nLed Zeppelin songs\n1969 songs\nSongs written by Jimmy Page\nSongs written by Robert Plant\nSong recordings produced by Jimmy Page", "\"What You Know\" is a song by Southern hip hop recording artist T.I., released as the lead single from his fourth studio album King (2006). The song peaked at number three on the Billboard Hot 100 and was certified double platinum by the RIAA following shipment in excess of two million copies.\n\nBackground\nThe song is produced by T.I.'s frequent collaborator DJ Toomp, from Zone Boy Productions, with additional keys by Wonder Arillo. It utilizes an interpolation of Roberta Flack's version of The Impressions's \"Gone Away\" and of the song \"Hey Joe\", written by Billy Roberts but popularized by Jimi Hendrix.\n\nComposition \nThe song is in E minor.\n\nChart performance\n\"What You Know\" peaked at number three on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart. It also peaked at number one on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs and Hot Rap Songs charts. It spent a total of 20 weeks on the Hot 100 chart. On December 14, 2006, the song was certified double platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for sales of over two million copies in the United States.\n\nRemixes\nAmerican rappers Juelz Santana and J.R Writer, of Dipset, recorded a remix of this song entitled \"What You Know (About That Crack)\". American rapper Papoose recorded a freestyle over the song entitled \"What You Know (About Pap)\". American rapper Lil Wayne also recorded a remix of \"What You Know\", which can be found on his mixtape Dedication 2.\n\nAccolades\n\"What You Know\" won for \"Best Rap Solo Performance\" and was nominated for \"Best Rap Song\" at the 49th Annual Grammy Awards.\n\"What You Know\" was performed at the 2006 MTV Video Music Awards, where its music video was nominated for two awards.\nVIBE named T.I.'s \"What You Know\" as the Top Song of 2006. It was also ranked fourth on a similar list by Rolling Stone , and was number 1 in Muchmusic's Top HipHop 2006 List.\nPitchfork Media ranked \"What You Know\" number 3 on their \"Top Tracks of 2006\" list, while T.I.'s collaboration on Justin Timberlake's song \"My Love\" was ranked number 1.\nThe song is one of the most critically acclaimed of 2006 (arguably T.I.'s most critically acclaimed song), and is one of T.I.'s most successful. It has garnered a 5-star rating from Pitchfork Media. The song peaked at number three on the Billboard Hot 100, and it also topped the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart. It is ranked the 338th best song of all time, 8th of 2006, and 42nd of the 2000s decade by Acclaimedmusic.net.\nIn 2008, it was ranked number 68 on VH1's 100 Greatest Songs of Hip Hop.\nIn 2007, \"What You Know\" was named the second-best single of 2006 on The Village Voices Pazz & Jop annual critics' poll, after Gnarls Barkleys \"Crazy\".\n\nIn popular culture\nThe song was used in promotion of the film ATL, in which T.I. stars.\nJapanese professional wrestler KENTA used an instrumental of the song as his entrance theme.\nThe song was the at-bat music for MLB player Joe Mauer.\nThe song was used as the entrance song for Kendall Grove at UFC 101.\nThe song was used at Turner Field whenever Édgar Rentería came up to bat during the 2006 season.\nThe song is used at the beginning of Rich Turpin's \"Whatcha Know?\" segment on BT Sports Radio.\n\nCharts\n\nWeekly charts\n\nYear-end charts\n\nCertifications\n\nReferences\n\n2006 singles\nT.I. songs\nGrammy Award for Best Rap Solo Performance\nGrand Hustle Records singles\nAtlantic Records singles\nMusic videos directed by Chris Robinson (director)\nSongs written for films\nSong recordings produced by DJ Toomp\nSongs written by T.I.\nSongs written by Curtis Mayfield\nSongs written by DJ Toomp\nSongs written by Leroy Hutson\nSouthern hip hop songs\nTrap music songs\n2006 songs" ]

[ "Earth Crisis is an American hardcore punk band from Syracuse, New York, active from 1989 until 2001, reuniting in 2007. Since 1993 the band's longest serving members are vocalist Karl Buechner, lead guitarist Scott Crouse, bassist Ian Edwards and drummer Dennis Merrick. Their third and current rhythm guitarist Erick Edwards joined the band in 1998.", "Their third and current rhythm guitarist Erick Edwards joined the band in 1998. The band has released eight studio albums, three compilations, two live albums and six music videos. The band is known for supporting animal rights, promoting a straight edge and vegan lifestyle, and addressing further social and political issues.", "The band is known for supporting animal rights, promoting a straight edge and vegan lifestyle, and addressing further social and political issues. Earth Crisis is considered a crucial developer and influence for both the metalcore genre and vegan straight edge movement.", "Earth Crisis is considered a crucial developer and influence for both the metalcore genre and vegan straight edge movement. History Initial career (1989–1995) The band originally formed in 1989, after bassist Karl Buechner proposed the idea to his friend DJ Rose, whom he knew because both skateboarded together.", "History Initial career (1989–1995) The band originally formed in 1989, after bassist Karl Buechner proposed the idea to his friend DJ Rose, whom he knew because both skateboarded together. Rose became the vocalist and they were joined by Jesse Buckley on drums and John Moseman on guitar.", "Rose became the vocalist and they were joined by Jesse Buckley on drums and John Moseman on guitar. Established in the latter part of the youth crew heyday, where many groups disbanded and their members stopped being straight edge, they wanted to \"keep that torch burning\", as Buechner said.", "Established in the latter part of the youth crew heyday, where many groups disbanded and their members stopped being straight edge, they wanted to \"keep that torch burning\", as Buechner said. \"The feeling of disappointment we had in those bands lead us to promote straight edge as being a lifetime commitment to never touch a drop of poison.", "\"The feeling of disappointment we had in those bands lead us to promote straight edge as being a lifetime commitment to never touch a drop of poison. We wanted people to know they can believe in us.\"", "We wanted people to know they can believe in us.\" Rose named the band after the 1984's album of the same name from the British reggae band Steel Pulse, because its cover portrayed many of the things they \"would stand against\", such as the starving African children, the two blocs of the Cold War and Klansmen.", "Rose named the band after the 1984's album of the same name from the British reggae band Steel Pulse, because its cover portrayed many of the things they \"would stand against\", such as the starving African children, the two blocs of the Cold War and Klansmen. Its initial lineup was short-lived; they had two or three practices and played a show in Utica, New York.", "Its initial lineup was short-lived; they had two or three practices and played a show in Utica, New York. After that performance, Rose decided to quit the group to spend more time booking shows.", "After that performance, Rose decided to quit the group to spend more time booking shows. Buechner continued composing and formed a new lineup of the band in 1991, after attending a skateboard demonstration where he met members of the vegan straight edge band Framework.", "Buechner continued composing and formed a new lineup of the band in 1991, after attending a skateboard demonstration where he met members of the vegan straight edge band Framework. He switched to lead vocals in the process and was joined by four of the five members of Framework: guitarist Scott Crouse, bassist Ian \"Bulldog\" Edwards, guitarist Ben Read and drummer Michael Riccardi, all of who participated in Earth Crisis as a side project.", "He switched to lead vocals in the process and was joined by four of the five members of Framework: guitarist Scott Crouse, bassist Ian \"Bulldog\" Edwards, guitarist Ben Read and drummer Michael Riccardi, all of who participated in Earth Crisis as a side project. Both Earth Crisis and Framework appeared on the 1992 various artists tape compilation Structure Hardcore Compilation, released by the members of Chokehold.", "Both Earth Crisis and Framework appeared on the 1992 various artists tape compilation Structure Hardcore Compilation, released by the members of Chokehold. Earth Crisis' three-song EP All Out War marked their debut release later in 1992, and shortly afterwards the band became a first priority.", "Earth Crisis' three-song EP All Out War marked their debut release later in 1992, and shortly afterwards the band became a first priority. In the summer of 1993, at the start of the All Out War tour, Earth Crisis recorded the Firestorm EP in the studio of Bill Korecky in Cleveland and released it through Victory Records.", "In the summer of 1993, at the start of the All Out War tour, Earth Crisis recorded the Firestorm EP in the studio of Bill Korecky in Cleveland and released it through Victory Records. For this album, Riccardi was replaced by Dennis Merrick. Later on, Ben Read was replaced by Kris Wiechmann.", "Later on, Ben Read was replaced by Kris Wiechmann. Destroy the Machines, their first full-length record, was released in 1995 and would eventually become the best-selling album in the history of Victory Records. Later this year, the band's touring van was involved in an accident that injured all band members, most severely Merrick.", "Later this year, the band's touring van was involved in an accident that injured all band members, most severely Merrick. During his recovery time, the other band members began the group Path of Resistance with Riccardi, Rose and another friend to remain occupied.", "During his recovery time, the other band members began the group Path of Resistance with Riccardi, Rose and another friend to remain occupied. Subsequent years and breakup: (1996–2001) 1996's Gomorrah's Season Ends brought a more complex and developed form of metalcore and, shortly thereafter, they were asked to take part in the inaugural Ozzfest, including one song for its live album.", "Subsequent years and breakup: (1996–2001) 1996's Gomorrah's Season Ends brought a more complex and developed form of metalcore and, shortly thereafter, they were asked to take part in the inaugural Ozzfest, including one song for its live album. Their popularity grew, resulting in a deal with Roadrunner Records, and the band released Breed the Killers in 1998, the first with guitarist Erick Edwards (bassist Ian Edwards's brother) replacing Wiechmann.", "Their popularity grew, resulting in a deal with Roadrunner Records, and the band released Breed the Killers in 1998, the first with guitarist Erick Edwards (bassist Ian Edwards's brother) replacing Wiechmann. The album was produced by Andy Sneap and featured a guest appearance by Machine Head vocalist and guitarist Robb Flynn.", "The album was produced by Andy Sneap and featured a guest appearance by Machine Head vocalist and guitarist Robb Flynn. The band later returned to Victory Records, releasing 2000's Slither soon after.", "The band later returned to Victory Records, releasing 2000's Slither soon after. With more emphasis on production and a change of style steered towards nu metal, it drew mixed reactions from critics and fans but had a wider exposure in mainstream music.", "With more emphasis on production and a change of style steered towards nu metal, it drew mixed reactions from critics and fans but had a wider exposure in mainstream music. Their final album before their breakup was 2001's Last of the Sane, which included cover versions of songs by The Rolling Stones, Slayer, Led Zeppelin, Cream and Dead Kennedys.", "Their final album before their breakup was 2001's Last of the Sane, which included cover versions of songs by The Rolling Stones, Slayer, Led Zeppelin, Cream and Dead Kennedys. In 2001, Earth Crisis disbanded on good terms because some members could no longer engage in a full-time touring band due to their personal lives.", "In 2001, Earth Crisis disbanded on good terms because some members could no longer engage in a full-time touring band due to their personal lives. They played the final show of their initial career at Hellfest in Syracuse.", "They played the final show of their initial career at Hellfest in Syracuse. After the band's breakup in 2001, Buechner, Bulldog and Erick Edwards went on to form Freya, a band named for the Norse goddess of fertility. Meanwhile, Crouse and Dennis Merrick moved to California and formed the group Isolated.", "Meanwhile, Crouse and Dennis Merrick moved to California and formed the group Isolated. Reformation (2007–2009) On January 27, 2007, the reunited Earth Crisis played the Maryland Metal and Hardcore Festival. Although it was originally planned as a one-off concert, numerous American and European dates followed thereafter.", "Although it was originally planned as a one-off concert, numerous American and European dates followed thereafter. Earth Crisis headlined the Firestorm Fest in early 2008. On September 10, 2008 it was announced that they had signed a worldwide deal with Century Media.", "On September 10, 2008 it was announced that they had signed a worldwide deal with Century Media. They entered the studio on October 16, 2008 to record a new record, and Tue Madsen was hired to mix the project.", "They entered the studio on October 16, 2008 to record a new record, and Tue Madsen was hired to mix the project. The finished album, To the Death, was released in Europe on April 20, 2009 and in North America on May 5, 2009.", "The finished album, To the Death, was released in Europe on April 20, 2009 and in North America on May 5, 2009. In August and September 2009, Earth Crisis played America and Europe on the Hell on Earth Tour, alongside Sworn Enemy, Neaera, Waking the Cadaver, War of Ages, Thy Will Be Done and War from a Harlots Mouth.", "In August and September 2009, Earth Crisis played America and Europe on the Hell on Earth Tour, alongside Sworn Enemy, Neaera, Waking the Cadaver, War of Ages, Thy Will Be Done and War from a Harlots Mouth. Latest releases: (2010–present) In March 2010, they announced that drummer Andy Hurley of Fall Out Boy and formerly Racetraitor would serve as a touring musician for a portion of the band's upcoming tour, as Merrick will only be available for certain dates.", "Latest releases: (2010–present) In March 2010, they announced that drummer Andy Hurley of Fall Out Boy and formerly Racetraitor would serve as a touring musician for a portion of the band's upcoming tour, as Merrick will only be available for certain dates. In July 2011, Earth Crisis released their seventh studio album, Neutralize the Threat.", "In July 2011, Earth Crisis released their seventh studio album, Neutralize the Threat. The album was mixed and mastered by Zeuss. The tracks \"Raise\" and \"Total War\" were released online as an album teaser. Earth Crisis released their eighth studio album Salvation of Innocents on March 4, 2014.", "Earth Crisis released their eighth studio album Salvation of Innocents on March 4, 2014. A comic book of the Liberator series published by Black Mask Studios was made in collaboration with the band and released simultaneously with the album, sharing similar conceptual ideas and artwork.", "A comic book of the Liberator series published by Black Mask Studios was made in collaboration with the band and released simultaneously with the album, sharing similar conceptual ideas and artwork. Musical style and influences Although ideologically tied to the straight edge movement, the initial musical influences of Earth Crisis were mainly from New York hardcore bands such as Agnostic Front, Cro-Mags and Sick of It All.", "Musical style and influences Although ideologically tied to the straight edge movement, the initial musical influences of Earth Crisis were mainly from New York hardcore bands such as Agnostic Front, Cro-Mags and Sick of It All. After the All Out War EP, they developed an increasingly technical and heavier style, citing death metal bands Napalm Death, Bolt Thrower and Obituary as prime inspirations.", "After the All Out War EP, they developed an increasingly technical and heavier style, citing death metal bands Napalm Death, Bolt Thrower and Obituary as prime inspirations. Buechner's vocals became rougher with each release as well, culminating in the completely gutturally screamed Gomorrah's Season Ends.", "Buechner's vocals became rougher with each release as well, culminating in the completely gutturally screamed Gomorrah's Season Ends. Terrorizer magazine referred to this album as \"heavy hardcore taken to a new level, all the blackness that was hinted at on Firestorm realized in all its formidable glory.\"", "Terrorizer magazine referred to this album as \"heavy hardcore taken to a new level, all the blackness that was hinted at on Firestorm realized in all its formidable glory.\" In this period, many of their songs were built on Merrick's drum beats.", "In this period, many of their songs were built on Merrick's drum beats. Their third studio album, Breed the Killers, maintained the previous aggressiveness and its growled vocals were \"taken about as far as possible\", but it followed a structure more akin to the \"post-Judge hardcore of the Path of Resistance record Who Dares Wins\", according to Shawn Macomber of Decibel.", "Their third studio album, Breed the Killers, maintained the previous aggressiveness and its growled vocals were \"taken about as far as possible\", but it followed a structure more akin to the \"post-Judge hardcore of the Path of Resistance record Who Dares Wins\", according to Shawn Macomber of Decibel. Dennis Merrick said: \"On Breed the Killers I think we achieved the most honest representation of our sound without sounding too raw or too slick\".", "Dennis Merrick said: \"On Breed the Killers I think we achieved the most honest representation of our sound without sounding too raw or too slick\". Its follow-up, Slither, had a change of style that steered towards nu metal.", "Its follow-up, Slither, had a change of style that steered towards nu metal. Buechner declared that, rather than being influenced by other styles, they \"resurrected\" the sound of All Out War in a proper way, which also had melodic choruses and spoken word verses.", "Buechner declared that, rather than being influenced by other styles, they \"resurrected\" the sound of All Out War in a proper way, which also had melodic choruses and spoken word verses. Their first post-reunion album, To the Death, was described by Buechner as \"a mixture between Destroying the Machines and Breed the Killers.\"", "Their first post-reunion album, To the Death, was described by Buechner as \"a mixture between Destroying the Machines and Breed the Killers.\" According to Stereo Killer, it was \"arguably the band's heaviest offering\" but with \"more traditional verse/chorus/verse\" material.", "According to Stereo Killer, it was \"arguably the band's heaviest offering\" but with \"more traditional verse/chorus/verse\" material. Neutralize the Threat followed a similar path, but \"with a Gomorrah's Season Ends vibe thrown in\", the band stated.", "Neutralize the Threat followed a similar path, but \"with a Gomorrah's Season Ends vibe thrown in\", the band stated. Scott Crouse said that he always tried \"to get the perfect blend of heaviness, imagery and listenability\" and that these two albums were the first to \"hit that mark\".", "Scott Crouse said that he always tried \"to get the perfect blend of heaviness, imagery and listenability\" and that these two albums were the first to \"hit that mark\". Salvation of Innocents included, in addition, some clean vocals that were compared by one reviewer to the sludge metal band Crowbar, as well as \"some elements of melodic metalcore\" and faster songs.", "Salvation of Innocents included, in addition, some clean vocals that were compared by one reviewer to the sludge metal band Crowbar, as well as \"some elements of melodic metalcore\" and faster songs. When asked what ten bands inspired Earth Crisis over the years in a 2016 interview, Scott Crouse named DYS, Judge, Corrosion of Conformity, Agnostic Front, Slayer, Sepultura, Metallica, Conviction, Zero Tolerance and Iron Maiden.", "When asked what ten bands inspired Earth Crisis over the years in a 2016 interview, Scott Crouse named DYS, Judge, Corrosion of Conformity, Agnostic Front, Slayer, Sepultura, Metallica, Conviction, Zero Tolerance and Iron Maiden. Lyrics, views and activism The name of the band, Earth Crisis, indicates how their members see the current state of the planet and in their lyrics they seek to offer solutions to it; these are either \"educational\" or encourage direct-action.", "Lyrics, views and activism The name of the band, Earth Crisis, indicates how their members see the current state of the planet and in their lyrics they seek to offer solutions to it; these are either \"educational\" or encourage direct-action. Most of them focus on rejection of recreational drugs, animal products, animal testing, industrial livestock production, illegal drug trade and an impending earth's doom caused by wars or an ecological collapse.", "Most of them focus on rejection of recreational drugs, animal products, animal testing, industrial livestock production, illegal drug trade and an impending earth's doom caused by wars or an ecological collapse. On the other hand, they promote straight edge, veganism, self-empowerment and organizations such as Earth First!, Sea Shepherd Conservation Society and the Animal Liberation Front.", "On the other hand, they promote straight edge, veganism, self-empowerment and organizations such as Earth First!, Sea Shepherd Conservation Society and the Animal Liberation Front. In the words of the academic Jonathan Pieslak, some of their lyrics \"read like passages\" taken from \"direct-action essays\" of these institutions.", "In the words of the academic Jonathan Pieslak, some of their lyrics \"read like passages\" taken from \"direct-action essays\" of these institutions. Other subjects include criticism against white supremacy and, especially on Breed the Killers, oppressive governments. 2000's record Slither incorporated more topical issues, such as genetic engineering and second amendment rights.", "2000's record Slither incorporated more topical issues, such as genetic engineering and second amendment rights. Their seventh and eighth albums, Neutralize the Threat and Salvation of Innocents, are concept albums entirely dedicated to real-life vigilantes and animal rights/anti-vivisection, respectively.", "Their seventh and eighth albums, Neutralize the Threat and Salvation of Innocents, are concept albums entirely dedicated to real-life vigilantes and animal rights/anti-vivisection, respectively. The albums All Out War, Gomorrah's Season Ends and Breed the Killers included essays that delve into their lyrics and beliefs.", "The albums All Out War, Gomorrah's Season Ends and Breed the Killers included essays that delve into their lyrics and beliefs. According to the sociologist Ross Haenfler, Earth Crisis combined \"youth crew's outspoken commitment to straight edge with Manliftingbanner's direct politics\".", "According to the sociologist Ross Haenfler, Earth Crisis combined \"youth crew's outspoken commitment to straight edge with Manliftingbanner's direct politics\". In a 1998 interview with Roadrunner Records, Karl Buechner described Earth Crisis' philosophy: \"I want to boil it down to one notion: personal accountability.", "In a 1998 interview with Roadrunner Records, Karl Buechner described Earth Crisis' philosophy: \"I want to boil it down to one notion: personal accountability. Respect for yourself, respect for the lives of innocent beings around us.\"", "Respect for yourself, respect for the lives of innocent beings around us.\" He added that \"Just being drug-free doesn't make you a good person, you need to use that clarity of the mind to become actively involved in the struggle that is being waged for earth, human and animal liberation.\"", "He added that \"Just being drug-free doesn't make you a good person, you need to use that clarity of the mind to become actively involved in the struggle that is being waged for earth, human and animal liberation.\" Their message disjoined from the \"posicore\" attitudes in its advocation for violent direct action.", "Their message disjoined from the \"posicore\" attitudes in its advocation for violent direct action. However, they believe that it must be used only as a last resort: \"destruction and violence are the last thing I want to see but tragically, they are sometimes necessary.", "However, they believe that it must be used only as a last resort: \"destruction and violence are the last thing I want to see but tragically, they are sometimes necessary. We place so far greater value on the lives of the innocent beings than any type of worth that could be put upon someone who's sadistic or greedy and doesn't want to change their profit system\", said Buechner.", "We place so far greater value on the lives of the innocent beings than any type of worth that could be put upon someone who's sadistic or greedy and doesn't want to change their profit system\", said Buechner. The band cited authors Peter Singer, John Robbins and Huey P. Newton as inspirations.", "The band cited authors Peter Singer, John Robbins and Huey P. Newton as inspirations. In their live shows, there is usually literature about PETA, Greenpeace and others distributed. They have been longtime supporters for organizations such as the Animal Defense League, having done several benefit concerts for them.", "They have been longtime supporters for organizations such as the Animal Defense League, having done several benefit concerts for them. Nevertheless, they are not part of any of these groups or a political party: \"We're about things we're interested in and we sing about things that happen politically, but we're not left-core or right wing.", "Nevertheless, they are not part of any of these groups or a political party: \"We're about things we're interested in and we sing about things that happen politically, but we're not left-core or right wing. We don't want to get tangled up in someone else's agenda, which can happen if you join up in certain organizations.\"", "We don't want to get tangled up in someone else's agenda, which can happen if you join up in certain organizations.\" Earth Crisis was occasionally misidentified with the hardline subculture, but they are not against homosexuality and believe that abortion should remain as an option in some instances.", "Earth Crisis was occasionally misidentified with the hardline subculture, but they are not against homosexuality and believe that abortion should remain as an option in some instances. They also do not have a religious agenda and think that that is mainly a personal choice. Legacy Earth Crisis had a huge impact on both the hardcore punk music and its ideals.", "Legacy Earth Crisis had a huge impact on both the hardcore punk music and its ideals. MetalSucks said: \"For anybody who was not in the hardcore scene back then, it is hard to describe the impact they had or how controversial they were.", "MetalSucks said: \"For anybody who was not in the hardcore scene back then, it is hard to describe the impact they had or how controversial they were. You either loved them or hated them for bringing both metal and veganism into the hardcore scene\".", "You either loved them or hated them for bringing both metal and veganism into the hardcore scene\". Sociologist Ross Haenfler stated in The Vinyl Factory that \"Earth Crisis became the face of straight edge throughout the 1990s\" through \"the convergence of 'radical' animal rights activism, a more aggressive 'metalcore' sound, and hardcore crews\", becoming \"one of the most controversial bands in the scene's history.\"", "Sociologist Ross Haenfler stated in The Vinyl Factory that \"Earth Crisis became the face of straight edge throughout the 1990s\" through \"the convergence of 'radical' animal rights activism, a more aggressive 'metalcore' sound, and hardcore crews\", becoming \"one of the most controversial bands in the scene's history.\" Their albums Firestorm, Destroy the Machines and Gomorrah's Season Ends were particularly influential for the emerging metalcore genre.", "Their albums Firestorm, Destroy the Machines and Gomorrah's Season Ends were particularly influential for the emerging metalcore genre. According to Andrew O'Neill, \"Earth Crisis inspired a much more heavy metal sound in hardcore\" and \"the distinction between the two [genres] started to crumble\" shortly after those records were released.", "According to Andrew O'Neill, \"Earth Crisis inspired a much more heavy metal sound in hardcore\" and \"the distinction between the two [genres] started to crumble\" shortly after those records were released. To a large extent, Earth Crisis was responsible for the rising of vegan straight edge militancy in the mid- to late 90s, when veganism was rarely present in mainstream culture.", "To a large extent, Earth Crisis was responsible for the rising of vegan straight edge militancy in the mid- to late 90s, when veganism was rarely present in mainstream culture. Haenfler said that, while \"earlier straight edge bands advocated vegetarianism – for example Youth of Today, Insted and Manliftingbanner\", Earth Crisis \"made animal rights (and environmentalism) central to the scene\" as a \"self-described 'vegan straight edge' band\", \"inspiring thousands of kids to give up animal products entirely.\"", "Haenfler said that, while \"earlier straight edge bands advocated vegetarianism – for example Youth of Today, Insted and Manliftingbanner\", Earth Crisis \"made animal rights (and environmentalism) central to the scene\" as a \"self-described 'vegan straight edge' band\", \"inspiring thousands of kids to give up animal products entirely.\" They also spawned many activists in the scene because their message \"imparted the sense of urgency in a way that nothing else that ever come before had\", according to Peter Daniel Young.", "They also spawned many activists in the scene because their message \"imparted the sense of urgency in a way that nothing else that ever come before had\", according to Peter Daniel Young. Some of their songs went on to be considered by some as anthems, such as \"Firestorm\" for straight edge and \"Ultramilitance\" for eco-terrorists.", "Some of their songs went on to be considered by some as anthems, such as \"Firestorm\" for straight edge and \"Ultramilitance\" for eco-terrorists. They also drew major media attention, having been featured and interviewed by CNN, CBS and The New York Times, while lead singer Karl Buechner was invited to address the Congress about teens and substance abuse.", "They also drew major media attention, having been featured and interviewed by CNN, CBS and The New York Times, while lead singer Karl Buechner was invited to address the Congress about teens and substance abuse. Comments from other musicians Many artists have cited Earth Crisis as an influence or have expressed their admiration for them, including Davey Havok and Jade Puget of AFI and XTRMST, Hatebreed, Throwdown, Robb Flynn of Machine Head, Jona Weinhofen of I Killed the Prom Queen and Bring Me the Horizon, Jeremy Bolm of Touché Amoré, Tim McIlrath of Rise Against, Tim Lambesis of As I Lay Dying, Glassjaw, Andy Hurley and Pete Wentz of Fall Out Boy and Racetraitor, Igor Cavalera of Sepultura, Paul Waggoner and Thomas Giles of Between the Buried and Me, Matt Fox of Shai Hulud, Heaven Shall Burn, Unearth, Brian Cook of Botch, Code Orange, Guy Kozowyk of The Red Chord, Greg Bennick of Trial, Maroon, Deadlock, Marc Görtz of Caliban, Born from Pain, Saving Grace, Twelve Tribes, Dan Smith of The Dear & Departed, First Blood, No Innocent Victim and Clear; as well as activists such as Peter Daniel Young.", "Comments from other musicians Many artists have cited Earth Crisis as an influence or have expressed their admiration for them, including Davey Havok and Jade Puget of AFI and XTRMST, Hatebreed, Throwdown, Robb Flynn of Machine Head, Jona Weinhofen of I Killed the Prom Queen and Bring Me the Horizon, Jeremy Bolm of Touché Amoré, Tim McIlrath of Rise Against, Tim Lambesis of As I Lay Dying, Glassjaw, Andy Hurley and Pete Wentz of Fall Out Boy and Racetraitor, Igor Cavalera of Sepultura, Paul Waggoner and Thomas Giles of Between the Buried and Me, Matt Fox of Shai Hulud, Heaven Shall Burn, Unearth, Brian Cook of Botch, Code Orange, Guy Kozowyk of The Red Chord, Greg Bennick of Trial, Maroon, Deadlock, Marc Görtz of Caliban, Born from Pain, Saving Grace, Twelve Tribes, Dan Smith of The Dear & Departed, First Blood, No Innocent Victim and Clear; as well as activists such as Peter Daniel Young. Members Current members Karl Buechner – vocals (1989–2001, 2007–present) bass (1989) Scott Crouse – lead guitar (1991–2001, 2007–present) Ian \"Bulldog\" Edwards – bass (1991–2001, 2007–present) Dennis Merrick – drums (1993–2001, 2007–present) Erick Edwards – rhythm guitar (1998–2001, 2007–present) Former members Ben Read – rhythm guitar (1991–1994) Kris Wiechmann – rhythm guitar (1994–1998) Michael Riccardi – drums (1991–1993) Touring musicians Jim Winters – rhythm guitar (1993–1996) Andy Hurley – drums (2010) Timeline Discography Studio albums Destroy the Machines (1995, Victory Records) Gomorrah's Season Ends (1996, Victory Records) Breed the Killers (1998, Roadrunner Records) Slither (2000, Victory Records) Last of the Sane (2001, Victory Records) To the Death (2009, Century Media Records) Neutralize the Threat (2011, Century Media Records) Salvation of Innocents (2014, Candlelight Records) EPs All Out War (EP) (1992, Conviction Records, re-released 1995 on Victory Records) Firestorm (EP) (1993, Victory Records, re-released 1995) Forced to Kill (7\") (2009, Seventh Dagger Records) The Discipline (EP) (2015, Bullet Tooth Records) Music videos \"Broken Foundation\" (1996) \"Killing Brain Cells\" (2000) \"Provoke\" (2000) \"Nemesis\" (2000) \"To Ashes\" (2009) \"Total War\" (2011) Live and compilation albums The California Takeover (1996), Victory Records, split live album with Strife and Snapcase) The Oath That Keeps Me Free (1998, Victory Records) Forever True – 1991–2001 (Compilation) (2001, Victory Records) See also Animal rights and punk subculture References External links American metalcore musical groups Musical groups from Syracuse, New York Straight edge groups Musical groups established in 1989 Victory Records artists Equal Vision Records artists Century Media Records artists Hardcore punk groups from New York (state) Veganism activists Political music groups" ]

[ "Earth Crisis", "Lyrics, views and activism", "Did they have any famous lyrics?", "these are either \"educational\" or encourage direct-action.", "What was one of their songs?", "Most of them focus on rejection of recreational drugs, animal products, animal" ]

[ "In Buddhism, unanswered questions or undeclared questions (Sanskrit: , Pali: - \"unfathomable, unexpounded\") are a set of common philosophical questions that Buddha refused to answer, according to Buddhist texts. The Pali texts give only ten, the Sanskrit texts fourteen questions.\n\nFourteen questions\n1. Is the world eternal?\n\n2. ...or not?\n\n3. ...or both?\n\n4. ...or neither?\n\n(Pali texts omit \"both\" and \"neither\")\n\n5. Is the world finite?\n\n6. ...or not?\n\n7. ...or both?\n\n8. ...or neither?\n\n(Pali texts omit \"both\" and \"neither\")\n\n9. Is the self identical with the body?\n\n10. ...or is it different from the body?\n\n11. Does the Tathagata (Buddha) exist after death?\n\n12. ...or not?\n\n13. ...or both?\n\n14. ...or neither?\n\nPali Canon\nMajjhima Nikaya 63 and 72 in the Pali Canon contain a list of ten unanswered questions about certain views (ditthi):\n\nThe world is eternal.\nThe world is not eternal.\nThe world is (spatially) infinite.\nThe world is not (spatially) infinite.\nThe being imbued with a life force is identical with the body.\nThe being imbued with a life force is not identical with the body.\nThe Tathagata (a perfectly enlightened being) exists after death.\nThe Tathagata does not exist after death.\nThe Tathagata both exists and does not exist after death.\nThe Tathagata neither exists nor does not exist after death.\n\nSabbasava-Sutta\nThe Sabbasava Sutta (Majjhima Nikaya 2) also mentions 16 questions which are seen as \"unwise reflection\" and lead to attachment to views relating to a self.\n\nWhat am I?\nHow am I?\nAm I?\nAm I not?\nDid I exist in the past?\nDid I not exist in the past?\nWhat was I in the past?\nHow was I in the past?\nHaving been what, did I become what in the past?\nShall I exist in future?\nShall I not exist in future?\nWhat shall I be in future?\nHow shall I be in future?\nHaving been what, shall I become what in future?\nWhence came this person?\nWhither will he go?\n\nThe Buddha states that it is unwise to be attached to both views of having and perceiving a self and views about not having a self. Any view which sees the self as \"permanent, stable, everlasting, unchanging, remaining the same for ever and ever\" is \"becoming enmeshed in views, a jungle of views, a wilderness of views; scuffling in views, the agitation (struggle) of views, the fetter of views.\"\n\nSee also\nNoble Silence\nSimilarities between Pyrrhonism and Buddhism\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nKaccayanagotta Sutta: To Kaccayana Gotta (on Right View)\nCula-Malunkyovada Sutta: The Shorter Instructions to Malunkya\nAggi-Vacchagotta Sutta: To Vacchagotta on Fire\nPeter Della Santina, The Tree of Enlightenment: An Introduction to the Major Traditions of Buddhism, Philosophy and Psychology in the Abhidharma\nText of the Cula Malunkyaputta Sutta\n\nFurther reading\nKarunadasa, Yakupitiyage (2007). The Unanswered Questions: Why were They Unanswered? A Re-examination of the Textual Data, Pacific World: Third Series 9, 3-31 \nNicholson, Hugh (2012). Unanswered Questions and the Limits of Knowledge, Journal of Indian Philosophy 40 (5), 533-552\n\nBuddhist cosmology", "What is truth may refer to:\n\nJohn 18:38, a verse from the Bible, also known as \"What is truth?\"\nEdi Nijam, a 1965 Telugu film whose English title is What is Truth\n\"What Is Truth\", a 1970 single by Johnny Cash\nWhat is Truth?, a 1976 book by philosopher C. J. F. Williams\n\nSee also\nTruth\nReligious views on truth" ]

[ "Earth Crisis is an American hardcore punk band from Syracuse, New York, active from 1989 until 2001, reuniting in 2007. Since 1993 the band's longest serving members are vocalist Karl Buechner, lead guitarist Scott Crouse, bassist Ian Edwards and drummer Dennis Merrick. Their third and current rhythm guitarist Erick Edwards joined the band in 1998.", "Their third and current rhythm guitarist Erick Edwards joined the band in 1998. The band has released eight studio albums, three compilations, two live albums and six music videos. The band is known for supporting animal rights, promoting a straight edge and vegan lifestyle, and addressing further social and political issues.", "The band is known for supporting animal rights, promoting a straight edge and vegan lifestyle, and addressing further social and political issues. Earth Crisis is considered a crucial developer and influence for both the metalcore genre and vegan straight edge movement.", "Earth Crisis is considered a crucial developer and influence for both the metalcore genre and vegan straight edge movement. History Initial career (1989–1995) The band originally formed in 1989, after bassist Karl Buechner proposed the idea to his friend DJ Rose, whom he knew because both skateboarded together.", "History Initial career (1989–1995) The band originally formed in 1989, after bassist Karl Buechner proposed the idea to his friend DJ Rose, whom he knew because both skateboarded together. Rose became the vocalist and they were joined by Jesse Buckley on drums and John Moseman on guitar.", "Rose became the vocalist and they were joined by Jesse Buckley on drums and John Moseman on guitar. Established in the latter part of the youth crew heyday, where many groups disbanded and their members stopped being straight edge, they wanted to \"keep that torch burning\", as Buechner said.", "Established in the latter part of the youth crew heyday, where many groups disbanded and their members stopped being straight edge, they wanted to \"keep that torch burning\", as Buechner said. \"The feeling of disappointment we had in those bands lead us to promote straight edge as being a lifetime commitment to never touch a drop of poison.", "\"The feeling of disappointment we had in those bands lead us to promote straight edge as being a lifetime commitment to never touch a drop of poison. We wanted people to know they can believe in us.\"", "We wanted people to know they can believe in us.\" Rose named the band after the 1984's album of the same name from the British reggae band Steel Pulse, because its cover portrayed many of the things they \"would stand against\", such as the starving African children, the two blocs of the Cold War and Klansmen.", "Rose named the band after the 1984's album of the same name from the British reggae band Steel Pulse, because its cover portrayed many of the things they \"would stand against\", such as the starving African children, the two blocs of the Cold War and Klansmen. Its initial lineup was short-lived; they had two or three practices and played a show in Utica, New York.", "Its initial lineup was short-lived; they had two or three practices and played a show in Utica, New York. After that performance, Rose decided to quit the group to spend more time booking shows.", "After that performance, Rose decided to quit the group to spend more time booking shows. Buechner continued composing and formed a new lineup of the band in 1991, after attending a skateboard demonstration where he met members of the vegan straight edge band Framework.", "Buechner continued composing and formed a new lineup of the band in 1991, after attending a skateboard demonstration where he met members of the vegan straight edge band Framework. He switched to lead vocals in the process and was joined by four of the five members of Framework: guitarist Scott Crouse, bassist Ian \"Bulldog\" Edwards, guitarist Ben Read and drummer Michael Riccardi, all of who participated in Earth Crisis as a side project.", "He switched to lead vocals in the process and was joined by four of the five members of Framework: guitarist Scott Crouse, bassist Ian \"Bulldog\" Edwards, guitarist Ben Read and drummer Michael Riccardi, all of who participated in Earth Crisis as a side project. Both Earth Crisis and Framework appeared on the 1992 various artists tape compilation Structure Hardcore Compilation, released by the members of Chokehold.", "Both Earth Crisis and Framework appeared on the 1992 various artists tape compilation Structure Hardcore Compilation, released by the members of Chokehold. Earth Crisis' three-song EP All Out War marked their debut release later in 1992, and shortly afterwards the band became a first priority.", "Earth Crisis' three-song EP All Out War marked their debut release later in 1992, and shortly afterwards the band became a first priority. In the summer of 1993, at the start of the All Out War tour, Earth Crisis recorded the Firestorm EP in the studio of Bill Korecky in Cleveland and released it through Victory Records.", "In the summer of 1993, at the start of the All Out War tour, Earth Crisis recorded the Firestorm EP in the studio of Bill Korecky in Cleveland and released it through Victory Records. For this album, Riccardi was replaced by Dennis Merrick. Later on, Ben Read was replaced by Kris Wiechmann.", "Later on, Ben Read was replaced by Kris Wiechmann. Destroy the Machines, their first full-length record, was released in 1995 and would eventually become the best-selling album in the history of Victory Records. Later this year, the band's touring van was involved in an accident that injured all band members, most severely Merrick.", "Later this year, the band's touring van was involved in an accident that injured all band members, most severely Merrick. During his recovery time, the other band members began the group Path of Resistance with Riccardi, Rose and another friend to remain occupied.", "During his recovery time, the other band members began the group Path of Resistance with Riccardi, Rose and another friend to remain occupied. Subsequent years and breakup: (1996–2001) 1996's Gomorrah's Season Ends brought a more complex and developed form of metalcore and, shortly thereafter, they were asked to take part in the inaugural Ozzfest, including one song for its live album.", "Subsequent years and breakup: (1996–2001) 1996's Gomorrah's Season Ends brought a more complex and developed form of metalcore and, shortly thereafter, they were asked to take part in the inaugural Ozzfest, including one song for its live album. Their popularity grew, resulting in a deal with Roadrunner Records, and the band released Breed the Killers in 1998, the first with guitarist Erick Edwards (bassist Ian Edwards's brother) replacing Wiechmann.", "Their popularity grew, resulting in a deal with Roadrunner Records, and the band released Breed the Killers in 1998, the first with guitarist Erick Edwards (bassist Ian Edwards's brother) replacing Wiechmann. The album was produced by Andy Sneap and featured a guest appearance by Machine Head vocalist and guitarist Robb Flynn.", "The album was produced by Andy Sneap and featured a guest appearance by Machine Head vocalist and guitarist Robb Flynn. The band later returned to Victory Records, releasing 2000's Slither soon after.", "The band later returned to Victory Records, releasing 2000's Slither soon after. With more emphasis on production and a change of style steered towards nu metal, it drew mixed reactions from critics and fans but had a wider exposure in mainstream music.", "With more emphasis on production and a change of style steered towards nu metal, it drew mixed reactions from critics and fans but had a wider exposure in mainstream music. Their final album before their breakup was 2001's Last of the Sane, which included cover versions of songs by The Rolling Stones, Slayer, Led Zeppelin, Cream and Dead Kennedys.", "Their final album before their breakup was 2001's Last of the Sane, which included cover versions of songs by The Rolling Stones, Slayer, Led Zeppelin, Cream and Dead Kennedys. In 2001, Earth Crisis disbanded on good terms because some members could no longer engage in a full-time touring band due to their personal lives.", "In 2001, Earth Crisis disbanded on good terms because some members could no longer engage in a full-time touring band due to their personal lives. They played the final show of their initial career at Hellfest in Syracuse.", "They played the final show of their initial career at Hellfest in Syracuse. After the band's breakup in 2001, Buechner, Bulldog and Erick Edwards went on to form Freya, a band named for the Norse goddess of fertility. Meanwhile, Crouse and Dennis Merrick moved to California and formed the group Isolated.", "Meanwhile, Crouse and Dennis Merrick moved to California and formed the group Isolated. Reformation (2007–2009) On January 27, 2007, the reunited Earth Crisis played the Maryland Metal and Hardcore Festival. Although it was originally planned as a one-off concert, numerous American and European dates followed thereafter.", "Although it was originally planned as a one-off concert, numerous American and European dates followed thereafter. Earth Crisis headlined the Firestorm Fest in early 2008. On September 10, 2008 it was announced that they had signed a worldwide deal with Century Media.", "On September 10, 2008 it was announced that they had signed a worldwide deal with Century Media. They entered the studio on October 16, 2008 to record a new record, and Tue Madsen was hired to mix the project.", "They entered the studio on October 16, 2008 to record a new record, and Tue Madsen was hired to mix the project. The finished album, To the Death, was released in Europe on April 20, 2009 and in North America on May 5, 2009.", "The finished album, To the Death, was released in Europe on April 20, 2009 and in North America on May 5, 2009. In August and September 2009, Earth Crisis played America and Europe on the Hell on Earth Tour, alongside Sworn Enemy, Neaera, Waking the Cadaver, War of Ages, Thy Will Be Done and War from a Harlots Mouth.", "In August and September 2009, Earth Crisis played America and Europe on the Hell on Earth Tour, alongside Sworn Enemy, Neaera, Waking the Cadaver, War of Ages, Thy Will Be Done and War from a Harlots Mouth. Latest releases: (2010–present) In March 2010, they announced that drummer Andy Hurley of Fall Out Boy and formerly Racetraitor would serve as a touring musician for a portion of the band's upcoming tour, as Merrick will only be available for certain dates.", "Latest releases: (2010–present) In March 2010, they announced that drummer Andy Hurley of Fall Out Boy and formerly Racetraitor would serve as a touring musician for a portion of the band's upcoming tour, as Merrick will only be available for certain dates. In July 2011, Earth Crisis released their seventh studio album, Neutralize the Threat.", "In July 2011, Earth Crisis released their seventh studio album, Neutralize the Threat. The album was mixed and mastered by Zeuss. The tracks \"Raise\" and \"Total War\" were released online as an album teaser. Earth Crisis released their eighth studio album Salvation of Innocents on March 4, 2014.", "Earth Crisis released their eighth studio album Salvation of Innocents on March 4, 2014. A comic book of the Liberator series published by Black Mask Studios was made in collaboration with the band and released simultaneously with the album, sharing similar conceptual ideas and artwork.", "A comic book of the Liberator series published by Black Mask Studios was made in collaboration with the band and released simultaneously with the album, sharing similar conceptual ideas and artwork. Musical style and influences Although ideologically tied to the straight edge movement, the initial musical influences of Earth Crisis were mainly from New York hardcore bands such as Agnostic Front, Cro-Mags and Sick of It All.", "Musical style and influences Although ideologically tied to the straight edge movement, the initial musical influences of Earth Crisis were mainly from New York hardcore bands such as Agnostic Front, Cro-Mags and Sick of It All. After the All Out War EP, they developed an increasingly technical and heavier style, citing death metal bands Napalm Death, Bolt Thrower and Obituary as prime inspirations.", "After the All Out War EP, they developed an increasingly technical and heavier style, citing death metal bands Napalm Death, Bolt Thrower and Obituary as prime inspirations. Buechner's vocals became rougher with each release as well, culminating in the completely gutturally screamed Gomorrah's Season Ends.", "Buechner's vocals became rougher with each release as well, culminating in the completely gutturally screamed Gomorrah's Season Ends. Terrorizer magazine referred to this album as \"heavy hardcore taken to a new level, all the blackness that was hinted at on Firestorm realized in all its formidable glory.\"", "Terrorizer magazine referred to this album as \"heavy hardcore taken to a new level, all the blackness that was hinted at on Firestorm realized in all its formidable glory.\" In this period, many of their songs were built on Merrick's drum beats.", "In this period, many of their songs were built on Merrick's drum beats. Their third studio album, Breed the Killers, maintained the previous aggressiveness and its growled vocals were \"taken about as far as possible\", but it followed a structure more akin to the \"post-Judge hardcore of the Path of Resistance record Who Dares Wins\", according to Shawn Macomber of Decibel.", "Their third studio album, Breed the Killers, maintained the previous aggressiveness and its growled vocals were \"taken about as far as possible\", but it followed a structure more akin to the \"post-Judge hardcore of the Path of Resistance record Who Dares Wins\", according to Shawn Macomber of Decibel. Dennis Merrick said: \"On Breed the Killers I think we achieved the most honest representation of our sound without sounding too raw or too slick\".", "Dennis Merrick said: \"On Breed the Killers I think we achieved the most honest representation of our sound without sounding too raw or too slick\". Its follow-up, Slither, had a change of style that steered towards nu metal.", "Its follow-up, Slither, had a change of style that steered towards nu metal. Buechner declared that, rather than being influenced by other styles, they \"resurrected\" the sound of All Out War in a proper way, which also had melodic choruses and spoken word verses.", "Buechner declared that, rather than being influenced by other styles, they \"resurrected\" the sound of All Out War in a proper way, which also had melodic choruses and spoken word verses. Their first post-reunion album, To the Death, was described by Buechner as \"a mixture between Destroying the Machines and Breed the Killers.\"", "Their first post-reunion album, To the Death, was described by Buechner as \"a mixture between Destroying the Machines and Breed the Killers.\" According to Stereo Killer, it was \"arguably the band's heaviest offering\" but with \"more traditional verse/chorus/verse\" material.", "According to Stereo Killer, it was \"arguably the band's heaviest offering\" but with \"more traditional verse/chorus/verse\" material. Neutralize the Threat followed a similar path, but \"with a Gomorrah's Season Ends vibe thrown in\", the band stated.", "Neutralize the Threat followed a similar path, but \"with a Gomorrah's Season Ends vibe thrown in\", the band stated. Scott Crouse said that he always tried \"to get the perfect blend of heaviness, imagery and listenability\" and that these two albums were the first to \"hit that mark\".", "Scott Crouse said that he always tried \"to get the perfect blend of heaviness, imagery and listenability\" and that these two albums were the first to \"hit that mark\". Salvation of Innocents included, in addition, some clean vocals that were compared by one reviewer to the sludge metal band Crowbar, as well as \"some elements of melodic metalcore\" and faster songs.", "Salvation of Innocents included, in addition, some clean vocals that were compared by one reviewer to the sludge metal band Crowbar, as well as \"some elements of melodic metalcore\" and faster songs. When asked what ten bands inspired Earth Crisis over the years in a 2016 interview, Scott Crouse named DYS, Judge, Corrosion of Conformity, Agnostic Front, Slayer, Sepultura, Metallica, Conviction, Zero Tolerance and Iron Maiden.", "When asked what ten bands inspired Earth Crisis over the years in a 2016 interview, Scott Crouse named DYS, Judge, Corrosion of Conformity, Agnostic Front, Slayer, Sepultura, Metallica, Conviction, Zero Tolerance and Iron Maiden. Lyrics, views and activism The name of the band, Earth Crisis, indicates how their members see the current state of the planet and in their lyrics they seek to offer solutions to it; these are either \"educational\" or encourage direct-action.", "Lyrics, views and activism The name of the band, Earth Crisis, indicates how their members see the current state of the planet and in their lyrics they seek to offer solutions to it; these are either \"educational\" or encourage direct-action. Most of them focus on rejection of recreational drugs, animal products, animal testing, industrial livestock production, illegal drug trade and an impending earth's doom caused by wars or an ecological collapse.", "Most of them focus on rejection of recreational drugs, animal products, animal testing, industrial livestock production, illegal drug trade and an impending earth's doom caused by wars or an ecological collapse. On the other hand, they promote straight edge, veganism, self-empowerment and organizations such as Earth First!, Sea Shepherd Conservation Society and the Animal Liberation Front.", "On the other hand, they promote straight edge, veganism, self-empowerment and organizations such as Earth First!, Sea Shepherd Conservation Society and the Animal Liberation Front. In the words of the academic Jonathan Pieslak, some of their lyrics \"read like passages\" taken from \"direct-action essays\" of these institutions.", "In the words of the academic Jonathan Pieslak, some of their lyrics \"read like passages\" taken from \"direct-action essays\" of these institutions. Other subjects include criticism against white supremacy and, especially on Breed the Killers, oppressive governments. 2000's record Slither incorporated more topical issues, such as genetic engineering and second amendment rights.", "2000's record Slither incorporated more topical issues, such as genetic engineering and second amendment rights. Their seventh and eighth albums, Neutralize the Threat and Salvation of Innocents, are concept albums entirely dedicated to real-life vigilantes and animal rights/anti-vivisection, respectively.", "Their seventh and eighth albums, Neutralize the Threat and Salvation of Innocents, are concept albums entirely dedicated to real-life vigilantes and animal rights/anti-vivisection, respectively. The albums All Out War, Gomorrah's Season Ends and Breed the Killers included essays that delve into their lyrics and beliefs.", "The albums All Out War, Gomorrah's Season Ends and Breed the Killers included essays that delve into their lyrics and beliefs. According to the sociologist Ross Haenfler, Earth Crisis combined \"youth crew's outspoken commitment to straight edge with Manliftingbanner's direct politics\".", "According to the sociologist Ross Haenfler, Earth Crisis combined \"youth crew's outspoken commitment to straight edge with Manliftingbanner's direct politics\". In a 1998 interview with Roadrunner Records, Karl Buechner described Earth Crisis' philosophy: \"I want to boil it down to one notion: personal accountability.", "In a 1998 interview with Roadrunner Records, Karl Buechner described Earth Crisis' philosophy: \"I want to boil it down to one notion: personal accountability. Respect for yourself, respect for the lives of innocent beings around us.\"", "Respect for yourself, respect for the lives of innocent beings around us.\" He added that \"Just being drug-free doesn't make you a good person, you need to use that clarity of the mind to become actively involved in the struggle that is being waged for earth, human and animal liberation.\"", "He added that \"Just being drug-free doesn't make you a good person, you need to use that clarity of the mind to become actively involved in the struggle that is being waged for earth, human and animal liberation.\" Their message disjoined from the \"posicore\" attitudes in its advocation for violent direct action.", "Their message disjoined from the \"posicore\" attitudes in its advocation for violent direct action. However, they believe that it must be used only as a last resort: \"destruction and violence are the last thing I want to see but tragically, they are sometimes necessary.", "However, they believe that it must be used only as a last resort: \"destruction and violence are the last thing I want to see but tragically, they are sometimes necessary. We place so far greater value on the lives of the innocent beings than any type of worth that could be put upon someone who's sadistic or greedy and doesn't want to change their profit system\", said Buechner.", "We place so far greater value on the lives of the innocent beings than any type of worth that could be put upon someone who's sadistic or greedy and doesn't want to change their profit system\", said Buechner. The band cited authors Peter Singer, John Robbins and Huey P. Newton as inspirations.", "The band cited authors Peter Singer, John Robbins and Huey P. Newton as inspirations. In their live shows, there is usually literature about PETA, Greenpeace and others distributed. They have been longtime supporters for organizations such as the Animal Defense League, having done several benefit concerts for them.", "They have been longtime supporters for organizations such as the Animal Defense League, having done several benefit concerts for them. Nevertheless, they are not part of any of these groups or a political party: \"We're about things we're interested in and we sing about things that happen politically, but we're not left-core or right wing.", "Nevertheless, they are not part of any of these groups or a political party: \"We're about things we're interested in and we sing about things that happen politically, but we're not left-core or right wing. We don't want to get tangled up in someone else's agenda, which can happen if you join up in certain organizations.\"", "We don't want to get tangled up in someone else's agenda, which can happen if you join up in certain organizations.\" Earth Crisis was occasionally misidentified with the hardline subculture, but they are not against homosexuality and believe that abortion should remain as an option in some instances.", "Earth Crisis was occasionally misidentified with the hardline subculture, but they are not against homosexuality and believe that abortion should remain as an option in some instances. They also do not have a religious agenda and think that that is mainly a personal choice. Legacy Earth Crisis had a huge impact on both the hardcore punk music and its ideals.", "Legacy Earth Crisis had a huge impact on both the hardcore punk music and its ideals. MetalSucks said: \"For anybody who was not in the hardcore scene back then, it is hard to describe the impact they had or how controversial they were.", "MetalSucks said: \"For anybody who was not in the hardcore scene back then, it is hard to describe the impact they had or how controversial they were. You either loved them or hated them for bringing both metal and veganism into the hardcore scene\".", "You either loved them or hated them for bringing both metal and veganism into the hardcore scene\". Sociologist Ross Haenfler stated in The Vinyl Factory that \"Earth Crisis became the face of straight edge throughout the 1990s\" through \"the convergence of 'radical' animal rights activism, a more aggressive 'metalcore' sound, and hardcore crews\", becoming \"one of the most controversial bands in the scene's history.\"", "Sociologist Ross Haenfler stated in The Vinyl Factory that \"Earth Crisis became the face of straight edge throughout the 1990s\" through \"the convergence of 'radical' animal rights activism, a more aggressive 'metalcore' sound, and hardcore crews\", becoming \"one of the most controversial bands in the scene's history.\" Their albums Firestorm, Destroy the Machines and Gomorrah's Season Ends were particularly influential for the emerging metalcore genre.", "Their albums Firestorm, Destroy the Machines and Gomorrah's Season Ends were particularly influential for the emerging metalcore genre. According to Andrew O'Neill, \"Earth Crisis inspired a much more heavy metal sound in hardcore\" and \"the distinction between the two [genres] started to crumble\" shortly after those records were released.", "According to Andrew O'Neill, \"Earth Crisis inspired a much more heavy metal sound in hardcore\" and \"the distinction between the two [genres] started to crumble\" shortly after those records were released. To a large extent, Earth Crisis was responsible for the rising of vegan straight edge militancy in the mid- to late 90s, when veganism was rarely present in mainstream culture.", "To a large extent, Earth Crisis was responsible for the rising of vegan straight edge militancy in the mid- to late 90s, when veganism was rarely present in mainstream culture. Haenfler said that, while \"earlier straight edge bands advocated vegetarianism – for example Youth of Today, Insted and Manliftingbanner\", Earth Crisis \"made animal rights (and environmentalism) central to the scene\" as a \"self-described 'vegan straight edge' band\", \"inspiring thousands of kids to give up animal products entirely.\"", "Haenfler said that, while \"earlier straight edge bands advocated vegetarianism – for example Youth of Today, Insted and Manliftingbanner\", Earth Crisis \"made animal rights (and environmentalism) central to the scene\" as a \"self-described 'vegan straight edge' band\", \"inspiring thousands of kids to give up animal products entirely.\" They also spawned many activists in the scene because their message \"imparted the sense of urgency in a way that nothing else that ever come before had\", according to Peter Daniel Young.", "They also spawned many activists in the scene because their message \"imparted the sense of urgency in a way that nothing else that ever come before had\", according to Peter Daniel Young. Some of their songs went on to be considered by some as anthems, such as \"Firestorm\" for straight edge and \"Ultramilitance\" for eco-terrorists.", "Some of their songs went on to be considered by some as anthems, such as \"Firestorm\" for straight edge and \"Ultramilitance\" for eco-terrorists. They also drew major media attention, having been featured and interviewed by CNN, CBS and The New York Times, while lead singer Karl Buechner was invited to address the Congress about teens and substance abuse.", "They also drew major media attention, having been featured and interviewed by CNN, CBS and The New York Times, while lead singer Karl Buechner was invited to address the Congress about teens and substance abuse. Comments from other musicians Many artists have cited Earth Crisis as an influence or have expressed their admiration for them, including Davey Havok and Jade Puget of AFI and XTRMST, Hatebreed, Throwdown, Robb Flynn of Machine Head, Jona Weinhofen of I Killed the Prom Queen and Bring Me the Horizon, Jeremy Bolm of Touché Amoré, Tim McIlrath of Rise Against, Tim Lambesis of As I Lay Dying, Glassjaw, Andy Hurley and Pete Wentz of Fall Out Boy and Racetraitor, Igor Cavalera of Sepultura, Paul Waggoner and Thomas Giles of Between the Buried and Me, Matt Fox of Shai Hulud, Heaven Shall Burn, Unearth, Brian Cook of Botch, Code Orange, Guy Kozowyk of The Red Chord, Greg Bennick of Trial, Maroon, Deadlock, Marc Görtz of Caliban, Born from Pain, Saving Grace, Twelve Tribes, Dan Smith of The Dear & Departed, First Blood, No Innocent Victim and Clear; as well as activists such as Peter Daniel Young.", "Comments from other musicians Many artists have cited Earth Crisis as an influence or have expressed their admiration for them, including Davey Havok and Jade Puget of AFI and XTRMST, Hatebreed, Throwdown, Robb Flynn of Machine Head, Jona Weinhofen of I Killed the Prom Queen and Bring Me the Horizon, Jeremy Bolm of Touché Amoré, Tim McIlrath of Rise Against, Tim Lambesis of As I Lay Dying, Glassjaw, Andy Hurley and Pete Wentz of Fall Out Boy and Racetraitor, Igor Cavalera of Sepultura, Paul Waggoner and Thomas Giles of Between the Buried and Me, Matt Fox of Shai Hulud, Heaven Shall Burn, Unearth, Brian Cook of Botch, Code Orange, Guy Kozowyk of The Red Chord, Greg Bennick of Trial, Maroon, Deadlock, Marc Görtz of Caliban, Born from Pain, Saving Grace, Twelve Tribes, Dan Smith of The Dear & Departed, First Blood, No Innocent Victim and Clear; as well as activists such as Peter Daniel Young. Members Current members Karl Buechner – vocals (1989–2001, 2007–present) bass (1989) Scott Crouse – lead guitar (1991–2001, 2007–present) Ian \"Bulldog\" Edwards – bass (1991–2001, 2007–present) Dennis Merrick – drums (1993–2001, 2007–present) Erick Edwards – rhythm guitar (1998–2001, 2007–present) Former members Ben Read – rhythm guitar (1991–1994) Kris Wiechmann – rhythm guitar (1994–1998) Michael Riccardi – drums (1991–1993) Touring musicians Jim Winters – rhythm guitar (1993–1996) Andy Hurley – drums (2010) Timeline Discography Studio albums Destroy the Machines (1995, Victory Records) Gomorrah's Season Ends (1996, Victory Records) Breed the Killers (1998, Roadrunner Records) Slither (2000, Victory Records) Last of the Sane (2001, Victory Records) To the Death (2009, Century Media Records) Neutralize the Threat (2011, Century Media Records) Salvation of Innocents (2014, Candlelight Records) EPs All Out War (EP) (1992, Conviction Records, re-released 1995 on Victory Records) Firestorm (EP) (1993, Victory Records, re-released 1995) Forced to Kill (7\") (2009, Seventh Dagger Records) The Discipline (EP) (2015, Bullet Tooth Records) Music videos \"Broken Foundation\" (1996) \"Killing Brain Cells\" (2000) \"Provoke\" (2000) \"Nemesis\" (2000) \"To Ashes\" (2009) \"Total War\" (2011) Live and compilation albums The California Takeover (1996), Victory Records, split live album with Strife and Snapcase) The Oath That Keeps Me Free (1998, Victory Records) Forever True – 1991–2001 (Compilation) (2001, Victory Records) See also Animal rights and punk subculture References External links American metalcore musical groups Musical groups from Syracuse, New York Straight edge groups Musical groups established in 1989 Victory Records artists Equal Vision Records artists Century Media Records artists Hardcore punk groups from New York (state) Veganism activists Political music groups" ]

[ "Earth Crisis", "Lyrics, views and activism", "Did they have any famous lyrics?", "these are either \"educational\" or encourage direct-action.", "What was one of their songs?", "Most of them focus on rejection of recreational drugs, animal products, animal", "What were their views?", "they promote straight edge, veganism, self-empowerment" ]

[ "Eva Haifa Giraud (born 1984) is a cultural and critical theorist and a scholar of media studies and feminist science studies whose work concerns activism and non-anthropocentric theory. She is presently a senior lecturer in the Department of Media, Communications and Creative Practice at Keele University. Her 2019 monograph What Comes After Entanglement? Activism, Anthropocentrism, and an Ethics of Exclusion was published by Duke University Press; her second book, Veganism: Politics, Practice and Theory, will be published in 2021 by Bloomsbury.\n\nBiography\nGiraud read for an Master of Arts (MA) in English Literature at the University of Edinburgh from 2002–2006, and then went on to read for an MA (2006–7) and PhD (2007–11) in Critical Theory at the Centre for Critical Theory, University of Nottingham. Her doctoral thesis was entitled Articulating Animal Rights: Activism, Networks and Anthropocentrism. She worked at Nottingham for three years, before joining the Keele University in 2014. Her research concerns the use of media by activists (including animal activists, food activists, environmental activists, and anti-racist activists); non-anthropocentric theory exploring how to live in ways that reject human exceptionalism; and online hate speech.\n\nIn 2019, Giraud published a monograph entitled What Comes After Entanglement? Activism, Anthropocentrism, and an Ethics of Exclusion with Duke University Press. In the book, she addresses the theoretical idea of entanglement, which cautions theorists and activists to \"avoid proposing simple solutions to the world’s complex problems\". Giraud explores case studies of activism including anti-McDonald's campaigning, anti-G8 campaigning, the SPEAK campaign, and food activism in Nottingham, arguing that there is a tension between, on the one hand, theoretical work on entanglement, and, on the other, the political practice of activists. She argues for an \"ethics of exclusion\", which recognises that certain ways of being are inevitably foreclosed by decisions made, and that decisions sometimes have to be made. She thus challenges the charges made by certain theorists that activist decision-making essentialist and insufficiently attentive to the world's complexity; her descriptions of protest ecologies and their everyday practices of decision-making and labour organisations \"trouble the notion\" of staying with the trouble. One reviewer said that the book would be valuable for scholars of a wide range of disciplines; another drew attention to the ongoing conversation that Giraud was conducting with Donna Haraway, a major influence on Giraud's work; and a third argued that one of the book's major contributions was emphasising the difference between animal studies and critical animal studies.\n\nGiraud's second book, Veganism: Politics, Practice and Theory, will be published by Bloomsbury in 2021.\n\nSelected works\nElizabeth Poole and Eva Giraud, eds. (2019). Right Wing Populism and Mediated Activism: Creative Responses & Counter-narrative. London: Open Library of Humanities.\nEva Giraud (2019). What Comes After Entanglement? Activism, Anthropocentrism and an Ethics of Exclusion. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.\nEva Giraud (2021). Veganism: Politics, Practice and Theory. London: Bloomsbury.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nEva Giraud at Keele University\nEva Giraud at Humanities Commons\nEva Giraud on Twitter\n\nLiving people\n1984 births\nAlumni of the University of Edinburgh\nAlumni of the University of Nottingham\nAcademics of Keele University\nCritical theorists\nScience and technology studies scholars\nFeminist theorists", "Selena \"Rocky\" Malone (died 22 May 2017), was an Australian Aboriginal LGBTQI activist, based in Brisbane. She was the coordinator and manager of Open Doors Youth Service, and one of the founding members of IndigiLez, an organization working to support LGBTQI Aboriginals and Torres Strait Islanders. For her LGBTQI activism, she received several awards, and was named by the Supreme Court of Queensland High Court Justice Michael Kirby as an important part of the LGBTQI movement in Queensland.\n\nPolitical activism \n\nMalone started her involvement for Aboriginal and LGBTI causes as Aboriginal and LGBTI Liaison Officer within the Queensland Police Service. She was involved in various parts of the Australian LGBTI Community, including community groups such as PFLAG, Dykes on Bikes and the LGBTI Health Alliance. She was one of the founding members of IndigiLez, an organization working to support isolated Aboriginals and Torres Strait Islanders in the LGBTI community.\n\nDuring several years, she was also a part of the management committee for the LGBTI Legal Service. At the time of her death, she was the General Manager and coordinator for the Open Doors Youth Service, an organization working for LGBTI youth at risk. As such, she was an important part of the LGBTI community in Brisbane and Queensland. Due to her engagement in Open Doors Youth Service, she got the award for Best Community Service as the Brisbane Pride Festival. She also received the award for \"Lifetime Achievement\" posthumously at the same Pride festival in 2017.\n\nMalone was praised for her activism for LGBTQI causes at several occasions. In 2016, At the Supreme Court of Queensland, former High Court Justice Michael Kirby named Malone specifically when praising the work of the LGBTI Legal Service.\n\nPersonal life \nOutside of the political involvement, Malone was an active rugby league player, and competed for both regional and state teams, before she had to retire due to an injury in her knee.\n\nDeath \nMalone passed away in May 2017, after an accident with a motorcycle in Rockhampton, Australia.\n\nReferences \n\nAustralian activists\n2017 deaths\nLGBT rights activists from Australia" ]

[ "Earth Crisis is an American hardcore punk band from Syracuse, New York, active from 1989 until 2001, reuniting in 2007. Since 1993 the band's longest serving members are vocalist Karl Buechner, lead guitarist Scott Crouse, bassist Ian Edwards and drummer Dennis Merrick. Their third and current rhythm guitarist Erick Edwards joined the band in 1998.", "Their third and current rhythm guitarist Erick Edwards joined the band in 1998. The band has released eight studio albums, three compilations, two live albums and six music videos. The band is known for supporting animal rights, promoting a straight edge and vegan lifestyle, and addressing further social and political issues.", "The band is known for supporting animal rights, promoting a straight edge and vegan lifestyle, and addressing further social and political issues. Earth Crisis is considered a crucial developer and influence for both the metalcore genre and vegan straight edge movement.", "Earth Crisis is considered a crucial developer and influence for both the metalcore genre and vegan straight edge movement. History Initial career (1989–1995) The band originally formed in 1989, after bassist Karl Buechner proposed the idea to his friend DJ Rose, whom he knew because both skateboarded together.", "History Initial career (1989–1995) The band originally formed in 1989, after bassist Karl Buechner proposed the idea to his friend DJ Rose, whom he knew because both skateboarded together. Rose became the vocalist and they were joined by Jesse Buckley on drums and John Moseman on guitar.", "Rose became the vocalist and they were joined by Jesse Buckley on drums and John Moseman on guitar. Established in the latter part of the youth crew heyday, where many groups disbanded and their members stopped being straight edge, they wanted to \"keep that torch burning\", as Buechner said.", "Established in the latter part of the youth crew heyday, where many groups disbanded and their members stopped being straight edge, they wanted to \"keep that torch burning\", as Buechner said. \"The feeling of disappointment we had in those bands lead us to promote straight edge as being a lifetime commitment to never touch a drop of poison.", "\"The feeling of disappointment we had in those bands lead us to promote straight edge as being a lifetime commitment to never touch a drop of poison. We wanted people to know they can believe in us.\"", "We wanted people to know they can believe in us.\" Rose named the band after the 1984's album of the same name from the British reggae band Steel Pulse, because its cover portrayed many of the things they \"would stand against\", such as the starving African children, the two blocs of the Cold War and Klansmen.", "Rose named the band after the 1984's album of the same name from the British reggae band Steel Pulse, because its cover portrayed many of the things they \"would stand against\", such as the starving African children, the two blocs of the Cold War and Klansmen. Its initial lineup was short-lived; they had two or three practices and played a show in Utica, New York.", "Its initial lineup was short-lived; they had two or three practices and played a show in Utica, New York. After that performance, Rose decided to quit the group to spend more time booking shows.", "After that performance, Rose decided to quit the group to spend more time booking shows. Buechner continued composing and formed a new lineup of the band in 1991, after attending a skateboard demonstration where he met members of the vegan straight edge band Framework.", "Buechner continued composing and formed a new lineup of the band in 1991, after attending a skateboard demonstration where he met members of the vegan straight edge band Framework. He switched to lead vocals in the process and was joined by four of the five members of Framework: guitarist Scott Crouse, bassist Ian \"Bulldog\" Edwards, guitarist Ben Read and drummer Michael Riccardi, all of who participated in Earth Crisis as a side project.", "He switched to lead vocals in the process and was joined by four of the five members of Framework: guitarist Scott Crouse, bassist Ian \"Bulldog\" Edwards, guitarist Ben Read and drummer Michael Riccardi, all of who participated in Earth Crisis as a side project. Both Earth Crisis and Framework appeared on the 1992 various artists tape compilation Structure Hardcore Compilation, released by the members of Chokehold.", "Both Earth Crisis and Framework appeared on the 1992 various artists tape compilation Structure Hardcore Compilation, released by the members of Chokehold. Earth Crisis' three-song EP All Out War marked their debut release later in 1992, and shortly afterwards the band became a first priority.", "Earth Crisis' three-song EP All Out War marked their debut release later in 1992, and shortly afterwards the band became a first priority. In the summer of 1993, at the start of the All Out War tour, Earth Crisis recorded the Firestorm EP in the studio of Bill Korecky in Cleveland and released it through Victory Records.", "In the summer of 1993, at the start of the All Out War tour, Earth Crisis recorded the Firestorm EP in the studio of Bill Korecky in Cleveland and released it through Victory Records. For this album, Riccardi was replaced by Dennis Merrick. Later on, Ben Read was replaced by Kris Wiechmann.", "Later on, Ben Read was replaced by Kris Wiechmann. Destroy the Machines, their first full-length record, was released in 1995 and would eventually become the best-selling album in the history of Victory Records. Later this year, the band's touring van was involved in an accident that injured all band members, most severely Merrick.", "Later this year, the band's touring van was involved in an accident that injured all band members, most severely Merrick. During his recovery time, the other band members began the group Path of Resistance with Riccardi, Rose and another friend to remain occupied.", "During his recovery time, the other band members began the group Path of Resistance with Riccardi, Rose and another friend to remain occupied. Subsequent years and breakup: (1996–2001) 1996's Gomorrah's Season Ends brought a more complex and developed form of metalcore and, shortly thereafter, they were asked to take part in the inaugural Ozzfest, including one song for its live album.", "Subsequent years and breakup: (1996–2001) 1996's Gomorrah's Season Ends brought a more complex and developed form of metalcore and, shortly thereafter, they were asked to take part in the inaugural Ozzfest, including one song for its live album. Their popularity grew, resulting in a deal with Roadrunner Records, and the band released Breed the Killers in 1998, the first with guitarist Erick Edwards (bassist Ian Edwards's brother) replacing Wiechmann.", "Their popularity grew, resulting in a deal with Roadrunner Records, and the band released Breed the Killers in 1998, the first with guitarist Erick Edwards (bassist Ian Edwards's brother) replacing Wiechmann. The album was produced by Andy Sneap and featured a guest appearance by Machine Head vocalist and guitarist Robb Flynn.", "The album was produced by Andy Sneap and featured a guest appearance by Machine Head vocalist and guitarist Robb Flynn. The band later returned to Victory Records, releasing 2000's Slither soon after.", "The band later returned to Victory Records, releasing 2000's Slither soon after. With more emphasis on production and a change of style steered towards nu metal, it drew mixed reactions from critics and fans but had a wider exposure in mainstream music.", "With more emphasis on production and a change of style steered towards nu metal, it drew mixed reactions from critics and fans but had a wider exposure in mainstream music. Their final album before their breakup was 2001's Last of the Sane, which included cover versions of songs by The Rolling Stones, Slayer, Led Zeppelin, Cream and Dead Kennedys.", "Their final album before their breakup was 2001's Last of the Sane, which included cover versions of songs by The Rolling Stones, Slayer, Led Zeppelin, Cream and Dead Kennedys. In 2001, Earth Crisis disbanded on good terms because some members could no longer engage in a full-time touring band due to their personal lives.", "In 2001, Earth Crisis disbanded on good terms because some members could no longer engage in a full-time touring band due to their personal lives. They played the final show of their initial career at Hellfest in Syracuse.", "They played the final show of their initial career at Hellfest in Syracuse. After the band's breakup in 2001, Buechner, Bulldog and Erick Edwards went on to form Freya, a band named for the Norse goddess of fertility. Meanwhile, Crouse and Dennis Merrick moved to California and formed the group Isolated.", "Meanwhile, Crouse and Dennis Merrick moved to California and formed the group Isolated. Reformation (2007–2009) On January 27, 2007, the reunited Earth Crisis played the Maryland Metal and Hardcore Festival. Although it was originally planned as a one-off concert, numerous American and European dates followed thereafter.", "Although it was originally planned as a one-off concert, numerous American and European dates followed thereafter. Earth Crisis headlined the Firestorm Fest in early 2008. On September 10, 2008 it was announced that they had signed a worldwide deal with Century Media.", "On September 10, 2008 it was announced that they had signed a worldwide deal with Century Media. They entered the studio on October 16, 2008 to record a new record, and Tue Madsen was hired to mix the project.", "They entered the studio on October 16, 2008 to record a new record, and Tue Madsen was hired to mix the project. The finished album, To the Death, was released in Europe on April 20, 2009 and in North America on May 5, 2009.", "The finished album, To the Death, was released in Europe on April 20, 2009 and in North America on May 5, 2009. In August and September 2009, Earth Crisis played America and Europe on the Hell on Earth Tour, alongside Sworn Enemy, Neaera, Waking the Cadaver, War of Ages, Thy Will Be Done and War from a Harlots Mouth.", "In August and September 2009, Earth Crisis played America and Europe on the Hell on Earth Tour, alongside Sworn Enemy, Neaera, Waking the Cadaver, War of Ages, Thy Will Be Done and War from a Harlots Mouth. Latest releases: (2010–present) In March 2010, they announced that drummer Andy Hurley of Fall Out Boy and formerly Racetraitor would serve as a touring musician for a portion of the band's upcoming tour, as Merrick will only be available for certain dates.", "Latest releases: (2010–present) In March 2010, they announced that drummer Andy Hurley of Fall Out Boy and formerly Racetraitor would serve as a touring musician for a portion of the band's upcoming tour, as Merrick will only be available for certain dates. In July 2011, Earth Crisis released their seventh studio album, Neutralize the Threat.", "In July 2011, Earth Crisis released their seventh studio album, Neutralize the Threat. The album was mixed and mastered by Zeuss. The tracks \"Raise\" and \"Total War\" were released online as an album teaser. Earth Crisis released their eighth studio album Salvation of Innocents on March 4, 2014.", "Earth Crisis released their eighth studio album Salvation of Innocents on March 4, 2014. A comic book of the Liberator series published by Black Mask Studios was made in collaboration with the band and released simultaneously with the album, sharing similar conceptual ideas and artwork.", "A comic book of the Liberator series published by Black Mask Studios was made in collaboration with the band and released simultaneously with the album, sharing similar conceptual ideas and artwork. Musical style and influences Although ideologically tied to the straight edge movement, the initial musical influences of Earth Crisis were mainly from New York hardcore bands such as Agnostic Front, Cro-Mags and Sick of It All.", "Musical style and influences Although ideologically tied to the straight edge movement, the initial musical influences of Earth Crisis were mainly from New York hardcore bands such as Agnostic Front, Cro-Mags and Sick of It All. After the All Out War EP, they developed an increasingly technical and heavier style, citing death metal bands Napalm Death, Bolt Thrower and Obituary as prime inspirations.", "After the All Out War EP, they developed an increasingly technical and heavier style, citing death metal bands Napalm Death, Bolt Thrower and Obituary as prime inspirations. Buechner's vocals became rougher with each release as well, culminating in the completely gutturally screamed Gomorrah's Season Ends.", "Buechner's vocals became rougher with each release as well, culminating in the completely gutturally screamed Gomorrah's Season Ends. Terrorizer magazine referred to this album as \"heavy hardcore taken to a new level, all the blackness that was hinted at on Firestorm realized in all its formidable glory.\"", "Terrorizer magazine referred to this album as \"heavy hardcore taken to a new level, all the blackness that was hinted at on Firestorm realized in all its formidable glory.\" In this period, many of their songs were built on Merrick's drum beats.", "In this period, many of their songs were built on Merrick's drum beats. Their third studio album, Breed the Killers, maintained the previous aggressiveness and its growled vocals were \"taken about as far as possible\", but it followed a structure more akin to the \"post-Judge hardcore of the Path of Resistance record Who Dares Wins\", according to Shawn Macomber of Decibel.", "Their third studio album, Breed the Killers, maintained the previous aggressiveness and its growled vocals were \"taken about as far as possible\", but it followed a structure more akin to the \"post-Judge hardcore of the Path of Resistance record Who Dares Wins\", according to Shawn Macomber of Decibel. Dennis Merrick said: \"On Breed the Killers I think we achieved the most honest representation of our sound without sounding too raw or too slick\".", "Dennis Merrick said: \"On Breed the Killers I think we achieved the most honest representation of our sound without sounding too raw or too slick\". Its follow-up, Slither, had a change of style that steered towards nu metal.", "Its follow-up, Slither, had a change of style that steered towards nu metal. Buechner declared that, rather than being influenced by other styles, they \"resurrected\" the sound of All Out War in a proper way, which also had melodic choruses and spoken word verses.", "Buechner declared that, rather than being influenced by other styles, they \"resurrected\" the sound of All Out War in a proper way, which also had melodic choruses and spoken word verses. Their first post-reunion album, To the Death, was described by Buechner as \"a mixture between Destroying the Machines and Breed the Killers.\"", "Their first post-reunion album, To the Death, was described by Buechner as \"a mixture between Destroying the Machines and Breed the Killers.\" According to Stereo Killer, it was \"arguably the band's heaviest offering\" but with \"more traditional verse/chorus/verse\" material.", "According to Stereo Killer, it was \"arguably the band's heaviest offering\" but with \"more traditional verse/chorus/verse\" material. Neutralize the Threat followed a similar path, but \"with a Gomorrah's Season Ends vibe thrown in\", the band stated.", "Neutralize the Threat followed a similar path, but \"with a Gomorrah's Season Ends vibe thrown in\", the band stated. Scott Crouse said that he always tried \"to get the perfect blend of heaviness, imagery and listenability\" and that these two albums were the first to \"hit that mark\".", "Scott Crouse said that he always tried \"to get the perfect blend of heaviness, imagery and listenability\" and that these two albums were the first to \"hit that mark\". Salvation of Innocents included, in addition, some clean vocals that were compared by one reviewer to the sludge metal band Crowbar, as well as \"some elements of melodic metalcore\" and faster songs.", "Salvation of Innocents included, in addition, some clean vocals that were compared by one reviewer to the sludge metal band Crowbar, as well as \"some elements of melodic metalcore\" and faster songs. When asked what ten bands inspired Earth Crisis over the years in a 2016 interview, Scott Crouse named DYS, Judge, Corrosion of Conformity, Agnostic Front, Slayer, Sepultura, Metallica, Conviction, Zero Tolerance and Iron Maiden.", "When asked what ten bands inspired Earth Crisis over the years in a 2016 interview, Scott Crouse named DYS, Judge, Corrosion of Conformity, Agnostic Front, Slayer, Sepultura, Metallica, Conviction, Zero Tolerance and Iron Maiden. Lyrics, views and activism The name of the band, Earth Crisis, indicates how their members see the current state of the planet and in their lyrics they seek to offer solutions to it; these are either \"educational\" or encourage direct-action.", "Lyrics, views and activism The name of the band, Earth Crisis, indicates how their members see the current state of the planet and in their lyrics they seek to offer solutions to it; these are either \"educational\" or encourage direct-action. Most of them focus on rejection of recreational drugs, animal products, animal testing, industrial livestock production, illegal drug trade and an impending earth's doom caused by wars or an ecological collapse.", "Most of them focus on rejection of recreational drugs, animal products, animal testing, industrial livestock production, illegal drug trade and an impending earth's doom caused by wars or an ecological collapse. On the other hand, they promote straight edge, veganism, self-empowerment and organizations such as Earth First!, Sea Shepherd Conservation Society and the Animal Liberation Front.", "On the other hand, they promote straight edge, veganism, self-empowerment and organizations such as Earth First!, Sea Shepherd Conservation Society and the Animal Liberation Front. In the words of the academic Jonathan Pieslak, some of their lyrics \"read like passages\" taken from \"direct-action essays\" of these institutions.", "In the words of the academic Jonathan Pieslak, some of their lyrics \"read like passages\" taken from \"direct-action essays\" of these institutions. Other subjects include criticism against white supremacy and, especially on Breed the Killers, oppressive governments. 2000's record Slither incorporated more topical issues, such as genetic engineering and second amendment rights.", "2000's record Slither incorporated more topical issues, such as genetic engineering and second amendment rights. Their seventh and eighth albums, Neutralize the Threat and Salvation of Innocents, are concept albums entirely dedicated to real-life vigilantes and animal rights/anti-vivisection, respectively.", "Their seventh and eighth albums, Neutralize the Threat and Salvation of Innocents, are concept albums entirely dedicated to real-life vigilantes and animal rights/anti-vivisection, respectively. The albums All Out War, Gomorrah's Season Ends and Breed the Killers included essays that delve into their lyrics and beliefs.", "The albums All Out War, Gomorrah's Season Ends and Breed the Killers included essays that delve into their lyrics and beliefs. According to the sociologist Ross Haenfler, Earth Crisis combined \"youth crew's outspoken commitment to straight edge with Manliftingbanner's direct politics\".", "According to the sociologist Ross Haenfler, Earth Crisis combined \"youth crew's outspoken commitment to straight edge with Manliftingbanner's direct politics\". In a 1998 interview with Roadrunner Records, Karl Buechner described Earth Crisis' philosophy: \"I want to boil it down to one notion: personal accountability.", "In a 1998 interview with Roadrunner Records, Karl Buechner described Earth Crisis' philosophy: \"I want to boil it down to one notion: personal accountability. Respect for yourself, respect for the lives of innocent beings around us.\"", "Respect for yourself, respect for the lives of innocent beings around us.\" He added that \"Just being drug-free doesn't make you a good person, you need to use that clarity of the mind to become actively involved in the struggle that is being waged for earth, human and animal liberation.\"", "He added that \"Just being drug-free doesn't make you a good person, you need to use that clarity of the mind to become actively involved in the struggle that is being waged for earth, human and animal liberation.\" Their message disjoined from the \"posicore\" attitudes in its advocation for violent direct action.", "Their message disjoined from the \"posicore\" attitudes in its advocation for violent direct action. However, they believe that it must be used only as a last resort: \"destruction and violence are the last thing I want to see but tragically, they are sometimes necessary.", "However, they believe that it must be used only as a last resort: \"destruction and violence are the last thing I want to see but tragically, they are sometimes necessary. We place so far greater value on the lives of the innocent beings than any type of worth that could be put upon someone who's sadistic or greedy and doesn't want to change their profit system\", said Buechner.", "We place so far greater value on the lives of the innocent beings than any type of worth that could be put upon someone who's sadistic or greedy and doesn't want to change their profit system\", said Buechner. The band cited authors Peter Singer, John Robbins and Huey P. Newton as inspirations.", "The band cited authors Peter Singer, John Robbins and Huey P. Newton as inspirations. In their live shows, there is usually literature about PETA, Greenpeace and others distributed. They have been longtime supporters for organizations such as the Animal Defense League, having done several benefit concerts for them.", "They have been longtime supporters for organizations such as the Animal Defense League, having done several benefit concerts for them. Nevertheless, they are not part of any of these groups or a political party: \"We're about things we're interested in and we sing about things that happen politically, but we're not left-core or right wing.", "Nevertheless, they are not part of any of these groups or a political party: \"We're about things we're interested in and we sing about things that happen politically, but we're not left-core or right wing. We don't want to get tangled up in someone else's agenda, which can happen if you join up in certain organizations.\"", "We don't want to get tangled up in someone else's agenda, which can happen if you join up in certain organizations.\" Earth Crisis was occasionally misidentified with the hardline subculture, but they are not against homosexuality and believe that abortion should remain as an option in some instances.", "Earth Crisis was occasionally misidentified with the hardline subculture, but they are not against homosexuality and believe that abortion should remain as an option in some instances. They also do not have a religious agenda and think that that is mainly a personal choice. Legacy Earth Crisis had a huge impact on both the hardcore punk music and its ideals.", "Legacy Earth Crisis had a huge impact on both the hardcore punk music and its ideals. MetalSucks said: \"For anybody who was not in the hardcore scene back then, it is hard to describe the impact they had or how controversial they were.", "MetalSucks said: \"For anybody who was not in the hardcore scene back then, it is hard to describe the impact they had or how controversial they were. You either loved them or hated them for bringing both metal and veganism into the hardcore scene\".", "You either loved them or hated them for bringing both metal and veganism into the hardcore scene\". Sociologist Ross Haenfler stated in The Vinyl Factory that \"Earth Crisis became the face of straight edge throughout the 1990s\" through \"the convergence of 'radical' animal rights activism, a more aggressive 'metalcore' sound, and hardcore crews\", becoming \"one of the most controversial bands in the scene's history.\"", "Sociologist Ross Haenfler stated in The Vinyl Factory that \"Earth Crisis became the face of straight edge throughout the 1990s\" through \"the convergence of 'radical' animal rights activism, a more aggressive 'metalcore' sound, and hardcore crews\", becoming \"one of the most controversial bands in the scene's history.\" Their albums Firestorm, Destroy the Machines and Gomorrah's Season Ends were particularly influential for the emerging metalcore genre.", "Their albums Firestorm, Destroy the Machines and Gomorrah's Season Ends were particularly influential for the emerging metalcore genre. According to Andrew O'Neill, \"Earth Crisis inspired a much more heavy metal sound in hardcore\" and \"the distinction between the two [genres] started to crumble\" shortly after those records were released.", "According to Andrew O'Neill, \"Earth Crisis inspired a much more heavy metal sound in hardcore\" and \"the distinction between the two [genres] started to crumble\" shortly after those records were released. To a large extent, Earth Crisis was responsible for the rising of vegan straight edge militancy in the mid- to late 90s, when veganism was rarely present in mainstream culture.", "To a large extent, Earth Crisis was responsible for the rising of vegan straight edge militancy in the mid- to late 90s, when veganism was rarely present in mainstream culture. Haenfler said that, while \"earlier straight edge bands advocated vegetarianism – for example Youth of Today, Insted and Manliftingbanner\", Earth Crisis \"made animal rights (and environmentalism) central to the scene\" as a \"self-described 'vegan straight edge' band\", \"inspiring thousands of kids to give up animal products entirely.\"", "Haenfler said that, while \"earlier straight edge bands advocated vegetarianism – for example Youth of Today, Insted and Manliftingbanner\", Earth Crisis \"made animal rights (and environmentalism) central to the scene\" as a \"self-described 'vegan straight edge' band\", \"inspiring thousands of kids to give up animal products entirely.\" They also spawned many activists in the scene because their message \"imparted the sense of urgency in a way that nothing else that ever come before had\", according to Peter Daniel Young.", "They also spawned many activists in the scene because their message \"imparted the sense of urgency in a way that nothing else that ever come before had\", according to Peter Daniel Young. Some of their songs went on to be considered by some as anthems, such as \"Firestorm\" for straight edge and \"Ultramilitance\" for eco-terrorists.", "Some of their songs went on to be considered by some as anthems, such as \"Firestorm\" for straight edge and \"Ultramilitance\" for eco-terrorists. They also drew major media attention, having been featured and interviewed by CNN, CBS and The New York Times, while lead singer Karl Buechner was invited to address the Congress about teens and substance abuse.", "They also drew major media attention, having been featured and interviewed by CNN, CBS and The New York Times, while lead singer Karl Buechner was invited to address the Congress about teens and substance abuse. Comments from other musicians Many artists have cited Earth Crisis as an influence or have expressed their admiration for them, including Davey Havok and Jade Puget of AFI and XTRMST, Hatebreed, Throwdown, Robb Flynn of Machine Head, Jona Weinhofen of I Killed the Prom Queen and Bring Me the Horizon, Jeremy Bolm of Touché Amoré, Tim McIlrath of Rise Against, Tim Lambesis of As I Lay Dying, Glassjaw, Andy Hurley and Pete Wentz of Fall Out Boy and Racetraitor, Igor Cavalera of Sepultura, Paul Waggoner and Thomas Giles of Between the Buried and Me, Matt Fox of Shai Hulud, Heaven Shall Burn, Unearth, Brian Cook of Botch, Code Orange, Guy Kozowyk of The Red Chord, Greg Bennick of Trial, Maroon, Deadlock, Marc Görtz of Caliban, Born from Pain, Saving Grace, Twelve Tribes, Dan Smith of The Dear & Departed, First Blood, No Innocent Victim and Clear; as well as activists such as Peter Daniel Young.", "Comments from other musicians Many artists have cited Earth Crisis as an influence or have expressed their admiration for them, including Davey Havok and Jade Puget of AFI and XTRMST, Hatebreed, Throwdown, Robb Flynn of Machine Head, Jona Weinhofen of I Killed the Prom Queen and Bring Me the Horizon, Jeremy Bolm of Touché Amoré, Tim McIlrath of Rise Against, Tim Lambesis of As I Lay Dying, Glassjaw, Andy Hurley and Pete Wentz of Fall Out Boy and Racetraitor, Igor Cavalera of Sepultura, Paul Waggoner and Thomas Giles of Between the Buried and Me, Matt Fox of Shai Hulud, Heaven Shall Burn, Unearth, Brian Cook of Botch, Code Orange, Guy Kozowyk of The Red Chord, Greg Bennick of Trial, Maroon, Deadlock, Marc Görtz of Caliban, Born from Pain, Saving Grace, Twelve Tribes, Dan Smith of The Dear & Departed, First Blood, No Innocent Victim and Clear; as well as activists such as Peter Daniel Young. Members Current members Karl Buechner – vocals (1989–2001, 2007–present) bass (1989) Scott Crouse – lead guitar (1991–2001, 2007–present) Ian \"Bulldog\" Edwards – bass (1991–2001, 2007–present) Dennis Merrick – drums (1993–2001, 2007–present) Erick Edwards – rhythm guitar (1998–2001, 2007–present) Former members Ben Read – rhythm guitar (1991–1994) Kris Wiechmann – rhythm guitar (1994–1998) Michael Riccardi – drums (1991–1993) Touring musicians Jim Winters – rhythm guitar (1993–1996) Andy Hurley – drums (2010) Timeline Discography Studio albums Destroy the Machines (1995, Victory Records) Gomorrah's Season Ends (1996, Victory Records) Breed the Killers (1998, Roadrunner Records) Slither (2000, Victory Records) Last of the Sane (2001, Victory Records) To the Death (2009, Century Media Records) Neutralize the Threat (2011, Century Media Records) Salvation of Innocents (2014, Candlelight Records) EPs All Out War (EP) (1992, Conviction Records, re-released 1995 on Victory Records) Firestorm (EP) (1993, Victory Records, re-released 1995) Forced to Kill (7\") (2009, Seventh Dagger Records) The Discipline (EP) (2015, Bullet Tooth Records) Music videos \"Broken Foundation\" (1996) \"Killing Brain Cells\" (2000) \"Provoke\" (2000) \"Nemesis\" (2000) \"To Ashes\" (2009) \"Total War\" (2011) Live and compilation albums The California Takeover (1996), Victory Records, split live album with Strife and Snapcase) The Oath That Keeps Me Free (1998, Victory Records) Forever True – 1991–2001 (Compilation) (2001, Victory Records) See also Animal rights and punk subculture References External links American metalcore musical groups Musical groups from Syracuse, New York Straight edge groups Musical groups established in 1989 Victory Records artists Equal Vision Records artists Century Media Records artists Hardcore punk groups from New York (state) Veganism activists Political music groups" ]

[ "Earth Crisis", "Lyrics, views and activism", "Did they have any famous lyrics?", "these are either \"educational\" or encourage direct-action.", "What was one of their songs?", "Most of them focus on rejection of recreational drugs, animal products, animal", "What were their views?", "they promote straight edge, veganism, self-empowerment", "What was an example of their activism?", "organizations such as Earth First!, Sea Shepherd Conservation Society and the Animal Liberation Front." ]

[ "Franz Marx (born January 20, 1963) (not to be confused with the South African screenplay writer of the same name) is an Austrian sport wrestler. He was born in Innsbruck. Together with Anton Marchl he was one of the Austrian wrestlers, who qualified last for the Summer Olympic Games in Barcelona 1992.\n\nSuccesses\nHe was frequently the Austrian wrestling champion and participated two times at Summer Olympic Games. His greatest successes were a gold medal at the Junior World Championship in Colorado Springs and a bronze medal at the Wrestling World Championships 1981 in Oslo.\n\nIn 2002 he was honored as one of the most successful Austrian wrestlers by the city of Innsbruck.\nHe is still a member of AC Hötting sporting club .\n\nExternal links\nChronicle of sporting club AC Hoetting\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n\n1963 births\nLiving people\nSportspeople from Innsbruck\nAustrian male sport wrestlers\nOlympic wrestlers of Austria\nWrestlers at the 1984 Summer Olympics\nWrestlers at the 1992 Summer Olympics", "\"Angelito\" is a 1964 song written by René Herrera and René Ornelas, known as René y René. The song was one of the duo's greatest successes and was quickly covered by several other artists:\nTrini Lopez 1964\nThe Bowmen\t1964\nHerb Alpert's Tijuana Brass \t1965\nMartin Denny\t1964\nPierre Lalonde\t1967\n\nReferences\n\n1964 songs" ]

[ "Earth Crisis is an American hardcore punk band from Syracuse, New York, active from 1989 until 2001, reuniting in 2007. Since 1993 the band's longest serving members are vocalist Karl Buechner, lead guitarist Scott Crouse, bassist Ian Edwards and drummer Dennis Merrick. Their third and current rhythm guitarist Erick Edwards joined the band in 1998.", "Their third and current rhythm guitarist Erick Edwards joined the band in 1998. The band has released eight studio albums, three compilations, two live albums and six music videos. The band is known for supporting animal rights, promoting a straight edge and vegan lifestyle, and addressing further social and political issues.", "The band is known for supporting animal rights, promoting a straight edge and vegan lifestyle, and addressing further social and political issues. Earth Crisis is considered a crucial developer and influence for both the metalcore genre and vegan straight edge movement.", "Earth Crisis is considered a crucial developer and influence for both the metalcore genre and vegan straight edge movement. History Initial career (1989–1995) The band originally formed in 1989, after bassist Karl Buechner proposed the idea to his friend DJ Rose, whom he knew because both skateboarded together.", "History Initial career (1989–1995) The band originally formed in 1989, after bassist Karl Buechner proposed the idea to his friend DJ Rose, whom he knew because both skateboarded together. Rose became the vocalist and they were joined by Jesse Buckley on drums and John Moseman on guitar.", "Rose became the vocalist and they were joined by Jesse Buckley on drums and John Moseman on guitar. Established in the latter part of the youth crew heyday, where many groups disbanded and their members stopped being straight edge, they wanted to \"keep that torch burning\", as Buechner said.", "Established in the latter part of the youth crew heyday, where many groups disbanded and their members stopped being straight edge, they wanted to \"keep that torch burning\", as Buechner said. \"The feeling of disappointment we had in those bands lead us to promote straight edge as being a lifetime commitment to never touch a drop of poison.", "\"The feeling of disappointment we had in those bands lead us to promote straight edge as being a lifetime commitment to never touch a drop of poison. We wanted people to know they can believe in us.\"", "We wanted people to know they can believe in us.\" Rose named the band after the 1984's album of the same name from the British reggae band Steel Pulse, because its cover portrayed many of the things they \"would stand against\", such as the starving African children, the two blocs of the Cold War and Klansmen.", "Rose named the band after the 1984's album of the same name from the British reggae band Steel Pulse, because its cover portrayed many of the things they \"would stand against\", such as the starving African children, the two blocs of the Cold War and Klansmen. Its initial lineup was short-lived; they had two or three practices and played a show in Utica, New York.", "Its initial lineup was short-lived; they had two or three practices and played a show in Utica, New York. After that performance, Rose decided to quit the group to spend more time booking shows.", "After that performance, Rose decided to quit the group to spend more time booking shows. Buechner continued composing and formed a new lineup of the band in 1991, after attending a skateboard demonstration where he met members of the vegan straight edge band Framework.", "Buechner continued composing and formed a new lineup of the band in 1991, after attending a skateboard demonstration where he met members of the vegan straight edge band Framework. He switched to lead vocals in the process and was joined by four of the five members of Framework: guitarist Scott Crouse, bassist Ian \"Bulldog\" Edwards, guitarist Ben Read and drummer Michael Riccardi, all of who participated in Earth Crisis as a side project.", "He switched to lead vocals in the process and was joined by four of the five members of Framework: guitarist Scott Crouse, bassist Ian \"Bulldog\" Edwards, guitarist Ben Read and drummer Michael Riccardi, all of who participated in Earth Crisis as a side project. Both Earth Crisis and Framework appeared on the 1992 various artists tape compilation Structure Hardcore Compilation, released by the members of Chokehold.", "Both Earth Crisis and Framework appeared on the 1992 various artists tape compilation Structure Hardcore Compilation, released by the members of Chokehold. Earth Crisis' three-song EP All Out War marked their debut release later in 1992, and shortly afterwards the band became a first priority.", "Earth Crisis' three-song EP All Out War marked their debut release later in 1992, and shortly afterwards the band became a first priority. In the summer of 1993, at the start of the All Out War tour, Earth Crisis recorded the Firestorm EP in the studio of Bill Korecky in Cleveland and released it through Victory Records.", "In the summer of 1993, at the start of the All Out War tour, Earth Crisis recorded the Firestorm EP in the studio of Bill Korecky in Cleveland and released it through Victory Records. For this album, Riccardi was replaced by Dennis Merrick. Later on, Ben Read was replaced by Kris Wiechmann.", "Later on, Ben Read was replaced by Kris Wiechmann. Destroy the Machines, their first full-length record, was released in 1995 and would eventually become the best-selling album in the history of Victory Records. Later this year, the band's touring van was involved in an accident that injured all band members, most severely Merrick.", "Later this year, the band's touring van was involved in an accident that injured all band members, most severely Merrick. During his recovery time, the other band members began the group Path of Resistance with Riccardi, Rose and another friend to remain occupied.", "During his recovery time, the other band members began the group Path of Resistance with Riccardi, Rose and another friend to remain occupied. Subsequent years and breakup: (1996–2001) 1996's Gomorrah's Season Ends brought a more complex and developed form of metalcore and, shortly thereafter, they were asked to take part in the inaugural Ozzfest, including one song for its live album.", "Subsequent years and breakup: (1996–2001) 1996's Gomorrah's Season Ends brought a more complex and developed form of metalcore and, shortly thereafter, they were asked to take part in the inaugural Ozzfest, including one song for its live album. Their popularity grew, resulting in a deal with Roadrunner Records, and the band released Breed the Killers in 1998, the first with guitarist Erick Edwards (bassist Ian Edwards's brother) replacing Wiechmann.", "Their popularity grew, resulting in a deal with Roadrunner Records, and the band released Breed the Killers in 1998, the first with guitarist Erick Edwards (bassist Ian Edwards's brother) replacing Wiechmann. The album was produced by Andy Sneap and featured a guest appearance by Machine Head vocalist and guitarist Robb Flynn.", "The album was produced by Andy Sneap and featured a guest appearance by Machine Head vocalist and guitarist Robb Flynn. The band later returned to Victory Records, releasing 2000's Slither soon after.", "The band later returned to Victory Records, releasing 2000's Slither soon after. With more emphasis on production and a change of style steered towards nu metal, it drew mixed reactions from critics and fans but had a wider exposure in mainstream music.", "With more emphasis on production and a change of style steered towards nu metal, it drew mixed reactions from critics and fans but had a wider exposure in mainstream music. Their final album before their breakup was 2001's Last of the Sane, which included cover versions of songs by The Rolling Stones, Slayer, Led Zeppelin, Cream and Dead Kennedys.", "Their final album before their breakup was 2001's Last of the Sane, which included cover versions of songs by The Rolling Stones, Slayer, Led Zeppelin, Cream and Dead Kennedys. In 2001, Earth Crisis disbanded on good terms because some members could no longer engage in a full-time touring band due to their personal lives.", "In 2001, Earth Crisis disbanded on good terms because some members could no longer engage in a full-time touring band due to their personal lives. They played the final show of their initial career at Hellfest in Syracuse.", "They played the final show of their initial career at Hellfest in Syracuse. After the band's breakup in 2001, Buechner, Bulldog and Erick Edwards went on to form Freya, a band named for the Norse goddess of fertility. Meanwhile, Crouse and Dennis Merrick moved to California and formed the group Isolated.", "Meanwhile, Crouse and Dennis Merrick moved to California and formed the group Isolated. Reformation (2007–2009) On January 27, 2007, the reunited Earth Crisis played the Maryland Metal and Hardcore Festival. Although it was originally planned as a one-off concert, numerous American and European dates followed thereafter.", "Although it was originally planned as a one-off concert, numerous American and European dates followed thereafter. Earth Crisis headlined the Firestorm Fest in early 2008. On September 10, 2008 it was announced that they had signed a worldwide deal with Century Media.", "On September 10, 2008 it was announced that they had signed a worldwide deal with Century Media. They entered the studio on October 16, 2008 to record a new record, and Tue Madsen was hired to mix the project.", "They entered the studio on October 16, 2008 to record a new record, and Tue Madsen was hired to mix the project. The finished album, To the Death, was released in Europe on April 20, 2009 and in North America on May 5, 2009.", "The finished album, To the Death, was released in Europe on April 20, 2009 and in North America on May 5, 2009. In August and September 2009, Earth Crisis played America and Europe on the Hell on Earth Tour, alongside Sworn Enemy, Neaera, Waking the Cadaver, War of Ages, Thy Will Be Done and War from a Harlots Mouth.", "In August and September 2009, Earth Crisis played America and Europe on the Hell on Earth Tour, alongside Sworn Enemy, Neaera, Waking the Cadaver, War of Ages, Thy Will Be Done and War from a Harlots Mouth. Latest releases: (2010–present) In March 2010, they announced that drummer Andy Hurley of Fall Out Boy and formerly Racetraitor would serve as a touring musician for a portion of the band's upcoming tour, as Merrick will only be available for certain dates.", "Latest releases: (2010–present) In March 2010, they announced that drummer Andy Hurley of Fall Out Boy and formerly Racetraitor would serve as a touring musician for a portion of the band's upcoming tour, as Merrick will only be available for certain dates. In July 2011, Earth Crisis released their seventh studio album, Neutralize the Threat.", "In July 2011, Earth Crisis released their seventh studio album, Neutralize the Threat. The album was mixed and mastered by Zeuss. The tracks \"Raise\" and \"Total War\" were released online as an album teaser. Earth Crisis released their eighth studio album Salvation of Innocents on March 4, 2014.", "Earth Crisis released their eighth studio album Salvation of Innocents on March 4, 2014. A comic book of the Liberator series published by Black Mask Studios was made in collaboration with the band and released simultaneously with the album, sharing similar conceptual ideas and artwork.", "A comic book of the Liberator series published by Black Mask Studios was made in collaboration with the band and released simultaneously with the album, sharing similar conceptual ideas and artwork. Musical style and influences Although ideologically tied to the straight edge movement, the initial musical influences of Earth Crisis were mainly from New York hardcore bands such as Agnostic Front, Cro-Mags and Sick of It All.", "Musical style and influences Although ideologically tied to the straight edge movement, the initial musical influences of Earth Crisis were mainly from New York hardcore bands such as Agnostic Front, Cro-Mags and Sick of It All. After the All Out War EP, they developed an increasingly technical and heavier style, citing death metal bands Napalm Death, Bolt Thrower and Obituary as prime inspirations.", "After the All Out War EP, they developed an increasingly technical and heavier style, citing death metal bands Napalm Death, Bolt Thrower and Obituary as prime inspirations. Buechner's vocals became rougher with each release as well, culminating in the completely gutturally screamed Gomorrah's Season Ends.", "Buechner's vocals became rougher with each release as well, culminating in the completely gutturally screamed Gomorrah's Season Ends. Terrorizer magazine referred to this album as \"heavy hardcore taken to a new level, all the blackness that was hinted at on Firestorm realized in all its formidable glory.\"", "Terrorizer magazine referred to this album as \"heavy hardcore taken to a new level, all the blackness that was hinted at on Firestorm realized in all its formidable glory.\" In this period, many of their songs were built on Merrick's drum beats.", "In this period, many of their songs were built on Merrick's drum beats. Their third studio album, Breed the Killers, maintained the previous aggressiveness and its growled vocals were \"taken about as far as possible\", but it followed a structure more akin to the \"post-Judge hardcore of the Path of Resistance record Who Dares Wins\", according to Shawn Macomber of Decibel.", "Their third studio album, Breed the Killers, maintained the previous aggressiveness and its growled vocals were \"taken about as far as possible\", but it followed a structure more akin to the \"post-Judge hardcore of the Path of Resistance record Who Dares Wins\", according to Shawn Macomber of Decibel. Dennis Merrick said: \"On Breed the Killers I think we achieved the most honest representation of our sound without sounding too raw or too slick\".", "Dennis Merrick said: \"On Breed the Killers I think we achieved the most honest representation of our sound without sounding too raw or too slick\". Its follow-up, Slither, had a change of style that steered towards nu metal.", "Its follow-up, Slither, had a change of style that steered towards nu metal. Buechner declared that, rather than being influenced by other styles, they \"resurrected\" the sound of All Out War in a proper way, which also had melodic choruses and spoken word verses.", "Buechner declared that, rather than being influenced by other styles, they \"resurrected\" the sound of All Out War in a proper way, which also had melodic choruses and spoken word verses. Their first post-reunion album, To the Death, was described by Buechner as \"a mixture between Destroying the Machines and Breed the Killers.\"", "Their first post-reunion album, To the Death, was described by Buechner as \"a mixture between Destroying the Machines and Breed the Killers.\" According to Stereo Killer, it was \"arguably the band's heaviest offering\" but with \"more traditional verse/chorus/verse\" material.", "According to Stereo Killer, it was \"arguably the band's heaviest offering\" but with \"more traditional verse/chorus/verse\" material. Neutralize the Threat followed a similar path, but \"with a Gomorrah's Season Ends vibe thrown in\", the band stated.", "Neutralize the Threat followed a similar path, but \"with a Gomorrah's Season Ends vibe thrown in\", the band stated. Scott Crouse said that he always tried \"to get the perfect blend of heaviness, imagery and listenability\" and that these two albums were the first to \"hit that mark\".", "Scott Crouse said that he always tried \"to get the perfect blend of heaviness, imagery and listenability\" and that these two albums were the first to \"hit that mark\". Salvation of Innocents included, in addition, some clean vocals that were compared by one reviewer to the sludge metal band Crowbar, as well as \"some elements of melodic metalcore\" and faster songs.", "Salvation of Innocents included, in addition, some clean vocals that were compared by one reviewer to the sludge metal band Crowbar, as well as \"some elements of melodic metalcore\" and faster songs. When asked what ten bands inspired Earth Crisis over the years in a 2016 interview, Scott Crouse named DYS, Judge, Corrosion of Conformity, Agnostic Front, Slayer, Sepultura, Metallica, Conviction, Zero Tolerance and Iron Maiden.", "When asked what ten bands inspired Earth Crisis over the years in a 2016 interview, Scott Crouse named DYS, Judge, Corrosion of Conformity, Agnostic Front, Slayer, Sepultura, Metallica, Conviction, Zero Tolerance and Iron Maiden. Lyrics, views and activism The name of the band, Earth Crisis, indicates how their members see the current state of the planet and in their lyrics they seek to offer solutions to it; these are either \"educational\" or encourage direct-action.", "Lyrics, views and activism The name of the band, Earth Crisis, indicates how their members see the current state of the planet and in their lyrics they seek to offer solutions to it; these are either \"educational\" or encourage direct-action. Most of them focus on rejection of recreational drugs, animal products, animal testing, industrial livestock production, illegal drug trade and an impending earth's doom caused by wars or an ecological collapse.", "Most of them focus on rejection of recreational drugs, animal products, animal testing, industrial livestock production, illegal drug trade and an impending earth's doom caused by wars or an ecological collapse. On the other hand, they promote straight edge, veganism, self-empowerment and organizations such as Earth First!, Sea Shepherd Conservation Society and the Animal Liberation Front.", "On the other hand, they promote straight edge, veganism, self-empowerment and organizations such as Earth First!, Sea Shepherd Conservation Society and the Animal Liberation Front. In the words of the academic Jonathan Pieslak, some of their lyrics \"read like passages\" taken from \"direct-action essays\" of these institutions.", "In the words of the academic Jonathan Pieslak, some of their lyrics \"read like passages\" taken from \"direct-action essays\" of these institutions. Other subjects include criticism against white supremacy and, especially on Breed the Killers, oppressive governments. 2000's record Slither incorporated more topical issues, such as genetic engineering and second amendment rights.", "2000's record Slither incorporated more topical issues, such as genetic engineering and second amendment rights. Their seventh and eighth albums, Neutralize the Threat and Salvation of Innocents, are concept albums entirely dedicated to real-life vigilantes and animal rights/anti-vivisection, respectively.", "Their seventh and eighth albums, Neutralize the Threat and Salvation of Innocents, are concept albums entirely dedicated to real-life vigilantes and animal rights/anti-vivisection, respectively. The albums All Out War, Gomorrah's Season Ends and Breed the Killers included essays that delve into their lyrics and beliefs.", "The albums All Out War, Gomorrah's Season Ends and Breed the Killers included essays that delve into their lyrics and beliefs. According to the sociologist Ross Haenfler, Earth Crisis combined \"youth crew's outspoken commitment to straight edge with Manliftingbanner's direct politics\".", "According to the sociologist Ross Haenfler, Earth Crisis combined \"youth crew's outspoken commitment to straight edge with Manliftingbanner's direct politics\". In a 1998 interview with Roadrunner Records, Karl Buechner described Earth Crisis' philosophy: \"I want to boil it down to one notion: personal accountability.", "In a 1998 interview with Roadrunner Records, Karl Buechner described Earth Crisis' philosophy: \"I want to boil it down to one notion: personal accountability. Respect for yourself, respect for the lives of innocent beings around us.\"", "Respect for yourself, respect for the lives of innocent beings around us.\" He added that \"Just being drug-free doesn't make you a good person, you need to use that clarity of the mind to become actively involved in the struggle that is being waged for earth, human and animal liberation.\"", "He added that \"Just being drug-free doesn't make you a good person, you need to use that clarity of the mind to become actively involved in the struggle that is being waged for earth, human and animal liberation.\" Their message disjoined from the \"posicore\" attitudes in its advocation for violent direct action.", "Their message disjoined from the \"posicore\" attitudes in its advocation for violent direct action. However, they believe that it must be used only as a last resort: \"destruction and violence are the last thing I want to see but tragically, they are sometimes necessary.", "However, they believe that it must be used only as a last resort: \"destruction and violence are the last thing I want to see but tragically, they are sometimes necessary. We place so far greater value on the lives of the innocent beings than any type of worth that could be put upon someone who's sadistic or greedy and doesn't want to change their profit system\", said Buechner.", "We place so far greater value on the lives of the innocent beings than any type of worth that could be put upon someone who's sadistic or greedy and doesn't want to change their profit system\", said Buechner. The band cited authors Peter Singer, John Robbins and Huey P. Newton as inspirations.", "The band cited authors Peter Singer, John Robbins and Huey P. Newton as inspirations. In their live shows, there is usually literature about PETA, Greenpeace and others distributed. They have been longtime supporters for organizations such as the Animal Defense League, having done several benefit concerts for them.", "They have been longtime supporters for organizations such as the Animal Defense League, having done several benefit concerts for them. Nevertheless, they are not part of any of these groups or a political party: \"We're about things we're interested in and we sing about things that happen politically, but we're not left-core or right wing.", "Nevertheless, they are not part of any of these groups or a political party: \"We're about things we're interested in and we sing about things that happen politically, but we're not left-core or right wing. We don't want to get tangled up in someone else's agenda, which can happen if you join up in certain organizations.\"", "We don't want to get tangled up in someone else's agenda, which can happen if you join up in certain organizations.\" Earth Crisis was occasionally misidentified with the hardline subculture, but they are not against homosexuality and believe that abortion should remain as an option in some instances.", "Earth Crisis was occasionally misidentified with the hardline subculture, but they are not against homosexuality and believe that abortion should remain as an option in some instances. They also do not have a religious agenda and think that that is mainly a personal choice. Legacy Earth Crisis had a huge impact on both the hardcore punk music and its ideals.", "Legacy Earth Crisis had a huge impact on both the hardcore punk music and its ideals. MetalSucks said: \"For anybody who was not in the hardcore scene back then, it is hard to describe the impact they had or how controversial they were.", "MetalSucks said: \"For anybody who was not in the hardcore scene back then, it is hard to describe the impact they had or how controversial they were. You either loved them or hated them for bringing both metal and veganism into the hardcore scene\".", "You either loved them or hated them for bringing both metal and veganism into the hardcore scene\". Sociologist Ross Haenfler stated in The Vinyl Factory that \"Earth Crisis became the face of straight edge throughout the 1990s\" through \"the convergence of 'radical' animal rights activism, a more aggressive 'metalcore' sound, and hardcore crews\", becoming \"one of the most controversial bands in the scene's history.\"", "Sociologist Ross Haenfler stated in The Vinyl Factory that \"Earth Crisis became the face of straight edge throughout the 1990s\" through \"the convergence of 'radical' animal rights activism, a more aggressive 'metalcore' sound, and hardcore crews\", becoming \"one of the most controversial bands in the scene's history.\" Their albums Firestorm, Destroy the Machines and Gomorrah's Season Ends were particularly influential for the emerging metalcore genre.", "Their albums Firestorm, Destroy the Machines and Gomorrah's Season Ends were particularly influential for the emerging metalcore genre. According to Andrew O'Neill, \"Earth Crisis inspired a much more heavy metal sound in hardcore\" and \"the distinction between the two [genres] started to crumble\" shortly after those records were released.", "According to Andrew O'Neill, \"Earth Crisis inspired a much more heavy metal sound in hardcore\" and \"the distinction between the two [genres] started to crumble\" shortly after those records were released. To a large extent, Earth Crisis was responsible for the rising of vegan straight edge militancy in the mid- to late 90s, when veganism was rarely present in mainstream culture.", "To a large extent, Earth Crisis was responsible for the rising of vegan straight edge militancy in the mid- to late 90s, when veganism was rarely present in mainstream culture. Haenfler said that, while \"earlier straight edge bands advocated vegetarianism – for example Youth of Today, Insted and Manliftingbanner\", Earth Crisis \"made animal rights (and environmentalism) central to the scene\" as a \"self-described 'vegan straight edge' band\", \"inspiring thousands of kids to give up animal products entirely.\"", "Haenfler said that, while \"earlier straight edge bands advocated vegetarianism – for example Youth of Today, Insted and Manliftingbanner\", Earth Crisis \"made animal rights (and environmentalism) central to the scene\" as a \"self-described 'vegan straight edge' band\", \"inspiring thousands of kids to give up animal products entirely.\" They also spawned many activists in the scene because their message \"imparted the sense of urgency in a way that nothing else that ever come before had\", according to Peter Daniel Young.", "They also spawned many activists in the scene because their message \"imparted the sense of urgency in a way that nothing else that ever come before had\", according to Peter Daniel Young. Some of their songs went on to be considered by some as anthems, such as \"Firestorm\" for straight edge and \"Ultramilitance\" for eco-terrorists.", "Some of their songs went on to be considered by some as anthems, such as \"Firestorm\" for straight edge and \"Ultramilitance\" for eco-terrorists. They also drew major media attention, having been featured and interviewed by CNN, CBS and The New York Times, while lead singer Karl Buechner was invited to address the Congress about teens and substance abuse.", "They also drew major media attention, having been featured and interviewed by CNN, CBS and The New York Times, while lead singer Karl Buechner was invited to address the Congress about teens and substance abuse. Comments from other musicians Many artists have cited Earth Crisis as an influence or have expressed their admiration for them, including Davey Havok and Jade Puget of AFI and XTRMST, Hatebreed, Throwdown, Robb Flynn of Machine Head, Jona Weinhofen of I Killed the Prom Queen and Bring Me the Horizon, Jeremy Bolm of Touché Amoré, Tim McIlrath of Rise Against, Tim Lambesis of As I Lay Dying, Glassjaw, Andy Hurley and Pete Wentz of Fall Out Boy and Racetraitor, Igor Cavalera of Sepultura, Paul Waggoner and Thomas Giles of Between the Buried and Me, Matt Fox of Shai Hulud, Heaven Shall Burn, Unearth, Brian Cook of Botch, Code Orange, Guy Kozowyk of The Red Chord, Greg Bennick of Trial, Maroon, Deadlock, Marc Görtz of Caliban, Born from Pain, Saving Grace, Twelve Tribes, Dan Smith of The Dear & Departed, First Blood, No Innocent Victim and Clear; as well as activists such as Peter Daniel Young.", "Comments from other musicians Many artists have cited Earth Crisis as an influence or have expressed their admiration for them, including Davey Havok and Jade Puget of AFI and XTRMST, Hatebreed, Throwdown, Robb Flynn of Machine Head, Jona Weinhofen of I Killed the Prom Queen and Bring Me the Horizon, Jeremy Bolm of Touché Amoré, Tim McIlrath of Rise Against, Tim Lambesis of As I Lay Dying, Glassjaw, Andy Hurley and Pete Wentz of Fall Out Boy and Racetraitor, Igor Cavalera of Sepultura, Paul Waggoner and Thomas Giles of Between the Buried and Me, Matt Fox of Shai Hulud, Heaven Shall Burn, Unearth, Brian Cook of Botch, Code Orange, Guy Kozowyk of The Red Chord, Greg Bennick of Trial, Maroon, Deadlock, Marc Görtz of Caliban, Born from Pain, Saving Grace, Twelve Tribes, Dan Smith of The Dear & Departed, First Blood, No Innocent Victim and Clear; as well as activists such as Peter Daniel Young. Members Current members Karl Buechner – vocals (1989–2001, 2007–present) bass (1989) Scott Crouse – lead guitar (1991–2001, 2007–present) Ian \"Bulldog\" Edwards – bass (1991–2001, 2007–present) Dennis Merrick – drums (1993–2001, 2007–present) Erick Edwards – rhythm guitar (1998–2001, 2007–present) Former members Ben Read – rhythm guitar (1991–1994) Kris Wiechmann – rhythm guitar (1994–1998) Michael Riccardi – drums (1991–1993) Touring musicians Jim Winters – rhythm guitar (1993–1996) Andy Hurley – drums (2010) Timeline Discography Studio albums Destroy the Machines (1995, Victory Records) Gomorrah's Season Ends (1996, Victory Records) Breed the Killers (1998, Roadrunner Records) Slither (2000, Victory Records) Last of the Sane (2001, Victory Records) To the Death (2009, Century Media Records) Neutralize the Threat (2011, Century Media Records) Salvation of Innocents (2014, Candlelight Records) EPs All Out War (EP) (1992, Conviction Records, re-released 1995 on Victory Records) Firestorm (EP) (1993, Victory Records, re-released 1995) Forced to Kill (7\") (2009, Seventh Dagger Records) The Discipline (EP) (2015, Bullet Tooth Records) Music videos \"Broken Foundation\" (1996) \"Killing Brain Cells\" (2000) \"Provoke\" (2000) \"Nemesis\" (2000) \"To Ashes\" (2009) \"Total War\" (2011) Live and compilation albums The California Takeover (1996), Victory Records, split live album with Strife and Snapcase) The Oath That Keeps Me Free (1998, Victory Records) Forever True – 1991–2001 (Compilation) (2001, Victory Records) See also Animal rights and punk subculture References External links American metalcore musical groups Musical groups from Syracuse, New York Straight edge groups Musical groups established in 1989 Victory Records artists Equal Vision Records artists Century Media Records artists Hardcore punk groups from New York (state) Veganism activists Political music groups" ]

[ "Earth Crisis", "Lyrics, views and activism", "Did they have any famous lyrics?", "these are either \"educational\" or encourage direct-action.", "What was one of their songs?", "Most of them focus on rejection of recreational drugs, animal products, animal", "What were their views?", "they promote straight edge, veganism, self-empowerment", "What was an example of their activism?", "organizations such as Earth First!, Sea Shepherd Conservation Society and the Animal Liberation Front.", "What was one of their greatest successes?", "The albums All Out War," ]

[ "Great Little War Game (GLWG for short) is a modern military 3D turn-based strategy video game developed by British studio Rubicon Development. It has been released on App Store, Apple's App Store, Android, PC, iOS, Google, BlackBerry, and other platforms. The game features three environment types (snowy, regular, and desert), and 20 levels in the main campaign mode (10 extra in the Call of Booty campaign mode). Great Little War Game: All Out War includes the All Out War and Holiday from Hell campaign modes (both can be bought in the regular GLWG for iOS). An informally named sequel to the game, Great Big War Game, was released in 2012. A sequel to this game called Great Little War Game 2 was released in mid-2014. A third sequel to the series called Epic Little War Game was released in 2017.\n\nCritical reception\nOn Metacritic, Great Little War Game has a score of 84% based on 5 critic reviews, and Great Little War Game 2 has a score of 75% based on 4 critic reviews.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nOfficial website of Rubicon Development\nPromo video for the game\ntouchArcade thread on the game, with contributions by Rubicon Development\nPGR Interview with co-owner of Rubicon Paul Johnson\n\n2011 video games\nAndroid (operating system) games\nBlackBerry games\nCancelled PlayStation Vita games\nIOS games\nTurn-based strategy video games\nVideo games developed in the United Kingdom\nWindows games", "\"Gee! What a Wonderful Time We'll Have When the Boys Come Home\" is a World War I era song released in 1917. Lyrics and music were written by Mary Earl. The song was published by Shapiro, Bernstein & Co. of New York, New York. It was written for both voice and piano. The sheet music cover was designed by artist Albert Wilfred Barbelle. On the cover are soldiers marching down a city street. A skyline is behind them, and the lights spell out, \"Welcome Home.\"\n\nThe song calls for a celebration when the soldiers return home from war. The chorus is as follows:\nGee! What a wonderful time we'll have\nWhen the boys come home\nThe girls will be dressed in their Sunday best\nWhen the boys come home\nThe flags will fly and the bands will play\nWe'll all turn out with a smile so gay\nAnd ev'ry one shouting, \"Hip Hip Hooray:\nWhen the boys come home\n\nThe sheet music can be found at Pritzker Military Museum & Library.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n View the song MP3 and sheet music here\n\nSongs about soldiers\nSongs of World War I\n1917 songs\nSongs written by Robert A. King (composer)" ]

[ "Earth Crisis is an American hardcore punk band from Syracuse, New York, active from 1989 until 2001, reuniting in 2007. Since 1993 the band's longest serving members are vocalist Karl Buechner, lead guitarist Scott Crouse, bassist Ian Edwards and drummer Dennis Merrick. Their third and current rhythm guitarist Erick Edwards joined the band in 1998.", "Their third and current rhythm guitarist Erick Edwards joined the band in 1998. The band has released eight studio albums, three compilations, two live albums and six music videos. The band is known for supporting animal rights, promoting a straight edge and vegan lifestyle, and addressing further social and political issues.", "The band is known for supporting animal rights, promoting a straight edge and vegan lifestyle, and addressing further social and political issues. Earth Crisis is considered a crucial developer and influence for both the metalcore genre and vegan straight edge movement.", "Earth Crisis is considered a crucial developer and influence for both the metalcore genre and vegan straight edge movement. History Initial career (1989–1995) The band originally formed in 1989, after bassist Karl Buechner proposed the idea to his friend DJ Rose, whom he knew because both skateboarded together.", "History Initial career (1989–1995) The band originally formed in 1989, after bassist Karl Buechner proposed the idea to his friend DJ Rose, whom he knew because both skateboarded together. Rose became the vocalist and they were joined by Jesse Buckley on drums and John Moseman on guitar.", "Rose became the vocalist and they were joined by Jesse Buckley on drums and John Moseman on guitar. Established in the latter part of the youth crew heyday, where many groups disbanded and their members stopped being straight edge, they wanted to \"keep that torch burning\", as Buechner said.", "Established in the latter part of the youth crew heyday, where many groups disbanded and their members stopped being straight edge, they wanted to \"keep that torch burning\", as Buechner said. \"The feeling of disappointment we had in those bands lead us to promote straight edge as being a lifetime commitment to never touch a drop of poison.", "\"The feeling of disappointment we had in those bands lead us to promote straight edge as being a lifetime commitment to never touch a drop of poison. We wanted people to know they can believe in us.\"", "We wanted people to know they can believe in us.\" Rose named the band after the 1984's album of the same name from the British reggae band Steel Pulse, because its cover portrayed many of the things they \"would stand against\", such as the starving African children, the two blocs of the Cold War and Klansmen.", "Rose named the band after the 1984's album of the same name from the British reggae band Steel Pulse, because its cover portrayed many of the things they \"would stand against\", such as the starving African children, the two blocs of the Cold War and Klansmen. Its initial lineup was short-lived; they had two or three practices and played a show in Utica, New York.", "Its initial lineup was short-lived; they had two or three practices and played a show in Utica, New York. After that performance, Rose decided to quit the group to spend more time booking shows.", "After that performance, Rose decided to quit the group to spend more time booking shows. Buechner continued composing and formed a new lineup of the band in 1991, after attending a skateboard demonstration where he met members of the vegan straight edge band Framework.", "Buechner continued composing and formed a new lineup of the band in 1991, after attending a skateboard demonstration where he met members of the vegan straight edge band Framework. He switched to lead vocals in the process and was joined by four of the five members of Framework: guitarist Scott Crouse, bassist Ian \"Bulldog\" Edwards, guitarist Ben Read and drummer Michael Riccardi, all of who participated in Earth Crisis as a side project.", "He switched to lead vocals in the process and was joined by four of the five members of Framework: guitarist Scott Crouse, bassist Ian \"Bulldog\" Edwards, guitarist Ben Read and drummer Michael Riccardi, all of who participated in Earth Crisis as a side project. Both Earth Crisis and Framework appeared on the 1992 various artists tape compilation Structure Hardcore Compilation, released by the members of Chokehold.", "Both Earth Crisis and Framework appeared on the 1992 various artists tape compilation Structure Hardcore Compilation, released by the members of Chokehold. Earth Crisis' three-song EP All Out War marked their debut release later in 1992, and shortly afterwards the band became a first priority.", "Earth Crisis' three-song EP All Out War marked their debut release later in 1992, and shortly afterwards the band became a first priority. In the summer of 1993, at the start of the All Out War tour, Earth Crisis recorded the Firestorm EP in the studio of Bill Korecky in Cleveland and released it through Victory Records.", "In the summer of 1993, at the start of the All Out War tour, Earth Crisis recorded the Firestorm EP in the studio of Bill Korecky in Cleveland and released it through Victory Records. For this album, Riccardi was replaced by Dennis Merrick. Later on, Ben Read was replaced by Kris Wiechmann.", "Later on, Ben Read was replaced by Kris Wiechmann. Destroy the Machines, their first full-length record, was released in 1995 and would eventually become the best-selling album in the history of Victory Records. Later this year, the band's touring van was involved in an accident that injured all band members, most severely Merrick.", "Later this year, the band's touring van was involved in an accident that injured all band members, most severely Merrick. During his recovery time, the other band members began the group Path of Resistance with Riccardi, Rose and another friend to remain occupied.", "During his recovery time, the other band members began the group Path of Resistance with Riccardi, Rose and another friend to remain occupied. Subsequent years and breakup: (1996–2001) 1996's Gomorrah's Season Ends brought a more complex and developed form of metalcore and, shortly thereafter, they were asked to take part in the inaugural Ozzfest, including one song for its live album.", "Subsequent years and breakup: (1996–2001) 1996's Gomorrah's Season Ends brought a more complex and developed form of metalcore and, shortly thereafter, they were asked to take part in the inaugural Ozzfest, including one song for its live album. Their popularity grew, resulting in a deal with Roadrunner Records, and the band released Breed the Killers in 1998, the first with guitarist Erick Edwards (bassist Ian Edwards's brother) replacing Wiechmann.", "Their popularity grew, resulting in a deal with Roadrunner Records, and the band released Breed the Killers in 1998, the first with guitarist Erick Edwards (bassist Ian Edwards's brother) replacing Wiechmann. The album was produced by Andy Sneap and featured a guest appearance by Machine Head vocalist and guitarist Robb Flynn.", "The album was produced by Andy Sneap and featured a guest appearance by Machine Head vocalist and guitarist Robb Flynn. The band later returned to Victory Records, releasing 2000's Slither soon after.", "The band later returned to Victory Records, releasing 2000's Slither soon after. With more emphasis on production and a change of style steered towards nu metal, it drew mixed reactions from critics and fans but had a wider exposure in mainstream music.", "With more emphasis on production and a change of style steered towards nu metal, it drew mixed reactions from critics and fans but had a wider exposure in mainstream music. Their final album before their breakup was 2001's Last of the Sane, which included cover versions of songs by The Rolling Stones, Slayer, Led Zeppelin, Cream and Dead Kennedys.", "Their final album before their breakup was 2001's Last of the Sane, which included cover versions of songs by The Rolling Stones, Slayer, Led Zeppelin, Cream and Dead Kennedys. In 2001, Earth Crisis disbanded on good terms because some members could no longer engage in a full-time touring band due to their personal lives.", "In 2001, Earth Crisis disbanded on good terms because some members could no longer engage in a full-time touring band due to their personal lives. They played the final show of their initial career at Hellfest in Syracuse.", "They played the final show of their initial career at Hellfest in Syracuse. After the band's breakup in 2001, Buechner, Bulldog and Erick Edwards went on to form Freya, a band named for the Norse goddess of fertility. Meanwhile, Crouse and Dennis Merrick moved to California and formed the group Isolated.", "Meanwhile, Crouse and Dennis Merrick moved to California and formed the group Isolated. Reformation (2007–2009) On January 27, 2007, the reunited Earth Crisis played the Maryland Metal and Hardcore Festival. Although it was originally planned as a one-off concert, numerous American and European dates followed thereafter.", "Although it was originally planned as a one-off concert, numerous American and European dates followed thereafter. Earth Crisis headlined the Firestorm Fest in early 2008. On September 10, 2008 it was announced that they had signed a worldwide deal with Century Media.", "On September 10, 2008 it was announced that they had signed a worldwide deal with Century Media. They entered the studio on October 16, 2008 to record a new record, and Tue Madsen was hired to mix the project.", "They entered the studio on October 16, 2008 to record a new record, and Tue Madsen was hired to mix the project. The finished album, To the Death, was released in Europe on April 20, 2009 and in North America on May 5, 2009.", "The finished album, To the Death, was released in Europe on April 20, 2009 and in North America on May 5, 2009. In August and September 2009, Earth Crisis played America and Europe on the Hell on Earth Tour, alongside Sworn Enemy, Neaera, Waking the Cadaver, War of Ages, Thy Will Be Done and War from a Harlots Mouth.", "In August and September 2009, Earth Crisis played America and Europe on the Hell on Earth Tour, alongside Sworn Enemy, Neaera, Waking the Cadaver, War of Ages, Thy Will Be Done and War from a Harlots Mouth. Latest releases: (2010–present) In March 2010, they announced that drummer Andy Hurley of Fall Out Boy and formerly Racetraitor would serve as a touring musician for a portion of the band's upcoming tour, as Merrick will only be available for certain dates.", "Latest releases: (2010–present) In March 2010, they announced that drummer Andy Hurley of Fall Out Boy and formerly Racetraitor would serve as a touring musician for a portion of the band's upcoming tour, as Merrick will only be available for certain dates. In July 2011, Earth Crisis released their seventh studio album, Neutralize the Threat.", "In July 2011, Earth Crisis released their seventh studio album, Neutralize the Threat. The album was mixed and mastered by Zeuss. The tracks \"Raise\" and \"Total War\" were released online as an album teaser. Earth Crisis released their eighth studio album Salvation of Innocents on March 4, 2014.", "Earth Crisis released their eighth studio album Salvation of Innocents on March 4, 2014. A comic book of the Liberator series published by Black Mask Studios was made in collaboration with the band and released simultaneously with the album, sharing similar conceptual ideas and artwork.", "A comic book of the Liberator series published by Black Mask Studios was made in collaboration with the band and released simultaneously with the album, sharing similar conceptual ideas and artwork. Musical style and influences Although ideologically tied to the straight edge movement, the initial musical influences of Earth Crisis were mainly from New York hardcore bands such as Agnostic Front, Cro-Mags and Sick of It All.", "Musical style and influences Although ideologically tied to the straight edge movement, the initial musical influences of Earth Crisis were mainly from New York hardcore bands such as Agnostic Front, Cro-Mags and Sick of It All. After the All Out War EP, they developed an increasingly technical and heavier style, citing death metal bands Napalm Death, Bolt Thrower and Obituary as prime inspirations.", "After the All Out War EP, they developed an increasingly technical and heavier style, citing death metal bands Napalm Death, Bolt Thrower and Obituary as prime inspirations. Buechner's vocals became rougher with each release as well, culminating in the completely gutturally screamed Gomorrah's Season Ends.", "Buechner's vocals became rougher with each release as well, culminating in the completely gutturally screamed Gomorrah's Season Ends. Terrorizer magazine referred to this album as \"heavy hardcore taken to a new level, all the blackness that was hinted at on Firestorm realized in all its formidable glory.\"", "Terrorizer magazine referred to this album as \"heavy hardcore taken to a new level, all the blackness that was hinted at on Firestorm realized in all its formidable glory.\" In this period, many of their songs were built on Merrick's drum beats.", "In this period, many of their songs were built on Merrick's drum beats. Their third studio album, Breed the Killers, maintained the previous aggressiveness and its growled vocals were \"taken about as far as possible\", but it followed a structure more akin to the \"post-Judge hardcore of the Path of Resistance record Who Dares Wins\", according to Shawn Macomber of Decibel.", "Their third studio album, Breed the Killers, maintained the previous aggressiveness and its growled vocals were \"taken about as far as possible\", but it followed a structure more akin to the \"post-Judge hardcore of the Path of Resistance record Who Dares Wins\", according to Shawn Macomber of Decibel. Dennis Merrick said: \"On Breed the Killers I think we achieved the most honest representation of our sound without sounding too raw or too slick\".", "Dennis Merrick said: \"On Breed the Killers I think we achieved the most honest representation of our sound without sounding too raw or too slick\". Its follow-up, Slither, had a change of style that steered towards nu metal.", "Its follow-up, Slither, had a change of style that steered towards nu metal. Buechner declared that, rather than being influenced by other styles, they \"resurrected\" the sound of All Out War in a proper way, which also had melodic choruses and spoken word verses.", "Buechner declared that, rather than being influenced by other styles, they \"resurrected\" the sound of All Out War in a proper way, which also had melodic choruses and spoken word verses. Their first post-reunion album, To the Death, was described by Buechner as \"a mixture between Destroying the Machines and Breed the Killers.\"", "Their first post-reunion album, To the Death, was described by Buechner as \"a mixture between Destroying the Machines and Breed the Killers.\" According to Stereo Killer, it was \"arguably the band's heaviest offering\" but with \"more traditional verse/chorus/verse\" material.", "According to Stereo Killer, it was \"arguably the band's heaviest offering\" but with \"more traditional verse/chorus/verse\" material. Neutralize the Threat followed a similar path, but \"with a Gomorrah's Season Ends vibe thrown in\", the band stated.", "Neutralize the Threat followed a similar path, but \"with a Gomorrah's Season Ends vibe thrown in\", the band stated. Scott Crouse said that he always tried \"to get the perfect blend of heaviness, imagery and listenability\" and that these two albums were the first to \"hit that mark\".", "Scott Crouse said that he always tried \"to get the perfect blend of heaviness, imagery and listenability\" and that these two albums were the first to \"hit that mark\". Salvation of Innocents included, in addition, some clean vocals that were compared by one reviewer to the sludge metal band Crowbar, as well as \"some elements of melodic metalcore\" and faster songs.", "Salvation of Innocents included, in addition, some clean vocals that were compared by one reviewer to the sludge metal band Crowbar, as well as \"some elements of melodic metalcore\" and faster songs. When asked what ten bands inspired Earth Crisis over the years in a 2016 interview, Scott Crouse named DYS, Judge, Corrosion of Conformity, Agnostic Front, Slayer, Sepultura, Metallica, Conviction, Zero Tolerance and Iron Maiden.", "When asked what ten bands inspired Earth Crisis over the years in a 2016 interview, Scott Crouse named DYS, Judge, Corrosion of Conformity, Agnostic Front, Slayer, Sepultura, Metallica, Conviction, Zero Tolerance and Iron Maiden. Lyrics, views and activism The name of the band, Earth Crisis, indicates how their members see the current state of the planet and in their lyrics they seek to offer solutions to it; these are either \"educational\" or encourage direct-action.", "Lyrics, views and activism The name of the band, Earth Crisis, indicates how their members see the current state of the planet and in their lyrics they seek to offer solutions to it; these are either \"educational\" or encourage direct-action. Most of them focus on rejection of recreational drugs, animal products, animal testing, industrial livestock production, illegal drug trade and an impending earth's doom caused by wars or an ecological collapse.", "Most of them focus on rejection of recreational drugs, animal products, animal testing, industrial livestock production, illegal drug trade and an impending earth's doom caused by wars or an ecological collapse. On the other hand, they promote straight edge, veganism, self-empowerment and organizations such as Earth First!, Sea Shepherd Conservation Society and the Animal Liberation Front.", "On the other hand, they promote straight edge, veganism, self-empowerment and organizations such as Earth First!, Sea Shepherd Conservation Society and the Animal Liberation Front. In the words of the academic Jonathan Pieslak, some of their lyrics \"read like passages\" taken from \"direct-action essays\" of these institutions.", "In the words of the academic Jonathan Pieslak, some of their lyrics \"read like passages\" taken from \"direct-action essays\" of these institutions. Other subjects include criticism against white supremacy and, especially on Breed the Killers, oppressive governments. 2000's record Slither incorporated more topical issues, such as genetic engineering and second amendment rights.", "2000's record Slither incorporated more topical issues, such as genetic engineering and second amendment rights. Their seventh and eighth albums, Neutralize the Threat and Salvation of Innocents, are concept albums entirely dedicated to real-life vigilantes and animal rights/anti-vivisection, respectively.", "Their seventh and eighth albums, Neutralize the Threat and Salvation of Innocents, are concept albums entirely dedicated to real-life vigilantes and animal rights/anti-vivisection, respectively. The albums All Out War, Gomorrah's Season Ends and Breed the Killers included essays that delve into their lyrics and beliefs.", "The albums All Out War, Gomorrah's Season Ends and Breed the Killers included essays that delve into their lyrics and beliefs. According to the sociologist Ross Haenfler, Earth Crisis combined \"youth crew's outspoken commitment to straight edge with Manliftingbanner's direct politics\".", "According to the sociologist Ross Haenfler, Earth Crisis combined \"youth crew's outspoken commitment to straight edge with Manliftingbanner's direct politics\". In a 1998 interview with Roadrunner Records, Karl Buechner described Earth Crisis' philosophy: \"I want to boil it down to one notion: personal accountability.", "In a 1998 interview with Roadrunner Records, Karl Buechner described Earth Crisis' philosophy: \"I want to boil it down to one notion: personal accountability. Respect for yourself, respect for the lives of innocent beings around us.\"", "Respect for yourself, respect for the lives of innocent beings around us.\" He added that \"Just being drug-free doesn't make you a good person, you need to use that clarity of the mind to become actively involved in the struggle that is being waged for earth, human and animal liberation.\"", "He added that \"Just being drug-free doesn't make you a good person, you need to use that clarity of the mind to become actively involved in the struggle that is being waged for earth, human and animal liberation.\" Their message disjoined from the \"posicore\" attitudes in its advocation for violent direct action.", "Their message disjoined from the \"posicore\" attitudes in its advocation for violent direct action. However, they believe that it must be used only as a last resort: \"destruction and violence are the last thing I want to see but tragically, they are sometimes necessary.", "However, they believe that it must be used only as a last resort: \"destruction and violence are the last thing I want to see but tragically, they are sometimes necessary. We place so far greater value on the lives of the innocent beings than any type of worth that could be put upon someone who's sadistic or greedy and doesn't want to change their profit system\", said Buechner.", "We place so far greater value on the lives of the innocent beings than any type of worth that could be put upon someone who's sadistic or greedy and doesn't want to change their profit system\", said Buechner. The band cited authors Peter Singer, John Robbins and Huey P. Newton as inspirations.", "The band cited authors Peter Singer, John Robbins and Huey P. Newton as inspirations. In their live shows, there is usually literature about PETA, Greenpeace and others distributed. They have been longtime supporters for organizations such as the Animal Defense League, having done several benefit concerts for them.", "They have been longtime supporters for organizations such as the Animal Defense League, having done several benefit concerts for them. Nevertheless, they are not part of any of these groups or a political party: \"We're about things we're interested in and we sing about things that happen politically, but we're not left-core or right wing.", "Nevertheless, they are not part of any of these groups or a political party: \"We're about things we're interested in and we sing about things that happen politically, but we're not left-core or right wing. We don't want to get tangled up in someone else's agenda, which can happen if you join up in certain organizations.\"", "We don't want to get tangled up in someone else's agenda, which can happen if you join up in certain organizations.\" Earth Crisis was occasionally misidentified with the hardline subculture, but they are not against homosexuality and believe that abortion should remain as an option in some instances.", "Earth Crisis was occasionally misidentified with the hardline subculture, but they are not against homosexuality and believe that abortion should remain as an option in some instances. They also do not have a religious agenda and think that that is mainly a personal choice. Legacy Earth Crisis had a huge impact on both the hardcore punk music and its ideals.", "Legacy Earth Crisis had a huge impact on both the hardcore punk music and its ideals. MetalSucks said: \"For anybody who was not in the hardcore scene back then, it is hard to describe the impact they had or how controversial they were.", "MetalSucks said: \"For anybody who was not in the hardcore scene back then, it is hard to describe the impact they had or how controversial they were. You either loved them or hated them for bringing both metal and veganism into the hardcore scene\".", "You either loved them or hated them for bringing both metal and veganism into the hardcore scene\". Sociologist Ross Haenfler stated in The Vinyl Factory that \"Earth Crisis became the face of straight edge throughout the 1990s\" through \"the convergence of 'radical' animal rights activism, a more aggressive 'metalcore' sound, and hardcore crews\", becoming \"one of the most controversial bands in the scene's history.\"", "Sociologist Ross Haenfler stated in The Vinyl Factory that \"Earth Crisis became the face of straight edge throughout the 1990s\" through \"the convergence of 'radical' animal rights activism, a more aggressive 'metalcore' sound, and hardcore crews\", becoming \"one of the most controversial bands in the scene's history.\" Their albums Firestorm, Destroy the Machines and Gomorrah's Season Ends were particularly influential for the emerging metalcore genre.", "Their albums Firestorm, Destroy the Machines and Gomorrah's Season Ends were particularly influential for the emerging metalcore genre. According to Andrew O'Neill, \"Earth Crisis inspired a much more heavy metal sound in hardcore\" and \"the distinction between the two [genres] started to crumble\" shortly after those records were released.", "According to Andrew O'Neill, \"Earth Crisis inspired a much more heavy metal sound in hardcore\" and \"the distinction between the two [genres] started to crumble\" shortly after those records were released. To a large extent, Earth Crisis was responsible for the rising of vegan straight edge militancy in the mid- to late 90s, when veganism was rarely present in mainstream culture.", "To a large extent, Earth Crisis was responsible for the rising of vegan straight edge militancy in the mid- to late 90s, when veganism was rarely present in mainstream culture. Haenfler said that, while \"earlier straight edge bands advocated vegetarianism – for example Youth of Today, Insted and Manliftingbanner\", Earth Crisis \"made animal rights (and environmentalism) central to the scene\" as a \"self-described 'vegan straight edge' band\", \"inspiring thousands of kids to give up animal products entirely.\"", "Haenfler said that, while \"earlier straight edge bands advocated vegetarianism – for example Youth of Today, Insted and Manliftingbanner\", Earth Crisis \"made animal rights (and environmentalism) central to the scene\" as a \"self-described 'vegan straight edge' band\", \"inspiring thousands of kids to give up animal products entirely.\" They also spawned many activists in the scene because their message \"imparted the sense of urgency in a way that nothing else that ever come before had\", according to Peter Daniel Young.", "They also spawned many activists in the scene because their message \"imparted the sense of urgency in a way that nothing else that ever come before had\", according to Peter Daniel Young. Some of their songs went on to be considered by some as anthems, such as \"Firestorm\" for straight edge and \"Ultramilitance\" for eco-terrorists.", "Some of their songs went on to be considered by some as anthems, such as \"Firestorm\" for straight edge and \"Ultramilitance\" for eco-terrorists. They also drew major media attention, having been featured and interviewed by CNN, CBS and The New York Times, while lead singer Karl Buechner was invited to address the Congress about teens and substance abuse.", "They also drew major media attention, having been featured and interviewed by CNN, CBS and The New York Times, while lead singer Karl Buechner was invited to address the Congress about teens and substance abuse. Comments from other musicians Many artists have cited Earth Crisis as an influence or have expressed their admiration for them, including Davey Havok and Jade Puget of AFI and XTRMST, Hatebreed, Throwdown, Robb Flynn of Machine Head, Jona Weinhofen of I Killed the Prom Queen and Bring Me the Horizon, Jeremy Bolm of Touché Amoré, Tim McIlrath of Rise Against, Tim Lambesis of As I Lay Dying, Glassjaw, Andy Hurley and Pete Wentz of Fall Out Boy and Racetraitor, Igor Cavalera of Sepultura, Paul Waggoner and Thomas Giles of Between the Buried and Me, Matt Fox of Shai Hulud, Heaven Shall Burn, Unearth, Brian Cook of Botch, Code Orange, Guy Kozowyk of The Red Chord, Greg Bennick of Trial, Maroon, Deadlock, Marc Görtz of Caliban, Born from Pain, Saving Grace, Twelve Tribes, Dan Smith of The Dear & Departed, First Blood, No Innocent Victim and Clear; as well as activists such as Peter Daniel Young.", "Comments from other musicians Many artists have cited Earth Crisis as an influence or have expressed their admiration for them, including Davey Havok and Jade Puget of AFI and XTRMST, Hatebreed, Throwdown, Robb Flynn of Machine Head, Jona Weinhofen of I Killed the Prom Queen and Bring Me the Horizon, Jeremy Bolm of Touché Amoré, Tim McIlrath of Rise Against, Tim Lambesis of As I Lay Dying, Glassjaw, Andy Hurley and Pete Wentz of Fall Out Boy and Racetraitor, Igor Cavalera of Sepultura, Paul Waggoner and Thomas Giles of Between the Buried and Me, Matt Fox of Shai Hulud, Heaven Shall Burn, Unearth, Brian Cook of Botch, Code Orange, Guy Kozowyk of The Red Chord, Greg Bennick of Trial, Maroon, Deadlock, Marc Görtz of Caliban, Born from Pain, Saving Grace, Twelve Tribes, Dan Smith of The Dear & Departed, First Blood, No Innocent Victim and Clear; as well as activists such as Peter Daniel Young. Members Current members Karl Buechner – vocals (1989–2001, 2007–present) bass (1989) Scott Crouse – lead guitar (1991–2001, 2007–present) Ian \"Bulldog\" Edwards – bass (1991–2001, 2007–present) Dennis Merrick – drums (1993–2001, 2007–present) Erick Edwards – rhythm guitar (1998–2001, 2007–present) Former members Ben Read – rhythm guitar (1991–1994) Kris Wiechmann – rhythm guitar (1994–1998) Michael Riccardi – drums (1991–1993) Touring musicians Jim Winters – rhythm guitar (1993–1996) Andy Hurley – drums (2010) Timeline Discography Studio albums Destroy the Machines (1995, Victory Records) Gomorrah's Season Ends (1996, Victory Records) Breed the Killers (1998, Roadrunner Records) Slither (2000, Victory Records) Last of the Sane (2001, Victory Records) To the Death (2009, Century Media Records) Neutralize the Threat (2011, Century Media Records) Salvation of Innocents (2014, Candlelight Records) EPs All Out War (EP) (1992, Conviction Records, re-released 1995 on Victory Records) Firestorm (EP) (1993, Victory Records, re-released 1995) Forced to Kill (7\") (2009, Seventh Dagger Records) The Discipline (EP) (2015, Bullet Tooth Records) Music videos \"Broken Foundation\" (1996) \"Killing Brain Cells\" (2000) \"Provoke\" (2000) \"Nemesis\" (2000) \"To Ashes\" (2009) \"Total War\" (2011) Live and compilation albums The California Takeover (1996), Victory Records, split live album with Strife and Snapcase) The Oath That Keeps Me Free (1998, Victory Records) Forever True – 1991–2001 (Compilation) (2001, Victory Records) See also Animal rights and punk subculture References External links American metalcore musical groups Musical groups from Syracuse, New York Straight edge groups Musical groups established in 1989 Victory Records artists Equal Vision Records artists Century Media Records artists Hardcore punk groups from New York (state) Veganism activists Political music groups" ]

[ "Earth Crisis", "Lyrics, views and activism", "Did they have any famous lyrics?", "these are either \"educational\" or encourage direct-action.", "What was one of their songs?", "Most of them focus on rejection of recreational drugs, animal products, animal", "What were their views?", "they promote straight edge, veganism, self-empowerment", "What was an example of their activism?", "organizations such as Earth First!, Sea Shepherd Conservation Society and the Animal Liberation Front.", "What was one of their greatest successes?", "The albums All Out War,", "When was All Out War released?", "2000's record Slither incorporated more topical issues," ]

[ "Killers of the Cosmos is a documentary science television series hosted by Aiden Gillen. Aired by the Science Channel, it premiered on September 19, 2021.\n\nFormat\nIn a format the Science Channel describes as \"space noir,\" Killers of the Cosmos explores possible lethal threats the cosmos poses to life on Earth through the \"investigations\" of a private investigator — the \"Gumshoe Detective,\" modeled in the style of a character in a Raymond Chandler novel — portrayed by Aidan Gillen in animated form. In scripted dramatic sequences combining the characteristics of film noir with those of a pulp fiction graphic novel set in the mid-20th century, the Gumshoe Detective hosts each episode. Aided by a mysterious informant portrayed by Sarah Winter, the detective takes on a \"case\" and hunts down a \"killer\" by exploring a lethal threat the cosmos poses to humanity. The animated sequences link conventional live-action documentary segments in which experts in astronomy, astrophysics, cosmology, planetary science, biology, and aerospace engineering describe and explain phenomena that could threaten the Earth, how they pose a threat, what would happen on Earth if they actually took place, the likelihood of them occurring, and how to counter them.\n\nProduction\nWall to Wall Media produced Killers of the Cosmos. The executive producers for Wall to Wall Media were Tim Lambert and Jeremy Dear and for Discovery, Inc., were Caroline Perez, Abram Sitzer and Wyatt Channell. The series producer was Nigel Paterson. Ben Scott directed the episodes.\n\nEpisode list\nSOURCES\n\nSee also\nAlien Planet\nCosmos: A Spacetime Odyssey\nExtreme Universe\nHow the Universe Works\nInto the Universe with Stephen Hawking\nThe Planets and Beyond\nSpace's Deepest Secrets\nStrip the Cosmos\nThrough the Wormhole\nThe Universe\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\ntvmaze.com Killers of the Cosmos – Episode Guide\nDiscovery UK Killers of the Cosmos promotional video on YouTube\n\n2021 American television series debuts\n2020s American documentary television series\nAmerican television series with live action and animation\nDocumentary television series about astronomy\nScience Channel original programming", "Latinos Beyond Reel is a documentary which was released on February 23, 2013. Latinos Beyond Reel taps into the harsh reality of Latino representation in the media industry. Latinos Beyond Reel was directed by Miguel Picker and Chyng-Feng Sun. Latinos Beyond Reel is under The Media Education Foundation (MEF). The Media Education Foundation (MEF) produced and distributed the film. The film talks about the underrepresentation and marginalization of Latinos in the U.S media. The film also talks about the effects the false representation of Latinos in the media industry has on youth. Latinos Beyond Reel captures the most unfortunate portrayal of Latinos in the media ranging from off-screen roles to animated characters in film and television.\n\nDuring the film, the audience dives deep into the minds of children, who view every day, the poor representation of Latinos in the media. The children in the film claim that they have never seen a Hispanic superhero in the media and that all of the protagonists are white. One boy in the film refers to all of the protagonists portrayed in the media as \"American\". The boy calling all of the protagonists American shows the detachment that Latinos, and many other races or demographics, feel from the society and culture in America.\n\nSummary \n\nThe film digs deep into a look at media in America’s society from the perspective of Latinos. The film talks about how the Latino actors and actress' have only marginalized roles in the media such as maids, over-sexualized women, and thieves. Latinos Beyond Reel discusses how Latino men are always cast as the antagonists in films and television shows, and women often play the role of a maid. One actress Lupe Ontiveros, who was discussed in the film, has been quoted in previous articles saying she has played the role of a maid more than 150 times. Lupe Ontivernos' experience as playing a maid more than 150 times puts the Latino underrepresentation into perspective.\n\nAt one point in the film, actor Yancey Arias talks about how what is written specifically in the script will stay in the film no matter how much an actor wants to stray away from the script. When Yancey Arias talks about how what is in the script will be on the screen, he is talking about himself going away from the stereotypes the writers and directors portray of him. Yancey Arias talks about how he tries to change his acting for a role so he, as a Latino, doesn't seem like as much of an antagonist as he is made out to be. Still, all of the things Yancey Arias would do to try and stay away from Latino stereotypes would not be added into the film because someone behind the scenes would want to keep the Latino portrayal as a negatively portrayed character.\n\nThe documentary also explores some of the recent positive shows and the impacts they are having on society. Some prime examples of sitcoms that portray Latinos in a positive light are Dora the Explorer, George Lopez, and Ugly Betty. It is also said that some actress still plays the overhyped Latino stereotypical role. Sofia Vergara of Modern Family is one of the most well-known Hispanic actors of all time and still, plays that Latino stereotype. Since so many people view Sofia Vergara as a staple of Latino culture when she plays the stereotypes, people believe they are true. The documentary gets at the fact that Latino roles are marginalized on and off camera.\n\nLatinos Beyond Reel uses key statistics to explain why Latinos should be more of a target market in consumerism. Latinos make up a large portion of the population yet, makes up a small portion of the advertising market. The explanation of how much Latinos consume and spend is also discussed in this documentary.\n\nInterviews \n\nInterviews in the documentary Latinos Beyond Reel include:\n\nYancey Arias\nMoctesuma Esparza\nJuan Gonzalez (journalist)\nHector Herrera\nLillian Jimenez \nDennis E. Leoni\nJosefina López\nAlex Nogales\nLuis Antonio Ramos \nMari Castañeda, and many more.\n\nSee also\nThe Bronze Screen: 100 Years of the Latino Image in Hollywood (film)\n\nReferences \n\n2013 films\nDocumentary films about racism in the cinema of the United States\nDocumentary films about Latin America" ]

[ "Earth Crisis is an American hardcore punk band from Syracuse, New York, active from 1989 until 2001, reuniting in 2007. Since 1993 the band's longest serving members are vocalist Karl Buechner, lead guitarist Scott Crouse, bassist Ian Edwards and drummer Dennis Merrick. Their third and current rhythm guitarist Erick Edwards joined the band in 1998.", "Their third and current rhythm guitarist Erick Edwards joined the band in 1998. The band has released eight studio albums, three compilations, two live albums and six music videos. The band is known for supporting animal rights, promoting a straight edge and vegan lifestyle, and addressing further social and political issues.", "The band is known for supporting animal rights, promoting a straight edge and vegan lifestyle, and addressing further social and political issues. Earth Crisis is considered a crucial developer and influence for both the metalcore genre and vegan straight edge movement.", "Earth Crisis is considered a crucial developer and influence for both the metalcore genre and vegan straight edge movement. History Initial career (1989–1995) The band originally formed in 1989, after bassist Karl Buechner proposed the idea to his friend DJ Rose, whom he knew because both skateboarded together.", "History Initial career (1989–1995) The band originally formed in 1989, after bassist Karl Buechner proposed the idea to his friend DJ Rose, whom he knew because both skateboarded together. Rose became the vocalist and they were joined by Jesse Buckley on drums and John Moseman on guitar.", "Rose became the vocalist and they were joined by Jesse Buckley on drums and John Moseman on guitar. Established in the latter part of the youth crew heyday, where many groups disbanded and their members stopped being straight edge, they wanted to \"keep that torch burning\", as Buechner said.", "Established in the latter part of the youth crew heyday, where many groups disbanded and their members stopped being straight edge, they wanted to \"keep that torch burning\", as Buechner said. \"The feeling of disappointment we had in those bands lead us to promote straight edge as being a lifetime commitment to never touch a drop of poison.", "\"The feeling of disappointment we had in those bands lead us to promote straight edge as being a lifetime commitment to never touch a drop of poison. We wanted people to know they can believe in us.\"", "We wanted people to know they can believe in us.\" Rose named the band after the 1984's album of the same name from the British reggae band Steel Pulse, because its cover portrayed many of the things they \"would stand against\", such as the starving African children, the two blocs of the Cold War and Klansmen.", "Rose named the band after the 1984's album of the same name from the British reggae band Steel Pulse, because its cover portrayed many of the things they \"would stand against\", such as the starving African children, the two blocs of the Cold War and Klansmen. Its initial lineup was short-lived; they had two or three practices and played a show in Utica, New York.", "Its initial lineup was short-lived; they had two or three practices and played a show in Utica, New York. After that performance, Rose decided to quit the group to spend more time booking shows.", "After that performance, Rose decided to quit the group to spend more time booking shows. Buechner continued composing and formed a new lineup of the band in 1991, after attending a skateboard demonstration where he met members of the vegan straight edge band Framework.", "Buechner continued composing and formed a new lineup of the band in 1991, after attending a skateboard demonstration where he met members of the vegan straight edge band Framework. He switched to lead vocals in the process and was joined by four of the five members of Framework: guitarist Scott Crouse, bassist Ian \"Bulldog\" Edwards, guitarist Ben Read and drummer Michael Riccardi, all of who participated in Earth Crisis as a side project.", "He switched to lead vocals in the process and was joined by four of the five members of Framework: guitarist Scott Crouse, bassist Ian \"Bulldog\" Edwards, guitarist Ben Read and drummer Michael Riccardi, all of who participated in Earth Crisis as a side project. Both Earth Crisis and Framework appeared on the 1992 various artists tape compilation Structure Hardcore Compilation, released by the members of Chokehold.", "Both Earth Crisis and Framework appeared on the 1992 various artists tape compilation Structure Hardcore Compilation, released by the members of Chokehold. Earth Crisis' three-song EP All Out War marked their debut release later in 1992, and shortly afterwards the band became a first priority.", "Earth Crisis' three-song EP All Out War marked their debut release later in 1992, and shortly afterwards the band became a first priority. In the summer of 1993, at the start of the All Out War tour, Earth Crisis recorded the Firestorm EP in the studio of Bill Korecky in Cleveland and released it through Victory Records.", "In the summer of 1993, at the start of the All Out War tour, Earth Crisis recorded the Firestorm EP in the studio of Bill Korecky in Cleveland and released it through Victory Records. For this album, Riccardi was replaced by Dennis Merrick. Later on, Ben Read was replaced by Kris Wiechmann.", "Later on, Ben Read was replaced by Kris Wiechmann. Destroy the Machines, their first full-length record, was released in 1995 and would eventually become the best-selling album in the history of Victory Records. Later this year, the band's touring van was involved in an accident that injured all band members, most severely Merrick.", "Later this year, the band's touring van was involved in an accident that injured all band members, most severely Merrick. During his recovery time, the other band members began the group Path of Resistance with Riccardi, Rose and another friend to remain occupied.", "During his recovery time, the other band members began the group Path of Resistance with Riccardi, Rose and another friend to remain occupied. Subsequent years and breakup: (1996–2001) 1996's Gomorrah's Season Ends brought a more complex and developed form of metalcore and, shortly thereafter, they were asked to take part in the inaugural Ozzfest, including one song for its live album.", "Subsequent years and breakup: (1996–2001) 1996's Gomorrah's Season Ends brought a more complex and developed form of metalcore and, shortly thereafter, they were asked to take part in the inaugural Ozzfest, including one song for its live album. Their popularity grew, resulting in a deal with Roadrunner Records, and the band released Breed the Killers in 1998, the first with guitarist Erick Edwards (bassist Ian Edwards's brother) replacing Wiechmann.", "Their popularity grew, resulting in a deal with Roadrunner Records, and the band released Breed the Killers in 1998, the first with guitarist Erick Edwards (bassist Ian Edwards's brother) replacing Wiechmann. The album was produced by Andy Sneap and featured a guest appearance by Machine Head vocalist and guitarist Robb Flynn.", "The album was produced by Andy Sneap and featured a guest appearance by Machine Head vocalist and guitarist Robb Flynn. The band later returned to Victory Records, releasing 2000's Slither soon after.", "The band later returned to Victory Records, releasing 2000's Slither soon after. With more emphasis on production and a change of style steered towards nu metal, it drew mixed reactions from critics and fans but had a wider exposure in mainstream music.", "With more emphasis on production and a change of style steered towards nu metal, it drew mixed reactions from critics and fans but had a wider exposure in mainstream music. Their final album before their breakup was 2001's Last of the Sane, which included cover versions of songs by The Rolling Stones, Slayer, Led Zeppelin, Cream and Dead Kennedys.", "Their final album before their breakup was 2001's Last of the Sane, which included cover versions of songs by The Rolling Stones, Slayer, Led Zeppelin, Cream and Dead Kennedys. In 2001, Earth Crisis disbanded on good terms because some members could no longer engage in a full-time touring band due to their personal lives.", "In 2001, Earth Crisis disbanded on good terms because some members could no longer engage in a full-time touring band due to their personal lives. They played the final show of their initial career at Hellfest in Syracuse.", "They played the final show of their initial career at Hellfest in Syracuse. After the band's breakup in 2001, Buechner, Bulldog and Erick Edwards went on to form Freya, a band named for the Norse goddess of fertility. Meanwhile, Crouse and Dennis Merrick moved to California and formed the group Isolated.", "Meanwhile, Crouse and Dennis Merrick moved to California and formed the group Isolated. Reformation (2007–2009) On January 27, 2007, the reunited Earth Crisis played the Maryland Metal and Hardcore Festival. Although it was originally planned as a one-off concert, numerous American and European dates followed thereafter.", "Although it was originally planned as a one-off concert, numerous American and European dates followed thereafter. Earth Crisis headlined the Firestorm Fest in early 2008. On September 10, 2008 it was announced that they had signed a worldwide deal with Century Media.", "On September 10, 2008 it was announced that they had signed a worldwide deal with Century Media. They entered the studio on October 16, 2008 to record a new record, and Tue Madsen was hired to mix the project.", "They entered the studio on October 16, 2008 to record a new record, and Tue Madsen was hired to mix the project. The finished album, To the Death, was released in Europe on April 20, 2009 and in North America on May 5, 2009.", "The finished album, To the Death, was released in Europe on April 20, 2009 and in North America on May 5, 2009. In August and September 2009, Earth Crisis played America and Europe on the Hell on Earth Tour, alongside Sworn Enemy, Neaera, Waking the Cadaver, War of Ages, Thy Will Be Done and War from a Harlots Mouth.", "In August and September 2009, Earth Crisis played America and Europe on the Hell on Earth Tour, alongside Sworn Enemy, Neaera, Waking the Cadaver, War of Ages, Thy Will Be Done and War from a Harlots Mouth. Latest releases: (2010–present) In March 2010, they announced that drummer Andy Hurley of Fall Out Boy and formerly Racetraitor would serve as a touring musician for a portion of the band's upcoming tour, as Merrick will only be available for certain dates.", "Latest releases: (2010–present) In March 2010, they announced that drummer Andy Hurley of Fall Out Boy and formerly Racetraitor would serve as a touring musician for a portion of the band's upcoming tour, as Merrick will only be available for certain dates. In July 2011, Earth Crisis released their seventh studio album, Neutralize the Threat.", "In July 2011, Earth Crisis released their seventh studio album, Neutralize the Threat. The album was mixed and mastered by Zeuss. The tracks \"Raise\" and \"Total War\" were released online as an album teaser. Earth Crisis released their eighth studio album Salvation of Innocents on March 4, 2014.", "Earth Crisis released their eighth studio album Salvation of Innocents on March 4, 2014. A comic book of the Liberator series published by Black Mask Studios was made in collaboration with the band and released simultaneously with the album, sharing similar conceptual ideas and artwork.", "A comic book of the Liberator series published by Black Mask Studios was made in collaboration with the band and released simultaneously with the album, sharing similar conceptual ideas and artwork. Musical style and influences Although ideologically tied to the straight edge movement, the initial musical influences of Earth Crisis were mainly from New York hardcore bands such as Agnostic Front, Cro-Mags and Sick of It All.", "Musical style and influences Although ideologically tied to the straight edge movement, the initial musical influences of Earth Crisis were mainly from New York hardcore bands such as Agnostic Front, Cro-Mags and Sick of It All. After the All Out War EP, they developed an increasingly technical and heavier style, citing death metal bands Napalm Death, Bolt Thrower and Obituary as prime inspirations.", "After the All Out War EP, they developed an increasingly technical and heavier style, citing death metal bands Napalm Death, Bolt Thrower and Obituary as prime inspirations. Buechner's vocals became rougher with each release as well, culminating in the completely gutturally screamed Gomorrah's Season Ends.", "Buechner's vocals became rougher with each release as well, culminating in the completely gutturally screamed Gomorrah's Season Ends. Terrorizer magazine referred to this album as \"heavy hardcore taken to a new level, all the blackness that was hinted at on Firestorm realized in all its formidable glory.\"", "Terrorizer magazine referred to this album as \"heavy hardcore taken to a new level, all the blackness that was hinted at on Firestorm realized in all its formidable glory.\" In this period, many of their songs were built on Merrick's drum beats.", "In this period, many of their songs were built on Merrick's drum beats. Their third studio album, Breed the Killers, maintained the previous aggressiveness and its growled vocals were \"taken about as far as possible\", but it followed a structure more akin to the \"post-Judge hardcore of the Path of Resistance record Who Dares Wins\", according to Shawn Macomber of Decibel.", "Their third studio album, Breed the Killers, maintained the previous aggressiveness and its growled vocals were \"taken about as far as possible\", but it followed a structure more akin to the \"post-Judge hardcore of the Path of Resistance record Who Dares Wins\", according to Shawn Macomber of Decibel. Dennis Merrick said: \"On Breed the Killers I think we achieved the most honest representation of our sound without sounding too raw or too slick\".", "Dennis Merrick said: \"On Breed the Killers I think we achieved the most honest representation of our sound without sounding too raw or too slick\". Its follow-up, Slither, had a change of style that steered towards nu metal.", "Its follow-up, Slither, had a change of style that steered towards nu metal. Buechner declared that, rather than being influenced by other styles, they \"resurrected\" the sound of All Out War in a proper way, which also had melodic choruses and spoken word verses.", "Buechner declared that, rather than being influenced by other styles, they \"resurrected\" the sound of All Out War in a proper way, which also had melodic choruses and spoken word verses. Their first post-reunion album, To the Death, was described by Buechner as \"a mixture between Destroying the Machines and Breed the Killers.\"", "Their first post-reunion album, To the Death, was described by Buechner as \"a mixture between Destroying the Machines and Breed the Killers.\" According to Stereo Killer, it was \"arguably the band's heaviest offering\" but with \"more traditional verse/chorus/verse\" material.", "According to Stereo Killer, it was \"arguably the band's heaviest offering\" but with \"more traditional verse/chorus/verse\" material. Neutralize the Threat followed a similar path, but \"with a Gomorrah's Season Ends vibe thrown in\", the band stated.", "Neutralize the Threat followed a similar path, but \"with a Gomorrah's Season Ends vibe thrown in\", the band stated. Scott Crouse said that he always tried \"to get the perfect blend of heaviness, imagery and listenability\" and that these two albums were the first to \"hit that mark\".", "Scott Crouse said that he always tried \"to get the perfect blend of heaviness, imagery and listenability\" and that these two albums were the first to \"hit that mark\". Salvation of Innocents included, in addition, some clean vocals that were compared by one reviewer to the sludge metal band Crowbar, as well as \"some elements of melodic metalcore\" and faster songs.", "Salvation of Innocents included, in addition, some clean vocals that were compared by one reviewer to the sludge metal band Crowbar, as well as \"some elements of melodic metalcore\" and faster songs. When asked what ten bands inspired Earth Crisis over the years in a 2016 interview, Scott Crouse named DYS, Judge, Corrosion of Conformity, Agnostic Front, Slayer, Sepultura, Metallica, Conviction, Zero Tolerance and Iron Maiden.", "When asked what ten bands inspired Earth Crisis over the years in a 2016 interview, Scott Crouse named DYS, Judge, Corrosion of Conformity, Agnostic Front, Slayer, Sepultura, Metallica, Conviction, Zero Tolerance and Iron Maiden. Lyrics, views and activism The name of the band, Earth Crisis, indicates how their members see the current state of the planet and in their lyrics they seek to offer solutions to it; these are either \"educational\" or encourage direct-action.", "Lyrics, views and activism The name of the band, Earth Crisis, indicates how their members see the current state of the planet and in their lyrics they seek to offer solutions to it; these are either \"educational\" or encourage direct-action. Most of them focus on rejection of recreational drugs, animal products, animal testing, industrial livestock production, illegal drug trade and an impending earth's doom caused by wars or an ecological collapse.", "Most of them focus on rejection of recreational drugs, animal products, animal testing, industrial livestock production, illegal drug trade and an impending earth's doom caused by wars or an ecological collapse. On the other hand, they promote straight edge, veganism, self-empowerment and organizations such as Earth First!, Sea Shepherd Conservation Society and the Animal Liberation Front.", "On the other hand, they promote straight edge, veganism, self-empowerment and organizations such as Earth First!, Sea Shepherd Conservation Society and the Animal Liberation Front. In the words of the academic Jonathan Pieslak, some of their lyrics \"read like passages\" taken from \"direct-action essays\" of these institutions.", "In the words of the academic Jonathan Pieslak, some of their lyrics \"read like passages\" taken from \"direct-action essays\" of these institutions. Other subjects include criticism against white supremacy and, especially on Breed the Killers, oppressive governments. 2000's record Slither incorporated more topical issues, such as genetic engineering and second amendment rights.", "2000's record Slither incorporated more topical issues, such as genetic engineering and second amendment rights. Their seventh and eighth albums, Neutralize the Threat and Salvation of Innocents, are concept albums entirely dedicated to real-life vigilantes and animal rights/anti-vivisection, respectively.", "Their seventh and eighth albums, Neutralize the Threat and Salvation of Innocents, are concept albums entirely dedicated to real-life vigilantes and animal rights/anti-vivisection, respectively. The albums All Out War, Gomorrah's Season Ends and Breed the Killers included essays that delve into their lyrics and beliefs.", "The albums All Out War, Gomorrah's Season Ends and Breed the Killers included essays that delve into their lyrics and beliefs. According to the sociologist Ross Haenfler, Earth Crisis combined \"youth crew's outspoken commitment to straight edge with Manliftingbanner's direct politics\".", "According to the sociologist Ross Haenfler, Earth Crisis combined \"youth crew's outspoken commitment to straight edge with Manliftingbanner's direct politics\". In a 1998 interview with Roadrunner Records, Karl Buechner described Earth Crisis' philosophy: \"I want to boil it down to one notion: personal accountability.", "In a 1998 interview with Roadrunner Records, Karl Buechner described Earth Crisis' philosophy: \"I want to boil it down to one notion: personal accountability. Respect for yourself, respect for the lives of innocent beings around us.\"", "Respect for yourself, respect for the lives of innocent beings around us.\" He added that \"Just being drug-free doesn't make you a good person, you need to use that clarity of the mind to become actively involved in the struggle that is being waged for earth, human and animal liberation.\"", "He added that \"Just being drug-free doesn't make you a good person, you need to use that clarity of the mind to become actively involved in the struggle that is being waged for earth, human and animal liberation.\" Their message disjoined from the \"posicore\" attitudes in its advocation for violent direct action.", "Their message disjoined from the \"posicore\" attitudes in its advocation for violent direct action. However, they believe that it must be used only as a last resort: \"destruction and violence are the last thing I want to see but tragically, they are sometimes necessary.", "However, they believe that it must be used only as a last resort: \"destruction and violence are the last thing I want to see but tragically, they are sometimes necessary. We place so far greater value on the lives of the innocent beings than any type of worth that could be put upon someone who's sadistic or greedy and doesn't want to change their profit system\", said Buechner.", "We place so far greater value on the lives of the innocent beings than any type of worth that could be put upon someone who's sadistic or greedy and doesn't want to change their profit system\", said Buechner. The band cited authors Peter Singer, John Robbins and Huey P. Newton as inspirations.", "The band cited authors Peter Singer, John Robbins and Huey P. Newton as inspirations. In their live shows, there is usually literature about PETA, Greenpeace and others distributed. They have been longtime supporters for organizations such as the Animal Defense League, having done several benefit concerts for them.", "They have been longtime supporters for organizations such as the Animal Defense League, having done several benefit concerts for them. Nevertheless, they are not part of any of these groups or a political party: \"We're about things we're interested in and we sing about things that happen politically, but we're not left-core or right wing.", "Nevertheless, they are not part of any of these groups or a political party: \"We're about things we're interested in and we sing about things that happen politically, but we're not left-core or right wing. We don't want to get tangled up in someone else's agenda, which can happen if you join up in certain organizations.\"", "We don't want to get tangled up in someone else's agenda, which can happen if you join up in certain organizations.\" Earth Crisis was occasionally misidentified with the hardline subculture, but they are not against homosexuality and believe that abortion should remain as an option in some instances.", "Earth Crisis was occasionally misidentified with the hardline subculture, but they are not against homosexuality and believe that abortion should remain as an option in some instances. They also do not have a religious agenda and think that that is mainly a personal choice. Legacy Earth Crisis had a huge impact on both the hardcore punk music and its ideals.", "Legacy Earth Crisis had a huge impact on both the hardcore punk music and its ideals. MetalSucks said: \"For anybody who was not in the hardcore scene back then, it is hard to describe the impact they had or how controversial they were.", "MetalSucks said: \"For anybody who was not in the hardcore scene back then, it is hard to describe the impact they had or how controversial they were. You either loved them or hated them for bringing both metal and veganism into the hardcore scene\".", "You either loved them or hated them for bringing both metal and veganism into the hardcore scene\". Sociologist Ross Haenfler stated in The Vinyl Factory that \"Earth Crisis became the face of straight edge throughout the 1990s\" through \"the convergence of 'radical' animal rights activism, a more aggressive 'metalcore' sound, and hardcore crews\", becoming \"one of the most controversial bands in the scene's history.\"", "Sociologist Ross Haenfler stated in The Vinyl Factory that \"Earth Crisis became the face of straight edge throughout the 1990s\" through \"the convergence of 'radical' animal rights activism, a more aggressive 'metalcore' sound, and hardcore crews\", becoming \"one of the most controversial bands in the scene's history.\" Their albums Firestorm, Destroy the Machines and Gomorrah's Season Ends were particularly influential for the emerging metalcore genre.", "Their albums Firestorm, Destroy the Machines and Gomorrah's Season Ends were particularly influential for the emerging metalcore genre. According to Andrew O'Neill, \"Earth Crisis inspired a much more heavy metal sound in hardcore\" and \"the distinction between the two [genres] started to crumble\" shortly after those records were released.", "According to Andrew O'Neill, \"Earth Crisis inspired a much more heavy metal sound in hardcore\" and \"the distinction between the two [genres] started to crumble\" shortly after those records were released. To a large extent, Earth Crisis was responsible for the rising of vegan straight edge militancy in the mid- to late 90s, when veganism was rarely present in mainstream culture.", "To a large extent, Earth Crisis was responsible for the rising of vegan straight edge militancy in the mid- to late 90s, when veganism was rarely present in mainstream culture. Haenfler said that, while \"earlier straight edge bands advocated vegetarianism – for example Youth of Today, Insted and Manliftingbanner\", Earth Crisis \"made animal rights (and environmentalism) central to the scene\" as a \"self-described 'vegan straight edge' band\", \"inspiring thousands of kids to give up animal products entirely.\"", "Haenfler said that, while \"earlier straight edge bands advocated vegetarianism – for example Youth of Today, Insted and Manliftingbanner\", Earth Crisis \"made animal rights (and environmentalism) central to the scene\" as a \"self-described 'vegan straight edge' band\", \"inspiring thousands of kids to give up animal products entirely.\" They also spawned many activists in the scene because their message \"imparted the sense of urgency in a way that nothing else that ever come before had\", according to Peter Daniel Young.", "They also spawned many activists in the scene because their message \"imparted the sense of urgency in a way that nothing else that ever come before had\", according to Peter Daniel Young. Some of their songs went on to be considered by some as anthems, such as \"Firestorm\" for straight edge and \"Ultramilitance\" for eco-terrorists.", "Some of their songs went on to be considered by some as anthems, such as \"Firestorm\" for straight edge and \"Ultramilitance\" for eco-terrorists. They also drew major media attention, having been featured and interviewed by CNN, CBS and The New York Times, while lead singer Karl Buechner was invited to address the Congress about teens and substance abuse.", "They also drew major media attention, having been featured and interviewed by CNN, CBS and The New York Times, while lead singer Karl Buechner was invited to address the Congress about teens and substance abuse. Comments from other musicians Many artists have cited Earth Crisis as an influence or have expressed their admiration for them, including Davey Havok and Jade Puget of AFI and XTRMST, Hatebreed, Throwdown, Robb Flynn of Machine Head, Jona Weinhofen of I Killed the Prom Queen and Bring Me the Horizon, Jeremy Bolm of Touché Amoré, Tim McIlrath of Rise Against, Tim Lambesis of As I Lay Dying, Glassjaw, Andy Hurley and Pete Wentz of Fall Out Boy and Racetraitor, Igor Cavalera of Sepultura, Paul Waggoner and Thomas Giles of Between the Buried and Me, Matt Fox of Shai Hulud, Heaven Shall Burn, Unearth, Brian Cook of Botch, Code Orange, Guy Kozowyk of The Red Chord, Greg Bennick of Trial, Maroon, Deadlock, Marc Görtz of Caliban, Born from Pain, Saving Grace, Twelve Tribes, Dan Smith of The Dear & Departed, First Blood, No Innocent Victim and Clear; as well as activists such as Peter Daniel Young.", "Comments from other musicians Many artists have cited Earth Crisis as an influence or have expressed their admiration for them, including Davey Havok and Jade Puget of AFI and XTRMST, Hatebreed, Throwdown, Robb Flynn of Machine Head, Jona Weinhofen of I Killed the Prom Queen and Bring Me the Horizon, Jeremy Bolm of Touché Amoré, Tim McIlrath of Rise Against, Tim Lambesis of As I Lay Dying, Glassjaw, Andy Hurley and Pete Wentz of Fall Out Boy and Racetraitor, Igor Cavalera of Sepultura, Paul Waggoner and Thomas Giles of Between the Buried and Me, Matt Fox of Shai Hulud, Heaven Shall Burn, Unearth, Brian Cook of Botch, Code Orange, Guy Kozowyk of The Red Chord, Greg Bennick of Trial, Maroon, Deadlock, Marc Görtz of Caliban, Born from Pain, Saving Grace, Twelve Tribes, Dan Smith of The Dear & Departed, First Blood, No Innocent Victim and Clear; as well as activists such as Peter Daniel Young. Members Current members Karl Buechner – vocals (1989–2001, 2007–present) bass (1989) Scott Crouse – lead guitar (1991–2001, 2007–present) Ian \"Bulldog\" Edwards – bass (1991–2001, 2007–present) Dennis Merrick – drums (1993–2001, 2007–present) Erick Edwards – rhythm guitar (1998–2001, 2007–present) Former members Ben Read – rhythm guitar (1991–1994) Kris Wiechmann – rhythm guitar (1994–1998) Michael Riccardi – drums (1991–1993) Touring musicians Jim Winters – rhythm guitar (1993–1996) Andy Hurley – drums (2010) Timeline Discography Studio albums Destroy the Machines (1995, Victory Records) Gomorrah's Season Ends (1996, Victory Records) Breed the Killers (1998, Roadrunner Records) Slither (2000, Victory Records) Last of the Sane (2001, Victory Records) To the Death (2009, Century Media Records) Neutralize the Threat (2011, Century Media Records) Salvation of Innocents (2014, Candlelight Records) EPs All Out War (EP) (1992, Conviction Records, re-released 1995 on Victory Records) Firestorm (EP) (1993, Victory Records, re-released 1995) Forced to Kill (7\") (2009, Seventh Dagger Records) The Discipline (EP) (2015, Bullet Tooth Records) Music videos \"Broken Foundation\" (1996) \"Killing Brain Cells\" (2000) \"Provoke\" (2000) \"Nemesis\" (2000) \"To Ashes\" (2009) \"Total War\" (2011) Live and compilation albums The California Takeover (1996), Victory Records, split live album with Strife and Snapcase) The Oath That Keeps Me Free (1998, Victory Records) Forever True – 1991–2001 (Compilation) (2001, Victory Records) See also Animal rights and punk subculture References External links American metalcore musical groups Musical groups from Syracuse, New York Straight edge groups Musical groups established in 1989 Victory Records artists Equal Vision Records artists Century Media Records artists Hardcore punk groups from New York (state) Veganism activists Political music groups" ]

[ "Earth Crisis", "Lyrics, views and activism", "Did they have any famous lyrics?", "these are either \"educational\" or encourage direct-action.", "What was one of their songs?", "Most of them focus on rejection of recreational drugs, animal products, animal", "What were their views?", "they promote straight edge, veganism, self-empowerment", "What was an example of their activism?", "organizations such as Earth First!, Sea Shepherd Conservation Society and the Animal Liberation Front.", "What was one of their greatest successes?", "The albums All Out War,", "When was All Out War released?", "2000's record Slither incorporated more topical issues,", "How were they portrayed in the media?", "Buechner described Earth Crisis' philosophy: \"I want to boil it down to one notion: personal accountability." ]

[ "Say Anything may refer to:\n\nFilm and television\n Say Anything..., a 1989 American film by Cameron Crowe\n \"Say Anything\" (BoJack Horseman), a television episode\n\nMusic\n Say Anything (band), an American rock band\n Say Anything (album), a 2009 album by the band\n \"Say Anything\", a 2012 song by Say Anything from Anarchy, My Dear\n \"Say Anything\" (Marianas Trench song), 2006\n \"Say Anything\" (X Japan song), 1991\n \"Say Anything\", a song by Aimee Mann from Whatever, 1993\n \"Say Anything\", a song by the Bouncing Souls from The Bouncing Souls, 1997\n \"Say Anything\", a song by Good Charlotte from The Young and the Hopeless, 2002\n \"Say Anything\", a song by Girl in Red, 2018\n \"Say Anything\", a song by Will Young from Lexicon, 2019\n \"Say Anything (Else)\", a song by Cartel from Chroma, 2005\n\nOther uses\n Say Anything (party game), a 2008 board game published by North Star Games\n \"Say Anything\", a column in YM magazine\n\nSee also\n Say Something (disambiguation)", "In baseball, a fair ball is a batted ball that entitles the batter to attempt to reach first base. By contrast, a foul ball is a batted ball that does not entitle the batter to attempt to reach first base. Whether a batted ball is fair or foul is determined by the location of the ball at the appropriate reference point, as follows:\n\n if the ball leaves the playing field without touching anything, the point where the ball leaves the field;\n else, if the ball first lands past first or third base without touching anything, the point where the ball lands;\n else, if the ball rolls or bounces past first or third base without touching anything other than the ground, the point where the ball passes the base;\n else, if the ball touches anything other than the ground (such as an umpire, a player, or any equipment left on the field) before any of the above happens, the point of such touching;\n else (the ball comes to a rest before reaching first or third base), the point where the ball comes to a rest.\n\nIf any part of the ball is on or above fair territory at the appropriate reference point, it is fair; else it is foul. Fair territory or fair ground is defined as the area of the playing field between the two foul lines, and includes the foul lines themselves and the foul poles. However, certain exceptions exist:\n\n A ball that touches first, second, or third base is always fair.\n Under Rule 5.09(a)(7)-(8), if a batted ball touches the batter or his bat while the batter is in the batter's box and not intentionally interfering with the course of the ball, the ball is foul.\n A ball that hits the foul pole without first having touched anything else off the bat is fair.\n Ground rules may provide whether a ball hitting specific objects (e.g. roof, overhead speaker) is fair or foul.\n\nOn a fair ball, the batter attempts to reach first base or any subsequent base, runners attempt to advance and fielders try to record outs. A fair ball is considered a live ball until the ball becomes dead by leaving the field or any other method.\n\nReferences\n\nBaseball rules" ]

[ "Earth Crisis is an American hardcore punk band from Syracuse, New York, active from 1989 until 2001, reuniting in 2007. Since 1993 the band's longest serving members are vocalist Karl Buechner, lead guitarist Scott Crouse, bassist Ian Edwards and drummer Dennis Merrick. Their third and current rhythm guitarist Erick Edwards joined the band in 1998.", "Their third and current rhythm guitarist Erick Edwards joined the band in 1998. The band has released eight studio albums, three compilations, two live albums and six music videos. The band is known for supporting animal rights, promoting a straight edge and vegan lifestyle, and addressing further social and political issues.", "The band is known for supporting animal rights, promoting a straight edge and vegan lifestyle, and addressing further social and political issues. Earth Crisis is considered a crucial developer and influence for both the metalcore genre and vegan straight edge movement.", "Earth Crisis is considered a crucial developer and influence for both the metalcore genre and vegan straight edge movement. History Initial career (1989–1995) The band originally formed in 1989, after bassist Karl Buechner proposed the idea to his friend DJ Rose, whom he knew because both skateboarded together.", "History Initial career (1989–1995) The band originally formed in 1989, after bassist Karl Buechner proposed the idea to his friend DJ Rose, whom he knew because both skateboarded together. Rose became the vocalist and they were joined by Jesse Buckley on drums and John Moseman on guitar.", "Rose became the vocalist and they were joined by Jesse Buckley on drums and John Moseman on guitar. Established in the latter part of the youth crew heyday, where many groups disbanded and their members stopped being straight edge, they wanted to \"keep that torch burning\", as Buechner said.", "Established in the latter part of the youth crew heyday, where many groups disbanded and their members stopped being straight edge, they wanted to \"keep that torch burning\", as Buechner said. \"The feeling of disappointment we had in those bands lead us to promote straight edge as being a lifetime commitment to never touch a drop of poison.", "\"The feeling of disappointment we had in those bands lead us to promote straight edge as being a lifetime commitment to never touch a drop of poison. We wanted people to know they can believe in us.\"", "We wanted people to know they can believe in us.\" Rose named the band after the 1984's album of the same name from the British reggae band Steel Pulse, because its cover portrayed many of the things they \"would stand against\", such as the starving African children, the two blocs of the Cold War and Klansmen.", "Rose named the band after the 1984's album of the same name from the British reggae band Steel Pulse, because its cover portrayed many of the things they \"would stand against\", such as the starving African children, the two blocs of the Cold War and Klansmen. Its initial lineup was short-lived; they had two or three practices and played a show in Utica, New York.", "Its initial lineup was short-lived; they had two or three practices and played a show in Utica, New York. After that performance, Rose decided to quit the group to spend more time booking shows.", "After that performance, Rose decided to quit the group to spend more time booking shows. Buechner continued composing and formed a new lineup of the band in 1991, after attending a skateboard demonstration where he met members of the vegan straight edge band Framework.", "Buechner continued composing and formed a new lineup of the band in 1991, after attending a skateboard demonstration where he met members of the vegan straight edge band Framework. He switched to lead vocals in the process and was joined by four of the five members of Framework: guitarist Scott Crouse, bassist Ian \"Bulldog\" Edwards, guitarist Ben Read and drummer Michael Riccardi, all of who participated in Earth Crisis as a side project.", "He switched to lead vocals in the process and was joined by four of the five members of Framework: guitarist Scott Crouse, bassist Ian \"Bulldog\" Edwards, guitarist Ben Read and drummer Michael Riccardi, all of who participated in Earth Crisis as a side project. Both Earth Crisis and Framework appeared on the 1992 various artists tape compilation Structure Hardcore Compilation, released by the members of Chokehold.", "Both Earth Crisis and Framework appeared on the 1992 various artists tape compilation Structure Hardcore Compilation, released by the members of Chokehold. Earth Crisis' three-song EP All Out War marked their debut release later in 1992, and shortly afterwards the band became a first priority.", "Earth Crisis' three-song EP All Out War marked their debut release later in 1992, and shortly afterwards the band became a first priority. In the summer of 1993, at the start of the All Out War tour, Earth Crisis recorded the Firestorm EP in the studio of Bill Korecky in Cleveland and released it through Victory Records.", "In the summer of 1993, at the start of the All Out War tour, Earth Crisis recorded the Firestorm EP in the studio of Bill Korecky in Cleveland and released it through Victory Records. For this album, Riccardi was replaced by Dennis Merrick. Later on, Ben Read was replaced by Kris Wiechmann.", "Later on, Ben Read was replaced by Kris Wiechmann. Destroy the Machines, their first full-length record, was released in 1995 and would eventually become the best-selling album in the history of Victory Records. Later this year, the band's touring van was involved in an accident that injured all band members, most severely Merrick.", "Later this year, the band's touring van was involved in an accident that injured all band members, most severely Merrick. During his recovery time, the other band members began the group Path of Resistance with Riccardi, Rose and another friend to remain occupied.", "During his recovery time, the other band members began the group Path of Resistance with Riccardi, Rose and another friend to remain occupied. Subsequent years and breakup: (1996–2001) 1996's Gomorrah's Season Ends brought a more complex and developed form of metalcore and, shortly thereafter, they were asked to take part in the inaugural Ozzfest, including one song for its live album.", "Subsequent years and breakup: (1996–2001) 1996's Gomorrah's Season Ends brought a more complex and developed form of metalcore and, shortly thereafter, they were asked to take part in the inaugural Ozzfest, including one song for its live album. Their popularity grew, resulting in a deal with Roadrunner Records, and the band released Breed the Killers in 1998, the first with guitarist Erick Edwards (bassist Ian Edwards's brother) replacing Wiechmann.", "Their popularity grew, resulting in a deal with Roadrunner Records, and the band released Breed the Killers in 1998, the first with guitarist Erick Edwards (bassist Ian Edwards's brother) replacing Wiechmann. The album was produced by Andy Sneap and featured a guest appearance by Machine Head vocalist and guitarist Robb Flynn.", "The album was produced by Andy Sneap and featured a guest appearance by Machine Head vocalist and guitarist Robb Flynn. The band later returned to Victory Records, releasing 2000's Slither soon after.", "The band later returned to Victory Records, releasing 2000's Slither soon after. With more emphasis on production and a change of style steered towards nu metal, it drew mixed reactions from critics and fans but had a wider exposure in mainstream music.", "With more emphasis on production and a change of style steered towards nu metal, it drew mixed reactions from critics and fans but had a wider exposure in mainstream music. Their final album before their breakup was 2001's Last of the Sane, which included cover versions of songs by The Rolling Stones, Slayer, Led Zeppelin, Cream and Dead Kennedys.", "Their final album before their breakup was 2001's Last of the Sane, which included cover versions of songs by The Rolling Stones, Slayer, Led Zeppelin, Cream and Dead Kennedys. In 2001, Earth Crisis disbanded on good terms because some members could no longer engage in a full-time touring band due to their personal lives.", "In 2001, Earth Crisis disbanded on good terms because some members could no longer engage in a full-time touring band due to their personal lives. They played the final show of their initial career at Hellfest in Syracuse.", "They played the final show of their initial career at Hellfest in Syracuse. After the band's breakup in 2001, Buechner, Bulldog and Erick Edwards went on to form Freya, a band named for the Norse goddess of fertility. Meanwhile, Crouse and Dennis Merrick moved to California and formed the group Isolated.", "Meanwhile, Crouse and Dennis Merrick moved to California and formed the group Isolated. Reformation (2007–2009) On January 27, 2007, the reunited Earth Crisis played the Maryland Metal and Hardcore Festival. Although it was originally planned as a one-off concert, numerous American and European dates followed thereafter.", "Although it was originally planned as a one-off concert, numerous American and European dates followed thereafter. Earth Crisis headlined the Firestorm Fest in early 2008. On September 10, 2008 it was announced that they had signed a worldwide deal with Century Media.", "On September 10, 2008 it was announced that they had signed a worldwide deal with Century Media. They entered the studio on October 16, 2008 to record a new record, and Tue Madsen was hired to mix the project.", "They entered the studio on October 16, 2008 to record a new record, and Tue Madsen was hired to mix the project. The finished album, To the Death, was released in Europe on April 20, 2009 and in North America on May 5, 2009.", "The finished album, To the Death, was released in Europe on April 20, 2009 and in North America on May 5, 2009. In August and September 2009, Earth Crisis played America and Europe on the Hell on Earth Tour, alongside Sworn Enemy, Neaera, Waking the Cadaver, War of Ages, Thy Will Be Done and War from a Harlots Mouth.", "In August and September 2009, Earth Crisis played America and Europe on the Hell on Earth Tour, alongside Sworn Enemy, Neaera, Waking the Cadaver, War of Ages, Thy Will Be Done and War from a Harlots Mouth. Latest releases: (2010–present) In March 2010, they announced that drummer Andy Hurley of Fall Out Boy and formerly Racetraitor would serve as a touring musician for a portion of the band's upcoming tour, as Merrick will only be available for certain dates.", "Latest releases: (2010–present) In March 2010, they announced that drummer Andy Hurley of Fall Out Boy and formerly Racetraitor would serve as a touring musician for a portion of the band's upcoming tour, as Merrick will only be available for certain dates. In July 2011, Earth Crisis released their seventh studio album, Neutralize the Threat.", "In July 2011, Earth Crisis released their seventh studio album, Neutralize the Threat. The album was mixed and mastered by Zeuss. The tracks \"Raise\" and \"Total War\" were released online as an album teaser. Earth Crisis released their eighth studio album Salvation of Innocents on March 4, 2014.", "Earth Crisis released their eighth studio album Salvation of Innocents on March 4, 2014. A comic book of the Liberator series published by Black Mask Studios was made in collaboration with the band and released simultaneously with the album, sharing similar conceptual ideas and artwork.", "A comic book of the Liberator series published by Black Mask Studios was made in collaboration with the band and released simultaneously with the album, sharing similar conceptual ideas and artwork. Musical style and influences Although ideologically tied to the straight edge movement, the initial musical influences of Earth Crisis were mainly from New York hardcore bands such as Agnostic Front, Cro-Mags and Sick of It All.", "Musical style and influences Although ideologically tied to the straight edge movement, the initial musical influences of Earth Crisis were mainly from New York hardcore bands such as Agnostic Front, Cro-Mags and Sick of It All. After the All Out War EP, they developed an increasingly technical and heavier style, citing death metal bands Napalm Death, Bolt Thrower and Obituary as prime inspirations.", "After the All Out War EP, they developed an increasingly technical and heavier style, citing death metal bands Napalm Death, Bolt Thrower and Obituary as prime inspirations. Buechner's vocals became rougher with each release as well, culminating in the completely gutturally screamed Gomorrah's Season Ends.", "Buechner's vocals became rougher with each release as well, culminating in the completely gutturally screamed Gomorrah's Season Ends. Terrorizer magazine referred to this album as \"heavy hardcore taken to a new level, all the blackness that was hinted at on Firestorm realized in all its formidable glory.\"", "Terrorizer magazine referred to this album as \"heavy hardcore taken to a new level, all the blackness that was hinted at on Firestorm realized in all its formidable glory.\" In this period, many of their songs were built on Merrick's drum beats.", "In this period, many of their songs were built on Merrick's drum beats. Their third studio album, Breed the Killers, maintained the previous aggressiveness and its growled vocals were \"taken about as far as possible\", but it followed a structure more akin to the \"post-Judge hardcore of the Path of Resistance record Who Dares Wins\", according to Shawn Macomber of Decibel.", "Their third studio album, Breed the Killers, maintained the previous aggressiveness and its growled vocals were \"taken about as far as possible\", but it followed a structure more akin to the \"post-Judge hardcore of the Path of Resistance record Who Dares Wins\", according to Shawn Macomber of Decibel. Dennis Merrick said: \"On Breed the Killers I think we achieved the most honest representation of our sound without sounding too raw or too slick\".", "Dennis Merrick said: \"On Breed the Killers I think we achieved the most honest representation of our sound without sounding too raw or too slick\". Its follow-up, Slither, had a change of style that steered towards nu metal.", "Its follow-up, Slither, had a change of style that steered towards nu metal. Buechner declared that, rather than being influenced by other styles, they \"resurrected\" the sound of All Out War in a proper way, which also had melodic choruses and spoken word verses.", "Buechner declared that, rather than being influenced by other styles, they \"resurrected\" the sound of All Out War in a proper way, which also had melodic choruses and spoken word verses. Their first post-reunion album, To the Death, was described by Buechner as \"a mixture between Destroying the Machines and Breed the Killers.\"", "Their first post-reunion album, To the Death, was described by Buechner as \"a mixture between Destroying the Machines and Breed the Killers.\" According to Stereo Killer, it was \"arguably the band's heaviest offering\" but with \"more traditional verse/chorus/verse\" material.", "According to Stereo Killer, it was \"arguably the band's heaviest offering\" but with \"more traditional verse/chorus/verse\" material. Neutralize the Threat followed a similar path, but \"with a Gomorrah's Season Ends vibe thrown in\", the band stated.", "Neutralize the Threat followed a similar path, but \"with a Gomorrah's Season Ends vibe thrown in\", the band stated. Scott Crouse said that he always tried \"to get the perfect blend of heaviness, imagery and listenability\" and that these two albums were the first to \"hit that mark\".", "Scott Crouse said that he always tried \"to get the perfect blend of heaviness, imagery and listenability\" and that these two albums were the first to \"hit that mark\". Salvation of Innocents included, in addition, some clean vocals that were compared by one reviewer to the sludge metal band Crowbar, as well as \"some elements of melodic metalcore\" and faster songs.", "Salvation of Innocents included, in addition, some clean vocals that were compared by one reviewer to the sludge metal band Crowbar, as well as \"some elements of melodic metalcore\" and faster songs. When asked what ten bands inspired Earth Crisis over the years in a 2016 interview, Scott Crouse named DYS, Judge, Corrosion of Conformity, Agnostic Front, Slayer, Sepultura, Metallica, Conviction, Zero Tolerance and Iron Maiden.", "When asked what ten bands inspired Earth Crisis over the years in a 2016 interview, Scott Crouse named DYS, Judge, Corrosion of Conformity, Agnostic Front, Slayer, Sepultura, Metallica, Conviction, Zero Tolerance and Iron Maiden. Lyrics, views and activism The name of the band, Earth Crisis, indicates how their members see the current state of the planet and in their lyrics they seek to offer solutions to it; these are either \"educational\" or encourage direct-action.", "Lyrics, views and activism The name of the band, Earth Crisis, indicates how their members see the current state of the planet and in their lyrics they seek to offer solutions to it; these are either \"educational\" or encourage direct-action. Most of them focus on rejection of recreational drugs, animal products, animal testing, industrial livestock production, illegal drug trade and an impending earth's doom caused by wars or an ecological collapse.", "Most of them focus on rejection of recreational drugs, animal products, animal testing, industrial livestock production, illegal drug trade and an impending earth's doom caused by wars or an ecological collapse. On the other hand, they promote straight edge, veganism, self-empowerment and organizations such as Earth First!, Sea Shepherd Conservation Society and the Animal Liberation Front.", "On the other hand, they promote straight edge, veganism, self-empowerment and organizations such as Earth First!, Sea Shepherd Conservation Society and the Animal Liberation Front. In the words of the academic Jonathan Pieslak, some of their lyrics \"read like passages\" taken from \"direct-action essays\" of these institutions.", "In the words of the academic Jonathan Pieslak, some of their lyrics \"read like passages\" taken from \"direct-action essays\" of these institutions. Other subjects include criticism against white supremacy and, especially on Breed the Killers, oppressive governments. 2000's record Slither incorporated more topical issues, such as genetic engineering and second amendment rights.", "2000's record Slither incorporated more topical issues, such as genetic engineering and second amendment rights. Their seventh and eighth albums, Neutralize the Threat and Salvation of Innocents, are concept albums entirely dedicated to real-life vigilantes and animal rights/anti-vivisection, respectively.", "Their seventh and eighth albums, Neutralize the Threat and Salvation of Innocents, are concept albums entirely dedicated to real-life vigilantes and animal rights/anti-vivisection, respectively. The albums All Out War, Gomorrah's Season Ends and Breed the Killers included essays that delve into their lyrics and beliefs.", "The albums All Out War, Gomorrah's Season Ends and Breed the Killers included essays that delve into their lyrics and beliefs. According to the sociologist Ross Haenfler, Earth Crisis combined \"youth crew's outspoken commitment to straight edge with Manliftingbanner's direct politics\".", "According to the sociologist Ross Haenfler, Earth Crisis combined \"youth crew's outspoken commitment to straight edge with Manliftingbanner's direct politics\". In a 1998 interview with Roadrunner Records, Karl Buechner described Earth Crisis' philosophy: \"I want to boil it down to one notion: personal accountability.", "In a 1998 interview with Roadrunner Records, Karl Buechner described Earth Crisis' philosophy: \"I want to boil it down to one notion: personal accountability. Respect for yourself, respect for the lives of innocent beings around us.\"", "Respect for yourself, respect for the lives of innocent beings around us.\" He added that \"Just being drug-free doesn't make you a good person, you need to use that clarity of the mind to become actively involved in the struggle that is being waged for earth, human and animal liberation.\"", "He added that \"Just being drug-free doesn't make you a good person, you need to use that clarity of the mind to become actively involved in the struggle that is being waged for earth, human and animal liberation.\" Their message disjoined from the \"posicore\" attitudes in its advocation for violent direct action.", "Their message disjoined from the \"posicore\" attitudes in its advocation for violent direct action. However, they believe that it must be used only as a last resort: \"destruction and violence are the last thing I want to see but tragically, they are sometimes necessary.", "However, they believe that it must be used only as a last resort: \"destruction and violence are the last thing I want to see but tragically, they are sometimes necessary. We place so far greater value on the lives of the innocent beings than any type of worth that could be put upon someone who's sadistic or greedy and doesn't want to change their profit system\", said Buechner.", "We place so far greater value on the lives of the innocent beings than any type of worth that could be put upon someone who's sadistic or greedy and doesn't want to change their profit system\", said Buechner. The band cited authors Peter Singer, John Robbins and Huey P. Newton as inspirations.", "The band cited authors Peter Singer, John Robbins and Huey P. Newton as inspirations. In their live shows, there is usually literature about PETA, Greenpeace and others distributed. They have been longtime supporters for organizations such as the Animal Defense League, having done several benefit concerts for them.", "They have been longtime supporters for organizations such as the Animal Defense League, having done several benefit concerts for them. Nevertheless, they are not part of any of these groups or a political party: \"We're about things we're interested in and we sing about things that happen politically, but we're not left-core or right wing.", "Nevertheless, they are not part of any of these groups or a political party: \"We're about things we're interested in and we sing about things that happen politically, but we're not left-core or right wing. We don't want to get tangled up in someone else's agenda, which can happen if you join up in certain organizations.\"", "We don't want to get tangled up in someone else's agenda, which can happen if you join up in certain organizations.\" Earth Crisis was occasionally misidentified with the hardline subculture, but they are not against homosexuality and believe that abortion should remain as an option in some instances.", "Earth Crisis was occasionally misidentified with the hardline subculture, but they are not against homosexuality and believe that abortion should remain as an option in some instances. They also do not have a religious agenda and think that that is mainly a personal choice. Legacy Earth Crisis had a huge impact on both the hardcore punk music and its ideals.", "Legacy Earth Crisis had a huge impact on both the hardcore punk music and its ideals. MetalSucks said: \"For anybody who was not in the hardcore scene back then, it is hard to describe the impact they had or how controversial they were.", "MetalSucks said: \"For anybody who was not in the hardcore scene back then, it is hard to describe the impact they had or how controversial they were. You either loved them or hated them for bringing both metal and veganism into the hardcore scene\".", "You either loved them or hated them for bringing both metal and veganism into the hardcore scene\". Sociologist Ross Haenfler stated in The Vinyl Factory that \"Earth Crisis became the face of straight edge throughout the 1990s\" through \"the convergence of 'radical' animal rights activism, a more aggressive 'metalcore' sound, and hardcore crews\", becoming \"one of the most controversial bands in the scene's history.\"", "Sociologist Ross Haenfler stated in The Vinyl Factory that \"Earth Crisis became the face of straight edge throughout the 1990s\" through \"the convergence of 'radical' animal rights activism, a more aggressive 'metalcore' sound, and hardcore crews\", becoming \"one of the most controversial bands in the scene's history.\" Their albums Firestorm, Destroy the Machines and Gomorrah's Season Ends were particularly influential for the emerging metalcore genre.", "Their albums Firestorm, Destroy the Machines and Gomorrah's Season Ends were particularly influential for the emerging metalcore genre. According to Andrew O'Neill, \"Earth Crisis inspired a much more heavy metal sound in hardcore\" and \"the distinction between the two [genres] started to crumble\" shortly after those records were released.", "According to Andrew O'Neill, \"Earth Crisis inspired a much more heavy metal sound in hardcore\" and \"the distinction between the two [genres] started to crumble\" shortly after those records were released. To a large extent, Earth Crisis was responsible for the rising of vegan straight edge militancy in the mid- to late 90s, when veganism was rarely present in mainstream culture.", "To a large extent, Earth Crisis was responsible for the rising of vegan straight edge militancy in the mid- to late 90s, when veganism was rarely present in mainstream culture. Haenfler said that, while \"earlier straight edge bands advocated vegetarianism – for example Youth of Today, Insted and Manliftingbanner\", Earth Crisis \"made animal rights (and environmentalism) central to the scene\" as a \"self-described 'vegan straight edge' band\", \"inspiring thousands of kids to give up animal products entirely.\"", "Haenfler said that, while \"earlier straight edge bands advocated vegetarianism – for example Youth of Today, Insted and Manliftingbanner\", Earth Crisis \"made animal rights (and environmentalism) central to the scene\" as a \"self-described 'vegan straight edge' band\", \"inspiring thousands of kids to give up animal products entirely.\" They also spawned many activists in the scene because their message \"imparted the sense of urgency in a way that nothing else that ever come before had\", according to Peter Daniel Young.", "They also spawned many activists in the scene because their message \"imparted the sense of urgency in a way that nothing else that ever come before had\", according to Peter Daniel Young. Some of their songs went on to be considered by some as anthems, such as \"Firestorm\" for straight edge and \"Ultramilitance\" for eco-terrorists.", "Some of their songs went on to be considered by some as anthems, such as \"Firestorm\" for straight edge and \"Ultramilitance\" for eco-terrorists. They also drew major media attention, having been featured and interviewed by CNN, CBS and The New York Times, while lead singer Karl Buechner was invited to address the Congress about teens and substance abuse.", "They also drew major media attention, having been featured and interviewed by CNN, CBS and The New York Times, while lead singer Karl Buechner was invited to address the Congress about teens and substance abuse. Comments from other musicians Many artists have cited Earth Crisis as an influence or have expressed their admiration for them, including Davey Havok and Jade Puget of AFI and XTRMST, Hatebreed, Throwdown, Robb Flynn of Machine Head, Jona Weinhofen of I Killed the Prom Queen and Bring Me the Horizon, Jeremy Bolm of Touché Amoré, Tim McIlrath of Rise Against, Tim Lambesis of As I Lay Dying, Glassjaw, Andy Hurley and Pete Wentz of Fall Out Boy and Racetraitor, Igor Cavalera of Sepultura, Paul Waggoner and Thomas Giles of Between the Buried and Me, Matt Fox of Shai Hulud, Heaven Shall Burn, Unearth, Brian Cook of Botch, Code Orange, Guy Kozowyk of The Red Chord, Greg Bennick of Trial, Maroon, Deadlock, Marc Görtz of Caliban, Born from Pain, Saving Grace, Twelve Tribes, Dan Smith of The Dear & Departed, First Blood, No Innocent Victim and Clear; as well as activists such as Peter Daniel Young.", "Comments from other musicians Many artists have cited Earth Crisis as an influence or have expressed their admiration for them, including Davey Havok and Jade Puget of AFI and XTRMST, Hatebreed, Throwdown, Robb Flynn of Machine Head, Jona Weinhofen of I Killed the Prom Queen and Bring Me the Horizon, Jeremy Bolm of Touché Amoré, Tim McIlrath of Rise Against, Tim Lambesis of As I Lay Dying, Glassjaw, Andy Hurley and Pete Wentz of Fall Out Boy and Racetraitor, Igor Cavalera of Sepultura, Paul Waggoner and Thomas Giles of Between the Buried and Me, Matt Fox of Shai Hulud, Heaven Shall Burn, Unearth, Brian Cook of Botch, Code Orange, Guy Kozowyk of The Red Chord, Greg Bennick of Trial, Maroon, Deadlock, Marc Görtz of Caliban, Born from Pain, Saving Grace, Twelve Tribes, Dan Smith of The Dear & Departed, First Blood, No Innocent Victim and Clear; as well as activists such as Peter Daniel Young. Members Current members Karl Buechner – vocals (1989–2001, 2007–present) bass (1989) Scott Crouse – lead guitar (1991–2001, 2007–present) Ian \"Bulldog\" Edwards – bass (1991–2001, 2007–present) Dennis Merrick – drums (1993–2001, 2007–present) Erick Edwards – rhythm guitar (1998–2001, 2007–present) Former members Ben Read – rhythm guitar (1991–1994) Kris Wiechmann – rhythm guitar (1994–1998) Michael Riccardi – drums (1991–1993) Touring musicians Jim Winters – rhythm guitar (1993–1996) Andy Hurley – drums (2010) Timeline Discography Studio albums Destroy the Machines (1995, Victory Records) Gomorrah's Season Ends (1996, Victory Records) Breed the Killers (1998, Roadrunner Records) Slither (2000, Victory Records) Last of the Sane (2001, Victory Records) To the Death (2009, Century Media Records) Neutralize the Threat (2011, Century Media Records) Salvation of Innocents (2014, Candlelight Records) EPs All Out War (EP) (1992, Conviction Records, re-released 1995 on Victory Records) Firestorm (EP) (1993, Victory Records, re-released 1995) Forced to Kill (7\") (2009, Seventh Dagger Records) The Discipline (EP) (2015, Bullet Tooth Records) Music videos \"Broken Foundation\" (1996) \"Killing Brain Cells\" (2000) \"Provoke\" (2000) \"Nemesis\" (2000) \"To Ashes\" (2009) \"Total War\" (2011) Live and compilation albums The California Takeover (1996), Victory Records, split live album with Strife and Snapcase) The Oath That Keeps Me Free (1998, Victory Records) Forever True – 1991–2001 (Compilation) (2001, Victory Records) See also Animal rights and punk subculture References External links American metalcore musical groups Musical groups from Syracuse, New York Straight edge groups Musical groups established in 1989 Victory Records artists Equal Vision Records artists Century Media Records artists Hardcore punk groups from New York (state) Veganism activists Political music groups" ]

[ "The Wiggles", "Departure of Page, Cook, and Fatt", "Why did those 3 depart the group?", "In mid-2012, The Wiggles announced that Page, Fatt, and Cook would be retiring from touring with the group;" ]

[ "Epistemic conservatism is a view in epistemology about the structure of reasons or justification for belief. While there are various forms, epistemic conservatism is generally the view that a person's believing some claim is a reason in support of the claim, at least on the face of it. Others formulate epistemic conservatism as the view that one is, to some degree, justified in believing something simply because one believes it.\n\nExpanding the thesis, epistemic conservatism implies that it is unreasonable to revise or alter our personal beliefs and ideologies without good reasons to do so. This action of revising would cause an unnecessary use of resources/energy by the individual, and it would not offer the individual any epistemic value. Epistemic conservatism sees an epistemic value in just holding one's beliefs stable.\n\nThere have been some critics of the thesis but several important methodologies assume that this thesis holds true.\n\nKevin McCain's Epistemic Conservatism \n‘Properly Formulated Epistemic Conservatism’ (PEC): “If S believes that p and p is not incoherent, then S is justified in retaining the belief that p and S remains justified in believing that p so long as p is not defeated for S.”“Defeat Condition 1 (DC1): If S has better reasons for believing that ∼ p than S’s reasons for believing that p, then S is no longer justified in believing that p.”“Defeat Condition 2 (DC2): If S has reasons for believing that∼p which are as good as S’s reasons for believing that p and the belief that ∼p coheres equally as well or better than the belief that p does with S’s other beliefs, then S is no longer justified in believing that p.”This above thesis hits upon several common themes when discussing epistemic conservatism. PEC addresses the idea that when revising a belief system, individuals would seek to correct the errors piece by piece, rather than completely overhauling their ideologies. In other words, it is ideal to hold on to as many original beliefs as possible.Furthermore, PEC addresses spontaneous beliefs based on memories. It is hard to justify memory beliefs given that they are not drawn through distinct experiences, but regardless if they are/aren’t supported, individuals would still have the intuition that they are justified in holding these beliefs. According to PEC, as long as a specific memory belief is not defeated for the individual, the individual would be justified in holding this belief in virtue of previously holding the memory belief. As for forgotten evidence, PEC also makes sense of this phenomenon. An example would be where someone learned about relativity theory and came to hold the belief “E=mc^2”. After a long time, this person might have lost evidence supporting this specific belief, but we are intuitively drawn to claiming that they are still justified. PEC allows for this because the individual is justified in holding “E=mc^2” because they hold that belief.\n\nCriticisms of Epistemic Conservatism\n\nRichard Foley's Criticism \nIn his objections, Foley describes a situation where epistemic conservatism makes irrational beliefs rational, where a contradiction exists. In his example, an individual believes “x”, however they possess better reasons to believe “~x”. In terms of PEC, the individual is justified in believing “x” as long as “x” is not defeated for them. In Foley's example, “x” is defeated for the individual so Defeat Condition 1 was met, thus PEC leads to the individual not being justified in believing “x”, thus no contradiction exists.\n\nRichard Feldman's \"Lefty-Righty\" Case \n“Detective Jones has definitively narrowed down the suspects in a crime to two individuals, Lefty and Righty. There are good reasons to think that Lefty did it, but there are equally good reasons to think that Righty did it. There is conclusive reason to think that no one other than Lefty or Righty did it.”In this example, Feldman questions what Detective Jones would do in the situation, as the intuition points out that Jones can not believe that Righty did the crime and Lefty did not and vice versa. He supposes that Jones came upon the belief that Lefty did it first, possibly getting Lefty's evidence first. Feldman draws the conclusion that epistemic conservatism forces our intuition away, forcing us to have Jones believe that Lefty did it. However, PEC allows for this because Jones's belief that Lefty is the culprit is defeated since he now has equal evidence to believe that Righty committed the crime. By having the two equal beliefs of “Lefty is the culprit” and “Righty is the culprit”, Defeat Condition 2 was met. With PEC, Jones should withhold his belief from either of the two, thus PEC does not disagree with our natural intuitions.\n\nNotes\n\nReferences and further reading\n Christensen, David. (1994). \"Conservatism in Epistemology\", Noûs, Vol. 28, No. 1 (Mar.), pp. 69–89.\n Fumerton, Richard. (2007). \"Epistemic Conservatism: Theft or Honest Toil?\", Oxford Studies in Epistemology: Vol. 2, ed. by Tamar Szabo Gendler, and John Hawthorne. Oxford University Press.\n\nExternal links\n \n\nEpistemological theories", "WotWentWrong was a website and free online application that allowed users to request feedback from dates and partners who did not want to pursue a relationship further but did not explain why. It was created in January 2012 by Audrey Melnik, an Australian IT consultant and businesswoman. Melnik calls the application \"a breakup app for couples who never really broke up.\" The website earned revenue from contextual advertisements that appear at the bottom of dating and feedback reports. Two weeks after its launch, the site had received 28,000 unique visitors.\n\nThe application\n\nWotWentWrong’s registered users could send customizable e-mails to request feedback from a specific person. The person asking for these reasons could also rate the other person on a variety of factors. The individual receiving the feedback request would only be able to see these ratings once they formally responded. Feedback could be given through predefined reasons or individualized explanations. When the user viewed the feedback report, WotWentWrong supplied customized advice and product recommendations oriented towards the chosen or indicated reasons and explanations. Melnik called the application a \"socially-acceptable\" way to get feedback on dates.\n\nDating statistics\n\nIn May 2012, WotWentWrong released a compilation of statistics explaining the top reasons that people had given, to those users who asked for dating feedback. The most-significant data was placed in an infographic, The top three reasons that men dumped women were: \"not ready for a commitment\", \"low sex drive\", and \"bad hygiene\". The top three reasons given by women were: \"there’s someone else\", \"our dietary habits differ too much\", and \"too high maintenance\".\n\nReferences\n\nDating\nAustralian social networking websites" ]

[ "The Wiggles are an Australian children's music group formed in Sydney, New South Wales in 1991. The group are currently composed of Anthony Field, Lachlan Gillespie, Simon Pryce and Tsehay Hawkins. The Wiggles were founded in 1991 by Field, Murray Cook, Jeff Fatt, Greg Page and Phillip Wilcher.", "The Wiggles were founded in 1991 by Field, Murray Cook, Jeff Fatt, Greg Page and Phillip Wilcher. Wilcher left the group after their first album. Page retired in 2006 due to ill health and was replaced by understudy Sam Moran, but returned in 2012, replacing Moran.", "Page retired in 2006 due to ill health and was replaced by understudy Sam Moran, but returned in 2012, replacing Moran. At the end of 2012, Cook, Fatt and Page retired and were replaced by Gillespie, Pryce and Emma Watkins.", "At the end of 2012, Cook, Fatt and Page retired and were replaced by Gillespie, Pryce and Emma Watkins. Cook and Fatt retained their shareholding in the group and all three continued to have input into its creative and production aspects. Watkins departed the group in 2021, with Hawkins taking her place.", "Watkins departed the group in 2021, with Hawkins taking her place. Field and Fatt were members of the Australian pop band The Cockroaches in the 1980s, and Cook was a member of several bands before meeting Field and Page at Macquarie University, where they were studying to become pre-school teachers.", "Field and Fatt were members of the Australian pop band The Cockroaches in the 1980s, and Cook was a member of several bands before meeting Field and Page at Macquarie University, where they were studying to become pre-school teachers. In 1991, Field was inspired to create an album of children's music based upon concepts of early childhood education, and he enlisted Cook, Page, and Fatt to assist him.", "In 1991, Field was inspired to create an album of children's music based upon concepts of early childhood education, and he enlisted Cook, Page, and Fatt to assist him. They began touring to promote the album and became so successful, they quit their teaching jobs to perform full-time.", "They began touring to promote the album and became so successful, they quit their teaching jobs to perform full-time. The group augmented their act with costumed characters Dorothy the Dinosaur, Henry the Octopus and Wags the Dog, as well as the human character Captain Feathersword, played by Paul Paddick since 1993.", "The group augmented their act with costumed characters Dorothy the Dinosaur, Henry the Octopus and Wags the Dog, as well as the human character Captain Feathersword, played by Paul Paddick since 1993. Shirley Shawn the Unicorn was later introduced. They originally travelled with a small group of dancers, which later grew into a larger troupe.", "They originally travelled with a small group of dancers, which later grew into a larger troupe. The group's DVDs, CDs and television programs have been produced independently since their inception. Their high point came in the early 2000s, after they broke into the American market. The group were formally consolidated in 2005.", "The group were formally consolidated in 2005. They were listed at the top of Business Review Weeklys top-earning Australian entertainers four years in a row and earned A$45 million in 2009.", "They were listed at the top of Business Review Weeklys top-earning Australian entertainers four years in a row and earned A$45 million in 2009. In 2011, the worldwide recession hit the Wiggles, as it had done for many Australian entertainers; they earned $28 million, but they still appeared second on BRW's list that year.", "In 2011, the worldwide recession hit the Wiggles, as it had done for many Australian entertainers; they earned $28 million, but they still appeared second on BRW's list that year. The Wiggles have enjoyed almost universal approval throughout their history, and their music has been played in pre-schools all over the world.", "The Wiggles have enjoyed almost universal approval throughout their history, and their music has been played in pre-schools all over the world. They have earned multiple Gold, Platinum and double Platinum records; have sold 23 million DVDs and 7 million CDs; and have performed, on average, to one million people per year.", "They have earned multiple Gold, Platinum and double Platinum records; have sold 23 million DVDs and 7 million CDs; and have performed, on average, to one million people per year. The band has earned multiple Australasian Performing Rights Association (APRA) and Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) Music Awards, and they have been inducted into the ARIA Hall of Fame.", "The band has earned multiple Australasian Performing Rights Association (APRA) and Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) Music Awards, and they have been inducted into the ARIA Hall of Fame. History 1988–1991: Background Anthony Field and Jeff Fatt were members of the Cockroaches, a Sydney pop band known for their \"good-time R&B material\" and several singles recorded by independent labels during the 1980s.", "History 1988–1991: Background Anthony Field and Jeff Fatt were members of the Cockroaches, a Sydney pop band known for their \"good-time R&B material\" and several singles recorded by independent labels during the 1980s. In 1988, Field's infant niece, who was the daughter of Cockroaches founder and band member Paul Field, died of SIDS, causing the group to disband.", "In 1988, Field's infant niece, who was the daughter of Cockroaches founder and band member Paul Field, died of SIDS, causing the group to disband. Anthony Field enrolled at Macquarie University in Sydney to complete his degree in early childhood education, and later stated that his niece's death \"ultimately led to the formation of [the] Wiggles\".", "Anthony Field enrolled at Macquarie University in Sydney to complete his degree in early childhood education, and later stated that his niece's death \"ultimately led to the formation of [the] Wiggles\". Murray Cook, also \"a mature-aged student\", was the guitarist in the pub rock band Bang Shang a Lang before enrolling at Macquarie.", "Murray Cook, also \"a mature-aged student\", was the guitarist in the pub rock band Bang Shang a Lang before enrolling at Macquarie. Greg Page, who had been a roadie for and sang with the Cockroaches during their final years, had enrolled in Macquarie to study early childhood education on Field's recommendation.", "Greg Page, who had been a roadie for and sang with the Cockroaches during their final years, had enrolled in Macquarie to study early childhood education on Field's recommendation. Field, Cook, and Page were among approximately 10 men in a program with 200 students.", "Field, Cook, and Page were among approximately 10 men in a program with 200 students. In 1991, while still a student, Field became motivated to use concepts in the field of early childhood education to record an album of music for children. The album was dedicated to Field's niece.", "The album was dedicated to Field's niece. A song he wrote for the Cockroaches, \"Get Ready to Wiggle\", inspired the band's name because they thought that wiggling described the way children dance. Like a university assignment, they produced a folder of essays that explained the educational value of each song on the album.", "Like a university assignment, they produced a folder of essays that explained the educational value of each song on the album. They needed a keyboardist \"to bolster the rock'n'roll feel of the project\", so Field asked his old bandmate Fatt for his assistance in what they thought would be a temporary project.", "They needed a keyboardist \"to bolster the rock'n'roll feel of the project\", so Field asked his old bandmate Fatt for his assistance in what they thought would be a temporary project. The group received songwriting help from John Field, Anthony's brother and former bandmate, and from Phillip Wilcher, who was working with the early childhood music program at Macquarie.", "The group received songwriting help from John Field, Anthony's brother and former bandmate, and from Phillip Wilcher, who was working with the early childhood music program at Macquarie. After contributing to their first album, hosting the group's first recording sessions in his Sydney home, and appearing in a couple of the group's first videos, Wilcher left the group and went into classical music.", "After contributing to their first album, hosting the group's first recording sessions in his Sydney home, and appearing in a couple of the group's first videos, Wilcher left the group and went into classical music. The group reworked a few Cockroaches tunes to better fit the genre of children's music; for example, the Cockroaches song \"Hot Tamale\", written by John Field, was changed to \"Hot Potato\".", "The group reworked a few Cockroaches tunes to better fit the genre of children's music; for example, the Cockroaches song \"Hot Tamale\", written by John Field, was changed to \"Hot Potato\". Anthony Field gave copies of their album to his young students to test out the effect of the group's music on children; one mother returned it the next day because her child would not stop listening to it.", "Anthony Field gave copies of their album to his young students to test out the effect of the group's music on children; one mother returned it the next day because her child would not stop listening to it. To promote their first album, the Wiggles filmed two music videos with the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) and created a self-produced, forty-minute-long video version.", "To promote their first album, the Wiggles filmed two music videos with the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) and created a self-produced, forty-minute-long video version. Finances were limited, so there was no post-production editing of the video project.", "Finances were limited, so there was no post-production editing of the video project. They used Field's nieces and nephews as additional cast, and hired the band's girlfriends to perform in character costumes. Cook's wife made their first costumes.", "Cook's wife made their first costumes. They used two cameras and visually checked the performance of each song; that way, according to Paul Field, it took them less time to complete a forty-minute video than it took other production companies to complete a three-minute music video.", "They used two cameras and visually checked the performance of each song; that way, according to Paul Field, it took them less time to complete a forty-minute video than it took other production companies to complete a three-minute music video. 1991–1993: Early career The Cockroaches' former manager, Jeremy Fabinyi, became the group's first manager.", "1991–1993: Early career The Cockroaches' former manager, Jeremy Fabinyi, became the group's first manager. Using their previous connections, he negotiated with the ABC to help them promote their first recording. The album cost approximately A$4,000 to produce and it sold 100,000 copies in 1991.", "The album cost approximately A$4,000 to produce and it sold 100,000 copies in 1991. Anthony Field and Cook got teaching jobs, while Page finished his degree, so they could only perform during school holidays; finding time to do so was, as Field reported, \"challenging\".", "Anthony Field and Cook got teaching jobs, while Page finished his degree, so they could only perform during school holidays; finding time to do so was, as Field reported, \"challenging\". Fabinyi advised them to tour in unusual settings throughout Sydney and New South Wales.", "Fabinyi advised them to tour in unusual settings throughout Sydney and New South Wales. The Wiggles' debut performance was at a friend's daycare facility in Randwick, New South Wales, for about a dozen children.", "The Wiggles' debut performance was at a friend's daycare facility in Randwick, New South Wales, for about a dozen children. They played for crowds at shopping centres like Westfield in Sydney and at small pre-school events and parties, and busked at Circular Quay, then moved on to regional tours and shows for playgroup associations, averaging about 300 people in the audience.", "They played for crowds at shopping centres like Westfield in Sydney and at small pre-school events and parties, and busked at Circular Quay, then moved on to regional tours and shows for playgroup associations, averaging about 300 people in the audience. They were promoted by local playgroups or nursing mothers' associations with whom they split their proceeds.", "They were promoted by local playgroups or nursing mothers' associations with whom they split their proceeds. They performed at pre-schools with other ABC children's performers; when 500 people attended these concerts just to see the Wiggles, they started doing their own shows, and according to Field, \"Suddenly people started rolling up to performances in astonishing numbers\".", "They performed at pre-schools with other ABC children's performers; when 500 people attended these concerts just to see the Wiggles, they started doing their own shows, and according to Field, \"Suddenly people started rolling up to performances in astonishing numbers\". In 1993, Field, Cook, and Page decided to give up teaching for a year to focus on performing full-time, along with Fatt, to see if they could make a living out of it.", "In 1993, Field, Cook, and Page decided to give up teaching for a year to focus on performing full-time, along with Fatt, to see if they could make a living out of it. As Fatt reported, \"it was very much a cottage industry\".", "As Fatt reported, \"it was very much a cottage industry\". They used many of the business techniques developed by the Cockroaches, choosing to remain as independent and self-contained as possible. John Field, Mike Conway, who later became the Wiggles' general manager, trumpeter Dominic Lindsay, and Cockroaches saxophonist Daniel Fallon performed with them.", "John Field, Mike Conway, who later became the Wiggles' general manager, trumpeter Dominic Lindsay, and Cockroaches saxophonist Daniel Fallon performed with them. Anthony Field, with input from the other members, led most of the production of their music, home video releases, and live shows.", "Anthony Field, with input from the other members, led most of the production of their music, home video releases, and live shows. Their act was later augmented with supporting characters: the \"friendly pirate\" Captain Feathersword and the costumed characters Dorothy the Dinosaur, Henry the Octopus, and Wags the Dog.", "Their act was later augmented with supporting characters: the \"friendly pirate\" Captain Feathersword and the costumed characters Dorothy the Dinosaur, Henry the Octopus, and Wags the Dog. These characters were initially performed by the band members themselves: Field played Captain Feathersword and Wags; Cook played Dorothy; and Fatt played Henry.", "These characters were initially performed by the band members themselves: Field played Captain Feathersword and Wags; Cook played Dorothy; and Fatt played Henry. In 1993, actor Paul Paddick permanently joined the group to play Captain Feathersword; he later became known as \"the fifth Wiggle\" and was as popular as the regular bandmembers.", "In 1993, actor Paul Paddick permanently joined the group to play Captain Feathersword; he later became known as \"the fifth Wiggle\" and was as popular as the regular bandmembers. At first, the group travelled with a small group of dancers hired from a local dance studio to perform with them.", "At first, the group travelled with a small group of dancers hired from a local dance studio to perform with them. After the production of their second album, the Wiggles, who were called by their first names when they performed, began to wear costumes on stage as Fabinyi suggested and as the Cockroaches had done, and adopted colour-coded shirts: Page in yellow, Cook in red, Fatt in purple, and Field in blue.", "After the production of their second album, the Wiggles, who were called by their first names when they performed, began to wear costumes on stage as Fabinyi suggested and as the Cockroaches had done, and adopted colour-coded shirts: Page in yellow, Cook in red, Fatt in purple, and Field in blue. The coloured shirts also made it easier for their young audience to identify them.", "The coloured shirts also made it easier for their young audience to identify them. As Field reported, the decision to emphasise colour was \"a no-brainer, considering our pre-school-age audience\".", "As Field reported, the decision to emphasise colour was \"a no-brainer, considering our pre-school-age audience\". Cook and Fatt already owned shirts in their colours, but Field and Page \"met in a Sydney department store and literally raced to see who got the blue shirt\".", "Cook and Fatt already owned shirts in their colours, but Field and Page \"met in a Sydney department store and literally raced to see who got the blue shirt\". 1993–2004: Australian and international success Through the rest of the 1990s, the Wiggles maintained a busy recording and touring schedule, becoming as Field reported and despite his strong dislike of touring, \"the hardest-working touring act in the country\".", "1993–2004: Australian and international success Through the rest of the 1990s, the Wiggles maintained a busy recording and touring schedule, becoming as Field reported and despite his strong dislike of touring, \"the hardest-working touring act in the country\". They released multiple albums and home videos and, depending upon the word of mouth of their audience, performed to increasingly large audiences in Australia and New Zealand despite having to re-introduce themselves to a new audience of children approximately every three years.", "They released multiple albums and home videos and, depending upon the word of mouth of their audience, performed to increasingly large audiences in Australia and New Zealand despite having to re-introduce themselves to a new audience of children approximately every three years. They produced a new album and video each year and toured to promote them.", "They produced a new album and video each year and toured to promote them. By late 1993, they \"grew bigger than anyone had thought\", and hundreds attended their concerts; by 1995 they had set records for music and video sales.", "By late 1993, they \"grew bigger than anyone had thought\", and hundreds attended their concerts; by 1995 they had set records for music and video sales. In 1997, Twentieth Century Fox produced a feature-length film, The Wiggles Movie, which became the fifth-highest grossing Australian film of 1998, earning over a million-and-a-half dollars.", "In 1997, Twentieth Century Fox produced a feature-length film, The Wiggles Movie, which became the fifth-highest grossing Australian film of 1998, earning over a million-and-a-half dollars. In spite of their early success in Australia, Paul Field reported that the band was unable to produce a television program on the ABC, where they felt they would receive the most exposure to the pre-school market.", "In spite of their early success in Australia, Paul Field reported that the band was unable to produce a television program on the ABC, where they felt they would receive the most exposure to the pre-school market. \"Around 1996–1997\", they filmed a television pilot for the ABC, but as The Sydney Morning Herald reported in 2002, \"the project never got off the ground due to irreconcilable artistic differences\".", "\"Around 1996–1997\", they filmed a television pilot for the ABC, but as The Sydney Morning Herald reported in 2002, \"the project never got off the ground due to irreconcilable artistic differences\". As a result, the Wiggles financed a TV program of 13 episodes themselves and sold it to Disney Channel in Australia and to Channel Seven, where it became a hit.", "As a result, the Wiggles financed a TV program of 13 episodes themselves and sold it to Disney Channel in Australia and to Channel Seven, where it became a hit. By 1998, the Wiggles were ready to move on to international markets, despite its members' health issues, especially Anthony Field's.", "By 1998, the Wiggles were ready to move on to international markets, despite its members' health issues, especially Anthony Field's. The reaction of producers in the UK was less positive than the group would have liked, although they were eventually able to make inroads there, but their real success came in the US.", "The reaction of producers in the UK was less positive than the group would have liked, although they were eventually able to make inroads there, but their real success came in the US. Disney arranged for them to perform at Disneyland in California, where they were discovered by Lyrick Studios, the producers of Barney & Friends.", "Disney arranged for them to perform at Disneyland in California, where they were discovered by Lyrick Studios, the producers of Barney & Friends. Both Anthony and Paul Field reported that Lyrick, despite their initial misgivings about whether American audiences would accept the band's Australian accents, came to understand the Wiggles and their goals, and after successful tests with American children, enthusiastically promoted them.", "Both Anthony and Paul Field reported that Lyrick, despite their initial misgivings about whether American audiences would accept the band's Australian accents, came to understand the Wiggles and their goals, and after successful tests with American children, enthusiastically promoted them. The Wiggles used many of the same promotion techniques in the US that they had used in Australia, and chose to keep their concerts simple and maintain the same values that were successful in Australia.", "The Wiggles used many of the same promotion techniques in the US that they had used in Australia, and chose to keep their concerts simple and maintain the same values that were successful in Australia. The Wiggles performed during the intermission of Barney Live stage shows, which The New York Times likened to \"getting the warm-up slot for the Stones\" in the pre-school entertainment world.", "The Wiggles performed during the intermission of Barney Live stage shows, which The New York Times likened to \"getting the warm-up slot for the Stones\" in the pre-school entertainment world. In 2000, when video sales took off in the US, Lyrick began to distribute Wiggles videos and advertised them by including Wiggles shorts as trailers in their Barney videos, which, as Anthony Field stated, \"pushed us over the edge\".", "In 2000, when video sales took off in the US, Lyrick began to distribute Wiggles videos and advertised them by including Wiggles shorts as trailers in their Barney videos, which, as Anthony Field stated, \"pushed us over the edge\". At first, the group's videos were distributed in boutique stores such as FAO Schwarz and Zany Brainy, and on-line.", "At first, the group's videos were distributed in boutique stores such as FAO Schwarz and Zany Brainy, and on-line. According to Paul Field, they entered the mass media market when their videos became top-sellers at Amazon.com, and their first two videos, Yummy Yummy and Wiggle Time, landed in the top ten at Amazon.com.", "According to Paul Field, they entered the mass media market when their videos became top-sellers at Amazon.com, and their first two videos, Yummy Yummy and Wiggle Time, landed in the top ten at Amazon.com. Stores such as Wal-Mart began to take notice, and began to sell Wiggles videos.", "Stores such as Wal-Mart began to take notice, and began to sell Wiggles videos. The band released nine DVDs in the next three years to keep up with the demand. As they had done in Australia, the Wiggles chose to tour, but start off small, with simple props and sets instead of hiring a touring company.", "As they had done in Australia, the Wiggles chose to tour, but start off small, with simple props and sets instead of hiring a touring company. Some of their first appearances in America were at Blockbuster Video parking lots in 1999 to small audiences—as Fatt said, \"a dozen people\".", "Some of their first appearances in America were at Blockbuster Video parking lots in 1999 to small audiences—as Fatt said, \"a dozen people\". They performed at small venues such as church halls and 500-seat theatres in Brooklyn and New Jersey, and upgraded to larger venues as ticket sales increased.", "They performed at small venues such as church halls and 500-seat theatres in Brooklyn and New Jersey, and upgraded to larger venues as ticket sales increased. Anthony Field reported that one week they would perform to 8,000 in Sydney and to 20 people the following week at a parking lot in a small town in the US.", "Anthony Field reported that one week they would perform to 8,000 in Sydney and to 20 people the following week at a parking lot in a small town in the US. One time, they performed for a dozen people at the Mall of America in Minnesota, but half of the audience were hired by Lyrick.", "One time, they performed for a dozen people at the Mall of America in Minnesota, but half of the audience were hired by Lyrick. Eventually, they moved to larger arenas such as the Beacon Theatre and Madison Square Garden. They performed at SeaWorld in Orlando, Florida, for six weeks.", "They performed at SeaWorld in Orlando, Florida, for six weeks. Their audiences began to increase, and they toured Australia, New Zealand, Hong Kong, the US, and the UK.", "Their audiences began to increase, and they toured Australia, New Zealand, Hong Kong, the US, and the UK. The Wiggles' popularity in the US increased \"in the shell-shocked weeks after the terrorist attacks on New York City in 2001\", when the group performed there, even when other acts cancelled their tours, a decision that earned them loyalty and respect.", "The Wiggles' popularity in the US increased \"in the shell-shocked weeks after the terrorist attacks on New York City in 2001\", when the group performed there, even when other acts cancelled their tours, a decision that earned them loyalty and respect. According to Cook, the press proclaimed that they were braver than many Australian sports teams that had cancelled their appearances.", "According to Cook, the press proclaimed that they were braver than many Australian sports teams that had cancelled their appearances. Paul Field stated, \"New York has really embraced them. It was a kind of watershed.\"", "It was a kind of watershed.\" Strong sales of the Wiggles videos eventually caught the attention of Disney Channel in the US, who was impressed by their \"strong pro-social message\". In January 2002, Disney began showing Wiggles video clips between their programs.", "In January 2002, Disney began showing Wiggles video clips between their programs. By June of that year, the popularity of the clips prompted Disney Channel to add both of the Wiggles' television series to their schedule and showed full episodes multiple times per day.", "By June of that year, the popularity of the clips prompted Disney Channel to add both of the Wiggles' television series to their schedule and showed full episodes multiple times per day. Anthony Field reported that despite their \"modest production values\", the shows were popular with pre-schoolers.", "Anthony Field reported that despite their \"modest production values\", the shows were popular with pre-schoolers. Beginning in 2002, the Wiggles filmed four series worth of television programs exclusively with the ABC. The network called them \"the most successful property that the ABC has represented in the pre-school genre\".", "The network called them \"the most successful property that the ABC has represented in the pre-school genre\". By the end of 2002, according to Field, \"we knew we were involved in something extraordinary in the US\".", "By the end of 2002, according to Field, \"we knew we were involved in something extraordinary in the US\". Their concert schedule in North America doubled, seemingly overnight; they began performing up to 520 shows per year all over the world.", "Their concert schedule in North America doubled, seemingly overnight; they began performing up to 520 shows per year all over the world. They also began to produce other stage shows in places the Wiggles themselves were unable to visit, in Australia, the UK, and US, that featured their characters, a host, and a few dancers.", "They also began to produce other stage shows in places the Wiggles themselves were unable to visit, in Australia, the UK, and US, that featured their characters, a host, and a few dancers. The Age called this time period (about the mid-2000s) the group's \"high point\"; they earned A$45 million a year in revenues, and had several licensing deals and an international distribution agreement with Disney.", "The Age called this time period (about the mid-2000s) the group's \"high point\"; they earned A$45 million a year in revenues, and had several licensing deals and an international distribution agreement with Disney. Despite their success, Anthony Field almost left the group in 2004, shortly after his marriage and the birth of his first child, due to his serious medical issues, which were worsened by the Wiggles' demanding tour schedule.", "Despite their success, Anthony Field almost left the group in 2004, shortly after his marriage and the birth of his first child, due to his serious medical issues, which were worsened by the Wiggles' demanding tour schedule. After meeting chiropractor James Stoxen in Chicago, Field improved his health to the point that he was able to continue.", "After meeting chiropractor James Stoxen in Chicago, Field improved his health to the point that he was able to continue. He began to hire teams of chiropractors for himself, his fellow bandmembers, and cast members in every city they performed, which he credited with making it possible for them to fulfill their touring requirements.", "He began to hire teams of chiropractors for himself, his fellow bandmembers, and cast members in every city they performed, which he credited with making it possible for them to fulfill their touring requirements. 2005–2006: Page's retirement In December 2005, lead singer Page, at age 33, underwent a double hernia operation.", "2005–2006: Page's retirement In December 2005, lead singer Page, at age 33, underwent a double hernia operation. He withdrew from the Wiggles' US tour in August 2006, after suffering fainting spells, lethargy, nausea, and loss of balance.", "He withdrew from the Wiggles' US tour in August 2006, after suffering fainting spells, lethargy, nausea, and loss of balance. He returned to Australia, where doctors diagnosed his condition as orthostatic intolerance, a chronic but not life-threatening condition. Page's final performance with the Wiggles was in Kingston, Rhode Island.", "Page's final performance with the Wiggles was in Kingston, Rhode Island. On 30 November 2006, the Wiggles announced Page's retirement from the group.", "On 30 November 2006, the Wiggles announced Page's retirement from the group. \"I'll miss being a part of the Wiggles very much, but this is the right decision because it will allow me to focus on managing my health\", Page said in a video message, which The Sydney Morning Herald called \"unsettling\", posted on the group's web page.", "\"I'll miss being a part of the Wiggles very much, but this is the right decision because it will allow me to focus on managing my health\", Page said in a video message, which The Sydney Morning Herald called \"unsettling\", posted on the group's web page. Page was replaced by Sam Moran, who had served as an understudy for the Wiggles for five years and had already stood in for Page for 150 shows.", "Page was replaced by Sam Moran, who had served as an understudy for the Wiggles for five years and had already stood in for Page for 150 shows. Initially, the Wiggles struggled over their decision to replace Page, but after their audience's positive response to Moran, they decided to continue as a group because they thought that was what their young audience would want.", "Initially, the Wiggles struggled over their decision to replace Page, but after their audience's positive response to Moran, they decided to continue as a group because they thought that was what their young audience would want. According to Fatt, who called it \"a huge decision\" and \"a teachable moment\" for them, they chose to be honest with their young audience as they made the transition from Page to Moran.", "According to Fatt, who called it \"a huge decision\" and \"a teachable moment\" for them, they chose to be honest with their young audience as they made the transition from Page to Moran. As part owner of the Wiggles, Page received a payout of about $20 million.", "As part owner of the Wiggles, Page received a payout of about $20 million. 2006–2012: Moran era Although Moran's transition as the Wiggles' lead singer was \"smooth\" for the young children of their audience, it was more difficult for their parents. Moran said that \"most children understood\".", "Moran said that \"most children understood\". Field reported that by the group's 20th anniversary in 2011, due to the ever-changing nature of their audience, most of their young fans were unfamiliar with Page. Cook stated that Moran's transition was challenging for the group because replacing their lead singer \"changed their sound\".", "Cook stated that Moran's transition was challenging for the group because replacing their lead singer \"changed their sound\". Fatt characterised Moran's singing style as more operatic, so they chose different keys to sing and perform.", "Fatt characterised Moran's singing style as more operatic, so they chose different keys to sing and perform. The Wiggles never publicly disclosed how much Moran was paid, but it was reported that he earned $200,000 per year.", "The Wiggles never publicly disclosed how much Moran was paid, but it was reported that he earned $200,000 per year. Moran was featured in his first album and video as a member of the group in early 2007, and a new series of the Wiggles' television program featuring Moran was filmed and began airing in Australia.", "Moran was featured in his first album and video as a member of the group in early 2007, and a new series of the Wiggles' television program featuring Moran was filmed and began airing in Australia. At the end of 2007, the Wiggles donated their complete back catalogue of 27 master tapes to Australia's National Film and Sound Archive.", "At the end of 2007, the Wiggles donated their complete back catalogue of 27 master tapes to Australia's National Film and Sound Archive. Their business ventures during these years included opening up \"Wiggles World\" sections in theme parks in North America and the Arab World, internet offerings, the creation of new television shows, and a five-year-long partnership with the American television network Sprout in 2009.", "Their business ventures during these years included opening up \"Wiggles World\" sections in theme parks in North America and the Arab World, internet offerings, the creation of new television shows, and a five-year-long partnership with the American television network Sprout in 2009. In December 2010, Cinemalive beamed a Wiggles concert live from Acer Arena into movie theatres all over Australia, for children and their families unable to attend their shows.", "In December 2010, Cinemalive beamed a Wiggles concert live from Acer Arena into movie theatres all over Australia, for children and their families unable to attend their shows. In early July 2011, Fatt developed arrhythmia and underwent \"urgent but routine\" heart surgery, when he was fitted with a pacemaker after feeling unwell for several weeks and blacking out.", "In early July 2011, Fatt developed arrhythmia and underwent \"urgent but routine\" heart surgery, when he was fitted with a pacemaker after feeling unwell for several weeks and blacking out. He missed the group's US tour as a result, after not missing a show in 20 years.", "He missed the group's US tour as a result, after not missing a show in 20 years. Also in mid-2011, the Wiggles celebrated their 20th anniversary with circus-themed shows and performances throughout Australia and the outback in a circus tent, as well as a \"physically grueling\" birthday-themed tour of 90 shows throughout Australia, which Paul Field called \"one of the biggest of their careers\".", "Also in mid-2011, the Wiggles celebrated their 20th anniversary with circus-themed shows and performances throughout Australia and the outback in a circus tent, as well as a \"physically grueling\" birthday-themed tour of 90 shows throughout Australia, which Paul Field called \"one of the biggest of their careers\". Sydney's Powerhouse Museum commemorated the group's anniversary with an exhibit that displayed Wiggles memorabilia.", "Sydney's Powerhouse Museum commemorated the group's anniversary with an exhibit that displayed Wiggles memorabilia. In 2011, the worldwide financial crisis hit the group, and they recorded their first drop in revenues in 10 years, at approximately $2.5 million, a total decrease of 28 percent.", "In 2011, the worldwide financial crisis hit the group, and they recorded their first drop in revenues in 10 years, at approximately $2.5 million, a total decrease of 28 percent. Royalties partially offset the difference between their 2010 and 2011 revenues. Their managing director Mike Conway called 2011 their toughest year financially.", "Their managing director Mike Conway called 2011 their toughest year financially. For the first time, they had negative equity, with more liabilities than assets, and the owners had to provide the funds for them to continue operations.", "For the first time, they had negative equity, with more liabilities than assets, and the owners had to provide the funds for them to continue operations. Conway stated that their losses were due to less touring time in the US, difficulties in placing their DVDs in Walmart, and their required investment in a new digital platform.", "Conway stated that their losses were due to less touring time in the US, difficulties in placing their DVDs in Walmart, and their required investment in a new digital platform. 2012: Reunion with Page and departure of Cook, Fatt and Page In January 2012, and amidst a great deal of controversy, the Wiggles announced that Page had regained his health and was returning to the group in the place of Moran.", "2012: Reunion with Page and departure of Cook, Fatt and Page In January 2012, and amidst a great deal of controversy, the Wiggles announced that Page had regained his health and was returning to the group in the place of Moran. He returned as an employee \"exactly on the same level as [Moran]\", rather than a co-owner, having relinquished his business interest in the group after he left in 2006.", "He returned as an employee \"exactly on the same level as [Moran]\", rather than a co-owner, having relinquished his business interest in the group after he left in 2006. According to The Sydney Morning Herald, the band members' interest in Page's return was sparked when they reunited during the group's induction in the ARIA Hall of Fame in November 2011.", "According to The Sydney Morning Herald, the band members' interest in Page's return was sparked when they reunited during the group's induction in the ARIA Hall of Fame in November 2011. It was originally planned for Page to remain with the group temporarily until August 2012. Business Review Weekly reported that the presentation of Moran's departure had been mishandled and had potentially damaged their brand image.", "It was originally planned for Page to remain with the group temporarily until August 2012. Business Review Weekly reported that the presentation of Moran's departure had been mishandled and had potentially damaged their brand image. Paul Field agreed, stating that they \"could have handled the communication and management of the transition better\".", "Paul Field agreed, stating that they \"could have handled the communication and management of the transition better\". Cook later admitted that they were shocked by the backlash in the press and among the parents of their audience.", "Cook later admitted that they were shocked by the backlash in the press and among the parents of their audience. As part of his severance package, Moran continued to collect song royalties and was granted use of the Wiggles' studios.", "As part of his severance package, Moran continued to collect song royalties and was granted use of the Wiggles' studios. In mid-2012, the Wiggles announced that Cook, Fatt and Page would be retiring from touring with the group; Emma Watkins, the first female member of the Wiggles, replaced Page, Lachlan Gillespie replaced Fatt, and Simon Pryce replaced Cook.", "In mid-2012, the Wiggles announced that Cook, Fatt and Page would be retiring from touring with the group; Emma Watkins, the first female member of the Wiggles, replaced Page, Lachlan Gillespie replaced Fatt, and Simon Pryce replaced Cook. Anthony Field remained in the group because he found it too difficult to give up and because he still had a passion for educating children.", "Anthony Field remained in the group because he found it too difficult to give up and because he still had a passion for educating children. According to Paul Field, staying in the band \"was a vital decision to placate American, British and Canadian business partners\".", "According to Paul Field, staying in the band \"was a vital decision to placate American, British and Canadian business partners\". Cook, Fatt and Page remained involved with the creative and production aspects of the group.", "Cook, Fatt and Page remained involved with the creative and production aspects of the group. Fatt and Cook had been talking about quitting touring for many years; Cook announced his intention to retire first, citing a desire to spend more time with his family, and then Fatt announced his own retirement shortly thereafter.", "Fatt and Cook had been talking about quitting touring for many years; Cook announced his intention to retire first, citing a desire to spend more time with his family, and then Fatt announced his own retirement shortly thereafter. Page, who was still struggling with his health issues and had stated that his interest was in working with the group's original line-up, was subsequently asked to extend his stay until the end of the year so he would leave alongside Cook and Fatt, to which he agreed.", "Page, who was still struggling with his health issues and had stated that his interest was in working with the group's original line-up, was subsequently asked to extend his stay until the end of the year so he would leave alongside Cook and Fatt, to which he agreed. Cook reported that the original members were confident that the new group would be accepted by the fans because they passed on their founding concepts of early childhood education to Gillespie, Pryce and Watkins.", "Cook reported that the original members were confident that the new group would be accepted by the fans because they passed on their founding concepts of early childhood education to Gillespie, Pryce and Watkins. The new members, like Moran (who was not approached to return), were salaried employees.", "The new members, like Moran (who was not approached to return), were salaried employees. Watkins had previously worked with the group, first performing character roles in 2010, when Anthony Field approached her to joined the main line-up.", "Watkins had previously worked with the group, first performing character roles in 2010, when Anthony Field approached her to joined the main line-up. He had initially asked her to tour with the group after being impressed by a behind-the-scenes video she had filmed.", "He had initially asked her to tour with the group after being impressed by a behind-the-scenes video she had filmed. Once she had joined the group, Field asked Watkins to dye her hair red, as well as learn how to play the drums.", "Once she had joined the group, Field asked Watkins to dye her hair red, as well as learn how to play the drums. Gillespie had joined the company performing as part of the live shows in 2009, while Pryce had previously worked as a backing vocalist on some of the band's albums.", "Gillespie had joined the company performing as part of the live shows in 2009, while Pryce had previously worked as a backing vocalist on some of the band's albums. The group, for their farewell tour, visited eight countries and 141 cities, for a total of almost 250 shows in over 200 days for 640,000 people.", "The group, for their farewell tour, visited eight countries and 141 cities, for a total of almost 250 shows in over 200 days for 640,000 people. Gillespie, Pryce and Watkins wore \"in training\" T-shirts, and debuted the song \"Do the Propeller\" during these concerts.", "Gillespie, Pryce and Watkins wore \"in training\" T-shirts, and debuted the song \"Do the Propeller\" during these concerts. The final televised performance of the original band members, along with the new members, was on 22 December 2012, during the annual Carols in the Domain in Sydney.", "The final televised performance of the original band members, along with the new members, was on 22 December 2012, during the annual Carols in the Domain in Sydney. Their final performance, after over 7000 shows over the years, was on 23 December at the Sydney Entertainment Centre.", "Their final performance, after over 7000 shows over the years, was on 23 December at the Sydney Entertainment Centre. Also by 2012, the Wiggles performed to audiences whose parents attended their shows in their early years, and they were hiring performers who were part of their audience as young children.", "Also by 2012, the Wiggles performed to audiences whose parents attended their shows in their early years, and they were hiring performers who were part of their audience as young children. 2013–2021: \"New Wiggles\" era The new iteration of the Wiggles, with Field and its new members, began touring in early 2013.", "2013–2021: \"New Wiggles\" era The new iteration of the Wiggles, with Field and its new members, began touring in early 2013. Cook became the group's road manager in mid-2013.", "Cook became the group's road manager in mid-2013. Pryce reported that since the Wiggles' audience changed every few years, the transition to the new group was easier for their young audience than it was for their parents. One of their challenges, especially for their early tours, was learning the Wiggles' catalogue of 1400 songs.", "One of their challenges, especially for their early tours, was learning the Wiggles' catalogue of 1400 songs. After a seven-year absence from Australian television, they filmed a new television series, called Ready, Steady, Wiggle!, in their spare time at their studio in Sydney between tours and on the road.", "After a seven-year absence from Australian television, they filmed a new television series, called Ready, Steady, Wiggle!, in their spare time at their studio in Sydney between tours and on the road. Watkins, who had a film-making degree, played an important role in its production.", "Watkins, who had a film-making degree, played an important role in its production. Field admitted that they found it \"hard going\" until they returned to television. Merchandise featuring the original group outsold the new group's products, and they failed to sell-out their concerts.", "Merchandise featuring the original group outsold the new group's products, and they failed to sell-out their concerts. The Wiggles found success with their new line-up in 2014, when they doubled their concert ticket sales from the year before, and won the 2014 ARIA Award for Best Children's Album with Apples & Bananas.", "The Wiggles found success with their new line-up in 2014, when they doubled their concert ticket sales from the year before, and won the 2014 ARIA Award for Best Children's Album with Apples & Bananas. By 2015, Paul Field called the new group \"an amazing success\".", "By 2015, Paul Field called the new group \"an amazing success\". According to Kathy McCabe of News Corp Australia, it took 18 months for the new group to be accepted by their audience. McCabe credited their success to Watkins, who became the group's stand-out member.", "McCabe credited their success to Watkins, who became the group's stand-out member. According to Field, an American journalist called her young fans, who came to concerts dressed in yellow and wearing bows like her, the \"mini Emma army\".", "According to Field, an American journalist called her young fans, who came to concerts dressed in yellow and wearing bows like her, the \"mini Emma army\". She was so popular that a new television series, Emma!, featuring Watkins as a solo performer, was produced in 2015.", "She was so popular that a new television series, Emma!, featuring Watkins as a solo performer, was produced in 2015. Field called her \"an aspirational role model\" for their young audience and reported that she had increased their fan base of girls.", "Field called her \"an aspirational role model\" for their young audience and reported that she had increased their fan base of girls. Field stated that the audience emulated her fashion choices, opening up new merchandising possibilities for the group; by 2021 it was estimated that 50% of the group's merchandising was specific to the \"Emma\" brand.", "Field stated that the audience emulated her fashion choices, opening up new merchandising possibilities for the group; by 2021 it was estimated that 50% of the group's merchandising was specific to the \"Emma\" brand. In 2014, it was announced that the Wiggles would produce their second feature film; comedian Ben Elton was slated to write the script and co-write the soundtrack.", "In 2014, it was announced that the Wiggles would produce their second feature film; comedian Ben Elton was slated to write the script and co-write the soundtrack. In early 2015, Gillespie and Watkins revealed that they had been dating for two years; they announced their engagement in May 2015.", "In early 2015, Gillespie and Watkins revealed that they had been dating for two years; they announced their engagement in May 2015. They were married in April 2016, but made public their separation in August 2018. By 2018, Anthony Field had become the majority shareholder of the band's finances.", "By 2018, Anthony Field had become the majority shareholder of the band's finances. A new costumed character, Shirley Shawn the Unicorn, was added in 2019, who was later revealed to identify as non-binary.", "A new costumed character, Shirley Shawn the Unicorn, was added in 2019, who was later revealed to identify as non-binary. The COVID-19 pandemic halted the group's capacity to tour in 2020, which led to a downsizing of the company's staff and an increase in filming online content.", "The COVID-19 pandemic halted the group's capacity to tour in 2020, which led to a downsizing of the company's staff and an increase in filming online content. Throughout the era of the new members, the original line-up engaged in occasional reunion performances.", "Throughout the era of the new members, the original line-up engaged in occasional reunion performances. In February 2016, the original group members performed a charity concert for an over-18 audience at the Dee Why RSL club in Sydney.", "In February 2016, the original group members performed a charity concert for an over-18 audience at the Dee Why RSL club in Sydney. The original line-up performed reunion charity concerts on 17 and 18 January 2020 to raise funds for the Australian bush fires with proceeds going to the Australian Red Cross and the WIRES Wildlife Rescue Service.", "The original line-up performed reunion charity concerts on 17 and 18 January 2020 to raise funds for the Australian bush fires with proceeds going to the Australian Red Cross and the WIRES Wildlife Rescue Service. Onstage on 17 January, Page suffered a cardiac arrest; he stopped breathing and required CPR and three jolts from a defibrillator.", "Onstage on 17 January, Page suffered a cardiac arrest; he stopped breathing and required CPR and three jolts from a defibrillator. Page was discharged from hospital the following week. In March 2021, the Wiggles performed on Triple J's Like a Version segment.", "In March 2021, the Wiggles performed on Triple J's Like a Version segment. Cook and Fatt returned alongside Field, Gillespie, Pryce and Watkins to cover Tame Impala's \"Elephant\" which they interspersed with \"Fruit Salad\"; the cover reached 1 on the annual Triple J Hottest 100 poll for 2021.", "Cook and Fatt returned alongside Field, Gillespie, Pryce and Watkins to cover Tame Impala's \"Elephant\" which they interspersed with \"Fruit Salad\"; the cover reached 1 on the annual Triple J Hottest 100 poll for 2021. This was the first cover to top the chart, as well as the first time a children's act had led the ranking.", "This was the first cover to top the chart, as well as the first time a children's act had led the ranking. The original line-up is scheduled to perform an adults-only reunion tour at arenas around Australia in 2022.", "The original line-up is scheduled to perform an adults-only reunion tour at arenas around Australia in 2022. 2021–present: Expanded line-up, Fruit Salad TV The Wiggles commemorated their 30th anniversary in January 2021 with a song entitled \"We're All Fruit Salad\", containing lyrics centred around unity and acceptance and featuring guest performers of different cultural backgrounds.", "2021–present: Expanded line-up, Fruit Salad TV The Wiggles commemorated their 30th anniversary in January 2021 with a song entitled \"We're All Fruit Salad\", containing lyrics centred around unity and acceptance and featuring guest performers of different cultural backgrounds. Field expressed a desire to include more diversity in the band after facing criticism amidst the Black Lives Matter movement.", "Field expressed a desire to include more diversity in the band after facing criticism amidst the Black Lives Matter movement. In August 2021, four new members were added to the Wiggles in a supporting capacity, with the aim of embracing cultural and gender diversity, and better reflecting contemporary society.", "In August 2021, four new members were added to the Wiggles in a supporting capacity, with the aim of embracing cultural and gender diversity, and better reflecting contemporary society. Evie Ferris, Kelly Hamilton, Tsehay Hawkins and John Pearce debuted in an exclusive web series entitled Fruit Salad TV, made available on YouTube in September.", "Evie Ferris, Kelly Hamilton, Tsehay Hawkins and John Pearce debuted in an exclusive web series entitled Fruit Salad TV, made available on YouTube in September. Watkins announced her departure from the group in October 2021 and was replaced by Hawkins in the primary line-up.", "Watkins announced her departure from the group in October 2021 and was replaced by Hawkins in the primary line-up. The expanded line-up made their live performance debut as the pre-match entertainment of an Australia women's national soccer team game in November, followed by a national Australian concert tour in early 2022.", "The expanded line-up made their live performance debut as the pre-match entertainment of an Australia women's national soccer team game in November, followed by a national Australian concert tour in early 2022. Caterina Mete, long-standing choreographer for the Wiggles, joined the group as a supporting member at the commencement of the tour.", "Caterina Mete, long-standing choreographer for the Wiggles, joined the group as a supporting member at the commencement of the tour. Members Current members Anthony Field – Blue Wiggle (1991–present) Lachlan Gillespie – Purple Wiggle (2013–present) Simon Pryce – Red Wiggle (2013–present) Tsehay Hawkins – Yellow Wiggle (2021–present) Original members Murray Cook – Red Wiggle (1991–2012) Jeff Fatt – Purple Wiggle (1991–2012) Greg Page – Yellow Wiggle (1991–2006, 2012) Phillip Wilcher (1991–1992) Former members Sam Moran – Yellow Wiggle (2006–2012) Emma Watkins – Yellow Wiggle (2013–2021) Supporting members Evie Ferris – Blue Wiggle (2021–present) Kelly Hamilton – Yellow Wiggle (2021–present) John Pearce – Purple Wiggle (2021–present) Caterina Mete – Red Wiggle (2022–present) Musical style The Wiggles have written new music each year since their inception; they sequestered themselves for a month each summer and wrote three albums' worth of original children's music based on simple concepts familiar to young children, and using several genres of music and types of instruments.", "Members Current members Anthony Field – Blue Wiggle (1991–present) Lachlan Gillespie – Purple Wiggle (2013–present) Simon Pryce – Red Wiggle (2013–present) Tsehay Hawkins – Yellow Wiggle (2021–present) Original members Murray Cook – Red Wiggle (1991–2012) Jeff Fatt – Purple Wiggle (1991–2012) Greg Page – Yellow Wiggle (1991–2006, 2012) Phillip Wilcher (1991–1992) Former members Sam Moran – Yellow Wiggle (2006–2012) Emma Watkins – Yellow Wiggle (2013–2021) Supporting members Evie Ferris – Blue Wiggle (2021–present) Kelly Hamilton – Yellow Wiggle (2021–present) John Pearce – Purple Wiggle (2021–present) Caterina Mete – Red Wiggle (2022–present) Musical style The Wiggles have written new music each year since their inception; they sequestered themselves for a month each summer and wrote three albums' worth of original children's music based on simple concepts familiar to young children, and using several genres of music and types of instruments. Most of their songs were short and started with the chorus because they felt that young children needed to be presented with a song's topic in their first few lines.", "Most of their songs were short and started with the chorus because they felt that young children needed to be presented with a song's topic in their first few lines. They wrote songs individually at first, but eventually wrote as a group, often with John Field, trumpet player Dominic Lindsay, and Paddick.", "They wrote songs individually at first, but eventually wrote as a group, often with John Field, trumpet player Dominic Lindsay, and Paddick. Fatt, the only member of the original group without a degree in early childhood education, tended to focus on composing music.", "Fatt, the only member of the original group without a degree in early childhood education, tended to focus on composing music. Fatt told reporter Brian McElhiney, who called the group's songwriting process \"a collaborate affair\", that they wrote repetitive pop songs or jingles, which were appealing to children.", "Fatt told reporter Brian McElhiney, who called the group's songwriting process \"a collaborate affair\", that they wrote repetitive pop songs or jingles, which were appealing to children. Watkins reported that she was invited to write songs for their albums, even though she was primarily a dancer.", "Watkins reported that she was invited to write songs for their albums, even though she was primarily a dancer. John Fogerty of Creedence Clearwater Revival, who appeared in a Wiggles video in 2002, told The New York Times that he was \"very impressed\" with the group's songwriting, especially with their drum sound.", "John Fogerty of Creedence Clearwater Revival, who appeared in a Wiggles video in 2002, told The New York Times that he was \"very impressed\" with the group's songwriting, especially with their drum sound. According to Anthony Field, the transition from writing music for an adult rock band to writing children's music was not a big one for the Wiggles.", "According to Anthony Field, the transition from writing music for an adult rock band to writing children's music was not a big one for the Wiggles. He explained that the music of the Cockroaches and the Wiggles was similar, but just featuring different subject matter in the lyrics.", "He explained that the music of the Cockroaches and the Wiggles was similar, but just featuring different subject matter in the lyrics. Moran stated that the Wiggles wrote songs they liked and would listen to, and then made them appropriate for children.", "Moran stated that the Wiggles wrote songs they liked and would listen to, and then made them appropriate for children. They approached simple and relocatable topics, such as food and nutrition, as teachers would in a pre-school setting, with simple melodies that were easy for children to sing and remember.", "They approached simple and relocatable topics, such as food and nutrition, as teachers would in a pre-school setting, with simple melodies that were easy for children to sing and remember. The group sang the same 60s-style pop as the Cockroaches, but with different lyrics, although they were not confined to songs about love and could write about anything that interested and excited young children, which was limitless.", "The group sang the same 60s-style pop as the Cockroaches, but with different lyrics, although they were not confined to songs about love and could write about anything that interested and excited young children, which was limitless. The music they chose to write and perform was influenced by nursery rhymes, folk music, and rock songs of the 1950s and 1960s.", "The music they chose to write and perform was influenced by nursery rhymes, folk music, and rock songs of the 1950s and 1960s. Page reported, \"First and foremost, we're entertainers\". The Wiggles captured the interest of children by first entertaining them, and then by presenting them with educational messages.", "The Wiggles captured the interest of children by first entertaining them, and then by presenting them with educational messages. The group wrote and performed children's music that was different from what had been done previously; as Cook stated, \"we didn't just go down the route of what people think is kids' music\".", "The group wrote and performed children's music that was different from what had been done previously; as Cook stated, \"we didn't just go down the route of what people think is kids' music\". They were not tied to one style or genre of music and often experimented in the studio; while some of their recordings were orchestral, others had a more live feel.", "They were not tied to one style or genre of music and often experimented in the studio; while some of their recordings were orchestral, others had a more live feel. The group were aware that their songs were often children's first exposure to music.", "The group were aware that their songs were often children's first exposure to music. Guitar Magazine speculated that since Cook was one of the first guitarists children were exposed to, he may be the most influential guitarist in the world.", "Guitar Magazine speculated that since Cook was one of the first guitarists children were exposed to, he may be the most influential guitarist in the world. Cook was conscious that he was probably the first guitarist children would see and appreciated the opportunity to inspire children to learn to play guitar later.", "Cook was conscious that he was probably the first guitarist children would see and appreciated the opportunity to inspire children to learn to play guitar later. In 2013, after Cook retired from touring with the group and became their touring manager, he reported that newer bands like Regular John approached him and said that the Wiggles were the first band \"they got into\".", "In 2013, after Cook retired from touring with the group and became their touring manager, he reported that newer bands like Regular John approached him and said that the Wiggles were the first band \"they got into\". Educational theory The Wiggles' songwriting and performances were rooted in their professional training as pre-school teachers and in the concepts of early childhood education.", "Educational theory The Wiggles' songwriting and performances were rooted in their professional training as pre-school teachers and in the concepts of early childhood education. Field reported, as he studied music for young children at university, being \"shocked ... at the non-inclusive way music for children was usually performed\".", "Field reported, as he studied music for young children at university, being \"shocked ... at the non-inclusive way music for children was usually performed\". According to Field, children had to sit silently as musicians played \"traditional songs often featuring negative or outdated lyrics and dealing with subject matter of no interest to small children\".", "According to Field, children had to sit silently as musicians played \"traditional songs often featuring negative or outdated lyrics and dealing with subject matter of no interest to small children\". The lack of songs with themes and topics that interested children inspired Field to record the Wiggles' first album.", "The lack of songs with themes and topics that interested children inspired Field to record the Wiggles' first album. The group's \"golden rule\", according to Field, was to make the content of their songs and shows \"developmentally appropriate and fun\".", "The group's \"golden rule\", according to Field, was to make the content of their songs and shows \"developmentally appropriate and fun\". Their music, stage shows, and television and DVD productions were developed, as The New York Times reported, \"from the premise that a young child has a short attention span, is curious about a limited number of objects and activities, loves having a job to do and is thrilled by mastering basic movements\".", "Their music, stage shows, and television and DVD productions were developed, as The New York Times reported, \"from the premise that a young child has a short attention span, is curious about a limited number of objects and activities, loves having a job to do and is thrilled by mastering basic movements\". They also respected their audience's intelligence and insight about entertainment, information and honesty.", "They also respected their audience's intelligence and insight about entertainment, information and honesty. As Field said, \"Young children identify with relevant concepts, and enjoy being entertained and being part of the entertainment. They are willing to commit to interacting if you are direct, inclusive, and positive\".", "They are willing to commit to interacting if you are direct, inclusive, and positive\". The group understood that challenging young children to engage in difficult tasks is more effective than simply telling them to do it.", "The group understood that challenging young children to engage in difficult tasks is more effective than simply telling them to do it. They believed that young children were egocentric, so they stared continually into the camera in their videos and TV shows, and explained every action because they believed that young children needed to be told what to expect so that they do not feel left out and in order to feel safe.", "They believed that young children were egocentric, so they stared continually into the camera in their videos and TV shows, and explained every action because they believed that young children needed to be told what to expect so that they do not feel left out and in order to feel safe. The Wiggles' stage shows are full of action and audience participation.", "The Wiggles' stage shows are full of action and audience participation. By the group's \"New Wiggles\" iteration, they featured inside jokes for the adult members of their audience and the bandmembers tended to wander throughout the audience.", "By the group's \"New Wiggles\" iteration, they featured inside jokes for the adult members of their audience and the bandmembers tended to wander throughout the audience. Pryce, as an experienced stage performer, was conscious that their shows were the first live theater young children experienced; as a result, the group adapted the content of their shows to accommodate their audience's development and understanding.", "Pryce, as an experienced stage performer, was conscious that their shows were the first live theater young children experienced; as a result, the group adapted the content of their shows to accommodate their audience's development and understanding. Paddick's role as Captain Feathersword became more important in the mid-1990s, especially in the group's stage shows, when he was able to incorporate his circus and opera training, as well as impersonations that were popular with their audience's parents.", "Paddick's role as Captain Feathersword became more important in the mid-1990s, especially in the group's stage shows, when he was able to incorporate his circus and opera training, as well as impersonations that were popular with their audience's parents. They believed in empowering children by practices such as greeting their audience members with \"Hello, everyone\", instead of \"Hello, boys and girls\" which, as Paul Field explains, \"unnecessarily separates children and has undertones of condescension\".", "They believed in empowering children by practices such as greeting their audience members with \"Hello, everyone\", instead of \"Hello, boys and girls\" which, as Paul Field explains, \"unnecessarily separates children and has undertones of condescension\". Kathleen Warren, the band members' former professor at Macquarie University, believed that the group's practice of asking their audience to \"Wake Up Jeff\" when Fatt pretended to fall asleep was \"very much in keeping with the way they work with children\".", "Kathleen Warren, the band members' former professor at Macquarie University, believed that the group's practice of asking their audience to \"Wake Up Jeff\" when Fatt pretended to fall asleep was \"very much in keeping with the way they work with children\". Warren stated that asking children to interrupt Fatt's slumber helped them build confidence and to feel more in control of their lives.", "Warren stated that asking children to interrupt Fatt's slumber helped them build confidence and to feel more in control of their lives. Fatt was the only original member of the Wiggles without a background in early childhood education; he explained that was the reason falling asleep was chosen as his gimmick and that \"it was a way of getting me involved in the shows without actually having to do anything\".", "Fatt was the only original member of the Wiggles without a background in early childhood education; he explained that was the reason falling asleep was chosen as his gimmick and that \"it was a way of getting me involved in the shows without actually having to do anything\". Paul Field reported that children in the Wiggles' audience felt \"great excitement\" and were disappointed if not given the opportunity to help Jeff in this way.", "Paul Field reported that children in the Wiggles' audience felt \"great excitement\" and were disappointed if not given the opportunity to help Jeff in this way. Anthony Field, who called it \"a simple audience participation and interaction gag we've done since the start of the group\", claimed that it endeared Fatt to their audiences.", "Anthony Field, who called it \"a simple audience participation and interaction gag we've done since the start of the group\", claimed that it endeared Fatt to their audiences. The group's members took turns falling asleep in the early days of the group, but it became Fatt's gimmick because \"it was a perfect fit\".", "The group's members took turns falling asleep in the early days of the group, but it became Fatt's gimmick because \"it was a perfect fit\". When Fatt retired, Gillespie took over the task of falling asleep.", "When Fatt retired, Gillespie took over the task of falling asleep. Simple movements were developed by their choreographers, including Leeanne Ashley, to accompany each song because, as The New York Times reported, they believed \"in the power of basic movements to enchant young children\".", "Simple movements were developed by their choreographers, including Leeanne Ashley, to accompany each song because, as The New York Times reported, they believed \"in the power of basic movements to enchant young children\". According to reporter Anders Wright, they intentionally made mistakes in their dance moves in order to identify more with their young audience.", "According to reporter Anders Wright, they intentionally made mistakes in their dance moves in order to identify more with their young audience. The group incorporated more dancing into their performances after the birth of Field's oldest daughter in 2004.", "The group incorporated more dancing into their performances after the birth of Field's oldest daughter in 2004. In later years, corresponding with Field's developing interests in acrobatics and gymnastics, they added these elements to their stage shows, including, as Field reported, hiring several world-class athletes such as former trampoline champion Karl Shore.", "In later years, corresponding with Field's developing interests in acrobatics and gymnastics, they added these elements to their stage shows, including, as Field reported, hiring several world-class athletes such as former trampoline champion Karl Shore. Watkins, whom Paul Field called \"a dancer of many disciplines\", was initially hired as a member of their troupe and referred to herself as \"mainly a dancer\".", "Watkins, whom Paul Field called \"a dancer of many disciplines\", was initially hired as a member of their troupe and referred to herself as \"mainly a dancer\". Between 1999 and 2003, to test the group's appeal across cultures, Warren used one of the Wiggles' CDs as an educational tool in a village near Madang, on the north coast of Papua New Guinea.", "Between 1999 and 2003, to test the group's appeal across cultures, Warren used one of the Wiggles' CDs as an educational tool in a village near Madang, on the north coast of Papua New Guinea. She found that the Madangese children were able to relate to the group's songs, and that they were able to sing along and participate in their simple choreography.", "She found that the Madangese children were able to relate to the group's songs, and that they were able to sing along and participate in their simple choreography. Although the Wiggles' recorded and performed songs, dances, and musical styles from different cultures and languages, the Wiggles did not find that adapting their music to non-Australian cultures was necessary to reach children in other countries.", "Although the Wiggles' recorded and performed songs, dances, and musical styles from different cultures and languages, the Wiggles did not find that adapting their music to non-Australian cultures was necessary to reach children in other countries. The Wiggles recognised that as long as they spoke at the same level as their audience, their Australian accents would not matter, and that young children were able to adapt to a variety of contexts and to different pronunciations of common words, no matter where they resided.", "The Wiggles recognised that as long as they spoke at the same level as their audience, their Australian accents would not matter, and that young children were able to adapt to a variety of contexts and to different pronunciations of common words, no matter where they resided. Brand and finances Throughout the group's history, the members and management have retained full creative control and ownership of every aspect of their business in an effort to remain as independent as possible.", "Brand and finances Throughout the group's history, the members and management have retained full creative control and ownership of every aspect of their business in an effort to remain as independent as possible. As Field stated, the band's corporation was \"not your regular 'corporate culture'.", "As Field stated, the band's corporation was \"not your regular 'corporate culture'. The group does not have a chief executive, instead making decisions through consensus and made business decisions based upon their experience as performers and their knowledge of early childhood education.", "The group does not have a chief executive, instead making decisions through consensus and made business decisions based upon their experience as performers and their knowledge of early childhood education. Endorsements of toys and other products are made carefully and only with products that correlated with their image.", "Endorsements of toys and other products are made carefully and only with products that correlated with their image. There are high expectations regarding the behaviour and attitude of everyone associated with the group. Other ventures of band's corporation included franchising their concept to Africa, South America, and Taiwan.", "Other ventures of band's corporation included franchising their concept to Africa, South America, and Taiwan. The group also licensed \"Wiggles World\" sections to various theme parks in the United States and Australia, as well as play centres in both regions. The Wiggles became formally consolidated in 2005.", "The Wiggles became formally consolidated in 2005. The group's board of directors consisted of the original three members, as well as Paul Field, who had been the manager of the group since the mid-1990s, and Mike Conway, who had worked for Ernst & Young in England and became a co-manager in 2001.", "The group's board of directors consisted of the original three members, as well as Paul Field, who had been the manager of the group since the mid-1990s, and Mike Conway, who had worked for Ernst & Young in England and became a co-manager in 2001. It was reported that as part owner of the Wiggles, Page was given a A$20 million payout when he left the group in 2006; he officially ceased to be a company shareholder in 2008.", "It was reported that as part owner of the Wiggles, Page was given a A$20 million payout when he left the group in 2006; he officially ceased to be a company shareholder in 2008. After their retirement in 2012, Cook and Fatt, as well as Anthony Field, each retained 30% ownership of the brand, and Paul Field and Conway each owned 5%.", "After their retirement in 2012, Cook and Fatt, as well as Anthony Field, each retained 30% ownership of the brand, and Paul Field and Conway each owned 5%. Gillespie, Pryce and Watkins were reported to be salaried employees when they joined the group in 2012.", "Gillespie, Pryce and Watkins were reported to be salaried employees when they joined the group in 2012. Paul Field departed as the company's general manager in March 2020, in the midst of a period of \"organisational change\".", "Paul Field departed as the company's general manager in March 2020, in the midst of a period of \"organisational change\". It was reported through corporate filings that Watkins and Gillespie each acquired approximately 8% ownership of the business as well as company directorships in June 2018, while Pryce had not gained equity of the group.", "It was reported through corporate filings that Watkins and Gillespie each acquired approximately 8% ownership of the business as well as company directorships in June 2018, while Pryce had not gained equity of the group. At the time of reporting, it was suggested that Anthony Field owned 36% of the brand, becoming the majority shareholder, while Fatt and Cook each owned 24%.", "At the time of reporting, it was suggested that Anthony Field owned 36% of the brand, becoming the majority shareholder, while Fatt and Cook each owned 24%. By 2021, it was estimated that the group earned A$30 million per year. Reception The Wiggles have enjoyed \"almost universal approval\" throughout their history.", "Reception The Wiggles have enjoyed \"almost universal approval\" throughout their history. Their songs have been sung and played in pre-schools around the world. Between 2000 and 2010, the Wiggles earned 21 Gold records.", "Between 2000 and 2010, the Wiggles earned 21 Gold records. The group's albums have been certified by ARIA as double Platinum, Platinum and Gold in Australia, as well as certified Gold in the US. They original group performed, on average, to one million people per year.", "They original group performed, on average, to one million people per year. The Wiggles' music has also received over one billion streams on digital services. In 2014, The Sydney Morning Herald called their shows slick and fast-paced. After 2003, front-row tickets to their sold-out concerts in the US were scalped for US$500.", "After 2003, front-row tickets to their sold-out concerts in the US were scalped for US$500. The group responded by reducing the number of seats sold per transaction, in order to keep prices down and avoid further tickets scalping.", "The group responded by reducing the number of seats sold per transaction, in order to keep prices down and avoid further tickets scalping. In 2008, the group found themselves in the midst of what The Daily Telegraph called a \"ticketing scandal\"; scalpers tried to sell an A$19 ticket on eBay for almost A$2,000 and a set of three tickets for A$315 for concerts in Melbourne, and a group of three tickets to a Wiggles UNICEF charity concert in Sydney had a price tag of A$510.", "In 2008, the group found themselves in the midst of what The Daily Telegraph called a \"ticketing scandal\"; scalpers tried to sell an A$19 ticket on eBay for almost A$2,000 and a set of three tickets for A$315 for concerts in Melbourne, and a group of three tickets to a Wiggles UNICEF charity concert in Sydney had a price tag of A$510. The tickets were taken off eBay and voided.", "The tickets were taken off eBay and voided. In what Paul Field called \"one of the highlights of their 15 years of being together\", The Wiggles were awarded an honorary doctorate degree from Australian Catholic University in 2006. Cook gave an address during the private ceremony honouring them.", "Cook gave an address during the private ceremony honouring them. They were awarded another honorary doctoral degree in 2009 from their alma mater, Macquarie University. The group were named UNICEF goodwill ambassadors in 2008; they held a special concert to raise money for the organisation.", "The group were named UNICEF goodwill ambassadors in 2008; they held a special concert to raise money for the organisation. In 2010, the four original members of the Wiggles were appointed Members of the Order of Australia for their service to the arts in Australia, especially children's entertainment, and for their contributions and support of several charities.", "In 2010, the four original members of the Wiggles were appointed Members of the Order of Australia for their service to the arts in Australia, especially children's entertainment, and for their contributions and support of several charities. They called the honour their \"biggest recognition yet\".", "They called the honour their \"biggest recognition yet\". The group has always invited children with special needs and their families to pre-concert \"meet and greet\" sessions.", "The group has always invited children with special needs and their families to pre-concert \"meet and greet\" sessions. According to Fatt, many parents of these children have reported that the Wiggles' music has enhanced their lives, and that children with autism \"respond to [the] Wiggles and nothing else\".", "According to Fatt, many parents of these children have reported that the Wiggles' music has enhanced their lives, and that children with autism \"respond to [the] Wiggles and nothing else\". The Wiggles, throughout their history, have visited and performed for patients at the Sydney Children's Hospital every Christmas morning.", "The Wiggles, throughout their history, have visited and performed for patients at the Sydney Children's Hospital every Christmas morning. Discography Studio albums The Wiggles (1991) Here Comes a Song (1992) Stories and Songs: The Adventures of Captain Feathersword the Friendly Pirate (1993) Yummy Yummy (1994) Big Red Car (1995) Wake Up Jeff!", "Discography Studio albums The Wiggles (1991) Here Comes a Song (1992) Stories and Songs: The Adventures of Captain Feathersword the Friendly Pirate (1993) Yummy Yummy (1994) Big Red Car (1995) Wake Up Jeff! (1996) Wiggly, Wiggly Christmas (1996) The Wiggles Movie Soundtrack (1997) Toot, Toot!", "(1996) Wiggly, Wiggly Christmas (1996) The Wiggles Movie Soundtrack (1997) Toot, Toot! (1998) It's a Wiggly Wiggly World (2000) Wiggle Time!", "(1998) It's a Wiggly Wiggly World (2000) Wiggle Time! (2000) Yule Be Wiggling (2000) Hoop Dee Doo: It's a Wiggly Party (2001) Wiggly Safari (2002) Wiggle Bay (2002) Go to Sleep Jeff! (2003) Whoo Hoo! Wiggly Gremlins!", "(2003) Whoo Hoo! Wiggly Gremlins! Wiggly Gremlins! (2003) Top of the Tots (2003) Cold Spaghetti Western (2004) Santa's Rockin'! (2004) Sailing Around the World (2005) Here Comes the Big Red Car (2006) It's Time to Wake Up Jeff!", "(2004) Sailing Around the World (2005) Here Comes the Big Red Car (2006) It's Time to Wake Up Jeff! (2006) Splish Splash Big Red Boat (2006) Racing to the Rainbow (2006) Getting Strong! (2007) Pop Go the Wiggles!", "(2007) Pop Go the Wiggles! (2007) You Make Me Feel Like Dancing (2008) Sing a Song of Wiggles (2008) Go Bananas! (2009) Hot Poppin' Popcorn (2009) Let's Eat (2010) Ukulele Baby! (2011) It's Always Christmas with You!", "(2011) It's Always Christmas with You! (2011) Surfer Jeff (2012) Taking Off! (2013) Furry Tales (2013) Pumpkin Face (2013) Go Santa Go! (2013) Apples & Bananas (2014) Wiggle House (2014) Rock & Roll Preschool (2015) Meet the Orchestra!", "(2013) Apples & Bananas (2014) Wiggle House (2014) Rock & Roll Preschool (2015) Meet the Orchestra! (2015) Wiggle Town! (2016) Carnival of the Animals (2016) Dance Dance! (2016) Nursery Rhymes (2017) Duets (2017) Wiggly, Wiggly Christmas!", "(2016) Nursery Rhymes (2017) Duets (2017) Wiggly, Wiggly Christmas! (2017) Nursery Rhymes 2 (2018) Wiggle Pop! (2018) Big Ballet Day! (2019) Party Time!", "(2019) Party Time! (2019) Party Time! (2019) Fun and Games (2020) Choo Choo Trains, Propeller Planes & Toot Toot Chugga Chugga Big Red Car!", "(2019) Fun and Games (2020) Choo Choo Trains, Propeller Planes & Toot Toot Chugga Chugga Big Red Car! (2020) Lullabies with Love (2021) Halloween Party (2021) Awards and nominations Footnotes References Citations Bibliography External links 1991 Australian television series debuts 2000s Australian television series 2010s Australian television series APRA Award winners ARIA Award winners ARIA Hall of Fame inductees Australian Broadcasting Corporation original programming Australian buskers Australian children's musical groups Australian children's television series Disney Channel original programming English-language television shows Musical groups established in 1991 Nick Jr. original programming Television series with live action and animation Treehouse TV original programming Australian children's entertainers Australian children's musicians Australian preschool education television series" ]

[ "The Wiggles", "Departure of Page, Cook, and Fatt", "Why did those 3 depart the group?", "In mid-2012, The Wiggles announced that Page, Fatt, and Cook would be retiring from touring with the group;", "Did they have specific reasons for leaving the group?", "because he found it too difficult to give up and because he still had a passion for educating children." ]

[ "The 2013 Lakeside World Professional Darts Championship was the 36th World Championship organised by the British Darts Organisation, and the 28th staging at the Lakeside Country Club at Frimley Green. Christian Kist was the defending men's champion, having won the title for the first time in 2012, but was knocked out in the first round against Robbie Green. Scott Waites, the third seed and pre-tournament favourite, won his first world championship by defeating Tony O'Shea 7–1, who became the first man to lose his first three BDO World Championship finals. Anastasia Dobromyslova defended her world title by defeating Lisa Ashton & in doing so, won the world championship for the 3rd time.\n\nPlayers from around the globe competed to reach the BBC and ESPN televised finals, which ran from 5 to 13 January at Frimley Green.\n\nFormat and qualifiers\n\nMen's\nThe televised stages featured 32 players. The top 16 players in the BDO rankings over the 2011/12 season were seeded for the tournament.\n\nWomen's\nThe televised stages featured 8 players. The top 2 players in the WDF/BDO rankings over the 2011/12 season were seeded for the tournament.\n\nPrize money\nThe prize money was £258,000 for the men's event and £16,000 for the women's event.\n\nMen's Champion: £100,000\nRunner-Up: £30,000\nSemi-Finalists (2): £11,000\nQuarter-Finalists (4): £6,000\nLast 16 (8): £4,250\nLast 32 (16): £3,000\n\nWomen's Champion: £10,000\nRunner-Up: £2,000\nSemi-Finalists (2): £1,000\nQuarter-Finalists (4): £500\n\nThere was also a shared 9 Dart Checkout prize of £52,000, along with a High Checkout prize of £3,000 per event.\n\nResults bracket\n\nMen's\nThe draw for the tournament was made on 13 October 2012 live on ESPN. Final set of the game must be won by two clear legs, in case of a 5-5 a sudden-death leg is played.\n\nWomen's\n All matches best of three sets, best of five legs.\nThe results are:\n\nTV coverage\n\nBBC Sport\nBBC Sport coverage is presented by Colin Murray and Bobby George who will present live coverage and highlights. Rob Walker returns as Darts Extra host and reporter during the live coverage. Commentary comes from Tony Green, Vassos Alexander and Jim Proudfoot who replaces David Croft who moved to Sky F1 for 2012.\n\nESPN UK\nESPN coverage is presented by Ray Stubbs who returns to host his 11th Lakeside after previously hosting from 2001 to 2009 on the BBC. He will host with BDO players; Nat Coombs will be relief host and reporter. Commentary is shared with the BBC and comes from Green, Alexander and Proudfoot.\n\nBoth channels coverage comes from IMG Sports Media who provide the equipment, build the set, commentary boxes etc. and supply the output for both broadcasters.\n\nStatistics\n\nMen\n{|class=\"wikitable sortable\" style=\" text-align: right\"\n|-\n! Player\n! Round\n! Played\n! Sets Won\n! Sets Lost\n! Legs Won\n! Legs Lost\n! 100+\n! 140+\n! 180s\n! High Checkout\n! Average\n|-\n|align=\"left\"| Martin Adams\n| First Round\n| 1\n| 2\n| 3\n| 10\n| 10\n| 30\n| 13\n| 4\n| 131\n| 83.97\n|-\n|align=\"left\"| Martin Atkins\n| First Round\n| 1\n| 1\n| 3\n| 8\n| 11\n| 18\n| 12\n| 2\n| 144\n| 83.14\n|-\n|align=\"left\"| Mark Barilli\n| First Round\n| 1\n| 2\n| 3\n| 7\n| 12\n| 21\n| 10\n| 1\n| 108\n| 77.50\n|-\n|align=\"left\"| Stephen Bunting\n| Second Round\n| 2\n| 5\n| 6\n| 24\n| 22\n| 64\n| 26\n| 11\n| 167\n| 94.00\n|-\n|align=\"left\"| Jason Cullen\n| Second Round\n| 2\n| 3\n| 5\n| 14\n| 20\n| 40\n| 26\n| 5\n| 61\n| 86.94\n|-\n|align=\"left\"| Rohit David\n| First Round\n| 1\n| 1\n| 3\n| 5\n| 11\n| 14\n| 8\n| 0\n| 110\n| 76.29\n|-\n|align=\"left\"| Jeffrey de Graaf\n| First Round\n| 1\n| 2\n| 3\n| 11\n| 14\n| 31\n| 14\n| 3\n| 108\n| 86.04\n|-\n|align=\"left\"| Geert De Vos\n| Second Round\n| 2\n| 4\n| 6\n| 15\n| 21\n| 48\n| 18\n| 5\n| 116\n| 85.07\n|-\n|align=\"left\"| Jan Dekker\n| Quarter-finalist\n| 3\n| 11\n| 10\n| 49\n| 40\n| 107\n| 40\n| 12\n| 150\n| 85.75\n|-\n|align=\"left\"| Steve Douglas\n| Second Round\n| 2\n| 4\n| 5\n| 15\n| 18\n| 32\n| 15\n| 7\n| 100\n| 80.83\n|-\n|align=\"left\"| Tony Eccles\n| First Round\n| 1\n| 2\n| 3\n| 9\n| 9\n| 22\n| 15\n| 1\n| 116\n| 90.84\n|-\n|align=\"left\"| Darryl Fitton\n| Quarter-finalist\n| 3\n| 9\n| 9\n| 40\n| 39\n| 93\n| 56\n| 19\n| 116\n| 92.64\n|-\n|align=\"left\"| Richie George\n| Semi-finalist\n| 4\n| 13\n| 14\n| 50\n| 61\n| 150\n| 62\n| 20\n| 129\n| 83.09\n|-\n|align=\"left\"| Robbie Green\n| Quarter-finalist\n| 3\n| 10\n| 7\n| 38\n| 31\n| 81\n| 41\n| 16\n| 120\n| 88.99\n|-\n|align=\"left\"| Wesley Harms\n| Semi-finalist\n| 4\n| 16\n| 12\n| 64\n| 54\n| 180\n| 84\n| 15\n| 161\n| 89.88\n|-\n|align=\"left\"| Jimmy Hendriks\n| Second Round\n| 2\n| 5\n| 6\n| 21\n| 25\n| 42\n| 17\n| 6\n| 128\n| 78.00\n|-\n|align=\"left\"| Paul Jennings\n| Quarter-finalist\n| 3\n| 9\n| 6\n| 34\n| 30\n| 73\n| 41\n| 13\n| 144\n| 86.03\n|-\n|align=\"left\"| Christian Kist\n| First Round\n| 1\n| 1\n| 3\n| 6\n| 10\n| 15\n| 10\n| 5\n| 74\n| 85.69\n|-\n|align=\"left\"| Scott Mitchell\n| Second Round\n| 2\n| 4\n| 6\n| 18\n| 21\n| 53\n| 20\n| 2\n| 130\n| 78.88\n|-\n|align=\"left\"| Ross Montgomery\n| First Round\n| 1\n| 1\n| 3\n| 8\n| 10\n| 28\n| 9\n| 2\n| 103\n| 87.21\n|-\n|align=\"left\"| Alan Norris\n| Second Round\n| 2\n| 6\n| 5\n| 23\n| 22\n| 54\n| 27\n| 15\n| 125\n| 83.61\n|-\n|align=\"left\"| Tony O'Shea\n| Runner-up\n| 5\n| 19\n| 15\n| 72\n| 65\n| 192\n| 96\n| 30\n| 161\n| 90.09\n|-\n|align=\"left\"| Dave Prins\n| First Round\n| 1\n| 2\n| 3\n| 12\n| 14\n| 28\n| 15\n| 3\n| 40\n| 81.03\n|-\n|align=\"left\"| Gary Robson\n| First Round\n| 1\n| 1\n| 3\n| 7\n| 10\n| 17\n| 9\n| 2\n| 100\n| 83.54\n|-\n|align=\"left\"| Gary Stone\n| First Round\n| 1\n| 1\n| 3\n| 6\n| 11\n| 22\n| 7\n| 4\n| 90\n| 83.00\n|-\n|align=\"left\"| Garry Thompson\n| Second Round\n| 2\n| 6\n| 5\n| 22\n| 24\n| 55\n| 21\n| 10\n| 98\n| 86.38\n|-\n|align=\"left\"| Benito van de Pas\n| First Round\n| 1\n| 2\n| 3\n| 9\n| 12\n| 19\n| 12\n| 5\n| 100\n| 83.08\n|-\n|align=\"left\"| Willy van de Wiel\n| First Round\n| 1\n| 0\n| 3\n| 4\n| 9\n| 14\n| 7\n| 2\n| 32\n| 80.87\n|-\n|align=\"left\"| Scott Waites\n| Winner\n| 5\n| 25\n| 5\n| 83\n| 35\n| 162\n| 78\n| 24\n| 156\n| 89.56\n|-\n|align=\"left\"| John Walton\n| First Round\n| 1\n| 0\n| 3\n| 5\n| 9\n| 17\n| 10\n| 3\n| 100\n| 88.64\n|-\n|align=\"left\"| Wayne Warren\n| First Round\n| 1\n| 1\n| 3\n| 6\n| 10\n| 25\n| 11\n| 3\n| 121\n| 84.49\n|-\n|align=\"left\"| James Wilson\n| First Round\n| 1\n| 2\n| 3\n| 7\n| 12\n| 16\n| 13\n| 2\n| 86\n| 85.71\n|-\n\nWomen\n{|class=\"wikitable sortable\" style=\"font-size: 95%; text-align: right\"\n|-\n! Player\n! Round\n! Played\n! Sets Won\n! Sets Lost\n! Legs Won\n! Legs Lost\n! 100+\n! 140+\n! 180s\n! High Checkout\n! Average\n|-\n|align=\"left\"| Irina Armstrong\n| Quarter-finalist\n| 1\n| 1\n| 2\n| 7\n| 8\n| 16\n| 3\n| 2\n| 48\n| 65.92\n|-\n|align=\"left\"| Lisa Ashton\n| Runner-Up\n| 3\n| 5\n| 2\n| 17\n| 10\n| 38\n| 14\n| 1\n| 120\n| 79.28\n|-\n|align=\"left\"| Anastasia Dobromyslova\n| Winner\n| 3\n| 6\n| 2\n| 21\n| 12\n| 60\n| 12\n| 2\n| 144\n| 80.39\n|-\n|align=\"left\"| Lorraine Farlam\n| Quarter-finalist\n| 1\n| 0\n| 2\n| 2\n| 6\n| 7\n| 6\n| 0\n| 40\n| 71.52\n|-\n|align=\"left\"| Julie Gore\n| Quarter-finalist\n| 1\n| 0\n| 2\n| 4\n| 6\n| 14\n| 3\n| 0\n| 93\n| 65.41\n|-\n|align=\"left\"| Trina Gulliver\n| Semi-finalist\n| 2\n| 3\n| 3\n| 11\n| 12\n| 21\n| 14\n| 0\n| 120\n| 73.02\n|-\n|align=\"left\"| Deta Hedman\n| Quarter-finalist\n| 1\n| 0\n| 2\n| 3\n| 6\n| 13\n| 3\n| 0\n| 40\n| 73.83\n|-\n|align=\"left\"| Sharon Prins\n| Semi-finalist\n| 2\n| 2\n| 3\n| 8\n| 13\n| 19\n| 10\n| 1\n| 47\n| 67.20\n|-\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n The official site of the Lakeside BDO World Professional Darts Championship\n Playing Schedule\n\nBDO World Darts Championships\nBDO World Darts Championship\nBDO World Darts Championship\nBDO World Darts Championships\nSport in Surrey\nFrimley Green", "This is a list of Rangers Football Club's managers and all those who have held the position of manager of the first team of Rangers, since its formation in 1872. \n\nEach manager's entry includes his dates of tenure and the club's overall competitive record (in terms of first team matches won, drawn and lost), honours won and significant achievements while under his care. Caretaker or interim managers are included, where known, as well as those who have been in permanent charge. As of the beginning of 2020–21 season, Rangers have had seventeen different permanent managers and ten interim managers.\n\nManagerial history\n\nMatch secretaries\nPrior to the club forming a corporate entity in June 1899, Rangers had a series of match secretaries who filled the role of what would have been the manager.\n\nManagers\nThe most successful and longest-serving Rangers manager is Bill Struth, who won eighteen Scottish league championships, ten Scottish Cups, two League Cups, seven war-time league championships, nineteen Glasgow Cups and seventeen Glasgow Merchant Charity Cups from 1920 to 1954.\n\nThe club has, on average, appointed a new manager every seven and a half years. The club's directors have only dismissed three of their managers, namely David White, Jock Wallace (during his second spell) and Pedro Caixinha. The others have left of their own accord or by mutual agreement, except for William Wilton, who died whilst still manager of the club.\n\nStatistics\n\nList of match secretaries\n1875-1876 John Campbell\n1876-1883 Peter McNeil\n1883-1885 John Wallace MacKay\n1885-1889 James Gossland\n1889-1899 William Wilton\n\nList of managers\nInformation correct as of matches played 27 February 2021. Only competitive matches are included.\n\n{| class=\"wikitable sortable\"\n|-\n!Name!!From!!class=\"unsortable\"|To!!Tenure!!P!!W!!D!!L!!GF!!GA!!Win%!!Honours\n|-\n|align=left| \n|align=left|\n|align=left|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|8 1st-tier League titles1 Scottish Cup\n|-\n|align=left| \n|align=left|\n|align=left|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|18 First-tier League titles10 Scottish Cups2 League Cups\n|-\n|align=left| \n|align=left|\n|align=left|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center| \n|align=center| \n|align=center| \n|align=center|\n|6 First-tier League titles5 Scottish Cups4 League Cups\n|-\n|align=left| \n|align=left|\n|align=left|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|\n|-\n|align=left| †\n|align=left|\n|align=left|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|\n|-\n|align=left| \n|align=left|\n|align=left|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|1 League Cup1 Cup Winners' Cup\n|-\n|align=left| \n|align=left|\n|align=left|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|3 First-tier League titles3 Scottish Cups2 League Cups\n|-\n|align=left| \n|align=left|\n|align=left|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|2 Scottish Cups2 League Cups\n|-\n|align=left| †\n|align=left|\n|align=left|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|\n|-\n|align=left| \n|align=left|\n|align=left|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|2 League Cups\n|-\n|align=left| †\n|align=left|\n|align=left|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|\n|-\n|align=left| †\n|align=left|\n|align=left|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|\n|-\n|align=left| \n|align=left|\n|align=left|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|3 1st-tier League titles4 League Cups\n|-\n|align=left| \n|align=left|\n|align=left|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|7 First-tier League titles3 Scottish Cups3 League Cups\n|-\n|align=left| \n|align=left|\n|align=left|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|2 First-tier League titles2 Scottish Cups1 League Cup\n|-\n|align=left| \n|align=left|\n|align=left|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|2 First-tier League titles2 Scottish Cups3 League Cups\n|-\n|align=left| \n|align=left| \n|align=left|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|\n|-\n|align=left| †\n|align=left|\n|align=left|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|\n|-\n|align=left| \n|align=left|\n|align=left|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|3 First-tier League titles2 Scottish Cups3 League Cups\n|-\n|align=left| \n|align=left|\n|align=left|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|1 Fourth-tier league title1 Third-tier league title\n|-\n|align=left| †\n|align=left|\n|align=left|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|\n|-\n|align=left| † \n|align=left|\n|align=left|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|\n|-\n|align=left| \n|align=left|\n|align=left|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center| \n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|1 Second-tier league title1 Challenge Cup\n|-\n|align=left| †\n|align=left|\n|align=left|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|\n|-\n| \n|align=left|\n|align=left|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|\n|-\n|align=left| †\n|align=left|\n|align=left| \n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|\n|-\n|align=left| †\n|align=left|\n|align=left|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|\n|-\n|align=left| \n|align=left|\n|11 November 2021\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n||1 First-tier League title\n|-\n|align=left| \n|align=left|\n|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|align=center|\n|\n|}\n† Denotes that the person was a caretaker manager.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Rangers official website - Former managers\n\nManagers\n \nRangers\nManagers" ]

[ "The Wiggles are an Australian children's music group formed in Sydney, New South Wales in 1991. The group are currently composed of Anthony Field, Lachlan Gillespie, Simon Pryce and Tsehay Hawkins. The Wiggles were founded in 1991 by Field, Murray Cook, Jeff Fatt, Greg Page and Phillip Wilcher.", "The Wiggles were founded in 1991 by Field, Murray Cook, Jeff Fatt, Greg Page and Phillip Wilcher. Wilcher left the group after their first album. Page retired in 2006 due to ill health and was replaced by understudy Sam Moran, but returned in 2012, replacing Moran.", "Page retired in 2006 due to ill health and was replaced by understudy Sam Moran, but returned in 2012, replacing Moran. At the end of 2012, Cook, Fatt and Page retired and were replaced by Gillespie, Pryce and Emma Watkins.", "At the end of 2012, Cook, Fatt and Page retired and were replaced by Gillespie, Pryce and Emma Watkins. Cook and Fatt retained their shareholding in the group and all three continued to have input into its creative and production aspects. Watkins departed the group in 2021, with Hawkins taking her place.", "Watkins departed the group in 2021, with Hawkins taking her place. Field and Fatt were members of the Australian pop band The Cockroaches in the 1980s, and Cook was a member of several bands before meeting Field and Page at Macquarie University, where they were studying to become pre-school teachers.", "Field and Fatt were members of the Australian pop band The Cockroaches in the 1980s, and Cook was a member of several bands before meeting Field and Page at Macquarie University, where they were studying to become pre-school teachers. In 1991, Field was inspired to create an album of children's music based upon concepts of early childhood education, and he enlisted Cook, Page, and Fatt to assist him.", "In 1991, Field was inspired to create an album of children's music based upon concepts of early childhood education, and he enlisted Cook, Page, and Fatt to assist him. They began touring to promote the album and became so successful, they quit their teaching jobs to perform full-time.", "They began touring to promote the album and became so successful, they quit their teaching jobs to perform full-time. The group augmented their act with costumed characters Dorothy the Dinosaur, Henry the Octopus and Wags the Dog, as well as the human character Captain Feathersword, played by Paul Paddick since 1993.", "The group augmented their act with costumed characters Dorothy the Dinosaur, Henry the Octopus and Wags the Dog, as well as the human character Captain Feathersword, played by Paul Paddick since 1993. Shirley Shawn the Unicorn was later introduced. They originally travelled with a small group of dancers, which later grew into a larger troupe.", "They originally travelled with a small group of dancers, which later grew into a larger troupe. The group's DVDs, CDs and television programs have been produced independently since their inception. Their high point came in the early 2000s, after they broke into the American market. The group were formally consolidated in 2005.", "The group were formally consolidated in 2005. They were listed at the top of Business Review Weeklys top-earning Australian entertainers four years in a row and earned A$45 million in 2009.", "They were listed at the top of Business Review Weeklys top-earning Australian entertainers four years in a row and earned A$45 million in 2009. In 2011, the worldwide recession hit the Wiggles, as it had done for many Australian entertainers; they earned $28 million, but they still appeared second on BRW's list that year.", "In 2011, the worldwide recession hit the Wiggles, as it had done for many Australian entertainers; they earned $28 million, but they still appeared second on BRW's list that year. The Wiggles have enjoyed almost universal approval throughout their history, and their music has been played in pre-schools all over the world.", "The Wiggles have enjoyed almost universal approval throughout their history, and their music has been played in pre-schools all over the world. They have earned multiple Gold, Platinum and double Platinum records; have sold 23 million DVDs and 7 million CDs; and have performed, on average, to one million people per year.", "They have earned multiple Gold, Platinum and double Platinum records; have sold 23 million DVDs and 7 million CDs; and have performed, on average, to one million people per year. The band has earned multiple Australasian Performing Rights Association (APRA) and Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) Music Awards, and they have been inducted into the ARIA Hall of Fame.", "The band has earned multiple Australasian Performing Rights Association (APRA) and Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) Music Awards, and they have been inducted into the ARIA Hall of Fame. History 1988–1991: Background Anthony Field and Jeff Fatt were members of the Cockroaches, a Sydney pop band known for their \"good-time R&B material\" and several singles recorded by independent labels during the 1980s.", "History 1988–1991: Background Anthony Field and Jeff Fatt were members of the Cockroaches, a Sydney pop band known for their \"good-time R&B material\" and several singles recorded by independent labels during the 1980s. In 1988, Field's infant niece, who was the daughter of Cockroaches founder and band member Paul Field, died of SIDS, causing the group to disband.", "In 1988, Field's infant niece, who was the daughter of Cockroaches founder and band member Paul Field, died of SIDS, causing the group to disband. Anthony Field enrolled at Macquarie University in Sydney to complete his degree in early childhood education, and later stated that his niece's death \"ultimately led to the formation of [the] Wiggles\".", "Anthony Field enrolled at Macquarie University in Sydney to complete his degree in early childhood education, and later stated that his niece's death \"ultimately led to the formation of [the] Wiggles\". Murray Cook, also \"a mature-aged student\", was the guitarist in the pub rock band Bang Shang a Lang before enrolling at Macquarie.", "Murray Cook, also \"a mature-aged student\", was the guitarist in the pub rock band Bang Shang a Lang before enrolling at Macquarie. Greg Page, who had been a roadie for and sang with the Cockroaches during their final years, had enrolled in Macquarie to study early childhood education on Field's recommendation.", "Greg Page, who had been a roadie for and sang with the Cockroaches during their final years, had enrolled in Macquarie to study early childhood education on Field's recommendation. Field, Cook, and Page were among approximately 10 men in a program with 200 students.", "Field, Cook, and Page were among approximately 10 men in a program with 200 students. In 1991, while still a student, Field became motivated to use concepts in the field of early childhood education to record an album of music for children. The album was dedicated to Field's niece.", "The album was dedicated to Field's niece. A song he wrote for the Cockroaches, \"Get Ready to Wiggle\", inspired the band's name because they thought that wiggling described the way children dance. Like a university assignment, they produced a folder of essays that explained the educational value of each song on the album.", "Like a university assignment, they produced a folder of essays that explained the educational value of each song on the album. They needed a keyboardist \"to bolster the rock'n'roll feel of the project\", so Field asked his old bandmate Fatt for his assistance in what they thought would be a temporary project.", "They needed a keyboardist \"to bolster the rock'n'roll feel of the project\", so Field asked his old bandmate Fatt for his assistance in what they thought would be a temporary project. The group received songwriting help from John Field, Anthony's brother and former bandmate, and from Phillip Wilcher, who was working with the early childhood music program at Macquarie.", "The group received songwriting help from John Field, Anthony's brother and former bandmate, and from Phillip Wilcher, who was working with the early childhood music program at Macquarie. After contributing to their first album, hosting the group's first recording sessions in his Sydney home, and appearing in a couple of the group's first videos, Wilcher left the group and went into classical music.", "After contributing to their first album, hosting the group's first recording sessions in his Sydney home, and appearing in a couple of the group's first videos, Wilcher left the group and went into classical music. The group reworked a few Cockroaches tunes to better fit the genre of children's music; for example, the Cockroaches song \"Hot Tamale\", written by John Field, was changed to \"Hot Potato\".", "The group reworked a few Cockroaches tunes to better fit the genre of children's music; for example, the Cockroaches song \"Hot Tamale\", written by John Field, was changed to \"Hot Potato\". Anthony Field gave copies of their album to his young students to test out the effect of the group's music on children; one mother returned it the next day because her child would not stop listening to it.", "Anthony Field gave copies of their album to his young students to test out the effect of the group's music on children; one mother returned it the next day because her child would not stop listening to it. To promote their first album, the Wiggles filmed two music videos with the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) and created a self-produced, forty-minute-long video version.", "To promote their first album, the Wiggles filmed two music videos with the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) and created a self-produced, forty-minute-long video version. Finances were limited, so there was no post-production editing of the video project.", "Finances were limited, so there was no post-production editing of the video project. They used Field's nieces and nephews as additional cast, and hired the band's girlfriends to perform in character costumes. Cook's wife made their first costumes.", "Cook's wife made their first costumes. They used two cameras and visually checked the performance of each song; that way, according to Paul Field, it took them less time to complete a forty-minute video than it took other production companies to complete a three-minute music video.", "They used two cameras and visually checked the performance of each song; that way, according to Paul Field, it took them less time to complete a forty-minute video than it took other production companies to complete a three-minute music video. 1991–1993: Early career The Cockroaches' former manager, Jeremy Fabinyi, became the group's first manager.", "1991–1993: Early career The Cockroaches' former manager, Jeremy Fabinyi, became the group's first manager. Using their previous connections, he negotiated with the ABC to help them promote their first recording. The album cost approximately A$4,000 to produce and it sold 100,000 copies in 1991.", "The album cost approximately A$4,000 to produce and it sold 100,000 copies in 1991. Anthony Field and Cook got teaching jobs, while Page finished his degree, so they could only perform during school holidays; finding time to do so was, as Field reported, \"challenging\".", "Anthony Field and Cook got teaching jobs, while Page finished his degree, so they could only perform during school holidays; finding time to do so was, as Field reported, \"challenging\". Fabinyi advised them to tour in unusual settings throughout Sydney and New South Wales.", "Fabinyi advised them to tour in unusual settings throughout Sydney and New South Wales. The Wiggles' debut performance was at a friend's daycare facility in Randwick, New South Wales, for about a dozen children.", "The Wiggles' debut performance was at a friend's daycare facility in Randwick, New South Wales, for about a dozen children. They played for crowds at shopping centres like Westfield in Sydney and at small pre-school events and parties, and busked at Circular Quay, then moved on to regional tours and shows for playgroup associations, averaging about 300 people in the audience.", "They played for crowds at shopping centres like Westfield in Sydney and at small pre-school events and parties, and busked at Circular Quay, then moved on to regional tours and shows for playgroup associations, averaging about 300 people in the audience. They were promoted by local playgroups or nursing mothers' associations with whom they split their proceeds.", "They were promoted by local playgroups or nursing mothers' associations with whom they split their proceeds. They performed at pre-schools with other ABC children's performers; when 500 people attended these concerts just to see the Wiggles, they started doing their own shows, and according to Field, \"Suddenly people started rolling up to performances in astonishing numbers\".", "They performed at pre-schools with other ABC children's performers; when 500 people attended these concerts just to see the Wiggles, they started doing their own shows, and according to Field, \"Suddenly people started rolling up to performances in astonishing numbers\". In 1993, Field, Cook, and Page decided to give up teaching for a year to focus on performing full-time, along with Fatt, to see if they could make a living out of it.", "In 1993, Field, Cook, and Page decided to give up teaching for a year to focus on performing full-time, along with Fatt, to see if they could make a living out of it. As Fatt reported, \"it was very much a cottage industry\".", "As Fatt reported, \"it was very much a cottage industry\". They used many of the business techniques developed by the Cockroaches, choosing to remain as independent and self-contained as possible. John Field, Mike Conway, who later became the Wiggles' general manager, trumpeter Dominic Lindsay, and Cockroaches saxophonist Daniel Fallon performed with them.", "John Field, Mike Conway, who later became the Wiggles' general manager, trumpeter Dominic Lindsay, and Cockroaches saxophonist Daniel Fallon performed with them. Anthony Field, with input from the other members, led most of the production of their music, home video releases, and live shows.", "Anthony Field, with input from the other members, led most of the production of their music, home video releases, and live shows. Their act was later augmented with supporting characters: the \"friendly pirate\" Captain Feathersword and the costumed characters Dorothy the Dinosaur, Henry the Octopus, and Wags the Dog.", "Their act was later augmented with supporting characters: the \"friendly pirate\" Captain Feathersword and the costumed characters Dorothy the Dinosaur, Henry the Octopus, and Wags the Dog. These characters were initially performed by the band members themselves: Field played Captain Feathersword and Wags; Cook played Dorothy; and Fatt played Henry.", "These characters were initially performed by the band members themselves: Field played Captain Feathersword and Wags; Cook played Dorothy; and Fatt played Henry. In 1993, actor Paul Paddick permanently joined the group to play Captain Feathersword; he later became known as \"the fifth Wiggle\" and was as popular as the regular bandmembers.", "In 1993, actor Paul Paddick permanently joined the group to play Captain Feathersword; he later became known as \"the fifth Wiggle\" and was as popular as the regular bandmembers. At first, the group travelled with a small group of dancers hired from a local dance studio to perform with them.", "At first, the group travelled with a small group of dancers hired from a local dance studio to perform with them. After the production of their second album, the Wiggles, who were called by their first names when they performed, began to wear costumes on stage as Fabinyi suggested and as the Cockroaches had done, and adopted colour-coded shirts: Page in yellow, Cook in red, Fatt in purple, and Field in blue.", "After the production of their second album, the Wiggles, who were called by their first names when they performed, began to wear costumes on stage as Fabinyi suggested and as the Cockroaches had done, and adopted colour-coded shirts: Page in yellow, Cook in red, Fatt in purple, and Field in blue. The coloured shirts also made it easier for their young audience to identify them.", "The coloured shirts also made it easier for their young audience to identify them. As Field reported, the decision to emphasise colour was \"a no-brainer, considering our pre-school-age audience\".", "As Field reported, the decision to emphasise colour was \"a no-brainer, considering our pre-school-age audience\". Cook and Fatt already owned shirts in their colours, but Field and Page \"met in a Sydney department store and literally raced to see who got the blue shirt\".", "Cook and Fatt already owned shirts in their colours, but Field and Page \"met in a Sydney department store and literally raced to see who got the blue shirt\". 1993–2004: Australian and international success Through the rest of the 1990s, the Wiggles maintained a busy recording and touring schedule, becoming as Field reported and despite his strong dislike of touring, \"the hardest-working touring act in the country\".", "1993–2004: Australian and international success Through the rest of the 1990s, the Wiggles maintained a busy recording and touring schedule, becoming as Field reported and despite his strong dislike of touring, \"the hardest-working touring act in the country\". They released multiple albums and home videos and, depending upon the word of mouth of their audience, performed to increasingly large audiences in Australia and New Zealand despite having to re-introduce themselves to a new audience of children approximately every three years.", "They released multiple albums and home videos and, depending upon the word of mouth of their audience, performed to increasingly large audiences in Australia and New Zealand despite having to re-introduce themselves to a new audience of children approximately every three years. They produced a new album and video each year and toured to promote them.", "They produced a new album and video each year and toured to promote them. By late 1993, they \"grew bigger than anyone had thought\", and hundreds attended their concerts; by 1995 they had set records for music and video sales.", "By late 1993, they \"grew bigger than anyone had thought\", and hundreds attended their concerts; by 1995 they had set records for music and video sales. In 1997, Twentieth Century Fox produced a feature-length film, The Wiggles Movie, which became the fifth-highest grossing Australian film of 1998, earning over a million-and-a-half dollars.", "In 1997, Twentieth Century Fox produced a feature-length film, The Wiggles Movie, which became the fifth-highest grossing Australian film of 1998, earning over a million-and-a-half dollars. In spite of their early success in Australia, Paul Field reported that the band was unable to produce a television program on the ABC, where they felt they would receive the most exposure to the pre-school market.", "In spite of their early success in Australia, Paul Field reported that the band was unable to produce a television program on the ABC, where they felt they would receive the most exposure to the pre-school market. \"Around 1996–1997\", they filmed a television pilot for the ABC, but as The Sydney Morning Herald reported in 2002, \"the project never got off the ground due to irreconcilable artistic differences\".", "\"Around 1996–1997\", they filmed a television pilot for the ABC, but as The Sydney Morning Herald reported in 2002, \"the project never got off the ground due to irreconcilable artistic differences\". As a result, the Wiggles financed a TV program of 13 episodes themselves and sold it to Disney Channel in Australia and to Channel Seven, where it became a hit.", "As a result, the Wiggles financed a TV program of 13 episodes themselves and sold it to Disney Channel in Australia and to Channel Seven, where it became a hit. By 1998, the Wiggles were ready to move on to international markets, despite its members' health issues, especially Anthony Field's.", "By 1998, the Wiggles were ready to move on to international markets, despite its members' health issues, especially Anthony Field's. The reaction of producers in the UK was less positive than the group would have liked, although they were eventually able to make inroads there, but their real success came in the US.", "The reaction of producers in the UK was less positive than the group would have liked, although they were eventually able to make inroads there, but their real success came in the US. Disney arranged for them to perform at Disneyland in California, where they were discovered by Lyrick Studios, the producers of Barney & Friends.", "Disney arranged for them to perform at Disneyland in California, where they were discovered by Lyrick Studios, the producers of Barney & Friends. Both Anthony and Paul Field reported that Lyrick, despite their initial misgivings about whether American audiences would accept the band's Australian accents, came to understand the Wiggles and their goals, and after successful tests with American children, enthusiastically promoted them.", "Both Anthony and Paul Field reported that Lyrick, despite their initial misgivings about whether American audiences would accept the band's Australian accents, came to understand the Wiggles and their goals, and after successful tests with American children, enthusiastically promoted them. The Wiggles used many of the same promotion techniques in the US that they had used in Australia, and chose to keep their concerts simple and maintain the same values that were successful in Australia.", "The Wiggles used many of the same promotion techniques in the US that they had used in Australia, and chose to keep their concerts simple and maintain the same values that were successful in Australia. The Wiggles performed during the intermission of Barney Live stage shows, which The New York Times likened to \"getting the warm-up slot for the Stones\" in the pre-school entertainment world.", "The Wiggles performed during the intermission of Barney Live stage shows, which The New York Times likened to \"getting the warm-up slot for the Stones\" in the pre-school entertainment world. In 2000, when video sales took off in the US, Lyrick began to distribute Wiggles videos and advertised them by including Wiggles shorts as trailers in their Barney videos, which, as Anthony Field stated, \"pushed us over the edge\".", "In 2000, when video sales took off in the US, Lyrick began to distribute Wiggles videos and advertised them by including Wiggles shorts as trailers in their Barney videos, which, as Anthony Field stated, \"pushed us over the edge\". At first, the group's videos were distributed in boutique stores such as FAO Schwarz and Zany Brainy, and on-line.", "At first, the group's videos were distributed in boutique stores such as FAO Schwarz and Zany Brainy, and on-line. According to Paul Field, they entered the mass media market when their videos became top-sellers at Amazon.com, and their first two videos, Yummy Yummy and Wiggle Time, landed in the top ten at Amazon.com.", "According to Paul Field, they entered the mass media market when their videos became top-sellers at Amazon.com, and their first two videos, Yummy Yummy and Wiggle Time, landed in the top ten at Amazon.com. Stores such as Wal-Mart began to take notice, and began to sell Wiggles videos.", "Stores such as Wal-Mart began to take notice, and began to sell Wiggles videos. The band released nine DVDs in the next three years to keep up with the demand. As they had done in Australia, the Wiggles chose to tour, but start off small, with simple props and sets instead of hiring a touring company.", "As they had done in Australia, the Wiggles chose to tour, but start off small, with simple props and sets instead of hiring a touring company. Some of their first appearances in America were at Blockbuster Video parking lots in 1999 to small audiences—as Fatt said, \"a dozen people\".", "Some of their first appearances in America were at Blockbuster Video parking lots in 1999 to small audiences—as Fatt said, \"a dozen people\". They performed at small venues such as church halls and 500-seat theatres in Brooklyn and New Jersey, and upgraded to larger venues as ticket sales increased.", "They performed at small venues such as church halls and 500-seat theatres in Brooklyn and New Jersey, and upgraded to larger venues as ticket sales increased. Anthony Field reported that one week they would perform to 8,000 in Sydney and to 20 people the following week at a parking lot in a small town in the US.", "Anthony Field reported that one week they would perform to 8,000 in Sydney and to 20 people the following week at a parking lot in a small town in the US. One time, they performed for a dozen people at the Mall of America in Minnesota, but half of the audience were hired by Lyrick.", "One time, they performed for a dozen people at the Mall of America in Minnesota, but half of the audience were hired by Lyrick. Eventually, they moved to larger arenas such as the Beacon Theatre and Madison Square Garden. They performed at SeaWorld in Orlando, Florida, for six weeks.", "They performed at SeaWorld in Orlando, Florida, for six weeks. Their audiences began to increase, and they toured Australia, New Zealand, Hong Kong, the US, and the UK.", "Their audiences began to increase, and they toured Australia, New Zealand, Hong Kong, the US, and the UK. The Wiggles' popularity in the US increased \"in the shell-shocked weeks after the terrorist attacks on New York City in 2001\", when the group performed there, even when other acts cancelled their tours, a decision that earned them loyalty and respect.", "The Wiggles' popularity in the US increased \"in the shell-shocked weeks after the terrorist attacks on New York City in 2001\", when the group performed there, even when other acts cancelled their tours, a decision that earned them loyalty and respect. According to Cook, the press proclaimed that they were braver than many Australian sports teams that had cancelled their appearances.", "According to Cook, the press proclaimed that they were braver than many Australian sports teams that had cancelled their appearances. Paul Field stated, \"New York has really embraced them. It was a kind of watershed.\"", "It was a kind of watershed.\" Strong sales of the Wiggles videos eventually caught the attention of Disney Channel in the US, who was impressed by their \"strong pro-social message\". In January 2002, Disney began showing Wiggles video clips between their programs.", "In January 2002, Disney began showing Wiggles video clips between their programs. By June of that year, the popularity of the clips prompted Disney Channel to add both of the Wiggles' television series to their schedule and showed full episodes multiple times per day.", "By June of that year, the popularity of the clips prompted Disney Channel to add both of the Wiggles' television series to their schedule and showed full episodes multiple times per day. Anthony Field reported that despite their \"modest production values\", the shows were popular with pre-schoolers.", "Anthony Field reported that despite their \"modest production values\", the shows were popular with pre-schoolers. Beginning in 2002, the Wiggles filmed four series worth of television programs exclusively with the ABC. The network called them \"the most successful property that the ABC has represented in the pre-school genre\".", "The network called them \"the most successful property that the ABC has represented in the pre-school genre\". By the end of 2002, according to Field, \"we knew we were involved in something extraordinary in the US\".", "By the end of 2002, according to Field, \"we knew we were involved in something extraordinary in the US\". Their concert schedule in North America doubled, seemingly overnight; they began performing up to 520 shows per year all over the world.", "Their concert schedule in North America doubled, seemingly overnight; they began performing up to 520 shows per year all over the world. They also began to produce other stage shows in places the Wiggles themselves were unable to visit, in Australia, the UK, and US, that featured their characters, a host, and a few dancers.", "They also began to produce other stage shows in places the Wiggles themselves were unable to visit, in Australia, the UK, and US, that featured their characters, a host, and a few dancers. The Age called this time period (about the mid-2000s) the group's \"high point\"; they earned A$45 million a year in revenues, and had several licensing deals and an international distribution agreement with Disney.", "The Age called this time period (about the mid-2000s) the group's \"high point\"; they earned A$45 million a year in revenues, and had several licensing deals and an international distribution agreement with Disney. Despite their success, Anthony Field almost left the group in 2004, shortly after his marriage and the birth of his first child, due to his serious medical issues, which were worsened by the Wiggles' demanding tour schedule.", "Despite their success, Anthony Field almost left the group in 2004, shortly after his marriage and the birth of his first child, due to his serious medical issues, which were worsened by the Wiggles' demanding tour schedule. After meeting chiropractor James Stoxen in Chicago, Field improved his health to the point that he was able to continue.", "After meeting chiropractor James Stoxen in Chicago, Field improved his health to the point that he was able to continue. He began to hire teams of chiropractors for himself, his fellow bandmembers, and cast members in every city they performed, which he credited with making it possible for them to fulfill their touring requirements.", "He began to hire teams of chiropractors for himself, his fellow bandmembers, and cast members in every city they performed, which he credited with making it possible for them to fulfill their touring requirements. 2005–2006: Page's retirement In December 2005, lead singer Page, at age 33, underwent a double hernia operation.", "2005–2006: Page's retirement In December 2005, lead singer Page, at age 33, underwent a double hernia operation. He withdrew from the Wiggles' US tour in August 2006, after suffering fainting spells, lethargy, nausea, and loss of balance.", "He withdrew from the Wiggles' US tour in August 2006, after suffering fainting spells, lethargy, nausea, and loss of balance. He returned to Australia, where doctors diagnosed his condition as orthostatic intolerance, a chronic but not life-threatening condition. Page's final performance with the Wiggles was in Kingston, Rhode Island.", "Page's final performance with the Wiggles was in Kingston, Rhode Island. On 30 November 2006, the Wiggles announced Page's retirement from the group.", "On 30 November 2006, the Wiggles announced Page's retirement from the group. \"I'll miss being a part of the Wiggles very much, but this is the right decision because it will allow me to focus on managing my health\", Page said in a video message, which The Sydney Morning Herald called \"unsettling\", posted on the group's web page.", "\"I'll miss being a part of the Wiggles very much, but this is the right decision because it will allow me to focus on managing my health\", Page said in a video message, which The Sydney Morning Herald called \"unsettling\", posted on the group's web page. Page was replaced by Sam Moran, who had served as an understudy for the Wiggles for five years and had already stood in for Page for 150 shows.", "Page was replaced by Sam Moran, who had served as an understudy for the Wiggles for five years and had already stood in for Page for 150 shows. Initially, the Wiggles struggled over their decision to replace Page, but after their audience's positive response to Moran, they decided to continue as a group because they thought that was what their young audience would want.", "Initially, the Wiggles struggled over their decision to replace Page, but after their audience's positive response to Moran, they decided to continue as a group because they thought that was what their young audience would want. According to Fatt, who called it \"a huge decision\" and \"a teachable moment\" for them, they chose to be honest with their young audience as they made the transition from Page to Moran.", "According to Fatt, who called it \"a huge decision\" and \"a teachable moment\" for them, they chose to be honest with their young audience as they made the transition from Page to Moran. As part owner of the Wiggles, Page received a payout of about $20 million.", "As part owner of the Wiggles, Page received a payout of about $20 million. 2006–2012: Moran era Although Moran's transition as the Wiggles' lead singer was \"smooth\" for the young children of their audience, it was more difficult for their parents. Moran said that \"most children understood\".", "Moran said that \"most children understood\". Field reported that by the group's 20th anniversary in 2011, due to the ever-changing nature of their audience, most of their young fans were unfamiliar with Page. Cook stated that Moran's transition was challenging for the group because replacing their lead singer \"changed their sound\".", "Cook stated that Moran's transition was challenging for the group because replacing their lead singer \"changed their sound\". Fatt characterised Moran's singing style as more operatic, so they chose different keys to sing and perform.", "Fatt characterised Moran's singing style as more operatic, so they chose different keys to sing and perform. The Wiggles never publicly disclosed how much Moran was paid, but it was reported that he earned $200,000 per year.", "The Wiggles never publicly disclosed how much Moran was paid, but it was reported that he earned $200,000 per year. Moran was featured in his first album and video as a member of the group in early 2007, and a new series of the Wiggles' television program featuring Moran was filmed and began airing in Australia.", "Moran was featured in his first album and video as a member of the group in early 2007, and a new series of the Wiggles' television program featuring Moran was filmed and began airing in Australia. At the end of 2007, the Wiggles donated their complete back catalogue of 27 master tapes to Australia's National Film and Sound Archive.", "At the end of 2007, the Wiggles donated their complete back catalogue of 27 master tapes to Australia's National Film and Sound Archive. Their business ventures during these years included opening up \"Wiggles World\" sections in theme parks in North America and the Arab World, internet offerings, the creation of new television shows, and a five-year-long partnership with the American television network Sprout in 2009.", "Their business ventures during these years included opening up \"Wiggles World\" sections in theme parks in North America and the Arab World, internet offerings, the creation of new television shows, and a five-year-long partnership with the American television network Sprout in 2009. In December 2010, Cinemalive beamed a Wiggles concert live from Acer Arena into movie theatres all over Australia, for children and their families unable to attend their shows.", "In December 2010, Cinemalive beamed a Wiggles concert live from Acer Arena into movie theatres all over Australia, for children and their families unable to attend their shows. In early July 2011, Fatt developed arrhythmia and underwent \"urgent but routine\" heart surgery, when he was fitted with a pacemaker after feeling unwell for several weeks and blacking out.", "In early July 2011, Fatt developed arrhythmia and underwent \"urgent but routine\" heart surgery, when he was fitted with a pacemaker after feeling unwell for several weeks and blacking out. He missed the group's US tour as a result, after not missing a show in 20 years.", "He missed the group's US tour as a result, after not missing a show in 20 years. Also in mid-2011, the Wiggles celebrated their 20th anniversary with circus-themed shows and performances throughout Australia and the outback in a circus tent, as well as a \"physically grueling\" birthday-themed tour of 90 shows throughout Australia, which Paul Field called \"one of the biggest of their careers\".", "Also in mid-2011, the Wiggles celebrated their 20th anniversary with circus-themed shows and performances throughout Australia and the outback in a circus tent, as well as a \"physically grueling\" birthday-themed tour of 90 shows throughout Australia, which Paul Field called \"one of the biggest of their careers\". Sydney's Powerhouse Museum commemorated the group's anniversary with an exhibit that displayed Wiggles memorabilia.", "Sydney's Powerhouse Museum commemorated the group's anniversary with an exhibit that displayed Wiggles memorabilia. In 2011, the worldwide financial crisis hit the group, and they recorded their first drop in revenues in 10 years, at approximately $2.5 million, a total decrease of 28 percent.", "In 2011, the worldwide financial crisis hit the group, and they recorded their first drop in revenues in 10 years, at approximately $2.5 million, a total decrease of 28 percent. Royalties partially offset the difference between their 2010 and 2011 revenues. Their managing director Mike Conway called 2011 their toughest year financially.", "Their managing director Mike Conway called 2011 their toughest year financially. For the first time, they had negative equity, with more liabilities than assets, and the owners had to provide the funds for them to continue operations.", "For the first time, they had negative equity, with more liabilities than assets, and the owners had to provide the funds for them to continue operations. Conway stated that their losses were due to less touring time in the US, difficulties in placing their DVDs in Walmart, and their required investment in a new digital platform.", "Conway stated that their losses were due to less touring time in the US, difficulties in placing their DVDs in Walmart, and their required investment in a new digital platform. 2012: Reunion with Page and departure of Cook, Fatt and Page In January 2012, and amidst a great deal of controversy, the Wiggles announced that Page had regained his health and was returning to the group in the place of Moran.", "2012: Reunion with Page and departure of Cook, Fatt and Page In January 2012, and amidst a great deal of controversy, the Wiggles announced that Page had regained his health and was returning to the group in the place of Moran. He returned as an employee \"exactly on the same level as [Moran]\", rather than a co-owner, having relinquished his business interest in the group after he left in 2006.", "He returned as an employee \"exactly on the same level as [Moran]\", rather than a co-owner, having relinquished his business interest in the group after he left in 2006. According to The Sydney Morning Herald, the band members' interest in Page's return was sparked when they reunited during the group's induction in the ARIA Hall of Fame in November 2011.", "According to The Sydney Morning Herald, the band members' interest in Page's return was sparked when they reunited during the group's induction in the ARIA Hall of Fame in November 2011. It was originally planned for Page to remain with the group temporarily until August 2012. Business Review Weekly reported that the presentation of Moran's departure had been mishandled and had potentially damaged their brand image.", "It was originally planned for Page to remain with the group temporarily until August 2012. Business Review Weekly reported that the presentation of Moran's departure had been mishandled and had potentially damaged their brand image. Paul Field agreed, stating that they \"could have handled the communication and management of the transition better\".", "Paul Field agreed, stating that they \"could have handled the communication and management of the transition better\". Cook later admitted that they were shocked by the backlash in the press and among the parents of their audience.", "Cook later admitted that they were shocked by the backlash in the press and among the parents of their audience. As part of his severance package, Moran continued to collect song royalties and was granted use of the Wiggles' studios.", "As part of his severance package, Moran continued to collect song royalties and was granted use of the Wiggles' studios. In mid-2012, the Wiggles announced that Cook, Fatt and Page would be retiring from touring with the group; Emma Watkins, the first female member of the Wiggles, replaced Page, Lachlan Gillespie replaced Fatt, and Simon Pryce replaced Cook.", "In mid-2012, the Wiggles announced that Cook, Fatt and Page would be retiring from touring with the group; Emma Watkins, the first female member of the Wiggles, replaced Page, Lachlan Gillespie replaced Fatt, and Simon Pryce replaced Cook. Anthony Field remained in the group because he found it too difficult to give up and because he still had a passion for educating children.", "Anthony Field remained in the group because he found it too difficult to give up and because he still had a passion for educating children. According to Paul Field, staying in the band \"was a vital decision to placate American, British and Canadian business partners\".", "According to Paul Field, staying in the band \"was a vital decision to placate American, British and Canadian business partners\". Cook, Fatt and Page remained involved with the creative and production aspects of the group.", "Cook, Fatt and Page remained involved with the creative and production aspects of the group. Fatt and Cook had been talking about quitting touring for many years; Cook announced his intention to retire first, citing a desire to spend more time with his family, and then Fatt announced his own retirement shortly thereafter.", "Fatt and Cook had been talking about quitting touring for many years; Cook announced his intention to retire first, citing a desire to spend more time with his family, and then Fatt announced his own retirement shortly thereafter. Page, who was still struggling with his health issues and had stated that his interest was in working with the group's original line-up, was subsequently asked to extend his stay until the end of the year so he would leave alongside Cook and Fatt, to which he agreed.", "Page, who was still struggling with his health issues and had stated that his interest was in working with the group's original line-up, was subsequently asked to extend his stay until the end of the year so he would leave alongside Cook and Fatt, to which he agreed. Cook reported that the original members were confident that the new group would be accepted by the fans because they passed on their founding concepts of early childhood education to Gillespie, Pryce and Watkins.", "Cook reported that the original members were confident that the new group would be accepted by the fans because they passed on their founding concepts of early childhood education to Gillespie, Pryce and Watkins. The new members, like Moran (who was not approached to return), were salaried employees.", "The new members, like Moran (who was not approached to return), were salaried employees. Watkins had previously worked with the group, first performing character roles in 2010, when Anthony Field approached her to joined the main line-up.", "Watkins had previously worked with the group, first performing character roles in 2010, when Anthony Field approached her to joined the main line-up. He had initially asked her to tour with the group after being impressed by a behind-the-scenes video she had filmed.", "He had initially asked her to tour with the group after being impressed by a behind-the-scenes video she had filmed. Once she had joined the group, Field asked Watkins to dye her hair red, as well as learn how to play the drums.", "Once she had joined the group, Field asked Watkins to dye her hair red, as well as learn how to play the drums. Gillespie had joined the company performing as part of the live shows in 2009, while Pryce had previously worked as a backing vocalist on some of the band's albums.", "Gillespie had joined the company performing as part of the live shows in 2009, while Pryce had previously worked as a backing vocalist on some of the band's albums. The group, for their farewell tour, visited eight countries and 141 cities, for a total of almost 250 shows in over 200 days for 640,000 people.", "The group, for their farewell tour, visited eight countries and 141 cities, for a total of almost 250 shows in over 200 days for 640,000 people. Gillespie, Pryce and Watkins wore \"in training\" T-shirts, and debuted the song \"Do the Propeller\" during these concerts.", "Gillespie, Pryce and Watkins wore \"in training\" T-shirts, and debuted the song \"Do the Propeller\" during these concerts. The final televised performance of the original band members, along with the new members, was on 22 December 2012, during the annual Carols in the Domain in Sydney.", "The final televised performance of the original band members, along with the new members, was on 22 December 2012, during the annual Carols in the Domain in Sydney. Their final performance, after over 7000 shows over the years, was on 23 December at the Sydney Entertainment Centre.", "Their final performance, after over 7000 shows over the years, was on 23 December at the Sydney Entertainment Centre. Also by 2012, the Wiggles performed to audiences whose parents attended their shows in their early years, and they were hiring performers who were part of their audience as young children.", "Also by 2012, the Wiggles performed to audiences whose parents attended their shows in their early years, and they were hiring performers who were part of their audience as young children. 2013–2021: \"New Wiggles\" era The new iteration of the Wiggles, with Field and its new members, began touring in early 2013.", "2013–2021: \"New Wiggles\" era The new iteration of the Wiggles, with Field and its new members, began touring in early 2013. Cook became the group's road manager in mid-2013.", "Cook became the group's road manager in mid-2013. Pryce reported that since the Wiggles' audience changed every few years, the transition to the new group was easier for their young audience than it was for their parents. One of their challenges, especially for their early tours, was learning the Wiggles' catalogue of 1400 songs.", "One of their challenges, especially for their early tours, was learning the Wiggles' catalogue of 1400 songs. After a seven-year absence from Australian television, they filmed a new television series, called Ready, Steady, Wiggle!, in their spare time at their studio in Sydney between tours and on the road.", "After a seven-year absence from Australian television, they filmed a new television series, called Ready, Steady, Wiggle!, in their spare time at their studio in Sydney between tours and on the road. Watkins, who had a film-making degree, played an important role in its production.", "Watkins, who had a film-making degree, played an important role in its production. Field admitted that they found it \"hard going\" until they returned to television. Merchandise featuring the original group outsold the new group's products, and they failed to sell-out their concerts.", "Merchandise featuring the original group outsold the new group's products, and they failed to sell-out their concerts. The Wiggles found success with their new line-up in 2014, when they doubled their concert ticket sales from the year before, and won the 2014 ARIA Award for Best Children's Album with Apples & Bananas.", "The Wiggles found success with their new line-up in 2014, when they doubled their concert ticket sales from the year before, and won the 2014 ARIA Award for Best Children's Album with Apples & Bananas. By 2015, Paul Field called the new group \"an amazing success\".", "By 2015, Paul Field called the new group \"an amazing success\". According to Kathy McCabe of News Corp Australia, it took 18 months for the new group to be accepted by their audience. McCabe credited their success to Watkins, who became the group's stand-out member.", "McCabe credited their success to Watkins, who became the group's stand-out member. According to Field, an American journalist called her young fans, who came to concerts dressed in yellow and wearing bows like her, the \"mini Emma army\".", "According to Field, an American journalist called her young fans, who came to concerts dressed in yellow and wearing bows like her, the \"mini Emma army\". She was so popular that a new television series, Emma!, featuring Watkins as a solo performer, was produced in 2015.", "She was so popular that a new television series, Emma!, featuring Watkins as a solo performer, was produced in 2015. Field called her \"an aspirational role model\" for their young audience and reported that she had increased their fan base of girls.", "Field called her \"an aspirational role model\" for their young audience and reported that she had increased their fan base of girls. Field stated that the audience emulated her fashion choices, opening up new merchandising possibilities for the group; by 2021 it was estimated that 50% of the group's merchandising was specific to the \"Emma\" brand.", "Field stated that the audience emulated her fashion choices, opening up new merchandising possibilities for the group; by 2021 it was estimated that 50% of the group's merchandising was specific to the \"Emma\" brand. In 2014, it was announced that the Wiggles would produce their second feature film; comedian Ben Elton was slated to write the script and co-write the soundtrack.", "In 2014, it was announced that the Wiggles would produce their second feature film; comedian Ben Elton was slated to write the script and co-write the soundtrack. In early 2015, Gillespie and Watkins revealed that they had been dating for two years; they announced their engagement in May 2015.", "In early 2015, Gillespie and Watkins revealed that they had been dating for two years; they announced their engagement in May 2015. They were married in April 2016, but made public their separation in August 2018. By 2018, Anthony Field had become the majority shareholder of the band's finances.", "By 2018, Anthony Field had become the majority shareholder of the band's finances. A new costumed character, Shirley Shawn the Unicorn, was added in 2019, who was later revealed to identify as non-binary.", "A new costumed character, Shirley Shawn the Unicorn, was added in 2019, who was later revealed to identify as non-binary. The COVID-19 pandemic halted the group's capacity to tour in 2020, which led to a downsizing of the company's staff and an increase in filming online content.", "The COVID-19 pandemic halted the group's capacity to tour in 2020, which led to a downsizing of the company's staff and an increase in filming online content. Throughout the era of the new members, the original line-up engaged in occasional reunion performances.", "Throughout the era of the new members, the original line-up engaged in occasional reunion performances. In February 2016, the original group members performed a charity concert for an over-18 audience at the Dee Why RSL club in Sydney.", "In February 2016, the original group members performed a charity concert for an over-18 audience at the Dee Why RSL club in Sydney. The original line-up performed reunion charity concerts on 17 and 18 January 2020 to raise funds for the Australian bush fires with proceeds going to the Australian Red Cross and the WIRES Wildlife Rescue Service.", "The original line-up performed reunion charity concerts on 17 and 18 January 2020 to raise funds for the Australian bush fires with proceeds going to the Australian Red Cross and the WIRES Wildlife Rescue Service. Onstage on 17 January, Page suffered a cardiac arrest; he stopped breathing and required CPR and three jolts from a defibrillator.", "Onstage on 17 January, Page suffered a cardiac arrest; he stopped breathing and required CPR and three jolts from a defibrillator. Page was discharged from hospital the following week. In March 2021, the Wiggles performed on Triple J's Like a Version segment.", "In March 2021, the Wiggles performed on Triple J's Like a Version segment. Cook and Fatt returned alongside Field, Gillespie, Pryce and Watkins to cover Tame Impala's \"Elephant\" which they interspersed with \"Fruit Salad\"; the cover reached 1 on the annual Triple J Hottest 100 poll for 2021.", "Cook and Fatt returned alongside Field, Gillespie, Pryce and Watkins to cover Tame Impala's \"Elephant\" which they interspersed with \"Fruit Salad\"; the cover reached 1 on the annual Triple J Hottest 100 poll for 2021. This was the first cover to top the chart, as well as the first time a children's act had led the ranking.", "This was the first cover to top the chart, as well as the first time a children's act had led the ranking. The original line-up is scheduled to perform an adults-only reunion tour at arenas around Australia in 2022.", "The original line-up is scheduled to perform an adults-only reunion tour at arenas around Australia in 2022. 2021–present: Expanded line-up, Fruit Salad TV The Wiggles commemorated their 30th anniversary in January 2021 with a song entitled \"We're All Fruit Salad\", containing lyrics centred around unity and acceptance and featuring guest performers of different cultural backgrounds.", "2021–present: Expanded line-up, Fruit Salad TV The Wiggles commemorated their 30th anniversary in January 2021 with a song entitled \"We're All Fruit Salad\", containing lyrics centred around unity and acceptance and featuring guest performers of different cultural backgrounds. Field expressed a desire to include more diversity in the band after facing criticism amidst the Black Lives Matter movement.", "Field expressed a desire to include more diversity in the band after facing criticism amidst the Black Lives Matter movement. In August 2021, four new members were added to the Wiggles in a supporting capacity, with the aim of embracing cultural and gender diversity, and better reflecting contemporary society.", "In August 2021, four new members were added to the Wiggles in a supporting capacity, with the aim of embracing cultural and gender diversity, and better reflecting contemporary society. Evie Ferris, Kelly Hamilton, Tsehay Hawkins and John Pearce debuted in an exclusive web series entitled Fruit Salad TV, made available on YouTube in September.", "Evie Ferris, Kelly Hamilton, Tsehay Hawkins and John Pearce debuted in an exclusive web series entitled Fruit Salad TV, made available on YouTube in September. Watkins announced her departure from the group in October 2021 and was replaced by Hawkins in the primary line-up.", "Watkins announced her departure from the group in October 2021 and was replaced by Hawkins in the primary line-up. The expanded line-up made their live performance debut as the pre-match entertainment of an Australia women's national soccer team game in November, followed by a national Australian concert tour in early 2022.", "The expanded line-up made their live performance debut as the pre-match entertainment of an Australia women's national soccer team game in November, followed by a national Australian concert tour in early 2022. Caterina Mete, long-standing choreographer for the Wiggles, joined the group as a supporting member at the commencement of the tour.", "Caterina Mete, long-standing choreographer for the Wiggles, joined the group as a supporting member at the commencement of the tour. Members Current members Anthony Field – Blue Wiggle (1991–present) Lachlan Gillespie – Purple Wiggle (2013–present) Simon Pryce – Red Wiggle (2013–present) Tsehay Hawkins – Yellow Wiggle (2021–present) Original members Murray Cook – Red Wiggle (1991–2012) Jeff Fatt – Purple Wiggle (1991–2012) Greg Page – Yellow Wiggle (1991–2006, 2012) Phillip Wilcher (1991–1992) Former members Sam Moran – Yellow Wiggle (2006–2012) Emma Watkins – Yellow Wiggle (2013–2021) Supporting members Evie Ferris – Blue Wiggle (2021–present) Kelly Hamilton – Yellow Wiggle (2021–present) John Pearce – Purple Wiggle (2021–present) Caterina Mete – Red Wiggle (2022–present) Musical style The Wiggles have written new music each year since their inception; they sequestered themselves for a month each summer and wrote three albums' worth of original children's music based on simple concepts familiar to young children, and using several genres of music and types of instruments.", "Members Current members Anthony Field – Blue Wiggle (1991–present) Lachlan Gillespie – Purple Wiggle (2013–present) Simon Pryce – Red Wiggle (2013–present) Tsehay Hawkins – Yellow Wiggle (2021–present) Original members Murray Cook – Red Wiggle (1991–2012) Jeff Fatt – Purple Wiggle (1991–2012) Greg Page – Yellow Wiggle (1991–2006, 2012) Phillip Wilcher (1991–1992) Former members Sam Moran – Yellow Wiggle (2006–2012) Emma Watkins – Yellow Wiggle (2013–2021) Supporting members Evie Ferris – Blue Wiggle (2021–present) Kelly Hamilton – Yellow Wiggle (2021–present) John Pearce – Purple Wiggle (2021–present) Caterina Mete – Red Wiggle (2022–present) Musical style The Wiggles have written new music each year since their inception; they sequestered themselves for a month each summer and wrote three albums' worth of original children's music based on simple concepts familiar to young children, and using several genres of music and types of instruments. Most of their songs were short and started with the chorus because they felt that young children needed to be presented with a song's topic in their first few lines.", "Most of their songs were short and started with the chorus because they felt that young children needed to be presented with a song's topic in their first few lines. They wrote songs individually at first, but eventually wrote as a group, often with John Field, trumpet player Dominic Lindsay, and Paddick.", "They wrote songs individually at first, but eventually wrote as a group, often with John Field, trumpet player Dominic Lindsay, and Paddick. Fatt, the only member of the original group without a degree in early childhood education, tended to focus on composing music.", "Fatt, the only member of the original group without a degree in early childhood education, tended to focus on composing music. Fatt told reporter Brian McElhiney, who called the group's songwriting process \"a collaborate affair\", that they wrote repetitive pop songs or jingles, which were appealing to children.", "Fatt told reporter Brian McElhiney, who called the group's songwriting process \"a collaborate affair\", that they wrote repetitive pop songs or jingles, which were appealing to children. Watkins reported that she was invited to write songs for their albums, even though she was primarily a dancer.", "Watkins reported that she was invited to write songs for their albums, even though she was primarily a dancer. John Fogerty of Creedence Clearwater Revival, who appeared in a Wiggles video in 2002, told The New York Times that he was \"very impressed\" with the group's songwriting, especially with their drum sound.", "John Fogerty of Creedence Clearwater Revival, who appeared in a Wiggles video in 2002, told The New York Times that he was \"very impressed\" with the group's songwriting, especially with their drum sound. According to Anthony Field, the transition from writing music for an adult rock band to writing children's music was not a big one for the Wiggles.", "According to Anthony Field, the transition from writing music for an adult rock band to writing children's music was not a big one for the Wiggles. He explained that the music of the Cockroaches and the Wiggles was similar, but just featuring different subject matter in the lyrics.", "He explained that the music of the Cockroaches and the Wiggles was similar, but just featuring different subject matter in the lyrics. Moran stated that the Wiggles wrote songs they liked and would listen to, and then made them appropriate for children.", "Moran stated that the Wiggles wrote songs they liked and would listen to, and then made them appropriate for children. They approached simple and relocatable topics, such as food and nutrition, as teachers would in a pre-school setting, with simple melodies that were easy for children to sing and remember.", "They approached simple and relocatable topics, such as food and nutrition, as teachers would in a pre-school setting, with simple melodies that were easy for children to sing and remember. The group sang the same 60s-style pop as the Cockroaches, but with different lyrics, although they were not confined to songs about love and could write about anything that interested and excited young children, which was limitless.", "The group sang the same 60s-style pop as the Cockroaches, but with different lyrics, although they were not confined to songs about love and could write about anything that interested and excited young children, which was limitless. The music they chose to write and perform was influenced by nursery rhymes, folk music, and rock songs of the 1950s and 1960s.", "The music they chose to write and perform was influenced by nursery rhymes, folk music, and rock songs of the 1950s and 1960s. Page reported, \"First and foremost, we're entertainers\". The Wiggles captured the interest of children by first entertaining them, and then by presenting them with educational messages.", "The Wiggles captured the interest of children by first entertaining them, and then by presenting them with educational messages. The group wrote and performed children's music that was different from what had been done previously; as Cook stated, \"we didn't just go down the route of what people think is kids' music\".", "The group wrote and performed children's music that was different from what had been done previously; as Cook stated, \"we didn't just go down the route of what people think is kids' music\". They were not tied to one style or genre of music and often experimented in the studio; while some of their recordings were orchestral, others had a more live feel.", "They were not tied to one style or genre of music and often experimented in the studio; while some of their recordings were orchestral, others had a more live feel. The group were aware that their songs were often children's first exposure to music.", "The group were aware that their songs were often children's first exposure to music. Guitar Magazine speculated that since Cook was one of the first guitarists children were exposed to, he may be the most influential guitarist in the world.", "Guitar Magazine speculated that since Cook was one of the first guitarists children were exposed to, he may be the most influential guitarist in the world. Cook was conscious that he was probably the first guitarist children would see and appreciated the opportunity to inspire children to learn to play guitar later.", "Cook was conscious that he was probably the first guitarist children would see and appreciated the opportunity to inspire children to learn to play guitar later. In 2013, after Cook retired from touring with the group and became their touring manager, he reported that newer bands like Regular John approached him and said that the Wiggles were the first band \"they got into\".", "In 2013, after Cook retired from touring with the group and became their touring manager, he reported that newer bands like Regular John approached him and said that the Wiggles were the first band \"they got into\". Educational theory The Wiggles' songwriting and performances were rooted in their professional training as pre-school teachers and in the concepts of early childhood education.", "Educational theory The Wiggles' songwriting and performances were rooted in their professional training as pre-school teachers and in the concepts of early childhood education. Field reported, as he studied music for young children at university, being \"shocked ... at the non-inclusive way music for children was usually performed\".", "Field reported, as he studied music for young children at university, being \"shocked ... at the non-inclusive way music for children was usually performed\". According to Field, children had to sit silently as musicians played \"traditional songs often featuring negative or outdated lyrics and dealing with subject matter of no interest to small children\".", "According to Field, children had to sit silently as musicians played \"traditional songs often featuring negative or outdated lyrics and dealing with subject matter of no interest to small children\". The lack of songs with themes and topics that interested children inspired Field to record the Wiggles' first album.", "The lack of songs with themes and topics that interested children inspired Field to record the Wiggles' first album. The group's \"golden rule\", according to Field, was to make the content of their songs and shows \"developmentally appropriate and fun\".", "The group's \"golden rule\", according to Field, was to make the content of their songs and shows \"developmentally appropriate and fun\". Their music, stage shows, and television and DVD productions were developed, as The New York Times reported, \"from the premise that a young child has a short attention span, is curious about a limited number of objects and activities, loves having a job to do and is thrilled by mastering basic movements\".", "Their music, stage shows, and television and DVD productions were developed, as The New York Times reported, \"from the premise that a young child has a short attention span, is curious about a limited number of objects and activities, loves having a job to do and is thrilled by mastering basic movements\". They also respected their audience's intelligence and insight about entertainment, information and honesty.", "They also respected their audience's intelligence and insight about entertainment, information and honesty. As Field said, \"Young children identify with relevant concepts, and enjoy being entertained and being part of the entertainment. They are willing to commit to interacting if you are direct, inclusive, and positive\".", "They are willing to commit to interacting if you are direct, inclusive, and positive\". The group understood that challenging young children to engage in difficult tasks is more effective than simply telling them to do it.", "The group understood that challenging young children to engage in difficult tasks is more effective than simply telling them to do it. They believed that young children were egocentric, so they stared continually into the camera in their videos and TV shows, and explained every action because they believed that young children needed to be told what to expect so that they do not feel left out and in order to feel safe.", "They believed that young children were egocentric, so they stared continually into the camera in their videos and TV shows, and explained every action because they believed that young children needed to be told what to expect so that they do not feel left out and in order to feel safe. The Wiggles' stage shows are full of action and audience participation.", "The Wiggles' stage shows are full of action and audience participation. By the group's \"New Wiggles\" iteration, they featured inside jokes for the adult members of their audience and the bandmembers tended to wander throughout the audience.", "By the group's \"New Wiggles\" iteration, they featured inside jokes for the adult members of their audience and the bandmembers tended to wander throughout the audience. Pryce, as an experienced stage performer, was conscious that their shows were the first live theater young children experienced; as a result, the group adapted the content of their shows to accommodate their audience's development and understanding.", "Pryce, as an experienced stage performer, was conscious that their shows were the first live theater young children experienced; as a result, the group adapted the content of their shows to accommodate their audience's development and understanding. Paddick's role as Captain Feathersword became more important in the mid-1990s, especially in the group's stage shows, when he was able to incorporate his circus and opera training, as well as impersonations that were popular with their audience's parents.", "Paddick's role as Captain Feathersword became more important in the mid-1990s, especially in the group's stage shows, when he was able to incorporate his circus and opera training, as well as impersonations that were popular with their audience's parents. They believed in empowering children by practices such as greeting their audience members with \"Hello, everyone\", instead of \"Hello, boys and girls\" which, as Paul Field explains, \"unnecessarily separates children and has undertones of condescension\".", "They believed in empowering children by practices such as greeting their audience members with \"Hello, everyone\", instead of \"Hello, boys and girls\" which, as Paul Field explains, \"unnecessarily separates children and has undertones of condescension\". Kathleen Warren, the band members' former professor at Macquarie University, believed that the group's practice of asking their audience to \"Wake Up Jeff\" when Fatt pretended to fall asleep was \"very much in keeping with the way they work with children\".", "Kathleen Warren, the band members' former professor at Macquarie University, believed that the group's practice of asking their audience to \"Wake Up Jeff\" when Fatt pretended to fall asleep was \"very much in keeping with the way they work with children\". Warren stated that asking children to interrupt Fatt's slumber helped them build confidence and to feel more in control of their lives.", "Warren stated that asking children to interrupt Fatt's slumber helped them build confidence and to feel more in control of their lives. Fatt was the only original member of the Wiggles without a background in early childhood education; he explained that was the reason falling asleep was chosen as his gimmick and that \"it was a way of getting me involved in the shows without actually having to do anything\".", "Fatt was the only original member of the Wiggles without a background in early childhood education; he explained that was the reason falling asleep was chosen as his gimmick and that \"it was a way of getting me involved in the shows without actually having to do anything\". Paul Field reported that children in the Wiggles' audience felt \"great excitement\" and were disappointed if not given the opportunity to help Jeff in this way.", "Paul Field reported that children in the Wiggles' audience felt \"great excitement\" and were disappointed if not given the opportunity to help Jeff in this way. Anthony Field, who called it \"a simple audience participation and interaction gag we've done since the start of the group\", claimed that it endeared Fatt to their audiences.", "Anthony Field, who called it \"a simple audience participation and interaction gag we've done since the start of the group\", claimed that it endeared Fatt to their audiences. The group's members took turns falling asleep in the early days of the group, but it became Fatt's gimmick because \"it was a perfect fit\".", "The group's members took turns falling asleep in the early days of the group, but it became Fatt's gimmick because \"it was a perfect fit\". When Fatt retired, Gillespie took over the task of falling asleep.", "When Fatt retired, Gillespie took over the task of falling asleep. Simple movements were developed by their choreographers, including Leeanne Ashley, to accompany each song because, as The New York Times reported, they believed \"in the power of basic movements to enchant young children\".", "Simple movements were developed by their choreographers, including Leeanne Ashley, to accompany each song because, as The New York Times reported, they believed \"in the power of basic movements to enchant young children\". According to reporter Anders Wright, they intentionally made mistakes in their dance moves in order to identify more with their young audience.", "According to reporter Anders Wright, they intentionally made mistakes in their dance moves in order to identify more with their young audience. The group incorporated more dancing into their performances after the birth of Field's oldest daughter in 2004.", "The group incorporated more dancing into their performances after the birth of Field's oldest daughter in 2004. In later years, corresponding with Field's developing interests in acrobatics and gymnastics, they added these elements to their stage shows, including, as Field reported, hiring several world-class athletes such as former trampoline champion Karl Shore.", "In later years, corresponding with Field's developing interests in acrobatics and gymnastics, they added these elements to their stage shows, including, as Field reported, hiring several world-class athletes such as former trampoline champion Karl Shore. Watkins, whom Paul Field called \"a dancer of many disciplines\", was initially hired as a member of their troupe and referred to herself as \"mainly a dancer\".", "Watkins, whom Paul Field called \"a dancer of many disciplines\", was initially hired as a member of their troupe and referred to herself as \"mainly a dancer\". Between 1999 and 2003, to test the group's appeal across cultures, Warren used one of the Wiggles' CDs as an educational tool in a village near Madang, on the north coast of Papua New Guinea.", "Between 1999 and 2003, to test the group's appeal across cultures, Warren used one of the Wiggles' CDs as an educational tool in a village near Madang, on the north coast of Papua New Guinea. She found that the Madangese children were able to relate to the group's songs, and that they were able to sing along and participate in their simple choreography.", "She found that the Madangese children were able to relate to the group's songs, and that they were able to sing along and participate in their simple choreography. Although the Wiggles' recorded and performed songs, dances, and musical styles from different cultures and languages, the Wiggles did not find that adapting their music to non-Australian cultures was necessary to reach children in other countries.", "Although the Wiggles' recorded and performed songs, dances, and musical styles from different cultures and languages, the Wiggles did not find that adapting their music to non-Australian cultures was necessary to reach children in other countries. The Wiggles recognised that as long as they spoke at the same level as their audience, their Australian accents would not matter, and that young children were able to adapt to a variety of contexts and to different pronunciations of common words, no matter where they resided.", "The Wiggles recognised that as long as they spoke at the same level as their audience, their Australian accents would not matter, and that young children were able to adapt to a variety of contexts and to different pronunciations of common words, no matter where they resided. Brand and finances Throughout the group's history, the members and management have retained full creative control and ownership of every aspect of their business in an effort to remain as independent as possible.", "Brand and finances Throughout the group's history, the members and management have retained full creative control and ownership of every aspect of their business in an effort to remain as independent as possible. As Field stated, the band's corporation was \"not your regular 'corporate culture'.", "As Field stated, the band's corporation was \"not your regular 'corporate culture'. The group does not have a chief executive, instead making decisions through consensus and made business decisions based upon their experience as performers and their knowledge of early childhood education.", "The group does not have a chief executive, instead making decisions through consensus and made business decisions based upon their experience as performers and their knowledge of early childhood education. Endorsements of toys and other products are made carefully and only with products that correlated with their image.", "Endorsements of toys and other products are made carefully and only with products that correlated with their image. There are high expectations regarding the behaviour and attitude of everyone associated with the group. Other ventures of band's corporation included franchising their concept to Africa, South America, and Taiwan.", "Other ventures of band's corporation included franchising their concept to Africa, South America, and Taiwan. The group also licensed \"Wiggles World\" sections to various theme parks in the United States and Australia, as well as play centres in both regions. The Wiggles became formally consolidated in 2005.", "The Wiggles became formally consolidated in 2005. The group's board of directors consisted of the original three members, as well as Paul Field, who had been the manager of the group since the mid-1990s, and Mike Conway, who had worked for Ernst & Young in England and became a co-manager in 2001.", "The group's board of directors consisted of the original three members, as well as Paul Field, who had been the manager of the group since the mid-1990s, and Mike Conway, who had worked for Ernst & Young in England and became a co-manager in 2001. It was reported that as part owner of the Wiggles, Page was given a A$20 million payout when he left the group in 2006; he officially ceased to be a company shareholder in 2008.", "It was reported that as part owner of the Wiggles, Page was given a A$20 million payout when he left the group in 2006; he officially ceased to be a company shareholder in 2008. After their retirement in 2012, Cook and Fatt, as well as Anthony Field, each retained 30% ownership of the brand, and Paul Field and Conway each owned 5%.", "After their retirement in 2012, Cook and Fatt, as well as Anthony Field, each retained 30% ownership of the brand, and Paul Field and Conway each owned 5%. Gillespie, Pryce and Watkins were reported to be salaried employees when they joined the group in 2012.", "Gillespie, Pryce and Watkins were reported to be salaried employees when they joined the group in 2012. Paul Field departed as the company's general manager in March 2020, in the midst of a period of \"organisational change\".", "Paul Field departed as the company's general manager in March 2020, in the midst of a period of \"organisational change\". It was reported through corporate filings that Watkins and Gillespie each acquired approximately 8% ownership of the business as well as company directorships in June 2018, while Pryce had not gained equity of the group.", "It was reported through corporate filings that Watkins and Gillespie each acquired approximately 8% ownership of the business as well as company directorships in June 2018, while Pryce had not gained equity of the group. At the time of reporting, it was suggested that Anthony Field owned 36% of the brand, becoming the majority shareholder, while Fatt and Cook each owned 24%.", "At the time of reporting, it was suggested that Anthony Field owned 36% of the brand, becoming the majority shareholder, while Fatt and Cook each owned 24%. By 2021, it was estimated that the group earned A$30 million per year. Reception The Wiggles have enjoyed \"almost universal approval\" throughout their history.", "Reception The Wiggles have enjoyed \"almost universal approval\" throughout their history. Their songs have been sung and played in pre-schools around the world. Between 2000 and 2010, the Wiggles earned 21 Gold records.", "Between 2000 and 2010, the Wiggles earned 21 Gold records. The group's albums have been certified by ARIA as double Platinum, Platinum and Gold in Australia, as well as certified Gold in the US. They original group performed, on average, to one million people per year.", "They original group performed, on average, to one million people per year. The Wiggles' music has also received over one billion streams on digital services. In 2014, The Sydney Morning Herald called their shows slick and fast-paced. After 2003, front-row tickets to their sold-out concerts in the US were scalped for US$500.", "After 2003, front-row tickets to their sold-out concerts in the US were scalped for US$500. The group responded by reducing the number of seats sold per transaction, in order to keep prices down and avoid further tickets scalping.", "The group responded by reducing the number of seats sold per transaction, in order to keep prices down and avoid further tickets scalping. In 2008, the group found themselves in the midst of what The Daily Telegraph called a \"ticketing scandal\"; scalpers tried to sell an A$19 ticket on eBay for almost A$2,000 and a set of three tickets for A$315 for concerts in Melbourne, and a group of three tickets to a Wiggles UNICEF charity concert in Sydney had a price tag of A$510.", "In 2008, the group found themselves in the midst of what The Daily Telegraph called a \"ticketing scandal\"; scalpers tried to sell an A$19 ticket on eBay for almost A$2,000 and a set of three tickets for A$315 for concerts in Melbourne, and a group of three tickets to a Wiggles UNICEF charity concert in Sydney had a price tag of A$510. The tickets were taken off eBay and voided.", "The tickets were taken off eBay and voided. In what Paul Field called \"one of the highlights of their 15 years of being together\", The Wiggles were awarded an honorary doctorate degree from Australian Catholic University in 2006. Cook gave an address during the private ceremony honouring them.", "Cook gave an address during the private ceremony honouring them. They were awarded another honorary doctoral degree in 2009 from their alma mater, Macquarie University. The group were named UNICEF goodwill ambassadors in 2008; they held a special concert to raise money for the organisation.", "The group were named UNICEF goodwill ambassadors in 2008; they held a special concert to raise money for the organisation. In 2010, the four original members of the Wiggles were appointed Members of the Order of Australia for their service to the arts in Australia, especially children's entertainment, and for their contributions and support of several charities.", "In 2010, the four original members of the Wiggles were appointed Members of the Order of Australia for their service to the arts in Australia, especially children's entertainment, and for their contributions and support of several charities. They called the honour their \"biggest recognition yet\".", "They called the honour their \"biggest recognition yet\". The group has always invited children with special needs and their families to pre-concert \"meet and greet\" sessions.", "The group has always invited children with special needs and their families to pre-concert \"meet and greet\" sessions. According to Fatt, many parents of these children have reported that the Wiggles' music has enhanced their lives, and that children with autism \"respond to [the] Wiggles and nothing else\".", "According to Fatt, many parents of these children have reported that the Wiggles' music has enhanced their lives, and that children with autism \"respond to [the] Wiggles and nothing else\". The Wiggles, throughout their history, have visited and performed for patients at the Sydney Children's Hospital every Christmas morning.", "The Wiggles, throughout their history, have visited and performed for patients at the Sydney Children's Hospital every Christmas morning. Discography Studio albums The Wiggles (1991) Here Comes a Song (1992) Stories and Songs: The Adventures of Captain Feathersword the Friendly Pirate (1993) Yummy Yummy (1994) Big Red Car (1995) Wake Up Jeff!", "Discography Studio albums The Wiggles (1991) Here Comes a Song (1992) Stories and Songs: The Adventures of Captain Feathersword the Friendly Pirate (1993) Yummy Yummy (1994) Big Red Car (1995) Wake Up Jeff! (1996) Wiggly, Wiggly Christmas (1996) The Wiggles Movie Soundtrack (1997) Toot, Toot!", "(1996) Wiggly, Wiggly Christmas (1996) The Wiggles Movie Soundtrack (1997) Toot, Toot! (1998) It's a Wiggly Wiggly World (2000) Wiggle Time!", "(1998) It's a Wiggly Wiggly World (2000) Wiggle Time! (2000) Yule Be Wiggling (2000) Hoop Dee Doo: It's a Wiggly Party (2001) Wiggly Safari (2002) Wiggle Bay (2002) Go to Sleep Jeff! (2003) Whoo Hoo! Wiggly Gremlins!", "(2003) Whoo Hoo! Wiggly Gremlins! Wiggly Gremlins! (2003) Top of the Tots (2003) Cold Spaghetti Western (2004) Santa's Rockin'! (2004) Sailing Around the World (2005) Here Comes the Big Red Car (2006) It's Time to Wake Up Jeff!", "(2004) Sailing Around the World (2005) Here Comes the Big Red Car (2006) It's Time to Wake Up Jeff! (2006) Splish Splash Big Red Boat (2006) Racing to the Rainbow (2006) Getting Strong! (2007) Pop Go the Wiggles!", "(2007) Pop Go the Wiggles! (2007) You Make Me Feel Like Dancing (2008) Sing a Song of Wiggles (2008) Go Bananas! (2009) Hot Poppin' Popcorn (2009) Let's Eat (2010) Ukulele Baby! (2011) It's Always Christmas with You!", "(2011) It's Always Christmas with You! (2011) Surfer Jeff (2012) Taking Off! (2013) Furry Tales (2013) Pumpkin Face (2013) Go Santa Go! (2013) Apples & Bananas (2014) Wiggle House (2014) Rock & Roll Preschool (2015) Meet the Orchestra!", "(2013) Apples & Bananas (2014) Wiggle House (2014) Rock & Roll Preschool (2015) Meet the Orchestra! (2015) Wiggle Town! (2016) Carnival of the Animals (2016) Dance Dance! (2016) Nursery Rhymes (2017) Duets (2017) Wiggly, Wiggly Christmas!", "(2016) Nursery Rhymes (2017) Duets (2017) Wiggly, Wiggly Christmas! (2017) Nursery Rhymes 2 (2018) Wiggle Pop! (2018) Big Ballet Day! (2019) Party Time!", "(2019) Party Time! (2019) Party Time! (2019) Fun and Games (2020) Choo Choo Trains, Propeller Planes & Toot Toot Chugga Chugga Big Red Car!", "(2019) Fun and Games (2020) Choo Choo Trains, Propeller Planes & Toot Toot Chugga Chugga Big Red Car! (2020) Lullabies with Love (2021) Halloween Party (2021) Awards and nominations Footnotes References Citations Bibliography External links 1991 Australian television series debuts 2000s Australian television series 2010s Australian television series APRA Award winners ARIA Award winners ARIA Hall of Fame inductees Australian Broadcasting Corporation original programming Australian buskers Australian children's musical groups Australian children's television series Disney Channel original programming English-language television shows Musical groups established in 1991 Nick Jr. original programming Television series with live action and animation Treehouse TV original programming Australian children's entertainers Australian children's musicians Australian preschool education television series" ]

[ "The Wiggles", "Departure of Page, Cook, and Fatt", "Why did those 3 depart the group?", "In mid-2012, The Wiggles announced that Page, Fatt, and Cook would be retiring from touring with the group;", "Did they have specific reasons for leaving the group?", "because he found it too difficult to give up and because he still had a passion for educating children.", "who left first?", "Fatt and Cook had been talking about quitting touring for many years; Cook announced his intention to retire first," ]

[ "\"We'll Be One\" is a pop song performed by Nikki Webster at the 2000 Summer Olympics closing ceremony. It was written by Kylieann Hewitt and Philip Turcio, produced by Chong Lim and is featured on the 2000 Summer Olympics closing ceremony soundtrack. It was released in October 2000 as a CD single in Australia. The song is about all the nations coming together and becoming one. Webster was only 13 years old at the time of the song's release.\n\nTrack listing\n\"We'll Be One\"\n\"Under Southern Skies\"\n\"Advance Australia Fair\"\n\"Journey of Angels\"\n\nCharts\n\nReferences\n\n2000 debut singles\nNikki Webster songs\n2000 Summer Olympics\nOlympic theme songs\n2000 songs\nColumbia Records singles", "1968 BBC Farewell Spectacular is a live album credited to Judith Durham and The Seekers. The album is recording of their final performance together recorded and televised by the BBC. The track list and show is largely the same as the 1968 release Live at the Talk of the Town recorded a week earlier. The album was issued on CD 1999 on Mushroom Records and peaked at number 12 in Australia in April 2000.\n\nThe concert was the last time the original members performed together until 1993.\n\nReception\nRichie Unterberger, in his review for AllMusic wrote, \"In July 1968, the Seekers did an official farewell concert for BBC television. While this 18-song television special was well filmed and well performed, it might be a bit of a letdown for Seekers fans who value the group for the pop-folk style for which they were most famous. For it is presented as something of a variety show in which the quartet sing tunes in several styles, including traditional Australian folk, jazz, rock & roll and even a ragtime piano solo spot for Judith Durham (\"Maple Leaf Rag\"). You'll also have to put up with some obviously carefully scripted and rehearsed between-song comedy routines that are somewhat amusing, but pretty corny. On the other hand, this does have quality non-mimed performances in the closely harmonized pop-folk vein that was their forte.\"\n\nTrack listing\nSide A\n \"Music of the World a Turnin'\" (Estelle Levitt, Don Thomas) \n \"I'll Never Find Another You\" (Tom Springfield)\n \"With My Swag All On My Shoulder\" (The Seekers)\n \"Hello Mary Lou\" (Gene Pitney)\n \"I Wish You Could Be Here\" (Bruce Woodley, Simon)\n \"We Shall Not Be Moved\" (traditional)\n \"Morningtown Ride\" (Reynolds)\n \"A World of Our Own\" (Springfield)\n \"Rattler\" (Woodley)\n \"The Olive Tree\" (Tom Springfield, Diane Lampert)\n \"Colours of My Life\" (Reilly, Durham)\n \"Sweet Adeline\" (Henry W. Armstrong, Richard Gerard)\n \"Maple Leaf Rag\" (Scott Joplin, Russell, Styne)\n \"Angeline is Always Friday\" (Woodley, Paxton)\n \"Love Is Kind, Love Is Wine\" (Woodley)\n \"Georgy Girl\" (Springfield, Dale)\n \"The Carnival Is Over\" (Springfield)\n \"Georgy Girl\" (Reprise)\n\nCharts\n\nCertification\n\nSee also\n Live at the Talk of the Town (1968)\n\nReferences\n\nLive albums by Australian artists\nMushroom Records albums\nThe Seekers albums\n1999 live albums\nalbums produced by Mickie Most" ]

[ "The Wiggles are an Australian children's music group formed in Sydney, New South Wales in 1991. The group are currently composed of Anthony Field, Lachlan Gillespie, Simon Pryce and Tsehay Hawkins. The Wiggles were founded in 1991 by Field, Murray Cook, Jeff Fatt, Greg Page and Phillip Wilcher.", "The Wiggles were founded in 1991 by Field, Murray Cook, Jeff Fatt, Greg Page and Phillip Wilcher. Wilcher left the group after their first album. Page retired in 2006 due to ill health and was replaced by understudy Sam Moran, but returned in 2012, replacing Moran.", "Page retired in 2006 due to ill health and was replaced by understudy Sam Moran, but returned in 2012, replacing Moran. At the end of 2012, Cook, Fatt and Page retired and were replaced by Gillespie, Pryce and Emma Watkins.", "At the end of 2012, Cook, Fatt and Page retired and were replaced by Gillespie, Pryce and Emma Watkins. Cook and Fatt retained their shareholding in the group and all three continued to have input into its creative and production aspects. Watkins departed the group in 2021, with Hawkins taking her place.", "Watkins departed the group in 2021, with Hawkins taking her place. Field and Fatt were members of the Australian pop band The Cockroaches in the 1980s, and Cook was a member of several bands before meeting Field and Page at Macquarie University, where they were studying to become pre-school teachers.", "Field and Fatt were members of the Australian pop band The Cockroaches in the 1980s, and Cook was a member of several bands before meeting Field and Page at Macquarie University, where they were studying to become pre-school teachers. In 1991, Field was inspired to create an album of children's music based upon concepts of early childhood education, and he enlisted Cook, Page, and Fatt to assist him.", "In 1991, Field was inspired to create an album of children's music based upon concepts of early childhood education, and he enlisted Cook, Page, and Fatt to assist him. They began touring to promote the album and became so successful, they quit their teaching jobs to perform full-time.", "They began touring to promote the album and became so successful, they quit their teaching jobs to perform full-time. The group augmented their act with costumed characters Dorothy the Dinosaur, Henry the Octopus and Wags the Dog, as well as the human character Captain Feathersword, played by Paul Paddick since 1993.", "The group augmented their act with costumed characters Dorothy the Dinosaur, Henry the Octopus and Wags the Dog, as well as the human character Captain Feathersword, played by Paul Paddick since 1993. Shirley Shawn the Unicorn was later introduced. They originally travelled with a small group of dancers, which later grew into a larger troupe.", "They originally travelled with a small group of dancers, which later grew into a larger troupe. The group's DVDs, CDs and television programs have been produced independently since their inception. Their high point came in the early 2000s, after they broke into the American market. The group were formally consolidated in 2005.", "The group were formally consolidated in 2005. They were listed at the top of Business Review Weeklys top-earning Australian entertainers four years in a row and earned A$45 million in 2009.", "They were listed at the top of Business Review Weeklys top-earning Australian entertainers four years in a row and earned A$45 million in 2009. In 2011, the worldwide recession hit the Wiggles, as it had done for many Australian entertainers; they earned $28 million, but they still appeared second on BRW's list that year.", "In 2011, the worldwide recession hit the Wiggles, as it had done for many Australian entertainers; they earned $28 million, but they still appeared second on BRW's list that year. The Wiggles have enjoyed almost universal approval throughout their history, and their music has been played in pre-schools all over the world.", "The Wiggles have enjoyed almost universal approval throughout their history, and their music has been played in pre-schools all over the world. They have earned multiple Gold, Platinum and double Platinum records; have sold 23 million DVDs and 7 million CDs; and have performed, on average, to one million people per year.", "They have earned multiple Gold, Platinum and double Platinum records; have sold 23 million DVDs and 7 million CDs; and have performed, on average, to one million people per year. The band has earned multiple Australasian Performing Rights Association (APRA) and Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) Music Awards, and they have been inducted into the ARIA Hall of Fame.", "The band has earned multiple Australasian Performing Rights Association (APRA) and Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) Music Awards, and they have been inducted into the ARIA Hall of Fame. History 1988–1991: Background Anthony Field and Jeff Fatt were members of the Cockroaches, a Sydney pop band known for their \"good-time R&B material\" and several singles recorded by independent labels during the 1980s.", "History 1988–1991: Background Anthony Field and Jeff Fatt were members of the Cockroaches, a Sydney pop band known for their \"good-time R&B material\" and several singles recorded by independent labels during the 1980s. In 1988, Field's infant niece, who was the daughter of Cockroaches founder and band member Paul Field, died of SIDS, causing the group to disband.", "In 1988, Field's infant niece, who was the daughter of Cockroaches founder and band member Paul Field, died of SIDS, causing the group to disband. Anthony Field enrolled at Macquarie University in Sydney to complete his degree in early childhood education, and later stated that his niece's death \"ultimately led to the formation of [the] Wiggles\".", "Anthony Field enrolled at Macquarie University in Sydney to complete his degree in early childhood education, and later stated that his niece's death \"ultimately led to the formation of [the] Wiggles\". Murray Cook, also \"a mature-aged student\", was the guitarist in the pub rock band Bang Shang a Lang before enrolling at Macquarie.", "Murray Cook, also \"a mature-aged student\", was the guitarist in the pub rock band Bang Shang a Lang before enrolling at Macquarie. Greg Page, who had been a roadie for and sang with the Cockroaches during their final years, had enrolled in Macquarie to study early childhood education on Field's recommendation.", "Greg Page, who had been a roadie for and sang with the Cockroaches during their final years, had enrolled in Macquarie to study early childhood education on Field's recommendation. Field, Cook, and Page were among approximately 10 men in a program with 200 students.", "Field, Cook, and Page were among approximately 10 men in a program with 200 students. In 1991, while still a student, Field became motivated to use concepts in the field of early childhood education to record an album of music for children. The album was dedicated to Field's niece.", "The album was dedicated to Field's niece. A song he wrote for the Cockroaches, \"Get Ready to Wiggle\", inspired the band's name because they thought that wiggling described the way children dance. Like a university assignment, they produced a folder of essays that explained the educational value of each song on the album.", "Like a university assignment, they produced a folder of essays that explained the educational value of each song on the album. They needed a keyboardist \"to bolster the rock'n'roll feel of the project\", so Field asked his old bandmate Fatt for his assistance in what they thought would be a temporary project.", "They needed a keyboardist \"to bolster the rock'n'roll feel of the project\", so Field asked his old bandmate Fatt for his assistance in what they thought would be a temporary project. The group received songwriting help from John Field, Anthony's brother and former bandmate, and from Phillip Wilcher, who was working with the early childhood music program at Macquarie.", "The group received songwriting help from John Field, Anthony's brother and former bandmate, and from Phillip Wilcher, who was working with the early childhood music program at Macquarie. After contributing to their first album, hosting the group's first recording sessions in his Sydney home, and appearing in a couple of the group's first videos, Wilcher left the group and went into classical music.", "After contributing to their first album, hosting the group's first recording sessions in his Sydney home, and appearing in a couple of the group's first videos, Wilcher left the group and went into classical music. The group reworked a few Cockroaches tunes to better fit the genre of children's music; for example, the Cockroaches song \"Hot Tamale\", written by John Field, was changed to \"Hot Potato\".", "The group reworked a few Cockroaches tunes to better fit the genre of children's music; for example, the Cockroaches song \"Hot Tamale\", written by John Field, was changed to \"Hot Potato\". Anthony Field gave copies of their album to his young students to test out the effect of the group's music on children; one mother returned it the next day because her child would not stop listening to it.", "Anthony Field gave copies of their album to his young students to test out the effect of the group's music on children; one mother returned it the next day because her child would not stop listening to it. To promote their first album, the Wiggles filmed two music videos with the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) and created a self-produced, forty-minute-long video version.", "To promote their first album, the Wiggles filmed two music videos with the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) and created a self-produced, forty-minute-long video version. Finances were limited, so there was no post-production editing of the video project.", "Finances were limited, so there was no post-production editing of the video project. They used Field's nieces and nephews as additional cast, and hired the band's girlfriends to perform in character costumes. Cook's wife made their first costumes.", "Cook's wife made their first costumes. They used two cameras and visually checked the performance of each song; that way, according to Paul Field, it took them less time to complete a forty-minute video than it took other production companies to complete a three-minute music video.", "They used two cameras and visually checked the performance of each song; that way, according to Paul Field, it took them less time to complete a forty-minute video than it took other production companies to complete a three-minute music video. 1991–1993: Early career The Cockroaches' former manager, Jeremy Fabinyi, became the group's first manager.", "1991–1993: Early career The Cockroaches' former manager, Jeremy Fabinyi, became the group's first manager. Using their previous connections, he negotiated with the ABC to help them promote their first recording. The album cost approximately A$4,000 to produce and it sold 100,000 copies in 1991.", "The album cost approximately A$4,000 to produce and it sold 100,000 copies in 1991. Anthony Field and Cook got teaching jobs, while Page finished his degree, so they could only perform during school holidays; finding time to do so was, as Field reported, \"challenging\".", "Anthony Field and Cook got teaching jobs, while Page finished his degree, so they could only perform during school holidays; finding time to do so was, as Field reported, \"challenging\". Fabinyi advised them to tour in unusual settings throughout Sydney and New South Wales.", "Fabinyi advised them to tour in unusual settings throughout Sydney and New South Wales. The Wiggles' debut performance was at a friend's daycare facility in Randwick, New South Wales, for about a dozen children.", "The Wiggles' debut performance was at a friend's daycare facility in Randwick, New South Wales, for about a dozen children. They played for crowds at shopping centres like Westfield in Sydney and at small pre-school events and parties, and busked at Circular Quay, then moved on to regional tours and shows for playgroup associations, averaging about 300 people in the audience.", "They played for crowds at shopping centres like Westfield in Sydney and at small pre-school events and parties, and busked at Circular Quay, then moved on to regional tours and shows for playgroup associations, averaging about 300 people in the audience. They were promoted by local playgroups or nursing mothers' associations with whom they split their proceeds.", "They were promoted by local playgroups or nursing mothers' associations with whom they split their proceeds. They performed at pre-schools with other ABC children's performers; when 500 people attended these concerts just to see the Wiggles, they started doing their own shows, and according to Field, \"Suddenly people started rolling up to performances in astonishing numbers\".", "They performed at pre-schools with other ABC children's performers; when 500 people attended these concerts just to see the Wiggles, they started doing their own shows, and according to Field, \"Suddenly people started rolling up to performances in astonishing numbers\". In 1993, Field, Cook, and Page decided to give up teaching for a year to focus on performing full-time, along with Fatt, to see if they could make a living out of it.", "In 1993, Field, Cook, and Page decided to give up teaching for a year to focus on performing full-time, along with Fatt, to see if they could make a living out of it. As Fatt reported, \"it was very much a cottage industry\".", "As Fatt reported, \"it was very much a cottage industry\". They used many of the business techniques developed by the Cockroaches, choosing to remain as independent and self-contained as possible. John Field, Mike Conway, who later became the Wiggles' general manager, trumpeter Dominic Lindsay, and Cockroaches saxophonist Daniel Fallon performed with them.", "John Field, Mike Conway, who later became the Wiggles' general manager, trumpeter Dominic Lindsay, and Cockroaches saxophonist Daniel Fallon performed with them. Anthony Field, with input from the other members, led most of the production of their music, home video releases, and live shows.", "Anthony Field, with input from the other members, led most of the production of their music, home video releases, and live shows. Their act was later augmented with supporting characters: the \"friendly pirate\" Captain Feathersword and the costumed characters Dorothy the Dinosaur, Henry the Octopus, and Wags the Dog.", "Their act was later augmented with supporting characters: the \"friendly pirate\" Captain Feathersword and the costumed characters Dorothy the Dinosaur, Henry the Octopus, and Wags the Dog. These characters were initially performed by the band members themselves: Field played Captain Feathersword and Wags; Cook played Dorothy; and Fatt played Henry.", "These characters were initially performed by the band members themselves: Field played Captain Feathersword and Wags; Cook played Dorothy; and Fatt played Henry. In 1993, actor Paul Paddick permanently joined the group to play Captain Feathersword; he later became known as \"the fifth Wiggle\" and was as popular as the regular bandmembers.", "In 1993, actor Paul Paddick permanently joined the group to play Captain Feathersword; he later became known as \"the fifth Wiggle\" and was as popular as the regular bandmembers. At first, the group travelled with a small group of dancers hired from a local dance studio to perform with them.", "At first, the group travelled with a small group of dancers hired from a local dance studio to perform with them. After the production of their second album, the Wiggles, who were called by their first names when they performed, began to wear costumes on stage as Fabinyi suggested and as the Cockroaches had done, and adopted colour-coded shirts: Page in yellow, Cook in red, Fatt in purple, and Field in blue.", "After the production of their second album, the Wiggles, who were called by their first names when they performed, began to wear costumes on stage as Fabinyi suggested and as the Cockroaches had done, and adopted colour-coded shirts: Page in yellow, Cook in red, Fatt in purple, and Field in blue. The coloured shirts also made it easier for their young audience to identify them.", "The coloured shirts also made it easier for their young audience to identify them. As Field reported, the decision to emphasise colour was \"a no-brainer, considering our pre-school-age audience\".", "As Field reported, the decision to emphasise colour was \"a no-brainer, considering our pre-school-age audience\". Cook and Fatt already owned shirts in their colours, but Field and Page \"met in a Sydney department store and literally raced to see who got the blue shirt\".", "Cook and Fatt already owned shirts in their colours, but Field and Page \"met in a Sydney department store and literally raced to see who got the blue shirt\". 1993–2004: Australian and international success Through the rest of the 1990s, the Wiggles maintained a busy recording and touring schedule, becoming as Field reported and despite his strong dislike of touring, \"the hardest-working touring act in the country\".", "1993–2004: Australian and international success Through the rest of the 1990s, the Wiggles maintained a busy recording and touring schedule, becoming as Field reported and despite his strong dislike of touring, \"the hardest-working touring act in the country\". They released multiple albums and home videos and, depending upon the word of mouth of their audience, performed to increasingly large audiences in Australia and New Zealand despite having to re-introduce themselves to a new audience of children approximately every three years.", "They released multiple albums and home videos and, depending upon the word of mouth of their audience, performed to increasingly large audiences in Australia and New Zealand despite having to re-introduce themselves to a new audience of children approximately every three years. They produced a new album and video each year and toured to promote them.", "They produced a new album and video each year and toured to promote them. By late 1993, they \"grew bigger than anyone had thought\", and hundreds attended their concerts; by 1995 they had set records for music and video sales.", "By late 1993, they \"grew bigger than anyone had thought\", and hundreds attended their concerts; by 1995 they had set records for music and video sales. In 1997, Twentieth Century Fox produced a feature-length film, The Wiggles Movie, which became the fifth-highest grossing Australian film of 1998, earning over a million-and-a-half dollars.", "In 1997, Twentieth Century Fox produced a feature-length film, The Wiggles Movie, which became the fifth-highest grossing Australian film of 1998, earning over a million-and-a-half dollars. In spite of their early success in Australia, Paul Field reported that the band was unable to produce a television program on the ABC, where they felt they would receive the most exposure to the pre-school market.", "In spite of their early success in Australia, Paul Field reported that the band was unable to produce a television program on the ABC, where they felt they would receive the most exposure to the pre-school market. \"Around 1996–1997\", they filmed a television pilot for the ABC, but as The Sydney Morning Herald reported in 2002, \"the project never got off the ground due to irreconcilable artistic differences\".", "\"Around 1996–1997\", they filmed a television pilot for the ABC, but as The Sydney Morning Herald reported in 2002, \"the project never got off the ground due to irreconcilable artistic differences\". As a result, the Wiggles financed a TV program of 13 episodes themselves and sold it to Disney Channel in Australia and to Channel Seven, where it became a hit.", "As a result, the Wiggles financed a TV program of 13 episodes themselves and sold it to Disney Channel in Australia and to Channel Seven, where it became a hit. By 1998, the Wiggles were ready to move on to international markets, despite its members' health issues, especially Anthony Field's.", "By 1998, the Wiggles were ready to move on to international markets, despite its members' health issues, especially Anthony Field's. The reaction of producers in the UK was less positive than the group would have liked, although they were eventually able to make inroads there, but their real success came in the US.", "The reaction of producers in the UK was less positive than the group would have liked, although they were eventually able to make inroads there, but their real success came in the US. Disney arranged for them to perform at Disneyland in California, where they were discovered by Lyrick Studios, the producers of Barney & Friends.", "Disney arranged for them to perform at Disneyland in California, where they were discovered by Lyrick Studios, the producers of Barney & Friends. Both Anthony and Paul Field reported that Lyrick, despite their initial misgivings about whether American audiences would accept the band's Australian accents, came to understand the Wiggles and their goals, and after successful tests with American children, enthusiastically promoted them.", "Both Anthony and Paul Field reported that Lyrick, despite their initial misgivings about whether American audiences would accept the band's Australian accents, came to understand the Wiggles and their goals, and after successful tests with American children, enthusiastically promoted them. The Wiggles used many of the same promotion techniques in the US that they had used in Australia, and chose to keep their concerts simple and maintain the same values that were successful in Australia.", "The Wiggles used many of the same promotion techniques in the US that they had used in Australia, and chose to keep their concerts simple and maintain the same values that were successful in Australia. The Wiggles performed during the intermission of Barney Live stage shows, which The New York Times likened to \"getting the warm-up slot for the Stones\" in the pre-school entertainment world.", "The Wiggles performed during the intermission of Barney Live stage shows, which The New York Times likened to \"getting the warm-up slot for the Stones\" in the pre-school entertainment world. In 2000, when video sales took off in the US, Lyrick began to distribute Wiggles videos and advertised them by including Wiggles shorts as trailers in their Barney videos, which, as Anthony Field stated, \"pushed us over the edge\".", "In 2000, when video sales took off in the US, Lyrick began to distribute Wiggles videos and advertised them by including Wiggles shorts as trailers in their Barney videos, which, as Anthony Field stated, \"pushed us over the edge\". At first, the group's videos were distributed in boutique stores such as FAO Schwarz and Zany Brainy, and on-line.", "At first, the group's videos were distributed in boutique stores such as FAO Schwarz and Zany Brainy, and on-line. According to Paul Field, they entered the mass media market when their videos became top-sellers at Amazon.com, and their first two videos, Yummy Yummy and Wiggle Time, landed in the top ten at Amazon.com.", "According to Paul Field, they entered the mass media market when their videos became top-sellers at Amazon.com, and their first two videos, Yummy Yummy and Wiggle Time, landed in the top ten at Amazon.com. Stores such as Wal-Mart began to take notice, and began to sell Wiggles videos.", "Stores such as Wal-Mart began to take notice, and began to sell Wiggles videos. The band released nine DVDs in the next three years to keep up with the demand. As they had done in Australia, the Wiggles chose to tour, but start off small, with simple props and sets instead of hiring a touring company.", "As they had done in Australia, the Wiggles chose to tour, but start off small, with simple props and sets instead of hiring a touring company. Some of their first appearances in America were at Blockbuster Video parking lots in 1999 to small audiences—as Fatt said, \"a dozen people\".", "Some of their first appearances in America were at Blockbuster Video parking lots in 1999 to small audiences—as Fatt said, \"a dozen people\". They performed at small venues such as church halls and 500-seat theatres in Brooklyn and New Jersey, and upgraded to larger venues as ticket sales increased.", "They performed at small venues such as church halls and 500-seat theatres in Brooklyn and New Jersey, and upgraded to larger venues as ticket sales increased. Anthony Field reported that one week they would perform to 8,000 in Sydney and to 20 people the following week at a parking lot in a small town in the US.", "Anthony Field reported that one week they would perform to 8,000 in Sydney and to 20 people the following week at a parking lot in a small town in the US. One time, they performed for a dozen people at the Mall of America in Minnesota, but half of the audience were hired by Lyrick.", "One time, they performed for a dozen people at the Mall of America in Minnesota, but half of the audience were hired by Lyrick. Eventually, they moved to larger arenas such as the Beacon Theatre and Madison Square Garden. They performed at SeaWorld in Orlando, Florida, for six weeks.", "They performed at SeaWorld in Orlando, Florida, for six weeks. Their audiences began to increase, and they toured Australia, New Zealand, Hong Kong, the US, and the UK.", "Their audiences began to increase, and they toured Australia, New Zealand, Hong Kong, the US, and the UK. The Wiggles' popularity in the US increased \"in the shell-shocked weeks after the terrorist attacks on New York City in 2001\", when the group performed there, even when other acts cancelled their tours, a decision that earned them loyalty and respect.", "The Wiggles' popularity in the US increased \"in the shell-shocked weeks after the terrorist attacks on New York City in 2001\", when the group performed there, even when other acts cancelled their tours, a decision that earned them loyalty and respect. According to Cook, the press proclaimed that they were braver than many Australian sports teams that had cancelled their appearances.", "According to Cook, the press proclaimed that they were braver than many Australian sports teams that had cancelled their appearances. Paul Field stated, \"New York has really embraced them. It was a kind of watershed.\"", "It was a kind of watershed.\" Strong sales of the Wiggles videos eventually caught the attention of Disney Channel in the US, who was impressed by their \"strong pro-social message\". In January 2002, Disney began showing Wiggles video clips between their programs.", "In January 2002, Disney began showing Wiggles video clips between their programs. By June of that year, the popularity of the clips prompted Disney Channel to add both of the Wiggles' television series to their schedule and showed full episodes multiple times per day.", "By June of that year, the popularity of the clips prompted Disney Channel to add both of the Wiggles' television series to their schedule and showed full episodes multiple times per day. Anthony Field reported that despite their \"modest production values\", the shows were popular with pre-schoolers.", "Anthony Field reported that despite their \"modest production values\", the shows were popular with pre-schoolers. Beginning in 2002, the Wiggles filmed four series worth of television programs exclusively with the ABC. The network called them \"the most successful property that the ABC has represented in the pre-school genre\".", "The network called them \"the most successful property that the ABC has represented in the pre-school genre\". By the end of 2002, according to Field, \"we knew we were involved in something extraordinary in the US\".", "By the end of 2002, according to Field, \"we knew we were involved in something extraordinary in the US\". Their concert schedule in North America doubled, seemingly overnight; they began performing up to 520 shows per year all over the world.", "Their concert schedule in North America doubled, seemingly overnight; they began performing up to 520 shows per year all over the world. They also began to produce other stage shows in places the Wiggles themselves were unable to visit, in Australia, the UK, and US, that featured their characters, a host, and a few dancers.", "They also began to produce other stage shows in places the Wiggles themselves were unable to visit, in Australia, the UK, and US, that featured their characters, a host, and a few dancers. The Age called this time period (about the mid-2000s) the group's \"high point\"; they earned A$45 million a year in revenues, and had several licensing deals and an international distribution agreement with Disney.", "The Age called this time period (about the mid-2000s) the group's \"high point\"; they earned A$45 million a year in revenues, and had several licensing deals and an international distribution agreement with Disney. Despite their success, Anthony Field almost left the group in 2004, shortly after his marriage and the birth of his first child, due to his serious medical issues, which were worsened by the Wiggles' demanding tour schedule.", "Despite their success, Anthony Field almost left the group in 2004, shortly after his marriage and the birth of his first child, due to his serious medical issues, which were worsened by the Wiggles' demanding tour schedule. After meeting chiropractor James Stoxen in Chicago, Field improved his health to the point that he was able to continue.", "After meeting chiropractor James Stoxen in Chicago, Field improved his health to the point that he was able to continue. He began to hire teams of chiropractors for himself, his fellow bandmembers, and cast members in every city they performed, which he credited with making it possible for them to fulfill their touring requirements.", "He began to hire teams of chiropractors for himself, his fellow bandmembers, and cast members in every city they performed, which he credited with making it possible for them to fulfill their touring requirements. 2005–2006: Page's retirement In December 2005, lead singer Page, at age 33, underwent a double hernia operation.", "2005–2006: Page's retirement In December 2005, lead singer Page, at age 33, underwent a double hernia operation. He withdrew from the Wiggles' US tour in August 2006, after suffering fainting spells, lethargy, nausea, and loss of balance.", "He withdrew from the Wiggles' US tour in August 2006, after suffering fainting spells, lethargy, nausea, and loss of balance. He returned to Australia, where doctors diagnosed his condition as orthostatic intolerance, a chronic but not life-threatening condition. Page's final performance with the Wiggles was in Kingston, Rhode Island.", "Page's final performance with the Wiggles was in Kingston, Rhode Island. On 30 November 2006, the Wiggles announced Page's retirement from the group.", "On 30 November 2006, the Wiggles announced Page's retirement from the group. \"I'll miss being a part of the Wiggles very much, but this is the right decision because it will allow me to focus on managing my health\", Page said in a video message, which The Sydney Morning Herald called \"unsettling\", posted on the group's web page.", "\"I'll miss being a part of the Wiggles very much, but this is the right decision because it will allow me to focus on managing my health\", Page said in a video message, which The Sydney Morning Herald called \"unsettling\", posted on the group's web page. Page was replaced by Sam Moran, who had served as an understudy for the Wiggles for five years and had already stood in for Page for 150 shows.", "Page was replaced by Sam Moran, who had served as an understudy for the Wiggles for five years and had already stood in for Page for 150 shows. Initially, the Wiggles struggled over their decision to replace Page, but after their audience's positive response to Moran, they decided to continue as a group because they thought that was what their young audience would want.", "Initially, the Wiggles struggled over their decision to replace Page, but after their audience's positive response to Moran, they decided to continue as a group because they thought that was what their young audience would want. According to Fatt, who called it \"a huge decision\" and \"a teachable moment\" for them, they chose to be honest with their young audience as they made the transition from Page to Moran.", "According to Fatt, who called it \"a huge decision\" and \"a teachable moment\" for them, they chose to be honest with their young audience as they made the transition from Page to Moran. As part owner of the Wiggles, Page received a payout of about $20 million.", "As part owner of the Wiggles, Page received a payout of about $20 million. 2006–2012: Moran era Although Moran's transition as the Wiggles' lead singer was \"smooth\" for the young children of their audience, it was more difficult for their parents. Moran said that \"most children understood\".", "Moran said that \"most children understood\". Field reported that by the group's 20th anniversary in 2011, due to the ever-changing nature of their audience, most of their young fans were unfamiliar with Page. Cook stated that Moran's transition was challenging for the group because replacing their lead singer \"changed their sound\".", "Cook stated that Moran's transition was challenging for the group because replacing their lead singer \"changed their sound\". Fatt characterised Moran's singing style as more operatic, so they chose different keys to sing and perform.", "Fatt characterised Moran's singing style as more operatic, so they chose different keys to sing and perform. The Wiggles never publicly disclosed how much Moran was paid, but it was reported that he earned $200,000 per year.", "The Wiggles never publicly disclosed how much Moran was paid, but it was reported that he earned $200,000 per year. Moran was featured in his first album and video as a member of the group in early 2007, and a new series of the Wiggles' television program featuring Moran was filmed and began airing in Australia.", "Moran was featured in his first album and video as a member of the group in early 2007, and a new series of the Wiggles' television program featuring Moran was filmed and began airing in Australia. At the end of 2007, the Wiggles donated their complete back catalogue of 27 master tapes to Australia's National Film and Sound Archive.", "At the end of 2007, the Wiggles donated their complete back catalogue of 27 master tapes to Australia's National Film and Sound Archive. Their business ventures during these years included opening up \"Wiggles World\" sections in theme parks in North America and the Arab World, internet offerings, the creation of new television shows, and a five-year-long partnership with the American television network Sprout in 2009.", "Their business ventures during these years included opening up \"Wiggles World\" sections in theme parks in North America and the Arab World, internet offerings, the creation of new television shows, and a five-year-long partnership with the American television network Sprout in 2009. In December 2010, Cinemalive beamed a Wiggles concert live from Acer Arena into movie theatres all over Australia, for children and their families unable to attend their shows.", "In December 2010, Cinemalive beamed a Wiggles concert live from Acer Arena into movie theatres all over Australia, for children and their families unable to attend their shows. In early July 2011, Fatt developed arrhythmia and underwent \"urgent but routine\" heart surgery, when he was fitted with a pacemaker after feeling unwell for several weeks and blacking out.", "In early July 2011, Fatt developed arrhythmia and underwent \"urgent but routine\" heart surgery, when he was fitted with a pacemaker after feeling unwell for several weeks and blacking out. He missed the group's US tour as a result, after not missing a show in 20 years.", "He missed the group's US tour as a result, after not missing a show in 20 years. Also in mid-2011, the Wiggles celebrated their 20th anniversary with circus-themed shows and performances throughout Australia and the outback in a circus tent, as well as a \"physically grueling\" birthday-themed tour of 90 shows throughout Australia, which Paul Field called \"one of the biggest of their careers\".", "Also in mid-2011, the Wiggles celebrated their 20th anniversary with circus-themed shows and performances throughout Australia and the outback in a circus tent, as well as a \"physically grueling\" birthday-themed tour of 90 shows throughout Australia, which Paul Field called \"one of the biggest of their careers\". Sydney's Powerhouse Museum commemorated the group's anniversary with an exhibit that displayed Wiggles memorabilia.", "Sydney's Powerhouse Museum commemorated the group's anniversary with an exhibit that displayed Wiggles memorabilia. In 2011, the worldwide financial crisis hit the group, and they recorded their first drop in revenues in 10 years, at approximately $2.5 million, a total decrease of 28 percent.", "In 2011, the worldwide financial crisis hit the group, and they recorded their first drop in revenues in 10 years, at approximately $2.5 million, a total decrease of 28 percent. Royalties partially offset the difference between their 2010 and 2011 revenues. Their managing director Mike Conway called 2011 their toughest year financially.", "Their managing director Mike Conway called 2011 their toughest year financially. For the first time, they had negative equity, with more liabilities than assets, and the owners had to provide the funds for them to continue operations.", "For the first time, they had negative equity, with more liabilities than assets, and the owners had to provide the funds for them to continue operations. Conway stated that their losses were due to less touring time in the US, difficulties in placing their DVDs in Walmart, and their required investment in a new digital platform.", "Conway stated that their losses were due to less touring time in the US, difficulties in placing their DVDs in Walmart, and their required investment in a new digital platform. 2012: Reunion with Page and departure of Cook, Fatt and Page In January 2012, and amidst a great deal of controversy, the Wiggles announced that Page had regained his health and was returning to the group in the place of Moran.", "2012: Reunion with Page and departure of Cook, Fatt and Page In January 2012, and amidst a great deal of controversy, the Wiggles announced that Page had regained his health and was returning to the group in the place of Moran. He returned as an employee \"exactly on the same level as [Moran]\", rather than a co-owner, having relinquished his business interest in the group after he left in 2006.", "He returned as an employee \"exactly on the same level as [Moran]\", rather than a co-owner, having relinquished his business interest in the group after he left in 2006. According to The Sydney Morning Herald, the band members' interest in Page's return was sparked when they reunited during the group's induction in the ARIA Hall of Fame in November 2011.", "According to The Sydney Morning Herald, the band members' interest in Page's return was sparked when they reunited during the group's induction in the ARIA Hall of Fame in November 2011. It was originally planned for Page to remain with the group temporarily until August 2012. Business Review Weekly reported that the presentation of Moran's departure had been mishandled and had potentially damaged their brand image.", "It was originally planned for Page to remain with the group temporarily until August 2012. Business Review Weekly reported that the presentation of Moran's departure had been mishandled and had potentially damaged their brand image. Paul Field agreed, stating that they \"could have handled the communication and management of the transition better\".", "Paul Field agreed, stating that they \"could have handled the communication and management of the transition better\". Cook later admitted that they were shocked by the backlash in the press and among the parents of their audience.", "Cook later admitted that they were shocked by the backlash in the press and among the parents of their audience. As part of his severance package, Moran continued to collect song royalties and was granted use of the Wiggles' studios.", "As part of his severance package, Moran continued to collect song royalties and was granted use of the Wiggles' studios. In mid-2012, the Wiggles announced that Cook, Fatt and Page would be retiring from touring with the group; Emma Watkins, the first female member of the Wiggles, replaced Page, Lachlan Gillespie replaced Fatt, and Simon Pryce replaced Cook.", "In mid-2012, the Wiggles announced that Cook, Fatt and Page would be retiring from touring with the group; Emma Watkins, the first female member of the Wiggles, replaced Page, Lachlan Gillespie replaced Fatt, and Simon Pryce replaced Cook. Anthony Field remained in the group because he found it too difficult to give up and because he still had a passion for educating children.", "Anthony Field remained in the group because he found it too difficult to give up and because he still had a passion for educating children. According to Paul Field, staying in the band \"was a vital decision to placate American, British and Canadian business partners\".", "According to Paul Field, staying in the band \"was a vital decision to placate American, British and Canadian business partners\". Cook, Fatt and Page remained involved with the creative and production aspects of the group.", "Cook, Fatt and Page remained involved with the creative and production aspects of the group. Fatt and Cook had been talking about quitting touring for many years; Cook announced his intention to retire first, citing a desire to spend more time with his family, and then Fatt announced his own retirement shortly thereafter.", "Fatt and Cook had been talking about quitting touring for many years; Cook announced his intention to retire first, citing a desire to spend more time with his family, and then Fatt announced his own retirement shortly thereafter. Page, who was still struggling with his health issues and had stated that his interest was in working with the group's original line-up, was subsequently asked to extend his stay until the end of the year so he would leave alongside Cook and Fatt, to which he agreed.", "Page, who was still struggling with his health issues and had stated that his interest was in working with the group's original line-up, was subsequently asked to extend his stay until the end of the year so he would leave alongside Cook and Fatt, to which he agreed. Cook reported that the original members were confident that the new group would be accepted by the fans because they passed on their founding concepts of early childhood education to Gillespie, Pryce and Watkins.", "Cook reported that the original members were confident that the new group would be accepted by the fans because they passed on their founding concepts of early childhood education to Gillespie, Pryce and Watkins. The new members, like Moran (who was not approached to return), were salaried employees.", "The new members, like Moran (who was not approached to return), were salaried employees. Watkins had previously worked with the group, first performing character roles in 2010, when Anthony Field approached her to joined the main line-up.", "Watkins had previously worked with the group, first performing character roles in 2010, when Anthony Field approached her to joined the main line-up. He had initially asked her to tour with the group after being impressed by a behind-the-scenes video she had filmed.", "He had initially asked her to tour with the group after being impressed by a behind-the-scenes video she had filmed. Once she had joined the group, Field asked Watkins to dye her hair red, as well as learn how to play the drums.", "Once she had joined the group, Field asked Watkins to dye her hair red, as well as learn how to play the drums. Gillespie had joined the company performing as part of the live shows in 2009, while Pryce had previously worked as a backing vocalist on some of the band's albums.", "Gillespie had joined the company performing as part of the live shows in 2009, while Pryce had previously worked as a backing vocalist on some of the band's albums. The group, for their farewell tour, visited eight countries and 141 cities, for a total of almost 250 shows in over 200 days for 640,000 people.", "The group, for their farewell tour, visited eight countries and 141 cities, for a total of almost 250 shows in over 200 days for 640,000 people. Gillespie, Pryce and Watkins wore \"in training\" T-shirts, and debuted the song \"Do the Propeller\" during these concerts.", "Gillespie, Pryce and Watkins wore \"in training\" T-shirts, and debuted the song \"Do the Propeller\" during these concerts. The final televised performance of the original band members, along with the new members, was on 22 December 2012, during the annual Carols in the Domain in Sydney.", "The final televised performance of the original band members, along with the new members, was on 22 December 2012, during the annual Carols in the Domain in Sydney. Their final performance, after over 7000 shows over the years, was on 23 December at the Sydney Entertainment Centre.", "Their final performance, after over 7000 shows over the years, was on 23 December at the Sydney Entertainment Centre. Also by 2012, the Wiggles performed to audiences whose parents attended their shows in their early years, and they were hiring performers who were part of their audience as young children.", "Also by 2012, the Wiggles performed to audiences whose parents attended their shows in their early years, and they were hiring performers who were part of their audience as young children. 2013–2021: \"New Wiggles\" era The new iteration of the Wiggles, with Field and its new members, began touring in early 2013.", "2013–2021: \"New Wiggles\" era The new iteration of the Wiggles, with Field and its new members, began touring in early 2013. Cook became the group's road manager in mid-2013.", "Cook became the group's road manager in mid-2013. Pryce reported that since the Wiggles' audience changed every few years, the transition to the new group was easier for their young audience than it was for their parents. One of their challenges, especially for their early tours, was learning the Wiggles' catalogue of 1400 songs.", "One of their challenges, especially for their early tours, was learning the Wiggles' catalogue of 1400 songs. After a seven-year absence from Australian television, they filmed a new television series, called Ready, Steady, Wiggle!, in their spare time at their studio in Sydney between tours and on the road.", "After a seven-year absence from Australian television, they filmed a new television series, called Ready, Steady, Wiggle!, in their spare time at their studio in Sydney between tours and on the road. Watkins, who had a film-making degree, played an important role in its production.", "Watkins, who had a film-making degree, played an important role in its production. Field admitted that they found it \"hard going\" until they returned to television. Merchandise featuring the original group outsold the new group's products, and they failed to sell-out their concerts.", "Merchandise featuring the original group outsold the new group's products, and they failed to sell-out their concerts. The Wiggles found success with their new line-up in 2014, when they doubled their concert ticket sales from the year before, and won the 2014 ARIA Award for Best Children's Album with Apples & Bananas.", "The Wiggles found success with their new line-up in 2014, when they doubled their concert ticket sales from the year before, and won the 2014 ARIA Award for Best Children's Album with Apples & Bananas. By 2015, Paul Field called the new group \"an amazing success\".", "By 2015, Paul Field called the new group \"an amazing success\". According to Kathy McCabe of News Corp Australia, it took 18 months for the new group to be accepted by their audience. McCabe credited their success to Watkins, who became the group's stand-out member.", "McCabe credited their success to Watkins, who became the group's stand-out member. According to Field, an American journalist called her young fans, who came to concerts dressed in yellow and wearing bows like her, the \"mini Emma army\".", "According to Field, an American journalist called her young fans, who came to concerts dressed in yellow and wearing bows like her, the \"mini Emma army\". She was so popular that a new television series, Emma!, featuring Watkins as a solo performer, was produced in 2015.", "She was so popular that a new television series, Emma!, featuring Watkins as a solo performer, was produced in 2015. Field called her \"an aspirational role model\" for their young audience and reported that she had increased their fan base of girls.", "Field called her \"an aspirational role model\" for their young audience and reported that she had increased their fan base of girls. Field stated that the audience emulated her fashion choices, opening up new merchandising possibilities for the group; by 2021 it was estimated that 50% of the group's merchandising was specific to the \"Emma\" brand.", "Field stated that the audience emulated her fashion choices, opening up new merchandising possibilities for the group; by 2021 it was estimated that 50% of the group's merchandising was specific to the \"Emma\" brand. In 2014, it was announced that the Wiggles would produce their second feature film; comedian Ben Elton was slated to write the script and co-write the soundtrack.", "In 2014, it was announced that the Wiggles would produce their second feature film; comedian Ben Elton was slated to write the script and co-write the soundtrack. In early 2015, Gillespie and Watkins revealed that they had been dating for two years; they announced their engagement in May 2015.", "In early 2015, Gillespie and Watkins revealed that they had been dating for two years; they announced their engagement in May 2015. They were married in April 2016, but made public their separation in August 2018. By 2018, Anthony Field had become the majority shareholder of the band's finances.", "By 2018, Anthony Field had become the majority shareholder of the band's finances. A new costumed character, Shirley Shawn the Unicorn, was added in 2019, who was later revealed to identify as non-binary.", "A new costumed character, Shirley Shawn the Unicorn, was added in 2019, who was later revealed to identify as non-binary. The COVID-19 pandemic halted the group's capacity to tour in 2020, which led to a downsizing of the company's staff and an increase in filming online content.", "The COVID-19 pandemic halted the group's capacity to tour in 2020, which led to a downsizing of the company's staff and an increase in filming online content. Throughout the era of the new members, the original line-up engaged in occasional reunion performances.", "Throughout the era of the new members, the original line-up engaged in occasional reunion performances. In February 2016, the original group members performed a charity concert for an over-18 audience at the Dee Why RSL club in Sydney.", "In February 2016, the original group members performed a charity concert for an over-18 audience at the Dee Why RSL club in Sydney. The original line-up performed reunion charity concerts on 17 and 18 January 2020 to raise funds for the Australian bush fires with proceeds going to the Australian Red Cross and the WIRES Wildlife Rescue Service.", "The original line-up performed reunion charity concerts on 17 and 18 January 2020 to raise funds for the Australian bush fires with proceeds going to the Australian Red Cross and the WIRES Wildlife Rescue Service. Onstage on 17 January, Page suffered a cardiac arrest; he stopped breathing and required CPR and three jolts from a defibrillator.", "Onstage on 17 January, Page suffered a cardiac arrest; he stopped breathing and required CPR and three jolts from a defibrillator. Page was discharged from hospital the following week. In March 2021, the Wiggles performed on Triple J's Like a Version segment.", "In March 2021, the Wiggles performed on Triple J's Like a Version segment. Cook and Fatt returned alongside Field, Gillespie, Pryce and Watkins to cover Tame Impala's \"Elephant\" which they interspersed with \"Fruit Salad\"; the cover reached 1 on the annual Triple J Hottest 100 poll for 2021.", "Cook and Fatt returned alongside Field, Gillespie, Pryce and Watkins to cover Tame Impala's \"Elephant\" which they interspersed with \"Fruit Salad\"; the cover reached 1 on the annual Triple J Hottest 100 poll for 2021. This was the first cover to top the chart, as well as the first time a children's act had led the ranking.", "This was the first cover to top the chart, as well as the first time a children's act had led the ranking. The original line-up is scheduled to perform an adults-only reunion tour at arenas around Australia in 2022.", "The original line-up is scheduled to perform an adults-only reunion tour at arenas around Australia in 2022. 2021–present: Expanded line-up, Fruit Salad TV The Wiggles commemorated their 30th anniversary in January 2021 with a song entitled \"We're All Fruit Salad\", containing lyrics centred around unity and acceptance and featuring guest performers of different cultural backgrounds.", "2021–present: Expanded line-up, Fruit Salad TV The Wiggles commemorated their 30th anniversary in January 2021 with a song entitled \"We're All Fruit Salad\", containing lyrics centred around unity and acceptance and featuring guest performers of different cultural backgrounds. Field expressed a desire to include more diversity in the band after facing criticism amidst the Black Lives Matter movement.", "Field expressed a desire to include more diversity in the band after facing criticism amidst the Black Lives Matter movement. In August 2021, four new members were added to the Wiggles in a supporting capacity, with the aim of embracing cultural and gender diversity, and better reflecting contemporary society.", "In August 2021, four new members were added to the Wiggles in a supporting capacity, with the aim of embracing cultural and gender diversity, and better reflecting contemporary society. Evie Ferris, Kelly Hamilton, Tsehay Hawkins and John Pearce debuted in an exclusive web series entitled Fruit Salad TV, made available on YouTube in September.", "Evie Ferris, Kelly Hamilton, Tsehay Hawkins and John Pearce debuted in an exclusive web series entitled Fruit Salad TV, made available on YouTube in September. Watkins announced her departure from the group in October 2021 and was replaced by Hawkins in the primary line-up.", "Watkins announced her departure from the group in October 2021 and was replaced by Hawkins in the primary line-up. The expanded line-up made their live performance debut as the pre-match entertainment of an Australia women's national soccer team game in November, followed by a national Australian concert tour in early 2022.", "The expanded line-up made their live performance debut as the pre-match entertainment of an Australia women's national soccer team game in November, followed by a national Australian concert tour in early 2022. Caterina Mete, long-standing choreographer for the Wiggles, joined the group as a supporting member at the commencement of the tour.", "Caterina Mete, long-standing choreographer for the Wiggles, joined the group as a supporting member at the commencement of the tour. Members Current members Anthony Field – Blue Wiggle (1991–present) Lachlan Gillespie – Purple Wiggle (2013–present) Simon Pryce – Red Wiggle (2013–present) Tsehay Hawkins – Yellow Wiggle (2021–present) Original members Murray Cook – Red Wiggle (1991–2012) Jeff Fatt – Purple Wiggle (1991–2012) Greg Page – Yellow Wiggle (1991–2006, 2012) Phillip Wilcher (1991–1992) Former members Sam Moran – Yellow Wiggle (2006–2012) Emma Watkins – Yellow Wiggle (2013–2021) Supporting members Evie Ferris – Blue Wiggle (2021–present) Kelly Hamilton – Yellow Wiggle (2021–present) John Pearce – Purple Wiggle (2021–present) Caterina Mete – Red Wiggle (2022–present) Musical style The Wiggles have written new music each year since their inception; they sequestered themselves for a month each summer and wrote three albums' worth of original children's music based on simple concepts familiar to young children, and using several genres of music and types of instruments.", "Members Current members Anthony Field – Blue Wiggle (1991–present) Lachlan Gillespie – Purple Wiggle (2013–present) Simon Pryce – Red Wiggle (2013–present) Tsehay Hawkins – Yellow Wiggle (2021–present) Original members Murray Cook – Red Wiggle (1991–2012) Jeff Fatt – Purple Wiggle (1991–2012) Greg Page – Yellow Wiggle (1991–2006, 2012) Phillip Wilcher (1991–1992) Former members Sam Moran – Yellow Wiggle (2006–2012) Emma Watkins – Yellow Wiggle (2013–2021) Supporting members Evie Ferris – Blue Wiggle (2021–present) Kelly Hamilton – Yellow Wiggle (2021–present) John Pearce – Purple Wiggle (2021–present) Caterina Mete – Red Wiggle (2022–present) Musical style The Wiggles have written new music each year since their inception; they sequestered themselves for a month each summer and wrote three albums' worth of original children's music based on simple concepts familiar to young children, and using several genres of music and types of instruments. Most of their songs were short and started with the chorus because they felt that young children needed to be presented with a song's topic in their first few lines.", "Most of their songs were short and started with the chorus because they felt that young children needed to be presented with a song's topic in their first few lines. They wrote songs individually at first, but eventually wrote as a group, often with John Field, trumpet player Dominic Lindsay, and Paddick.", "They wrote songs individually at first, but eventually wrote as a group, often with John Field, trumpet player Dominic Lindsay, and Paddick. Fatt, the only member of the original group without a degree in early childhood education, tended to focus on composing music.", "Fatt, the only member of the original group without a degree in early childhood education, tended to focus on composing music. Fatt told reporter Brian McElhiney, who called the group's songwriting process \"a collaborate affair\", that they wrote repetitive pop songs or jingles, which were appealing to children.", "Fatt told reporter Brian McElhiney, who called the group's songwriting process \"a collaborate affair\", that they wrote repetitive pop songs or jingles, which were appealing to children. Watkins reported that she was invited to write songs for their albums, even though she was primarily a dancer.", "Watkins reported that she was invited to write songs for their albums, even though she was primarily a dancer. John Fogerty of Creedence Clearwater Revival, who appeared in a Wiggles video in 2002, told The New York Times that he was \"very impressed\" with the group's songwriting, especially with their drum sound.", "John Fogerty of Creedence Clearwater Revival, who appeared in a Wiggles video in 2002, told The New York Times that he was \"very impressed\" with the group's songwriting, especially with their drum sound. According to Anthony Field, the transition from writing music for an adult rock band to writing children's music was not a big one for the Wiggles.", "According to Anthony Field, the transition from writing music for an adult rock band to writing children's music was not a big one for the Wiggles. He explained that the music of the Cockroaches and the Wiggles was similar, but just featuring different subject matter in the lyrics.", "He explained that the music of the Cockroaches and the Wiggles was similar, but just featuring different subject matter in the lyrics. Moran stated that the Wiggles wrote songs they liked and would listen to, and then made them appropriate for children.", "Moran stated that the Wiggles wrote songs they liked and would listen to, and then made them appropriate for children. They approached simple and relocatable topics, such as food and nutrition, as teachers would in a pre-school setting, with simple melodies that were easy for children to sing and remember.", "They approached simple and relocatable topics, such as food and nutrition, as teachers would in a pre-school setting, with simple melodies that were easy for children to sing and remember. The group sang the same 60s-style pop as the Cockroaches, but with different lyrics, although they were not confined to songs about love and could write about anything that interested and excited young children, which was limitless.", "The group sang the same 60s-style pop as the Cockroaches, but with different lyrics, although they were not confined to songs about love and could write about anything that interested and excited young children, which was limitless. The music they chose to write and perform was influenced by nursery rhymes, folk music, and rock songs of the 1950s and 1960s.", "The music they chose to write and perform was influenced by nursery rhymes, folk music, and rock songs of the 1950s and 1960s. Page reported, \"First and foremost, we're entertainers\". The Wiggles captured the interest of children by first entertaining them, and then by presenting them with educational messages.", "The Wiggles captured the interest of children by first entertaining them, and then by presenting them with educational messages. The group wrote and performed children's music that was different from what had been done previously; as Cook stated, \"we didn't just go down the route of what people think is kids' music\".", "The group wrote and performed children's music that was different from what had been done previously; as Cook stated, \"we didn't just go down the route of what people think is kids' music\". They were not tied to one style or genre of music and often experimented in the studio; while some of their recordings were orchestral, others had a more live feel.", "They were not tied to one style or genre of music and often experimented in the studio; while some of their recordings were orchestral, others had a more live feel. The group were aware that their songs were often children's first exposure to music.", "The group were aware that their songs were often children's first exposure to music. Guitar Magazine speculated that since Cook was one of the first guitarists children were exposed to, he may be the most influential guitarist in the world.", "Guitar Magazine speculated that since Cook was one of the first guitarists children were exposed to, he may be the most influential guitarist in the world. Cook was conscious that he was probably the first guitarist children would see and appreciated the opportunity to inspire children to learn to play guitar later.", "Cook was conscious that he was probably the first guitarist children would see and appreciated the opportunity to inspire children to learn to play guitar later. In 2013, after Cook retired from touring with the group and became their touring manager, he reported that newer bands like Regular John approached him and said that the Wiggles were the first band \"they got into\".", "In 2013, after Cook retired from touring with the group and became their touring manager, he reported that newer bands like Regular John approached him and said that the Wiggles were the first band \"they got into\". Educational theory The Wiggles' songwriting and performances were rooted in their professional training as pre-school teachers and in the concepts of early childhood education.", "Educational theory The Wiggles' songwriting and performances were rooted in their professional training as pre-school teachers and in the concepts of early childhood education. Field reported, as he studied music for young children at university, being \"shocked ... at the non-inclusive way music for children was usually performed\".", "Field reported, as he studied music for young children at university, being \"shocked ... at the non-inclusive way music for children was usually performed\". According to Field, children had to sit silently as musicians played \"traditional songs often featuring negative or outdated lyrics and dealing with subject matter of no interest to small children\".", "According to Field, children had to sit silently as musicians played \"traditional songs often featuring negative or outdated lyrics and dealing with subject matter of no interest to small children\". The lack of songs with themes and topics that interested children inspired Field to record the Wiggles' first album.", "The lack of songs with themes and topics that interested children inspired Field to record the Wiggles' first album. The group's \"golden rule\", according to Field, was to make the content of their songs and shows \"developmentally appropriate and fun\".", "The group's \"golden rule\", according to Field, was to make the content of their songs and shows \"developmentally appropriate and fun\". Their music, stage shows, and television and DVD productions were developed, as The New York Times reported, \"from the premise that a young child has a short attention span, is curious about a limited number of objects and activities, loves having a job to do and is thrilled by mastering basic movements\".", "Their music, stage shows, and television and DVD productions were developed, as The New York Times reported, \"from the premise that a young child has a short attention span, is curious about a limited number of objects and activities, loves having a job to do and is thrilled by mastering basic movements\". They also respected their audience's intelligence and insight about entertainment, information and honesty.", "They also respected their audience's intelligence and insight about entertainment, information and honesty. As Field said, \"Young children identify with relevant concepts, and enjoy being entertained and being part of the entertainment. They are willing to commit to interacting if you are direct, inclusive, and positive\".", "They are willing to commit to interacting if you are direct, inclusive, and positive\". The group understood that challenging young children to engage in difficult tasks is more effective than simply telling them to do it.", "The group understood that challenging young children to engage in difficult tasks is more effective than simply telling them to do it. They believed that young children were egocentric, so they stared continually into the camera in their videos and TV shows, and explained every action because they believed that young children needed to be told what to expect so that they do not feel left out and in order to feel safe.", "They believed that young children were egocentric, so they stared continually into the camera in their videos and TV shows, and explained every action because they believed that young children needed to be told what to expect so that they do not feel left out and in order to feel safe. The Wiggles' stage shows are full of action and audience participation.", "The Wiggles' stage shows are full of action and audience participation. By the group's \"New Wiggles\" iteration, they featured inside jokes for the adult members of their audience and the bandmembers tended to wander throughout the audience.", "By the group's \"New Wiggles\" iteration, they featured inside jokes for the adult members of their audience and the bandmembers tended to wander throughout the audience. Pryce, as an experienced stage performer, was conscious that their shows were the first live theater young children experienced; as a result, the group adapted the content of their shows to accommodate their audience's development and understanding.", "Pryce, as an experienced stage performer, was conscious that their shows were the first live theater young children experienced; as a result, the group adapted the content of their shows to accommodate their audience's development and understanding. Paddick's role as Captain Feathersword became more important in the mid-1990s, especially in the group's stage shows, when he was able to incorporate his circus and opera training, as well as impersonations that were popular with their audience's parents.", "Paddick's role as Captain Feathersword became more important in the mid-1990s, especially in the group's stage shows, when he was able to incorporate his circus and opera training, as well as impersonations that were popular with their audience's parents. They believed in empowering children by practices such as greeting their audience members with \"Hello, everyone\", instead of \"Hello, boys and girls\" which, as Paul Field explains, \"unnecessarily separates children and has undertones of condescension\".", "They believed in empowering children by practices such as greeting their audience members with \"Hello, everyone\", instead of \"Hello, boys and girls\" which, as Paul Field explains, \"unnecessarily separates children and has undertones of condescension\". Kathleen Warren, the band members' former professor at Macquarie University, believed that the group's practice of asking their audience to \"Wake Up Jeff\" when Fatt pretended to fall asleep was \"very much in keeping with the way they work with children\".", "Kathleen Warren, the band members' former professor at Macquarie University, believed that the group's practice of asking their audience to \"Wake Up Jeff\" when Fatt pretended to fall asleep was \"very much in keeping with the way they work with children\". Warren stated that asking children to interrupt Fatt's slumber helped them build confidence and to feel more in control of their lives.", "Warren stated that asking children to interrupt Fatt's slumber helped them build confidence and to feel more in control of their lives. Fatt was the only original member of the Wiggles without a background in early childhood education; he explained that was the reason falling asleep was chosen as his gimmick and that \"it was a way of getting me involved in the shows without actually having to do anything\".", "Fatt was the only original member of the Wiggles without a background in early childhood education; he explained that was the reason falling asleep was chosen as his gimmick and that \"it was a way of getting me involved in the shows without actually having to do anything\". Paul Field reported that children in the Wiggles' audience felt \"great excitement\" and were disappointed if not given the opportunity to help Jeff in this way.", "Paul Field reported that children in the Wiggles' audience felt \"great excitement\" and were disappointed if not given the opportunity to help Jeff in this way. Anthony Field, who called it \"a simple audience participation and interaction gag we've done since the start of the group\", claimed that it endeared Fatt to their audiences.", "Anthony Field, who called it \"a simple audience participation and interaction gag we've done since the start of the group\", claimed that it endeared Fatt to their audiences. The group's members took turns falling asleep in the early days of the group, but it became Fatt's gimmick because \"it was a perfect fit\".", "The group's members took turns falling asleep in the early days of the group, but it became Fatt's gimmick because \"it was a perfect fit\". When Fatt retired, Gillespie took over the task of falling asleep.", "When Fatt retired, Gillespie took over the task of falling asleep. Simple movements were developed by their choreographers, including Leeanne Ashley, to accompany each song because, as The New York Times reported, they believed \"in the power of basic movements to enchant young children\".", "Simple movements were developed by their choreographers, including Leeanne Ashley, to accompany each song because, as The New York Times reported, they believed \"in the power of basic movements to enchant young children\". According to reporter Anders Wright, they intentionally made mistakes in their dance moves in order to identify more with their young audience.", "According to reporter Anders Wright, they intentionally made mistakes in their dance moves in order to identify more with their young audience. The group incorporated more dancing into their performances after the birth of Field's oldest daughter in 2004.", "The group incorporated more dancing into their performances after the birth of Field's oldest daughter in 2004. In later years, corresponding with Field's developing interests in acrobatics and gymnastics, they added these elements to their stage shows, including, as Field reported, hiring several world-class athletes such as former trampoline champion Karl Shore.", "In later years, corresponding with Field's developing interests in acrobatics and gymnastics, they added these elements to their stage shows, including, as Field reported, hiring several world-class athletes such as former trampoline champion Karl Shore. Watkins, whom Paul Field called \"a dancer of many disciplines\", was initially hired as a member of their troupe and referred to herself as \"mainly a dancer\".", "Watkins, whom Paul Field called \"a dancer of many disciplines\", was initially hired as a member of their troupe and referred to herself as \"mainly a dancer\". Between 1999 and 2003, to test the group's appeal across cultures, Warren used one of the Wiggles' CDs as an educational tool in a village near Madang, on the north coast of Papua New Guinea.", "Between 1999 and 2003, to test the group's appeal across cultures, Warren used one of the Wiggles' CDs as an educational tool in a village near Madang, on the north coast of Papua New Guinea. She found that the Madangese children were able to relate to the group's songs, and that they were able to sing along and participate in their simple choreography.", "She found that the Madangese children were able to relate to the group's songs, and that they were able to sing along and participate in their simple choreography. Although the Wiggles' recorded and performed songs, dances, and musical styles from different cultures and languages, the Wiggles did not find that adapting their music to non-Australian cultures was necessary to reach children in other countries.", "Although the Wiggles' recorded and performed songs, dances, and musical styles from different cultures and languages, the Wiggles did not find that adapting their music to non-Australian cultures was necessary to reach children in other countries. The Wiggles recognised that as long as they spoke at the same level as their audience, their Australian accents would not matter, and that young children were able to adapt to a variety of contexts and to different pronunciations of common words, no matter where they resided.", "The Wiggles recognised that as long as they spoke at the same level as their audience, their Australian accents would not matter, and that young children were able to adapt to a variety of contexts and to different pronunciations of common words, no matter where they resided. Brand and finances Throughout the group's history, the members and management have retained full creative control and ownership of every aspect of their business in an effort to remain as independent as possible.", "Brand and finances Throughout the group's history, the members and management have retained full creative control and ownership of every aspect of their business in an effort to remain as independent as possible. As Field stated, the band's corporation was \"not your regular 'corporate culture'.", "As Field stated, the band's corporation was \"not your regular 'corporate culture'. The group does not have a chief executive, instead making decisions through consensus and made business decisions based upon their experience as performers and their knowledge of early childhood education.", "The group does not have a chief executive, instead making decisions through consensus and made business decisions based upon their experience as performers and their knowledge of early childhood education. Endorsements of toys and other products are made carefully and only with products that correlated with their image.", "Endorsements of toys and other products are made carefully and only with products that correlated with their image. There are high expectations regarding the behaviour and attitude of everyone associated with the group. Other ventures of band's corporation included franchising their concept to Africa, South America, and Taiwan.", "Other ventures of band's corporation included franchising their concept to Africa, South America, and Taiwan. The group also licensed \"Wiggles World\" sections to various theme parks in the United States and Australia, as well as play centres in both regions. The Wiggles became formally consolidated in 2005.", "The Wiggles became formally consolidated in 2005. The group's board of directors consisted of the original three members, as well as Paul Field, who had been the manager of the group since the mid-1990s, and Mike Conway, who had worked for Ernst & Young in England and became a co-manager in 2001.", "The group's board of directors consisted of the original three members, as well as Paul Field, who had been the manager of the group since the mid-1990s, and Mike Conway, who had worked for Ernst & Young in England and became a co-manager in 2001. It was reported that as part owner of the Wiggles, Page was given a A$20 million payout when he left the group in 2006; he officially ceased to be a company shareholder in 2008.", "It was reported that as part owner of the Wiggles, Page was given a A$20 million payout when he left the group in 2006; he officially ceased to be a company shareholder in 2008. After their retirement in 2012, Cook and Fatt, as well as Anthony Field, each retained 30% ownership of the brand, and Paul Field and Conway each owned 5%.", "After their retirement in 2012, Cook and Fatt, as well as Anthony Field, each retained 30% ownership of the brand, and Paul Field and Conway each owned 5%. Gillespie, Pryce and Watkins were reported to be salaried employees when they joined the group in 2012.", "Gillespie, Pryce and Watkins were reported to be salaried employees when they joined the group in 2012. Paul Field departed as the company's general manager in March 2020, in the midst of a period of \"organisational change\".", "Paul Field departed as the company's general manager in March 2020, in the midst of a period of \"organisational change\". It was reported through corporate filings that Watkins and Gillespie each acquired approximately 8% ownership of the business as well as company directorships in June 2018, while Pryce had not gained equity of the group.", "It was reported through corporate filings that Watkins and Gillespie each acquired approximately 8% ownership of the business as well as company directorships in June 2018, while Pryce had not gained equity of the group. At the time of reporting, it was suggested that Anthony Field owned 36% of the brand, becoming the majority shareholder, while Fatt and Cook each owned 24%.", "At the time of reporting, it was suggested that Anthony Field owned 36% of the brand, becoming the majority shareholder, while Fatt and Cook each owned 24%. By 2021, it was estimated that the group earned A$30 million per year. Reception The Wiggles have enjoyed \"almost universal approval\" throughout their history.", "Reception The Wiggles have enjoyed \"almost universal approval\" throughout their history. Their songs have been sung and played in pre-schools around the world. Between 2000 and 2010, the Wiggles earned 21 Gold records.", "Between 2000 and 2010, the Wiggles earned 21 Gold records. The group's albums have been certified by ARIA as double Platinum, Platinum and Gold in Australia, as well as certified Gold in the US. They original group performed, on average, to one million people per year.", "They original group performed, on average, to one million people per year. The Wiggles' music has also received over one billion streams on digital services. In 2014, The Sydney Morning Herald called their shows slick and fast-paced. After 2003, front-row tickets to their sold-out concerts in the US were scalped for US$500.", "After 2003, front-row tickets to their sold-out concerts in the US were scalped for US$500. The group responded by reducing the number of seats sold per transaction, in order to keep prices down and avoid further tickets scalping.", "The group responded by reducing the number of seats sold per transaction, in order to keep prices down and avoid further tickets scalping. In 2008, the group found themselves in the midst of what The Daily Telegraph called a \"ticketing scandal\"; scalpers tried to sell an A$19 ticket on eBay for almost A$2,000 and a set of three tickets for A$315 for concerts in Melbourne, and a group of three tickets to a Wiggles UNICEF charity concert in Sydney had a price tag of A$510.", "In 2008, the group found themselves in the midst of what The Daily Telegraph called a \"ticketing scandal\"; scalpers tried to sell an A$19 ticket on eBay for almost A$2,000 and a set of three tickets for A$315 for concerts in Melbourne, and a group of three tickets to a Wiggles UNICEF charity concert in Sydney had a price tag of A$510. The tickets were taken off eBay and voided.", "The tickets were taken off eBay and voided. In what Paul Field called \"one of the highlights of their 15 years of being together\", The Wiggles were awarded an honorary doctorate degree from Australian Catholic University in 2006. Cook gave an address during the private ceremony honouring them.", "Cook gave an address during the private ceremony honouring them. They were awarded another honorary doctoral degree in 2009 from their alma mater, Macquarie University. The group were named UNICEF goodwill ambassadors in 2008; they held a special concert to raise money for the organisation.", "The group were named UNICEF goodwill ambassadors in 2008; they held a special concert to raise money for the organisation. In 2010, the four original members of the Wiggles were appointed Members of the Order of Australia for their service to the arts in Australia, especially children's entertainment, and for their contributions and support of several charities.", "In 2010, the four original members of the Wiggles were appointed Members of the Order of Australia for their service to the arts in Australia, especially children's entertainment, and for their contributions and support of several charities. They called the honour their \"biggest recognition yet\".", "They called the honour their \"biggest recognition yet\". The group has always invited children with special needs and their families to pre-concert \"meet and greet\" sessions.", "The group has always invited children with special needs and their families to pre-concert \"meet and greet\" sessions. According to Fatt, many parents of these children have reported that the Wiggles' music has enhanced their lives, and that children with autism \"respond to [the] Wiggles and nothing else\".", "According to Fatt, many parents of these children have reported that the Wiggles' music has enhanced their lives, and that children with autism \"respond to [the] Wiggles and nothing else\". The Wiggles, throughout their history, have visited and performed for patients at the Sydney Children's Hospital every Christmas morning.", "The Wiggles, throughout their history, have visited and performed for patients at the Sydney Children's Hospital every Christmas morning. Discography Studio albums The Wiggles (1991) Here Comes a Song (1992) Stories and Songs: The Adventures of Captain Feathersword the Friendly Pirate (1993) Yummy Yummy (1994) Big Red Car (1995) Wake Up Jeff!", "Discography Studio albums The Wiggles (1991) Here Comes a Song (1992) Stories and Songs: The Adventures of Captain Feathersword the Friendly Pirate (1993) Yummy Yummy (1994) Big Red Car (1995) Wake Up Jeff! (1996) Wiggly, Wiggly Christmas (1996) The Wiggles Movie Soundtrack (1997) Toot, Toot!", "(1996) Wiggly, Wiggly Christmas (1996) The Wiggles Movie Soundtrack (1997) Toot, Toot! (1998) It's a Wiggly Wiggly World (2000) Wiggle Time!", "(1998) It's a Wiggly Wiggly World (2000) Wiggle Time! (2000) Yule Be Wiggling (2000) Hoop Dee Doo: It's a Wiggly Party (2001) Wiggly Safari (2002) Wiggle Bay (2002) Go to Sleep Jeff! (2003) Whoo Hoo! Wiggly Gremlins!", "(2003) Whoo Hoo! Wiggly Gremlins! Wiggly Gremlins! (2003) Top of the Tots (2003) Cold Spaghetti Western (2004) Santa's Rockin'! (2004) Sailing Around the World (2005) Here Comes the Big Red Car (2006) It's Time to Wake Up Jeff!", "(2004) Sailing Around the World (2005) Here Comes the Big Red Car (2006) It's Time to Wake Up Jeff! (2006) Splish Splash Big Red Boat (2006) Racing to the Rainbow (2006) Getting Strong! (2007) Pop Go the Wiggles!", "(2007) Pop Go the Wiggles! (2007) You Make Me Feel Like Dancing (2008) Sing a Song of Wiggles (2008) Go Bananas! (2009) Hot Poppin' Popcorn (2009) Let's Eat (2010) Ukulele Baby! (2011) It's Always Christmas with You!", "(2011) It's Always Christmas with You! (2011) Surfer Jeff (2012) Taking Off! (2013) Furry Tales (2013) Pumpkin Face (2013) Go Santa Go! (2013) Apples & Bananas (2014) Wiggle House (2014) Rock & Roll Preschool (2015) Meet the Orchestra!", "(2013) Apples & Bananas (2014) Wiggle House (2014) Rock & Roll Preschool (2015) Meet the Orchestra! (2015) Wiggle Town! (2016) Carnival of the Animals (2016) Dance Dance! (2016) Nursery Rhymes (2017) Duets (2017) Wiggly, Wiggly Christmas!", "(2016) Nursery Rhymes (2017) Duets (2017) Wiggly, Wiggly Christmas! (2017) Nursery Rhymes 2 (2018) Wiggle Pop! (2018) Big Ballet Day! (2019) Party Time!", "(2019) Party Time! (2019) Party Time! (2019) Fun and Games (2020) Choo Choo Trains, Propeller Planes & Toot Toot Chugga Chugga Big Red Car!", "(2019) Fun and Games (2020) Choo Choo Trains, Propeller Planes & Toot Toot Chugga Chugga Big Red Car! (2020) Lullabies with Love (2021) Halloween Party (2021) Awards and nominations Footnotes References Citations Bibliography External links 1991 Australian television series debuts 2000s Australian television series 2010s Australian television series APRA Award winners ARIA Award winners ARIA Hall of Fame inductees Australian Broadcasting Corporation original programming Australian buskers Australian children's musical groups Australian children's television series Disney Channel original programming English-language television shows Musical groups established in 1991 Nick Jr. original programming Television series with live action and animation Treehouse TV original programming Australian children's entertainers Australian children's musicians Australian preschool education television series" ]

[ "Moondog", "Biography and career" ]

[ "Moondog is an album by the American composer Moondog, released by Columbia Masterworks Records on October 1, 1969. The album came into being on the initiative of James William Guercio and consists of compositions written by Moondog as he moved from his previous jazz style into becoming a classical composer. The music was written in the 1950s and 1960s and rescored for orchestra. It includes short symphonic-styled works, canons, chaconnes and a couple of jazz-inspired tracks, one in memory of Moondog's friend Charlie Parker. The album was recorded at Columbia's main studio with Moondog conducting 50 musicians. It received considerable media exposure and positive reviews, peaking as number 6 on the Billboard chart for classical music.\n\nBackground\nLouis Hardin (1916 – 1999) was a blind composer and musician who was born in Kansas as the son of a priest, moved to New York City in 1943 and took the name Moondog in 1947. From the late 1940s until 1974, he was active as a street musician in New York, performing his own music. He received some attention from journalists and musicians and made a series of recordings from 1949 to 1957, including four albums: (1953), released by Epic Records, and Moondog (1956), (1956) and (1957), released by Prestige Records. In the 1960s he developed his image and worldview: he dressed in a homemade Viking-inspired costume, was a neopagan who believed in the Norse gods and set up an altar at his country retreat in Candor.\n\nIn 1969, Moondog was approached by the producer James William Guercio and an executive from Columbia Records. Guercio had met Moondog a couple of years previously and persuaded Columbia to produce a Moondog album. Moondog signed a contract for two albums with Columbia on March 6, 1969. The terms included that record company's executives were not allowed to hear the music ahead of recording.\n\nComposition and recording\nThe music on Moondog was largely composed in the 1950s and early 1960s and rescored for orchestra. Work on the album began in May 1969. Guercio and Al Brown, who functioned as Moondog's manager, co-produced the album and the latter put together an assembly of 50 musicians. The album was recorded in Columbia's main studio Old Church on East 33rd Street. Moondog conducted the orchestra. In addition to the music, Moondog recorded two of his rhyming epigrams. The first of these couplets is located between the album's first and second track and the second opens side two.\n\nMusic\n\nIn the 1960s, Moondog had moved from the jazz idiom of his early works and toward being a classical composer. In the album notes for Moondog he praised classicism and rejected the belief that there is such a thing as originality. Few of Moondog's custom-made instruments appear on the album; they had previously been among his more distinctive features. Only his percussion instrument the trimba and a new bowed instrument he called hus, from the Norwegian word for \"house\", can be heard alongside the conventional orchestra instruments.\n\nMoondog begins with \"Theme\", a cross between or combination of chaconne and ground played in 5/4 time. Moondog described it as \"my theme, a sort of musical signature\". A previous version had been recorded for Moondog and His Friends as \"Theme and Variations\". In the earlier version, Moondog played all instruments, whereas in the 1969 version it was reworked into a maxisym. Maxisym was Moondog's own term for a composition for a full orchestra; its opposite was a minisym, written for a handful of musicians.\n\n\"Stamping Ground\" was written in the 1950s and not previously recorded. It takes inspiration from Native American music and is constructed with a canon melody line, a four-note ground played on timpani and a coda that ends in retardation.\n\n\"Symphonique #3 (Ode to Venus)\" is another update of a composition featured on Moondog and His Friends. It is an enlarged version, six minutes long, of the second movement of that album's \"Suite No. 2\", which in its earlier version was two and a half minutes long. It is a canon in twelve parts and an homage to Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky.\n\nSide one ends with \"Symphonique #6 (Good for Goodie)\", a ground inspired by swing music. The composition has much melodic detail. It features a clarinet that uses high notes in the vein of Benny Goodman.\n\n\"Minisym #1\" was first performed in 1967 and consists of three short movements in 4/4 time. The album notes describe the first movement as \"jovial\", the second as \"lyrical\" and the third as \"vivacious\". The first and third feature a bassoon and the second is played with horn.\n\n\"Lament 1 (Bird's Lament)\" is a chaconne where an alto saxophone accentuates the melody. Along with \"Good for Goodie\" it represents Moondog's interest in jazz music in the 1950s. It was composed in 1955 after the death of Charlie Parker, who Moondog had known personally. The two had discussed music and the prospect of performing together in the early 1950s.\n\nThe longest track on Moondog is the six-and-a-half minute \"Witch of Endor\", which also is the album's most academic composition. It consists of three movements. The first is a canon in minor and 5/4 time inspired by Anatolian music that represents a witch's dance, the second a trio representing the demise of the Biblical King Saul, and the third repeats the first.\n\n\"Symphonique # 1 (Portrait of a Monarch)\" is Moondogs final track and was written in 1960. The ambition was to capture both the playful side and the strength of Moondog's fictional character Thor the Nordoom, the protagonist of a \"soundsaga\" or \"poetic myth\" he had developed. The central theme is about how the old, personified by a ruthless and clever \"Emperor of Earth\", manages to assume power over the new.\n\nRelease\nAhead of the release of Moondog, Moondog moved his street-music activity from his established location at 53rd and 6th to the CBS Building at 51 West 52nd Street, where he remained until the end of the summer of 1970. The album was released under the Columbia Masterworks Records label on October 1, 1969 and received much publicity. Moondog was interviewed in newspapers and on radio, and appeared on television shows including The Today Show, The Merv Griffin Show and The Tonight Show. During the latter appearance he conducted the studio orchestra for a performance of \"Bird's Lament\".\n\nMoondogs cover features a photograph of Moondog in profile with the title Moondog on top as the only text. It is a fold-out cover where the front and back form a poster of Moondog in his Viking costume. Program notes on the inside contain Moondog's thoughts on classicism and adherence to modal rules. \"Stamping Ground\" was released as a single with \"Theme\" as its B-side in 1970.\n\nReception\nWhen Moondog first was released, Entertainment Today said it ended Moondog's status as \"a freak attraction\" and that he must be viewed as \"a fine rich-sounding composer\". Variety also stressed the serious impression of the compositions, saying the album deserves its place in the Masterworks series. The least positive review came from Stephen Smoliar of Boston After Dark, who wrote that Moondog's combination of classical and modern elements disappoints because it does not reach its potential. Smolier said the recording of the minisym was a failure but called the album \"one of the more stimulating musical oddities of the twentieth century\".\n\nAccording to the music journalist Stuart Jeffries, Moondog and its successor Moondog 2 (1971) became \"as much student must-haves as Che T-shirts\" in the 1970s. Writing for Pitchfork in 2017, Thea Ballard said that by combining classical European elements and the rhythms of New York's minimalist music, the album \"absorbs the essence of an era while peering beyond it\". Stewart Mason wrote for AllMusic: \"Although Moondog is often thought of as a mere exotica novelty, thanks to the composer's eccentricities, it is, in fact, one of the finest third stream jazz albums of its era.\"\n\nMoondog entered the Billboard chart for best-selling classical albums as number 39 on October 25. It peaked as number 6 on December 12. It fell from the chart in January 1970. \"Stamping Ground\" was successful in the Benelux region.\n\nLegacy\n\"Stamping Ground\" was used as theme music for the Holland Pop Festival, held in Rotterdam in June 1970. The festival, which drew around 150,000 people, is the subject of the 1971 documentary film Stamping Ground directed by George Sluizer and . The film The Big Lebowski (1996) features \"Stamping Ground\" as a contrast to the musical taste of Jeff Bridges' character the Dude. The British DJ Mr. Scruff used the recording of \"Bird's Lament\" as the uncredited basis for his track \"Get a Move On\" (1999), which has been used in car commercials.\n\nTrack listing\nAll tracks are written by Louis Hardin, also known as Moondog.\n\nPersonnel\nCredits are adapted from the album's sleeve notes.\n Flute: Harold Bennet, Andrew Lolya, Harold Jones (piccolo), Hubert Laws (piccolo)\n English horn: Henry Shuman, Irving Horowitz\n French horn: James Buffington, Richard Berg, Ray Alonge, Brooks Tillotson\n Clarinet: Jimmy Abato, George Silfies, Phil Bodner\n Bass clarinet: Ernie Bright\n Bassoon: Jack Knitzer, Don Macourt, Ryohei Nakagawa, George Berg, Wally Kane, Joyce Kelly\n Baritone saxophone: Wally Kane\n Trumpet: Joe Wilder\n Bass trumpet: Danny Repole\n Tuba: Don Butterfield, Bill Stanley\n Tenor tuba: Bill Stanley, Bill Elton, John Swallow, Phil Giardina\n Tenor trombone: Tony Studd, Charles Small, Buddy Morrow\n Bass trombone: Paul Faulise\n Percussion: Jack Jennings, Dave Carey, Elayne Jones, Bob Rosengarden\n Violin: Paul Gershman, Aaron Rosand\n Viola: Emanuel Vardi, David Schwartz, Eugene Becker, Raoul Poliakin\n Cello: George Ricci, Charles McCracken\n Contrabass cello: Joe Tekula\n Tenor: Raoul Poliakin, Eugene Becker\n Bass: George Duvivier, Ron Carter, Alfred Brown, Louis Hardin\n\nReferences\n\nCitations\n\nSources\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n1969 albums\nMoondog albums\nColumbia Records albums", "Larry Booker (June 6, 1952 – November 29, 2003), better known by his ring names Moondog Spot and Larry Latham, was an American professional wrestler.\n\nProfessional wrestling career\n\nEarly career (1977–1981) \nBooker debuted in 1977 under the ring name Larry Latham. Latham formed a tag team with Carl Fergie called \"The Ragin' Cajuns\" managed by Billy Spears in the Gulf Coast territory. Early in his career, he wrestled in Memphis and Mid-South, and his first big push came as a member of the Blond Bombers with Wayne Farris (The Honky Tonk Man). The Blond Bombers were involved in heated feuds with several babyfaces across the two competing Tennessee promotions, appearing in both Nick Gulas Nashville based territory, and Jerry Jarrett's Memphis area. The team was managed by Danny Davis. Their signature moment was the \"Tupelo Concession Stand Brawl\" against Jerry Lawler and Bill Dundee, which occurred on June 15, 1979 and won Pro Wrestling Illustrated's Feud of the Year in 1992. This served as a precursor to the \"hardcore\" style that was popularized by Extreme Championship Wrestling in the mid-1990s.\n\nWorld Wrestling Federation and Memphis (1981–1987) \nYears later, Booker resurfaced as \"Moondog Spot\", a member of The Moondogs, whose name was suggested by Vincent J. McMahon. Booker became a WWWF World Tag Team Champion as a replacement for Moondog King in May 1981. Booker held the title along with Moondog Rex until they were defeated by Rick Martel and Tony Garea on July 21, 1981. The Moondogs also frequently appeared in Memphis where they feuded with The Fabulous Ones, The Rock 'n' Roll Express, and Midnight Express. With scraggly hair and beards, Spot and Rex wore tattered blue jeans and simple black boots to the ring, carrying their trademark oversized, dinosaur-looking bones, which were often used as foreign objects when needed. \n\nThe Moondogs became a regular gimmick in the Memphis promotion featuring a revolving door of wrestlers who teamed with Latham. In 1984, Booker and Rex returned to the WWF with Jimmy Hart as their manager. The next year, they split up and Rex became the original Smash in Demolition before being replaced by Barry Darsow. On November 7, 1985, he wrestled in the tournament on the WWF pay-per-view event Wrestling Classic, defeating Terry Funk in the first round by count out, but losing to Junkyard Dog in the quarterfinals. After the tournament, Spot was relegated to jobber status until leaving the company in 1987.\n\nVarious promotions (1987–2003) \nAfter leaving the WWF, he went to All Japan Pro Wrestling where he teamed with Moondog Spike for a few months in late 1987. Spot kept up The Moondogs gimmick. For most of his career, he stayed in Memphis working for the United States Wrestling Association from 1991 to 1996, where he won the USWA Southern Tag Team titles with Spike, Cujo and Splat. He also worked in Smoky Mountain Wrestling from 1993 to 1994. He would stick around Tennessee for the independent circuit mainly working for Power Pro Wrestling. Latham later operated a wrestling school in Osceola, Arkansas. During his few appearances in the independent circuit, he would usually team up with Moondog Puppy Love, working in Memphis Wrestling, with April Pennington acting as their manager. In March 2003, he made an appearance as Moondog Spot in Total Nonstop Action Wrestling, where he teamed with Jim Duggan to defeat Mike Sanders and Disco Inferno.\n\nDeath\nOn November 29, 2003, Booker suffered a heart attack in the ring during Jerry Lawler's \"birthday bash\" show in Memphis, Tennessee. He was rushed to Methodist Central Hospital where he was pronounced dead at the age of 51. A coroner attributed his death to complications from diabetes and other medical ailments. Following the show, the crowd was informed of his death, a ten-bell salute was performed, and Brian Christopher asked the fans to pray for Booker’s family, who had been in attendance. Booker was buried at the Zion Hill Church Cemetery in Friendship, Tennessee; Lawler attended his funeral.\n\nChampionships and accomplishments\nInternational Championship Wrestling (New England)\nICW Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Moondog Spike\n\nMoondog Championship Wrestling\nMCW Heavyweight Championship (1 time)\nNWA Mid-America - Continental Wrestling Association\nAWA Southern Tag Team Championship (5 times) – with Wayne Farris (3), Bill Irwin (1) and Moondog Rex (1)\nNWA Mid-America Tag Team Championship (3 times) – with Wayne Farris\nCWA Heavyweight Championship (3 times)\nNWA Alabama Heavyweight Championship (1 times)\n\nPower Pro Wrestling\nPPW Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Derrick King\nPro Wrestling Illustrated\nPWI Feud of the Year (1992) with Moondog Cujo vs. Jerry Lawler and Jeff Jarrett\n\nSouthern Championship Wrestling\nSCW Heavyweight Championship (1 time)\n\nUnited States Wrestling Association\nUSWA World Tag Team Championship (13 times) – with Moondog Spike (3), Moondog Cujo (2), Moondog Splat (4), Moondog Rex (3), and Moondog Rover (1)\n\nWorld Wrestling Council\nWWC North American Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Moondog Rex\nWWC Caribbean Tag Team Championship (2 times) – with Moondog Rex\nWWC World Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Moondog Rex\n\nWorld Wrestling Federation\nWWF Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Moondog Rex\n\nWrestling Observer Newsletter awards\nFeud of the Year (1992) with Moondog Cujo vs. Jerry Lawler and Jeff Jarrett\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nIn Memory of Moondog Spot\nThe Accelerator's Wrestling Rollercoaster: Moondog Spot\nDeceased Wrestlers - Moondog Spot\nMoondog Spot at Find a Grave\n\n1952 births\n2003 deaths\nAmerican male professional wrestlers\nPeople from Louisiana\nProfessional wrestlers from Louisiana\nProfessional wrestling deaths\nProfessional wrestling jobbers\nSports deaths in Tennessee\nThe First Family (professional wrestling) members" ]

[ "Louis Thomas Hardin (May 26, 1916 – September 8, 1999), known professionally as Moondog, was an American composer, performing musician, theoretician, poet, and inventor of several musical instruments. Largely self-taught as a composer, his work drew inspiration from jazz, classical, Latin, and Native American music.", "Largely self-taught as a composer, his work drew inspiration from jazz, classical, Latin, and Native American music. His music, strongly rhythmic and contrapuntal, later influenced minimalist composers Steve Reich and Philip Glass. Moondog was blind from the age of 16.", "Moondog was blind from the age of 16. He lived in New York City from the late 1940s until 1972; during this time he could often be found on 6th Avenue, between 52nd and 55th Streets, wearing a cloak and a horned helmet. He sometimes busked or sold music, but often just stood silently on the sidewalk.", "He sometimes busked or sold music, but often just stood silently on the sidewalk. He was recognized as \"the Viking of 6th Avenue\" by thousands of passersby and residents who were not aware of his musical career.", "He was recognized as \"the Viking of 6th Avenue\" by thousands of passersby and residents who were not aware of his musical career. Biography and career Early life Born to an Episcopalian family in Marysville, Kansas, United States, Hardin started playing a set of drums that he made from a cardboard box at the age of five.", "Biography and career Early life Born to an Episcopalian family in Marysville, Kansas, United States, Hardin started playing a set of drums that he made from a cardboard box at the age of five. His family relocated to Wyoming and his father opened a trading post at Fort Bridger. He attended school in a couple of small towns.", "He attended school in a couple of small towns. At one point, his father took him to an Arapaho Sun Dance where he sat on the lap of Chief Yellow Calf and played a tom-tom made from buffalo skin. He also played drums for the high school band in Hurley, Missouri.", "He also played drums for the high school band in Hurley, Missouri. On July 4, 1932, the 16-year-old Hardin found an object in a field which he did not realise was a dynamite cap. While he was handling it the explosive detonated in his face and permanently blinded him.", "While he was handling it the explosive detonated in his face and permanently blinded him. After learning the principles of music in several schools for blind young men across middle America, he taught himself the skills of ear training and composition. He studied with Burnet Tuthill at the Iowa School for the Blind.", "He studied with Burnet Tuthill at the Iowa School for the Blind. He then moved to Batesville, Arkansas, where he lived until 1942, when he obtained a scholarship to study in Memphis, Tennessee.", "He then moved to Batesville, Arkansas, where he lived until 1942, when he obtained a scholarship to study in Memphis, Tennessee. Although he was largely self-taught in music, learning predominantly by ear, he learned some music theory from books in braille during his time in Memphis.", "Although he was largely self-taught in music, learning predominantly by ear, he learned some music theory from books in braille during his time in Memphis. In 1943, Hardin moved to New York, where he met classical musicians including Leonard Bernstein and Arturo Toscanini, as well as jazz performers such as Charlie Parker and Benny Goodman, whose upbeat tempos and often humorous compositions would influence Hardin's later work.", "In 1943, Hardin moved to New York, where he met classical musicians including Leonard Bernstein and Arturo Toscanini, as well as jazz performers such as Charlie Parker and Benny Goodman, whose upbeat tempos and often humorous compositions would influence Hardin's later work. One of his early street posts was near the 52nd Street nightclub strip, and he was known to jazz musicians.", "One of his early street posts was near the 52nd Street nightclub strip, and he was known to jazz musicians. By 1947, Hardin had adopted the name \"Moondog\" in honor of a dog \"who used to howl at the moon more than any dog I knew of\".", "By 1947, Hardin had adopted the name \"Moondog\" in honor of a dog \"who used to howl at the moon more than any dog I knew of\". New York City From the late 1940s until 1972, Moondog lived as a street musician and poet in New York City, playing in midtown Manhattan, eventually settling on the corner of 53rd or 54th Street and 6th Avenue in Manhattan.", "New York City From the late 1940s until 1972, Moondog lived as a street musician and poet in New York City, playing in midtown Manhattan, eventually settling on the corner of 53rd or 54th Street and 6th Avenue in Manhattan. He was rarely if ever homeless, and maintained an apartment in upper Manhattan and had a country retreat in Candor, New York, to which he moved full-time in 1972.", "He was rarely if ever homeless, and maintained an apartment in upper Manhattan and had a country retreat in Candor, New York, to which he moved full-time in 1972. He partially supported himself by selling copies of his poetry and his musical philosophy.", "He partially supported himself by selling copies of his poetry and his musical philosophy. In addition to his music and poetry, he was also known for the distinctive fanciful \"Viking\" cloak that he wore.", "In addition to his music and poetry, he was also known for the distinctive fanciful \"Viking\" cloak that he wore. Already bearded and long-haired, he added a Viking-style horned helmet to avoid the occasional comparisons of his appearance with that of Christ or a monk, as he had rejected Christianity in his late teens.", "Already bearded and long-haired, he added a Viking-style horned helmet to avoid the occasional comparisons of his appearance with that of Christ or a monk, as he had rejected Christianity in his late teens. He developed a lifelong interest in Nordic mythology, and maintained an altar to Thor in his country home in Candor.", "He developed a lifelong interest in Nordic mythology, and maintained an altar to Thor in his country home in Candor. In 1949, he traveled to a Blackfoot Sun Dance in Idaho where he performed on percussion and flute, returning to the Native American music he first came in contact with as a child.", "In 1949, he traveled to a Blackfoot Sun Dance in Idaho where he performed on percussion and flute, returning to the Native American music he first came in contact with as a child. It was this Native music, along with contemporary jazz and classical, mixed with the ambient sounds from his environment (city traffic, ocean waves, babies crying, etc.)", "It was this Native music, along with contemporary jazz and classical, mixed with the ambient sounds from his environment (city traffic, ocean waves, babies crying, etc.) that created the foundation of Moondog's music.", "that created the foundation of Moondog's music. In 1954, he won a case in the New York State Supreme Court against disc jockey Alan Freed, who had branded his radio show, \"The Moondog Rock and Roll Matinee\", around the name \"Moondog\", using \"Moondog's Symphony\" (the first record that Moondog ever cut) as his \"calling card\".", "In 1954, he won a case in the New York State Supreme Court against disc jockey Alan Freed, who had branded his radio show, \"The Moondog Rock and Roll Matinee\", around the name \"Moondog\", using \"Moondog's Symphony\" (the first record that Moondog ever cut) as his \"calling card\". Moondog believed he would not have won the case had it not been for the help of musicians such as Benny Goodman and Arturo Toscanini, who testified that he was a serious composer.", "Moondog believed he would not have won the case had it not been for the help of musicians such as Benny Goodman and Arturo Toscanini, who testified that he was a serious composer. Freed had to apologize and stop using the nickname \"Moondog\" on air, on the basis that Hardin was known by the name long before Freed began using it.", "Freed had to apologize and stop using the nickname \"Moondog\" on air, on the basis that Hardin was known by the name long before Freed began using it. Germany Along with his passion for Nordic culture, Moondog had an idealised view of Germany (\"The Holy Land with the Holy River\" — the Rhine), where he settled in 1974.", "Germany Along with his passion for Nordic culture, Moondog had an idealised view of Germany (\"The Holy Land with the Holy River\" — the Rhine), where he settled in 1974. Moondog revisited the United States briefly in 1989, for a tribute at the New Music America Festival in Brooklyn, in which festival director Yale Evelev asked him to conduct the Brooklyn Philharmonic Chamber Orchestra, stimulating a renewed interest in his music.", "Moondog revisited the United States briefly in 1989, for a tribute at the New Music America Festival in Brooklyn, in which festival director Yale Evelev asked him to conduct the Brooklyn Philharmonic Chamber Orchestra, stimulating a renewed interest in his music. Eventually, a young German student named Ilona Goebel (later known as Ilona Sommer) helped Moondog set up the primary holding company for his artistic endeavors and hosted him, first in Oer-Erkenschwick, and later on in Münster in Westphalia.", "Eventually, a young German student named Ilona Goebel (later known as Ilona Sommer) helped Moondog set up the primary holding company for his artistic endeavors and hosted him, first in Oer-Erkenschwick, and later on in Münster in Westphalia. Moondog lived with Sommer's family and they spent time together in Münster.", "Moondog lived with Sommer's family and they spent time together in Münster. During that period, Moondog created hundreds of compositions which were transferred from Braille to sheet music by Sommer. Moondog spent the remainder of his life in Germany. On 8 September 1999, he died in Münster from heart failure.", "On 8 September 1999, he died in Münster from heart failure. He is buried at the Central Cemetery Münster. His tomb was designed by the artist Ernst Fuchs after the death mask. He recorded many albums, and toured both in the U.S. and in Europe—France, Germany and Sweden.", "He recorded many albums, and toured both in the U.S. and in Europe—France, Germany and Sweden. Music Moondog's music took inspiration from street sounds, such as the subway or a foghorn.", "Music Moondog's music took inspiration from street sounds, such as the subway or a foghorn. It was characterized by what he called \"snaketime\" and described as \"a slithery rhythm, in times that are not ordinary [...] I'm not gonna die in 4/4 time\".", "It was characterized by what he called \"snaketime\" and described as \"a slithery rhythm, in times that are not ordinary [...] I'm not gonna die in 4/4 time\". Many of his works were highly contrapuntal, and he worked hard on counterpoint.", "Many of his works were highly contrapuntal, and he worked hard on counterpoint. Moondog's work was praised by Artur Rodziński, the conductor of New York Philharmonic in the 1940s.", "Moondog's work was praised by Artur Rodziński, the conductor of New York Philharmonic in the 1940s. He released a number of 78s, 45s and EPs of his music in the 1950s, including an unusual record of stories and songs for children with Julie Andrews and Martyn Green, in 1957, called Songs of Sense and Nonsense - Tell it Again, as well as several LPs on the Prestige, a jazz label.", "He released a number of 78s, 45s and EPs of his music in the 1950s, including an unusual record of stories and songs for children with Julie Andrews and Martyn Green, in 1957, called Songs of Sense and Nonsense - Tell it Again, as well as several LPs on the Prestige, a jazz label. For ten years no new recordings were heard from Moondog until producer James William Guercio took him into the studio to record an album titled Moondog for Columbia Records in 1969.", "For ten years no new recordings were heard from Moondog until producer James William Guercio took him into the studio to record an album titled Moondog for Columbia Records in 1969. \"Stamping Ground\" from the album was included on the 1970 CBS sampler Fill Your Head with Rock.", "\"Stamping Ground\" from the album was included on the 1970 CBS sampler Fill Your Head with Rock. A second album produced with Guercio, entitled Moondog 2, featured Moondog's daughter June (b. 1953) as a vocalist and contained song compositions in canons and rounds.", "1953) as a vocalist and contained song compositions in canons and rounds. The album did not make as large an impression in popular music as the first had. The two Columbia albums were re-released as a single CD in 1989.", "The two Columbia albums were re-released as a single CD in 1989. Inventions Moondog also invented several musical instruments, including a small triangular-shaped harp known as the \"oo\", another which he named the \"ooo-ya-tsu\", and a triangular stringed instrument played with a bow that he called the \"hüs\" (after the Norwegian, \"hus\", meaning \"house\").", "Inventions Moondog also invented several musical instruments, including a small triangular-shaped harp known as the \"oo\", another which he named the \"ooo-ya-tsu\", and a triangular stringed instrument played with a bow that he called the \"hüs\" (after the Norwegian, \"hus\", meaning \"house\"). Perhaps his best known creation is the \"trimba\", a triangular percussion instrument that the composer invented in the late 1940s.", "Perhaps his best known creation is the \"trimba\", a triangular percussion instrument that the composer invented in the late 1940s. The original Trimba is still played today by Moondog's friend Stefan Lakatos, a Swedish percussionist, to whom Moondog also explained the methods for building such an instrument.", "The original Trimba is still played today by Moondog's friend Stefan Lakatos, a Swedish percussionist, to whom Moondog also explained the methods for building such an instrument. Influence Moondog's music from the 1940s and 1950s is said to have been a strong influence on many early minimalist composers.", "Influence Moondog's music from the 1940s and 1950s is said to have been a strong influence on many early minimalist composers. Philip Glass has written that he and Steve Reich took Moondog's work \"very seriously and understood and appreciated it much more than what we were exposed to at Juilliard\".", "Philip Glass has written that he and Steve Reich took Moondog's work \"very seriously and understood and appreciated it much more than what we were exposed to at Juilliard\". In July 1956 the British jazz composer and musician Kenny Graham recorded the album Moondog and Suncat Suites with a thirteen-piece band featuring such performers as pianist Stan Tracey and drummer Phil Seamen.", "In July 1956 the British jazz composer and musician Kenny Graham recorded the album Moondog and Suncat Suites with a thirteen-piece band featuring such performers as pianist Stan Tracey and drummer Phil Seamen. \"Moondog\" featured Graham's arrangements of ten Moondog compositions, whereas \"Suncat Suite\" consisted of a sequence of six of Graham's own compositions inspired by Moondog.", "\"Moondog\" featured Graham's arrangements of ten Moondog compositions, whereas \"Suncat Suite\" consisted of a sequence of six of Graham's own compositions inspired by Moondog. HMV issued the original LP album in 1957; Trunk Records reissued it on CD in 2010. Moondog inspired other musicians with several songs dedicated to him.", "Moondog inspired other musicians with several songs dedicated to him. These include \"Moondog\" on Pentangle's 1968 album Sweet Child and \"Spear for Moondog\" (parts I and II) by jazz organist Jimmy McGriff on his 1968 Electric Funk album.", "These include \"Moondog\" on Pentangle's 1968 album Sweet Child and \"Spear for Moondog\" (parts I and II) by jazz organist Jimmy McGriff on his 1968 Electric Funk album. Glam rock musician Marc Bolan and T. Rex referenced him in the song \"Rabbit Fighter\" with the line \"Moondog's just a prophet to the end…\".", "Glam rock musician Marc Bolan and T. Rex referenced him in the song \"Rabbit Fighter\" with the line \"Moondog's just a prophet to the end…\". The English pop group Prefab Sprout included the song \"Moondog\" on their album Jordan: The Comeback released in 1990.", "The English pop group Prefab Sprout included the song \"Moondog\" on their album Jordan: The Comeback released in 1990. Big Brother and the Holding Company featuring Janis Joplin covered his song \"All Is Loneliness\" on their 1967 self-titled album. The song was also covered by Antony and the Johnsons during their 2005 tour.", "The song was also covered by Antony and the Johnsons during their 2005 tour. Mr. Scruff's single \"Get a Move On\" from his album Keep It Unreal is structured around samples from \"Bird's Lament\".", "Mr. Scruff's single \"Get a Move On\" from his album Keep It Unreal is structured around samples from \"Bird's Lament\". New York band The Insect Trust play a cover of Moondog's song \"Be a Hobo\" on their album Hoboken Saturday Night.", "New York band The Insect Trust play a cover of Moondog's song \"Be a Hobo\" on their album Hoboken Saturday Night. The track \"Stamping Ground\", with its preamble of Moondog reciting one of his epigrams, was featured on the sampler double album Fill Your Head with Rock (CBS, 1970).", "The track \"Stamping Ground\", with its preamble of Moondog reciting one of his epigrams, was featured on the sampler double album Fill Your Head with Rock (CBS, 1970). Canadian composer and producer Daniel Lanois included a track called \"Moondog\" on his album/video-documentary Here Is What Is.", "Canadian composer and producer Daniel Lanois included a track called \"Moondog\" on his album/video-documentary Here Is What Is. Between 1970 and 1980, a blind bearded mystic called \"Moondog\" appeared as the title character in a four issue series of Underground comix written and illustrated by George Metzger.", "Between 1970 and 1980, a blind bearded mystic called \"Moondog\" appeared as the title character in a four issue series of Underground comix written and illustrated by George Metzger. Since the early 1970s, a number of professional wrestlers have been named The Moondogs, taking inspiration from the artist.", "Since the early 1970s, a number of professional wrestlers have been named The Moondogs, taking inspiration from the artist. Discography Singles \"Snaketime Rhythms (5 Beat) / Snaketime Rhythms (7 Beat)\" (1949), SMC \"Moondog's Symphony\" (1949–1950), SMC \"Organ Rounds\" (1949–1950), SMC \"Oboe Rounds\" (1949–1950), SMC \"Surf Session\" (c. 1953), SMC \"Caribea Sextet\"/\"Oo Debut\" (1956), Moondog Records \"Stamping Ground Theme\" (from the Kralingen Music Festival) (1970), CBS EPs 1953 Improvisations at a Jazz Concert, Brunswick 1953 Moondog on the Streets of New York, Decca/Mars 1953 Pastoral Suite / Surf Session, SMC 1955 Moondog & His Honking Geese Playing Moondog's Music, Moondog Records Albums 1953 Moondog and His Friends, Epic 1956 Snaketime Series (not the same as the 1954 LP), Moondog Records 1956 Moondog, Prestige 1956 More Moondog, Prestige 1957 The Story of Moondog, Prestige 1969 Moondog (not the same as the 1956 LP), Columbia 1971 Moondog 2, Columbia (with insert: Round the World of Sound: Moondog Madrigals with scores) 1977 Moondog in Europe, Kopf 1978 H'art Songs, Kopf 1978 Moondog: Instrumental Music by Louis Hardin, Musical Heritage Society 1979 A New Sound of an Old Instrument, Kopf 1981 Facets, Managarm 1986 Bracelli, Kakaphone 1992 Elpmas, Kopf 1994 Sax Pax for a Sax with the London Saxophonic, Kopf/Atlantic 1995 Big Band, Trimba 2005 Bracelli und Moondog, Laska Records With Julie Andrews and Martyn Green 1957 Songs of Sense and Nonsense - Tell it Again, Angel/Capitol Compilations 1991 More Moondog/The Story of Moondog, Original Jazz Classics (reissue of Prestige albums listed above) 2001 Moondog/Moondog 2, Beat Goes On (reissue of the two Columbia albums issued above) 2004 The Viking of Sixth Avenue, Honest Jon's 2005 The German Years 1977–1999, ROOF Music 2005 Un hommage à Moondog tribute album, trAce label 2006 Rare Material, ROOF Music 2007 The Viking Of 6th Avenue (disc inside biographical book), Process ().", "Discography Singles \"Snaketime Rhythms (5 Beat) / Snaketime Rhythms (7 Beat)\" (1949), SMC \"Moondog's Symphony\" (1949–1950), SMC \"Organ Rounds\" (1949–1950), SMC \"Oboe Rounds\" (1949–1950), SMC \"Surf Session\" (c. 1953), SMC \"Caribea Sextet\"/\"Oo Debut\" (1956), Moondog Records \"Stamping Ground Theme\" (from the Kralingen Music Festival) (1970), CBS EPs 1953 Improvisations at a Jazz Concert, Brunswick 1953 Moondog on the Streets of New York, Decca/Mars 1953 Pastoral Suite / Surf Session, SMC 1955 Moondog & His Honking Geese Playing Moondog's Music, Moondog Records Albums 1953 Moondog and His Friends, Epic 1956 Snaketime Series (not the same as the 1954 LP), Moondog Records 1956 Moondog, Prestige 1956 More Moondog, Prestige 1957 The Story of Moondog, Prestige 1969 Moondog (not the same as the 1956 LP), Columbia 1971 Moondog 2, Columbia (with insert: Round the World of Sound: Moondog Madrigals with scores) 1977 Moondog in Europe, Kopf 1978 H'art Songs, Kopf 1978 Moondog: Instrumental Music by Louis Hardin, Musical Heritage Society 1979 A New Sound of an Old Instrument, Kopf 1981 Facets, Managarm 1986 Bracelli, Kakaphone 1992 Elpmas, Kopf 1994 Sax Pax for a Sax with the London Saxophonic, Kopf/Atlantic 1995 Big Band, Trimba 2005 Bracelli und Moondog, Laska Records With Julie Andrews and Martyn Green 1957 Songs of Sense and Nonsense - Tell it Again, Angel/Capitol Compilations 1991 More Moondog/The Story of Moondog, Original Jazz Classics (reissue of Prestige albums listed above) 2001 Moondog/Moondog 2, Beat Goes On (reissue of the two Columbia albums issued above) 2004 The Viking of Sixth Avenue, Honest Jon's 2005 The German Years 1977–1999, ROOF Music 2005 Un hommage à Moondog tribute album, trAce label 2006 Rare Material, ROOF Music 2007 The Viking Of 6th Avenue (disc inside biographical book), Process (). Reissue, Honest Jon, 2008 2017 The Viking of Sixth Ave., Manimal Various artist compilations 1954 New York 19 (recorded and edited by Tony Schwartz), Folkways 1954 Music in the Streets (recorded and edited by Tony Schwartz), Folkways 1958 Rosey 4 Blocks (arrangement by Andy Forsythe), Rosey 1970 Fill Your Head With Rock, CBS 1998 The Big Lebowski motion picture soundtrack, Mercury 2000 Miniatures 2, Cherry Red 2006 DJ-Kicks: Henrik Schwarz, K7 Records 2006 The Trip: Curated By Jarvis Cocker and Steve Mackey, Disc 1 Track 19: \"Pastoral\" 2008 Pineapple Express Motion Picture Sound Track, Track 9 \"Birds Lament,\" Moondog & The London Saxophonic.", "Reissue, Honest Jon, 2008 2017 The Viking of Sixth Ave., Manimal Various artist compilations 1954 New York 19 (recorded and edited by Tony Schwartz), Folkways 1954 Music in the Streets (recorded and edited by Tony Schwartz), Folkways 1958 Rosey 4 Blocks (arrangement by Andy Forsythe), Rosey 1970 Fill Your Head With Rock, CBS 1998 The Big Lebowski motion picture soundtrack, Mercury 2000 Miniatures 2, Cherry Red 2006 DJ-Kicks: Henrik Schwarz, K7 Records 2006 The Trip: Curated By Jarvis Cocker and Steve Mackey, Disc 1 Track 19: \"Pastoral\" 2008 Pineapple Express Motion Picture Sound Track, Track 9 \"Birds Lament,\" Moondog & The London Saxophonic. Performed by other musicians 1957 Moondog and Suncat Suite by British jazz musician Kenny Graham features one side of interpretations of the work of Moondog 1967 \"All Is Loneliness\" by Big Brother and the Holding Company, featuring Janis Joplin, on their self-titled first album 1968 \"Moon Dog\" by Pentangle on Sweet Child 1968 \"Spear for Moondog (parts 1 and 2)\" by jazz organist Jimmy McGriff on Electric Funk 1970 \"Be a Hobo\" by The Insect Trust on Hoboken Saturday Night 1978 Canons on the Keys by Paul Jordan, unreleased 1983 Here's to John Wesley Hardin by R. Stevie Moore, unreleased 1985 \"Theme and Variations\" performed by John Fahey on the album Rain Forests, Oceans and Other Themes 1990 Love Child Plays Moondog, EP, Forced Exposure 1990 \"Moondog\" by Prefab Sprout on Jordan: The Comeback 1993 \"All is Loneliness\" by Motorpsycho on Demon Box (album) and Roadwork Vol.", "Performed by other musicians 1957 Moondog and Suncat Suite by British jazz musician Kenny Graham features one side of interpretations of the work of Moondog 1967 \"All Is Loneliness\" by Big Brother and the Holding Company, featuring Janis Joplin, on their self-titled first album 1968 \"Moon Dog\" by Pentangle on Sweet Child 1968 \"Spear for Moondog (parts 1 and 2)\" by jazz organist Jimmy McGriff on Electric Funk 1970 \"Be a Hobo\" by The Insect Trust on Hoboken Saturday Night 1978 Canons on the Keys by Paul Jordan, unreleased 1983 Here's to John Wesley Hardin by R. Stevie Moore, unreleased 1985 \"Theme and Variations\" performed by John Fahey on the album Rain Forests, Oceans and Other Themes 1990 Love Child Plays Moondog, EP, Forced Exposure 1990 \"Moondog\" by Prefab Sprout on Jordan: The Comeback 1993 \"All is Loneliness\" by Motorpsycho on Demon Box (album) and Roadwork Vol. 4: Intrepid Skronk 1995 Alphorn of Plenty by Hans Kennel, Hat Art 1997 \"Synchrony Nr.", "4: Intrepid Skronk 1995 Alphorn of Plenty by Hans Kennel, Hat Art 1997 \"Synchrony Nr. 2\" by Kronos Quartet 1998 Trees Against the Sky compilation album, SHI-RA-Nui 360° 1998 \"Paris\" by NRBQ, live, on You Gotta Be Loose and NRBQ: High Noon - A 50-Year Retrospective 1999 \"Get a Move On\" (structured around samples from \"Bird's Lament (In Memory of Charlie Parker)\") by Mr. Scruff on Keep It Unreal 2004 Bracelli und Moondog CD Ensemble Bracelli, Germany w Stefan Lakatos.", "2\" by Kronos Quartet 1998 Trees Against the Sky compilation album, SHI-RA-Nui 360° 1998 \"Paris\" by NRBQ, live, on You Gotta Be Loose and NRBQ: High Noon - A 50-Year Retrospective 1999 \"Get a Move On\" (structured around samples from \"Bird's Lament (In Memory of Charlie Parker)\") by Mr. Scruff on Keep It Unreal 2004 Bracelli und Moondog CD Ensemble Bracelli, Germany w Stefan Lakatos. LASKA records 2005 \"All Is Loneliness\" by Antony and the Johnsons, live 2005 Sidewalk Dances by Joanna MacGregor & Britten Sinfonia, Sound Circus SC010 2006 Moondog Sharp Harp by Xenia Narati, Ars Musici 2007 \"Paris\" by Jens Lekman, live 2009 \"Rabbit Hop\" by Hypnotic Brass Ensemble 2009 \"New Amsterdam\" by Pink Martini on Splendor in the Grass 2010 The Orastorios - Moondog rounds by Stefan Lakatos/Andreas Heuser, Makro 2011 Making Moonshine - Moondog Songs by Moondog Fans by Various Artists, SL Records 2011 Chaconne 1 & Viking 1 by R. Stevie Moore, unreleased 2013 Seeds of Immortality Spirit of Moondog w Stefan Lakatos.", "LASKA records 2005 \"All Is Loneliness\" by Antony and the Johnsons, live 2005 Sidewalk Dances by Joanna MacGregor & Britten Sinfonia, Sound Circus SC010 2006 Moondog Sharp Harp by Xenia Narati, Ars Musici 2007 \"Paris\" by Jens Lekman, live 2009 \"Rabbit Hop\" by Hypnotic Brass Ensemble 2009 \"New Amsterdam\" by Pink Martini on Splendor in the Grass 2010 The Orastorios - Moondog rounds by Stefan Lakatos/Andreas Heuser, Makro 2011 Making Moonshine - Moondog Songs by Moondog Fans by Various Artists, SL Records 2011 Chaconne 1 & Viking 1 by R. Stevie Moore, unreleased 2013 Seeds of Immortality Spirit of Moondog w Stefan Lakatos. Moondog music for saxophones.", "Moondog music for saxophones. Moondog music for saxophones. 2013 tRío lucas - homage to Moondog in the introduction of the song desintegración de la antimateria by tRío lucas 2013 Moondog Mask by Hobocombo 2014 Perpetual Motion (A Celebration of Moondog) by Sylvain Rifflet & Jon Irabagon 2015 Beyond Horizons Moondog Piano/Percussion by Mariam Tonoyan and Stefan Lakatos and friends.", "2013 tRío lucas - homage to Moondog in the introduction of the song desintegración de la antimateria by tRío lucas 2013 Moondog Mask by Hobocombo 2014 Perpetual Motion (A Celebration of Moondog) by Sylvain Rifflet & Jon Irabagon 2015 Beyond Horizons Moondog Piano/Percussion by Mariam Tonoyan and Stefan Lakatos and friends. CD Moondogscorner.de/Rockwerk records 2015 Cabaret Contemporain Plays Moondog by Cabaret Contemporain 2016 A Tribute To Moondog by Condor Gruppe (2016) on Condor Men Records – Format: Vinyl, LP, Mini-Album 2017 New Sound by Ensemble Minisym (2017) on Association Bongo Joe Records (Genève) – Format : Vinyl, CD, LP 2018 Moondog by Katia Labèque & Triple Sun 2018 Erk-Moondog Ensemble Bracelli w Stefan Lakatos.", "CD Moondogscorner.de/Rockwerk records 2015 Cabaret Contemporain Plays Moondog by Cabaret Contemporain 2016 A Tribute To Moondog by Condor Gruppe (2016) on Condor Men Records – Format: Vinyl, LP, Mini-Album 2017 New Sound by Ensemble Minisym (2017) on Association Bongo Joe Records (Genève) – Format : Vinyl, CD, LP 2018 Moondog by Katia Labèque & Triple Sun 2018 Erk-Moondog Ensemble Bracelli w Stefan Lakatos. CD Moondogscorner.de/Rockwerk records Germany 2019 The Witch of Endor by Kreiz Breizh Akademi #7 \"Hed\" (Brittany, France) 2019 Moondog Piano Trimba by Dominique Ponty and Stefan Lakatos, SHIIN Records CD (France) 2019 Moondog - The Stockholm 1981 Recordings Moondog & Stefan Lakatos w friends.", "CD Moondogscorner.de/Rockwerk records Germany 2019 The Witch of Endor by Kreiz Breizh Akademi #7 \"Hed\" (Brittany, France) 2019 Moondog Piano Trimba by Dominique Ponty and Stefan Lakatos, SHIIN Records CD (France) 2019 Moondog - The Stockholm 1981 Recordings Moondog & Stefan Lakatos w friends. Vinyl LP brus&knaster KNASTER 048.", "Vinyl LP brus&knaster KNASTER 048. Sweden References Further reading Articles Books External links Moondog's Corner Moondog discography at Discogs Moondog: the Man on the Street, WBAI; ubu.com Moondog's Artist Page on Spotify 1916 births 1999 deaths Musicians from Kansas Musicians from New York City Musicians from Wyoming People from Marysville, Kansas American street performers American jazz composers American male jazz composers Blind musicians Street people American Modern Pagans Outsider musicians People from Uinta County, Wyoming American experimental musicians Inventors of musical instruments Avant-garde jazz percussionists Minimalist composers 20th-century American poets 20th-century American composers Modern Pagan poets Jazz musicians from New York (state) 20th-century American inventors 20th-century American male musicians 20th-century jazz composers Performers of Modern Pagan music" ]

[ "Moondog", "Biography and career", "Where was Moondog born?", "Episcopalian family in Marysville, Kansas,", "Who were his parents?", "I don't know.", "What was his career path like ?", "losing his sight at the age of 16 in a farm accident on July 4, 1932, involving a dynamite cap." ]

[ "Merle \"Red\" Taylor (May 19, 1927 - May 3, 1987) was an American musician.\n\nEarly life\nTaylor was born in Saltillo, Mississippi. Taylor began playing his fiddle at an early age and was asked to play at several local events growing up. At the age of fifteen, he got his own first show in Tupelo, Mississippi. Later on, he moved to Nashville, Tennessee to start his career in music.\n\nCareer\nTaylor then took a break from music and joined the military, but eventually moved back to Nashville and got to perform at the Grand Ole Opry. Merle was also one of Bill Monroe's fiddlers and helped contribute to the start of bluegrass music. Monroe took interest in Merle \"Red\" Taylor when he composed an ear-catching melody. Monroe liked the way it sounded, and by his next recording session on October 15, 1950, he set words to Taylor's tune. He made it his own and as a tribute to \"Uncle Pen.\" It became one of his most requested songs, and Taylor remained uncredited. Red impressed hundreds of fiddlers with the bowing technique he used. As Gordon Terry, the man who placed him as a fiddle player in Monro's band, explained, \"He did a slow bow with a lot of finger work and a funner reverse...I don't think there would be the tunes there are now, had he not played fiddle because he did something nobody did.\" Merle \"Red\" Taylor played with Paul Howard, Cowboy Copas, and Hank Williams in addition to Monroe's Blue Grass Boys.\n\nReferences \n\n1927 births\n1987 deaths\nPeople from Saltillo, Mississippi\nAmerican bluegrass fiddlers\n20th-century American musicians\nCountry musicians from Mississippi", "Gilbert Lloyd \"Gil\" Coggins (August 23, 1924 – February 15, 2004) was an American jazz pianist.\n\nCoggins was born to parents of West Indian heritage. His mother was a pianist and had her son start on piano from an early age. He attended school in New York City and Barbados. In Harlem, New York City, he attended The High School of Music & Art.\n\nIn 1946, Coggins met Miles Davis while stationed at Jefferson Barracks in Missouri. After his discharge he began playing piano professionally, working with Davis on several of his Blue Note and Prestige releases. Coggins also recorded with John Coltrane, Sonny Rollins, Lester Young, Art Blakey's Jazz Messengers, Ray Draper, and Jackie McLean.\n\nCoggins gave up playing jazz professionally in 1954 and took up a career in real estate, playing music only occasionally. He did not record as a leader until 1990, when Interplay Records released Gil's Mood. He continued performing through the 1990s and 2000s until 2004, when he died from complications sustained in a car crash eight months earlier in Forest Hills, New York. Better Late Than Never, his second album recorded as a leader, was released posthumously.\n\nDiscography\nGil's Mood (Interplay, 1990)\nBetter Late Than Never (2003)\n\nAs sideman\nWith Miles Davis\nMiles Davis Volume 1 (Blue Note, 1956)\nMiles Davis Volume 2 (Blue Note, 1956)\nWith Ray Draper\nThe Ray Draper Quintet featuring John Coltrane (New Jazz, 1957)\nWith Jackie McLean\nFat Jazz (Jubilee, 1959)\nMakin' the Changes (New Jazz, 1960)\nA Long Drink of the Blues (New Jazz, 1961)\nStrange Blues (Prestige, 1967)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nMemorial site created by Coggins's family\nGil Coggins at Discogs\nGil Coggins at JazzTimes\n\n1928 births\n2004 deaths\nAmerican jazz pianists\nAmerican male pianists\n20th-century American pianists\nThe High School of Music & Art alumni\nJazz musicians from New York (state)\n20th-century American male musicians\nAmerican male jazz musicians" ]

[ "Louis Thomas Hardin (May 26, 1916 – September 8, 1999), known professionally as Moondog, was an American composer, performing musician, theoretician, poet, and inventor of several musical instruments. Largely self-taught as a composer, his work drew inspiration from jazz, classical, Latin, and Native American music.", "Largely self-taught as a composer, his work drew inspiration from jazz, classical, Latin, and Native American music. His music, strongly rhythmic and contrapuntal, later influenced minimalist composers Steve Reich and Philip Glass. Moondog was blind from the age of 16.", "Moondog was blind from the age of 16. He lived in New York City from the late 1940s until 1972; during this time he could often be found on 6th Avenue, between 52nd and 55th Streets, wearing a cloak and a horned helmet. He sometimes busked or sold music, but often just stood silently on the sidewalk.", "He sometimes busked or sold music, but often just stood silently on the sidewalk. He was recognized as \"the Viking of 6th Avenue\" by thousands of passersby and residents who were not aware of his musical career.", "He was recognized as \"the Viking of 6th Avenue\" by thousands of passersby and residents who were not aware of his musical career. Biography and career Early life Born to an Episcopalian family in Marysville, Kansas, United States, Hardin started playing a set of drums that he made from a cardboard box at the age of five.", "Biography and career Early life Born to an Episcopalian family in Marysville, Kansas, United States, Hardin started playing a set of drums that he made from a cardboard box at the age of five. His family relocated to Wyoming and his father opened a trading post at Fort Bridger. He attended school in a couple of small towns.", "He attended school in a couple of small towns. At one point, his father took him to an Arapaho Sun Dance where he sat on the lap of Chief Yellow Calf and played a tom-tom made from buffalo skin. He also played drums for the high school band in Hurley, Missouri.", "He also played drums for the high school band in Hurley, Missouri. On July 4, 1932, the 16-year-old Hardin found an object in a field which he did not realise was a dynamite cap. While he was handling it the explosive detonated in his face and permanently blinded him.", "While he was handling it the explosive detonated in his face and permanently blinded him. After learning the principles of music in several schools for blind young men across middle America, he taught himself the skills of ear training and composition. He studied with Burnet Tuthill at the Iowa School for the Blind.", "He studied with Burnet Tuthill at the Iowa School for the Blind. He then moved to Batesville, Arkansas, where he lived until 1942, when he obtained a scholarship to study in Memphis, Tennessee.", "He then moved to Batesville, Arkansas, where he lived until 1942, when he obtained a scholarship to study in Memphis, Tennessee. Although he was largely self-taught in music, learning predominantly by ear, he learned some music theory from books in braille during his time in Memphis.", "Although he was largely self-taught in music, learning predominantly by ear, he learned some music theory from books in braille during his time in Memphis. In 1943, Hardin moved to New York, where he met classical musicians including Leonard Bernstein and Arturo Toscanini, as well as jazz performers such as Charlie Parker and Benny Goodman, whose upbeat tempos and often humorous compositions would influence Hardin's later work.", "In 1943, Hardin moved to New York, where he met classical musicians including Leonard Bernstein and Arturo Toscanini, as well as jazz performers such as Charlie Parker and Benny Goodman, whose upbeat tempos and often humorous compositions would influence Hardin's later work. One of his early street posts was near the 52nd Street nightclub strip, and he was known to jazz musicians.", "One of his early street posts was near the 52nd Street nightclub strip, and he was known to jazz musicians. By 1947, Hardin had adopted the name \"Moondog\" in honor of a dog \"who used to howl at the moon more than any dog I knew of\".", "By 1947, Hardin had adopted the name \"Moondog\" in honor of a dog \"who used to howl at the moon more than any dog I knew of\". New York City From the late 1940s until 1972, Moondog lived as a street musician and poet in New York City, playing in midtown Manhattan, eventually settling on the corner of 53rd or 54th Street and 6th Avenue in Manhattan.", "New York City From the late 1940s until 1972, Moondog lived as a street musician and poet in New York City, playing in midtown Manhattan, eventually settling on the corner of 53rd or 54th Street and 6th Avenue in Manhattan. He was rarely if ever homeless, and maintained an apartment in upper Manhattan and had a country retreat in Candor, New York, to which he moved full-time in 1972.", "He was rarely if ever homeless, and maintained an apartment in upper Manhattan and had a country retreat in Candor, New York, to which he moved full-time in 1972. He partially supported himself by selling copies of his poetry and his musical philosophy.", "He partially supported himself by selling copies of his poetry and his musical philosophy. In addition to his music and poetry, he was also known for the distinctive fanciful \"Viking\" cloak that he wore.", "In addition to his music and poetry, he was also known for the distinctive fanciful \"Viking\" cloak that he wore. Already bearded and long-haired, he added a Viking-style horned helmet to avoid the occasional comparisons of his appearance with that of Christ or a monk, as he had rejected Christianity in his late teens.", "Already bearded and long-haired, he added a Viking-style horned helmet to avoid the occasional comparisons of his appearance with that of Christ or a monk, as he had rejected Christianity in his late teens. He developed a lifelong interest in Nordic mythology, and maintained an altar to Thor in his country home in Candor.", "He developed a lifelong interest in Nordic mythology, and maintained an altar to Thor in his country home in Candor. In 1949, he traveled to a Blackfoot Sun Dance in Idaho where he performed on percussion and flute, returning to the Native American music he first came in contact with as a child.", "In 1949, he traveled to a Blackfoot Sun Dance in Idaho where he performed on percussion and flute, returning to the Native American music he first came in contact with as a child. It was this Native music, along with contemporary jazz and classical, mixed with the ambient sounds from his environment (city traffic, ocean waves, babies crying, etc.)", "It was this Native music, along with contemporary jazz and classical, mixed with the ambient sounds from his environment (city traffic, ocean waves, babies crying, etc.) that created the foundation of Moondog's music.", "that created the foundation of Moondog's music. In 1954, he won a case in the New York State Supreme Court against disc jockey Alan Freed, who had branded his radio show, \"The Moondog Rock and Roll Matinee\", around the name \"Moondog\", using \"Moondog's Symphony\" (the first record that Moondog ever cut) as his \"calling card\".", "In 1954, he won a case in the New York State Supreme Court against disc jockey Alan Freed, who had branded his radio show, \"The Moondog Rock and Roll Matinee\", around the name \"Moondog\", using \"Moondog's Symphony\" (the first record that Moondog ever cut) as his \"calling card\". Moondog believed he would not have won the case had it not been for the help of musicians such as Benny Goodman and Arturo Toscanini, who testified that he was a serious composer.", "Moondog believed he would not have won the case had it not been for the help of musicians such as Benny Goodman and Arturo Toscanini, who testified that he was a serious composer. Freed had to apologize and stop using the nickname \"Moondog\" on air, on the basis that Hardin was known by the name long before Freed began using it.", "Freed had to apologize and stop using the nickname \"Moondog\" on air, on the basis that Hardin was known by the name long before Freed began using it. Germany Along with his passion for Nordic culture, Moondog had an idealised view of Germany (\"The Holy Land with the Holy River\" — the Rhine), where he settled in 1974.", "Germany Along with his passion for Nordic culture, Moondog had an idealised view of Germany (\"The Holy Land with the Holy River\" — the Rhine), where he settled in 1974. Moondog revisited the United States briefly in 1989, for a tribute at the New Music America Festival in Brooklyn, in which festival director Yale Evelev asked him to conduct the Brooklyn Philharmonic Chamber Orchestra, stimulating a renewed interest in his music.", "Moondog revisited the United States briefly in 1989, for a tribute at the New Music America Festival in Brooklyn, in which festival director Yale Evelev asked him to conduct the Brooklyn Philharmonic Chamber Orchestra, stimulating a renewed interest in his music. Eventually, a young German student named Ilona Goebel (later known as Ilona Sommer) helped Moondog set up the primary holding company for his artistic endeavors and hosted him, first in Oer-Erkenschwick, and later on in Münster in Westphalia.", "Eventually, a young German student named Ilona Goebel (later known as Ilona Sommer) helped Moondog set up the primary holding company for his artistic endeavors and hosted him, first in Oer-Erkenschwick, and later on in Münster in Westphalia. Moondog lived with Sommer's family and they spent time together in Münster.", "Moondog lived with Sommer's family and they spent time together in Münster. During that period, Moondog created hundreds of compositions which were transferred from Braille to sheet music by Sommer. Moondog spent the remainder of his life in Germany. On 8 September 1999, he died in Münster from heart failure.", "On 8 September 1999, he died in Münster from heart failure. He is buried at the Central Cemetery Münster. His tomb was designed by the artist Ernst Fuchs after the death mask. He recorded many albums, and toured both in the U.S. and in Europe—France, Germany and Sweden.", "He recorded many albums, and toured both in the U.S. and in Europe—France, Germany and Sweden. Music Moondog's music took inspiration from street sounds, such as the subway or a foghorn.", "Music Moondog's music took inspiration from street sounds, such as the subway or a foghorn. It was characterized by what he called \"snaketime\" and described as \"a slithery rhythm, in times that are not ordinary [...] I'm not gonna die in 4/4 time\".", "It was characterized by what he called \"snaketime\" and described as \"a slithery rhythm, in times that are not ordinary [...] I'm not gonna die in 4/4 time\". Many of his works were highly contrapuntal, and he worked hard on counterpoint.", "Many of his works were highly contrapuntal, and he worked hard on counterpoint. Moondog's work was praised by Artur Rodziński, the conductor of New York Philharmonic in the 1940s.", "Moondog's work was praised by Artur Rodziński, the conductor of New York Philharmonic in the 1940s. He released a number of 78s, 45s and EPs of his music in the 1950s, including an unusual record of stories and songs for children with Julie Andrews and Martyn Green, in 1957, called Songs of Sense and Nonsense - Tell it Again, as well as several LPs on the Prestige, a jazz label.", "He released a number of 78s, 45s and EPs of his music in the 1950s, including an unusual record of stories and songs for children with Julie Andrews and Martyn Green, in 1957, called Songs of Sense and Nonsense - Tell it Again, as well as several LPs on the Prestige, a jazz label. For ten years no new recordings were heard from Moondog until producer James William Guercio took him into the studio to record an album titled Moondog for Columbia Records in 1969.", "For ten years no new recordings were heard from Moondog until producer James William Guercio took him into the studio to record an album titled Moondog for Columbia Records in 1969. \"Stamping Ground\" from the album was included on the 1970 CBS sampler Fill Your Head with Rock.", "\"Stamping Ground\" from the album was included on the 1970 CBS sampler Fill Your Head with Rock. A second album produced with Guercio, entitled Moondog 2, featured Moondog's daughter June (b. 1953) as a vocalist and contained song compositions in canons and rounds.", "1953) as a vocalist and contained song compositions in canons and rounds. The album did not make as large an impression in popular music as the first had. The two Columbia albums were re-released as a single CD in 1989.", "The two Columbia albums were re-released as a single CD in 1989. Inventions Moondog also invented several musical instruments, including a small triangular-shaped harp known as the \"oo\", another which he named the \"ooo-ya-tsu\", and a triangular stringed instrument played with a bow that he called the \"hüs\" (after the Norwegian, \"hus\", meaning \"house\").", "Inventions Moondog also invented several musical instruments, including a small triangular-shaped harp known as the \"oo\", another which he named the \"ooo-ya-tsu\", and a triangular stringed instrument played with a bow that he called the \"hüs\" (after the Norwegian, \"hus\", meaning \"house\"). Perhaps his best known creation is the \"trimba\", a triangular percussion instrument that the composer invented in the late 1940s.", "Perhaps his best known creation is the \"trimba\", a triangular percussion instrument that the composer invented in the late 1940s. The original Trimba is still played today by Moondog's friend Stefan Lakatos, a Swedish percussionist, to whom Moondog also explained the methods for building such an instrument.", "The original Trimba is still played today by Moondog's friend Stefan Lakatos, a Swedish percussionist, to whom Moondog also explained the methods for building such an instrument. Influence Moondog's music from the 1940s and 1950s is said to have been a strong influence on many early minimalist composers.", "Influence Moondog's music from the 1940s and 1950s is said to have been a strong influence on many early minimalist composers. Philip Glass has written that he and Steve Reich took Moondog's work \"very seriously and understood and appreciated it much more than what we were exposed to at Juilliard\".", "Philip Glass has written that he and Steve Reich took Moondog's work \"very seriously and understood and appreciated it much more than what we were exposed to at Juilliard\". In July 1956 the British jazz composer and musician Kenny Graham recorded the album Moondog and Suncat Suites with a thirteen-piece band featuring such performers as pianist Stan Tracey and drummer Phil Seamen.", "In July 1956 the British jazz composer and musician Kenny Graham recorded the album Moondog and Suncat Suites with a thirteen-piece band featuring such performers as pianist Stan Tracey and drummer Phil Seamen. \"Moondog\" featured Graham's arrangements of ten Moondog compositions, whereas \"Suncat Suite\" consisted of a sequence of six of Graham's own compositions inspired by Moondog.", "\"Moondog\" featured Graham's arrangements of ten Moondog compositions, whereas \"Suncat Suite\" consisted of a sequence of six of Graham's own compositions inspired by Moondog. HMV issued the original LP album in 1957; Trunk Records reissued it on CD in 2010. Moondog inspired other musicians with several songs dedicated to him.", "Moondog inspired other musicians with several songs dedicated to him. These include \"Moondog\" on Pentangle's 1968 album Sweet Child and \"Spear for Moondog\" (parts I and II) by jazz organist Jimmy McGriff on his 1968 Electric Funk album.", "These include \"Moondog\" on Pentangle's 1968 album Sweet Child and \"Spear for Moondog\" (parts I and II) by jazz organist Jimmy McGriff on his 1968 Electric Funk album. Glam rock musician Marc Bolan and T. Rex referenced him in the song \"Rabbit Fighter\" with the line \"Moondog's just a prophet to the end…\".", "Glam rock musician Marc Bolan and T. Rex referenced him in the song \"Rabbit Fighter\" with the line \"Moondog's just a prophet to the end…\". The English pop group Prefab Sprout included the song \"Moondog\" on their album Jordan: The Comeback released in 1990.", "The English pop group Prefab Sprout included the song \"Moondog\" on their album Jordan: The Comeback released in 1990. Big Brother and the Holding Company featuring Janis Joplin covered his song \"All Is Loneliness\" on their 1967 self-titled album. The song was also covered by Antony and the Johnsons during their 2005 tour.", "The song was also covered by Antony and the Johnsons during their 2005 tour. Mr. Scruff's single \"Get a Move On\" from his album Keep It Unreal is structured around samples from \"Bird's Lament\".", "Mr. Scruff's single \"Get a Move On\" from his album Keep It Unreal is structured around samples from \"Bird's Lament\". New York band The Insect Trust play a cover of Moondog's song \"Be a Hobo\" on their album Hoboken Saturday Night.", "New York band The Insect Trust play a cover of Moondog's song \"Be a Hobo\" on their album Hoboken Saturday Night. The track \"Stamping Ground\", with its preamble of Moondog reciting one of his epigrams, was featured on the sampler double album Fill Your Head with Rock (CBS, 1970).", "The track \"Stamping Ground\", with its preamble of Moondog reciting one of his epigrams, was featured on the sampler double album Fill Your Head with Rock (CBS, 1970). Canadian composer and producer Daniel Lanois included a track called \"Moondog\" on his album/video-documentary Here Is What Is.", "Canadian composer and producer Daniel Lanois included a track called \"Moondog\" on his album/video-documentary Here Is What Is. Between 1970 and 1980, a blind bearded mystic called \"Moondog\" appeared as the title character in a four issue series of Underground comix written and illustrated by George Metzger.", "Between 1970 and 1980, a blind bearded mystic called \"Moondog\" appeared as the title character in a four issue series of Underground comix written and illustrated by George Metzger. Since the early 1970s, a number of professional wrestlers have been named The Moondogs, taking inspiration from the artist.", "Since the early 1970s, a number of professional wrestlers have been named The Moondogs, taking inspiration from the artist. Discography Singles \"Snaketime Rhythms (5 Beat) / Snaketime Rhythms (7 Beat)\" (1949), SMC \"Moondog's Symphony\" (1949–1950), SMC \"Organ Rounds\" (1949–1950), SMC \"Oboe Rounds\" (1949–1950), SMC \"Surf Session\" (c. 1953), SMC \"Caribea Sextet\"/\"Oo Debut\" (1956), Moondog Records \"Stamping Ground Theme\" (from the Kralingen Music Festival) (1970), CBS EPs 1953 Improvisations at a Jazz Concert, Brunswick 1953 Moondog on the Streets of New York, Decca/Mars 1953 Pastoral Suite / Surf Session, SMC 1955 Moondog & His Honking Geese Playing Moondog's Music, Moondog Records Albums 1953 Moondog and His Friends, Epic 1956 Snaketime Series (not the same as the 1954 LP), Moondog Records 1956 Moondog, Prestige 1956 More Moondog, Prestige 1957 The Story of Moondog, Prestige 1969 Moondog (not the same as the 1956 LP), Columbia 1971 Moondog 2, Columbia (with insert: Round the World of Sound: Moondog Madrigals with scores) 1977 Moondog in Europe, Kopf 1978 H'art Songs, Kopf 1978 Moondog: Instrumental Music by Louis Hardin, Musical Heritage Society 1979 A New Sound of an Old Instrument, Kopf 1981 Facets, Managarm 1986 Bracelli, Kakaphone 1992 Elpmas, Kopf 1994 Sax Pax for a Sax with the London Saxophonic, Kopf/Atlantic 1995 Big Band, Trimba 2005 Bracelli und Moondog, Laska Records With Julie Andrews and Martyn Green 1957 Songs of Sense and Nonsense - Tell it Again, Angel/Capitol Compilations 1991 More Moondog/The Story of Moondog, Original Jazz Classics (reissue of Prestige albums listed above) 2001 Moondog/Moondog 2, Beat Goes On (reissue of the two Columbia albums issued above) 2004 The Viking of Sixth Avenue, Honest Jon's 2005 The German Years 1977–1999, ROOF Music 2005 Un hommage à Moondog tribute album, trAce label 2006 Rare Material, ROOF Music 2007 The Viking Of 6th Avenue (disc inside biographical book), Process ().", "Discography Singles \"Snaketime Rhythms (5 Beat) / Snaketime Rhythms (7 Beat)\" (1949), SMC \"Moondog's Symphony\" (1949–1950), SMC \"Organ Rounds\" (1949–1950), SMC \"Oboe Rounds\" (1949–1950), SMC \"Surf Session\" (c. 1953), SMC \"Caribea Sextet\"/\"Oo Debut\" (1956), Moondog Records \"Stamping Ground Theme\" (from the Kralingen Music Festival) (1970), CBS EPs 1953 Improvisations at a Jazz Concert, Brunswick 1953 Moondog on the Streets of New York, Decca/Mars 1953 Pastoral Suite / Surf Session, SMC 1955 Moondog & His Honking Geese Playing Moondog's Music, Moondog Records Albums 1953 Moondog and His Friends, Epic 1956 Snaketime Series (not the same as the 1954 LP), Moondog Records 1956 Moondog, Prestige 1956 More Moondog, Prestige 1957 The Story of Moondog, Prestige 1969 Moondog (not the same as the 1956 LP), Columbia 1971 Moondog 2, Columbia (with insert: Round the World of Sound: Moondog Madrigals with scores) 1977 Moondog in Europe, Kopf 1978 H'art Songs, Kopf 1978 Moondog: Instrumental Music by Louis Hardin, Musical Heritage Society 1979 A New Sound of an Old Instrument, Kopf 1981 Facets, Managarm 1986 Bracelli, Kakaphone 1992 Elpmas, Kopf 1994 Sax Pax for a Sax with the London Saxophonic, Kopf/Atlantic 1995 Big Band, Trimba 2005 Bracelli und Moondog, Laska Records With Julie Andrews and Martyn Green 1957 Songs of Sense and Nonsense - Tell it Again, Angel/Capitol Compilations 1991 More Moondog/The Story of Moondog, Original Jazz Classics (reissue of Prestige albums listed above) 2001 Moondog/Moondog 2, Beat Goes On (reissue of the two Columbia albums issued above) 2004 The Viking of Sixth Avenue, Honest Jon's 2005 The German Years 1977–1999, ROOF Music 2005 Un hommage à Moondog tribute album, trAce label 2006 Rare Material, ROOF Music 2007 The Viking Of 6th Avenue (disc inside biographical book), Process (). Reissue, Honest Jon, 2008 2017 The Viking of Sixth Ave., Manimal Various artist compilations 1954 New York 19 (recorded and edited by Tony Schwartz), Folkways 1954 Music in the Streets (recorded and edited by Tony Schwartz), Folkways 1958 Rosey 4 Blocks (arrangement by Andy Forsythe), Rosey 1970 Fill Your Head With Rock, CBS 1998 The Big Lebowski motion picture soundtrack, Mercury 2000 Miniatures 2, Cherry Red 2006 DJ-Kicks: Henrik Schwarz, K7 Records 2006 The Trip: Curated By Jarvis Cocker and Steve Mackey, Disc 1 Track 19: \"Pastoral\" 2008 Pineapple Express Motion Picture Sound Track, Track 9 \"Birds Lament,\" Moondog & The London Saxophonic.", "Reissue, Honest Jon, 2008 2017 The Viking of Sixth Ave., Manimal Various artist compilations 1954 New York 19 (recorded and edited by Tony Schwartz), Folkways 1954 Music in the Streets (recorded and edited by Tony Schwartz), Folkways 1958 Rosey 4 Blocks (arrangement by Andy Forsythe), Rosey 1970 Fill Your Head With Rock, CBS 1998 The Big Lebowski motion picture soundtrack, Mercury 2000 Miniatures 2, Cherry Red 2006 DJ-Kicks: Henrik Schwarz, K7 Records 2006 The Trip: Curated By Jarvis Cocker and Steve Mackey, Disc 1 Track 19: \"Pastoral\" 2008 Pineapple Express Motion Picture Sound Track, Track 9 \"Birds Lament,\" Moondog & The London Saxophonic. Performed by other musicians 1957 Moondog and Suncat Suite by British jazz musician Kenny Graham features one side of interpretations of the work of Moondog 1967 \"All Is Loneliness\" by Big Brother and the Holding Company, featuring Janis Joplin, on their self-titled first album 1968 \"Moon Dog\" by Pentangle on Sweet Child 1968 \"Spear for Moondog (parts 1 and 2)\" by jazz organist Jimmy McGriff on Electric Funk 1970 \"Be a Hobo\" by The Insect Trust on Hoboken Saturday Night 1978 Canons on the Keys by Paul Jordan, unreleased 1983 Here's to John Wesley Hardin by R. Stevie Moore, unreleased 1985 \"Theme and Variations\" performed by John Fahey on the album Rain Forests, Oceans and Other Themes 1990 Love Child Plays Moondog, EP, Forced Exposure 1990 \"Moondog\" by Prefab Sprout on Jordan: The Comeback 1993 \"All is Loneliness\" by Motorpsycho on Demon Box (album) and Roadwork Vol.", "Performed by other musicians 1957 Moondog and Suncat Suite by British jazz musician Kenny Graham features one side of interpretations of the work of Moondog 1967 \"All Is Loneliness\" by Big Brother and the Holding Company, featuring Janis Joplin, on their self-titled first album 1968 \"Moon Dog\" by Pentangle on Sweet Child 1968 \"Spear for Moondog (parts 1 and 2)\" by jazz organist Jimmy McGriff on Electric Funk 1970 \"Be a Hobo\" by The Insect Trust on Hoboken Saturday Night 1978 Canons on the Keys by Paul Jordan, unreleased 1983 Here's to John Wesley Hardin by R. Stevie Moore, unreleased 1985 \"Theme and Variations\" performed by John Fahey on the album Rain Forests, Oceans and Other Themes 1990 Love Child Plays Moondog, EP, Forced Exposure 1990 \"Moondog\" by Prefab Sprout on Jordan: The Comeback 1993 \"All is Loneliness\" by Motorpsycho on Demon Box (album) and Roadwork Vol. 4: Intrepid Skronk 1995 Alphorn of Plenty by Hans Kennel, Hat Art 1997 \"Synchrony Nr.", "4: Intrepid Skronk 1995 Alphorn of Plenty by Hans Kennel, Hat Art 1997 \"Synchrony Nr. 2\" by Kronos Quartet 1998 Trees Against the Sky compilation album, SHI-RA-Nui 360° 1998 \"Paris\" by NRBQ, live, on You Gotta Be Loose and NRBQ: High Noon - A 50-Year Retrospective 1999 \"Get a Move On\" (structured around samples from \"Bird's Lament (In Memory of Charlie Parker)\") by Mr. Scruff on Keep It Unreal 2004 Bracelli und Moondog CD Ensemble Bracelli, Germany w Stefan Lakatos.", "2\" by Kronos Quartet 1998 Trees Against the Sky compilation album, SHI-RA-Nui 360° 1998 \"Paris\" by NRBQ, live, on You Gotta Be Loose and NRBQ: High Noon - A 50-Year Retrospective 1999 \"Get a Move On\" (structured around samples from \"Bird's Lament (In Memory of Charlie Parker)\") by Mr. Scruff on Keep It Unreal 2004 Bracelli und Moondog CD Ensemble Bracelli, Germany w Stefan Lakatos. LASKA records 2005 \"All Is Loneliness\" by Antony and the Johnsons, live 2005 Sidewalk Dances by Joanna MacGregor & Britten Sinfonia, Sound Circus SC010 2006 Moondog Sharp Harp by Xenia Narati, Ars Musici 2007 \"Paris\" by Jens Lekman, live 2009 \"Rabbit Hop\" by Hypnotic Brass Ensemble 2009 \"New Amsterdam\" by Pink Martini on Splendor in the Grass 2010 The Orastorios - Moondog rounds by Stefan Lakatos/Andreas Heuser, Makro 2011 Making Moonshine - Moondog Songs by Moondog Fans by Various Artists, SL Records 2011 Chaconne 1 & Viking 1 by R. Stevie Moore, unreleased 2013 Seeds of Immortality Spirit of Moondog w Stefan Lakatos.", "LASKA records 2005 \"All Is Loneliness\" by Antony and the Johnsons, live 2005 Sidewalk Dances by Joanna MacGregor & Britten Sinfonia, Sound Circus SC010 2006 Moondog Sharp Harp by Xenia Narati, Ars Musici 2007 \"Paris\" by Jens Lekman, live 2009 \"Rabbit Hop\" by Hypnotic Brass Ensemble 2009 \"New Amsterdam\" by Pink Martini on Splendor in the Grass 2010 The Orastorios - Moondog rounds by Stefan Lakatos/Andreas Heuser, Makro 2011 Making Moonshine - Moondog Songs by Moondog Fans by Various Artists, SL Records 2011 Chaconne 1 & Viking 1 by R. Stevie Moore, unreleased 2013 Seeds of Immortality Spirit of Moondog w Stefan Lakatos. Moondog music for saxophones.", "Moondog music for saxophones. Moondog music for saxophones. 2013 tRío lucas - homage to Moondog in the introduction of the song desintegración de la antimateria by tRío lucas 2013 Moondog Mask by Hobocombo 2014 Perpetual Motion (A Celebration of Moondog) by Sylvain Rifflet & Jon Irabagon 2015 Beyond Horizons Moondog Piano/Percussion by Mariam Tonoyan and Stefan Lakatos and friends.", "2013 tRío lucas - homage to Moondog in the introduction of the song desintegración de la antimateria by tRío lucas 2013 Moondog Mask by Hobocombo 2014 Perpetual Motion (A Celebration of Moondog) by Sylvain Rifflet & Jon Irabagon 2015 Beyond Horizons Moondog Piano/Percussion by Mariam Tonoyan and Stefan Lakatos and friends. CD Moondogscorner.de/Rockwerk records 2015 Cabaret Contemporain Plays Moondog by Cabaret Contemporain 2016 A Tribute To Moondog by Condor Gruppe (2016) on Condor Men Records – Format: Vinyl, LP, Mini-Album 2017 New Sound by Ensemble Minisym (2017) on Association Bongo Joe Records (Genève) – Format : Vinyl, CD, LP 2018 Moondog by Katia Labèque & Triple Sun 2018 Erk-Moondog Ensemble Bracelli w Stefan Lakatos.", "CD Moondogscorner.de/Rockwerk records 2015 Cabaret Contemporain Plays Moondog by Cabaret Contemporain 2016 A Tribute To Moondog by Condor Gruppe (2016) on Condor Men Records – Format: Vinyl, LP, Mini-Album 2017 New Sound by Ensemble Minisym (2017) on Association Bongo Joe Records (Genève) – Format : Vinyl, CD, LP 2018 Moondog by Katia Labèque & Triple Sun 2018 Erk-Moondog Ensemble Bracelli w Stefan Lakatos. CD Moondogscorner.de/Rockwerk records Germany 2019 The Witch of Endor by Kreiz Breizh Akademi #7 \"Hed\" (Brittany, France) 2019 Moondog Piano Trimba by Dominique Ponty and Stefan Lakatos, SHIIN Records CD (France) 2019 Moondog - The Stockholm 1981 Recordings Moondog & Stefan Lakatos w friends.", "CD Moondogscorner.de/Rockwerk records Germany 2019 The Witch of Endor by Kreiz Breizh Akademi #7 \"Hed\" (Brittany, France) 2019 Moondog Piano Trimba by Dominique Ponty and Stefan Lakatos, SHIIN Records CD (France) 2019 Moondog - The Stockholm 1981 Recordings Moondog & Stefan Lakatos w friends. Vinyl LP brus&knaster KNASTER 048.", "Vinyl LP brus&knaster KNASTER 048. Sweden References Further reading Articles Books External links Moondog's Corner Moondog discography at Discogs Moondog: the Man on the Street, WBAI; ubu.com Moondog's Artist Page on Spotify 1916 births 1999 deaths Musicians from Kansas Musicians from New York City Musicians from Wyoming People from Marysville, Kansas American street performers American jazz composers American male jazz composers Blind musicians Street people American Modern Pagans Outsider musicians People from Uinta County, Wyoming American experimental musicians Inventors of musical instruments Avant-garde jazz percussionists Minimalist composers 20th-century American poets 20th-century American composers Modern Pagan poets Jazz musicians from New York (state) 20th-century American inventors 20th-century American male musicians 20th-century jazz composers Performers of Modern Pagan music" ]

[ "Moondog", "Biography and career", "Where was Moondog born?", "Episcopalian family in Marysville, Kansas,", "Who were his parents?", "I don't know.", "What was his career path like ?", "losing his sight at the age of 16 in a farm accident on July 4, 1932, involving a dynamite cap.", "When did he start playing music ?", "Hardin started playing a set of drums that he made from a cardboard box at the age of five.", "When did he gain recognition?", "In 1943 Hardin moved to New York, where he met noted classical music luminaries such as Leonard Bernstein and Arturo Toscanini," ]

[ "The garifuna drum is a membranophone percussion from the Garifuna culture in Belize, Guatemala and Honduras. The garifuna drums play a very important role in garifuna music. There are two types of drums used, Primero (tenor drum) and Segunda (bass drum). These drums are made of hollowed out hardwood such as mahogany or mayflower, but other woods are also used. This percussion has one drumhead of skin from peccary pig, deer or sheep. The garifuna drums are played by the hands and are usually performed while seated.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \nVideo - garifuna drum making\n- more garifuna drum making\nVideo - garifuna drum strokes\n\nDrums\nCentral American and Caribbean percussion instruments\nBelizean musical instruments\nGuatemalan musical instruments\nHonduran musical instruments", "Dennis Waring is a historian and ethnomusicologist who was the Connecticut State Troubadour from 2003 through 2004. He has authored a book on the history of the Estey Organ Company titled Manufacturing the Muse: Estey Organs & Consumer Culture in Victorian America which was his doctoral dissertation at Weslyan University. He is a local expert on the organs and the role of musical instruments as \"primary cultural indicators\".\n\nWaring believes in bringing music to a wide audience. He makes improvised instruments out of cardboard and household scraps and teaches other people to do the same.\n\nPublications\n\n Folk Instruments Make Them & Play Them, It's Easy & It's Fun (1979)\n Making Wood Folk Instruments (1990)\n Great Folk Instruments To Make & Play (1999)\n Cardboard Folk Instruments to Make Play (2000)\n Make Your Own Electric Guitar Bass (2001)\n Manufacturing the Muse: Estey Organs & Consumer Culture in Victorian America (2002)\n Making Drums (2003)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Waring Music - personal site\n\nEthnomusicologists\nWesleyan University alumni\nYear of birth missing (living people)\nLiving people" ]

[ "Louis Thomas Hardin (May 26, 1916 – September 8, 1999), known professionally as Moondog, was an American composer, performing musician, theoretician, poet, and inventor of several musical instruments. Largely self-taught as a composer, his work drew inspiration from jazz, classical, Latin, and Native American music.", "Largely self-taught as a composer, his work drew inspiration from jazz, classical, Latin, and Native American music. His music, strongly rhythmic and contrapuntal, later influenced minimalist composers Steve Reich and Philip Glass. Moondog was blind from the age of 16.", "Moondog was blind from the age of 16. He lived in New York City from the late 1940s until 1972; during this time he could often be found on 6th Avenue, between 52nd and 55th Streets, wearing a cloak and a horned helmet. He sometimes busked or sold music, but often just stood silently on the sidewalk.", "He sometimes busked or sold music, but often just stood silently on the sidewalk. He was recognized as \"the Viking of 6th Avenue\" by thousands of passersby and residents who were not aware of his musical career.", "He was recognized as \"the Viking of 6th Avenue\" by thousands of passersby and residents who were not aware of his musical career. Biography and career Early life Born to an Episcopalian family in Marysville, Kansas, United States, Hardin started playing a set of drums that he made from a cardboard box at the age of five.", "Biography and career Early life Born to an Episcopalian family in Marysville, Kansas, United States, Hardin started playing a set of drums that he made from a cardboard box at the age of five. His family relocated to Wyoming and his father opened a trading post at Fort Bridger. He attended school in a couple of small towns.", "He attended school in a couple of small towns. At one point, his father took him to an Arapaho Sun Dance where he sat on the lap of Chief Yellow Calf and played a tom-tom made from buffalo skin. He also played drums for the high school band in Hurley, Missouri.", "He also played drums for the high school band in Hurley, Missouri. On July 4, 1932, the 16-year-old Hardin found an object in a field which he did not realise was a dynamite cap. While he was handling it the explosive detonated in his face and permanently blinded him.", "While he was handling it the explosive detonated in his face and permanently blinded him. After learning the principles of music in several schools for blind young men across middle America, he taught himself the skills of ear training and composition. He studied with Burnet Tuthill at the Iowa School for the Blind.", "He studied with Burnet Tuthill at the Iowa School for the Blind. He then moved to Batesville, Arkansas, where he lived until 1942, when he obtained a scholarship to study in Memphis, Tennessee.", "He then moved to Batesville, Arkansas, where he lived until 1942, when he obtained a scholarship to study in Memphis, Tennessee. Although he was largely self-taught in music, learning predominantly by ear, he learned some music theory from books in braille during his time in Memphis.", "Although he was largely self-taught in music, learning predominantly by ear, he learned some music theory from books in braille during his time in Memphis. In 1943, Hardin moved to New York, where he met classical musicians including Leonard Bernstein and Arturo Toscanini, as well as jazz performers such as Charlie Parker and Benny Goodman, whose upbeat tempos and often humorous compositions would influence Hardin's later work.", "In 1943, Hardin moved to New York, where he met classical musicians including Leonard Bernstein and Arturo Toscanini, as well as jazz performers such as Charlie Parker and Benny Goodman, whose upbeat tempos and often humorous compositions would influence Hardin's later work. One of his early street posts was near the 52nd Street nightclub strip, and he was known to jazz musicians.", "One of his early street posts was near the 52nd Street nightclub strip, and he was known to jazz musicians. By 1947, Hardin had adopted the name \"Moondog\" in honor of a dog \"who used to howl at the moon more than any dog I knew of\".", "By 1947, Hardin had adopted the name \"Moondog\" in honor of a dog \"who used to howl at the moon more than any dog I knew of\". New York City From the late 1940s until 1972, Moondog lived as a street musician and poet in New York City, playing in midtown Manhattan, eventually settling on the corner of 53rd or 54th Street and 6th Avenue in Manhattan.", "New York City From the late 1940s until 1972, Moondog lived as a street musician and poet in New York City, playing in midtown Manhattan, eventually settling on the corner of 53rd or 54th Street and 6th Avenue in Manhattan. He was rarely if ever homeless, and maintained an apartment in upper Manhattan and had a country retreat in Candor, New York, to which he moved full-time in 1972.", "He was rarely if ever homeless, and maintained an apartment in upper Manhattan and had a country retreat in Candor, New York, to which he moved full-time in 1972. He partially supported himself by selling copies of his poetry and his musical philosophy.", "He partially supported himself by selling copies of his poetry and his musical philosophy. In addition to his music and poetry, he was also known for the distinctive fanciful \"Viking\" cloak that he wore.", "In addition to his music and poetry, he was also known for the distinctive fanciful \"Viking\" cloak that he wore. Already bearded and long-haired, he added a Viking-style horned helmet to avoid the occasional comparisons of his appearance with that of Christ or a monk, as he had rejected Christianity in his late teens.", "Already bearded and long-haired, he added a Viking-style horned helmet to avoid the occasional comparisons of his appearance with that of Christ or a monk, as he had rejected Christianity in his late teens. He developed a lifelong interest in Nordic mythology, and maintained an altar to Thor in his country home in Candor.", "He developed a lifelong interest in Nordic mythology, and maintained an altar to Thor in his country home in Candor. In 1949, he traveled to a Blackfoot Sun Dance in Idaho where he performed on percussion and flute, returning to the Native American music he first came in contact with as a child.", "In 1949, he traveled to a Blackfoot Sun Dance in Idaho where he performed on percussion and flute, returning to the Native American music he first came in contact with as a child. It was this Native music, along with contemporary jazz and classical, mixed with the ambient sounds from his environment (city traffic, ocean waves, babies crying, etc.)", "It was this Native music, along with contemporary jazz and classical, mixed with the ambient sounds from his environment (city traffic, ocean waves, babies crying, etc.) that created the foundation of Moondog's music.", "that created the foundation of Moondog's music. In 1954, he won a case in the New York State Supreme Court against disc jockey Alan Freed, who had branded his radio show, \"The Moondog Rock and Roll Matinee\", around the name \"Moondog\", using \"Moondog's Symphony\" (the first record that Moondog ever cut) as his \"calling card\".", "In 1954, he won a case in the New York State Supreme Court against disc jockey Alan Freed, who had branded his radio show, \"The Moondog Rock and Roll Matinee\", around the name \"Moondog\", using \"Moondog's Symphony\" (the first record that Moondog ever cut) as his \"calling card\". Moondog believed he would not have won the case had it not been for the help of musicians such as Benny Goodman and Arturo Toscanini, who testified that he was a serious composer.", "Moondog believed he would not have won the case had it not been for the help of musicians such as Benny Goodman and Arturo Toscanini, who testified that he was a serious composer. Freed had to apologize and stop using the nickname \"Moondog\" on air, on the basis that Hardin was known by the name long before Freed began using it.", "Freed had to apologize and stop using the nickname \"Moondog\" on air, on the basis that Hardin was known by the name long before Freed began using it. Germany Along with his passion for Nordic culture, Moondog had an idealised view of Germany (\"The Holy Land with the Holy River\" — the Rhine), where he settled in 1974.", "Germany Along with his passion for Nordic culture, Moondog had an idealised view of Germany (\"The Holy Land with the Holy River\" — the Rhine), where he settled in 1974. Moondog revisited the United States briefly in 1989, for a tribute at the New Music America Festival in Brooklyn, in which festival director Yale Evelev asked him to conduct the Brooklyn Philharmonic Chamber Orchestra, stimulating a renewed interest in his music.", "Moondog revisited the United States briefly in 1989, for a tribute at the New Music America Festival in Brooklyn, in which festival director Yale Evelev asked him to conduct the Brooklyn Philharmonic Chamber Orchestra, stimulating a renewed interest in his music. Eventually, a young German student named Ilona Goebel (later known as Ilona Sommer) helped Moondog set up the primary holding company for his artistic endeavors and hosted him, first in Oer-Erkenschwick, and later on in Münster in Westphalia.", "Eventually, a young German student named Ilona Goebel (later known as Ilona Sommer) helped Moondog set up the primary holding company for his artistic endeavors and hosted him, first in Oer-Erkenschwick, and later on in Münster in Westphalia. Moondog lived with Sommer's family and they spent time together in Münster.", "Moondog lived with Sommer's family and they spent time together in Münster. During that period, Moondog created hundreds of compositions which were transferred from Braille to sheet music by Sommer. Moondog spent the remainder of his life in Germany. On 8 September 1999, he died in Münster from heart failure.", "On 8 September 1999, he died in Münster from heart failure. He is buried at the Central Cemetery Münster. His tomb was designed by the artist Ernst Fuchs after the death mask. He recorded many albums, and toured both in the U.S. and in Europe—France, Germany and Sweden.", "He recorded many albums, and toured both in the U.S. and in Europe—France, Germany and Sweden. Music Moondog's music took inspiration from street sounds, such as the subway or a foghorn.", "Music Moondog's music took inspiration from street sounds, such as the subway or a foghorn. It was characterized by what he called \"snaketime\" and described as \"a slithery rhythm, in times that are not ordinary [...] I'm not gonna die in 4/4 time\".", "It was characterized by what he called \"snaketime\" and described as \"a slithery rhythm, in times that are not ordinary [...] I'm not gonna die in 4/4 time\". Many of his works were highly contrapuntal, and he worked hard on counterpoint.", "Many of his works were highly contrapuntal, and he worked hard on counterpoint. Moondog's work was praised by Artur Rodziński, the conductor of New York Philharmonic in the 1940s.", "Moondog's work was praised by Artur Rodziński, the conductor of New York Philharmonic in the 1940s. He released a number of 78s, 45s and EPs of his music in the 1950s, including an unusual record of stories and songs for children with Julie Andrews and Martyn Green, in 1957, called Songs of Sense and Nonsense - Tell it Again, as well as several LPs on the Prestige, a jazz label.", "He released a number of 78s, 45s and EPs of his music in the 1950s, including an unusual record of stories and songs for children with Julie Andrews and Martyn Green, in 1957, called Songs of Sense and Nonsense - Tell it Again, as well as several LPs on the Prestige, a jazz label. For ten years no new recordings were heard from Moondog until producer James William Guercio took him into the studio to record an album titled Moondog for Columbia Records in 1969.", "For ten years no new recordings were heard from Moondog until producer James William Guercio took him into the studio to record an album titled Moondog for Columbia Records in 1969. \"Stamping Ground\" from the album was included on the 1970 CBS sampler Fill Your Head with Rock.", "\"Stamping Ground\" from the album was included on the 1970 CBS sampler Fill Your Head with Rock. A second album produced with Guercio, entitled Moondog 2, featured Moondog's daughter June (b. 1953) as a vocalist and contained song compositions in canons and rounds.", "1953) as a vocalist and contained song compositions in canons and rounds. The album did not make as large an impression in popular music as the first had. The two Columbia albums were re-released as a single CD in 1989.", "The two Columbia albums were re-released as a single CD in 1989. Inventions Moondog also invented several musical instruments, including a small triangular-shaped harp known as the \"oo\", another which he named the \"ooo-ya-tsu\", and a triangular stringed instrument played with a bow that he called the \"hüs\" (after the Norwegian, \"hus\", meaning \"house\").", "Inventions Moondog also invented several musical instruments, including a small triangular-shaped harp known as the \"oo\", another which he named the \"ooo-ya-tsu\", and a triangular stringed instrument played with a bow that he called the \"hüs\" (after the Norwegian, \"hus\", meaning \"house\"). Perhaps his best known creation is the \"trimba\", a triangular percussion instrument that the composer invented in the late 1940s.", "Perhaps his best known creation is the \"trimba\", a triangular percussion instrument that the composer invented in the late 1940s. The original Trimba is still played today by Moondog's friend Stefan Lakatos, a Swedish percussionist, to whom Moondog also explained the methods for building such an instrument.", "The original Trimba is still played today by Moondog's friend Stefan Lakatos, a Swedish percussionist, to whom Moondog also explained the methods for building such an instrument. Influence Moondog's music from the 1940s and 1950s is said to have been a strong influence on many early minimalist composers.", "Influence Moondog's music from the 1940s and 1950s is said to have been a strong influence on many early minimalist composers. Philip Glass has written that he and Steve Reich took Moondog's work \"very seriously and understood and appreciated it much more than what we were exposed to at Juilliard\".", "Philip Glass has written that he and Steve Reich took Moondog's work \"very seriously and understood and appreciated it much more than what we were exposed to at Juilliard\". In July 1956 the British jazz composer and musician Kenny Graham recorded the album Moondog and Suncat Suites with a thirteen-piece band featuring such performers as pianist Stan Tracey and drummer Phil Seamen.", "In July 1956 the British jazz composer and musician Kenny Graham recorded the album Moondog and Suncat Suites with a thirteen-piece band featuring such performers as pianist Stan Tracey and drummer Phil Seamen. \"Moondog\" featured Graham's arrangements of ten Moondog compositions, whereas \"Suncat Suite\" consisted of a sequence of six of Graham's own compositions inspired by Moondog.", "\"Moondog\" featured Graham's arrangements of ten Moondog compositions, whereas \"Suncat Suite\" consisted of a sequence of six of Graham's own compositions inspired by Moondog. HMV issued the original LP album in 1957; Trunk Records reissued it on CD in 2010. Moondog inspired other musicians with several songs dedicated to him.", "Moondog inspired other musicians with several songs dedicated to him. These include \"Moondog\" on Pentangle's 1968 album Sweet Child and \"Spear for Moondog\" (parts I and II) by jazz organist Jimmy McGriff on his 1968 Electric Funk album.", "These include \"Moondog\" on Pentangle's 1968 album Sweet Child and \"Spear for Moondog\" (parts I and II) by jazz organist Jimmy McGriff on his 1968 Electric Funk album. Glam rock musician Marc Bolan and T. Rex referenced him in the song \"Rabbit Fighter\" with the line \"Moondog's just a prophet to the end…\".", "Glam rock musician Marc Bolan and T. Rex referenced him in the song \"Rabbit Fighter\" with the line \"Moondog's just a prophet to the end…\". The English pop group Prefab Sprout included the song \"Moondog\" on their album Jordan: The Comeback released in 1990.", "The English pop group Prefab Sprout included the song \"Moondog\" on their album Jordan: The Comeback released in 1990. Big Brother and the Holding Company featuring Janis Joplin covered his song \"All Is Loneliness\" on their 1967 self-titled album. The song was also covered by Antony and the Johnsons during their 2005 tour.", "The song was also covered by Antony and the Johnsons during their 2005 tour. Mr. Scruff's single \"Get a Move On\" from his album Keep It Unreal is structured around samples from \"Bird's Lament\".", "Mr. Scruff's single \"Get a Move On\" from his album Keep It Unreal is structured around samples from \"Bird's Lament\". New York band The Insect Trust play a cover of Moondog's song \"Be a Hobo\" on their album Hoboken Saturday Night.", "New York band The Insect Trust play a cover of Moondog's song \"Be a Hobo\" on their album Hoboken Saturday Night. The track \"Stamping Ground\", with its preamble of Moondog reciting one of his epigrams, was featured on the sampler double album Fill Your Head with Rock (CBS, 1970).", "The track \"Stamping Ground\", with its preamble of Moondog reciting one of his epigrams, was featured on the sampler double album Fill Your Head with Rock (CBS, 1970). Canadian composer and producer Daniel Lanois included a track called \"Moondog\" on his album/video-documentary Here Is What Is.", "Canadian composer and producer Daniel Lanois included a track called \"Moondog\" on his album/video-documentary Here Is What Is. Between 1970 and 1980, a blind bearded mystic called \"Moondog\" appeared as the title character in a four issue series of Underground comix written and illustrated by George Metzger.", "Between 1970 and 1980, a blind bearded mystic called \"Moondog\" appeared as the title character in a four issue series of Underground comix written and illustrated by George Metzger. Since the early 1970s, a number of professional wrestlers have been named The Moondogs, taking inspiration from the artist.", "Since the early 1970s, a number of professional wrestlers have been named The Moondogs, taking inspiration from the artist. Discography Singles \"Snaketime Rhythms (5 Beat) / Snaketime Rhythms (7 Beat)\" (1949), SMC \"Moondog's Symphony\" (1949–1950), SMC \"Organ Rounds\" (1949–1950), SMC \"Oboe Rounds\" (1949–1950), SMC \"Surf Session\" (c. 1953), SMC \"Caribea Sextet\"/\"Oo Debut\" (1956), Moondog Records \"Stamping Ground Theme\" (from the Kralingen Music Festival) (1970), CBS EPs 1953 Improvisations at a Jazz Concert, Brunswick 1953 Moondog on the Streets of New York, Decca/Mars 1953 Pastoral Suite / Surf Session, SMC 1955 Moondog & His Honking Geese Playing Moondog's Music, Moondog Records Albums 1953 Moondog and His Friends, Epic 1956 Snaketime Series (not the same as the 1954 LP), Moondog Records 1956 Moondog, Prestige 1956 More Moondog, Prestige 1957 The Story of Moondog, Prestige 1969 Moondog (not the same as the 1956 LP), Columbia 1971 Moondog 2, Columbia (with insert: Round the World of Sound: Moondog Madrigals with scores) 1977 Moondog in Europe, Kopf 1978 H'art Songs, Kopf 1978 Moondog: Instrumental Music by Louis Hardin, Musical Heritage Society 1979 A New Sound of an Old Instrument, Kopf 1981 Facets, Managarm 1986 Bracelli, Kakaphone 1992 Elpmas, Kopf 1994 Sax Pax for a Sax with the London Saxophonic, Kopf/Atlantic 1995 Big Band, Trimba 2005 Bracelli und Moondog, Laska Records With Julie Andrews and Martyn Green 1957 Songs of Sense and Nonsense - Tell it Again, Angel/Capitol Compilations 1991 More Moondog/The Story of Moondog, Original Jazz Classics (reissue of Prestige albums listed above) 2001 Moondog/Moondog 2, Beat Goes On (reissue of the two Columbia albums issued above) 2004 The Viking of Sixth Avenue, Honest Jon's 2005 The German Years 1977–1999, ROOF Music 2005 Un hommage à Moondog tribute album, trAce label 2006 Rare Material, ROOF Music 2007 The Viking Of 6th Avenue (disc inside biographical book), Process ().", "Discography Singles \"Snaketime Rhythms (5 Beat) / Snaketime Rhythms (7 Beat)\" (1949), SMC \"Moondog's Symphony\" (1949–1950), SMC \"Organ Rounds\" (1949–1950), SMC \"Oboe Rounds\" (1949–1950), SMC \"Surf Session\" (c. 1953), SMC \"Caribea Sextet\"/\"Oo Debut\" (1956), Moondog Records \"Stamping Ground Theme\" (from the Kralingen Music Festival) (1970), CBS EPs 1953 Improvisations at a Jazz Concert, Brunswick 1953 Moondog on the Streets of New York, Decca/Mars 1953 Pastoral Suite / Surf Session, SMC 1955 Moondog & His Honking Geese Playing Moondog's Music, Moondog Records Albums 1953 Moondog and His Friends, Epic 1956 Snaketime Series (not the same as the 1954 LP), Moondog Records 1956 Moondog, Prestige 1956 More Moondog, Prestige 1957 The Story of Moondog, Prestige 1969 Moondog (not the same as the 1956 LP), Columbia 1971 Moondog 2, Columbia (with insert: Round the World of Sound: Moondog Madrigals with scores) 1977 Moondog in Europe, Kopf 1978 H'art Songs, Kopf 1978 Moondog: Instrumental Music by Louis Hardin, Musical Heritage Society 1979 A New Sound of an Old Instrument, Kopf 1981 Facets, Managarm 1986 Bracelli, Kakaphone 1992 Elpmas, Kopf 1994 Sax Pax for a Sax with the London Saxophonic, Kopf/Atlantic 1995 Big Band, Trimba 2005 Bracelli und Moondog, Laska Records With Julie Andrews and Martyn Green 1957 Songs of Sense and Nonsense - Tell it Again, Angel/Capitol Compilations 1991 More Moondog/The Story of Moondog, Original Jazz Classics (reissue of Prestige albums listed above) 2001 Moondog/Moondog 2, Beat Goes On (reissue of the two Columbia albums issued above) 2004 The Viking of Sixth Avenue, Honest Jon's 2005 The German Years 1977–1999, ROOF Music 2005 Un hommage à Moondog tribute album, trAce label 2006 Rare Material, ROOF Music 2007 The Viking Of 6th Avenue (disc inside biographical book), Process (). Reissue, Honest Jon, 2008 2017 The Viking of Sixth Ave., Manimal Various artist compilations 1954 New York 19 (recorded and edited by Tony Schwartz), Folkways 1954 Music in the Streets (recorded and edited by Tony Schwartz), Folkways 1958 Rosey 4 Blocks (arrangement by Andy Forsythe), Rosey 1970 Fill Your Head With Rock, CBS 1998 The Big Lebowski motion picture soundtrack, Mercury 2000 Miniatures 2, Cherry Red 2006 DJ-Kicks: Henrik Schwarz, K7 Records 2006 The Trip: Curated By Jarvis Cocker and Steve Mackey, Disc 1 Track 19: \"Pastoral\" 2008 Pineapple Express Motion Picture Sound Track, Track 9 \"Birds Lament,\" Moondog & The London Saxophonic.", "Reissue, Honest Jon, 2008 2017 The Viking of Sixth Ave., Manimal Various artist compilations 1954 New York 19 (recorded and edited by Tony Schwartz), Folkways 1954 Music in the Streets (recorded and edited by Tony Schwartz), Folkways 1958 Rosey 4 Blocks (arrangement by Andy Forsythe), Rosey 1970 Fill Your Head With Rock, CBS 1998 The Big Lebowski motion picture soundtrack, Mercury 2000 Miniatures 2, Cherry Red 2006 DJ-Kicks: Henrik Schwarz, K7 Records 2006 The Trip: Curated By Jarvis Cocker and Steve Mackey, Disc 1 Track 19: \"Pastoral\" 2008 Pineapple Express Motion Picture Sound Track, Track 9 \"Birds Lament,\" Moondog & The London Saxophonic. Performed by other musicians 1957 Moondog and Suncat Suite by British jazz musician Kenny Graham features one side of interpretations of the work of Moondog 1967 \"All Is Loneliness\" by Big Brother and the Holding Company, featuring Janis Joplin, on their self-titled first album 1968 \"Moon Dog\" by Pentangle on Sweet Child 1968 \"Spear for Moondog (parts 1 and 2)\" by jazz organist Jimmy McGriff on Electric Funk 1970 \"Be a Hobo\" by The Insect Trust on Hoboken Saturday Night 1978 Canons on the Keys by Paul Jordan, unreleased 1983 Here's to John Wesley Hardin by R. Stevie Moore, unreleased 1985 \"Theme and Variations\" performed by John Fahey on the album Rain Forests, Oceans and Other Themes 1990 Love Child Plays Moondog, EP, Forced Exposure 1990 \"Moondog\" by Prefab Sprout on Jordan: The Comeback 1993 \"All is Loneliness\" by Motorpsycho on Demon Box (album) and Roadwork Vol.", "Performed by other musicians 1957 Moondog and Suncat Suite by British jazz musician Kenny Graham features one side of interpretations of the work of Moondog 1967 \"All Is Loneliness\" by Big Brother and the Holding Company, featuring Janis Joplin, on their self-titled first album 1968 \"Moon Dog\" by Pentangle on Sweet Child 1968 \"Spear for Moondog (parts 1 and 2)\" by jazz organist Jimmy McGriff on Electric Funk 1970 \"Be a Hobo\" by The Insect Trust on Hoboken Saturday Night 1978 Canons on the Keys by Paul Jordan, unreleased 1983 Here's to John Wesley Hardin by R. Stevie Moore, unreleased 1985 \"Theme and Variations\" performed by John Fahey on the album Rain Forests, Oceans and Other Themes 1990 Love Child Plays Moondog, EP, Forced Exposure 1990 \"Moondog\" by Prefab Sprout on Jordan: The Comeback 1993 \"All is Loneliness\" by Motorpsycho on Demon Box (album) and Roadwork Vol. 4: Intrepid Skronk 1995 Alphorn of Plenty by Hans Kennel, Hat Art 1997 \"Synchrony Nr.", "4: Intrepid Skronk 1995 Alphorn of Plenty by Hans Kennel, Hat Art 1997 \"Synchrony Nr. 2\" by Kronos Quartet 1998 Trees Against the Sky compilation album, SHI-RA-Nui 360° 1998 \"Paris\" by NRBQ, live, on You Gotta Be Loose and NRBQ: High Noon - A 50-Year Retrospective 1999 \"Get a Move On\" (structured around samples from \"Bird's Lament (In Memory of Charlie Parker)\") by Mr. Scruff on Keep It Unreal 2004 Bracelli und Moondog CD Ensemble Bracelli, Germany w Stefan Lakatos.", "2\" by Kronos Quartet 1998 Trees Against the Sky compilation album, SHI-RA-Nui 360° 1998 \"Paris\" by NRBQ, live, on You Gotta Be Loose and NRBQ: High Noon - A 50-Year Retrospective 1999 \"Get a Move On\" (structured around samples from \"Bird's Lament (In Memory of Charlie Parker)\") by Mr. Scruff on Keep It Unreal 2004 Bracelli und Moondog CD Ensemble Bracelli, Germany w Stefan Lakatos. LASKA records 2005 \"All Is Loneliness\" by Antony and the Johnsons, live 2005 Sidewalk Dances by Joanna MacGregor & Britten Sinfonia, Sound Circus SC010 2006 Moondog Sharp Harp by Xenia Narati, Ars Musici 2007 \"Paris\" by Jens Lekman, live 2009 \"Rabbit Hop\" by Hypnotic Brass Ensemble 2009 \"New Amsterdam\" by Pink Martini on Splendor in the Grass 2010 The Orastorios - Moondog rounds by Stefan Lakatos/Andreas Heuser, Makro 2011 Making Moonshine - Moondog Songs by Moondog Fans by Various Artists, SL Records 2011 Chaconne 1 & Viking 1 by R. Stevie Moore, unreleased 2013 Seeds of Immortality Spirit of Moondog w Stefan Lakatos.", "LASKA records 2005 \"All Is Loneliness\" by Antony and the Johnsons, live 2005 Sidewalk Dances by Joanna MacGregor & Britten Sinfonia, Sound Circus SC010 2006 Moondog Sharp Harp by Xenia Narati, Ars Musici 2007 \"Paris\" by Jens Lekman, live 2009 \"Rabbit Hop\" by Hypnotic Brass Ensemble 2009 \"New Amsterdam\" by Pink Martini on Splendor in the Grass 2010 The Orastorios - Moondog rounds by Stefan Lakatos/Andreas Heuser, Makro 2011 Making Moonshine - Moondog Songs by Moondog Fans by Various Artists, SL Records 2011 Chaconne 1 & Viking 1 by R. Stevie Moore, unreleased 2013 Seeds of Immortality Spirit of Moondog w Stefan Lakatos. Moondog music for saxophones.", "Moondog music for saxophones. Moondog music for saxophones. 2013 tRío lucas - homage to Moondog in the introduction of the song desintegración de la antimateria by tRío lucas 2013 Moondog Mask by Hobocombo 2014 Perpetual Motion (A Celebration of Moondog) by Sylvain Rifflet & Jon Irabagon 2015 Beyond Horizons Moondog Piano/Percussion by Mariam Tonoyan and Stefan Lakatos and friends.", "2013 tRío lucas - homage to Moondog in the introduction of the song desintegración de la antimateria by tRío lucas 2013 Moondog Mask by Hobocombo 2014 Perpetual Motion (A Celebration of Moondog) by Sylvain Rifflet & Jon Irabagon 2015 Beyond Horizons Moondog Piano/Percussion by Mariam Tonoyan and Stefan Lakatos and friends. CD Moondogscorner.de/Rockwerk records 2015 Cabaret Contemporain Plays Moondog by Cabaret Contemporain 2016 A Tribute To Moondog by Condor Gruppe (2016) on Condor Men Records – Format: Vinyl, LP, Mini-Album 2017 New Sound by Ensemble Minisym (2017) on Association Bongo Joe Records (Genève) – Format : Vinyl, CD, LP 2018 Moondog by Katia Labèque & Triple Sun 2018 Erk-Moondog Ensemble Bracelli w Stefan Lakatos.", "CD Moondogscorner.de/Rockwerk records 2015 Cabaret Contemporain Plays Moondog by Cabaret Contemporain 2016 A Tribute To Moondog by Condor Gruppe (2016) on Condor Men Records – Format: Vinyl, LP, Mini-Album 2017 New Sound by Ensemble Minisym (2017) on Association Bongo Joe Records (Genève) – Format : Vinyl, CD, LP 2018 Moondog by Katia Labèque & Triple Sun 2018 Erk-Moondog Ensemble Bracelli w Stefan Lakatos. CD Moondogscorner.de/Rockwerk records Germany 2019 The Witch of Endor by Kreiz Breizh Akademi #7 \"Hed\" (Brittany, France) 2019 Moondog Piano Trimba by Dominique Ponty and Stefan Lakatos, SHIIN Records CD (France) 2019 Moondog - The Stockholm 1981 Recordings Moondog & Stefan Lakatos w friends.", "CD Moondogscorner.de/Rockwerk records Germany 2019 The Witch of Endor by Kreiz Breizh Akademi #7 \"Hed\" (Brittany, France) 2019 Moondog Piano Trimba by Dominique Ponty and Stefan Lakatos, SHIIN Records CD (France) 2019 Moondog - The Stockholm 1981 Recordings Moondog & Stefan Lakatos w friends. Vinyl LP brus&knaster KNASTER 048.", "Vinyl LP brus&knaster KNASTER 048. Sweden References Further reading Articles Books External links Moondog's Corner Moondog discography at Discogs Moondog: the Man on the Street, WBAI; ubu.com Moondog's Artist Page on Spotify 1916 births 1999 deaths Musicians from Kansas Musicians from New York City Musicians from Wyoming People from Marysville, Kansas American street performers American jazz composers American male jazz composers Blind musicians Street people American Modern Pagans Outsider musicians People from Uinta County, Wyoming American experimental musicians Inventors of musical instruments Avant-garde jazz percussionists Minimalist composers 20th-century American poets 20th-century American composers Modern Pagan poets Jazz musicians from New York (state) 20th-century American inventors 20th-century American male musicians 20th-century jazz composers Performers of Modern Pagan music" ]

[ "Simon Cowell", "Idol franchise" ]

[ "Cyberpunk is the fifth studio album by English rock musician Billy Idol, released on 29 June 1993 by Chrysalis Records. A concept album, it was inspired by his personal interest in technology and his first attempts to use computers in the creation of his music. Idol based the album on the cyberdelic subculture of the late 1980s and early 1990s. Heavily experimental in its style, the album was an attempt to take control of the creative process in the production of his albums, while simultaneously introducing Idol's fans and other musicians to the opportunities presented by digital media.\n\nThe album featured a cyberpunk-styled narrative, as well as synthesised vocals and industrial influences. Despite its critical and commercial failure, Billy Idol set several precedents in the process of promoting the album. These included his use of the Internet, e-mail, virtual communities, and multimedia software, each a first for a mainstream celebrity. Idol also based his fashion style, music videos, and stage shows on cyberpunk themes and aesthetics.\n\nReleased to negative reviews, Cyberpunk polarised internet communities of the time, with detractors viewing it as an act of cooptation and opportunistic commercialisation. It was also seen as part of a process that saw the overuse of the term \"cyberpunk\" until it lost its original meaning. Alternatively, supporters saw Idol's efforts as harmless and well-intentioned, and were encouraged by his new interest in cyberculture.\n\nBackground\nDuring the release of 1990s Charmed Life, Idol suffered a broken leg in a motorcycle accident. While in recovery, he was interviewed by Legs McNeil. McNeil noticed the electronic muscle stimulator on Idol's leg and referred to him as a \"cyberpunk\", citing the cyborg qualities of his appearance. This led to Idol taking a serious interest in the works of William Gibson for the first time, although he had read Neuromancer in the mid-'80s. In the following months, Idol continued to investigate cyberpunk fiction and technology. He also read Neal Stephenson's Snow Crash, works by Robert Anton Wilson, and others.\n\nAt approximately the same time, he began to work with Trevor Rabin to create his music, having parted ways with his former producer, Keith Forsey. Rabin introduced Idol to his home studio, which was centralised around Rabin's Macintosh computer and music software. The ability to personally produce music from his home, rather than at a professional studio, appealed to Idol's \"do it yourself\" ethic. He felt that working through a team of producers and sound engineers cut into his personal vision for previous albums, and was interested in being more directly in control of his future work. Idol asked his producer, Robin Hancock, to educate himself and his guitarist, Mark Younger-Smith, on the use of software for musical production.\n\nWith his increasing exposure to technology and science fiction, Idol decided to base his upcoming album on the cyberpunk genre, and quickly set about educating himself in Cyberdelic counter culture. Idol saw the convergence of affordable technology with the music industry and anticipated its impact on a new era for DIY punk music. \"It's 1993,\" Idol said during a New York Times interview. \"I better wake up and be part of it. I'm sitting there, a 1977 punk watching Courtney Love talk about punk, watching Nirvana talk about punk, and this is my reply.\"\n\nReading Mondo 2000 and Gareth Branwyn's 1992 manifesto, \"Is There a Cyberpunk Movement?\", Idol resolved to base an opening sequence on Branwyn's essay, contacting the writer for permission. He also read Branwyn's Beyond Cyberpunk! HyperCard stack, a collection of essays based on fanzines, political tracts, conspiracy theories, and which referred to itself as \"a do-it-yourself guide to the future.\" Idol proceeded to consult with various writers familiar with the computer related magazines, such as Mondo 2000, and Boing Boing. Idol also hosted a \"cyber-meeting\" attended by the likes of Timothy Leary, famed counterculture guru; Jaime Levy, author of books published on disks under the \"Electronic Hollywood\" imprint; R. U. Sirius, co-founder of Mondo 2000; and Brett Leonard, director of The Lawnmower Man.\n\nAsked by Idol about how he could become further involved in cyberculture, Branwyn and Mark Frauenfelder advised him to investigate The WELL, one of the oldest online communities. Idol did so, discussing the album project online with WELL users, and creating a personal e-mail account which he released on printed advertisements for the upcoming album, so that fans could communicate with him. Idol also made occasional postings to alt.cyberpunk, a Usenet newsgroup. Later in an interview for MTV News promoting the album, Idol expressed excitement over the medium. \"This means I can be in touch with millions of people, but on my own terms.\"\n\nRecording\n\nCyberpunk was created in Idol's home studio in Los Angeles, centred around his Macintosh computer and accompanying software. Programs used in the production included Studio Vision, by Opcode Systems, and Pro Tools, by Digidesign. Idol later recalled that the beginning of the recording sessions coincided with the onset of the 1992 Los Angeles riots. \"We'd just installed the computer in my music room, and there was a window above it overlooking the whole city. And there was a fire raging. There was smoke just pouring across the whole of LA. It was LA burning. And so I just straight quickly wrote the lyrics and sang them three times. What you're hearing on the single 'Shock to the System' is my news reportage of what I'm seeing.\" Idol recalled for a German broadcast. \"We started the album with a riot. So that's really rock and roll.\"\n\nExcited by the DIY aspects of the production process, Idol took only ten months to record the album, which he often contrasted with the combined period of eight years it took to create his two previous albums. Working with his computer over time also gave him the sense that the computer was itself an instrument, and that the performer's style was also presented by the technology. Its versatility also allowed him to switch roles with Mark Younger-Smith and Robin Hancock, allowing each to experiment with their different talents and blurring the lines of their specialised roles, leading Idol to repeatedly compare the production process to that of being in a garage band. Keyboards were also used to drive much of the music through the album. Together, the trio comprised what Idol considered to be the \"core\" production group, although a number of artists contributed to a various tracks. In particular, he credited his drummer Tal Bergman and bassist Doug Wimbish for their contributions to numerous tracks. Wimbish had recorded his work from a studio in New York City, and sent it to Los Angeles for use in the production.\n\nThemes\nCyberpunk was a departure from Idol's previous style of pop-rock music. Several spoken or sound-effect segues were placed between the album tracks to create a linear narrative. The effect of these segues caused the album to become a concept album. Karen Schoemer, of the New York Times, commented that \"[w]ith its booming techno beats, screeching guitar riffs, sampled computer voices and songs like 'Power Junkie' ('I feel tonight we're bought and sold/Ah yeah, I think I'll overload'), the album functions as Mr. Idol's interpretation of cyber culture.\"\n\nWhen asked why he was pursuing such a shift in his musical style by adopting electronic music, Idol responded that he had attempted to incorporate technology in his older work, but found the equipment of the late '70s and early '80s too limiting and gave up. With the computers of the '90s, Idol finally felt that the technology was able to quickly and easily make changes as he saw fit. Idol came to expound on his belief in their future importance for the music industry, and quoting Gareth Branwyn, referred to the computer as \"the new cool tool\".\n\nHowever, he rejected the idea of referring to the music as \"computerized\", on the grounds that nothing was done for the album that couldn't have been done with standard recording equipment, and that the computer had simply sped up and simplified the creative process. Placing emphasis on the contribution of the performers over the computer tools they used, Idol felt the album achieved a \"garage band\" spirit, that had captured the \"Sturm und Drang\" he found in rock and roll, and had simply modified it digitally. Idol thus felt that the album could be best identified as a rock album, rather than a techno album. Idol later agreed with an interviewer who commented that the album's digital production and themes were ahead of their time.\n\nTechnology\n\nIdol was keen to share his ideas regarding the future of Cyberculture and its impact on the music industry, and was noted for his enthusiastic speculation in the future of computers throughout the promotion of the album. \"You're using very sort of extreme and raw ideas, but with very high level technology... it's probably whats going to be happeningor in fact, it is what is happening nowbecause that's how we made this album, Cyberpunk.\" Some of the predictions Idol made for the future of the internet, computers, and musicians, was that it would allow for cheap and efficient recording from home; that musicians could record their music and send it to producers and fellow band members from great distances, perhaps while on tour; and that musicians would be able to directly communicate with their fans and critics. Idol also hoped that the rapid ability to do whatever he desired with the production would allow raw forms of rock music to remain relevant after the Grunge movement swept America in the early 90s. \"[The computer] can do anything... If you want the music backwards, it can be backwards in a snap. This is in a way my sort of answer to grunge. I know there's a way of using this modern technology to bring a lot of rawness back.\"\n\nFashion\nOn 24 September 1992, Billy Idol took part in a benefit fashion show by Jean-Paul Gaultier. The event, entitled the \"Jean Paul Gaultier in L.A.\", was a fashion benefit for amfAR AIDS research, at the Shrine Auditorium. Idol modelled a leather jacket and pants, covered in black sunglasses, to the yet-unreleased song \"Neuromancer\". This coincided with Idol's decision to change his fashion style to match the cyberpunk aesthetic of the album. Idol changed his hair to dreadlocks, and wore sleek, futuristic clothing by New York fashion designer Stephen Sprouse. In a photo shoot published in Details July 1993 issue, highlighting Billy Idol's new \"cyberpunk\" aesthetic, Idol modelled in a distressed-velvet jacket and matching trousers designed by Paul Smith. In the background, Idol stood amongst computers and chaotically strewn cables representing his home studio. Idol wore the same suit during the \"Shock to The System\" music video and the 1993 Billboard Music Award presentation spot.\n\nSpecial edition software\n\nDuring his initial research into cyberculture, Idol ordered Beyond Cyberpunk! from Gareth Branwyn. The HyperCard stack, which included collections of essays on cyberpunk culture, inspired Idol to include similar material within the Cyberpunk album as a special edition digipak feature. Discussing the matter with Branwyn, Idol received an initial bid for the job of producing the disk from the writer. While this bid was under consideration by Idol's management company, Idol had purchased a book-on-disk by Jaime Levy at a Los Angeles bookstore. At the time, Levy was the author and publisher of Electronic Hollywood, one of the first magazines produced on floppy disk. Impressed by its contents, Idol set about contacting her for the job of producing the disk. Successfully under-bidding Branwyn, she was then given the job and a master tape of recorded songs – which were not yet compiled into CD format – for use in sampling. Levy was given permission to include whatever content she desired. Meeting Idol to find what he was interested in presenting in the disk, his only concern was that the whole cyberpunk genre be represented as much as possible.\n\nThe special edition diskette, a Macintosh press kit entitled \"Billy Idol's Cyberpunk\", was an industry first. It included album clip art, sample sound bytes, a biography by Mark Frauenfelder, lyrics, and a cyberculture bibliography by Gareth Branwyn. Frauenfelder appeared on a segment of MTV News to describe the diskette's features. Plans were considered by EMI/Chrysalis to re-release the album in the following fall with an updated CD-ROM if the album was successful. As CD-ROMs were prohibitively expensive at the time of production, this was anticipated as a potential benchmark event for the music industry. However, this failed to materialise due to the critical and financial failure of the album.\n\nComputer graphic design\n\nAfter reading the work of Mark Frauenfelder on Boing Boing, Idol hired him to use graphics software in the design of artwork associated with the album. This included its use for the album and singles' cover art, the Billy Idol's Cyberpunk floppy disk, and in the press pack released to the media.\n\nFrauenfelder worked with Adobe Photoshop, while Idol was present for the design process to provide suggestions. The album cover itself was the first image created, following the initial five minutes of editing on Idol's personal computer at the singer's home.\n\n\"Blendo\" cinematography\nInspired by The Lawnmower Man, Idol conceived of using \"Blendo\" imagery throughout the promotion of the album. Six music videos were produced with the use of what Idol dubbed \"Blendo\" cinematography, five for \"Heroin\" and a final one for \"Shock to the System\".\n\n1993 No Religion Tour\nTo promote the release of Cyberpunk, Idol began the 1993 No Religion Tour. The title of the tour came from a lyric in the album's first track, \"Wasteland\", which described a man travelling through a dystopia. In keeping with the album's theme, the performance stages were set to a computerised, high-tech aesthetic. Idol wished to use Blendo imagery on massive television screens behind the stage to rapidly shift in time with the music. Some of the video and photography was shot by Idol and Brett Leonard, including photos of Idol during acupuncture, himself at a spa, various LA landscapes, and imagery which referenced heroin use. An engineer on stage, whom Idol fashioned as another band member, would be charged with altering the images in rhythm with the music, as though it were also an instrument. Multiple engineers with video equipment would also roam the audience, beaming images of the crowd onto the screen as well, creating an interactive show. The tour took place in Europe, performing a total of 19 shows in 18 cities across 11 countries. It began on 18 August 1993 in Berlin, and concluded on 20 September 1993 in London.\n\nIdol hoped to advance the way stagecraft and lighting were used at rock concerts. \"Part of the idea is to create an element of visible language,\" Idol explained during an interview with the New York Times, \"so that you feel as if you're being talked to through images. I think you have to start looking to get to the future of what rock-and-roll concerts should be like. We're working; we're pushing the technology to the edge.\"\n\nMusic videos\nThree of four Cyberpunk singles were promoted by music videos: \"Heroin\", \"Shock to the System\", and \"Adam in Chains\". The fourth single, \"Wasteland\", did not receive a music video.\n\nThe first single, \"Heroin\", was accompanied with the most music videos, with a total of five for several different remixed versions of the cover. Each was a \"Blendo\" video which rapidly shifted random imagery and colours in time with the music. Four of the music videos for the song were directed by Brett Leonard, with a fifth being credited to Howard Deutch. Each used stock footage shot by Idol and Leonard, filmed personally and edited on Idol's computer. Idol did so with the intention of sending a \"do-it-yourself\" message that mocked and rejected the standards of MTV music video creation. \"We did it all on camcorder and we sort of wanted to say you can make your own videos, and you don't always have to do it in a very MTV way.\" None were released for rotation on television; instead, one was included in the video album release, Cyberpunk: Shock to the System.\n\nA \"blendo\" video was also produced for \"Shock to the System\", being included in the Cyberpunk: Shock to the System VHS cassette.\n\nThe second single, \"Shock to the System\", which was inspired by the Los Angeles riots of 1992, received the first music video put into MTV rotation. As Idol explained for MTV News, he had originally created the song with an entirely different set of lyrics, but upon witnessing the riots on television he immediately rewrote and recorded them that day. Idol explained that he was trying to capture the political and economic conflict that had created the LA Riots. Idol further felt that the camcorder – as displayed in the witnessing of the Rodney King beating – was a \"potent way of conveying ideas\" and an important metaphor for technology used in rebellion.\n\nThe music video was set in a dystopian future controlled by Cyber-cops (referred to as such by director Brett Leonard.) It depicted an individual who records the Cyber-cops beating a man, only to be noticed and attacked himself. His camera is destroyed and the Cyber-cops leave him unconscious on the ground, as they are busy trying to put down a riot elsewhere in the city. Alone, his camera equipment lands on him and is absorbed into his body, causing him to dramatically morph into a cyborg. The cyborg then joins the riot, leading the rebels to victory.\n\nThe make-up effects were achieved through stop motion, with Billy Idol moving in slow stages during points of the filming, allowing the make up effects to gradually cover more of his body to create the illusion of metamorphosis. Stan Winston, who had previously worked on the Terminator series and Jurassic Park, supervised and created the special effects for the video. The music video for \"Shock to the System\" was nominated for \"Best Special Effects in a Video\" and \"Best Editing in a Video\" at the 1993 MTV Video Music Awards, losing both times to Peter Gabriel's video for \"Steam\".\n\nThe final music video, \"Adam in Chains\", was directed by Julien Temple. It depicted Billy Idol being bound into a chair as he is monitored by scientists. He struggles before being hypnotised, and is then inserted into a virtual reality simulator. There he is treated to an ethereal water fantasy. Idol eventually rejects the fantasy, which is consumed in flames as, in the real world, his body violently convulses. The scientists end the experiment and Idol is brought back into reality, only to fall unconscious.\n\nCyberpunk: Shock to the System\n\nA supplementary VHS cassette was also produced to promote the album. Cyberpunk: Shock to the System included a director's cut version of the \"Shock to the System\" music video; Shockumentary, a mini-documentary on the making of the aforementioned video; and two music videos which made use of Blendo images, one for \"Heroin\" and \"Shock to the System\". The production was directed by Brett Leonard, having already directed the \"Shock to the System\" music video. Its cover art featured images of the cyborg freedom fighter played by Billy Idol in the \"Shock to the System\" music video, and included taglines that suggested a story of a dystopian world of high technology and rebellion.\n\nRelease\nA press pack was distributed to the media prior to its release to promote the album. The centerpiece of the pack was a copy of the Billy Idol's Cyberpunk custom stickered 3½\" floppy disk, which was housed in a custom multi-coloured folder with artist and title logo on the front and contact information on the back. The pack included a 5-page version of the biography in the diskette, for the benefit of any journalist who lacked the equipment to operate the floppy disk. Also included in the pack were three black-and-white publicity photographs. Two pictures of Idol were taken by Peter Gravelle and the other was a digitally edited image of Idol as he appeared in the blendo video, \"Heroin\".\n\nAs part of press junkets promoting the album, Idol reportedly insisted attending journalists be familiar with cyberpunk fiction. It was also revealed that Idol was not entirely as familiar with the genre as he had proclaimed. William Gibson reported in an interview, \"A London journalist told me when Billy did his 'Cyberpunk' press junket over there, he made it a condition of getting an interview with him, that every journalist had to have read Neuromancer...Anyway, they all did but when they met with Billy, the first thing that became really apparent was that Billy hadn't read it. So they called him on it, and he said he didn't need to..he just absorbed it through a kinda osmosis.\"\n\nUpon release, the album did not fare well, failing to make the top 20 in either the UK or United States. Instead, the album debuted at No. 48 on the Billboard 200 on 17 July 1993, and quickly plummeted to No. 192 in seven weeks before falling off the chart completely. The album saw slightly better chart placings in Europe, where it peaked at No. 5 in Austria, and No. 15 in Switzerland.\n\nThe first two singles fared slightly better. \"Heroin\", a cover of The Velvet Underground's \"Heroin\", peaked at No. 16 on the Hot Dance Club Play chart. \"Shock to the System\" peaked at No. 7 on the Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks chart, No. 23 on the Hot Modern Rock Tracks chart, and No. 5 on Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart. The last two singles, \"Adam in Chains\" and \"Wasteland\", both failed to achieve any chart ratings within the United States, but did in other countries.\n\nCritical reception\n\nCyberpunk was mostly received negatively by critics, with some stating that the album was pretentious and meandering. They said Idol sounded like a man desperate to keep up with current trends. Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic considered the album a failed attempt by Idol to recast himself for the '90s, and judged the content of the album as being mostly \"padded with pretentious speeches, sampled dialog, and underdeveloped songs\". He also referred to the cover of \"Heroin\" as \"one of the worst covers ever recorded\".\n\nTaking note of Idol's assertion that he had attempted to use technology in creating his early music, Ira Robbins of Newsday was sceptical. \"[It] is hardly obvious in his work.\" Though if his early work had been mild attempts to use technology, Cyberpunk itself, Robbins wrote, was \"the sound of science gone too far\". The ideology of futurism Idol adopted was panned by Robbins, while the music itself was hardly different from his previous work. \"For the most part, other than keyboards that add a pervasive nod to the jittering beat of techno-rave music, Cyberpunk sounds pretty much like every other Idol album.\"\n\nManuel Esparza of The Daily Cougar wrote a more mixed review, praising some elements, such as the track \"Shangrila\", the use of sound space echo effects, and Idol's talent as a singer. However, Esparza felt that Idol attempted the same techniques across too many songs, and referred to the lyrics as \"[just barely making] more sense than a monkey pounding away on a typewriter\". The \"Billy Idol\" entry on TrouserPress.com skewered Cyberpunk as a \"third-rate self-parody... that trusses him up in sci-fi lingo and futurist mumbo jumbo.\"\n\nEntertainment Weekly presented a favourable review of the album, giving it a \"B+\" rating and stating, \"...this is old-fashioned glam-pop—as dumb, and occasionally glorious, as it gets.\" Two months later, Weekly included Idol on a list of \"surprise losers\", following the album's ranking of No. 48 on the Billboard charts.\n\nCyberculture reception\n\nPrior to the album's release, Idol was asked if he feared his new interest in technology would be seen as an attempt to co-opt cyberculture. Idol denied this, stating that his belief in the relevancy of cyberpunk culture was genuine, and that he didn't care what others thought of him. However, the reaction by the majority of the online community was openly hostile and suspicious of Idol's motives. It was reported that his e-mail account on the WELL received mail from angry computer users, and was occasionally flooded with e-mail spam to antagonise him. Idol was also cast by many as a naive, tech-illiterate poseur. The charge of illiteracy was not entirely false, as at the time of the album's release, Idol was still typing using the \"hunt and peck\" system, and needed notes to log onto the internet.\n\nIn defending himself from what he believed was the elitism of his online critics, Idol admitted that he was still learning about computers, but compared it to the early punk ethic of simply trying your best as a musician, even if you had difficulty. He also pointed out that William Gibson was computer illiterate when he wrote Neuromancer. \"I don't know much about computers, but I have the desire to learn and I have a computer and a modem, so I go for it. Banging my head sometimes, but continuing on.\"\n\nIdol was also criticised for his use of the term \"cyberpunk\" for his album title, as detractors alleged that he had no claim to a title which belonged to the entire movement. Idol responded that he was not approaching the movement with a sense of entitlement. \"I ain't no rock star. I'm an eager student,\" Idol wrote on a post to the WELL. Regarding his use of the \"cyberpunk\" moniker, Idol refuted claims that he had ever called himself one, and instead used the name as an ode to the subculture. \"I was revved up by the DIY energy of Gibson and the high-tech underground.\"\n\nGareth Branwyn, who was among the initial tech-experts Idol consulted, defended Idol's interest in cyberpunk. \"Billy is genuinely interested in and excited by cyberculture, and like all the rest of us, wants to factor that interest into his work, which happens to be pop music. Whether presenting cyberculture in that forum is ultimately a good thing or not is beside the point of Billy's right to bring it to that forum. After all, access to information should be free and total, right? Or at least that's how the mythology goes.\" An update to Branwyn's Beyond Cyberpunk! hyper-card stack included a new introduction, which referred to the Cyberpunk controversy, frankly stating \"The release of Billy Idol's album Cyberpunk was met with a hailstorm of controversy on the Net, as young cyber-Turks whined about how he had ripped them off and destroyed their secret club.\"\n\nMark Frauenfelder also defended Idol, pointing out the elitist hypocrisy of the WELL community, and highlighted the perceived pointlessness of the conflict. \"There are all these 16- and 17-year-old cyberpunks who are afraid that everybody's going to learn their secret handshake or something.\" Andy Hawks, original maintainer of the alt.cyberpunk Frequently Asked Questions list, and founder of the Future Culture mailing list, criticised what he perceived to be a double standard among Idol's critics in questioning his motivation behind creating the album and his choice of associating on internet forums.\n\nPenn Jillette, then a columnist for PC/Computing, accepted that Idol was not well versed in computers, but considered it a non-issue. \"I'm tempted to call him a computer 'poser' but that's not the point. [...] He's not a poser. He's a fan of computers, and he doesn't claim to be more. [...] He's not a fan of computers because he can write code, he's a fan because he knows that whatever is really happening nowadays is happening around computers.\"\n\nRegardless, Cyberpunk is still seen as having been an act of hyped commercialisation. In Escape Velocity: Cyberculture at the End of the Century, Mark Dery commented on the mainstreaming of the cyberpunk subculture. He viewed Idol as representing some of the worst abuses this took, deriding Cyberpunk as \"a bald-faced appropriation of every cyberpunk cliché that wasn't nailed down.\" In 1995, when writer Jack Boulware asked \"When did cyberpunk die?\" at a meeting of former staff members of Mondo 2000, a response was \"1993. The release of the Billy Idol record.\" In a section on \"cyberpunk music\", The Cyberpunk Project website notes, \"...[the] usual opinion is that Billy Idol's album is just commercialization and it has nothing to do with cyberpunk.\" The F.A.Q for alt.cyberpunk, mirrored on the website, rejects the notion that there is a \"cyberpunk fashion\". Of Billy Idol's attempts to base his fashion and music on it, it states, \"No matter how sincere his intentions might have been, scorn and charges of commercialization have been heaped upon him in this and other forums.\"\n\nWell known music critic, Robert Christgau, excoriated what he considered to be Idol's attempt to co-opt cyberpunk for commercial gain. In particular, he compared Idol's new interest in cyberpunk to the musician's previous co-optation of the punk subculture. \"Even if his interest was originally piqued by the dollar signs that appear in front of his eyes whenever he encounters the magic rune p-u-n-k, that's the fate of any good idea—sooner or later it touches people who have no deep connection to it.\" However, unlike some critics who asserted Idol had no genuine interest in cyberculture, Christgau assumed he did and that this was to be expected, as many subcultures are eventually adopted by mainstream society. The problem, Christgau asserted, was that Idol had no genuine understanding of the concept, and that ultimately Idol could only \"[struggle] for, over, or with authenticity, a rock obsession [he's] always kept at arm's length and never escaped.\"\n\nAs one of the founders of the cyberpunk genre, William Gibson has repeatedly been asked for his opinion on the subject of the mainstreaming of cyberpunk, which has often brought up the topic of Idol's album. In a 1994 interview, Gibson said that he did not approve of the way the term \"cyberpunk\" was being increasingly commercialised by popular culture, and that Idol had \"turned it into something very silly\". Gibson also said in another interview that to understand cyberpunk as a movement was \"something of a joke, as wonderfully demonstrated, not too long ago, by Billy Idol's Cyberpunk album.\" Despite his negative comments, Gibson was bemused, rather than angered, by Idol's creation. Stating that he'd tried to withhold judgment before hearing the album, he eventually did and said \"...I just don't get what he's on about. I don't see the connection. [...] I had lunch with Billy years ago in Hollywood... and I thought he was a very likeable guy. He had a sense of humour about what he was doing that is not apparent in the product he puts out. If I run into him again, we can have a good laugh about what he's doing now!\"\n\nAcademic analysis\n\nShawn P. Wilbur, a left-libertarian academic then associated with the Bowling Green State University, closely critiqued the concept of the supposed \"cyberpunk movement\". In an attempt to understand why members of the movement were so negative in reaction to attempts by the mainstream to investigate the cyberpunk meme, he directly investigated the criticism of Billy Idol on alt.cyberpunk. His interpretation of the discussions led him to dub the reactions of alt.cyberpunk the \"Panic of '93\". It was Wilbur's assertion that the lack of a cohesive understanding of what \"cyberpunk\" meant was the chief reason for a lack of critical thought displayed during discussions concerning its inspection or adoption by \"outsiders\".\n\nHe concluded, \"[u]senet's alt.cyberpunk is both a warning and a promise. It suggests the power of ideas to draw people together, even when they aren't quite sure what those ideas are.\"\n\nWhile examining Pat Cadigan's 1991 novel, Synners, Wilbur also referenced the Cyberpunk single, \"Shock to the System\", interpreting the song on multiple levels. These included the \"shock\" cyberpunk represented to established forms of science fiction, as well as the \"future shock\" society felt in reaction to new technology. Wilbur also asserted that the storyline told by the music video neatly fit into the cyberpunk tradition of glorifying social resistance.\n\nThe single, \"Shock to the System\", and its accompanying music video were also heavily analysed for the overtones of racial, sexual, and physical trauma presented within them by Thomas Foster, associate professor at Indiana University, in his 2005 book, The Souls of Cyberfolk.\n\nRe-release\nDespite the overwhelmingly negative reviews from professional critics, the album was reissued on 22 August 2006 by Collectables Records as part of its Priceless Collection series. The reissued album did not include the special edition multimedia of the original, but did include new cover art.\n\nLegacy\n\nBilly Idol's career\nFollowing the Cyberpunk album, Billy Idol did not produce another original album until 2005, 13 years later. However, this was not due to the failure of the album, but rather his dissatisfaction with his producers at Chrysalis Records. With the founding of Sanctuary Records, an independent record label Idol felt positive about, and the formation of a new band with Steve Stevens, Idol decided to produce Devil's Playground. Idol's later album featured a more power pop and classic rock sound similar to Idol's 80s style, and received middling reviews.\n\nDuring the intermittent years between albums, Idol created music for the Speed and Heavy Metal 2000 film soundtracks and regularly wrote and performed new songs for several tours, but never attempted to experiment with the style he explored in Cyberpunk. In 2001, Idol released a compilation album, Greatest Hits. Only one song from Cyberpunk, \"Shock to the System\", was included in the collection. In 2008, another compilation album, The Very Best of Billy Idol: Idolize Yourself, was released. Once again, the only song from Cyberpunk to be included was a digital remaster of \"Shock to the System\". Idol achieved widespread commercial success with his greatest hits material; Greatest Hits went platinum.\n\nIn the years following the album's release, musicians who had worked with Idol in the past were asked to comment on the failure of Cyberpunk. Tony James of Sigue Sigue Sputnik, a pop-cyberpunk band, and former bassist for Generation X, weighed in. Though sympathetic to his former bandmate, he felt the stylistic change did not fit Idol. \"Billy is always cool but he does Billy Idol rebel yellin the best, i felt cyberpunk was a wrong turning for him..he has his sound..stay great as u are Bill...\" In 2001 Steve Stevens was asked if Idol's declining popularity and the failure of Cyberpunk was related to their split. Stevens rejected the idea, saying of the failed album, \"I think the Cyberpunk record people didn't get. I think I would be doing Billy and his fans a great disservice if I said that he needed me for his popularity.\"\n\nIdol briefly responded once more to the negative reception the album received on two occasions. In 1996, Idol gave an interview for his website in which he was asked if he'd pursue the style of Cyberpunk for a future album. Idol addressed the question by first explaining his interpretation of the failure of the album. \"You see the thing about Cyberpunk is that it was supposed to be like a home[-]made record, much like these rap bands are doing, all made really on home equipment. But it was very hard to make people understand that I was sort of making an alternative record. They don't allow you to make an alternative record...\" He then stated that he would not be pursuing the same style with any future album. In a 2005 interview, Idol simply stated \"the idea that I was trying to do an overground-underground record just wasn't understood at the time.\" Tony Dimitriades, a prominent music industry producer and manager, interpreted Idol's response at the time. \"He realized at that point, 'Well, if that's what people think, maybe I lost touch with my public.'\"\n\nWhile embarking upon a 2010 tour, Idol was asked if he intended to perform music from the Cyberpunk album. While not distancing himself from the production, Idol stated he had no intentions of doing so immediately. Pointing out that he did wish to perform a mixture of new and older works, and would perhaps perform the music in the future, he intended to base his tour on \"more guitar music\" and pointed out that Cyberpunk'''s keyboard-driven music was not going to be featured. Idol has performed \"Shock to the System\" in subsequent live performances.\n\nCritical legacy\nIn 1999, The A.V. Club awarded Cyberpunk as the \"Least Essential Concept Album\" of the 1990s. An accompanying review stated, \"The result [of Idol's casting as a \"futuristic maverick\" and the album itself] is as laughably dated as it is difficult to endure in its entirety.\" In 2006, Q magazine listed Cyberpunk as No. 5 in their list of the 50 worst albums of all time. Said music critic Parke Puterbaugh, \"To make that record in '93, it may have been a number of years ahead of its time actually, because it didn't do terribly well.\"\n\nMusic industry's use of technology\n\nThe album was prescient for its early advocacy of the use of the internet and software to market albums. The Boston Globe reported, \"[Cyberpunk] demands recognition as a style setter, not for its musical content, but for the changes it may prompt in the ways recordings are made and marketed\". Idol's early adoption of the internet to communicate with fans was broadened in the years after Cyberpunks release. By the late '90s, many celebrities had made inroads on to the internet, using official websites and blogs to directly advertise albums and tours to fans, as well as organizing fansites for official fan clubs. Billy Idol's own official fansite was established in 1997. In 2010, Idol continued to pursue his early vision for the integration of his tours with technology by utilising his website to document a world tour through a blog and streaming video feed. \"These days, [Idol] sees his own website as his old vision of the future becoming reality.\"\n\nThe inclusion of multimedia software as a special feature was a novelty when Chrysalis Records released the Billy Idol's Cyberpunk diskette. This was also widely adopted by the music industry years later. CD-ROMs were initially considered as a medium for Cyberpunks multimedia features, but were too expensive at the time of production, and so floppy disks were used instead. Peter Gabriel and Todd Rundgren had previously experimented with CD-ROMs, but it was hoped that if Idol's album had proved popular, it could have been reissued with CD-ROMs, catapulting the format into the music industry's mainstream. This never materialised due to the album's general failures. However, during the late '90s it became increasingly common for some limited edition digipaks to include CD-ROMs, evolving by the early 2000s into the inclusion of DVDs.\n\nTrack listing\n\nPersonnel\"Core\" personnel Billy Idolvocals; keyboards; programming; arranger\n Mark Younger-Smithguitars; sitars; keyboards; programming; arranger\n Robin Hancockarrangement; mixing; engineer; producer; programming; keyboardsAdditional personnel Doug Wimbishbass guitar\n Larry Seymourbass guitar\n Tal Bergmandrums\n Durga McBroomvocals (background)\n Carnie Wilsonvocals (background)\n Wendy Wilsonvocals (background)\n Jamie Muhoberacorgan; keyboards\n Stephen Marcussenaudio mastering\n Ed Korengomixing; mixing assistant\n Mike Baumgartneraudio engineering assistant; mixing; mixing assistant\n Ross Donaldsonaudio engineering\n Ron Donaldsonaudio engineering\n Robert Faragovoices; speech/speaker/speaking part; spoken word\n London Jo Henwoodspeech/speaker/speaking part\n David Weisspercussion, saw\n Henry Marquezart direction\n Michael Diehldesign\n Greg Gormanphotography\n Elisabeth Sundayphotography\n Brett Leonardphotography\n Gwen Mullenrendering\n Scott HamptonrenderingUncredited Gareth Branwynconsultation, lyrics (Untitled (Opening Manifesto)), text (diskette)\n Mark Frauenfelderconsultation; graphic design (cover art and logo for album, singles, and VHS cassette)\n Timothy Learyconsultation; spoken word (album track No. 15 segue)\n Jaime LevyInteractive Producer\n\nCharts\n\nWeekly charts\n\nYear-end charts\n\nSee also\n\n List of cyberpunk works: MusicCyberpunk promotion Interactive advertising\n Internet marketing\n Social media\n\nFootnotes.''' Cyberpunk was one of the first albums to list the e-mail address of the artist in advertisements and within the album booklet. The address, idol@well.sf.ca.us, is now inactive.\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading\n \n \n\nExternal links\n \"I Want My Desktop MTV\", by Fred Davis. Wired, 1.03. (Jul/Aug 1993). Wireds article on the increasing use of interactive media by musicians in the early 1990s. Briefly mentions Billy Idol's Cyberpunk album.\n \"Cyberpunk: A Biography\", by Mark Frauenfelder. (1993) An archived review of Billy Idol's Cyberpunk.\n \"Beyond Cyberpunk!:The Web Version\", by Gareth Branwyn. (ca 1990) An online version of the HyperCard stack that inspired the creation of the \"Billy Idol's Cyberpunk\" floppy disk. Was updated in '93 with new material, including an updated article on the Cyberpunk album.\n\nAlbum indexes\n \n Cyberpunk at Last.fm\n \n\n1993 albums\nAlbums recorded in a home studio\nBilly Idol albums\nChrysalis Records albums\nScience fiction concept albums\nCyberpunk music\nNon-fiction Cyberpunk media\nWorks about computer hacking\nConcept albums", "Johan Sebastian Walldén, (born 5 February 1995) is a Swedish singer and winner of Idol 2018.\n\nHe competed in the final against Kadiatou Holm Keita in Globen on 7 December that year. He has earlier participated as a contestant on Paradise Hotel: Förspelet, broadcast on TV3, where he competed for a place as a contestants on the Swedish version of Paradise Hotel, but he did not win a spot.\n\nWalldén is openly gay.\n\nSingles\n\nReferences \n\nLiving people\n1995 births\nPeople from Gothenburg\nIdol (Swedish TV series) participants\nIdol (Swedish TV series) winners\nLGBT singers from Sweden\nGay musicians\n21st-century Swedish singers\n21st-century Swedish male singers\n20th-century LGBT people\n21st-century LGBT people" ]

[ "Simon Phillip Cowell (; born 7 October 1959) is an English television personality, entrepreneur, and record executive. He has judged on the British television talent competition series Pop Idol (2001–2003), The X Factor UK (2004–2010, 2014–2018) and Britain's Got Talent (2007–present), and the American television talent competition series American Idol (2002–2010), The X Factor US (2011–2013), and America's Got Talent (2016–present).", "He has judged on the British television talent competition series Pop Idol (2001–2003), The X Factor UK (2004–2010, 2014–2018) and Britain's Got Talent (2007–present), and the American television talent competition series American Idol (2002–2010), The X Factor US (2011–2013), and America's Got Talent (2016–present). Cowell is the founder and sole owner of the British entertainment company Syco.", "Cowell is the founder and sole owner of the British entertainment company Syco. After some success in the 1980s and 1990s as a record producer, talent scout and consultant in the UK music industry, Cowell came to public prominence in 2001 as a judge on Pop Idol, a show which he and its creator Simon Fuller successfully pitched to ITV Controller of Entertainment Claudia Rosencrantz.", "After some success in the 1980s and 1990s as a record producer, talent scout and consultant in the UK music industry, Cowell came to public prominence in 2001 as a judge on Pop Idol, a show which he and its creator Simon Fuller successfully pitched to ITV Controller of Entertainment Claudia Rosencrantz. He subsequently created The X Factor and Got Talent franchises which have been sold around the world.", "He subsequently created The X Factor and Got Talent franchises which have been sold around the world. In 2004 and 2010, Time named Cowell one of the 100 most influential people in the world. In 2008, The Daily Telegraph ranked him sixth in their list of the \"100 most powerful people in British culture\".", "In 2008, The Daily Telegraph ranked him sixth in their list of the \"100 most powerful people in British culture\". The same year, he received the Special Recognition Award at the National Television Awards.", "The same year, he received the Special Recognition Award at the National Television Awards. At the 2010 British Academy Television Awards, Cowell received the BAFTA Special Award for his \"outstanding contribution to the entertainment industry and for his development of new talent\".", "At the 2010 British Academy Television Awards, Cowell received the BAFTA Special Award for his \"outstanding contribution to the entertainment industry and for his development of new talent\". In 2018, he received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in the television category.", "In 2018, he received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in the television category. Cowell often makes blunt and controversial comments as a television music and talent show judge, including insults and wisecracks about contestants and their singing abilities. He combines activities in both the television and music industries.", "He combines activities in both the television and music industries. Cowell has produced and promoted successful singles and albums for various recording acts whom he has signed and taken under his wing, including Little Mix, James Arthur, Labrinth, Leona Lewis, Fifth Harmony, Il Divo, Olly Murs, Noah Cyrus, Cher Lloyd, Fleur East, and Susan Boyle.", "Cowell has produced and promoted successful singles and albums for various recording acts whom he has signed and taken under his wing, including Little Mix, James Arthur, Labrinth, Leona Lewis, Fifth Harmony, Il Divo, Olly Murs, Noah Cyrus, Cher Lloyd, Fleur East, and Susan Boyle. He has also signed successful boybands such as Westlife, One Direction, PrettyMuch, CNCO.", "He has also signed successful boybands such as Westlife, One Direction, PrettyMuch, CNCO. Early life Simon Phillip Cowell was born on 7 October 1959 in Lambeth, London, and raised in Elstree, Hertfordshire.", "Early life Simon Phillip Cowell was born on 7 October 1959 in Lambeth, London, and raised in Elstree, Hertfordshire. His mother, Julie Brett (née Josie Dalglish, 1925–2015), was a ballet dancer and socialite, and his father, Eric Selig Phillip Cowell (1918–1999), was an estate agent, property developer, and music industry executive.", "His mother, Julie Brett (née Josie Dalglish, 1925–2015), was a ballet dancer and socialite, and his father, Eric Selig Phillip Cowell (1918–1999), was an estate agent, property developer, and music industry executive. Cowell's father was from a mostly Jewish family (his own mother was born in Poland), though he did not discuss his ancestry with his children.", "Cowell's father was from a mostly Jewish family (his own mother was born in Poland), though he did not discuss his ancestry with his children. Cowell's mother was from a Christian background.", "Cowell's mother was from a Christian background. He has a younger brother, Nicholas Cowell; three half brothers, John, Tony, and Michael Cowell; and a half sister, June Cowell. Cowell attended Radlett Preparatory School and the independent Dover College, as did his brother, but left after taking GCE O levels.", "Cowell attended Radlett Preparatory School and the independent Dover College, as did his brother, but left after taking GCE O levels. He passed English Language and Literature and then attended Windsor Technical College, where he gained another GCE in Sociology.", "He passed English Language and Literature and then attended Windsor Technical College, where he gained another GCE in Sociology. Cowell took a few menial jobs—including, according to his brother Tony, working as a runner on Stanley Kubrick's 1980 horror film The Shining—but did not get along well with colleagues and bosses, until his father, who was an executive at EMI Music Publishing, managed to get him a job in the mail room.", "Cowell took a few menial jobs—including, according to his brother Tony, working as a runner on Stanley Kubrick's 1980 horror film The Shining—but did not get along well with colleagues and bosses, until his father, who was an executive at EMI Music Publishing, managed to get him a job in the mail room. However, after failing to get a promotion, he left to try out other jobs before returning to EMI.", "However, after failing to get a promotion, he left to try out other jobs before returning to EMI. Career Early career In the early 1980s, Cowell left EMI to form E&S Music with his former boss at EMI but quit in 1983.", "Career Early career In the early 1980s, Cowell left EMI to form E&S Music with his former boss at EMI but quit in 1983. He then formed Fanfare Records with Iain Burton, initially selling exercise videos, and music from acts such as the Italian orchestra Rondò Veneziano.", "He then formed Fanfare Records with Iain Burton, initially selling exercise videos, and music from acts such as the Italian orchestra Rondò Veneziano. He had his first hit song in 1986 with \"So Macho\" by Sinitta. Some of Cowell's early success came through Stock Aitken Waterman, who produced a number of hits in the 1980s.", "Some of Cowell's early success came through Stock Aitken Waterman, who produced a number of hits in the 1980s. However, in 1989 the company went under and he nearly became bankrupt. He then found a job with BMG as an A&R consultant and set up S Records under BMG.", "He then found a job with BMG as an A&R consultant and set up S Records under BMG. He restarted his career in the music business by creating novelty records with acts such as the puppets Zig and Zag, Power Rangers and World Wrestling Federation.", "He restarted his career in the music business by creating novelty records with acts such as the puppets Zig and Zag, Power Rangers and World Wrestling Federation. In 1995, through his persistence, he persuaded two actors, Robson Green and Jerome Flynn from the UK television drama series Soldier Soldier, to sign with him and record the song \"Unchained Melody\", which they had performed on the show.", "In 1995, through his persistence, he persuaded two actors, Robson Green and Jerome Flynn from the UK television drama series Soldier Soldier, to sign with him and record the song \"Unchained Melody\", which they had performed on the show. The recording by the duo, now named Robson & Jerome, quickly reached number 1 in the UK, staying at the top of the chart for seven weeks.", "The recording by the duo, now named Robson & Jerome, quickly reached number 1 in the UK, staying at the top of the chart for seven weeks. It became the best-selling single of 1995, and their self-titled album released later in the year also became the best-selling album of 1995.", "It became the best-selling single of 1995, and their self-titled album released later in the year also became the best-selling album of 1995. They released another album and two more singles before disbanding, and sold 7 million albums and 5 million singles in total. According to Cowell, they made him his first million.", "According to Cowell, they made him his first million. Later acts he signed included Five, Westlife and Teletubbies. Idol franchise In 2001, Cowell was given the role of judge on the first series of Pop Idol, a show that he and the show creator Simon Fuller successfully pitched to ITV Controller of Entertainment Claudia Rosencrantz.", "Idol franchise In 2001, Cowell was given the role of judge on the first series of Pop Idol, a show that he and the show creator Simon Fuller successfully pitched to ITV Controller of Entertainment Claudia Rosencrantz. Maggie Brown in The Guardian states, \"the show became a seminal reality/entertainment format once on air that autumn\".", "Maggie Brown in The Guardian states, \"the show became a seminal reality/entertainment format once on air that autumn\". Cowell's S Records signed the top two finishers of the first season of Pop Idol, Will Young and Gareth Gates, both of whom went on to have No 1 UK hits, and they were the top 2 best-selling singles of 2002 and the decade of 2000s.", "Cowell's S Records signed the top two finishers of the first season of Pop Idol, Will Young and Gareth Gates, both of whom went on to have No 1 UK hits, and they were the top 2 best-selling singles of 2002 and the decade of 2000s. He also became a judge on the first season of American Idol in 2002.", "He also became a judge on the first season of American Idol in 2002. With his notoriously critical reputation, Cowell has been likened to TV personalities such as Judge Judy and The Weakest Link host Anne Robinson.", "With his notoriously critical reputation, Cowell has been likened to TV personalities such as Judge Judy and The Weakest Link host Anne Robinson. His closest predecessor was British TV critic Nina Myskow who, in the 1980s, became known for her harsh put-downs in New Faces, a talent show that Cowell cited as an influence.", "His closest predecessor was British TV critic Nina Myskow who, in the 1980s, became known for her harsh put-downs in New Faces, a talent show that Cowell cited as an influence. Cowell's prominence grew, fed by his signature phrase, \"I don't mean to be rude, but ...\", inevitably followed by an unsparingly blunt appraisal of the contestant's talents, personality, or even physical appearance.", "Cowell's prominence grew, fed by his signature phrase, \"I don't mean to be rude, but ...\", inevitably followed by an unsparingly blunt appraisal of the contestant's talents, personality, or even physical appearance. A lot of these one-liners were the product of coaching that Cowell received from publicist Max Clifford.", "A lot of these one-liners were the product of coaching that Cowell received from publicist Max Clifford. Cowell also appeared on the one-off World Idol programme in 2003, in which it became clear that each country's version of the Idol had attempted to come up with its own \"Simon Cowell\" type personality.", "Cowell also appeared on the one-off World Idol programme in 2003, in which it became clear that each country's version of the Idol had attempted to come up with its own \"Simon Cowell\" type personality. Cowell formed a new company, Syco, in 2005.", "Cowell formed a new company, Syco, in 2005. The company is divided into three units: Syco Music, Syco TV and Syco Film. Cowell returned to music with his latest brainchild signed to Syco, the internationally successful operatic pop group Il Divo, consisting of three opera singers and one pop singer of four different nationalities.", "Cowell returned to music with his latest brainchild signed to Syco, the internationally successful operatic pop group Il Divo, consisting of three opera singers and one pop singer of four different nationalities. Inspired by the success of Il Divo, Simon created a child version, Angelis, beating competition from similar groups emerging at Christmas 2006.", "Inspired by the success of Il Divo, Simon created a child version, Angelis, beating competition from similar groups emerging at Christmas 2006. On 11 January 2010, Cowell's exit from American Idol was made official.", "On 11 January 2010, Cowell's exit from American Idol was made official. By the time Cowell left American Idol, the show was on its seventh consecutive season in its leadership among all primetime programmes in the United States, even lasting up to 2011 in the longest winning streak in the US overall viewership and demographics in the Nielsen ratings.", "By the time Cowell left American Idol, the show was on its seventh consecutive season in its leadership among all primetime programmes in the United States, even lasting up to 2011 in the longest winning streak in the US overall viewership and demographics in the Nielsen ratings. The 2010 season was Cowell's last on the show, and he was replaced by Steven Tyler.", "The 2010 season was Cowell's last on the show, and he was replaced by Steven Tyler. It was also announced that FOX had acquired the rights to The X Factor USA, an American version of British show The X Factor that launched in 2011.", "It was also announced that FOX had acquired the rights to The X Factor USA, an American version of British show The X Factor that launched in 2011. The X Factor In 2004, with Sharon Osbourne and Louis Walsh, Cowell was a judge on the first series of the British television music competition The X Factor, which he created using his production company, Syco TV.", "The X Factor In 2004, with Sharon Osbourne and Louis Walsh, Cowell was a judge on the first series of the British television music competition The X Factor, which he created using his production company, Syco TV. The X Factor was an instant success with the viewers and enjoyed its tenth series in 2013.", "The X Factor was an instant success with the viewers and enjoyed its tenth series in 2013. Leona Lewis, the winner of the third series of The X Factor, was signed to Cowell's label Syco and has had number one singles and album sales around the world.", "Leona Lewis, the winner of the third series of The X Factor, was signed to Cowell's label Syco and has had number one singles and album sales around the world. Cowell returned for a fourth series on 18 August 2007 alongside Osbourne, Walsh and new judge, Dannii Minogue.", "Cowell returned for a fourth series on 18 August 2007 alongside Osbourne, Walsh and new judge, Dannii Minogue. Walsh had previously been sacked from the judging panel by Cowell for the fourth series, and he was subsequently replaced by Brian Friedman, who was a judge on Grease Is the Word.", "Walsh had previously been sacked from the judging panel by Cowell for the fourth series, and he was subsequently replaced by Brian Friedman, who was a judge on Grease Is the Word. Walsh was later brought back by Cowell a week into the auditions when he and Osbourne realised that they missed Walsh and that without him, there was no chemistry between the judges.", "Walsh was later brought back by Cowell a week into the auditions when he and Osbourne realised that they missed Walsh and that without him, there was no chemistry between the judges. Cowell returned for the fifth series in 2008, with Walsh, Minogue, and new judge Cheryl Cole, as Osbourne had decided to quit before the show began.", "Cowell returned for the fifth series in 2008, with Walsh, Minogue, and new judge Cheryl Cole, as Osbourne had decided to quit before the show began. Cowell returned for series 6 and 7 as well, although series 7 was to be his last, as he left in 2011 in order to launch The X Factor in America.", "Cowell returned for series 6 and 7 as well, although series 7 was to be his last, as he left in 2011 in order to launch The X Factor in America. After placing third in the seventh series of The X Factor in the UK, boyband One Direction signed to Cowell's label in 2011, and the group has gone on to top singles and album charts worldwide.", "After placing third in the seventh series of The X Factor in the UK, boyband One Direction signed to Cowell's label in 2011, and the group has gone on to top singles and album charts worldwide. Cowell was replaced by Gary Barlow. In 2011, UK series eight winners Little Mix signed to Cowell's label.", "In 2011, UK series eight winners Little Mix signed to Cowell's label. The girl group has sold 50 million records worldwide.", "The girl group has sold 50 million records worldwide. Australian The X Factor launched in 2005 on Network Ten, and it featured Mark Holden, Kate Ceberano and John Reid as the show's judges, but it was cancelled after just one season due to poor ratings.", "Australian The X Factor launched in 2005 on Network Ten, and it featured Mark Holden, Kate Ceberano and John Reid as the show's judges, but it was cancelled after just one season due to poor ratings. However, the show returned in 2010 and performed strongly on the Seven Network until its eighth season in 2016, when its ratings declined.", "However, the show returned in 2010 and performed strongly on the Seven Network until its eighth season in 2016, when its ratings declined. Subsequently, the show was axed for a second time in January 2017. Cowell also launched American The X Factor in September 2011 on American broadcaster Fox.", "Cowell also launched American The X Factor in September 2011 on American broadcaster Fox. It was originally announced that he would be a judge both on the UK and US editions of the show, which aired at similar times of the year, but MTV officially reported on 17 April 2011 that this was not true.", "It was originally announced that he would be a judge both on the UK and US editions of the show, which aired at similar times of the year, but MTV officially reported on 17 April 2011 that this was not true. Cowell was no longer to be a judge on the UK version, but he would remain a major presence backstage.", "Cowell was no longer to be a judge on the UK version, but he would remain a major presence backstage. He was joined by Paula Abdul, L.A. Reid, Nicole Scherzinger and formerly Cheryl Cole. Cowell's act Melanie Amaro won the season, making Cowell the winning judge.", "Cowell's act Melanie Amaro won the season, making Cowell the winning judge. Cowell and Reid returned for season 2, while Demi Lovato and Britney Spears joined the judging panel as replacements for Abdul and Scherzinger. This season launched another of Cowell's acts into worldwide fame, the group Fifth Harmony.", "This season launched another of Cowell's acts into worldwide fame, the group Fifth Harmony. Cowell returned for a third season of The X Factor in September 2013 alongside Demi Lovato, while Britney Spears and L.A. Reid announced they would not be returning and were replaced by Paulina Rubio and Kelly Rowland.", "Cowell returned for a third season of The X Factor in September 2013 alongside Demi Lovato, while Britney Spears and L.A. Reid announced they would not be returning and were replaced by Paulina Rubio and Kelly Rowland. Cowell's last act Alex & Sierra won the season, marking Cowell's second season as the winning mentor after he won with Melanie Amaro in 2011.", "Cowell's last act Alex & Sierra won the season, marking Cowell's second season as the winning mentor after he won with Melanie Amaro in 2011. In October 2010, Cowell signed new three-year deals with ITV for both Britain's Got Talent and The X Factor, retaining them until 2013.", "In October 2010, Cowell signed new three-year deals with ITV for both Britain's Got Talent and The X Factor, retaining them until 2013. On 15 November 2013, the three-year deal was extended by another three years, keeping it on air until 2016.", "On 15 November 2013, the three-year deal was extended by another three years, keeping it on air until 2016. In October 2013, it was reported that Cowell might return to the UK version of The X Factor for series 11 in place of Gary Barlow, and on 7 February 2014, his return was officially confirmed.", "In October 2013, it was reported that Cowell might return to the UK version of The X Factor for series 11 in place of Gary Barlow, and on 7 February 2014, his return was officially confirmed. This resulted in the cancellation of the US version after three seasons by Fox.", "This resulted in the cancellation of the US version after three seasons by Fox. He joined judges Louis Walsh, Cheryl Fernandez-Versini, who replaced Sharon Osbourne, and new judge, former Spice Girls member Mel B, who replaced Nicole Scherzinger. For his eighth series, he was given the Over 25s category.", "For his eighth series, he was given the Over 25s category. On 13 December, Ben Haenow and Fleur East reached the final two, which meant that Cowell was the winning mentor for the first time since series 3 2006, when he had both Leona Lewis and Ray Quinn in the final.", "On 13 December, Ben Haenow and Fleur East reached the final two, which meant that Cowell was the winning mentor for the first time since series 3 2006, when he had both Leona Lewis and Ray Quinn in the final. Ben Haenow became the eleventh winner on 14 December.", "Ben Haenow became the eleventh winner on 14 December. In 2015, Cowell returned to the X Factor for its twelfth series, along with veteran judge Cheryl Fernandez-Versini and newcomers Rita Ora and BBC Radio 1 DJ Nick Grimshaw. In December 2020 it was announced that Cowell will be a judge on The X Factor Israel in 2021.", "In December 2020 it was announced that Cowell will be a judge on The X Factor Israel in 2021. In late May 2021, Cowell announced he will be cancelling his appearance on the show in context of the Israeli aggression against Gaza.", "In late May 2021, Cowell announced he will be cancelling his appearance on the show in context of the Israeli aggression against Gaza. Got Talent Following the success of the Idol and X Factor franchises, Cowell, his company Syco, and its business partners developed a talent show format open to performers of any kind, not only singers, but also dancers, instrumentalists, magicians, comedians, novelty acts, and so on.", "Got Talent Following the success of the Idol and X Factor franchises, Cowell, his company Syco, and its business partners developed a talent show format open to performers of any kind, not only singers, but also dancers, instrumentalists, magicians, comedians, novelty acts, and so on. The origins of the Got Talent format can be traced to the British talent shows Opportunity Knocks (on screen from 1956, with the winner using the now-standard method of a telephone vote) and New Faces.", "The origins of the Got Talent format can be traced to the British talent shows Opportunity Knocks (on screen from 1956, with the winner using the now-standard method of a telephone vote) and New Faces. Immensely popular with weekly audiences of 20 million, Opportunity Knocks showcased singers, dancers and comedians in addition to non standard performers such as acrobats, animal acts and novelty acts.", "Immensely popular with weekly audiences of 20 million, Opportunity Knocks showcased singers, dancers and comedians in addition to non standard performers such as acrobats, animal acts and novelty acts. Cowell states, \"I was a fan of variety shows Opportunity Knocks and New Faces, and to be able to update that tradition, really was a buzz\".", "Cowell states, \"I was a fan of variety shows Opportunity Knocks and New Faces, and to be able to update that tradition, really was a buzz\". Cowell is the executive producer of America's Got Talent, which debuted in June 2006, along with Fremantle producers of the Idol series.", "Cowell is the executive producer of America's Got Talent, which debuted in June 2006, along with Fremantle producers of the Idol series. The show was a huge success for NBC, drawing around 12 million viewers a week and beating So You Think You Can Dance on Fox (produced by rival and Idol creator Simon Fuller).", "The show was a huge success for NBC, drawing around 12 million viewers a week and beating So You Think You Can Dance on Fox (produced by rival and Idol creator Simon Fuller). Britain's Got Talent debuted on ITV in June 2007. Cowell appeared as a judge alongside Amanda Holden and Piers Morgan.", "Cowell appeared as a judge alongside Amanda Holden and Piers Morgan. The show was a ratings success, and second and third seasons followed in 2008 and 2009. The third series featured a publicity coup when Susan Boyle made a global media impact comparable to that of any previous talent show series winner with her regional audition performance.", "The third series featured a publicity coup when Susan Boyle made a global media impact comparable to that of any previous talent show series winner with her regional audition performance. In December 2019, Cowell signed a five-year deal with ITV ensuring Britain's Got Talent will stay on the channel until 2024.", "In December 2019, Cowell signed a five-year deal with ITV ensuring Britain's Got Talent will stay on the channel until 2024. In 2014, Got Talent was named the world's most successful reality TV format by Guinness World Records, with spin-offs in over 68 countries.", "In 2014, Got Talent was named the world's most successful reality TV format by Guinness World Records, with spin-offs in over 68 countries. Cowell stated, “I am very proud that Got Talent is a home grown British show.", "Cowell stated, “I am very proud that Got Talent is a home grown British show. We owe its success to a group of very talented producers all over the world who have made this happen.", "We owe its success to a group of very talented producers all over the world who have made this happen. And of course amazing talent.” In 2015, Cowell launched La Banda, his first US show since his stint with American The X Factor.", "And of course amazing talent.” In 2015, Cowell launched La Banda, his first US show since his stint with American The X Factor. The show, designed to find male singers to form the \"ultimate Latino Boy Band,\" launched on Univision in the US on 13 September 2015.", "The show, designed to find male singers to form the \"ultimate Latino Boy Band,\" launched on Univision in the US on 13 September 2015. The winner of the show, boy band CNCO, signed to Cowell's record label Syco Music.", "The winner of the show, boy band CNCO, signed to Cowell's record label Syco Music. Cowell was announced as the replacement for Howard Stern on America's Got Talent on 22 October 2015. On 15 July 2020, it was announced that Cowell had bought out Sony Music from their joint venture, Syco Entertainment.", "On 15 July 2020, it was announced that Cowell had bought out Sony Music from their joint venture, Syco Entertainment. Other talent shows On 16 March 2006, American Inventor debuted on ABC. Cowell co-produced the show with British entrepreneur Peter Jones, who had devised the concept.", "Cowell co-produced the show with British entrepreneur Peter Jones, who had devised the concept. Fledgling entrepreneurs from across the United States competed to see who could come up with the best new product concept. The 2006 winner, Janusz Liberkowski, received $1 million and the opportunity to develop his idea into a business.", "The 2006 winner, Janusz Liberkowski, received $1 million and the opportunity to develop his idea into a business. The show returned one more time in 2007 for a second season. In 2006, Cowell executive-produced Celebrity Duets, which was described as \"an Idol show for Hollywood superstars.\"", "In 2006, Cowell executive-produced Celebrity Duets, which was described as \"an Idol show for Hollywood superstars.\" The show was hosted by Wayne Brady, and its judges were Marie Osmond, Little Richard, and David Foster. Cowell was also the executive producer of Grease Is the Word for ITV.", "Cowell was also the executive producer of Grease Is the Word for ITV. This show set out to find performers to play Danny and Sandy in the 2007 West End revival of Grease. It was hosted by Zoë Ball and judged by Britons David Ian and Sinitta and Americans David Gest and Brian Friedman.", "It was hosted by Zoë Ball and judged by Britons David Ian and Sinitta and Americans David Gest and Brian Friedman. The musical theatre casting concept had already been introduced by the BBC with the ratings hit How Do You Solve a Problem like Maria?, but Cowell's show was not the hoped-for success.", "The musical theatre casting concept had already been introduced by the BBC with the ratings hit How Do You Solve a Problem like Maria?, but Cowell's show was not the hoped-for success. He himself said, \"It has been slaughtered by the critics – and rightly so. It is far too similar to our other formats.\"", "It is far too similar to our other formats.\" Cowell collaborated with UK production company Shed Media to produce 2008 ITV drama series Rock Rivals, which is based on an X Factor type show. In 2011, Cowell also created his first game show, titled Red or Black? and hosted by Ant & Dec, for ITV.", "and hosted by Ant & Dec, for ITV. Series 1 was broadcast from 3 to 10 September. The show was recommissioned by ITV for a second series in 2012, which aired weekly. In 2013, Cowell, in partnership with YouTube, launched a video-sharing competition called The You Generation.", "In 2013, Cowell, in partnership with YouTube, launched a video-sharing competition called The You Generation. In 2013, Simon was executive producer for ITV cookery series Food Glorious Food, which was hosted by Carol Vorderman. He did the same for a game show called Keep it in the Family, presented by Bradley Walsh in 2016.", "He did the same for a game show called Keep it in the Family, presented by Bradley Walsh in 2016. In 2018, it was announced that Cowell created his first show to air on the BBC, titled The Greatest Dancer, which debuted on 5 January 2019.", "In 2018, it was announced that Cowell created his first show to air on the BBC, titled The Greatest Dancer, which debuted on 5 January 2019. In the show, dancers competed for a £50,000 and a performance on the BBC's Strictly Come Dancing. A second series is scheduled to air in 2020.", "A second series is scheduled to air in 2020. In April 2020, Cowell judged a spin-off version of the former show Canada's Got Talent called Canadian Family's Got Talent, carried out virtually by Canadian broadcaster Citytv during the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada. In the media Cowell has been involved in charity work for many years.", "In the media Cowell has been involved in charity work for many years. He is a patron of Together for Short Lives, the leading UK charity for all children with life-threatening and life-limiting conditions. He was patron of Children's Hospices UK between 2009 and 2011 before it merged to become Together for Short Lives.", "He was patron of Children's Hospices UK between 2009 and 2011 before it merged to become Together for Short Lives. He donated money to Manchester Dogs' Home in England after it was hit by a large fire.", "He donated money to Manchester Dogs' Home in England after it was hit by a large fire. In view of his charitable works, particularly the production of the charity single \"Everybody Hurts\" in aid of victims of the 2010 Haiti earthquake, as well as his services to the music industry, there was considerable media speculation as to whether Cowell would receive a knighthood in the Queen's 2010 Birthday Honours, a proposal allegedly put forward by then Prime Minister Gordon Brown.", "In view of his charitable works, particularly the production of the charity single \"Everybody Hurts\" in aid of victims of the 2010 Haiti earthquake, as well as his services to the music industry, there was considerable media speculation as to whether Cowell would receive a knighthood in the Queen's 2010 Birthday Honours, a proposal allegedly put forward by then Prime Minister Gordon Brown. In November 2003, Cowell appeared on the charity telethon Children in Need where viewers pledged thousands to see him get sawn in half.", "In November 2003, Cowell appeared on the charity telethon Children in Need where viewers pledged thousands to see him get sawn in half. In December 2003, Cowell published his autobiography titled I Don't Mean to be Rude, but....", "In December 2003, Cowell published his autobiography titled I Don't Mean to be Rude, but.... In it, he told the whole story of his childhood, his years working in music and experiences on Pop Idol, Pop Stars Rivals, and American Idol, and finally, his tips for being successful as a pop star.", "In it, he told the whole story of his childhood, his years working in music and experiences on Pop Idol, Pop Stars Rivals, and American Idol, and finally, his tips for being successful as a pop star. In 2010, he was added as a new entry to the latest edition of the UK's Who's Who.", "In 2010, he was added as a new entry to the latest edition of the UK's Who's Who. Cowell has appeared as a guest voice in an episode of The Simpsons (\"Smart and Smarter\"), in which he gets beaten up by Homer Simpson (while criticising Homer's punches).", "Cowell has appeared as a guest voice in an episode of The Simpsons (\"Smart and Smarter\"), in which he gets beaten up by Homer Simpson (while criticising Homer's punches). In May 2010, he portrayed himself again in an episode of The Simpsons, \"Judge Me Tender\".", "In May 2010, he portrayed himself again in an episode of The Simpsons, \"Judge Me Tender\". His voice was heard on an episode of Family Guy (\"Lois Kills Stewie\"), in which he told Stewie that his singing was so awful that he should be dead.", "His voice was heard on an episode of Family Guy (\"Lois Kills Stewie\"), in which he told Stewie that his singing was so awful that he should be dead. He made an MTV Movie Award-winning cameo appearance as himself in Scary Movie 3, where he sits in judgment during a battle rap (and is subsequently killed by gunfire for criticising the rappers).", "He made an MTV Movie Award-winning cameo appearance as himself in Scary Movie 3, where he sits in judgment during a battle rap (and is subsequently killed by gunfire for criticising the rappers). He appears in the DVD version of Shrek 2 as himself in Far Far Away Idol and also provided the voice.", "He appears in the DVD version of Shrek 2 as himself in Far Far Away Idol and also provided the voice. Cowell was once the fastest \"Star in a Reasonably Priced Car\" on BBC's motoring show Top Gear, driving a Suzuki Liana around the show's test track in a time of 1:47.1.", "Cowell was once the fastest \"Star in a Reasonably Priced Car\" on BBC's motoring show Top Gear, driving a Suzuki Liana around the show's test track in a time of 1:47.1. When Top Gear retired the Liana along with its rankings after the eighth series, Cowell was the eighth fastest overall and the third fastest non-professional driver.", "When Top Gear retired the Liana along with its rankings after the eighth series, Cowell was the eighth fastest overall and the third fastest non-professional driver. On 11 November 2007 Cowell yet again appeared on Top Gear, achieving a time of 1:45.9 thus putting him ahead of chef Gordon Ramsay and back at the top of the table.", "On 11 November 2007 Cowell yet again appeared on Top Gear, achieving a time of 1:45.9 thus putting him ahead of chef Gordon Ramsay and back at the top of the table. His time of 1:45.9 was then tied with English rock singer Brian Johnson of AC/DC and Grand Designs host Kevin McCloud for the second fastest time, just 0.1 seconds behind Jamiroquai singer Jay Kay.", "His time of 1:45.9 was then tied with English rock singer Brian Johnson of AC/DC and Grand Designs host Kevin McCloud for the second fastest time, just 0.1 seconds behind Jamiroquai singer Jay Kay. In March 2015, Cowell backed Top Gear presenter Jeremy Clarkson after he was suspended by the BBC for punching a colleague, with Cowell stating on Good Morning Britain: \"He's apologised.", "In March 2015, Cowell backed Top Gear presenter Jeremy Clarkson after he was suspended by the BBC for punching a colleague, with Cowell stating on Good Morning Britain: \"He's apologised. But I think what is quite obvious is that the public are behind him, but you know, that's Jeremy.\"", "But I think what is quite obvious is that the public are behind him, but you know, that's Jeremy.\" He appeared on an episode of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? (the original British version) and Saturday Night Live in 2004.", "(the original British version) and Saturday Night Live in 2004. Cowell has also guest-starred (filling in for Regis Philbin) in the popular talk show Live with Regis and Kelly during American Idol'''s finalist week in early 2006. Cowell introduced entertainer Dick Clark at the 2006 Primetime Emmy Awards.", "Cowell introduced entertainer Dick Clark at the 2006 Primetime Emmy Awards. He was seen on the British charity telethon Comic Relief, appearing on Comic Relief Does The Apprentice where he donated £25,000 for a fun fair ticket. Cowell has also appeared on the MTV shows Cribs and Punk'd.", "Cowell has also appeared on the MTV shows Cribs and Punk'd. On Punk'd, Ryan Seacrest and Randy Jackson set him up to believe his $400,000 Rolls Royce was stolen and had caused an accident by using a nearly identical car.", "On Punk'd, Ryan Seacrest and Randy Jackson set him up to believe his $400,000 Rolls Royce was stolen and had caused an accident by using a nearly identical car. Cowell was a partner in the Royal Ascot Racing Club, a thoroughbred horse racing syndicate which owned the 2005 Epsom Derby winner, Motivator.", "Cowell was a partner in the Royal Ascot Racing Club, a thoroughbred horse racing syndicate which owned the 2005 Epsom Derby winner, Motivator. Cowell was chosen as the first subject of the re-launched This Is Your Life, in an episode broadcast on 2 June 2007.", "Cowell was chosen as the first subject of the re-launched This Is Your Life, in an episode broadcast on 2 June 2007. He was presented with the Red Book by Sir Trevor McDonald while presenting American Idol.", "He was presented with the Red Book by Sir Trevor McDonald while presenting American Idol. On 1 July 2007, Cowell appeared as a speaker at the Concert for Diana (alongside Randy Jackson and Ryan Seacrest) held at Wembley Stadium, London, to celebrate the life of Princess Diana almost 10 years after her death.", "On 1 July 2007, Cowell appeared as a speaker at the Concert for Diana (alongside Randy Jackson and Ryan Seacrest) held at Wembley Stadium, London, to celebrate the life of Princess Diana almost 10 years after her death. Proceeds from the concert went to Diana's charities as well as to charities of which her sons Princes William and Harry are patrons.Diana concert a 'perfect tribute' BBC News.", "Proceeds from the concert went to Diana's charities as well as to charities of which her sons Princes William and Harry are patrons.Diana concert a 'perfect tribute' BBC News. Retrieved 12 April 2012 At the 2012 Pride of Britain Awards on 30 October, Cowell, along with Michael Caine, Elton John, Richard Branson and Stephen Fry, recited Rudyard Kipling's poem \"If—\" in tribute to the 2012 British Olympic and Paralympics athletes.", "Retrieved 12 April 2012 At the 2012 Pride of Britain Awards on 30 October, Cowell, along with Michael Caine, Elton John, Richard Branson and Stephen Fry, recited Rudyard Kipling's poem \"If—\" in tribute to the 2012 British Olympic and Paralympics athletes. In October 2013 Cowell took part in a fundraising event in Los Angeles in support of the Israeli Defense Forces.", "In October 2013 Cowell took part in a fundraising event in Los Angeles in support of the Israeli Defense Forces. The event raised $20 million and Cowell made a personal donation of $150,000.", "The event raised $20 million and Cowell made a personal donation of $150,000. To raise money for the families of the victims of the Grenfell Tower fire in London in June 2017 and for The London Community Foundation, Cowell arranged the recording and release of a charity single \"Bridge over Troubled Water\".", "To raise money for the families of the victims of the Grenfell Tower fire in London in June 2017 and for The London Community Foundation, Cowell arranged the recording and release of a charity single \"Bridge over Troubled Water\". Cowell collaborated with a number of vocalists for the single, including Robbie Williams, Dua Lipa, Roger Daltrey and Rita Ora, and the song reached number one in the UK Singles Chart.", "Cowell collaborated with a number of vocalists for the single, including Robbie Williams, Dua Lipa, Roger Daltrey and Rita Ora, and the song reached number one in the UK Singles Chart. Recognition In 2004 and 2010, Time magazine named Cowell one of the 100 most influential people in the world.", "Recognition In 2004 and 2010, Time magazine named Cowell one of the 100 most influential people in the world. In 2008 he received the Special Recognition Award (presented to him by Andrew Lloyd Webber) at the National Television Awards held at the Royal Albert Hall.", "In 2008 he received the Special Recognition Award (presented to him by Andrew Lloyd Webber) at the National Television Awards held at the Royal Albert Hall. New Statesman listed Cowell at number 41 in a list of \"50 People who Matter [in] 2010\".", "New Statesman listed Cowell at number 41 in a list of \"50 People who Matter [in] 2010\". TV Guide named him at number 10 in their 2013 list of The 60 Nastiest Villains of All Time.", "TV Guide named him at number 10 in their 2013 list of The 60 Nastiest Villains of All Time. In 2012, Cowell was featured in the BBC Radio 4 series The New Elizabethans to mark the diamond Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II.", "In 2012, Cowell was featured in the BBC Radio 4 series The New Elizabethans to mark the diamond Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II. A panel of seven academics, journalists and historians named Cowell among the group of people in the UK \"whose actions during the reign of Elizabeth II have had a significant impact on lives in these islands and given the age its character\".", "A panel of seven academics, journalists and historians named Cowell among the group of people in the UK \"whose actions during the reign of Elizabeth II have had a significant impact on lives in these islands and given the age its character\". Cowell was announced to receive a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame on 22 August 2018, in the Television category.", "Cowell was announced to receive a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame on 22 August 2018, in the Television category. Personal life Cowell dated English presenter Terri Seymour from 2002 to 2008. Cowell was engaged to make-up artist Mezhgan Hussainy from 2010 to 2011. In 2013, Cowell allegedly began dating an American woman named Lauren Silverman.", "In 2013, Cowell allegedly began dating an American woman named Lauren Silverman. In July 2013, Silverman's husband and Cowell's friend, Andrew Silverman, filed for an at-fault divorce, citing adultery by his wife and naming Cowell as a co-respondent.", "In July 2013, Silverman's husband and Cowell's friend, Andrew Silverman, filed for an at-fault divorce, citing adultery by his wife and naming Cowell as a co-respondent. News of the divorce filing became public two weeks later, when it was widely reported that Silverman and Cowell were expecting a baby together.", "News of the divorce filing became public two weeks later, when it was widely reported that Silverman and Cowell were expecting a baby together. Cowell said, \"There are a lot of things I will eventually clear up when the time is right, but I really have to be sensitive because there's a lot of people's feelings involved here.\"", "Cowell said, \"There are a lot of things I will eventually clear up when the time is right, but I really have to be sensitive because there's a lot of people's feelings involved here.\" The Silvermans released separate statements expressing concern for the well-being of their son during the divorce process.", "The Silvermans released separate statements expressing concern for the well-being of their son during the divorce process. In August 2013, the Silvermans settled their divorce out of court, enabling Cowell to avoid being called as a witness in the divorce proceedings.", "In August 2013, the Silvermans settled their divorce out of court, enabling Cowell to avoid being called as a witness in the divorce proceedings. He subsequently confirmed that Silverman was pregnant with his child, and she gave birth to their son, Eric, on 14 February 2014. The couple confirmed their engagement in January 2022.", "The couple confirmed their engagement in January 2022. In 2010, Cowell came out in support for then Conservative Party leader David Cameron for Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, writing in The Sun: \"I believe he is the Prime Minister Britain needs at this time.", "In 2010, Cowell came out in support for then Conservative Party leader David Cameron for Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, writing in The Sun: \"I believe he is the Prime Minister Britain needs at this time. He has substance and the stomach to navigate us through difficult times.\"", "He has substance and the stomach to navigate us through difficult times.\" In 2013, Cowell contravened his previous statement about David Cameron. According to the interview while he has supported candidates, he has never voted in an election.", "According to the interview while he has supported candidates, he has never voted in an election. An opponent of the United Kingdom leaving the European Union (Brexit), Cowell came out in support of Remain in the 2016 EU referendum. In 2019, Cowell became a vegan after doctors advised him to change his diet for health reasons.", "In 2019, Cowell became a vegan after doctors advised him to change his diet for health reasons. He was also named one of the wealthiest people in the UK by the Sunday Times Rich List, Cowell was worth £385 million in 2019.", "He was also named one of the wealthiest people in the UK by the Sunday Times Rich List, Cowell was worth £385 million in 2019. In 2020, Cowell announced he would be writing a seven-book series titled Wishfits'' with his son.", "In 2020, Cowell announced he would be writing a seven-book series titled Wishfits'' with his son. The first three volumes are to be released in 2021, with the remaining four the next year.", "The first three volumes are to be released in 2021, with the remaining four the next year. On 8 August 2020, Cowell broke his back after he fell off his new electric motorcycle which many press sources confused with an electric bike. The incident occurred while he was testing it at his home in Malibu, California.", "The incident occurred while he was testing it at his home in Malibu, California. Cowell was taken to the hospital, where he underwent back surgery overnight. After the accident, he began eating animal-based food again in order to \"rebuild his strength\". In February 2022, it was revealed Cowell tested positive for COVID-19.", "In February 2022, it was revealed Cowell tested positive for COVID-19. References External links 1959 births A&R people British music industry executives Businesspeople from London English expatriates in the United States English film producers English memoirists English music managers English music publishers (people) English people of Polish-Jewish descent English philanthropists English racehorse owners and breeders English record producers English talent agents English television producers International Emmy Founders Award winners Living people Participants in American reality television series Participants in British reality television series America's Got Talent judges People educated at Dover College People educated at Licensed Victuallers' School Television personalities from London People named in the Panama Papers People from Elstree Contestants on British game shows" ]

[ "Simon Cowell", "Idol franchise", "what year did idol begin", "2002.", "is this show still on or did this franchise end", "I don't know." ]

[ "Scheck v. Burger King Corp. (756 F. Supp. 543 (S.D. Fla. 1991) was a case of the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida in which it considered motions for summary judgement brought by defendant Burger King Corporation concerning four counts raised by Plaintiff Scheck who alleged that defendant \"breached an implied non-competition agreement (Count I), an implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing (Count II) an implied contract created by promissory estoppel (Count III) and the Massachusetts Consumer Protection Act\" which plaintiff alleged incorporates the proceeding three claims. Burger King moved for summary judgement on the basis that Scheck's claims were insufficient \"as a matter of law\", were barred by the Massachusetts Statute of Frauds, or were released by the plaintiff as a direct result of two releases executed by Scheck in 1985 and 1986, respectively. The case invoked legal questions concerning the covenant of good faith and fair dealing related to legal protection of the territory rights of franchisees.\n\nBackground and procedural history\nOn February 6, 1989, Steven Scheck, the owner of a Burger King franchise restaurant located in Lee, Massachusetts, filed a complaint in four counts against Burger King in the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts. Prior to the Scheck's complaint, a nearby Howard Johnson restaurant, located two miles away from Scheck's franchise, was converted into a new Burger King restaurant by Marriott Corporation. This conversion was supported by Burger King holdings, and effectively allowed for the creation of a corporately-owned but competing franchise location. Scheck alleged that he was entitled to compensable damages due to Burger King's sanctioning of the conversion. Burger King's initial response was composed of a motion to dismiss and/or transfer the case pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §1404 , claiming that the forum selection provision of the Assignment Agreement requires that the suit be litigated in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Florida. In an order dated June 15, 1989, Chief U.S. District Judge for the District of Massachusetts Judge Frank H. Freedman denied the motion to dismiss, but ordered that in the interest of justice, the case be transferred to the District Court for the Southern District of Florida pursuant to the previously mentioned change of venue provision of the United States code. The matters of jurisdiction and venue were decided under the provisions of 28 U.S.C. §1332 and 28 U.S. Code § 1391(a), respectively, with the court finding complete diversity between the parties and an amount in controversy in excess of $50,000 with regard to the former issue, and interpreting §1391(a) as allowing jurisdiction regardless of whether the action itself was local or transitory.\n\nOn choice of law\nThe district court relied on the parties' original franchise agreement in determining that Florida law would govern all suits related to protecting or securing rights as they arose under the conditions of the agreement. Scheck argued that the dispute should be governed by Massachusetts law, as \"most of the transactions between Scheck and Burger King [had] taken place in Massachusetts.\" Scheck also alleged that the issues raised in his original complaint did not invoke rights under the specific provisions of the franchise agreement, and are thus not subject to that agreement's choice of law provision. He argued that his complaint did not seek to \"protect or secure:\" rights as they arose under the franchise agreement, but rather sought to enforce rights that were created independently of the agreement. In transferring the original action to the current court, Massachusetts District Court Judge Freedman ruled that, regardless of how the plaintiff sought to characterize his claims against Burger King, were not for the franchise agreement, Plaintiff would have no rights upon which to state a claim. The Florida court agreed with Freedman's ruling, and accepted the franchise agreement as the origin and merit for the plaintiff's claims. The court next considered the proper conflict of laws rule and legitimacy of the choice of law clause as provided in the franchise agreement. \nOn this issue, the court turned to the precedent set by the U.S. Supreme Court in Klaxon Co. v. Stentor Elec. Mfg. Co., Inc., 313 U.S. 487 (1941), which held, \"In diversity of citizenship cases, the federal courts when deciding questions of conflict of laws must follow the rules prevailing in the States in which they sit.\" The court thus applied its own conflict of laws rule with respect to the franchise agreement's initial determination of the law to be applied to the suit. The court did allow that the original forum state of the suit is that where the action was originally filed , but noted that under Massachusetts law, choice of law and forum selection clauses, such as those found in the original franchise agreement, are valid without rebuttal, and must be upheld unless a party can present \"evidence of fraud, undue influence, [or] overweening bargaining power. . Upholding the validity of the original franchise agreement and the absence of fraud or unequal bargaining power, the court held that both parties originally intended to be governed by the rules of Florida rendering the original transfer of the case valid and standing.\n\nMotions for summary judgement\n\nNullification of claims under lease termination and general release\nBurger King raised a motion for summary judgment, claiming that the totality of Scheck's claims had been released as a result of a jointly-executed \"Agreement of Cancellation and Termination of Lease and General Release\" on November 20, 1985. \nBurger King alleged a second release effective May 27, 1986 which concerned Scheck's purchase of his partner Ralph Marvin's interest in the franchise Burger King alleged that since Scheck was aware of the dispute that arose during the conversion of the Howard Johnson in Massachusetts before the releases were signed, all of his claims against Burger King are nullified by these releases. This contention is supported under Florida case law, which holds that a general release \"will ordinarily be regarded as embracing all claims or demands which had matured at the time of its execution.\" . The court held that as a result, a general release cannot be held to bar a claim which did not exist when it was signed Judge Hoeveler held that, though Burger King argued that general releases could serve to bar claims that arose after execution of a release when those claims came about from promises and obligations that existed prior to the release, it offered no grounding in Florida law for this argument. He also found that Burger King's reliance on the precedent of Coral Gables Imported Motorcars, Inc. v. Flat Motors of North America, Inc. 673 F.2d 1234 (11th Cir. 1982) was misplaced, writing that there the appellate court found that Coral Cables Motorcars claims of fraud under the terms of an initial franchise agreement had matured and were thus compensable at the time the plaintiff entered into and executed a general release in conjunction with a subsequent franchise agreement. The court found that, when Scheck's releases from Burger King were executed, he had no grounding for an encroachment claim against Burger King. It was also found that, while Scheck may have been aware of the possible conversion of the Howard Johnson's as early as late 1985, a claims could not arise until Burger King Corporation actually allowed the Marriott Corporation to open the new franchise itself, or at least until an agreement was entered by both Burger King and Marriott that indicated both had intention to open the new franchise at the contentious location. As the site selection for the new franchise was in question as late as February 1987, and a franchise agreement between Burger King Corporation and Marriott was not entered until June 30, 1987, any attempt by Scheck even to enjoin Burger King before May 1986 would have been dismissed as not yet ripe . Judge Hoeveler thus denied Burger King's motion for summary judgement under the release by prior agreement theory.\n\nSummary judgement through statute of frauds defense\nBurger King also raised the statute of frauds as defense and motion for summary judgement with respect to all of Scheck's claims, arguing that the claims are contingent on an exclusive territory agreement, which was found by the court to not meet statutory requirements, as it was unwritten and not susceptible of performance, nor intended to be performed, in less than one year The Court found that Scheck did not assert breach of an oral exclusive territory agreement, nor entitlement to an exclusive territory. Rather, as was previously settled, Scheck claimed a breach of duties that were implied in the Franchise Agreement. Thus, the court did not acknowledge the finding of an \"independent contract\" which would have governed territorial exclusivity, and denied summary judgment pertaining to a statute of frauds defense.\n\nDiscussion\n\nRespecting count I: Implied non-competition agreement\nScheck alleged that when his original Lee site was purchased from Burger King it came with an implied promise of general non-competition, and a specific promise not to establish a franchise at the Howard Johnson location. Florida law prohibits express or implied contracts that restrain trade, but allows an exception where the good will of a business the value of the business's reputation in the community is part of a sale. Burger King argued that summary judgment must be entered in its favor respecting Count I as there was no sale of a business or good will. Rather, the statute would only extend to the sale of the Lee real estate proper, \"from which one may nt imply a covenant of non-competition\". The court acknowledged the good faith of Burger King's argument, and found that the document from which Scheck's contention that he obtained some portion of good will arose was aptly titled \"Contract for Sale of Real Estate\", and only stated that Scheck \"[agreed] to buy that certain piece of real property together with the building and improvements located thereon...\" The court also conceded that, if Burger King owned any portion of the franchise's good will as defined by Florida statute, it must have arisen by virtue of the Franchise Agreement's license of the Burger King trademark to Scheck, and was thus not contingent strictly on owning the land and buildings on which the franchise sat. The Court thus found that Burger King's combined interests in the franchise, composed of its monthly royalties and fees, reversionary interest, and expectation that the franchisee not act to sully or dilute the Burger King trademark, were related strictly to Burger King's interest in their trademark(s) alone, and not affected in any way by the sale and transfer of the underlying property.\nScheck, however, claimed that the selling price for the real estate, valued at $691,000, reflected the value of the premises as a Burger King franchise, and not simply as a piece of commercial real estate. Judge Hoeveler wrote that, \"even if Scheck could show the Lee property cost more than comparable surrounding commercial real estate, that alone would not suffice to avoid summary judgement.\" The court held that even if Scheck could prove that the Lee property cost more than comparable surrounding commercial properties, that alone would not negate grounds for summary judgment, as the site itself would likely be more valuable to Scheck alone as compared to a non-Burger King franchisee, as the sale would come complete with a functioning Burger King restaurant. The court did allow, however, that the simple notion that a building is valuable or desirable does not constitute good will as defined by Florida statute.\n\nScheck's argument with respect to Count I would require him to establish evidence of an implied non-competition agreement. As noted by the U.S. Supreme Court, summary judgement is mandated when, after sufficient time is allowed for discovery, there is a lack of evidence to support a non-moving party's case on issues for which that party bears the burden of proof. It is also the burden of the non-moving party to rebut any facts presented affidavit or other evidence that would indicate the presence of a genuine and material issue of fact for trial, rather than to simply allege the existence of a broad factual dispute. For these reasons, the count did grant Burger King's motion for summary judgement with respect to Count I.\n\nRespecting count II: Implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing\nA given contract includes not only what is expressly written in it, but also those matters or terms which, though not expressed, are implied by law, which are held to be as binding as those terms which are either written or oral. The state of Florida also recognizes the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing, as held in \nFernandez v. Vazquez and Johnson v. Davis. Burger King did not explicitly deny the existence of this implied covenant of good faith in its motion for summary judgement, but rather argued that those acts explicitly authorized through the Franchise Agreement cannot constitute prima facie bad faith. This reasoning arose primarily from the defendant's interpretation that the Franchise Agreement declines to \"grant or imply\" Scheck \"any area, market, or territorial rights\" . However, the Court noted here that the explicit denial of territory rights to Scheck does not apply that Burger King itself has the right to open other proximate franchises at its will, regardless of their effect on Scheck's franchise operations. Thus, while Scheck is not entitled by agreement to an exclusive territory per se, he is entitled to expect that Burger King Corporation will not willfully act to destroy the rights of their franchisees to enjoy the natural fruits of the contract. For its part, Burger King had developed explicit policies and procedures specifically to protect against this kind of \"cannibalization: and potential ruin of other Burger King franchises (corporate-owned or otherwise), which could result in an overall weakening of the Burger King chain. Scheck's claim here is based on Burger Kings alleged failure to exercise the discretion implied by these policies with good faith and fair dealing, and indeed contravened these policies to protect against the encroachment of other franchises. The court declined to grant summary judgement on this count, citing open issues on whether Burger King actually breached the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing in its Franchise Agreement.\n\nRespecting count III: Implied contract (promissory estoppel)\nScheck claimed that an implied oral contract by Burger King not to franchise Marriott's Massachusetts Turnpike site was formed when, at a regional Burger King conference, Region Vice President Charles Olcott stated to Scheck and eight to ten \"Burger King VIPs\" that \"I can't believe that [Burger King President] Jeff Campbell is ever going to allow [the Howard Johnson's conversion]\" . Scheck thus claimed compensable damages based on reliance on this statement, and also sought to estop Burger King from denying that it agreed to forgo the planned Turnpike franchise site.\n\nThe Court declined to agree that an implied contract was created by Olcott's statement, noting that, while Scheck may have relied on the good faith implications of the statement, he relied on a supposition and not on an actionable promise . Further, the Court noted that the doctrine of promissory estoppel \"require[s] affirmative action indicative of a desire to be contractually bound\" . There was found nothing on record to suggest that Olcott intended either to enter into a contract, nor induce Scheck to do so. Summary judgement on this count was thus granted with the count itself dismissed.\n\nRespecting count IV: Massachusetts consumer protection act\nScheck also alleged violations of Mass. Gen. Laws c. 93(a), commonly known as the Massachusetts Consumer Protection Act. This count was summarily dismissed as the Court had already settled that Florida law governed this case.\n\nHolding\nThe court thus held that:\n1) Florida law governed the case;\n2) The Defendant's affirmative defenses of Release and Statute of Frauds were denied and dismissed;\n3) Defendant's motion for summary judgement respecting count I of an implied non-competition agreement was granted and count I dismissed. \n4) Defendant's motion for summary judgement respecting Count II of an implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing was denied,\n5) Defendant's motion for summary judgement respecting Count III of an implied contract and resultant assertion of promissory estoppel was granted and count 3 dismissed, and\n6) Defendant's motion for summary judgement respecting Count IV of violations of the Massachusetts Consumer Protection Act was granted and Count IV summarily dismissed.\n\nNotes\n\nReferences \n\nUnited States District Court for the Southern District of Florida cases", "I Know What You Did Last Summer is a 1997 American slasher film based on the 1973 novel.\n\nI Know What You Did Last Summer may also refer to:\n\nFranchise\nI Know What You Did Last Summer (novel), a 1973 suspense novel for young adults by Lois Duncan\nI Know What You Did Last Summer (franchise)\nI Still Know What You Did Last Summer, a 1998 slasher film and a sequel to the 1997 film\nI'll Always Know What You Did Last Summer, a 2006 horror film released straight to DVD and the third installment in the series\nI Know What You Did Last Summer (TV series), a 2021 Amazon Prime TV series\n\nOther uses\n\"I Know What You Did Last Summer\" (Supernatural), an episode of the TV series Supernatural\n\"I Know What You Did Last Summer\" (The Vampire Diaries), an episode of the TV series The Vampire Diaries\n\"I Know What You Did Last Summer\" (Scream), an episode of the TV series Scream\n\"I Know What You Did Last Summer (song)\", a 2015 song by Shawn Mendes and Camila Cabello\n\"I Know What You Did Last Summer\", a 2015 song by Jacob Whitesides featuring Kelly Rowland\n\nSee also\nI Know What You'll Do Next Summer, a third-season episode of the mystery series Veronica Mars" ]

[ "Simon Phillip Cowell (; born 7 October 1959) is an English television personality, entrepreneur, and record executive. He has judged on the British television talent competition series Pop Idol (2001–2003), The X Factor UK (2004–2010, 2014–2018) and Britain's Got Talent (2007–present), and the American television talent competition series American Idol (2002–2010), The X Factor US (2011–2013), and America's Got Talent (2016–present).", "He has judged on the British television talent competition series Pop Idol (2001–2003), The X Factor UK (2004–2010, 2014–2018) and Britain's Got Talent (2007–present), and the American television talent competition series American Idol (2002–2010), The X Factor US (2011–2013), and America's Got Talent (2016–present). Cowell is the founder and sole owner of the British entertainment company Syco.", "Cowell is the founder and sole owner of the British entertainment company Syco. After some success in the 1980s and 1990s as a record producer, talent scout and consultant in the UK music industry, Cowell came to public prominence in 2001 as a judge on Pop Idol, a show which he and its creator Simon Fuller successfully pitched to ITV Controller of Entertainment Claudia Rosencrantz.", "After some success in the 1980s and 1990s as a record producer, talent scout and consultant in the UK music industry, Cowell came to public prominence in 2001 as a judge on Pop Idol, a show which he and its creator Simon Fuller successfully pitched to ITV Controller of Entertainment Claudia Rosencrantz. He subsequently created The X Factor and Got Talent franchises which have been sold around the world.", "He subsequently created The X Factor and Got Talent franchises which have been sold around the world. In 2004 and 2010, Time named Cowell one of the 100 most influential people in the world. In 2008, The Daily Telegraph ranked him sixth in their list of the \"100 most powerful people in British culture\".", "In 2008, The Daily Telegraph ranked him sixth in their list of the \"100 most powerful people in British culture\". The same year, he received the Special Recognition Award at the National Television Awards.", "The same year, he received the Special Recognition Award at the National Television Awards. At the 2010 British Academy Television Awards, Cowell received the BAFTA Special Award for his \"outstanding contribution to the entertainment industry and for his development of new talent\".", "At the 2010 British Academy Television Awards, Cowell received the BAFTA Special Award for his \"outstanding contribution to the entertainment industry and for his development of new talent\". In 2018, he received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in the television category.", "In 2018, he received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in the television category. Cowell often makes blunt and controversial comments as a television music and talent show judge, including insults and wisecracks about contestants and their singing abilities. He combines activities in both the television and music industries.", "He combines activities in both the television and music industries. Cowell has produced and promoted successful singles and albums for various recording acts whom he has signed and taken under his wing, including Little Mix, James Arthur, Labrinth, Leona Lewis, Fifth Harmony, Il Divo, Olly Murs, Noah Cyrus, Cher Lloyd, Fleur East, and Susan Boyle.", "Cowell has produced and promoted successful singles and albums for various recording acts whom he has signed and taken under his wing, including Little Mix, James Arthur, Labrinth, Leona Lewis, Fifth Harmony, Il Divo, Olly Murs, Noah Cyrus, Cher Lloyd, Fleur East, and Susan Boyle. He has also signed successful boybands such as Westlife, One Direction, PrettyMuch, CNCO.", "He has also signed successful boybands such as Westlife, One Direction, PrettyMuch, CNCO. Early life Simon Phillip Cowell was born on 7 October 1959 in Lambeth, London, and raised in Elstree, Hertfordshire.", "Early life Simon Phillip Cowell was born on 7 October 1959 in Lambeth, London, and raised in Elstree, Hertfordshire. His mother, Julie Brett (née Josie Dalglish, 1925–2015), was a ballet dancer and socialite, and his father, Eric Selig Phillip Cowell (1918–1999), was an estate agent, property developer, and music industry executive.", "His mother, Julie Brett (née Josie Dalglish, 1925–2015), was a ballet dancer and socialite, and his father, Eric Selig Phillip Cowell (1918–1999), was an estate agent, property developer, and music industry executive. Cowell's father was from a mostly Jewish family (his own mother was born in Poland), though he did not discuss his ancestry with his children.", "Cowell's father was from a mostly Jewish family (his own mother was born in Poland), though he did not discuss his ancestry with his children. Cowell's mother was from a Christian background.", "Cowell's mother was from a Christian background. He has a younger brother, Nicholas Cowell; three half brothers, John, Tony, and Michael Cowell; and a half sister, June Cowell. Cowell attended Radlett Preparatory School and the independent Dover College, as did his brother, but left after taking GCE O levels.", "Cowell attended Radlett Preparatory School and the independent Dover College, as did his brother, but left after taking GCE O levels. He passed English Language and Literature and then attended Windsor Technical College, where he gained another GCE in Sociology.", "He passed English Language and Literature and then attended Windsor Technical College, where he gained another GCE in Sociology. Cowell took a few menial jobs—including, according to his brother Tony, working as a runner on Stanley Kubrick's 1980 horror film The Shining—but did not get along well with colleagues and bosses, until his father, who was an executive at EMI Music Publishing, managed to get him a job in the mail room.", "Cowell took a few menial jobs—including, according to his brother Tony, working as a runner on Stanley Kubrick's 1980 horror film The Shining—but did not get along well with colleagues and bosses, until his father, who was an executive at EMI Music Publishing, managed to get him a job in the mail room. However, after failing to get a promotion, he left to try out other jobs before returning to EMI.", "However, after failing to get a promotion, he left to try out other jobs before returning to EMI. Career Early career In the early 1980s, Cowell left EMI to form E&S Music with his former boss at EMI but quit in 1983.", "Career Early career In the early 1980s, Cowell left EMI to form E&S Music with his former boss at EMI but quit in 1983. He then formed Fanfare Records with Iain Burton, initially selling exercise videos, and music from acts such as the Italian orchestra Rondò Veneziano.", "He then formed Fanfare Records with Iain Burton, initially selling exercise videos, and music from acts such as the Italian orchestra Rondò Veneziano. He had his first hit song in 1986 with \"So Macho\" by Sinitta. Some of Cowell's early success came through Stock Aitken Waterman, who produced a number of hits in the 1980s.", "Some of Cowell's early success came through Stock Aitken Waterman, who produced a number of hits in the 1980s. However, in 1989 the company went under and he nearly became bankrupt. He then found a job with BMG as an A&R consultant and set up S Records under BMG.", "He then found a job with BMG as an A&R consultant and set up S Records under BMG. He restarted his career in the music business by creating novelty records with acts such as the puppets Zig and Zag, Power Rangers and World Wrestling Federation.", "He restarted his career in the music business by creating novelty records with acts such as the puppets Zig and Zag, Power Rangers and World Wrestling Federation. In 1995, through his persistence, he persuaded two actors, Robson Green and Jerome Flynn from the UK television drama series Soldier Soldier, to sign with him and record the song \"Unchained Melody\", which they had performed on the show.", "In 1995, through his persistence, he persuaded two actors, Robson Green and Jerome Flynn from the UK television drama series Soldier Soldier, to sign with him and record the song \"Unchained Melody\", which they had performed on the show. The recording by the duo, now named Robson & Jerome, quickly reached number 1 in the UK, staying at the top of the chart for seven weeks.", "The recording by the duo, now named Robson & Jerome, quickly reached number 1 in the UK, staying at the top of the chart for seven weeks. It became the best-selling single of 1995, and their self-titled album released later in the year also became the best-selling album of 1995.", "It became the best-selling single of 1995, and their self-titled album released later in the year also became the best-selling album of 1995. They released another album and two more singles before disbanding, and sold 7 million albums and 5 million singles in total. According to Cowell, they made him his first million.", "According to Cowell, they made him his first million. Later acts he signed included Five, Westlife and Teletubbies. Idol franchise In 2001, Cowell was given the role of judge on the first series of Pop Idol, a show that he and the show creator Simon Fuller successfully pitched to ITV Controller of Entertainment Claudia Rosencrantz.", "Idol franchise In 2001, Cowell was given the role of judge on the first series of Pop Idol, a show that he and the show creator Simon Fuller successfully pitched to ITV Controller of Entertainment Claudia Rosencrantz. Maggie Brown in The Guardian states, \"the show became a seminal reality/entertainment format once on air that autumn\".", "Maggie Brown in The Guardian states, \"the show became a seminal reality/entertainment format once on air that autumn\". Cowell's S Records signed the top two finishers of the first season of Pop Idol, Will Young and Gareth Gates, both of whom went on to have No 1 UK hits, and they were the top 2 best-selling singles of 2002 and the decade of 2000s.", "Cowell's S Records signed the top two finishers of the first season of Pop Idol, Will Young and Gareth Gates, both of whom went on to have No 1 UK hits, and they were the top 2 best-selling singles of 2002 and the decade of 2000s. He also became a judge on the first season of American Idol in 2002.", "He also became a judge on the first season of American Idol in 2002. With his notoriously critical reputation, Cowell has been likened to TV personalities such as Judge Judy and The Weakest Link host Anne Robinson.", "With his notoriously critical reputation, Cowell has been likened to TV personalities such as Judge Judy and The Weakest Link host Anne Robinson. His closest predecessor was British TV critic Nina Myskow who, in the 1980s, became known for her harsh put-downs in New Faces, a talent show that Cowell cited as an influence.", "His closest predecessor was British TV critic Nina Myskow who, in the 1980s, became known for her harsh put-downs in New Faces, a talent show that Cowell cited as an influence. Cowell's prominence grew, fed by his signature phrase, \"I don't mean to be rude, but ...\", inevitably followed by an unsparingly blunt appraisal of the contestant's talents, personality, or even physical appearance.", "Cowell's prominence grew, fed by his signature phrase, \"I don't mean to be rude, but ...\", inevitably followed by an unsparingly blunt appraisal of the contestant's talents, personality, or even physical appearance. A lot of these one-liners were the product of coaching that Cowell received from publicist Max Clifford.", "A lot of these one-liners were the product of coaching that Cowell received from publicist Max Clifford. Cowell also appeared on the one-off World Idol programme in 2003, in which it became clear that each country's version of the Idol had attempted to come up with its own \"Simon Cowell\" type personality.", "Cowell also appeared on the one-off World Idol programme in 2003, in which it became clear that each country's version of the Idol had attempted to come up with its own \"Simon Cowell\" type personality. Cowell formed a new company, Syco, in 2005.", "Cowell formed a new company, Syco, in 2005. The company is divided into three units: Syco Music, Syco TV and Syco Film. Cowell returned to music with his latest brainchild signed to Syco, the internationally successful operatic pop group Il Divo, consisting of three opera singers and one pop singer of four different nationalities.", "Cowell returned to music with his latest brainchild signed to Syco, the internationally successful operatic pop group Il Divo, consisting of three opera singers and one pop singer of four different nationalities. Inspired by the success of Il Divo, Simon created a child version, Angelis, beating competition from similar groups emerging at Christmas 2006.", "Inspired by the success of Il Divo, Simon created a child version, Angelis, beating competition from similar groups emerging at Christmas 2006. On 11 January 2010, Cowell's exit from American Idol was made official.", "On 11 January 2010, Cowell's exit from American Idol was made official. By the time Cowell left American Idol, the show was on its seventh consecutive season in its leadership among all primetime programmes in the United States, even lasting up to 2011 in the longest winning streak in the US overall viewership and demographics in the Nielsen ratings.", "By the time Cowell left American Idol, the show was on its seventh consecutive season in its leadership among all primetime programmes in the United States, even lasting up to 2011 in the longest winning streak in the US overall viewership and demographics in the Nielsen ratings. The 2010 season was Cowell's last on the show, and he was replaced by Steven Tyler.", "The 2010 season was Cowell's last on the show, and he was replaced by Steven Tyler. It was also announced that FOX had acquired the rights to The X Factor USA, an American version of British show The X Factor that launched in 2011.", "It was also announced that FOX had acquired the rights to The X Factor USA, an American version of British show The X Factor that launched in 2011. The X Factor In 2004, with Sharon Osbourne and Louis Walsh, Cowell was a judge on the first series of the British television music competition The X Factor, which he created using his production company, Syco TV.", "The X Factor In 2004, with Sharon Osbourne and Louis Walsh, Cowell was a judge on the first series of the British television music competition The X Factor, which he created using his production company, Syco TV. The X Factor was an instant success with the viewers and enjoyed its tenth series in 2013.", "The X Factor was an instant success with the viewers and enjoyed its tenth series in 2013. Leona Lewis, the winner of the third series of The X Factor, was signed to Cowell's label Syco and has had number one singles and album sales around the world.", "Leona Lewis, the winner of the third series of The X Factor, was signed to Cowell's label Syco and has had number one singles and album sales around the world. Cowell returned for a fourth series on 18 August 2007 alongside Osbourne, Walsh and new judge, Dannii Minogue.", "Cowell returned for a fourth series on 18 August 2007 alongside Osbourne, Walsh and new judge, Dannii Minogue. Walsh had previously been sacked from the judging panel by Cowell for the fourth series, and he was subsequently replaced by Brian Friedman, who was a judge on Grease Is the Word.", "Walsh had previously been sacked from the judging panel by Cowell for the fourth series, and he was subsequently replaced by Brian Friedman, who was a judge on Grease Is the Word. Walsh was later brought back by Cowell a week into the auditions when he and Osbourne realised that they missed Walsh and that without him, there was no chemistry between the judges.", "Walsh was later brought back by Cowell a week into the auditions when he and Osbourne realised that they missed Walsh and that without him, there was no chemistry between the judges. Cowell returned for the fifth series in 2008, with Walsh, Minogue, and new judge Cheryl Cole, as Osbourne had decided to quit before the show began.", "Cowell returned for the fifth series in 2008, with Walsh, Minogue, and new judge Cheryl Cole, as Osbourne had decided to quit before the show began. Cowell returned for series 6 and 7 as well, although series 7 was to be his last, as he left in 2011 in order to launch The X Factor in America.", "Cowell returned for series 6 and 7 as well, although series 7 was to be his last, as he left in 2011 in order to launch The X Factor in America. After placing third in the seventh series of The X Factor in the UK, boyband One Direction signed to Cowell's label in 2011, and the group has gone on to top singles and album charts worldwide.", "After placing third in the seventh series of The X Factor in the UK, boyband One Direction signed to Cowell's label in 2011, and the group has gone on to top singles and album charts worldwide. Cowell was replaced by Gary Barlow. In 2011, UK series eight winners Little Mix signed to Cowell's label.", "In 2011, UK series eight winners Little Mix signed to Cowell's label. The girl group has sold 50 million records worldwide.", "The girl group has sold 50 million records worldwide. Australian The X Factor launched in 2005 on Network Ten, and it featured Mark Holden, Kate Ceberano and John Reid as the show's judges, but it was cancelled after just one season due to poor ratings.", "Australian The X Factor launched in 2005 on Network Ten, and it featured Mark Holden, Kate Ceberano and John Reid as the show's judges, but it was cancelled after just one season due to poor ratings. However, the show returned in 2010 and performed strongly on the Seven Network until its eighth season in 2016, when its ratings declined.", "However, the show returned in 2010 and performed strongly on the Seven Network until its eighth season in 2016, when its ratings declined. Subsequently, the show was axed for a second time in January 2017. Cowell also launched American The X Factor in September 2011 on American broadcaster Fox.", "Cowell also launched American The X Factor in September 2011 on American broadcaster Fox. It was originally announced that he would be a judge both on the UK and US editions of the show, which aired at similar times of the year, but MTV officially reported on 17 April 2011 that this was not true.", "It was originally announced that he would be a judge both on the UK and US editions of the show, which aired at similar times of the year, but MTV officially reported on 17 April 2011 that this was not true. Cowell was no longer to be a judge on the UK version, but he would remain a major presence backstage.", "Cowell was no longer to be a judge on the UK version, but he would remain a major presence backstage. He was joined by Paula Abdul, L.A. Reid, Nicole Scherzinger and formerly Cheryl Cole. Cowell's act Melanie Amaro won the season, making Cowell the winning judge.", "Cowell's act Melanie Amaro won the season, making Cowell the winning judge. Cowell and Reid returned for season 2, while Demi Lovato and Britney Spears joined the judging panel as replacements for Abdul and Scherzinger. This season launched another of Cowell's acts into worldwide fame, the group Fifth Harmony.", "This season launched another of Cowell's acts into worldwide fame, the group Fifth Harmony. Cowell returned for a third season of The X Factor in September 2013 alongside Demi Lovato, while Britney Spears and L.A. Reid announced they would not be returning and were replaced by Paulina Rubio and Kelly Rowland.", "Cowell returned for a third season of The X Factor in September 2013 alongside Demi Lovato, while Britney Spears and L.A. Reid announced they would not be returning and were replaced by Paulina Rubio and Kelly Rowland. Cowell's last act Alex & Sierra won the season, marking Cowell's second season as the winning mentor after he won with Melanie Amaro in 2011.", "Cowell's last act Alex & Sierra won the season, marking Cowell's second season as the winning mentor after he won with Melanie Amaro in 2011. In October 2010, Cowell signed new three-year deals with ITV for both Britain's Got Talent and The X Factor, retaining them until 2013.", "In October 2010, Cowell signed new three-year deals with ITV for both Britain's Got Talent and The X Factor, retaining them until 2013. On 15 November 2013, the three-year deal was extended by another three years, keeping it on air until 2016.", "On 15 November 2013, the three-year deal was extended by another three years, keeping it on air until 2016. In October 2013, it was reported that Cowell might return to the UK version of The X Factor for series 11 in place of Gary Barlow, and on 7 February 2014, his return was officially confirmed.", "In October 2013, it was reported that Cowell might return to the UK version of The X Factor for series 11 in place of Gary Barlow, and on 7 February 2014, his return was officially confirmed. This resulted in the cancellation of the US version after three seasons by Fox.", "This resulted in the cancellation of the US version after three seasons by Fox. He joined judges Louis Walsh, Cheryl Fernandez-Versini, who replaced Sharon Osbourne, and new judge, former Spice Girls member Mel B, who replaced Nicole Scherzinger. For his eighth series, he was given the Over 25s category.", "For his eighth series, he was given the Over 25s category. On 13 December, Ben Haenow and Fleur East reached the final two, which meant that Cowell was the winning mentor for the first time since series 3 2006, when he had both Leona Lewis and Ray Quinn in the final.", "On 13 December, Ben Haenow and Fleur East reached the final two, which meant that Cowell was the winning mentor for the first time since series 3 2006, when he had both Leona Lewis and Ray Quinn in the final. Ben Haenow became the eleventh winner on 14 December.", "Ben Haenow became the eleventh winner on 14 December. In 2015, Cowell returned to the X Factor for its twelfth series, along with veteran judge Cheryl Fernandez-Versini and newcomers Rita Ora and BBC Radio 1 DJ Nick Grimshaw. In December 2020 it was announced that Cowell will be a judge on The X Factor Israel in 2021.", "In December 2020 it was announced that Cowell will be a judge on The X Factor Israel in 2021. In late May 2021, Cowell announced he will be cancelling his appearance on the show in context of the Israeli aggression against Gaza.", "In late May 2021, Cowell announced he will be cancelling his appearance on the show in context of the Israeli aggression against Gaza. Got Talent Following the success of the Idol and X Factor franchises, Cowell, his company Syco, and its business partners developed a talent show format open to performers of any kind, not only singers, but also dancers, instrumentalists, magicians, comedians, novelty acts, and so on.", "Got Talent Following the success of the Idol and X Factor franchises, Cowell, his company Syco, and its business partners developed a talent show format open to performers of any kind, not only singers, but also dancers, instrumentalists, magicians, comedians, novelty acts, and so on. The origins of the Got Talent format can be traced to the British talent shows Opportunity Knocks (on screen from 1956, with the winner using the now-standard method of a telephone vote) and New Faces.", "The origins of the Got Talent format can be traced to the British talent shows Opportunity Knocks (on screen from 1956, with the winner using the now-standard method of a telephone vote) and New Faces. Immensely popular with weekly audiences of 20 million, Opportunity Knocks showcased singers, dancers and comedians in addition to non standard performers such as acrobats, animal acts and novelty acts.", "Immensely popular with weekly audiences of 20 million, Opportunity Knocks showcased singers, dancers and comedians in addition to non standard performers such as acrobats, animal acts and novelty acts. Cowell states, \"I was a fan of variety shows Opportunity Knocks and New Faces, and to be able to update that tradition, really was a buzz\".", "Cowell states, \"I was a fan of variety shows Opportunity Knocks and New Faces, and to be able to update that tradition, really was a buzz\". Cowell is the executive producer of America's Got Talent, which debuted in June 2006, along with Fremantle producers of the Idol series.", "Cowell is the executive producer of America's Got Talent, which debuted in June 2006, along with Fremantle producers of the Idol series. The show was a huge success for NBC, drawing around 12 million viewers a week and beating So You Think You Can Dance on Fox (produced by rival and Idol creator Simon Fuller).", "The show was a huge success for NBC, drawing around 12 million viewers a week and beating So You Think You Can Dance on Fox (produced by rival and Idol creator Simon Fuller). Britain's Got Talent debuted on ITV in June 2007. Cowell appeared as a judge alongside Amanda Holden and Piers Morgan.", "Cowell appeared as a judge alongside Amanda Holden and Piers Morgan. The show was a ratings success, and second and third seasons followed in 2008 and 2009. The third series featured a publicity coup when Susan Boyle made a global media impact comparable to that of any previous talent show series winner with her regional audition performance.", "The third series featured a publicity coup when Susan Boyle made a global media impact comparable to that of any previous talent show series winner with her regional audition performance. In December 2019, Cowell signed a five-year deal with ITV ensuring Britain's Got Talent will stay on the channel until 2024.", "In December 2019, Cowell signed a five-year deal with ITV ensuring Britain's Got Talent will stay on the channel until 2024. In 2014, Got Talent was named the world's most successful reality TV format by Guinness World Records, with spin-offs in over 68 countries.", "In 2014, Got Talent was named the world's most successful reality TV format by Guinness World Records, with spin-offs in over 68 countries. Cowell stated, “I am very proud that Got Talent is a home grown British show.", "Cowell stated, “I am very proud that Got Talent is a home grown British show. We owe its success to a group of very talented producers all over the world who have made this happen.", "We owe its success to a group of very talented producers all over the world who have made this happen. And of course amazing talent.” In 2015, Cowell launched La Banda, his first US show since his stint with American The X Factor.", "And of course amazing talent.” In 2015, Cowell launched La Banda, his first US show since his stint with American The X Factor. The show, designed to find male singers to form the \"ultimate Latino Boy Band,\" launched on Univision in the US on 13 September 2015.", "The show, designed to find male singers to form the \"ultimate Latino Boy Band,\" launched on Univision in the US on 13 September 2015. The winner of the show, boy band CNCO, signed to Cowell's record label Syco Music.", "The winner of the show, boy band CNCO, signed to Cowell's record label Syco Music. Cowell was announced as the replacement for Howard Stern on America's Got Talent on 22 October 2015. On 15 July 2020, it was announced that Cowell had bought out Sony Music from their joint venture, Syco Entertainment.", "On 15 July 2020, it was announced that Cowell had bought out Sony Music from their joint venture, Syco Entertainment. Other talent shows On 16 March 2006, American Inventor debuted on ABC. Cowell co-produced the show with British entrepreneur Peter Jones, who had devised the concept.", "Cowell co-produced the show with British entrepreneur Peter Jones, who had devised the concept. Fledgling entrepreneurs from across the United States competed to see who could come up with the best new product concept. The 2006 winner, Janusz Liberkowski, received $1 million and the opportunity to develop his idea into a business.", "The 2006 winner, Janusz Liberkowski, received $1 million and the opportunity to develop his idea into a business. The show returned one more time in 2007 for a second season. In 2006, Cowell executive-produced Celebrity Duets, which was described as \"an Idol show for Hollywood superstars.\"", "In 2006, Cowell executive-produced Celebrity Duets, which was described as \"an Idol show for Hollywood superstars.\" The show was hosted by Wayne Brady, and its judges were Marie Osmond, Little Richard, and David Foster. Cowell was also the executive producer of Grease Is the Word for ITV.", "Cowell was also the executive producer of Grease Is the Word for ITV. This show set out to find performers to play Danny and Sandy in the 2007 West End revival of Grease. It was hosted by Zoë Ball and judged by Britons David Ian and Sinitta and Americans David Gest and Brian Friedman.", "It was hosted by Zoë Ball and judged by Britons David Ian and Sinitta and Americans David Gest and Brian Friedman. The musical theatre casting concept had already been introduced by the BBC with the ratings hit How Do You Solve a Problem like Maria?, but Cowell's show was not the hoped-for success.", "The musical theatre casting concept had already been introduced by the BBC with the ratings hit How Do You Solve a Problem like Maria?, but Cowell's show was not the hoped-for success. He himself said, \"It has been slaughtered by the critics – and rightly so. It is far too similar to our other formats.\"", "It is far too similar to our other formats.\" Cowell collaborated with UK production company Shed Media to produce 2008 ITV drama series Rock Rivals, which is based on an X Factor type show. In 2011, Cowell also created his first game show, titled Red or Black? and hosted by Ant & Dec, for ITV.", "and hosted by Ant & Dec, for ITV. Series 1 was broadcast from 3 to 10 September. The show was recommissioned by ITV for a second series in 2012, which aired weekly. In 2013, Cowell, in partnership with YouTube, launched a video-sharing competition called The You Generation.", "In 2013, Cowell, in partnership with YouTube, launched a video-sharing competition called The You Generation. In 2013, Simon was executive producer for ITV cookery series Food Glorious Food, which was hosted by Carol Vorderman. He did the same for a game show called Keep it in the Family, presented by Bradley Walsh in 2016.", "He did the same for a game show called Keep it in the Family, presented by Bradley Walsh in 2016. In 2018, it was announced that Cowell created his first show to air on the BBC, titled The Greatest Dancer, which debuted on 5 January 2019.", "In 2018, it was announced that Cowell created his first show to air on the BBC, titled The Greatest Dancer, which debuted on 5 January 2019. In the show, dancers competed for a £50,000 and a performance on the BBC's Strictly Come Dancing. A second series is scheduled to air in 2020.", "A second series is scheduled to air in 2020. In April 2020, Cowell judged a spin-off version of the former show Canada's Got Talent called Canadian Family's Got Talent, carried out virtually by Canadian broadcaster Citytv during the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada. In the media Cowell has been involved in charity work for many years.", "In the media Cowell has been involved in charity work for many years. He is a patron of Together for Short Lives, the leading UK charity for all children with life-threatening and life-limiting conditions. He was patron of Children's Hospices UK between 2009 and 2011 before it merged to become Together for Short Lives.", "He was patron of Children's Hospices UK between 2009 and 2011 before it merged to become Together for Short Lives. He donated money to Manchester Dogs' Home in England after it was hit by a large fire.", "He donated money to Manchester Dogs' Home in England after it was hit by a large fire. In view of his charitable works, particularly the production of the charity single \"Everybody Hurts\" in aid of victims of the 2010 Haiti earthquake, as well as his services to the music industry, there was considerable media speculation as to whether Cowell would receive a knighthood in the Queen's 2010 Birthday Honours, a proposal allegedly put forward by then Prime Minister Gordon Brown.", "In view of his charitable works, particularly the production of the charity single \"Everybody Hurts\" in aid of victims of the 2010 Haiti earthquake, as well as his services to the music industry, there was considerable media speculation as to whether Cowell would receive a knighthood in the Queen's 2010 Birthday Honours, a proposal allegedly put forward by then Prime Minister Gordon Brown. In November 2003, Cowell appeared on the charity telethon Children in Need where viewers pledged thousands to see him get sawn in half.", "In November 2003, Cowell appeared on the charity telethon Children in Need where viewers pledged thousands to see him get sawn in half. In December 2003, Cowell published his autobiography titled I Don't Mean to be Rude, but....", "In December 2003, Cowell published his autobiography titled I Don't Mean to be Rude, but.... In it, he told the whole story of his childhood, his years working in music and experiences on Pop Idol, Pop Stars Rivals, and American Idol, and finally, his tips for being successful as a pop star.", "In it, he told the whole story of his childhood, his years working in music and experiences on Pop Idol, Pop Stars Rivals, and American Idol, and finally, his tips for being successful as a pop star. In 2010, he was added as a new entry to the latest edition of the UK's Who's Who.", "In 2010, he was added as a new entry to the latest edition of the UK's Who's Who. Cowell has appeared as a guest voice in an episode of The Simpsons (\"Smart and Smarter\"), in which he gets beaten up by Homer Simpson (while criticising Homer's punches).", "Cowell has appeared as a guest voice in an episode of The Simpsons (\"Smart and Smarter\"), in which he gets beaten up by Homer Simpson (while criticising Homer's punches). In May 2010, he portrayed himself again in an episode of The Simpsons, \"Judge Me Tender\".", "In May 2010, he portrayed himself again in an episode of The Simpsons, \"Judge Me Tender\". His voice was heard on an episode of Family Guy (\"Lois Kills Stewie\"), in which he told Stewie that his singing was so awful that he should be dead.", "His voice was heard on an episode of Family Guy (\"Lois Kills Stewie\"), in which he told Stewie that his singing was so awful that he should be dead. He made an MTV Movie Award-winning cameo appearance as himself in Scary Movie 3, where he sits in judgment during a battle rap (and is subsequently killed by gunfire for criticising the rappers).", "He made an MTV Movie Award-winning cameo appearance as himself in Scary Movie 3, where he sits in judgment during a battle rap (and is subsequently killed by gunfire for criticising the rappers). He appears in the DVD version of Shrek 2 as himself in Far Far Away Idol and also provided the voice.", "He appears in the DVD version of Shrek 2 as himself in Far Far Away Idol and also provided the voice. Cowell was once the fastest \"Star in a Reasonably Priced Car\" on BBC's motoring show Top Gear, driving a Suzuki Liana around the show's test track in a time of 1:47.1.", "Cowell was once the fastest \"Star in a Reasonably Priced Car\" on BBC's motoring show Top Gear, driving a Suzuki Liana around the show's test track in a time of 1:47.1. When Top Gear retired the Liana along with its rankings after the eighth series, Cowell was the eighth fastest overall and the third fastest non-professional driver.", "When Top Gear retired the Liana along with its rankings after the eighth series, Cowell was the eighth fastest overall and the third fastest non-professional driver. On 11 November 2007 Cowell yet again appeared on Top Gear, achieving a time of 1:45.9 thus putting him ahead of chef Gordon Ramsay and back at the top of the table.", "On 11 November 2007 Cowell yet again appeared on Top Gear, achieving a time of 1:45.9 thus putting him ahead of chef Gordon Ramsay and back at the top of the table. His time of 1:45.9 was then tied with English rock singer Brian Johnson of AC/DC and Grand Designs host Kevin McCloud for the second fastest time, just 0.1 seconds behind Jamiroquai singer Jay Kay.", "His time of 1:45.9 was then tied with English rock singer Brian Johnson of AC/DC and Grand Designs host Kevin McCloud for the second fastest time, just 0.1 seconds behind Jamiroquai singer Jay Kay. In March 2015, Cowell backed Top Gear presenter Jeremy Clarkson after he was suspended by the BBC for punching a colleague, with Cowell stating on Good Morning Britain: \"He's apologised.", "In March 2015, Cowell backed Top Gear presenter Jeremy Clarkson after he was suspended by the BBC for punching a colleague, with Cowell stating on Good Morning Britain: \"He's apologised. But I think what is quite obvious is that the public are behind him, but you know, that's Jeremy.\"", "But I think what is quite obvious is that the public are behind him, but you know, that's Jeremy.\" He appeared on an episode of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? (the original British version) and Saturday Night Live in 2004.", "(the original British version) and Saturday Night Live in 2004. Cowell has also guest-starred (filling in for Regis Philbin) in the popular talk show Live with Regis and Kelly during American Idol'''s finalist week in early 2006. Cowell introduced entertainer Dick Clark at the 2006 Primetime Emmy Awards.", "Cowell introduced entertainer Dick Clark at the 2006 Primetime Emmy Awards. He was seen on the British charity telethon Comic Relief, appearing on Comic Relief Does The Apprentice where he donated £25,000 for a fun fair ticket. Cowell has also appeared on the MTV shows Cribs and Punk'd.", "Cowell has also appeared on the MTV shows Cribs and Punk'd. On Punk'd, Ryan Seacrest and Randy Jackson set him up to believe his $400,000 Rolls Royce was stolen and had caused an accident by using a nearly identical car.", "On Punk'd, Ryan Seacrest and Randy Jackson set him up to believe his $400,000 Rolls Royce was stolen and had caused an accident by using a nearly identical car. Cowell was a partner in the Royal Ascot Racing Club, a thoroughbred horse racing syndicate which owned the 2005 Epsom Derby winner, Motivator.", "Cowell was a partner in the Royal Ascot Racing Club, a thoroughbred horse racing syndicate which owned the 2005 Epsom Derby winner, Motivator. Cowell was chosen as the first subject of the re-launched This Is Your Life, in an episode broadcast on 2 June 2007.", "Cowell was chosen as the first subject of the re-launched This Is Your Life, in an episode broadcast on 2 June 2007. He was presented with the Red Book by Sir Trevor McDonald while presenting American Idol.", "He was presented with the Red Book by Sir Trevor McDonald while presenting American Idol. On 1 July 2007, Cowell appeared as a speaker at the Concert for Diana (alongside Randy Jackson and Ryan Seacrest) held at Wembley Stadium, London, to celebrate the life of Princess Diana almost 10 years after her death.", "On 1 July 2007, Cowell appeared as a speaker at the Concert for Diana (alongside Randy Jackson and Ryan Seacrest) held at Wembley Stadium, London, to celebrate the life of Princess Diana almost 10 years after her death. Proceeds from the concert went to Diana's charities as well as to charities of which her sons Princes William and Harry are patrons.Diana concert a 'perfect tribute' BBC News.", "Proceeds from the concert went to Diana's charities as well as to charities of which her sons Princes William and Harry are patrons.Diana concert a 'perfect tribute' BBC News. Retrieved 12 April 2012 At the 2012 Pride of Britain Awards on 30 October, Cowell, along with Michael Caine, Elton John, Richard Branson and Stephen Fry, recited Rudyard Kipling's poem \"If—\" in tribute to the 2012 British Olympic and Paralympics athletes.", "Retrieved 12 April 2012 At the 2012 Pride of Britain Awards on 30 October, Cowell, along with Michael Caine, Elton John, Richard Branson and Stephen Fry, recited Rudyard Kipling's poem \"If—\" in tribute to the 2012 British Olympic and Paralympics athletes. In October 2013 Cowell took part in a fundraising event in Los Angeles in support of the Israeli Defense Forces.", "In October 2013 Cowell took part in a fundraising event in Los Angeles in support of the Israeli Defense Forces. The event raised $20 million and Cowell made a personal donation of $150,000.", "The event raised $20 million and Cowell made a personal donation of $150,000. To raise money for the families of the victims of the Grenfell Tower fire in London in June 2017 and for The London Community Foundation, Cowell arranged the recording and release of a charity single \"Bridge over Troubled Water\".", "To raise money for the families of the victims of the Grenfell Tower fire in London in June 2017 and for The London Community Foundation, Cowell arranged the recording and release of a charity single \"Bridge over Troubled Water\". Cowell collaborated with a number of vocalists for the single, including Robbie Williams, Dua Lipa, Roger Daltrey and Rita Ora, and the song reached number one in the UK Singles Chart.", "Cowell collaborated with a number of vocalists for the single, including Robbie Williams, Dua Lipa, Roger Daltrey and Rita Ora, and the song reached number one in the UK Singles Chart. Recognition In 2004 and 2010, Time magazine named Cowell one of the 100 most influential people in the world.", "Recognition In 2004 and 2010, Time magazine named Cowell one of the 100 most influential people in the world. In 2008 he received the Special Recognition Award (presented to him by Andrew Lloyd Webber) at the National Television Awards held at the Royal Albert Hall.", "In 2008 he received the Special Recognition Award (presented to him by Andrew Lloyd Webber) at the National Television Awards held at the Royal Albert Hall. New Statesman listed Cowell at number 41 in a list of \"50 People who Matter [in] 2010\".", "New Statesman listed Cowell at number 41 in a list of \"50 People who Matter [in] 2010\". TV Guide named him at number 10 in their 2013 list of The 60 Nastiest Villains of All Time.", "TV Guide named him at number 10 in their 2013 list of The 60 Nastiest Villains of All Time. In 2012, Cowell was featured in the BBC Radio 4 series The New Elizabethans to mark the diamond Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II.", "In 2012, Cowell was featured in the BBC Radio 4 series The New Elizabethans to mark the diamond Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II. A panel of seven academics, journalists and historians named Cowell among the group of people in the UK \"whose actions during the reign of Elizabeth II have had a significant impact on lives in these islands and given the age its character\".", "A panel of seven academics, journalists and historians named Cowell among the group of people in the UK \"whose actions during the reign of Elizabeth II have had a significant impact on lives in these islands and given the age its character\". Cowell was announced to receive a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame on 22 August 2018, in the Television category.", "Cowell was announced to receive a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame on 22 August 2018, in the Television category. Personal life Cowell dated English presenter Terri Seymour from 2002 to 2008. Cowell was engaged to make-up artist Mezhgan Hussainy from 2010 to 2011. In 2013, Cowell allegedly began dating an American woman named Lauren Silverman.", "In 2013, Cowell allegedly began dating an American woman named Lauren Silverman. In July 2013, Silverman's husband and Cowell's friend, Andrew Silverman, filed for an at-fault divorce, citing adultery by his wife and naming Cowell as a co-respondent.", "In July 2013, Silverman's husband and Cowell's friend, Andrew Silverman, filed for an at-fault divorce, citing adultery by his wife and naming Cowell as a co-respondent. News of the divorce filing became public two weeks later, when it was widely reported that Silverman and Cowell were expecting a baby together.", "News of the divorce filing became public two weeks later, when it was widely reported that Silverman and Cowell were expecting a baby together. Cowell said, \"There are a lot of things I will eventually clear up when the time is right, but I really have to be sensitive because there's a lot of people's feelings involved here.\"", "Cowell said, \"There are a lot of things I will eventually clear up when the time is right, but I really have to be sensitive because there's a lot of people's feelings involved here.\" The Silvermans released separate statements expressing concern for the well-being of their son during the divorce process.", "The Silvermans released separate statements expressing concern for the well-being of their son during the divorce process. In August 2013, the Silvermans settled their divorce out of court, enabling Cowell to avoid being called as a witness in the divorce proceedings.", "In August 2013, the Silvermans settled their divorce out of court, enabling Cowell to avoid being called as a witness in the divorce proceedings. He subsequently confirmed that Silverman was pregnant with his child, and she gave birth to their son, Eric, on 14 February 2014. The couple confirmed their engagement in January 2022.", "The couple confirmed their engagement in January 2022. In 2010, Cowell came out in support for then Conservative Party leader David Cameron for Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, writing in The Sun: \"I believe he is the Prime Minister Britain needs at this time.", "In 2010, Cowell came out in support for then Conservative Party leader David Cameron for Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, writing in The Sun: \"I believe he is the Prime Minister Britain needs at this time. He has substance and the stomach to navigate us through difficult times.\"", "He has substance and the stomach to navigate us through difficult times.\" In 2013, Cowell contravened his previous statement about David Cameron. According to the interview while he has supported candidates, he has never voted in an election.", "According to the interview while he has supported candidates, he has never voted in an election. An opponent of the United Kingdom leaving the European Union (Brexit), Cowell came out in support of Remain in the 2016 EU referendum. In 2019, Cowell became a vegan after doctors advised him to change his diet for health reasons.", "In 2019, Cowell became a vegan after doctors advised him to change his diet for health reasons. He was also named one of the wealthiest people in the UK by the Sunday Times Rich List, Cowell was worth £385 million in 2019.", "He was also named one of the wealthiest people in the UK by the Sunday Times Rich List, Cowell was worth £385 million in 2019. In 2020, Cowell announced he would be writing a seven-book series titled Wishfits'' with his son.", "In 2020, Cowell announced he would be writing a seven-book series titled Wishfits'' with his son. The first three volumes are to be released in 2021, with the remaining four the next year.", "The first three volumes are to be released in 2021, with the remaining four the next year. On 8 August 2020, Cowell broke his back after he fell off his new electric motorcycle which many press sources confused with an electric bike. The incident occurred while he was testing it at his home in Malibu, California.", "The incident occurred while he was testing it at his home in Malibu, California. Cowell was taken to the hospital, where he underwent back surgery overnight. After the accident, he began eating animal-based food again in order to \"rebuild his strength\". In February 2022, it was revealed Cowell tested positive for COVID-19.", "In February 2022, it was revealed Cowell tested positive for COVID-19. References External links 1959 births A&R people British music industry executives Businesspeople from London English expatriates in the United States English film producers English memoirists English music managers English music publishers (people) English people of Polish-Jewish descent English philanthropists English racehorse owners and breeders English record producers English talent agents English television producers International Emmy Founders Award winners Living people Participants in American reality television series Participants in British reality television series America's Got Talent judges People educated at Dover College People educated at Licensed Victuallers' School Television personalities from London People named in the Panama Papers People from Elstree Contestants on British game shows" ]

[ "Jin Akanishi", "2001-2009: Early career and debut of KAT-TUN" ]

[ "\"What a Night\" is a song performed by British band, Loveable Rogues. It was their debut single and was intended to feature on a debut album. The single was released in Ireland and the United Kingdom on 19 April 2013. The band were dropped from Syco in October 2013, but the single was featured on their debut album This and That, released in 2014 on Super Duper Records.\n\nBackground\nLoveable Rogues first announced that they're signed to Syco on June, 2012. In late 2012, the band released a free mixtape through their Soundcloud channel. The collection of songs was released as a free download and was called 'First Things First'. \"What A Night\" was previewed along with new songs such as \"Maybe Baby\", \"Talking Monkeys\" and \"Honest\".\n\nMusic video\n\nTwo teaser videos were released before the music video. The first teaser video was uploaded to their Vevo channel on 11 February 2013. The second teaser released two days after or a week before the music video released; on 19 February 2013, the music video was uploaded to their Vevo channel.\nThe video features the band having a night party with their friends.\n\nChart performance\n\"What a Night\" debuted on the UK Singles Chart at number 9 on 27 April 2013 after debuting at number 5 on the UK Singles Chart Update.\n\nTrack listing\nDigital download\n What a Night - 2:50\n Nuthouse - 3:58\n What a Night (feat. Lucky Mason) Sonny J Mason Remix] - 3:41\n What a Night (Supasound Radio Remix) - 2:42\n\nCharts\n\nReferences\n\n2013 debut singles\n2013 songs\nSyco Music singles\nSong recordings produced by Red Triangle (production team)\nSongs written by Rick Parkhouse\nSongs written by George Tizzard", "What We Do Is Secret is a 12\" EP compiling material recorded by the Germs. It was released posthumously by Slash Records in the United States in 1981 as SREP-108. It was later also released in 1982 in Italy on the Expanded Music label as EX-20-Y. What We Do Is Secret includes the three songs from the band's second release, the Lexicon Devil EP, as well as one cover, one outtake, some crowd conversation from the band's last show, and two live tracks.\n\nThe title was taken from the first track of their 1979 (GI) LP, which was not included on this release.\n\nA 2008 biopic of vocalist Darby Crash and the Germs was also titled What We Do Is Secret.\n\nTrack listing\n\nReferences\n\n1982 EPs\nGerms (band) EPs\nSlash Records EPs\n1982 compilation albums\nGerms (band) compilation albums\nSlash Records compilation albums\nEPs published posthumously" ]

[ "is a Japanese musician, singer, songwriter and actor. He has been active since 1998 as one of the two lead vocalists of the J-pop boy-band KAT-TUN before starting a solo career in 2009. Akanishi has also acted in several films and dramas.", "Akanishi has also acted in several films and dramas. Biography Early life Akanishi was born in Chiba Prefecture, Greater Tokyo Area, Japan on July 4, 1984, as the eldest of two sons. He has a younger brother Reio, who also works in the entertainment industry as an actor under the stage name Fuuta.", "He has a younger brother Reio, who also works in the entertainment industry as an actor under the stage name Fuuta. Akanishi moved to Tokyo in the first grade.", "Akanishi moved to Tokyo in the first grade. In 1997, when he was still in grade school, a classmate sent in a photo of him to idol magazine Myojo, and he was featured in the \"Cool Classmates\" corner of the issue.", "In 1997, when he was still in grade school, a classmate sent in a photo of him to idol magazine Myojo, and he was featured in the \"Cool Classmates\" corner of the issue. Akanishi expressed interest in the entertainment industry and his mother thus sent in an application to Johnny's Entertainment on his behalf in 1998.", "Akanishi expressed interest in the entertainment industry and his mother thus sent in an application to Johnny's Entertainment on his behalf in 1998. Though he technically failed his audition on November 8, 1998, he was told to stay when he tried to return his number plate to a man who happened to be Johnny Kitagawa himself.", "Though he technically failed his audition on November 8, 1998, he was told to stay when he tried to return his number plate to a man who happened to be Johnny Kitagawa himself. 2001–2009: Early career and debut of KAT-TUN After he was made a Johnny's Jr. member in 2000, Akanishi was part of a number of groups like Musical Academy Dancing, J2000 and B.A.D., before being drafted into a six-member unit in 2001 with other juniors Kazuya Kamenashi, Junnosuke Taguchi, Koki Tanaka, Tatsuya Ueda and Yuichi Nakamaru.", "2001–2009: Early career and debut of KAT-TUN After he was made a Johnny's Jr. member in 2000, Akanishi was part of a number of groups like Musical Academy Dancing, J2000 and B.A.D., before being drafted into a six-member unit in 2001 with other juniors Kazuya Kamenashi, Junnosuke Taguchi, Koki Tanaka, Tatsuya Ueda and Yuichi Nakamaru. Though the group was originally meant to only be backup dancers for Koichi Domoto of KinKi Kids, the sextet's unexpected popularity led their agency to allow them to expand into a separate group called KAT-TUN, an acronym formed by the first letter of the members' surnames.", "Though the group was originally meant to only be backup dancers for Koichi Domoto of KinKi Kids, the sextet's unexpected popularity led their agency to allow them to expand into a separate group called KAT-TUN, an acronym formed by the first letter of the members' surnames. Despite the group's popularity (they even released DVDs of their live concerts in 2003 and 2005—a first for Johnny's groups that hadn't debuted), they were not allowed to make their bow until five years later in 2006, to immense success.", "Despite the group's popularity (they even released DVDs of their live concerts in 2003 and 2005—a first for Johnny's groups that hadn't debuted), they were not allowed to make their bow until five years later in 2006, to immense success. Much to the Japanese public's surprise, Akanishi announced in a press conference on October 13, 2006, that he was leaving the country to study English abroad for an indefinite amount of time.", "Much to the Japanese public's surprise, Akanishi announced in a press conference on October 13, 2006, that he was leaving the country to study English abroad for an indefinite amount of time. Despite his absence, KAT-TUN were obliged to continue its activities Akanishi finally returned from Los Angeles in the United States after six months on April 19, 2007.", "Despite his absence, KAT-TUN were obliged to continue its activities Akanishi finally returned from Los Angeles in the United States after six months on April 19, 2007. He quickly resumed work by joining his bandmates on their nationwide tour on April 21.", "He quickly resumed work by joining his bandmates on their nationwide tour on April 21. Akanishi was also a songwriter for the group, having written songs for KAT-TUN and for himself, including \"Hesitate\", \"Love or Like\" (from Cartoon KAT-TUN II You), \"Lovejuice\" (B-side of the limited edition 2 of \"Don't U Ever Stop\"), \"Care\" (from Break the Records: By You & For You), and \"Wonder\".", "Akanishi was also a songwriter for the group, having written songs for KAT-TUN and for himself, including \"Hesitate\", \"Love or Like\" (from Cartoon KAT-TUN II You), \"Lovejuice\" (B-side of the limited edition 2 of \"Don't U Ever Stop\"), \"Care\" (from Break the Records: By You & For You), and \"Wonder\". The song \"Wonder\" is a collaboration with R&B artist, Crystal Kay in 2009, and Akanishi also featured in her song \"Helpless Night\".", "The song \"Wonder\" is a collaboration with R&B artist, Crystal Kay in 2009, and Akanishi also featured in her song \"Helpless Night\". He can play the guitar and has composed both music and lyrics for \"\", \"ha-ha\" and \"Pinky\".", "He can play the guitar and has composed both music and lyrics for \"\", \"ha-ha\" and \"Pinky\". He also collaborated with bandmate Ueda to create the song, \"Butterfly\" (from Best of KAT-TUN).", "He also collaborated with bandmate Ueda to create the song, \"Butterfly\" (from Best of KAT-TUN). 2009–2010: Solo debut and working with LANDS At the event of Tokyo Girls Collection on September 5, 2009, Jin appeared as a special guest to promote his new movie, Bandage, and he performed the movie's theme song which marked this as the solo debut under the temporary band unit, LANDS, with Takeshi Kobayashi, the producer of Mr. Children.", "2009–2010: Solo debut and working with LANDS At the event of Tokyo Girls Collection on September 5, 2009, Jin appeared as a special guest to promote his new movie, Bandage, and he performed the movie's theme song which marked this as the solo debut under the temporary band unit, LANDS, with Takeshi Kobayashi, the producer of Mr. Children. Kobayashi wrote the lyrics and music of their debut single \"Bandage\".", "Kobayashi wrote the lyrics and music of their debut single \"Bandage\". It was released on November 25, and debuted at number one on the Oricon charts. In 2010, on January 13, was released the studio album Olympos, which also topped the Oricon charts.", "In 2010, on January 13, was released the studio album Olympos, which also topped the Oricon charts. On January 19, the band held their only live concert, titled LANDS Last Live.", "On January 19, the band held their only live concert, titled LANDS Last Live. Akanishi had a series of solo concerts, titled \"You & Jin\", comprising a total of 32 shows from February 7 to 28, 2010.", "Akanishi had a series of solo concerts, titled \"You & Jin\", comprising a total of 32 shows from February 7 to 28, 2010. The song \"A Page\", he co-wrote, composed and arranged, featured at his concerts, was released as part of KAT-TUN's 11th single, \"Love Yourself (Kimi ga Kirai na Kimi ga Suki)\", on the 2nd limited edition.", "The song \"A Page\", he co-wrote, composed and arranged, featured at his concerts, was released as part of KAT-TUN's 11th single, \"Love Yourself (Kimi ga Kirai na Kimi ga Suki)\", on the 2nd limited edition. On June 19 and 20, Akanishi's solo tour \"You & Jin\" had a 3 sold-out show tour in Los Angeles, California.", "On June 19 and 20, Akanishi's solo tour \"You & Jin\" had a 3 sold-out show tour in Los Angeles, California. In the last show of his \"You & Jin\" concert Akanishi announced a tour in the United States.", "In the last show of his \"You & Jin\" concert Akanishi announced a tour in the United States. In July, Akanishi announced that he would permanently leave the band KAT-TUN, becoming a solo artist of Johnny & Associates.", "In July, Akanishi announced that he would permanently leave the band KAT-TUN, becoming a solo artist of Johnny & Associates. On September 16, were released dates for Akanishi's November tour \"Yellow Gold Tour 3010\", named after the tour's title song \"Yellow Gold\", and the cities included were Chicago, New York City, Houston, Los Angeles and San Francisco.", "On September 16, were released dates for Akanishi's November tour \"Yellow Gold Tour 3010\", named after the tour's title song \"Yellow Gold\", and the cities included were Chicago, New York City, Houston, Los Angeles and San Francisco. The tour featured songs entirely in English, mostly written and produced by the Akanishi himself.", "The tour featured songs entirely in English, mostly written and produced by the Akanishi himself. On December 9, 2010, it was announced that Jin will be joining the Warner Music Group and Warner Music Japan on a global basis and became responsible for his recording career in both English and Japanese language.", "On December 9, 2010, it was announced that Jin will be joining the Warner Music Group and Warner Music Japan on a global basis and became responsible for his recording career in both English and Japanese language. After the \"Yellow Gold Tour 3010\" ended with success, Jin returned to Japan to hold \"Yellow Gold Tour 3011\" with total 12 concerts in Osaka-jō Hall, World Memorial Hall, Nippon Budokan and Saitama Super Arena.", "After the \"Yellow Gold Tour 3010\" ended with success, Jin returned to Japan to hold \"Yellow Gold Tour 3011\" with total 12 concerts in Osaka-jō Hall, World Memorial Hall, Nippon Budokan and Saitama Super Arena. 2011–2013: The U.S. debut, Japonicana and #JustJin Jin's first solo single titled \"Eternal\" was released on March 2, 2011, in Japan, and topped both Oricon and Japan Hot 100 charts.", "2011–2013: The U.S. debut, Japonicana and #JustJin Jin's first solo single titled \"Eternal\" was released on March 2, 2011, in Japan, and topped both Oricon and Japan Hot 100 charts. His debut single in the United States was the digitally released extended play Test Drive released on November 8, a collaboration with singer-songwriter Jason Derulo and producer J. R. Rotem.", "His debut single in the United States was the digitally released extended play Test Drive released on November 8, a collaboration with singer-songwriter Jason Derulo and producer J. R. Rotem. It reached the number one spot on the iTunes Dance Charts, and tenth spot on the overall Albums chart.", "It reached the number one spot on the iTunes Dance Charts, and tenth spot on the overall Albums chart. The Japanese release was on December 7, and it peaked at number fourteen on the Japan Hot 100, and topped both Oricon and Billboard album charts in Japan.", "The Japanese release was on December 7, and it peaked at number fourteen on the Japan Hot 100, and topped both Oricon and Billboard album charts in Japan. On December 28, was released his second physical single in Japan, Seasons, which also topped the charts.", "On December 28, was released his second physical single in Japan, Seasons, which also topped the charts. In 2012, on January 26 his second US digital single \"Sun Burns Down\" was released, and reached the number one spot on the iTunes Dance Charts again.", "In 2012, on January 26 his second US digital single \"Sun Burns Down\" was released, and reached the number one spot on the iTunes Dance Charts again. On March 6, was released his debut studio album Japonicana, on which collaborated with The Stereotypes and Static Revenger. It reached number two on the Oricon charts.", "It reached number two on the Oricon charts. From March 9 to 17 was held a promotional concert tour, which started at Club Nokia in Los Angeles.", "From March 9 to 17 was held a promotional concert tour, which started at Club Nokia in Los Angeles. In Japan from April to May was scheduled to hold 7 concerts in 5 cities including Tokyo and Osaka for a total of 70,000 people, but his further plans were abruptly cancelled due to a penalty by his own agency Johnny's Entertainment because didn't contacted his agency beforehand and reported his marriage at time.", "In Japan from April to May was scheduled to hold 7 concerts in 5 cities including Tokyo and Osaka for a total of 70,000 people, but his further plans were abruptly cancelled due to a penalty by his own agency Johnny's Entertainment because didn't contacted his agency beforehand and reported his marriage at time. In 2013, on August 7 was released his third single in Japan, \"Hey What's Up?", "In 2013, on August 7 was released his third single in Japan, \"Hey What's Up? \", which was chosen as the first official theme song for the Tokyo Girls Collection fashion show, which was held on the 31st of that same month at the Saitama Super Arena. It reached number two on the Oricon charts.", "It reached number two on the Oricon charts. On October 2 was released the fourth single \"Ai Naru Hō e\" (To Where Love Rings), which reached number three on the charts. On November 6 Akanishi released his second studio album #JustJin.", "On November 6 Akanishi released his second studio album #JustJin. The self-produced album included all the singles released in Japan since his solo debut in 2011, and a second bonus disc featured songs written in English during his Japonicana era. It reached number three on the charts.", "It reached number three on the charts. 2014–present: Indies debut and Mi Amor In 2014, on March 2 was made known to the public that Akanishi had decided not to renew his contract with Johnny & Associates, and had left the agency as of February 28.", "2014–present: Indies debut and Mi Amor In 2014, on March 2 was made known to the public that Akanishi had decided not to renew his contract with Johnny & Associates, and had left the agency as of February 28. On July 4, was announced that he had set up his own independent label, Go Good Records, and that opened his new fan club, \"JIP's\" (Jin's Important People).", "On July 4, was announced that he had set up his own independent label, Go Good Records, and that opened his new fan club, \"JIP's\" (Jin's Important People). On August 6, under Go Good Records Akanishi re-debuted with his fifth physical single \"Good Time\".", "On August 6, under Go Good Records Akanishi re-debuted with his fifth physical single \"Good Time\". It reached number two on the charts. The single was also made available on the iTunes Store across the globe.", "The single was also made available on the iTunes Store across the globe. On November 12 Akanishi released his second extended play, Mi Amor, and the second release from his own record label. It reached number three on the charts. The entire album was written, composed, and produced by Akanishi himself.", "The entire album was written, composed, and produced by Akanishi himself. The previous day of the release, on November 11 Akanishi went on a nationwide \"Jindependence\" tour from Zepp Sapporo, which ended on December 2 at Zepp Tokyo, with a total of 11 shows in 5 cities.", "The previous day of the release, on November 11 Akanishi went on a nationwide \"Jindependence\" tour from Zepp Sapporo, which ended on December 2 at Zepp Tokyo, with a total of 11 shows in 5 cities. He collaborated with Takayuki Yamada in August 2016 to form the unit called \"Jintaka\", which disbanded 2 months later.", "He collaborated with Takayuki Yamada in August 2016 to form the unit called \"Jintaka\", which disbanded 2 months later. The duo released their only single \"Choo choo shitain\" on September 21.", "The duo released their only single \"Choo choo shitain\" on September 21. Filmography Akanishi made his debut as an actor in 1999 in a cameo appearance in the second episode of NTV's romance comedy, P.P.O.I., and also had small roles in TV Asahi's Best Friend, Omae no yukichi ga naiteiru and in NHK series, Haregi, Koko Ichiban.", "Filmography Akanishi made his debut as an actor in 1999 in a cameo appearance in the second episode of NTV's romance comedy, P.P.O.I., and also had small roles in TV Asahi's Best Friend, Omae no yukichi ga naiteiru and in NHK series, Haregi, Koko Ichiban. He also started appearing in musicals from 2000 taking on supporting roles in Millennium Shock (2000), Show Geki Shock (2001–2002), Dream Boy (2004) and Dream Boys (2006).", "He also started appearing in musicals from 2000 taking on supporting roles in Millennium Shock (2000), Show Geki Shock (2001–2002), Dream Boy (2004) and Dream Boys (2006). Akanishi returned to the small screen in 2005 in the second season of the award-winning and popular NTV school drama, Gokusen, starring opposite Yukie Nakama and former bandmate Kazuya Kamenashi.", "Akanishi returned to the small screen in 2005 in the second season of the award-winning and popular NTV school drama, Gokusen, starring opposite Yukie Nakama and former bandmate Kazuya Kamenashi. The show won \"Best Drama\" at the 44th Television Drama Academy Awards and ended its run with an average viewership rating of 27.8%.", "The show won \"Best Drama\" at the 44th Television Drama Academy Awards and ended its run with an average viewership rating of 27.8%. He also had a supporting role in NTV's romance series, Anego, the same year.", "He also had a supporting role in NTV's romance series, Anego, the same year. In 2007, Akanishi starred in his first lead role in Yukan Club, a school comedy series, with ex-bandmate Junnosuke Taguchi and was voted \"Best Actor\" at the 11th Nikkan Sports Drama Grand Prix.", "In 2007, Akanishi starred in his first lead role in Yukan Club, a school comedy series, with ex-bandmate Junnosuke Taguchi and was voted \"Best Actor\" at the 11th Nikkan Sports Drama Grand Prix. He made his debut as a voice actor in 2008 for the Japanese dub of Speed Racer, providing the voice for protagonist Speed played by Emile Hirsch.", "He made his debut as a voice actor in 2008 for the Japanese dub of Speed Racer, providing the voice for protagonist Speed played by Emile Hirsch. In 2009, Akanishi was cast as the lead actor in the movie Bandage directed by Takeshi Kobayashi and released on January 16, 2010. This marked his debut on the big screen.", "This marked his debut on the big screen. In 2013, he made his Hollywood debut with the film 47 Ronin which also had Keanu Reeves in the lead role. Akanishi played the role of Chikara Oishi, the samurai leader's son, played by Hiroyuki Sanada and a close friend to Reeves' character, Kai.", "Akanishi played the role of Chikara Oishi, the samurai leader's son, played by Hiroyuki Sanada and a close friend to Reeves' character, Kai. The film's director, Carl Rinsch, said he was \"impressed by Akanishi's English abilities and motivation\".", "The film's director, Carl Rinsch, said he was \"impressed by Akanishi's English abilities and motivation\". Thus, he turned out to be the second Johnny & Associates artist within the agency after Ninomiya Kazunari in Letters From Iwo Jima to star in a Hollywood movie and the third overall to work with an American director.", "Thus, he turned out to be the second Johnny & Associates artist within the agency after Ninomiya Kazunari in Letters From Iwo Jima to star in a Hollywood movie and the third overall to work with an American director. Theatre Personal life Akanishi wed Japanese actress and model Meisa Kuroki in a private ceremony on February 2, 2012, just two weeks after they'd released official statements denying they were seeing one other.", "Theatre Personal life Akanishi wed Japanese actress and model Meisa Kuroki in a private ceremony on February 2, 2012, just two weeks after they'd released official statements denying they were seeing one other. The marriage immediately had a negative effect on Akanishi's career, not only because he failed to inform his talent agency, Johnny & Associates, of his plans to wed but because rumors began circulating that Kuroki was pregnant at the time of the wedding.", "The marriage immediately had a negative effect on Akanishi's career, not only because he failed to inform his talent agency, Johnny & Associates, of his plans to wed but because rumors began circulating that Kuroki was pregnant at the time of the wedding. In response to the scandal, his talent agency made the decision to cancel his solo tour.", "In response to the scandal, his talent agency made the decision to cancel his solo tour. Together, Akanishi and Kuroki have a daughter, Theia Akanishi (Japanese: 赤西 ティア, Akanishi Tia), who was born September 23, 2012, and a son, whose name has not yet been revealed to the public, who was born June 6, 2017.", "Together, Akanishi and Kuroki have a daughter, Theia Akanishi (Japanese: 赤西 ティア, Akanishi Tia), who was born September 23, 2012, and a son, whose name has not yet been revealed to the public, who was born June 6, 2017. In 2018, it was reported that the family had returned to Japan, having previously resided in Hawaii, and that Theia was attending the American School in Japan.", "In 2018, it was reported that the family had returned to Japan, having previously resided in Hawaii, and that Theia was attending the American School in Japan. Discography Test Drive (extended-play) (2011) Japonicana (2012) #JustJin (2013) Mi Amor (extended-play) (2014) Me (2015) Audio Fashion (2016) Choo choo shitain (2016) (single) (as Jintaka, unit formed with Takayuki Yamada) Blessèd (2017) À la carte (rearranged album) (2018) THANK YOU (2019) Awards and nominations References External links 1984 births Living people Japanese idols KAT-TUN members Japanese male pop singers Japanese male child actors Japanese child singers Japanese male singer-songwriters Japanese male voice actors Lands (band) members Warner Music Japan artists Musicians from Chiba Prefecture English-language singers from Japan 20th-century Japanese male singers 20th-century Japanese male actors 21st-century Japanese male singers 21st-century Japanese male actors" ]

[ "Jin Akanishi", "2001-2009: Early career and debut of KAT-TUN", "What was his first band?", "After he was made a Johnny's Jr. member in 2000,", "Any notable songs with them?", "I don't know.", "What happened next with Johnny's Jr?", "I don't know." ]

[ "Four0ninE is the first EP by Canadian grindcore band Fuck the Facts. It was recorded in mid May 2001 by the band. It marks the first recordings with vocalist Brent Christoff, and the only recordings with bassist Shomir Das. It is the second release by Fuck the Facts as a band, the first being a split with Ames Sanglates. Days after the recording of this EP, Shomir left the band.\n\nTrack listing\n\nRelease\nTopon had been in contact with Mortuary I.O.D. for recording a split with another band he was in, Recondite. However, he was asked to leave Recondite before the release was finalized. Because he had been in contact with Mortuary I.O.D., he decided that Fuck the Facts would be on the split instead.\n\nUltimately, the split was never released due to financial complications, so the band decided to release the songs on their own. It was released on 99 3\" mini CD-Rs in August. It was re-released in 2003 on a split with Banzai 606 on First Aid Productions and again in 2005 as part of the Mullet Fever reissue documenting the first year of Fuck the Facts as a full band.\n\nReferences\n\n2001 debut EPs\nFuck the Facts albums\nGrindcore EPs\nElectronic EPs", "David 'Duck' Dowle (born 20 October 1953 in London, England) is an English drummer who has played with the bands Brian Auger's Oblivion Express, Streetwalkers, Whitesnake, Runner, Midnight Flyer, Bernie Marsden.\n\nBiography\nDave Dowle started his career when he was 13: he joined his first band, Canterbury Glass, playing alongside future Genesis guitarist Steve Hackett. According to Dowle, the band recorded a Radio One session after meeting the late John Peel DJing at a gig. Following Canterbury Glass, he worked with a variety of artists including Doris Troy and PP Arnold before forming a band called Curly who also recorded a John Peel session in November 1973. Steve Farr and Stewart Blandameer from Curly both ended up in the Q-Tips with Paul Young, with Blandameer also working with Status Quo. Dowle next worked with Brian Auger's Oblivion Express, touring the US and appearing on the Reinforcements album in 1975.\n\nIn September 1976, Dowle joined the Streetwalkers replacing Nicko McBrain, and this line-up of Dowle, Brian Johnston, Roger Chapman, Charlie Whitney, Bobby Tench and Micky Feat released a studio album, 'Vicious But Fair' in January 1977. By the end of '77, however, the band had run out of steam, and a live album, released in December 1977, proved to be their final release.\n\nIn January 1978, Dowle joined ex-Deep Purple singer David Coverdale in his new band Whitesnake. Joining David Dowle in the band was another ex-member of the Streetwalkers, keyboard player, Brian Johnston, although he would be replaced within a couple of months by Pete Solley. The rest of the band was Coverdale on vocals, Micky Moody and Bernie Marsden on guitars and Neil Murray on bass. This line-up recorded the 'Snakebite' EP, which was released in June 1978. By August 1978, another change of keyboard player was announced with Coverdale's old Purple buddy Jon Lord adding his considerable experience to the band. This line-up undertook a major UK tour in October and November 1978 and released an album Trouble in December of that year. Whitesnake then undertook a world tour, which served notice of a major new band on the scene. Another album, Lovehunter, was recorded, but in July 1979, even before the album was released, Dowle was replaced by Ian Paice, yet another ex-member of Deep Purple. Dowle's final appearance on a Whitesnake recording was on two sides of Live... in the Heart of the City released in 1980.\n\nAfter departure from Whitesnake, Dowle continued to play on sessions. \"I was really a session player. With any band I was working with I'd always carry on doing sessions.\"\n\nDiscography\n\nWith Brian Auger's Oblivion Express\nReinforcements\n\nWith Whitesnake\nSnakebite (1978)\nTrouble (1978)\nLovehunter (1979)\nLive At Hammersmith (1979)\n\nWith Runner\nRunner (1978)\n\nWith Midnight Flyer\n Midnight Flyer\n Rock 'n' Roll Party\n\nWith Mark Zed\n My Calculator's Right (1980)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n\n1953 births\nLiving people\nBritish male drummers\nEnglish rock drummers\nWhitesnake members\nMusicians from London\nStreetwalkers members" ]

[ "is a Japanese musician, singer, songwriter and actor. He has been active since 1998 as one of the two lead vocalists of the J-pop boy-band KAT-TUN before starting a solo career in 2009. Akanishi has also acted in several films and dramas.", "Akanishi has also acted in several films and dramas. Biography Early life Akanishi was born in Chiba Prefecture, Greater Tokyo Area, Japan on July 4, 1984, as the eldest of two sons. He has a younger brother Reio, who also works in the entertainment industry as an actor under the stage name Fuuta.", "He has a younger brother Reio, who also works in the entertainment industry as an actor under the stage name Fuuta. Akanishi moved to Tokyo in the first grade.", "Akanishi moved to Tokyo in the first grade. In 1997, when he was still in grade school, a classmate sent in a photo of him to idol magazine Myojo, and he was featured in the \"Cool Classmates\" corner of the issue.", "In 1997, when he was still in grade school, a classmate sent in a photo of him to idol magazine Myojo, and he was featured in the \"Cool Classmates\" corner of the issue. Akanishi expressed interest in the entertainment industry and his mother thus sent in an application to Johnny's Entertainment on his behalf in 1998.", "Akanishi expressed interest in the entertainment industry and his mother thus sent in an application to Johnny's Entertainment on his behalf in 1998. Though he technically failed his audition on November 8, 1998, he was told to stay when he tried to return his number plate to a man who happened to be Johnny Kitagawa himself.", "Though he technically failed his audition on November 8, 1998, he was told to stay when he tried to return his number plate to a man who happened to be Johnny Kitagawa himself. 2001–2009: Early career and debut of KAT-TUN After he was made a Johnny's Jr. member in 2000, Akanishi was part of a number of groups like Musical Academy Dancing, J2000 and B.A.D., before being drafted into a six-member unit in 2001 with other juniors Kazuya Kamenashi, Junnosuke Taguchi, Koki Tanaka, Tatsuya Ueda and Yuichi Nakamaru.", "2001–2009: Early career and debut of KAT-TUN After he was made a Johnny's Jr. member in 2000, Akanishi was part of a number of groups like Musical Academy Dancing, J2000 and B.A.D., before being drafted into a six-member unit in 2001 with other juniors Kazuya Kamenashi, Junnosuke Taguchi, Koki Tanaka, Tatsuya Ueda and Yuichi Nakamaru. Though the group was originally meant to only be backup dancers for Koichi Domoto of KinKi Kids, the sextet's unexpected popularity led their agency to allow them to expand into a separate group called KAT-TUN, an acronym formed by the first letter of the members' surnames.", "Though the group was originally meant to only be backup dancers for Koichi Domoto of KinKi Kids, the sextet's unexpected popularity led their agency to allow them to expand into a separate group called KAT-TUN, an acronym formed by the first letter of the members' surnames. Despite the group's popularity (they even released DVDs of their live concerts in 2003 and 2005—a first for Johnny's groups that hadn't debuted), they were not allowed to make their bow until five years later in 2006, to immense success.", "Despite the group's popularity (they even released DVDs of their live concerts in 2003 and 2005—a first for Johnny's groups that hadn't debuted), they were not allowed to make their bow until five years later in 2006, to immense success. Much to the Japanese public's surprise, Akanishi announced in a press conference on October 13, 2006, that he was leaving the country to study English abroad for an indefinite amount of time.", "Much to the Japanese public's surprise, Akanishi announced in a press conference on October 13, 2006, that he was leaving the country to study English abroad for an indefinite amount of time. Despite his absence, KAT-TUN were obliged to continue its activities Akanishi finally returned from Los Angeles in the United States after six months on April 19, 2007.", "Despite his absence, KAT-TUN were obliged to continue its activities Akanishi finally returned from Los Angeles in the United States after six months on April 19, 2007. He quickly resumed work by joining his bandmates on their nationwide tour on April 21.", "He quickly resumed work by joining his bandmates on their nationwide tour on April 21. Akanishi was also a songwriter for the group, having written songs for KAT-TUN and for himself, including \"Hesitate\", \"Love or Like\" (from Cartoon KAT-TUN II You), \"Lovejuice\" (B-side of the limited edition 2 of \"Don't U Ever Stop\"), \"Care\" (from Break the Records: By You & For You), and \"Wonder\".", "Akanishi was also a songwriter for the group, having written songs for KAT-TUN and for himself, including \"Hesitate\", \"Love or Like\" (from Cartoon KAT-TUN II You), \"Lovejuice\" (B-side of the limited edition 2 of \"Don't U Ever Stop\"), \"Care\" (from Break the Records: By You & For You), and \"Wonder\". The song \"Wonder\" is a collaboration with R&B artist, Crystal Kay in 2009, and Akanishi also featured in her song \"Helpless Night\".", "The song \"Wonder\" is a collaboration with R&B artist, Crystal Kay in 2009, and Akanishi also featured in her song \"Helpless Night\". He can play the guitar and has composed both music and lyrics for \"\", \"ha-ha\" and \"Pinky\".", "He can play the guitar and has composed both music and lyrics for \"\", \"ha-ha\" and \"Pinky\". He also collaborated with bandmate Ueda to create the song, \"Butterfly\" (from Best of KAT-TUN).", "He also collaborated with bandmate Ueda to create the song, \"Butterfly\" (from Best of KAT-TUN). 2009–2010: Solo debut and working with LANDS At the event of Tokyo Girls Collection on September 5, 2009, Jin appeared as a special guest to promote his new movie, Bandage, and he performed the movie's theme song which marked this as the solo debut under the temporary band unit, LANDS, with Takeshi Kobayashi, the producer of Mr. Children.", "2009–2010: Solo debut and working with LANDS At the event of Tokyo Girls Collection on September 5, 2009, Jin appeared as a special guest to promote his new movie, Bandage, and he performed the movie's theme song which marked this as the solo debut under the temporary band unit, LANDS, with Takeshi Kobayashi, the producer of Mr. Children. Kobayashi wrote the lyrics and music of their debut single \"Bandage\".", "Kobayashi wrote the lyrics and music of their debut single \"Bandage\". It was released on November 25, and debuted at number one on the Oricon charts. In 2010, on January 13, was released the studio album Olympos, which also topped the Oricon charts.", "In 2010, on January 13, was released the studio album Olympos, which also topped the Oricon charts. On January 19, the band held their only live concert, titled LANDS Last Live.", "On January 19, the band held their only live concert, titled LANDS Last Live. Akanishi had a series of solo concerts, titled \"You & Jin\", comprising a total of 32 shows from February 7 to 28, 2010.", "Akanishi had a series of solo concerts, titled \"You & Jin\", comprising a total of 32 shows from February 7 to 28, 2010. The song \"A Page\", he co-wrote, composed and arranged, featured at his concerts, was released as part of KAT-TUN's 11th single, \"Love Yourself (Kimi ga Kirai na Kimi ga Suki)\", on the 2nd limited edition.", "The song \"A Page\", he co-wrote, composed and arranged, featured at his concerts, was released as part of KAT-TUN's 11th single, \"Love Yourself (Kimi ga Kirai na Kimi ga Suki)\", on the 2nd limited edition. On June 19 and 20, Akanishi's solo tour \"You & Jin\" had a 3 sold-out show tour in Los Angeles, California.", "On June 19 and 20, Akanishi's solo tour \"You & Jin\" had a 3 sold-out show tour in Los Angeles, California. In the last show of his \"You & Jin\" concert Akanishi announced a tour in the United States.", "In the last show of his \"You & Jin\" concert Akanishi announced a tour in the United States. In July, Akanishi announced that he would permanently leave the band KAT-TUN, becoming a solo artist of Johnny & Associates.", "In July, Akanishi announced that he would permanently leave the band KAT-TUN, becoming a solo artist of Johnny & Associates. On September 16, were released dates for Akanishi's November tour \"Yellow Gold Tour 3010\", named after the tour's title song \"Yellow Gold\", and the cities included were Chicago, New York City, Houston, Los Angeles and San Francisco.", "On September 16, were released dates for Akanishi's November tour \"Yellow Gold Tour 3010\", named after the tour's title song \"Yellow Gold\", and the cities included were Chicago, New York City, Houston, Los Angeles and San Francisco. The tour featured songs entirely in English, mostly written and produced by the Akanishi himself.", "The tour featured songs entirely in English, mostly written and produced by the Akanishi himself. On December 9, 2010, it was announced that Jin will be joining the Warner Music Group and Warner Music Japan on a global basis and became responsible for his recording career in both English and Japanese language.", "On December 9, 2010, it was announced that Jin will be joining the Warner Music Group and Warner Music Japan on a global basis and became responsible for his recording career in both English and Japanese language. After the \"Yellow Gold Tour 3010\" ended with success, Jin returned to Japan to hold \"Yellow Gold Tour 3011\" with total 12 concerts in Osaka-jō Hall, World Memorial Hall, Nippon Budokan and Saitama Super Arena.", "After the \"Yellow Gold Tour 3010\" ended with success, Jin returned to Japan to hold \"Yellow Gold Tour 3011\" with total 12 concerts in Osaka-jō Hall, World Memorial Hall, Nippon Budokan and Saitama Super Arena. 2011–2013: The U.S. debut, Japonicana and #JustJin Jin's first solo single titled \"Eternal\" was released on March 2, 2011, in Japan, and topped both Oricon and Japan Hot 100 charts.", "2011–2013: The U.S. debut, Japonicana and #JustJin Jin's first solo single titled \"Eternal\" was released on March 2, 2011, in Japan, and topped both Oricon and Japan Hot 100 charts. His debut single in the United States was the digitally released extended play Test Drive released on November 8, a collaboration with singer-songwriter Jason Derulo and producer J. R. Rotem.", "His debut single in the United States was the digitally released extended play Test Drive released on November 8, a collaboration with singer-songwriter Jason Derulo and producer J. R. Rotem. It reached the number one spot on the iTunes Dance Charts, and tenth spot on the overall Albums chart.", "It reached the number one spot on the iTunes Dance Charts, and tenth spot on the overall Albums chart. The Japanese release was on December 7, and it peaked at number fourteen on the Japan Hot 100, and topped both Oricon and Billboard album charts in Japan.", "The Japanese release was on December 7, and it peaked at number fourteen on the Japan Hot 100, and topped both Oricon and Billboard album charts in Japan. On December 28, was released his second physical single in Japan, Seasons, which also topped the charts.", "On December 28, was released his second physical single in Japan, Seasons, which also topped the charts. In 2012, on January 26 his second US digital single \"Sun Burns Down\" was released, and reached the number one spot on the iTunes Dance Charts again.", "In 2012, on January 26 his second US digital single \"Sun Burns Down\" was released, and reached the number one spot on the iTunes Dance Charts again. On March 6, was released his debut studio album Japonicana, on which collaborated with The Stereotypes and Static Revenger. It reached number two on the Oricon charts.", "It reached number two on the Oricon charts. From March 9 to 17 was held a promotional concert tour, which started at Club Nokia in Los Angeles.", "From March 9 to 17 was held a promotional concert tour, which started at Club Nokia in Los Angeles. In Japan from April to May was scheduled to hold 7 concerts in 5 cities including Tokyo and Osaka for a total of 70,000 people, but his further plans were abruptly cancelled due to a penalty by his own agency Johnny's Entertainment because didn't contacted his agency beforehand and reported his marriage at time.", "In Japan from April to May was scheduled to hold 7 concerts in 5 cities including Tokyo and Osaka for a total of 70,000 people, but his further plans were abruptly cancelled due to a penalty by his own agency Johnny's Entertainment because didn't contacted his agency beforehand and reported his marriage at time. In 2013, on August 7 was released his third single in Japan, \"Hey What's Up?", "In 2013, on August 7 was released his third single in Japan, \"Hey What's Up? \", which was chosen as the first official theme song for the Tokyo Girls Collection fashion show, which was held on the 31st of that same month at the Saitama Super Arena. It reached number two on the Oricon charts.", "It reached number two on the Oricon charts. On October 2 was released the fourth single \"Ai Naru Hō e\" (To Where Love Rings), which reached number three on the charts. On November 6 Akanishi released his second studio album #JustJin.", "On November 6 Akanishi released his second studio album #JustJin. The self-produced album included all the singles released in Japan since his solo debut in 2011, and a second bonus disc featured songs written in English during his Japonicana era. It reached number three on the charts.", "It reached number three on the charts. 2014–present: Indies debut and Mi Amor In 2014, on March 2 was made known to the public that Akanishi had decided not to renew his contract with Johnny & Associates, and had left the agency as of February 28.", "2014–present: Indies debut and Mi Amor In 2014, on March 2 was made known to the public that Akanishi had decided not to renew his contract with Johnny & Associates, and had left the agency as of February 28. On July 4, was announced that he had set up his own independent label, Go Good Records, and that opened his new fan club, \"JIP's\" (Jin's Important People).", "On July 4, was announced that he had set up his own independent label, Go Good Records, and that opened his new fan club, \"JIP's\" (Jin's Important People). On August 6, under Go Good Records Akanishi re-debuted with his fifth physical single \"Good Time\".", "On August 6, under Go Good Records Akanishi re-debuted with his fifth physical single \"Good Time\". It reached number two on the charts. The single was also made available on the iTunes Store across the globe.", "The single was also made available on the iTunes Store across the globe. On November 12 Akanishi released his second extended play, Mi Amor, and the second release from his own record label. It reached number three on the charts. The entire album was written, composed, and produced by Akanishi himself.", "The entire album was written, composed, and produced by Akanishi himself. The previous day of the release, on November 11 Akanishi went on a nationwide \"Jindependence\" tour from Zepp Sapporo, which ended on December 2 at Zepp Tokyo, with a total of 11 shows in 5 cities.", "The previous day of the release, on November 11 Akanishi went on a nationwide \"Jindependence\" tour from Zepp Sapporo, which ended on December 2 at Zepp Tokyo, with a total of 11 shows in 5 cities. He collaborated with Takayuki Yamada in August 2016 to form the unit called \"Jintaka\", which disbanded 2 months later.", "He collaborated with Takayuki Yamada in August 2016 to form the unit called \"Jintaka\", which disbanded 2 months later. The duo released their only single \"Choo choo shitain\" on September 21.", "The duo released their only single \"Choo choo shitain\" on September 21. Filmography Akanishi made his debut as an actor in 1999 in a cameo appearance in the second episode of NTV's romance comedy, P.P.O.I., and also had small roles in TV Asahi's Best Friend, Omae no yukichi ga naiteiru and in NHK series, Haregi, Koko Ichiban.", "Filmography Akanishi made his debut as an actor in 1999 in a cameo appearance in the second episode of NTV's romance comedy, P.P.O.I., and also had small roles in TV Asahi's Best Friend, Omae no yukichi ga naiteiru and in NHK series, Haregi, Koko Ichiban. He also started appearing in musicals from 2000 taking on supporting roles in Millennium Shock (2000), Show Geki Shock (2001–2002), Dream Boy (2004) and Dream Boys (2006).", "He also started appearing in musicals from 2000 taking on supporting roles in Millennium Shock (2000), Show Geki Shock (2001–2002), Dream Boy (2004) and Dream Boys (2006). Akanishi returned to the small screen in 2005 in the second season of the award-winning and popular NTV school drama, Gokusen, starring opposite Yukie Nakama and former bandmate Kazuya Kamenashi.", "Akanishi returned to the small screen in 2005 in the second season of the award-winning and popular NTV school drama, Gokusen, starring opposite Yukie Nakama and former bandmate Kazuya Kamenashi. The show won \"Best Drama\" at the 44th Television Drama Academy Awards and ended its run with an average viewership rating of 27.8%.", "The show won \"Best Drama\" at the 44th Television Drama Academy Awards and ended its run with an average viewership rating of 27.8%. He also had a supporting role in NTV's romance series, Anego, the same year.", "He also had a supporting role in NTV's romance series, Anego, the same year. In 2007, Akanishi starred in his first lead role in Yukan Club, a school comedy series, with ex-bandmate Junnosuke Taguchi and was voted \"Best Actor\" at the 11th Nikkan Sports Drama Grand Prix.", "In 2007, Akanishi starred in his first lead role in Yukan Club, a school comedy series, with ex-bandmate Junnosuke Taguchi and was voted \"Best Actor\" at the 11th Nikkan Sports Drama Grand Prix. He made his debut as a voice actor in 2008 for the Japanese dub of Speed Racer, providing the voice for protagonist Speed played by Emile Hirsch.", "He made his debut as a voice actor in 2008 for the Japanese dub of Speed Racer, providing the voice for protagonist Speed played by Emile Hirsch. In 2009, Akanishi was cast as the lead actor in the movie Bandage directed by Takeshi Kobayashi and released on January 16, 2010. This marked his debut on the big screen.", "This marked his debut on the big screen. In 2013, he made his Hollywood debut with the film 47 Ronin which also had Keanu Reeves in the lead role. Akanishi played the role of Chikara Oishi, the samurai leader's son, played by Hiroyuki Sanada and a close friend to Reeves' character, Kai.", "Akanishi played the role of Chikara Oishi, the samurai leader's son, played by Hiroyuki Sanada and a close friend to Reeves' character, Kai. The film's director, Carl Rinsch, said he was \"impressed by Akanishi's English abilities and motivation\".", "The film's director, Carl Rinsch, said he was \"impressed by Akanishi's English abilities and motivation\". Thus, he turned out to be the second Johnny & Associates artist within the agency after Ninomiya Kazunari in Letters From Iwo Jima to star in a Hollywood movie and the third overall to work with an American director.", "Thus, he turned out to be the second Johnny & Associates artist within the agency after Ninomiya Kazunari in Letters From Iwo Jima to star in a Hollywood movie and the third overall to work with an American director. Theatre Personal life Akanishi wed Japanese actress and model Meisa Kuroki in a private ceremony on February 2, 2012, just two weeks after they'd released official statements denying they were seeing one other.", "Theatre Personal life Akanishi wed Japanese actress and model Meisa Kuroki in a private ceremony on February 2, 2012, just two weeks after they'd released official statements denying they were seeing one other. The marriage immediately had a negative effect on Akanishi's career, not only because he failed to inform his talent agency, Johnny & Associates, of his plans to wed but because rumors began circulating that Kuroki was pregnant at the time of the wedding.", "The marriage immediately had a negative effect on Akanishi's career, not only because he failed to inform his talent agency, Johnny & Associates, of his plans to wed but because rumors began circulating that Kuroki was pregnant at the time of the wedding. In response to the scandal, his talent agency made the decision to cancel his solo tour.", "In response to the scandal, his talent agency made the decision to cancel his solo tour. Together, Akanishi and Kuroki have a daughter, Theia Akanishi (Japanese: 赤西 ティア, Akanishi Tia), who was born September 23, 2012, and a son, whose name has not yet been revealed to the public, who was born June 6, 2017.", "Together, Akanishi and Kuroki have a daughter, Theia Akanishi (Japanese: 赤西 ティア, Akanishi Tia), who was born September 23, 2012, and a son, whose name has not yet been revealed to the public, who was born June 6, 2017. In 2018, it was reported that the family had returned to Japan, having previously resided in Hawaii, and that Theia was attending the American School in Japan.", "In 2018, it was reported that the family had returned to Japan, having previously resided in Hawaii, and that Theia was attending the American School in Japan. Discography Test Drive (extended-play) (2011) Japonicana (2012) #JustJin (2013) Mi Amor (extended-play) (2014) Me (2015) Audio Fashion (2016) Choo choo shitain (2016) (single) (as Jintaka, unit formed with Takayuki Yamada) Blessèd (2017) À la carte (rearranged album) (2018) THANK YOU (2019) Awards and nominations References External links 1984 births Living people Japanese idols KAT-TUN members Japanese male pop singers Japanese male child actors Japanese child singers Japanese male singer-songwriters Japanese male voice actors Lands (band) members Warner Music Japan artists Musicians from Chiba Prefecture English-language singers from Japan 20th-century Japanese male singers 20th-century Japanese male actors 21st-century Japanese male singers 21st-century Japanese male actors" ]

[ "Jin Akanishi", "2001-2009: Early career and debut of KAT-TUN", "What was his first band?", "After he was made a Johnny's Jr. member in 2000,", "Any notable songs with them?", "I don't know.", "What happened next with Johnny's Jr?", "I don't know.", "Was he with another band?", "Akanishi was part of a number of groups like Musical Academy Dancing, J2000 and B.A.D.," ]

[ "The Bengal Nagpur Railway class HSG was a class of two 2-8-0+0-8-2 Garratt locomotives.\n\nAfter NWR's GAS class, BNR conducted similar experiments for pulling heavier trains up the ghats with successful results. Its parts were similar to BESA heavy goods 2-8-0s. They worked on the Chakradharpur-Jharsuguda section coupled to each other. After electrification they became obsolete. In the end, they were stationed at Kharagpur workshops. They were the first successful class of Garratts.\n\nTechnical specifications\n\nSee also\nIndian Railways\nHistory of rail transport in India\nLocomotives of India\nRail transport in India\n\nReferences\n\n5 ft 6 in gauge locomotives\nBeyer, Peacock locomotives\nSteam locomotives of India\nGarratt locomotives\n2-8-0+0-8-2 locomotives\nScrapped locomotives", "Between 1980 and 1989, there were 58 Thor missiles launched, of which 56 were successful, giving a 96.6% success rate.\n\nLaunch statistics\n\nRocket configurations\n\nLaunch sites\n\nLaunch outcomes\n\n1980\nThere were 5 Thor missiles launched in 1980. 4 of the 5 launches were successful, giving an 80% success rate.\n\n1981\nThere were 7 Thor missiles launched in 1981. All 7 launches were successful.\n\n1982\nThere were 8 Thor missiles launched in 1982. All 8 launches were successful.\n\n1983\nThere were 10 Thor missiles launched in 1983. All 10 launches were successful.\n\n1984\nThere were 6 Thor missiles launched in 1984. All 6 launches were successful.\n\n1986\nThere were 4 Thor missiles launched in 1986. 3 of the 4 launches were successful, giving a 75% success rate.\n\n1987\nThere were 4 Thor missiles launched in 1987. All 4 launches were successful.\n\n1988\nThere were 3 Thor missiles launched in 1988. All 3 launches were successful.\n\n1989\nThere were 9 Thor missiles launched in 1989. All 9 launches were successful.\n\nReferences \n\n \n \n\nLists of Thor and Delta launches\nLists of Thor launches\nLists of Delta launches" ]

[ "is a Japanese musician, singer, songwriter and actor. He has been active since 1998 as one of the two lead vocalists of the J-pop boy-band KAT-TUN before starting a solo career in 2009. Akanishi has also acted in several films and dramas.", "Akanishi has also acted in several films and dramas. Biography Early life Akanishi was born in Chiba Prefecture, Greater Tokyo Area, Japan on July 4, 1984, as the eldest of two sons. He has a younger brother Reio, who also works in the entertainment industry as an actor under the stage name Fuuta.", "He has a younger brother Reio, who also works in the entertainment industry as an actor under the stage name Fuuta. Akanishi moved to Tokyo in the first grade.", "Akanishi moved to Tokyo in the first grade. In 1997, when he was still in grade school, a classmate sent in a photo of him to idol magazine Myojo, and he was featured in the \"Cool Classmates\" corner of the issue.", "In 1997, when he was still in grade school, a classmate sent in a photo of him to idol magazine Myojo, and he was featured in the \"Cool Classmates\" corner of the issue. Akanishi expressed interest in the entertainment industry and his mother thus sent in an application to Johnny's Entertainment on his behalf in 1998.", "Akanishi expressed interest in the entertainment industry and his mother thus sent in an application to Johnny's Entertainment on his behalf in 1998. Though he technically failed his audition on November 8, 1998, he was told to stay when he tried to return his number plate to a man who happened to be Johnny Kitagawa himself.", "Though he technically failed his audition on November 8, 1998, he was told to stay when he tried to return his number plate to a man who happened to be Johnny Kitagawa himself. 2001–2009: Early career and debut of KAT-TUN After he was made a Johnny's Jr. member in 2000, Akanishi was part of a number of groups like Musical Academy Dancing, J2000 and B.A.D., before being drafted into a six-member unit in 2001 with other juniors Kazuya Kamenashi, Junnosuke Taguchi, Koki Tanaka, Tatsuya Ueda and Yuichi Nakamaru.", "2001–2009: Early career and debut of KAT-TUN After he was made a Johnny's Jr. member in 2000, Akanishi was part of a number of groups like Musical Academy Dancing, J2000 and B.A.D., before being drafted into a six-member unit in 2001 with other juniors Kazuya Kamenashi, Junnosuke Taguchi, Koki Tanaka, Tatsuya Ueda and Yuichi Nakamaru. Though the group was originally meant to only be backup dancers for Koichi Domoto of KinKi Kids, the sextet's unexpected popularity led their agency to allow them to expand into a separate group called KAT-TUN, an acronym formed by the first letter of the members' surnames.", "Though the group was originally meant to only be backup dancers for Koichi Domoto of KinKi Kids, the sextet's unexpected popularity led their agency to allow them to expand into a separate group called KAT-TUN, an acronym formed by the first letter of the members' surnames. Despite the group's popularity (they even released DVDs of their live concerts in 2003 and 2005—a first for Johnny's groups that hadn't debuted), they were not allowed to make their bow until five years later in 2006, to immense success.", "Despite the group's popularity (they even released DVDs of their live concerts in 2003 and 2005—a first for Johnny's groups that hadn't debuted), they were not allowed to make their bow until five years later in 2006, to immense success. Much to the Japanese public's surprise, Akanishi announced in a press conference on October 13, 2006, that he was leaving the country to study English abroad for an indefinite amount of time.", "Much to the Japanese public's surprise, Akanishi announced in a press conference on October 13, 2006, that he was leaving the country to study English abroad for an indefinite amount of time. Despite his absence, KAT-TUN were obliged to continue its activities Akanishi finally returned from Los Angeles in the United States after six months on April 19, 2007.", "Despite his absence, KAT-TUN were obliged to continue its activities Akanishi finally returned from Los Angeles in the United States after six months on April 19, 2007. He quickly resumed work by joining his bandmates on their nationwide tour on April 21.", "He quickly resumed work by joining his bandmates on their nationwide tour on April 21. Akanishi was also a songwriter for the group, having written songs for KAT-TUN and for himself, including \"Hesitate\", \"Love or Like\" (from Cartoon KAT-TUN II You), \"Lovejuice\" (B-side of the limited edition 2 of \"Don't U Ever Stop\"), \"Care\" (from Break the Records: By You & For You), and \"Wonder\".", "Akanishi was also a songwriter for the group, having written songs for KAT-TUN and for himself, including \"Hesitate\", \"Love or Like\" (from Cartoon KAT-TUN II You), \"Lovejuice\" (B-side of the limited edition 2 of \"Don't U Ever Stop\"), \"Care\" (from Break the Records: By You & For You), and \"Wonder\". The song \"Wonder\" is a collaboration with R&B artist, Crystal Kay in 2009, and Akanishi also featured in her song \"Helpless Night\".", "The song \"Wonder\" is a collaboration with R&B artist, Crystal Kay in 2009, and Akanishi also featured in her song \"Helpless Night\". He can play the guitar and has composed both music and lyrics for \"\", \"ha-ha\" and \"Pinky\".", "He can play the guitar and has composed both music and lyrics for \"\", \"ha-ha\" and \"Pinky\". He also collaborated with bandmate Ueda to create the song, \"Butterfly\" (from Best of KAT-TUN).", "He also collaborated with bandmate Ueda to create the song, \"Butterfly\" (from Best of KAT-TUN). 2009–2010: Solo debut and working with LANDS At the event of Tokyo Girls Collection on September 5, 2009, Jin appeared as a special guest to promote his new movie, Bandage, and he performed the movie's theme song which marked this as the solo debut under the temporary band unit, LANDS, with Takeshi Kobayashi, the producer of Mr. Children.", "2009–2010: Solo debut and working with LANDS At the event of Tokyo Girls Collection on September 5, 2009, Jin appeared as a special guest to promote his new movie, Bandage, and he performed the movie's theme song which marked this as the solo debut under the temporary band unit, LANDS, with Takeshi Kobayashi, the producer of Mr. Children. Kobayashi wrote the lyrics and music of their debut single \"Bandage\".", "Kobayashi wrote the lyrics and music of their debut single \"Bandage\". It was released on November 25, and debuted at number one on the Oricon charts. In 2010, on January 13, was released the studio album Olympos, which also topped the Oricon charts.", "In 2010, on January 13, was released the studio album Olympos, which also topped the Oricon charts. On January 19, the band held their only live concert, titled LANDS Last Live.", "On January 19, the band held their only live concert, titled LANDS Last Live. Akanishi had a series of solo concerts, titled \"You & Jin\", comprising a total of 32 shows from February 7 to 28, 2010.", "Akanishi had a series of solo concerts, titled \"You & Jin\", comprising a total of 32 shows from February 7 to 28, 2010. The song \"A Page\", he co-wrote, composed and arranged, featured at his concerts, was released as part of KAT-TUN's 11th single, \"Love Yourself (Kimi ga Kirai na Kimi ga Suki)\", on the 2nd limited edition.", "The song \"A Page\", he co-wrote, composed and arranged, featured at his concerts, was released as part of KAT-TUN's 11th single, \"Love Yourself (Kimi ga Kirai na Kimi ga Suki)\", on the 2nd limited edition. On June 19 and 20, Akanishi's solo tour \"You & Jin\" had a 3 sold-out show tour in Los Angeles, California.", "On June 19 and 20, Akanishi's solo tour \"You & Jin\" had a 3 sold-out show tour in Los Angeles, California. In the last show of his \"You & Jin\" concert Akanishi announced a tour in the United States.", "In the last show of his \"You & Jin\" concert Akanishi announced a tour in the United States. In July, Akanishi announced that he would permanently leave the band KAT-TUN, becoming a solo artist of Johnny & Associates.", "In July, Akanishi announced that he would permanently leave the band KAT-TUN, becoming a solo artist of Johnny & Associates. On September 16, were released dates for Akanishi's November tour \"Yellow Gold Tour 3010\", named after the tour's title song \"Yellow Gold\", and the cities included were Chicago, New York City, Houston, Los Angeles and San Francisco.", "On September 16, were released dates for Akanishi's November tour \"Yellow Gold Tour 3010\", named after the tour's title song \"Yellow Gold\", and the cities included were Chicago, New York City, Houston, Los Angeles and San Francisco. The tour featured songs entirely in English, mostly written and produced by the Akanishi himself.", "The tour featured songs entirely in English, mostly written and produced by the Akanishi himself. On December 9, 2010, it was announced that Jin will be joining the Warner Music Group and Warner Music Japan on a global basis and became responsible for his recording career in both English and Japanese language.", "On December 9, 2010, it was announced that Jin will be joining the Warner Music Group and Warner Music Japan on a global basis and became responsible for his recording career in both English and Japanese language. After the \"Yellow Gold Tour 3010\" ended with success, Jin returned to Japan to hold \"Yellow Gold Tour 3011\" with total 12 concerts in Osaka-jō Hall, World Memorial Hall, Nippon Budokan and Saitama Super Arena.", "After the \"Yellow Gold Tour 3010\" ended with success, Jin returned to Japan to hold \"Yellow Gold Tour 3011\" with total 12 concerts in Osaka-jō Hall, World Memorial Hall, Nippon Budokan and Saitama Super Arena. 2011–2013: The U.S. debut, Japonicana and #JustJin Jin's first solo single titled \"Eternal\" was released on March 2, 2011, in Japan, and topped both Oricon and Japan Hot 100 charts.", "2011–2013: The U.S. debut, Japonicana and #JustJin Jin's first solo single titled \"Eternal\" was released on March 2, 2011, in Japan, and topped both Oricon and Japan Hot 100 charts. His debut single in the United States was the digitally released extended play Test Drive released on November 8, a collaboration with singer-songwriter Jason Derulo and producer J. R. Rotem.", "His debut single in the United States was the digitally released extended play Test Drive released on November 8, a collaboration with singer-songwriter Jason Derulo and producer J. R. Rotem. It reached the number one spot on the iTunes Dance Charts, and tenth spot on the overall Albums chart.", "It reached the number one spot on the iTunes Dance Charts, and tenth spot on the overall Albums chart. The Japanese release was on December 7, and it peaked at number fourteen on the Japan Hot 100, and topped both Oricon and Billboard album charts in Japan.", "The Japanese release was on December 7, and it peaked at number fourteen on the Japan Hot 100, and topped both Oricon and Billboard album charts in Japan. On December 28, was released his second physical single in Japan, Seasons, which also topped the charts.", "On December 28, was released his second physical single in Japan, Seasons, which also topped the charts. In 2012, on January 26 his second US digital single \"Sun Burns Down\" was released, and reached the number one spot on the iTunes Dance Charts again.", "In 2012, on January 26 his second US digital single \"Sun Burns Down\" was released, and reached the number one spot on the iTunes Dance Charts again. On March 6, was released his debut studio album Japonicana, on which collaborated with The Stereotypes and Static Revenger. It reached number two on the Oricon charts.", "It reached number two on the Oricon charts. From March 9 to 17 was held a promotional concert tour, which started at Club Nokia in Los Angeles.", "From March 9 to 17 was held a promotional concert tour, which started at Club Nokia in Los Angeles. In Japan from April to May was scheduled to hold 7 concerts in 5 cities including Tokyo and Osaka for a total of 70,000 people, but his further plans were abruptly cancelled due to a penalty by his own agency Johnny's Entertainment because didn't contacted his agency beforehand and reported his marriage at time.", "In Japan from April to May was scheduled to hold 7 concerts in 5 cities including Tokyo and Osaka for a total of 70,000 people, but his further plans were abruptly cancelled due to a penalty by his own agency Johnny's Entertainment because didn't contacted his agency beforehand and reported his marriage at time. In 2013, on August 7 was released his third single in Japan, \"Hey What's Up?", "In 2013, on August 7 was released his third single in Japan, \"Hey What's Up? \", which was chosen as the first official theme song for the Tokyo Girls Collection fashion show, which was held on the 31st of that same month at the Saitama Super Arena. It reached number two on the Oricon charts.", "It reached number two on the Oricon charts. On October 2 was released the fourth single \"Ai Naru Hō e\" (To Where Love Rings), which reached number three on the charts. On November 6 Akanishi released his second studio album #JustJin.", "On November 6 Akanishi released his second studio album #JustJin. The self-produced album included all the singles released in Japan since his solo debut in 2011, and a second bonus disc featured songs written in English during his Japonicana era. It reached number three on the charts.", "It reached number three on the charts. 2014–present: Indies debut and Mi Amor In 2014, on March 2 was made known to the public that Akanishi had decided not to renew his contract with Johnny & Associates, and had left the agency as of February 28.", "2014–present: Indies debut and Mi Amor In 2014, on March 2 was made known to the public that Akanishi had decided not to renew his contract with Johnny & Associates, and had left the agency as of February 28. On July 4, was announced that he had set up his own independent label, Go Good Records, and that opened his new fan club, \"JIP's\" (Jin's Important People).", "On July 4, was announced that he had set up his own independent label, Go Good Records, and that opened his new fan club, \"JIP's\" (Jin's Important People). On August 6, under Go Good Records Akanishi re-debuted with his fifth physical single \"Good Time\".", "On August 6, under Go Good Records Akanishi re-debuted with his fifth physical single \"Good Time\". It reached number two on the charts. The single was also made available on the iTunes Store across the globe.", "The single was also made available on the iTunes Store across the globe. On November 12 Akanishi released his second extended play, Mi Amor, and the second release from his own record label. It reached number three on the charts. The entire album was written, composed, and produced by Akanishi himself.", "The entire album was written, composed, and produced by Akanishi himself. The previous day of the release, on November 11 Akanishi went on a nationwide \"Jindependence\" tour from Zepp Sapporo, which ended on December 2 at Zepp Tokyo, with a total of 11 shows in 5 cities.", "The previous day of the release, on November 11 Akanishi went on a nationwide \"Jindependence\" tour from Zepp Sapporo, which ended on December 2 at Zepp Tokyo, with a total of 11 shows in 5 cities. He collaborated with Takayuki Yamada in August 2016 to form the unit called \"Jintaka\", which disbanded 2 months later.", "He collaborated with Takayuki Yamada in August 2016 to form the unit called \"Jintaka\", which disbanded 2 months later. The duo released their only single \"Choo choo shitain\" on September 21.", "The duo released their only single \"Choo choo shitain\" on September 21. Filmography Akanishi made his debut as an actor in 1999 in a cameo appearance in the second episode of NTV's romance comedy, P.P.O.I., and also had small roles in TV Asahi's Best Friend, Omae no yukichi ga naiteiru and in NHK series, Haregi, Koko Ichiban.", "Filmography Akanishi made his debut as an actor in 1999 in a cameo appearance in the second episode of NTV's romance comedy, P.P.O.I., and also had small roles in TV Asahi's Best Friend, Omae no yukichi ga naiteiru and in NHK series, Haregi, Koko Ichiban. He also started appearing in musicals from 2000 taking on supporting roles in Millennium Shock (2000), Show Geki Shock (2001–2002), Dream Boy (2004) and Dream Boys (2006).", "He also started appearing in musicals from 2000 taking on supporting roles in Millennium Shock (2000), Show Geki Shock (2001–2002), Dream Boy (2004) and Dream Boys (2006). Akanishi returned to the small screen in 2005 in the second season of the award-winning and popular NTV school drama, Gokusen, starring opposite Yukie Nakama and former bandmate Kazuya Kamenashi.", "Akanishi returned to the small screen in 2005 in the second season of the award-winning and popular NTV school drama, Gokusen, starring opposite Yukie Nakama and former bandmate Kazuya Kamenashi. The show won \"Best Drama\" at the 44th Television Drama Academy Awards and ended its run with an average viewership rating of 27.8%.", "The show won \"Best Drama\" at the 44th Television Drama Academy Awards and ended its run with an average viewership rating of 27.8%. He also had a supporting role in NTV's romance series, Anego, the same year.", "He also had a supporting role in NTV's romance series, Anego, the same year. In 2007, Akanishi starred in his first lead role in Yukan Club, a school comedy series, with ex-bandmate Junnosuke Taguchi and was voted \"Best Actor\" at the 11th Nikkan Sports Drama Grand Prix.", "In 2007, Akanishi starred in his first lead role in Yukan Club, a school comedy series, with ex-bandmate Junnosuke Taguchi and was voted \"Best Actor\" at the 11th Nikkan Sports Drama Grand Prix. He made his debut as a voice actor in 2008 for the Japanese dub of Speed Racer, providing the voice for protagonist Speed played by Emile Hirsch.", "He made his debut as a voice actor in 2008 for the Japanese dub of Speed Racer, providing the voice for protagonist Speed played by Emile Hirsch. In 2009, Akanishi was cast as the lead actor in the movie Bandage directed by Takeshi Kobayashi and released on January 16, 2010. This marked his debut on the big screen.", "This marked his debut on the big screen. In 2013, he made his Hollywood debut with the film 47 Ronin which also had Keanu Reeves in the lead role. Akanishi played the role of Chikara Oishi, the samurai leader's son, played by Hiroyuki Sanada and a close friend to Reeves' character, Kai.", "Akanishi played the role of Chikara Oishi, the samurai leader's son, played by Hiroyuki Sanada and a close friend to Reeves' character, Kai. The film's director, Carl Rinsch, said he was \"impressed by Akanishi's English abilities and motivation\".", "The film's director, Carl Rinsch, said he was \"impressed by Akanishi's English abilities and motivation\". Thus, he turned out to be the second Johnny & Associates artist within the agency after Ninomiya Kazunari in Letters From Iwo Jima to star in a Hollywood movie and the third overall to work with an American director.", "Thus, he turned out to be the second Johnny & Associates artist within the agency after Ninomiya Kazunari in Letters From Iwo Jima to star in a Hollywood movie and the third overall to work with an American director. Theatre Personal life Akanishi wed Japanese actress and model Meisa Kuroki in a private ceremony on February 2, 2012, just two weeks after they'd released official statements denying they were seeing one other.", "Theatre Personal life Akanishi wed Japanese actress and model Meisa Kuroki in a private ceremony on February 2, 2012, just two weeks after they'd released official statements denying they were seeing one other. The marriage immediately had a negative effect on Akanishi's career, not only because he failed to inform his talent agency, Johnny & Associates, of his plans to wed but because rumors began circulating that Kuroki was pregnant at the time of the wedding.", "The marriage immediately had a negative effect on Akanishi's career, not only because he failed to inform his talent agency, Johnny & Associates, of his plans to wed but because rumors began circulating that Kuroki was pregnant at the time of the wedding. In response to the scandal, his talent agency made the decision to cancel his solo tour.", "In response to the scandal, his talent agency made the decision to cancel his solo tour. Together, Akanishi and Kuroki have a daughter, Theia Akanishi (Japanese: 赤西 ティア, Akanishi Tia), who was born September 23, 2012, and a son, whose name has not yet been revealed to the public, who was born June 6, 2017.", "Together, Akanishi and Kuroki have a daughter, Theia Akanishi (Japanese: 赤西 ティア, Akanishi Tia), who was born September 23, 2012, and a son, whose name has not yet been revealed to the public, who was born June 6, 2017. In 2018, it was reported that the family had returned to Japan, having previously resided in Hawaii, and that Theia was attending the American School in Japan.", "In 2018, it was reported that the family had returned to Japan, having previously resided in Hawaii, and that Theia was attending the American School in Japan. Discography Test Drive (extended-play) (2011) Japonicana (2012) #JustJin (2013) Mi Amor (extended-play) (2014) Me (2015) Audio Fashion (2016) Choo choo shitain (2016) (single) (as Jintaka, unit formed with Takayuki Yamada) Blessèd (2017) À la carte (rearranged album) (2018) THANK YOU (2019) Awards and nominations References External links 1984 births Living people Japanese idols KAT-TUN members Japanese male pop singers Japanese male child actors Japanese child singers Japanese male singer-songwriters Japanese male voice actors Lands (band) members Warner Music Japan artists Musicians from Chiba Prefecture English-language singers from Japan 20th-century Japanese male singers 20th-century Japanese male actors 21st-century Japanese male singers 21st-century Japanese male actors" ]

[ "Jin Akanishi", "2001-2009: Early career and debut of KAT-TUN", "What was his first band?", "After he was made a Johnny's Jr. member in 2000,", "Any notable songs with them?", "I don't know.", "What happened next with Johnny's Jr?", "I don't know.", "Was he with another band?", "Akanishi was part of a number of groups like Musical Academy Dancing, J2000 and B.A.D.,", "Were they successful?", "the sextet's unexpected popularity led their agency to allow them to expand into a separate group called KAT-TUN," ]

[ "Chain is the Sixth studio album by Japanese boy band KAT-TUN and was released in Japan on February 22, 2012 by J-One Records. On January 13, KAT-TUN endorsed the mobile game site \"entag!\" which used KAT-TUN's album track \"Smile for You\" as a CM song and the first-ever KAT-TUN animation, \"Ai wa KAT-TUN\", voiced by KAT-TUN themselves, was launched on entag! site for a limited period. Ai wa KAT-TUN hit 1,000,000 views in just 2 weeks.\n\nAlbum information\nSixth album release from KAT-TUN including five single tracks, seven new songs, and five new songs featuring member's solo part (total of 17 songs). Regular Edition contains a bonus hidden track, \"CHAIN OF LOVE\". The jacket design used for the limited edition is different from the one used for the regular edition. This edition includes a lyrics card. The jacket design used for the limited edition is different from the one used for the regular edition. This edition includes a bonus DVD with music video(s) and bonus video footage. Comes with a booklet.\n\nChart performance\nIn its first week of its release, the album topped the Oricon album chart, reportedly selling 110,055 copies. This feat will mark their sixth consecutive album to top the Oricon Album Charts since their first album, “Best of KAT-TUN” (released in March 2006). This record has surpassed rock band The Checker’s record of topping five consecutive albums and with this, KAT-TUN broke the record for the first time in 24 years and 10 months. KAT-TUN placed at No.8 in the second weeks, reportedly selling 10,761 copies and in the third weeks of its release the single placed at No.25, reportedly selling 4,235 copies.\n\nBy the end of the year, Chain was reported to selling 133,262 copies and was later certified Gold by RIAJ denoting over 100,000 shipments.\n\nTrack listing\n\nCharts\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Chain product information\n\nKAT-TUN albums\n2012 albums", "is a Japanese boy band formed under Johnny & Associates (Johnny's) in 2001. The group's name was originally an acronym based on the first letter of each member's family name: Kazuya Kamenashi, Jin Akanishi, Junnosuke Taguchi, Koki Tanaka, Tatsuya Ueda, and Yuichi Nakamaru. Their debut on March 22, 2006 was marked by a tripartite release of a CD single, album and music DVD on their exclusive record label J-One Records. Since then, all of their single, album and music DVD releases have debuted at number one on the Oricon music and DVD charts.\n\nIn 2010, Akanishi left the group to start a solo career, making the group's acronym then come from KAmenashi, Taguchi, Tanaka, Ueda, and Nakamaru, and the group toured with five members. In 2013, Tanaka's contract was terminated for several violations, leaving KAT-TUN as a four-man ensemble, and Tatsuya Ueda took the T to keep the acronym. By the end of March 2016, Taguchi left both the group and the agency, leaving KAT-TUN with only three remaining members.\n\nHistory\n\n2001–2005: Formation and pre-debut activities\nBefore becoming KAT-TUN, each member belonged to different trainee units within Johnny & Associates. In 2001, eight members were chosen to become a temporary dancing unit in order to support Koichi Domoto in the NHK music program, Pop Jam. The eight members were switched around before it officially became KAT-TUN, with the current three members plus Jin Akanishi, Koki Tanaka and Junnosuke Taguchi. Although the formation was only meant to be a temporary support unit, KAT-TUN gained a great deal of attention and became a solid unit.\n\nIn 2002, in response to many requests, KAT-TUN held their first concert called , for which 550,000 people tried to get tickets. That same year, they performed eleven shows in a single day. This is the current record in Japan for the most performances in one day. Since then, KAT-TUN has held concerts in Japan almost every season.\n\nIn 2003-2004, their popularity rose to that of a debuted group, to the point where they performed on Music Station multiple times before debuting. In 2005, KAT-TUN released their first major DVD, , which topped the Oricon yearly chart for the best-selling DVD. At the 20th Japan Gold Disc Awards, Live Kaizokuban placed on the Music Video Of The Year list.\n\n2006: Debut and Best of KAT-TUN \nOn March 22, KAT-TUN released their debut single \"Real Face\", accompanied by an album, Best of KAT-TUN and a DVD Real Face Film. These were released on their own label J-One Records. The group also went on a nationwide tour, Live of KAT-TUN \"Real Face\", in support of the album. Within the first week, Best of KAT-TUN, \"Real Face\" and Real Face Film topped all three Oricon weekly charts by selling 556,548 copies, 754,234 copies and 374,202 copies respectively Total 1,684,984 copies. They became the second artists to do so, the first being Ayumi Hamasaki. With these numbers, KAT-TUN holds the record for the highest weekly single debut sales (previously held by Arashi with their debut single \"Arashi\" of 557,000 copies sold in 1999). In addition, \"Real Face\" topped the Oricon charts for three weeks straight, becoming the first debut single to do so in Japan in 8 years 8 months since KinKi Kids' debut single \"Garasu no Shōnen.\" The single sold over a million copies in nine weeks, making \"Real Face\" the highest selling single for the year 2006.\n\nIn March 2006, KAT-TUN became the first group to hold their own performances in Japan's most popular stadium, Tokyo Dome, before debuting. They performed to 110,000 people over two days and about 630,000 people in total during the tour. About three months after releasing \"Real Face\", KAT-TUN released their second single, \"Signal\", on July 19.\n\nOn October 12, member Akanishi announced a hiatus from the group in order to study linguistics abroad in the United States, leaving KAT-TUN as a five-member group for six months. The remaining members continued activities by releasing their third single, \"Bokura no Machi de\" as the theme song to members Kamenashi and Tanaka's drama, Tatta Hitotsu no Koi and their second album, Cartoon KAT-TUN II You on December 7.\n\nKAT-TUN is the first group in Japan to have all three singles from debut to exceed 500,000 in yearly sales, taking first, fifth and thirteenth place on the Oricon yearly singles chart.\n\n2007: Cartoon KAT-TUN II You\nUnder the same name as their second album, KAT-TUN started their second nationwide tour, Tour 2007 Cartoon KAT-TUN II You, still without Akanishi, on April 3. The next day, KAT-TUN began to host their own variety show Cartoon KAT-TUN, which aired every Wednesday from 11:55 p.m. to 12:26 a.m.\n\nAkanishi returned to Japan on April 19 and officially resumed work activities on April 20. Akanishi joined the rest of KAT-TUN during their tour on April 21 in Sendai for the encore, marking his official return to KAT-TUN.\n\nOn June 6, KAT-TUN released their fourth single, \"Yorokobi no Uta\", as the theme song to Tanaka's drama, Tokkyu Tanaka 3 Go.\n\nOn November 21, they simultaneously released their fifth single, \"Keep the Faith\", as the theme song to members Akanishi and Taguchi's drama, Yukan Club, and the DVD to their Tokyo Dome Live of KAT-TUN \"Real Face\" concert. The DVD marked their fifth consecutive release topping the Oricon musical DVD chart, and set the opening week record for the year. KAT-TUN took the annual number one position on the Oricon musical DVD charts for the third time in a row with the release.\n\nAfter KinKi Kids, KAT-TUN is the second artist to have all singles since debut to exceed 300,000 in sales during their first week.\n\n2008: Queen of Pirates\nKAT-TUN released 'Lips', the theme song to Kamenashi's drama based on the manga One Pound Gospel, as their sixth single on February 6. The single topped at number one on the Oricon charts.\n\nKAT-TUN released their seventh single \"Don't U Ever Stop\" on May 14, which topped the weekly Oricon chart. On May 15, during the MC segment promoting \"Don't U Ever Stop\" on Music Station, Kamenashi announced that two shows had been added to their Tokyo Dome tour dates, resulting in a total of four consecutive days at the Dome. This marked a historic event in the Dome's history, as KAT-TUN became the first Japanese artist to hold four consecutive days at the stadium since it opened in 1988. Other Japanese artists, such as SMAP, X Japan and Ayumi Hamasaki have had three consecutive days at the Dome. The Rolling Stones and Michael Jackson have played multiple days at the Dome, but they were not consecutive.\n\nOn June 4, KAT-TUN released their third album, KAT-TUN III: Queen of Pirates.\n\nOn December 3, KAT-TUN released \"White X'mas\", their first Christmas single.\n\nOn December 21, it was announced that KAT-TUN would release a new single \"One Drop\" as a tie-in theme song to Kamenashi's new drama, Kami no Shizuku, just two months after their \"White X'mas\" single. The release consisted of three versions: Limited Edition w/DVD, Regular Edition (First Press) and a Regular Edition.\n\n2009 - 2010: Break the Records: By You & For You, Akanishi Jin's departure and No More Pain \nOn February 10, KAT-TUN released their first single since March 2009, which was used for Kamenashi's live-action drama adaptation of Tomoko Hayakawa's manga series Yamato Nadeshiko Shichi Henge, which premiered January 15 on TBS. The single, \"Love Yourself (Kimi ga Kirai na Kimi ga Suki)\", debuted at number one on the Oricon weekly singles chart, resulting in KAT-TUN's eleventh consecutive number one single since their debut. It became KAT-TUN's first single to sell more than 350,000 copies in its first week since the May 2008 release of their single \"Don't U Ever Stop\", which sold more than 381,000 copies in its first week.\n\nOn March 24, Johnny & Associates announced that KAT-TUN would go on their first Asia concert tour as a five-member group while Akanishi held his own solo concerts in the United States, making him the first Johnny's artist to perform solo in the United States. KAT-TUN is set to have their Asia Tour from early May to late August and although the majority of the concerts will be held in Japan, KAT-TUN will also be heading to Bangkok on July 31, Seoul from August 6 to 7, and Taipei from August 27 to 28; other sources say that a Hawaii concert is also being considered. Due to his absence from KAT-TUN's Asia concert tour and single promotions, Akanishi did not participate in the recording of KAT-TUN's twelfth single \"Going!\" set for release on May 12. Due to the political unrest in Thailand, Johnny & Associates announced on May 15 that KAT-TUN's concert in Bangkok would be indefinitely postponed.\n\nKAT-TUN released their first 2010 album, No More Pain, on June 16 in two versions: a limited and regular edition that both include solo songs by each member. The limited edition contains thirteen songs and a bonus DVD with the PVs and making-of's the album's songs while the regular edition contains a bonus track.\n\nJohnny & Associates announced on July 17 that Akanishi would leave the group in late 2010 to pursue a solo career while the rest of the members would continue to work as a five-member group. On July 21, Akanishi himself confirmed through the official Johnny's mobile site, Johnny's Web, that he would leave KAT-TUN to focus on his solo career, although he had not appeared on any event to his fans until October.\n\nKAT-TUN continued as a group of five. On August 28, the last day of their World Big Tour 2010, KAT-TUN revealed their 2011 tour plan to celebrate their fifth anniversary by performing at industrial complexes in five cities in Japan and expanding its overseas tour to five different countries including Korea, Taiwan, Thailand, China, and Hawaii. The Hawaii concert would make them the first Johnny artist to hold a concert in Hawaii. The World Big Tour is where former member Tanaka Koki gave the name \"hyphens\" to the fans, saying that the fans unite KAT-TUN together.\n\nOn October 13, KAT-TUN announced the release of their new single, \"Change Ur World\", which was KAT-TUN's 13th single and the first single after Akanishi's official departure, was released on November 17. The single debuted at number one on the Oricon weekly singles chart for selling 230,829 copies, resulting in KAT-TUN's thirteenth consecutive number one single since their debut plus all of their 13 singles sold over 200,000 copies in the first week.\n\nOn December 29, KAT-TUN released KAT-TUN -NO MORE PAIИ- WORLD TOUR 2010 DVD, featuring their last day in Japan leg of their successful World Big Tour 2010 at Kyocera Dome and more concert footages from their Korea and Taiwan legs.\n\n2011: 5th Anniversary\nThe group announced a release of their 14th single on 2010s Christmas Eve, \"Ultimate Wheels\" on February 2, 2011 along with a tie-in CM of Suzuki Solio car that the group endorsed. On January 6, KAT-TUN announced its plan of KAT-TUN Live Tour 2011 during May to October. The tour includes the 5 big dome tour at Sapporo Dome, Tokyo Dome, Nagoya Dome, Yahoo Dome in Fukuoka, and Kyocera Dome in Osaka and a special live event in Kawasaki on July 17–19. KAT-TUN will become the fourth Johnny group to be able to conquer the 5 big domes in Japan after SMAP, KinKi Kids and Arashi. After October, the group will start their Asia Tour that includes Thailand, Taiwan, and Korea. \"Ultimate Wheels\" became their 14th straight No.1 single since their debut. The total number of copies sold in the first week was over 180,000 copies, reported by Oricon. Early March, KAT-TUN announced three new songs in three days, including \"Perfect\" for Kamenashi's new Aoki TV commercial, \"White\" for a Sofina commercial, and \"Diamond\" as the theme song of NTV telecasts of Yomiuri Giants baseball games.\n\nIt was announced on March 29 that Johnny's Company would start a new charity project called Marching J, a fundraising project for the Tohoku earthquake victims. The first part of the project started as an event held from April 1 through April 3. From the company, SMAP, Tokio, KinKi Kids, V6, Arashi, Tackey and Tsubasa, NEWS, Kanjani8, KAT-TUN, Hey! Say! JUMP and some of Johnny's Juniors participated in this first event. The first event will be held in Tokyo, in front of the first Yoyogi gymnasium. Groups took turns according to their schedule and will have a talk session in front of the fans, also calling out for donations for the earthquake victims. And due to this disaster, all the planned events to celebrate KAT-TUN's 5th debut anniversary were canceled.\n\nOn May 18, KAT-TUN's 15th single, \"White\", was released with \"Perfect\" as its coupling song. By this time, they also announced another two new songs, \"Cosmic Child\" for a Wing TV commercial, and \"Run For You\" for a New Suzuki Solio commercial. On May 29, KAT-TUN with all its five members joined another Marching J project, \"Johnny's Charity Baseball Tournament\" with other Johnny artists and juniors at Tokyo Dome, in which the ticket sales would be donated for Japan's earthquake and tsunami victims.\n\nIt was announced in mid-June that members Kazuya Kamenashi, Koki Tanaka and Yuichi Nakamaru would star in this year's Dream Boy musicals as the leads, shows will commence from September 3 to 25.\n\nOn September 8, 2011, it was confirmed that KAT-TUN would host a new TV show titled KAT-TUN no Zettai Manetaku Naru TV, their first show since Cartoon KAT-TUN ended in March 2010. The new show began airing on October 18 on NTV. During the broadcast of the first episode, it was revealed that the show will only air for a limited time until the end of December 2011 with a total of 10 episodes. \nOn September 30, 2011, KAT-TUN announced their 17th single \"Birth\" as the soundtrack to Kamenashi Kazuya's drama \"Youkai Ningen Bem\" would have been released on November 30. \"Birth\" became their 17th straight No.1 single on the Oricon's weekly chart since their debut.\n\n2012: Chain\nKAT-TUN began their new year with an extreme special TV show titled KAT-TUN no Sekaiichi Dame Yoru Ni, a one-off show broadcast on the night of January 1 on TBS. A few weeks later they announced the release of their sixth album, titled Chain, scheduled for release on February 22. On January 13, KAT-TUN endorsed the mobile game site Entag which used KAT-TUN's album track \"Smile for You\" as the commercial song and the first-ever KAT-TUN animation, \"Ai wa KAT-TUN\", voiced by KAT-TUN themselves, was launched on The Entag site for a limited period. On February 11, they kicked off their nationwide tour \"KAT-TUN Live Tour 2012 Chain\". This tour covered 12 cities, including Sendai. The tour started in Niigata and will end in Sendai. They will become the first Johnnys group to perform in the affected areas after the earthquake and tsunami disaster. Music Station presented on Jan 13 with a special report for the 'Most Powerful Group BEST 20' which listed the Top 20 most powerful groups of all-time in terms of physical single and album sales, KAT-TUN was listed at number 16 with their five-year debut, 17 singles and 5 albums, together they have sold over 8,450,000 records. Music Station hints to this ranking included the debut single 'Real Face' which became 2006's number 1 selling single and how they managed to hold 8 consecutive concerts at Tokyo Dome. Among the groups in Top 20, KAT-TUN is apparently the newest group on the list.\n\nKAT-TUN's 6th studio album, \"CHAIN\", reached No.1 on Oricon album ranking on March 5, making them the first male artist in history to have six consecutive No.1 albums ever since the debut. KAT-TUN broke the record for the first time in 24 years and 10 months. On March 8, it was announced that the second episode of KAT-TUN no Sekaiichi Dame Yoru Ni will be aired on April 3.\n\nOfficial confirmations for the upcoming 2012 shows for Johnny's long-running Dream Boys musicals were released, and once again member Kamenashi reprises his role as the main lead for the musical. According to confirmation, the shows will begin in September. On April 20–22, KAT-TUN performed at Tokyo Dome as parts of their LIVE TOUR 2012 CHAIN tour. According to news reports, KAT-TUN's original idea \"Flash-Tree\" spotlights was introduced for the first time in Johnny and also Tokyo Dome's 25m moving stage was the longest in Johnny's history.\n\nOn June 27, KAT-TUN released its 18th single To The Limit, which was used as a tie-up song for Suzuki Solio Bandit CM. On June 29 Music Station reported that KAT-TUN ranked as No.10 best-selling Heisei era's idol with the total sales of 6,661,293 copies from 17 singles. In early August it was announced that KAT-TUN's Sekaiichi Dame Yoru Ni TV special will be turned into a regular show due to the success of the previous 2 special episodes. The regular show was renamed KAT-TUN Sekaiichi dame na yoru! and began airing on August 24 on TBS.\n\nKAT-TUN's 19th single \"Fumetsu no Scrum\" which was used as the theme song for Kanjani8 member Yasuda Shota's drama Dragon Seinendan, was released on September 12 and sold around 157,000 copies within its first week of release, this gives KAT-TUN their 19th consecutive #1 single since their debut in 2006.\nIn November, KAT-TUN achieved their 9th consecutive no.1 music-DVD, and 8th no.1 overall DVD with their live DVD, \"KAT-TUN LIVE TOUR 2012 CHAIN TOKYO DOME.\" The latter achievement puts them at 3rd place among male groups who have done the most no.1 overall DVDs in history after B'z and Mr.Children.\n\n2013 - 2014: Tanaka Koki's departure and Come Here \n\"Expose\" sold 155,000 copies in the first weeks. With this single, their number of consecutive singles topping the chart has reached 20. KAT-TUN is the second artist to top the singles chart for 20 consecutive singles since the debut. It was only achieved by their senior KinKi Kids 8 years and a month ago with “Anniversary”.\n\nIn October 2013, Koki Tanaka was removed from the band and the talent agency for having violated his contract, leaving KAT-TUN as a four-man ensemble.\n\nThe mini album \"Kusabi\" was released on November 27, 2013, on J-Storm. The title track \"Kusabi\" was used as the theme song for the drama Henshin Interviewer no Yūutsu starring KAT-TUN member Yuichi Nakamaru and actress Fumino Kimura, while \"Gimme Luv\" was used in a Suzuki Solio Bandit television commercial. \"Kusabi\" debuted at the number one spot top the Oricon weekly album chart, selling approximately 168,000 copies in its first week of release. The album is KAT-TUN's seventh consecutive album to achieve number one, putting them in a tie with singer Hikaru Utada for most consecutive album number ones in Oricon chart history.\n\n\"In Fact\" was their 22nd single released on June 4, 2014 under the label J-One Records. The title track \"In Fact\" was the main theme song for the TV drama series \"First Class\". In Fact debuted at the number one spot top the Oricon weekly single chart, selling over 146,000 copies in its first week of release. With this, KAT-TUN achieved their 22nd consecutive No.1 with their 22nd single.\n\nOn June 25, \"Come Here\" album was released and KAT-TUN became the first artist in history to have 8 consecutive No.1 albums since debut according to Oricon.\n\n2015: Taguchi Junnosuke's departure\n\"Dead or Alive\" was released on January 21, 2015 and it debuted at the number one spot on the Oricon weekly single chart, selling over 192,000 copies in its first week of release. With this, KAT-TUN has then achieved their 23rd consecutive No.1 with their 23rd single. They are currently behind KinKi Kids who are with 34 consecutive No.1 singles since debut.\n\nOn November 24, 2015, before their performance at Best Artist, Junnosuke Taguchi surprised the audience by announcing that he had decided to quit not only KAT-TUN but also from Johnny's Entertainment and that he would retire from the industry by Spring the following year.\n\n2016 - 2019: Hiatus, Recharging Period, CAST and Ignite \nKAT-TUN released two more singles as a four-member group entitled \"Tragedy\" on February 10, 2016 followed by \"Unlock\" on March 2, 2016, both of which had reached number 1 in Oricon chart in their first week. A compilation album entitled \"KAT-TUN 10th Anniversary BEST 10Ks\" and a 3-Dome Tour entitled \"KAT-TUN 10th Anniversary LIVE TOUR 10Ks\" were announced by the three remaining members through their official website. They also announced that the group activities of KAT-TUN will be on a temporary, indefinite hiatus (or so-called \"recharging period\") starting on May 1, 2016, as each member will focus more on their solo projects and works. ″KAT-TUN 10th Anniversary BEST “10Ks”″ album was then released on March 22, 2016 (the same date with their debut album released back in 2006) and has reached number 1 in the Oricon chart in its first week. On August 17, 2016, KAT-TUN released the DVD for KAT-TUN 10TH ANNIVERSARY LIVE TOUR\"10Ks!” and it reached the number one spot in the Oricon Chart as well.\n\nWhile the group activities are temporarily on hold, each member had their own individual projects, apart from the regular TV programs where they were regulars individually. All had been part or starred in different dramas, movies and theatrical plays and all three also had the chance to perform in a concert and stage shows.\n\nOn January 1, 2018 on the annual Johnny's Countdown, a big surprise had been announced and that KAT-TUN had finally resumed their group activities. The group sang their debut song, Real Face, which was then followed by their new song \"Ask Yourself\" which will be the main theme song for Kamenashi's drama this January. After the performance, the group also announced that concert dates had been decided, which would be happening on April 20–22, 2018. The group later announced they would be releasing CAST on 18 July, their first original album in four years. On July 31, 2019 KAT-TUN released their 9th full album, \"IGNITE\".\n\n2021 - 2022: Resume of Group Activities and Honey\nIn January 2021, NTV drama 'Red Eyes: Kanshi Sousa-han' premiered on January 23, starred Kamenashi. The title of the theme song was \"Roar,\" and it's a song about one's determination to keep walking towards the future even though the present is ambiguous and has no correct answer. The single was released on March 10 as KAT-TUN's first single in three years. To commemorate the 15th anniversary of debut, KAT-TUN embarked on their nationwide tour '15TH ANNIVERSARY LIVE KAT-TUN' on March 20 at Yoyogi National Stadium First Gymnasium (Tokyo), and wrapped up on June 9 at Marine Messe Fukuoka, 22 performances in 7 cities. Their live tour was later released through DVD and Blue Ray on November 24, which feature footage from the group's concert on May 29 at Pia Arena MM. On September 8, KAT-TUN announced double sided A-side single \"We Just Go Hard feat. AK-69 \", the single was the image song for NTV's broadcast of professional baseball 'DRAMATIC BASEBALL 2021' as well as the theme song for NTV's 'Going! Sports & News'. Meanwhile, \"EUPHORIA\" as the theme song for Bishounen's drama 'The High School Heroes' that premiered on July 31.\n\nIn February 2022, KAT-TUN announced the release of their digital single \"Crystal Moment\", as the theme song for NTV’s coverage of the Beijing 2022 Winter Olympics, the rap lyrics was written by Arashi’s Sho Sakurai. For the first time in about two and a half years, KAT-TUN announced the release of the 10th full album \"Honey\". Two songs, \"Ain't Seen Nothing Yet\" and \"STING\", which symbolize this work, are the lead songs, the album was released on March 29. They also held \"KAT-TUN LIVE TOUR 2022 Honey\" from April 1 to June 4, via eight locations.\n\nCurrent members\n\n (born February 23, 1986), (Main Vocals)\n (born October 4, 1983), (Sub Vocals)\n (born September 4, 1983), (Sub Vocals)\n\nFormer members\n\n (born July 4, 1984), (Main Vocals)\n (born November 5, 1985), (Rapper, Sub Vocals)\n (born November 29, 1985), (Sub Vocals)\n\nDiscography\n\n Best of KAT-TUN (2006)\n Cartoon KAT-TUN II You (2007)\n KAT-TUN III: Queen of Pirates (2008)\n Break the Records: By You & for You (2009)\n No More Pain (2010)\n Chain (2012)\n Come Here (2014)\n Cast (2018)\n Ignite (2019)\n Honey (2022)\n\nOther activities\n\nTV shows\nKAT-TUN had regularly appeared on NHK's Johnny's Jr. show Shounen Club and became the regular hosts and leaders of the show until 2006 when they made their official debut. They also became part of other variety programs like Minna no Terebi and KAT-TUNx3. KAT-TUN even became special supporters for the FIVB World Grand Champions Cup in 2005, wherein their song \"Gloria\" served as its theme song.\n\nFrom 2005 to January 2007, KAT-TUN was a regular participant in the variety show Utawara Hot Hit 10 with Jun Matsumoto. From October 8, 2006, members Tanaka Koki & Nakamaru Yuichi hosted the show YouTachi! YOUたち! together, until the show ended on September 30, 2007.\n\nFrom April 4, 2007, KAT-TUN then began hosting their own talk show Cartoon KAT-TUN every Wednesday until March 24, 2010, comprising a total of 152 episodes. This was their last regular show as a 6-member group.\n\nAfter becoming a 5-member group, their next TV show titled KAT-TUN no Zettai Manetaku Naru TV began on October 18, 2011 on NTV and lasted only for a total of 10 episodes, with the show's finale on December 20, 2011.\n\nKAT-TUN then also had a one-off TV special titled KAT-TUN no Sekaiichi Dame Yoru Ni which was aired on the night of January 1, 2012 on TBS. It was soon followed by another special episode on April 3, 2012. Following the success of the two special episodes of the show, it became KAT-TUN's third regular TV show. The show was then renamed as KAT-TUN Sekaiichi Dame na Yoru! and began airing from August 24, 2012 until December 28, 2012.\n\nOn January 11, 2014, after becoming a four-man group, KAT-TUN became guests for a special program titled KAT-TUN Sekaiichi Tame ni Naru Tabi where they traveled to Okinawa (for two episodes), Aomori, Hokkaido and Kumamoto. The 5-part special became a success that the show was soon confirmed to become another regular show for KAT-TUN, retaining the same title of the program. The first episode aired on April 17, 2015 and lasted until the 42nd episode on March 25, 2016.\n\nIn 2014, KAT-TUN also became the main hosts for the Shounen Club Premium, replacing Taichi Kokubun from TOKIO. Their stint as the show's main hosts started from April 2014 until March 2016. Another Johnny's group NEWS then replaced them as the hosts of the show.\n\nRadio\nThe group has had three different radio shows, each hosted by different members and all have aired for several years.\n\nFormer members Jin Akanishi, Koki Tanaka and Junnosuke Taguchi hosted KAT-TUN Style together from April 2006 until March 2012. Yuichi Nakamaru and Tatsuya Ueda hosted R-One KAT-TUN every Tuesday from 12am – 12:30am.\n\nKazuya Kamenashi had his own radio show called Kamenashi Kazuya - Kase by Kase until it ended on September 20. He has a new radio show called Kamenashi Kazuya - Hang Out and currently airs every Saturday from 10:20am – 10:50am.\n\nTaguchi Junnosuke also had his own radio show called \"Tag-tune driving\" and a radio show together with Yuichi Nakamaru called \"KAT-TUN no Gatsūn\" from April 2012 and ended in March 2016.\n\nMusicals\nAs a group, KAT-TUN has appeared in Koichi Domoto's Shock musical, Summary of Johnnys World with NEWS and Ya-ya-yah and Johnny's long-running Dream Boys musicals from 2004 to 2006.\n\nSince 2004, member Kazuya Kamenashi has played the lead role in Dream Boys musicals consecutively each year, after senior Hideaki Takizawa handed down the role to Kamenashi.\nKamenashi and fellow KAT-TUN member Koki Tanaka paired up to play the lead roles for the shows held in 2007 and 2008. The pair collaborated once again as the leads for the 2011 shows alongside fellow KAT-TUN member Yuichi Nakamaru. The 2012 shows for the musical began in September, and once again Kamenashi reprised his role as the lead for the musical.\n\nConcerts\nSince their first concert in 2002, granted after overwhelming numbers of fan requests to Johnny's, KAT-TUN regularly holds concerts during almost every season of the year in Japan. This has helped them gain more popularity with their fans. It was considered remarkable for a Johnny's group which had not yet officially debuted to be able to hold its own concerts.\n\nKAT-TUN was the first Japanese artist to perform for four days in a row at Tokyo Dome during their Queen of Pirates tour. The following year, they broke their own record becoming the first artists ever to perform for eight consecutive days at Tokyo Dome during their Break The Records: By You & For You 2009 tour. Now, Johnny & Associates submitted this new record to Guinness Book of World Records for KAT-TUN to be recognized as the Japanese boy band who broke the records in Tokyo Dome performances.\n\nThe group (excluding Jin Akanishi) held their biggest ever concert tour in 2010 titled KAT-TUN -NO MORE PAIИ- WORLD TOUR 2010 which consisted of concerts in many major cities across Japan. The tour also included concerts held in Taiwan and Korea; the first time the group has ever toured outside Japan for their official concerts. \nAlthough during their pre-debut years, KAT-TUN had on several occasions toured overseas with their senior groups, while they were still Johnny Jrs.\n\nTheir nationwide tour for 2012 titled KAT-TUN LIVE TOUR 2012 CHAIN began in Nagiita on Feb 11, they toured 12 cities across Japan including Sendai; which was one of the worst affected areas by the Tohoku earthquake & tsunami disaster back in March 2011.\n\nCommercials\nKAT-TUN regularly appeared in TV commercials to endorse for NTT docomo, SKY PerfecTV!, Rohto and Lotte from 2005 to 2009.\n\nSince 2010, member Kazuya Kamenashi endorses Panasonic's Lamdash shaver and DOLTZ electric toothbrush, and AOKI 3D slim suits. Kamenashi also endorses KIRIN's 'Gogo no Kocha' tea since March 2012, and is endorsing SOURS Gummies since early 2013.\n\nSince early 2011, the group together has endorsed Suzuki's 'SOLIO' car, and has sung commercial theme songs for Sofina and Wing products. The group are also currently endorsing the mobile game site entag!.\n\nEvents\nOn August 26–27, 2006 KAT-TUN members were the main personality supporters for the NTV telethon 24 Hour Television: Love Saves the Earth charity program.\n\nAwards\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nOfficial page on J-Storm/J-One Records \nOfficial page on Johnny's Website \n\nJapanese pop music groups\nJapanese rock music groups\nMusical groups established in 2001\nJohnny & Associates\nJapanese boy bands\nJapanese idol groups\nJ Storm\nMusical groups from Tokyo\nJin Akanishi" ]

[ "is a Japanese musician, singer, songwriter and actor. He has been active since 1998 as one of the two lead vocalists of the J-pop boy-band KAT-TUN before starting a solo career in 2009. Akanishi has also acted in several films and dramas.", "Akanishi has also acted in several films and dramas. Biography Early life Akanishi was born in Chiba Prefecture, Greater Tokyo Area, Japan on July 4, 1984, as the eldest of two sons. He has a younger brother Reio, who also works in the entertainment industry as an actor under the stage name Fuuta.", "He has a younger brother Reio, who also works in the entertainment industry as an actor under the stage name Fuuta. Akanishi moved to Tokyo in the first grade.", "Akanishi moved to Tokyo in the first grade. In 1997, when he was still in grade school, a classmate sent in a photo of him to idol magazine Myojo, and he was featured in the \"Cool Classmates\" corner of the issue.", "In 1997, when he was still in grade school, a classmate sent in a photo of him to idol magazine Myojo, and he was featured in the \"Cool Classmates\" corner of the issue. Akanishi expressed interest in the entertainment industry and his mother thus sent in an application to Johnny's Entertainment on his behalf in 1998.", "Akanishi expressed interest in the entertainment industry and his mother thus sent in an application to Johnny's Entertainment on his behalf in 1998. Though he technically failed his audition on November 8, 1998, he was told to stay when he tried to return his number plate to a man who happened to be Johnny Kitagawa himself.", "Though he technically failed his audition on November 8, 1998, he was told to stay when he tried to return his number plate to a man who happened to be Johnny Kitagawa himself. 2001–2009: Early career and debut of KAT-TUN After he was made a Johnny's Jr. member in 2000, Akanishi was part of a number of groups like Musical Academy Dancing, J2000 and B.A.D., before being drafted into a six-member unit in 2001 with other juniors Kazuya Kamenashi, Junnosuke Taguchi, Koki Tanaka, Tatsuya Ueda and Yuichi Nakamaru.", "2001–2009: Early career and debut of KAT-TUN After he was made a Johnny's Jr. member in 2000, Akanishi was part of a number of groups like Musical Academy Dancing, J2000 and B.A.D., before being drafted into a six-member unit in 2001 with other juniors Kazuya Kamenashi, Junnosuke Taguchi, Koki Tanaka, Tatsuya Ueda and Yuichi Nakamaru. Though the group was originally meant to only be backup dancers for Koichi Domoto of KinKi Kids, the sextet's unexpected popularity led their agency to allow them to expand into a separate group called KAT-TUN, an acronym formed by the first letter of the members' surnames.", "Though the group was originally meant to only be backup dancers for Koichi Domoto of KinKi Kids, the sextet's unexpected popularity led their agency to allow them to expand into a separate group called KAT-TUN, an acronym formed by the first letter of the members' surnames. Despite the group's popularity (they even released DVDs of their live concerts in 2003 and 2005—a first for Johnny's groups that hadn't debuted), they were not allowed to make their bow until five years later in 2006, to immense success.", "Despite the group's popularity (they even released DVDs of their live concerts in 2003 and 2005—a first for Johnny's groups that hadn't debuted), they were not allowed to make their bow until five years later in 2006, to immense success. Much to the Japanese public's surprise, Akanishi announced in a press conference on October 13, 2006, that he was leaving the country to study English abroad for an indefinite amount of time.", "Much to the Japanese public's surprise, Akanishi announced in a press conference on October 13, 2006, that he was leaving the country to study English abroad for an indefinite amount of time. Despite his absence, KAT-TUN were obliged to continue its activities Akanishi finally returned from Los Angeles in the United States after six months on April 19, 2007.", "Despite his absence, KAT-TUN were obliged to continue its activities Akanishi finally returned from Los Angeles in the United States after six months on April 19, 2007. He quickly resumed work by joining his bandmates on their nationwide tour on April 21.", "He quickly resumed work by joining his bandmates on their nationwide tour on April 21. Akanishi was also a songwriter for the group, having written songs for KAT-TUN and for himself, including \"Hesitate\", \"Love or Like\" (from Cartoon KAT-TUN II You), \"Lovejuice\" (B-side of the limited edition 2 of \"Don't U Ever Stop\"), \"Care\" (from Break the Records: By You & For You), and \"Wonder\".", "Akanishi was also a songwriter for the group, having written songs for KAT-TUN and for himself, including \"Hesitate\", \"Love or Like\" (from Cartoon KAT-TUN II You), \"Lovejuice\" (B-side of the limited edition 2 of \"Don't U Ever Stop\"), \"Care\" (from Break the Records: By You & For You), and \"Wonder\". The song \"Wonder\" is a collaboration with R&B artist, Crystal Kay in 2009, and Akanishi also featured in her song \"Helpless Night\".", "The song \"Wonder\" is a collaboration with R&B artist, Crystal Kay in 2009, and Akanishi also featured in her song \"Helpless Night\". He can play the guitar and has composed both music and lyrics for \"\", \"ha-ha\" and \"Pinky\".", "He can play the guitar and has composed both music and lyrics for \"\", \"ha-ha\" and \"Pinky\". He also collaborated with bandmate Ueda to create the song, \"Butterfly\" (from Best of KAT-TUN).", "He also collaborated with bandmate Ueda to create the song, \"Butterfly\" (from Best of KAT-TUN). 2009–2010: Solo debut and working with LANDS At the event of Tokyo Girls Collection on September 5, 2009, Jin appeared as a special guest to promote his new movie, Bandage, and he performed the movie's theme song which marked this as the solo debut under the temporary band unit, LANDS, with Takeshi Kobayashi, the producer of Mr. Children.", "2009–2010: Solo debut and working with LANDS At the event of Tokyo Girls Collection on September 5, 2009, Jin appeared as a special guest to promote his new movie, Bandage, and he performed the movie's theme song which marked this as the solo debut under the temporary band unit, LANDS, with Takeshi Kobayashi, the producer of Mr. Children. Kobayashi wrote the lyrics and music of their debut single \"Bandage\".", "Kobayashi wrote the lyrics and music of their debut single \"Bandage\". It was released on November 25, and debuted at number one on the Oricon charts. In 2010, on January 13, was released the studio album Olympos, which also topped the Oricon charts.", "In 2010, on January 13, was released the studio album Olympos, which also topped the Oricon charts. On January 19, the band held their only live concert, titled LANDS Last Live.", "On January 19, the band held their only live concert, titled LANDS Last Live. Akanishi had a series of solo concerts, titled \"You & Jin\", comprising a total of 32 shows from February 7 to 28, 2010.", "Akanishi had a series of solo concerts, titled \"You & Jin\", comprising a total of 32 shows from February 7 to 28, 2010. The song \"A Page\", he co-wrote, composed and arranged, featured at his concerts, was released as part of KAT-TUN's 11th single, \"Love Yourself (Kimi ga Kirai na Kimi ga Suki)\", on the 2nd limited edition.", "The song \"A Page\", he co-wrote, composed and arranged, featured at his concerts, was released as part of KAT-TUN's 11th single, \"Love Yourself (Kimi ga Kirai na Kimi ga Suki)\", on the 2nd limited edition. On June 19 and 20, Akanishi's solo tour \"You & Jin\" had a 3 sold-out show tour in Los Angeles, California.", "On June 19 and 20, Akanishi's solo tour \"You & Jin\" had a 3 sold-out show tour in Los Angeles, California. In the last show of his \"You & Jin\" concert Akanishi announced a tour in the United States.", "In the last show of his \"You & Jin\" concert Akanishi announced a tour in the United States. In July, Akanishi announced that he would permanently leave the band KAT-TUN, becoming a solo artist of Johnny & Associates.", "In July, Akanishi announced that he would permanently leave the band KAT-TUN, becoming a solo artist of Johnny & Associates. On September 16, were released dates for Akanishi's November tour \"Yellow Gold Tour 3010\", named after the tour's title song \"Yellow Gold\", and the cities included were Chicago, New York City, Houston, Los Angeles and San Francisco.", "On September 16, were released dates for Akanishi's November tour \"Yellow Gold Tour 3010\", named after the tour's title song \"Yellow Gold\", and the cities included were Chicago, New York City, Houston, Los Angeles and San Francisco. The tour featured songs entirely in English, mostly written and produced by the Akanishi himself.", "The tour featured songs entirely in English, mostly written and produced by the Akanishi himself. On December 9, 2010, it was announced that Jin will be joining the Warner Music Group and Warner Music Japan on a global basis and became responsible for his recording career in both English and Japanese language.", "On December 9, 2010, it was announced that Jin will be joining the Warner Music Group and Warner Music Japan on a global basis and became responsible for his recording career in both English and Japanese language. After the \"Yellow Gold Tour 3010\" ended with success, Jin returned to Japan to hold \"Yellow Gold Tour 3011\" with total 12 concerts in Osaka-jō Hall, World Memorial Hall, Nippon Budokan and Saitama Super Arena.", "After the \"Yellow Gold Tour 3010\" ended with success, Jin returned to Japan to hold \"Yellow Gold Tour 3011\" with total 12 concerts in Osaka-jō Hall, World Memorial Hall, Nippon Budokan and Saitama Super Arena. 2011–2013: The U.S. debut, Japonicana and #JustJin Jin's first solo single titled \"Eternal\" was released on March 2, 2011, in Japan, and topped both Oricon and Japan Hot 100 charts.", "2011–2013: The U.S. debut, Japonicana and #JustJin Jin's first solo single titled \"Eternal\" was released on March 2, 2011, in Japan, and topped both Oricon and Japan Hot 100 charts. His debut single in the United States was the digitally released extended play Test Drive released on November 8, a collaboration with singer-songwriter Jason Derulo and producer J. R. Rotem.", "His debut single in the United States was the digitally released extended play Test Drive released on November 8, a collaboration with singer-songwriter Jason Derulo and producer J. R. Rotem. It reached the number one spot on the iTunes Dance Charts, and tenth spot on the overall Albums chart.", "It reached the number one spot on the iTunes Dance Charts, and tenth spot on the overall Albums chart. The Japanese release was on December 7, and it peaked at number fourteen on the Japan Hot 100, and topped both Oricon and Billboard album charts in Japan.", "The Japanese release was on December 7, and it peaked at number fourteen on the Japan Hot 100, and topped both Oricon and Billboard album charts in Japan. On December 28, was released his second physical single in Japan, Seasons, which also topped the charts.", "On December 28, was released his second physical single in Japan, Seasons, which also topped the charts. In 2012, on January 26 his second US digital single \"Sun Burns Down\" was released, and reached the number one spot on the iTunes Dance Charts again.", "In 2012, on January 26 his second US digital single \"Sun Burns Down\" was released, and reached the number one spot on the iTunes Dance Charts again. On March 6, was released his debut studio album Japonicana, on which collaborated with The Stereotypes and Static Revenger. It reached number two on the Oricon charts.", "It reached number two on the Oricon charts. From March 9 to 17 was held a promotional concert tour, which started at Club Nokia in Los Angeles.", "From March 9 to 17 was held a promotional concert tour, which started at Club Nokia in Los Angeles. In Japan from April to May was scheduled to hold 7 concerts in 5 cities including Tokyo and Osaka for a total of 70,000 people, but his further plans were abruptly cancelled due to a penalty by his own agency Johnny's Entertainment because didn't contacted his agency beforehand and reported his marriage at time.", "In Japan from April to May was scheduled to hold 7 concerts in 5 cities including Tokyo and Osaka for a total of 70,000 people, but his further plans were abruptly cancelled due to a penalty by his own agency Johnny's Entertainment because didn't contacted his agency beforehand and reported his marriage at time. In 2013, on August 7 was released his third single in Japan, \"Hey What's Up?", "In 2013, on August 7 was released his third single in Japan, \"Hey What's Up? \", which was chosen as the first official theme song for the Tokyo Girls Collection fashion show, which was held on the 31st of that same month at the Saitama Super Arena. It reached number two on the Oricon charts.", "It reached number two on the Oricon charts. On October 2 was released the fourth single \"Ai Naru Hō e\" (To Where Love Rings), which reached number three on the charts. On November 6 Akanishi released his second studio album #JustJin.", "On November 6 Akanishi released his second studio album #JustJin. The self-produced album included all the singles released in Japan since his solo debut in 2011, and a second bonus disc featured songs written in English during his Japonicana era. It reached number three on the charts.", "It reached number three on the charts. 2014–present: Indies debut and Mi Amor In 2014, on March 2 was made known to the public that Akanishi had decided not to renew his contract with Johnny & Associates, and had left the agency as of February 28.", "2014–present: Indies debut and Mi Amor In 2014, on March 2 was made known to the public that Akanishi had decided not to renew his contract with Johnny & Associates, and had left the agency as of February 28. On July 4, was announced that he had set up his own independent label, Go Good Records, and that opened his new fan club, \"JIP's\" (Jin's Important People).", "On July 4, was announced that he had set up his own independent label, Go Good Records, and that opened his new fan club, \"JIP's\" (Jin's Important People). On August 6, under Go Good Records Akanishi re-debuted with his fifth physical single \"Good Time\".", "On August 6, under Go Good Records Akanishi re-debuted with his fifth physical single \"Good Time\". It reached number two on the charts. The single was also made available on the iTunes Store across the globe.", "The single was also made available on the iTunes Store across the globe. On November 12 Akanishi released his second extended play, Mi Amor, and the second release from his own record label. It reached number three on the charts. The entire album was written, composed, and produced by Akanishi himself.", "The entire album was written, composed, and produced by Akanishi himself. The previous day of the release, on November 11 Akanishi went on a nationwide \"Jindependence\" tour from Zepp Sapporo, which ended on December 2 at Zepp Tokyo, with a total of 11 shows in 5 cities.", "The previous day of the release, on November 11 Akanishi went on a nationwide \"Jindependence\" tour from Zepp Sapporo, which ended on December 2 at Zepp Tokyo, with a total of 11 shows in 5 cities. He collaborated with Takayuki Yamada in August 2016 to form the unit called \"Jintaka\", which disbanded 2 months later.", "He collaborated with Takayuki Yamada in August 2016 to form the unit called \"Jintaka\", which disbanded 2 months later. The duo released their only single \"Choo choo shitain\" on September 21.", "The duo released their only single \"Choo choo shitain\" on September 21. Filmography Akanishi made his debut as an actor in 1999 in a cameo appearance in the second episode of NTV's romance comedy, P.P.O.I., and also had small roles in TV Asahi's Best Friend, Omae no yukichi ga naiteiru and in NHK series, Haregi, Koko Ichiban.", "Filmography Akanishi made his debut as an actor in 1999 in a cameo appearance in the second episode of NTV's romance comedy, P.P.O.I., and also had small roles in TV Asahi's Best Friend, Omae no yukichi ga naiteiru and in NHK series, Haregi, Koko Ichiban. He also started appearing in musicals from 2000 taking on supporting roles in Millennium Shock (2000), Show Geki Shock (2001–2002), Dream Boy (2004) and Dream Boys (2006).", "He also started appearing in musicals from 2000 taking on supporting roles in Millennium Shock (2000), Show Geki Shock (2001–2002), Dream Boy (2004) and Dream Boys (2006). Akanishi returned to the small screen in 2005 in the second season of the award-winning and popular NTV school drama, Gokusen, starring opposite Yukie Nakama and former bandmate Kazuya Kamenashi.", "Akanishi returned to the small screen in 2005 in the second season of the award-winning and popular NTV school drama, Gokusen, starring opposite Yukie Nakama and former bandmate Kazuya Kamenashi. The show won \"Best Drama\" at the 44th Television Drama Academy Awards and ended its run with an average viewership rating of 27.8%.", "The show won \"Best Drama\" at the 44th Television Drama Academy Awards and ended its run with an average viewership rating of 27.8%. He also had a supporting role in NTV's romance series, Anego, the same year.", "He also had a supporting role in NTV's romance series, Anego, the same year. In 2007, Akanishi starred in his first lead role in Yukan Club, a school comedy series, with ex-bandmate Junnosuke Taguchi and was voted \"Best Actor\" at the 11th Nikkan Sports Drama Grand Prix.", "In 2007, Akanishi starred in his first lead role in Yukan Club, a school comedy series, with ex-bandmate Junnosuke Taguchi and was voted \"Best Actor\" at the 11th Nikkan Sports Drama Grand Prix. He made his debut as a voice actor in 2008 for the Japanese dub of Speed Racer, providing the voice for protagonist Speed played by Emile Hirsch.", "He made his debut as a voice actor in 2008 for the Japanese dub of Speed Racer, providing the voice for protagonist Speed played by Emile Hirsch. In 2009, Akanishi was cast as the lead actor in the movie Bandage directed by Takeshi Kobayashi and released on January 16, 2010. This marked his debut on the big screen.", "This marked his debut on the big screen. In 2013, he made his Hollywood debut with the film 47 Ronin which also had Keanu Reeves in the lead role. Akanishi played the role of Chikara Oishi, the samurai leader's son, played by Hiroyuki Sanada and a close friend to Reeves' character, Kai.", "Akanishi played the role of Chikara Oishi, the samurai leader's son, played by Hiroyuki Sanada and a close friend to Reeves' character, Kai. The film's director, Carl Rinsch, said he was \"impressed by Akanishi's English abilities and motivation\".", "The film's director, Carl Rinsch, said he was \"impressed by Akanishi's English abilities and motivation\". Thus, he turned out to be the second Johnny & Associates artist within the agency after Ninomiya Kazunari in Letters From Iwo Jima to star in a Hollywood movie and the third overall to work with an American director.", "Thus, he turned out to be the second Johnny & Associates artist within the agency after Ninomiya Kazunari in Letters From Iwo Jima to star in a Hollywood movie and the third overall to work with an American director. Theatre Personal life Akanishi wed Japanese actress and model Meisa Kuroki in a private ceremony on February 2, 2012, just two weeks after they'd released official statements denying they were seeing one other.", "Theatre Personal life Akanishi wed Japanese actress and model Meisa Kuroki in a private ceremony on February 2, 2012, just two weeks after they'd released official statements denying they were seeing one other. The marriage immediately had a negative effect on Akanishi's career, not only because he failed to inform his talent agency, Johnny & Associates, of his plans to wed but because rumors began circulating that Kuroki was pregnant at the time of the wedding.", "The marriage immediately had a negative effect on Akanishi's career, not only because he failed to inform his talent agency, Johnny & Associates, of his plans to wed but because rumors began circulating that Kuroki was pregnant at the time of the wedding. In response to the scandal, his talent agency made the decision to cancel his solo tour.", "In response to the scandal, his talent agency made the decision to cancel his solo tour. Together, Akanishi and Kuroki have a daughter, Theia Akanishi (Japanese: 赤西 ティア, Akanishi Tia), who was born September 23, 2012, and a son, whose name has not yet been revealed to the public, who was born June 6, 2017.", "Together, Akanishi and Kuroki have a daughter, Theia Akanishi (Japanese: 赤西 ティア, Akanishi Tia), who was born September 23, 2012, and a son, whose name has not yet been revealed to the public, who was born June 6, 2017. In 2018, it was reported that the family had returned to Japan, having previously resided in Hawaii, and that Theia was attending the American School in Japan.", "In 2018, it was reported that the family had returned to Japan, having previously resided in Hawaii, and that Theia was attending the American School in Japan. Discography Test Drive (extended-play) (2011) Japonicana (2012) #JustJin (2013) Mi Amor (extended-play) (2014) Me (2015) Audio Fashion (2016) Choo choo shitain (2016) (single) (as Jintaka, unit formed with Takayuki Yamada) Blessèd (2017) À la carte (rearranged album) (2018) THANK YOU (2019) Awards and nominations References External links 1984 births Living people Japanese idols KAT-TUN members Japanese male pop singers Japanese male child actors Japanese child singers Japanese male singer-songwriters Japanese male voice actors Lands (band) members Warner Music Japan artists Musicians from Chiba Prefecture English-language singers from Japan 20th-century Japanese male singers 20th-century Japanese male actors 21st-century Japanese male singers 21st-century Japanese male actors" ]

[ "Culture Club", "Formation and Kissing to Be Clever: 1981-1983", "How did the band form?", "George decided to start his own band and enlisted bassist Mikey Craig, drummer Jon Moss, and finally guitarist Roy Hay." ]

[ "What Did You Think Was Going to Happen? is the debut studio album from Los Angeles band 2AM Club. It was released September 14, 2010 by RCA Records.\n\nCritical reception\n\nMatt Collar of AllMusic stated that with this album \"2AM Club reveal themselves as the best and brightest of the nu-eyed-soul set\".\n\nTrack listing\n\nOn May 31, the band released a song named \"Baseline\" that was a bonus track on What Did You Think Was Going to Happen? (sold on iTunes). It was advertised by them via Twitter, and was available for free download through a file sharing website, Hulk Share.\n\nCharts\n\nReferences\n\n2010 albums\nPop rock albums by American artists", "Friend Public Schools is a school district headquartered in Friend, Nebraska.\n\nIt operates Friend Elementary School and Friend Junior-Senior High School.\n\nIn 2017 a Twitter account criticizing officials and using the logo of the district had appeared. The district board asked for the owner to contact them. When this did not happen, the district filed a lawsuit to find the identity of the owner in 2019.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Friend Public Schools\n \n\nEducation in Saline County, Nebraska\nSchool districts in Nebraska" ]

[ "Culture Club are an English new wave band formed in London in 1981. The band comprises Boy George (lead vocals), Roy Hay (guitar and keyboards), Mikey Craig (bass guitar) and formerly included Jon Moss (drums and percussion).", "The band comprises Boy George (lead vocals), Roy Hay (guitar and keyboards), Mikey Craig (bass guitar) and formerly included Jon Moss (drums and percussion). Emerging in the New Romantic scene, they are considered one of the most representative and influential groups of the 1980s.", "Emerging in the New Romantic scene, they are considered one of the most representative and influential groups of the 1980s. Led by singer and frontman Boy George, whose androgynous style of dressing caught the attention of the public and the media in the early 1980s, the band have sold more than 50 million records including over 6 million BPI certified records sold in the UK and over 7 million RIAA certified records sold in the US.", "Led by singer and frontman Boy George, whose androgynous style of dressing caught the attention of the public and the media in the early 1980s, the band have sold more than 50 million records including over 6 million BPI certified records sold in the UK and over 7 million RIAA certified records sold in the US. Their hits include \"Do You Really Want to Hurt Me\", \"Time (Clock of the Heart)\", \"I'll Tumble 4 Ya\", \"Church of the Poison Mind\", \"Karma Chameleon\", \"Victims\", \"Miss Me Blind\", \"It's a Miracle\", \"The War Song\", \"Move Away\", and \"I Just Wanna Be Loved\".", "Their hits include \"Do You Really Want to Hurt Me\", \"Time (Clock of the Heart)\", \"I'll Tumble 4 Ya\", \"Church of the Poison Mind\", \"Karma Chameleon\", \"Victims\", \"Miss Me Blind\", \"It's a Miracle\", \"The War Song\", \"Move Away\", and \"I Just Wanna Be Loved\". In the UK they amassed twelve Top 40 hit singles between 1982 and 1999, including the number ones \"Do You Really Want To Hurt Me\" and \"Karma Chameleon\", the latter being the biggest selling single of 1983 in the UK, and hit number one on the US Hot 100 in 1984.", "In the UK they amassed twelve Top 40 hit singles between 1982 and 1999, including the number ones \"Do You Really Want To Hurt Me\" and \"Karma Chameleon\", the latter being the biggest selling single of 1983 in the UK, and hit number one on the US Hot 100 in 1984. The song \"Time (Clock of the Heart)\" is included on the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's list of 500 songs that shaped rock and roll.", "The song \"Time (Clock of the Heart)\" is included on the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's list of 500 songs that shaped rock and roll. Their second album, Colour by Numbers, sold more than 10 million copies worldwide.", "Their second album, Colour by Numbers, sold more than 10 million copies worldwide. It appeared on Rolling Stone magazine's list of the 100 Best Albums of the 1980s and is also included in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die.", "It appeared on Rolling Stone magazine's list of the 100 Best Albums of the 1980s and is also included in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die. Ten of their singles reached the US Top 40, where they are associated with the Second British Invasion of British new wave groups that became popular in the US due to the cable music channel MTV.", "Ten of their singles reached the US Top 40, where they are associated with the Second British Invasion of British new wave groups that became popular in the US due to the cable music channel MTV. Culture Club's music combines British new wave and American soul and pop.", "Culture Club's music combines British new wave and American soul and pop. It also includes some elements of Jamaican reggae and also other styles such as calypso, salsa, and with \"Karma Chameleon\", elements of country music.", "It also includes some elements of Jamaican reggae and also other styles such as calypso, salsa, and with \"Karma Chameleon\", elements of country music. In 1984, Culture Club won Brit Awards for Best British Group, Best British Single (\"Karma Chameleon\"), and the Grammy Award for Best New Artist.", "In 1984, Culture Club won Brit Awards for Best British Group, Best British Single (\"Karma Chameleon\"), and the Grammy Award for Best New Artist. They were nominated the same year for the Grammy Award for Pop Vocal by Group or Duo.", "They were nominated the same year for the Grammy Award for Pop Vocal by Group or Duo. The band were also nominated for a Canadian Juno Award for International Album of the Year.", "The band were also nominated for a Canadian Juno Award for International Album of the Year. In January 1985, Culture Club were nominated for an American Music Award for Favorite Pop/Rock Band/Duo/Group Video Artist, and in September 1985, they were nominated for two MTV Video Music Awards for Best Special Effects and Best Art Direction for their video \"It's a Miracle\".", "In January 1985, Culture Club were nominated for an American Music Award for Favorite Pop/Rock Band/Duo/Group Video Artist, and in September 1985, they were nominated for two MTV Video Music Awards for Best Special Effects and Best Art Direction for their video \"It's a Miracle\". In 1987, they received another nomination for an American Music Award for Favorite Pop/Rock Band/Duo/Group Video Artist.", "In 1987, they received another nomination for an American Music Award for Favorite Pop/Rock Band/Duo/Group Video Artist. History 1981–1983: Formation and Kissing to Be Clever In 1981, Blitz Club regular Boy George occasionally sang with the group Bow Wow Wow, performing under the stage name Lieutenant Lush with the group.", "History 1981–1983: Formation and Kissing to Be Clever In 1981, Blitz Club regular Boy George occasionally sang with the group Bow Wow Wow, performing under the stage name Lieutenant Lush with the group. After his tenure with the group ended, George decided to start his own band and enlisted bassist Mikey Craig, drummer Jon Moss, and finally guitarist Roy Hay joined the group.", "After his tenure with the group ended, George decided to start his own band and enlisted bassist Mikey Craig, drummer Jon Moss, and finally guitarist Roy Hay joined the group. Realizing they had an Irish gay man as the lead singer, a black Briton on bass, a blond Englishman on guitar and keyboards, and a Jewish drummer, they eventually decided to name the group Culture Club.", "Realizing they had an Irish gay man as the lead singer, a black Briton on bass, a blond Englishman on guitar and keyboards, and a Jewish drummer, they eventually decided to name the group Culture Club. The group recorded demos, which were paid for by EMI Records, but the label was unimpressed and decided not to sign the group.", "The group recorded demos, which were paid for by EMI Records, but the label was unimpressed and decided not to sign the group. Virgin Records heard the demos and signed the group in the UK, releasing their albums in Europe, while Epic Records released their albums in the United States and much of the rest of the world.", "Virgin Records heard the demos and signed the group in the UK, releasing their albums in Europe, while Epic Records released their albums in the United States and much of the rest of the world. The band released two singles in May and June 1982, \"White Boy\" and \"I'm Afraid of Me\", though both failed to chart.", "The band released two singles in May and June 1982, \"White Boy\" and \"I'm Afraid of Me\", though both failed to chart. In September of that year, the group released their third single, \"Do You Really Want to Hurt Me\", a reggae-influenced number, which became one of their biggest hits.", "In September of that year, the group released their third single, \"Do You Really Want to Hurt Me\", a reggae-influenced number, which became one of their biggest hits. The song went to No. 1 in the UK in late 1982 and became an international smash, topping the charts in twenty-three countries (No.", "1 in the UK in late 1982 and became an international smash, topping the charts in twenty-three countries (No. 2 in the US), and the top ten in several more countries. The band's 1982 debut on Top of the Pops created tabloid headlines, which focused on George's androgynous style of dress and sexual ambiguity.", "The band's 1982 debut on Top of the Pops created tabloid headlines, which focused on George's androgynous style of dress and sexual ambiguity. Magazines began to feature George prominently on their covers.", "Magazines began to feature George prominently on their covers. Pete Burns, lead singer of the new wave band Dead or Alive, would later claim he was the first to wear braids, big hats, and colourful costumes, but George would cut back with a sharp-tongued remark, \"It's not who did it first, it's who did it better.\"", "Pete Burns, lead singer of the new wave band Dead or Alive, would later claim he was the first to wear braids, big hats, and colourful costumes, but George would cut back with a sharp-tongued remark, \"It's not who did it first, it's who did it better.\" The band's debut album, Kissing to Be Clever (UK No.", "The band's debut album, Kissing to Be Clever (UK No. 5, US No. 14) was released in October 1982, and the follow-up single, \"Time (Clock of the Heart)\", became another Top 10 hit in the US (Number 2) and UK (Number 3).", "14) was released in October 1982, and the follow-up single, \"Time (Clock of the Heart)\", became another Top 10 hit in the US (Number 2) and UK (Number 3). \"I'll Tumble 4 Ya\" also became a Top Ten hit in the US (Number 9) and in Canada.", "\"I'll Tumble 4 Ya\" also became a Top Ten hit in the US (Number 9) and in Canada. This gave Culture Club the distinction of being the first group since The Beatles to have three Top Ten hits in America from a debut album.", "This gave Culture Club the distinction of being the first group since The Beatles to have three Top Ten hits in America from a debut album. Kissing to Be Clever sold over 1.5 million copies in the US, being certified platinum. 1983–1984: Colour by Numbers The band's second album, Colour by Numbers (UK No.", "1983–1984: Colour by Numbers The band's second album, Colour by Numbers (UK No. 1, US No. 2), was released in 1983. The first single, \"Church of the Poison Mind\", featuring backing vocalist Helen Terry, reached the UK and US Top 10.", "The first single, \"Church of the Poison Mind\", featuring backing vocalist Helen Terry, reached the UK and US Top 10. The second single, \"Karma Chameleon\", gave the band their biggest hit, peaking at No.", "The second single, \"Karma Chameleon\", gave the band their biggest hit, peaking at No. 1 in the UK (the band's second chart-topper there), where it became the best selling single of 1983 and has sold 1.5 million copies there to date. It also peaked at No.", "It also peaked at No. It also peaked at No. 1 in the US for three consecutive weeks, and would ultimately hit No.", "1 in the US for three consecutive weeks, and would ultimately hit No. 1 in 30 countries, thus becoming one of the top twenty best-selling singles of the 1980s sold up seven million copies worldwide, with one of the most iconic images of Boy George on the cover shot by photographer David Levine.", "1 in 30 countries, thus becoming one of the top twenty best-selling singles of the 1980s sold up seven million copies worldwide, with one of the most iconic images of Boy George on the cover shot by photographer David Levine. The album Colour by Numbers would spawn more hits including \"Miss Me Blind\" (#5 US), \"It's a Miracle\" (#4 UK, No.", "The album Colour by Numbers would spawn more hits including \"Miss Me Blind\" (#5 US), \"It's a Miracle\" (#4 UK, No. 13 US), and \"Victims\" (#3 UK), and sold four million copies in the US and another five million worldwide at its time of release.", "13 US), and \"Victims\" (#3 UK), and sold four million copies in the US and another five million worldwide at its time of release. The album gave Culture Club the distinction of being the first group in music history to have an album certified diamond in Canada (for sales of one million copies in that country).", "The album gave Culture Club the distinction of being the first group in music history to have an album certified diamond in Canada (for sales of one million copies in that country). The band also won the 1984 Brit Award for Best Group and the Grammy Award for Best New Artist, where George gave a speech via satellite stating, \"Thanks America, you've got style, you've got taste, and you know a good drag queen when you see one.\"", "The band also won the 1984 Brit Award for Best Group and the Grammy Award for Best New Artist, where George gave a speech via satellite stating, \"Thanks America, you've got style, you've got taste, and you know a good drag queen when you see one.\" The group's back-up singer, Helen Terry, began work on her solo album, for which George and Hay wrote the song \"Love Lies Lost\".", "The group's back-up singer, Helen Terry, began work on her solo album, for which George and Hay wrote the song \"Love Lies Lost\". The pair also wrote \"Passing Friend\" for the Beach Boys' album. Culture Club wrote two songs for the soundtrack to the movie Electric Dreams.", "Culture Club wrote two songs for the soundtrack to the movie Electric Dreams. George and Hay wrote \"The Dream\" and \"Love Is Love\", with the latter being released as a single in Canada and Japan, the E.P \"Love is Love\" became a major hit in Japan.", "George and Hay wrote \"The Dream\" and \"Love Is Love\", with the latter being released as a single in Canada and Japan, the E.P \"Love is Love\" became a major hit in Japan. George also collaborated on the song \"Electric Dreams\", sung by P. P. Arnold.", "George also collaborated on the song \"Electric Dreams\", sung by P. P. Arnold. The song was written with Phil Pickett (former member of the 1970s band Sailor) who had also co-written \"Karma Chameleon\" and frequently played keyboards for the group. Despite Culture Club's commercial success, there were significant pressures within the band.", "Despite Culture Club's commercial success, there were significant pressures within the band. George was using drugs with money from his new-found fame. George and Moss were also romantically involved with each other, which was unknown to the public and the media at the time.", "George and Moss were also romantically involved with each other, which was unknown to the public and the media at the time. Their relationship lasted for over four years and was often turbulent, with alleged physical and verbal abuse from both sides.", "Their relationship lasted for over four years and was often turbulent, with alleged physical and verbal abuse from both sides. Their constant arguments and the pressure to hide the relationship from the public started to take its toll on the band.", "Their constant arguments and the pressure to hide the relationship from the public started to take its toll on the band. 1984–1986: Waking Up with the House on Fire, From Luxury to Heartache and decline In 1984, the group released their third album Waking Up with the House on Fire (UK No. 2, US No.", "2, US No. 2, US No. 26) which sold 2.8 million copies worldwide. Although certified platinum in both the UK and the US, it was a commercial and critical disappointment compared to their first two albums. The album contained the hit single \"The War Song\", which reached No.", "The album contained the hit single \"The War Song\", which reached No. 2 in the UK, and Top 20 in the US. Other singles like \"Mistake No. 3\" (US No. 33) and \"The Medal Song\" (UK No. 32) would become modest hits.", "32) would become modest hits. George later stated he felt the album experienced a lukewarm reception because of half-hearted material he felt they released due to pressure from Virgin and Epic. According to him, the band had just come off an exhausting world tour in 1984.", "According to him, the band had just come off an exhausting world tour in 1984. At the end of 1984, Boy George was recruited by Bob Geldof to join the Band Aid recording, consisting of mostly internationally known UK and Irish recording stars.", "At the end of 1984, Boy George was recruited by Bob Geldof to join the Band Aid recording, consisting of mostly internationally known UK and Irish recording stars. George was in New York City for an appearance on Late Night with David Letterman when Geldof called him, but managed to catch the final Concorde of the day to London and was the last singer to record a lead vocal track for the song \"Do They Know It's Christmas?\".", "George was in New York City for an appearance on Late Night with David Letterman when Geldof called him, but managed to catch the final Concorde of the day to London and was the last singer to record a lead vocal track for the song \"Do They Know It's Christmas?\". The song would become the biggest selling single of all-time in the UK and a huge international hit, raising millions for famine victims in several African nations, particularly Ethiopia.", "The song would become the biggest selling single of all-time in the UK and a huge international hit, raising millions for famine victims in several African nations, particularly Ethiopia. Due to all the heartache from the break-up of his relationship with Moss, and all the ensuing tension with rest of the band, George turned to relief in drugs.", "Due to all the heartache from the break-up of his relationship with Moss, and all the ensuing tension with rest of the band, George turned to relief in drugs. Consequently, he soon developed a self-destructive drug addiction, which in merely four months escalated from marijuana to heroin. By 1986, George had become seriously addicted.", "By 1986, George had become seriously addicted. The recording of their fourth studio album, 1986's From Luxury to Heartache (UK No. 10, US No. 32) dragged on for so long that producer Arif Mardin had to abandon the sessions due to prior commitments and leave it to engineer Lew Hahn to finish the sessions.", "32) dragged on for so long that producer Arif Mardin had to abandon the sessions due to prior commitments and leave it to engineer Lew Hahn to finish the sessions. Nevertheless, the first single \"Move Away\" became a hit, peaking at UK No. 7 and US No.", "7 and US No. 7 and US No. 12 and appeared the album would return the group back to its previous success.", "12 and appeared the album would return the group back to its previous success. But by the time of the release of the second single \"God Thank You Woman\", news of George's drug addiction began to circulate in British and American tabloids, and the second single stalled on its way up the charts, failing to make a big impact.", "But by the time of the release of the second single \"God Thank You Woman\", news of George's drug addiction began to circulate in British and American tabloids, and the second single stalled on its way up the charts, failing to make a big impact. George and Moss also no longer wanted to be around each other due to the constant relationship battles and with George's addiction.", "George and Moss also no longer wanted to be around each other due to the constant relationship battles and with George's addiction. From Luxury to Heartache began to fade from the charts as well, and the album ultimately sold less than one million copies worldwide at the time of release.", "From Luxury to Heartache began to fade from the charts as well, and the album ultimately sold less than one million copies worldwide at the time of release. By the summer of 1986, George finally admitted that he was indeed addicted to drugs.", "By the summer of 1986, George finally admitted that he was indeed addicted to drugs. In July of that year, he was arrested by the British police for possession of heroin. The band broke up and George pursued a solo career, having several European hits and a couple of US Top 40 hits.", "The band broke up and George pursued a solo career, having several European hits and a couple of US Top 40 hits. Reunions 1989 The band first tried to reunite in 1989, after many requests from Tony Gordon, the group's former manager and George's manager at that time.", "Reunions 1989 The band first tried to reunite in 1989, after many requests from Tony Gordon, the group's former manager and George's manager at that time. George agreed to try some songs with the band again, resulting in recording sessions and producing more than a dozen songs that remain unreleased.", "George agreed to try some songs with the band again, resulting in recording sessions and producing more than a dozen songs that remain unreleased. George, however, was more excited about his future projects like his record label, More Protein, and his new acid house project Jesus Loves You. The proposed reunion ended up being cancelled.", "The proposed reunion ended up being cancelled. 1998–2000, 2002 In 1998, George and Moss put their differences aside and the band reunited to do a reunion tour, kicking off with a performance on VH1 Storytellers.", "1998–2000, 2002 In 1998, George and Moss put their differences aside and the band reunited to do a reunion tour, kicking off with a performance on VH1 Storytellers. George said about the reunion, \"Culture Club's reunion couldn't have come at a better time for rock\", adding that, \"It's a nostalgia trip, there's no way of avoiding that.\"", "George said about the reunion, \"Culture Club's reunion couldn't have come at a better time for rock\", adding that, \"It's a nostalgia trip, there's no way of avoiding that.\" The tour was a major success.", "The tour was a major success. Greatest Moments, a compilation album based around the Storytellers performance, was released, and went platinum in UK. It included new songs such as \"I Just Wanna Be Loved\", which hit UK No. 4.", "4. 4. However, their new-found success was short-lived and their fifth studio album, Don't Mind If I Do, released in 1999, peaked at No. 64 in the UK. It included minor UK hits in \"Your Kisses Are Charity\" (UK No. 25) and \"Cold Shoulder\" (UK No.", "25) and \"Cold Shoulder\" (UK No. 43). The band went on to tour, then reunited again for a 20th anniversary concert in 2002 at the Royal Albert Hall in London. This performance was released on DVD the following year.", "This performance was released on DVD the following year. Culture Club then became inactive again, largely due to George's successful DJ career, as well as his semi-autobiographical musical Taboo.", "Culture Club then became inactive again, largely due to George's successful DJ career, as well as his semi-autobiographical musical Taboo. It was a success in London, but was a flop on Broadway, only running for 100 performances, as well as losing $10 million for its producer, Rosie O'Donnell.", "It was a success in London, but was a flop on Broadway, only running for 100 performances, as well as losing $10 million for its producer, Rosie O'Donnell. 2006 In 2006, original members Craig and Moss tried to launch a new tour with another lead singer, as George and Hay had declined to tour.", "2006 In 2006, original members Craig and Moss tried to launch a new tour with another lead singer, as George and Hay had declined to tour. Early that year, the band's record company placed an ad for a lead singer to \"...take part in a 2007 World Tour and TV Series.\"", "Early that year, the band's record company placed an ad for a lead singer to \"...take part in a 2007 World Tour and TV Series.\" The new singer, Sam Butcher was selected because of his own personality, \"not a Boy George lookalike.\"", "The new singer, Sam Butcher was selected because of his own personality, \"not a Boy George lookalike.\" After watching a video on MySpace, George described the singer who replaced him as \"terrible\" and \"dreadful\". George said: \"I wanted to like it but I couldn't.", "George said: \"I wanted to like it but I couldn't. They're my songs, they're my heart, they're my life.\" A proposed tour for December 2006 in the UK did not take place.", "A proposed tour for December 2006 in the UK did not take place. 2011 In late 2011, George was part of a three-man Culture Club band that performed two live concerts, in Dubai and Sydney, the latter being a New Year's Eve concert, although Moss did not appear due to a back injury.", "2011 In late 2011, George was part of a three-man Culture Club band that performed two live concerts, in Dubai and Sydney, the latter being a New Year's Eve concert, although Moss did not appear due to a back injury. 2014–present In 2014, the band reformed and announced a tour and a new album.", "2014–present In 2014, the band reformed and announced a tour and a new album. A new picture of the four members was also posted on the band's official website, along with the list of the 11 UK concert dates. The band travelled to Spain for a two-week recording session.", "The band travelled to Spain for a two-week recording session. 18 new tracks were completed for a new album produced by Youth. The new album, entitled Tribes, was scheduled for release in early 2015 on the band's own label Different Man Music (via Kobalt Label Services).", "The new album, entitled Tribes, was scheduled for release in early 2015 on the band's own label Different Man Music (via Kobalt Label Services). At the end of that year the album had still not materialised.", "At the end of that year the album had still not materialised. On 19 July 2014, the band were among the line-up for a two-hour concert in Edinburgh Castle, ahead of the opening ceremony of the Commonwealth Games in Glasgow. Hay did not perform with the band because he was in recovery after having knee surgery.", "Hay did not perform with the band because he was in recovery after having knee surgery. The band played two songs, \"Do You Really Want To Hurt Me\" and \"Karma Chameleon\" which were shown on BBC TV.", "The band played two songs, \"Do You Really Want To Hurt Me\" and \"Karma Chameleon\" which were shown on BBC TV. In mid-November 2014, two days before the start of their 21-date US and UK tour, Culture Club announced they had to cancel the tour due to George suffering from a serious throat condition.", "In mid-November 2014, two days before the start of their 21-date US and UK tour, Culture Club announced they had to cancel the tour due to George suffering from a serious throat condition. The cancelled tour would have represented the full original line-up's first tour in 12 years.", "The cancelled tour would have represented the full original line-up's first tour in 12 years. The North American tour was eventually rescheduled and started on 17 July 2015 in Canada. A television documentary, Boy George and Culture Club: Karma to Calamity, aired on BBC Four on 6 March 2015.", "A television documentary, Boy George and Culture Club: Karma to Calamity, aired on BBC Four on 6 March 2015. The programme documented the band's reunion in 2014 and the making of their new album in Spain, up to the announcement to cancel the tour.", "The programme documented the band's reunion in 2014 and the making of their new album in Spain, up to the announcement to cancel the tour. Based on the popularity of 2015's mini-tour, Culture Club began a 40-city summer tour in 2016.", "Based on the popularity of 2015's mini-tour, Culture Club began a 40-city summer tour in 2016. The major success of this tour culminated in a DVD/CD/Blu-ray release, Live At Wembley: World Tour 2016.", "The major success of this tour culminated in a DVD/CD/Blu-ray release, Live At Wembley: World Tour 2016. In August 2016, the band announced that the album Tribes was permanently shelved, and offered refunds to all those who had pre-ordered the album online. In 2018, Culture Club toured the US and Europe from June to December.", "In 2018, Culture Club toured the US and Europe from June to December. Dubbed The Life Tour, the band toured in support of their namesake album, along with supporting acts The B-52s, Tom Bailey (formerly of The Thompson Twins) and Belinda Carlisle (Europe dates only).", "Dubbed The Life Tour, the band toured in support of their namesake album, along with supporting acts The B-52s, Tom Bailey (formerly of The Thompson Twins) and Belinda Carlisle (Europe dates only). Jon Moss was originally part of the line-up, but did not participate in the European leg of the tour.", "Jon Moss was originally part of the line-up, but did not participate in the European leg of the tour. A spokeswoman for Boy George confirmed: \"Jon's taking a break from Culture Club but the door is open in the future.\"", "A spokeswoman for Boy George confirmed: \"Jon's taking a break from Culture Club but the door is open in the future.\" In December 2019, Moss filed a writ at London's High Court naming the band trio as defendants.", "In December 2019, Moss filed a writ at London's High Court naming the band trio as defendants. Moss' lawyers say he was told to \"take a break\" by manager Paul Kemsley, demanding nearly £200,000 in missing payments and a share of profits. Jon Moss officially left Culture Club in May 2021.", "Jon Moss officially left Culture Club in May 2021. Culture Club returned to the SSE Arena in Wembley on 19 December 2020 for a livestream concert, broadcast around the world, in response to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.", "Culture Club returned to the SSE Arena in Wembley on 19 December 2020 for a livestream concert, broadcast around the world, in response to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Titled Rainbow in the Dark, the concert saw the band play their classic hits, new material, including a new ballad version of \"Karma Chameleon\", featuring Mila, and covers of T. Rex's \"Get It On (Bang a Gong)\" and George's solo cover of Bread's \"Everything I Own\".", "Titled Rainbow in the Dark, the concert saw the band play their classic hits, new material, including a new ballad version of \"Karma Chameleon\", featuring Mila, and covers of T. Rex's \"Get It On (Bang a Gong)\" and George's solo cover of Bread's \"Everything I Own\". Awards and achievements ASCAP Pop Music Awards |- | rowspan=\"2\"|1984 | \"Karma Chameleon\" | rowspan=\"2\"|Most Performed Songs | |- | \"It's a Miracle\" | American Music Awards |- | 1985 | rowspan=\"2\" | Culture Club | rowspan=\"2\" | Favorite Pop/Rock Band/Duo/Group | |- | 1987 | American Video Awards |- | rowspan=4|1984 | rowspan=2|A Kiss Across the Ocean | Best Long-Form Video | |- | Best Home Video | |- | \"The War Song\" | Best Choreography | |- | \"Miss Me Blind\" | Best Set Design | Billboard Music Awards |- | rowspan=6|1983 | rowspan=4|Themselves | Top Pop New Artist | |- | Top Pop Singles Artist | |- | Top Pop Singles Artist – Duo/Group | |- | Top Adult Contemporary Artist – Duo/Group | |- | Kissing to Be Clever | Top Pop Album | |- | \"Karma Chameleon\" | Top UK Single | BRIT Awards |- | 1983 | rowspan=\"2\"|Culture Club | Best British Breakthrough Act | |- | rowspan=\"2\" | 1984 | Best British Group | |- | \"Karma Chameleon\" | Best British Single | Classic Pop Reader Awards |- | 2019 | Culture Club | Artist of the Year | Creem Magazine Awards |- | rowspan=2|1983 | Themselves | Worst Group – No.", "Awards and achievements ASCAP Pop Music Awards |- | rowspan=\"2\"|1984 | \"Karma Chameleon\" | rowspan=\"2\"|Most Performed Songs | |- | \"It's a Miracle\" | American Music Awards |- | 1985 | rowspan=\"2\" | Culture Club | rowspan=\"2\" | Favorite Pop/Rock Band/Duo/Group | |- | 1987 | American Video Awards |- | rowspan=4|1984 | rowspan=2|A Kiss Across the Ocean | Best Long-Form Video | |- | Best Home Video | |- | \"The War Song\" | Best Choreography | |- | \"Miss Me Blind\" | Best Set Design | Billboard Music Awards |- | rowspan=6|1983 | rowspan=4|Themselves | Top Pop New Artist | |- | Top Pop Singles Artist | |- | Top Pop Singles Artist – Duo/Group | |- | Top Adult Contemporary Artist – Duo/Group | |- | Kissing to Be Clever | Top Pop Album | |- | \"Karma Chameleon\" | Top UK Single | BRIT Awards |- | 1983 | rowspan=\"2\"|Culture Club | Best British Breakthrough Act | |- | rowspan=\"2\" | 1984 | Best British Group | |- | \"Karma Chameleon\" | Best British Single | Classic Pop Reader Awards |- | 2019 | Culture Club | Artist of the Year | Creem Magazine Awards |- | rowspan=2|1983 | Themselves | Worst Group – No. 1 | |- | Colour by Numbers | Top Album – No.", "1 | |- | Colour by Numbers | Top Album – No. 19 | Goldene Europa |- | 1983 | Colour by Numbers | Best International Group | Grammy Awards |- | rowspan=\"2\" | 1984 | Culture Club | Best New Artist | |- | \"Do You Really Want to Hurt Me\" | Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group | Ivor Novello Awards |- | 1983 | \"Do You Really Want to Hurt Me\" | Best Selling A-Side | |- | rowspan=\"4\" | 1984 | rowspan=\"4\" | \"Karma Chameleon\" | Best Pop Song | |- | Best Selling A-Side | |- | Most Performed Work | |- | International Hit of the Year | Juno Awards |- | 1984 | Colour by Numbers | International Album of the Year | MTV Video Music Awards |- | rowspan=2|1985 | rowspan=2|\"It's a Miracle\" | Best Special Effects | |- | Best Art Direction | Q Awards |- | 2006 | \"Karma Chameleon\" | Q Classic Song Award | |- | 2014 | Culture Club | Q Idol | Rockbjörnen |- | 1983 | Colour by Numbers | Best Foreign Album | Smash Hits Poll Winners Party |- | rowspan=4|1982 | \"Do You Really Want to Hurt Me?\"", "19 | Goldene Europa |- | 1983 | Colour by Numbers | Best International Group | Grammy Awards |- | rowspan=\"2\" | 1984 | Culture Club | Best New Artist | |- | \"Do You Really Want to Hurt Me\" | Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group | Ivor Novello Awards |- | 1983 | \"Do You Really Want to Hurt Me\" | Best Selling A-Side | |- | rowspan=\"4\" | 1984 | rowspan=\"4\" | \"Karma Chameleon\" | Best Pop Song | |- | Best Selling A-Side | |- | Most Performed Work | |- | International Hit of the Year | Juno Awards |- | 1984 | Colour by Numbers | International Album of the Year | MTV Video Music Awards |- | rowspan=2|1985 | rowspan=2|\"It's a Miracle\" | Best Special Effects | |- | Best Art Direction | Q Awards |- | 2006 | \"Karma Chameleon\" | Q Classic Song Award | |- | 2014 | Culture Club | Q Idol | Rockbjörnen |- | 1983 | Colour by Numbers | Best Foreign Album | Smash Hits Poll Winners Party |- | rowspan=4|1982 | \"Do You Really Want to Hurt Me?\" | Best Single | |- | Kissing to Be Clever | Best Album | |- | rowspan=3|Themselves | Most Promising New Act | |- | rowspan=2|Best Group | |- | rowspan=6|1983 | |- | Culture Club's \"Colour by Numbers\" Tour | rowspan=2|Event of the Year | |- | Culture Club Making No.1 with \"Karma Chameleon\"| |- | rowspan=2|\"Karma Chameleon\" | Best Single | |- | Best Video | |- | Colour by Numbers| rowspan=2|Best Album | |- | rowspan=4|1984 | Waking Up with the House on Fire| |- | rowspan=2|\"The War Song\" | Best Single | |- | Best Video | |- | rowspan=2|Themselves | Best Group | |- | 1985 | Worst Group | Rock and Roll Hall of Fame |- | 1999 | \"Time (Clock of the Heart)\" | 500 Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll | | No.", "| Best Single | |- | Kissing to Be Clever | Best Album | |- | rowspan=3|Themselves | Most Promising New Act | |- | rowspan=2|Best Group | |- | rowspan=6|1983 | |- | Culture Club's \"Colour by Numbers\" Tour | rowspan=2|Event of the Year | |- | Culture Club Making No.1 with \"Karma Chameleon\"| |- | rowspan=2|\"Karma Chameleon\" | Best Single | |- | Best Video | |- | Colour by Numbers| rowspan=2|Best Album | |- | rowspan=4|1984 | Waking Up with the House on Fire| |- | rowspan=2|\"The War Song\" | Best Single | |- | Best Video | |- | rowspan=2|Themselves | Best Group | |- | 1985 | Worst Group | Rock and Roll Hall of Fame |- | 1999 | \"Time (Clock of the Heart)\" | 500 Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll | | No. 107 Variety Club of Great Britain Awards |- | 1985 | The War Song| Best Recording Artist | Musical style and development Culture Club's sound combines British new wave and American soul with Jamaican reggae and also other styles as calypso, salsa or country.Philadelphia Daily News described Culture Club as a hot new rock act, while William K Knoedelseder Jr from Los Angeles Times said about the group, \"Boy George of Culture Club, a rock group MTV helped make popular\", adding that, \"There's some debate in the record industry about MTV's ability to directly increase record sales across the board but there's no doubt that the channel has been responsible for exposing such rock artists as Def Leppard, Duran Duran and Men at Work to a national audience...\" In the 1980s, Boy George said about the music style of his band Culture Club, \"We play rock 'n' roll and I love rock 'n' roll music but I don't like the lifestyle.", "107 Variety Club of Great Britain Awards |- | 1985 | The War Song| Best Recording Artist | Musical style and development Culture Club's sound combines British new wave and American soul with Jamaican reggae and also other styles as calypso, salsa or country.Philadelphia Daily News described Culture Club as a hot new rock act, while William K Knoedelseder Jr from Los Angeles Times said about the group, \"Boy George of Culture Club, a rock group MTV helped make popular\", adding that, \"There's some debate in the record industry about MTV's ability to directly increase record sales across the board but there's no doubt that the channel has been responsible for exposing such rock artists as Def Leppard, Duran Duran and Men at Work to a national audience...\" In the 1980s, Boy George said about the music style of his band Culture Club, \"We play rock 'n' roll and I love rock 'n' roll music but I don't like the lifestyle. I don't like people tipping beer over their heads....", "I don't like people tipping beer over their heads.... I just hate rock 'n' roll in that way. It's disgusting and boring. I look at what we're doing as very intelligent.\"", "I look at what we're doing as very intelligent.\" Stephen Holden, music critic for The New York Times, said in his article Rock: British Culture Club, that \"Culture Club blends soul, rock, funk, reggae and salsa into a music that programmatically reconciles white, black and Latin styles\", adding that, \"Mr. O'Dowd made the group's best songs – the Motown-flavoured Do You Really Want to Hurt Me and the Latin-inflected dance tune I'll Tumble 4 Ya – shine like jewels.\"", "Stephen Holden, music critic for The New York Times, said in his article Rock: British Culture Club, that \"Culture Club blends soul, rock, funk, reggae and salsa into a music that programmatically reconciles white, black and Latin styles\", adding that, \"Mr. O'Dowd made the group's best songs – the Motown-flavoured Do You Really Want to Hurt Me and the Latin-inflected dance tune I'll Tumble 4 Ya – shine like jewels.\" Star-News considered Culture Club as a 'new rock' band of the 1980s; the newspaper said \"Now you see the more rhythm-oriented, 'new rock of the 80s,' like Culture Club and the Eurythmics, fitting in more easily with urban contemporary formats.\"", "Star-News considered Culture Club as a 'new rock' band of the 1980s; the newspaper said \"Now you see the more rhythm-oriented, 'new rock of the 80s,' like Culture Club and the Eurythmics, fitting in more easily with urban contemporary formats.\" Stephen Thomas Erlewine, senior editor for AllMusic, described specifically Culture Club as a new wave band and generically as the most successful pop/rock group in America and England during the 1980s, adding that, \"By 1986, the group had broken up, leaving behind several singles that rank as classics of the new wave era.\"", "Stephen Thomas Erlewine, senior editor for AllMusic, described specifically Culture Club as a new wave band and generically as the most successful pop/rock group in America and England during the 1980s, adding that, \"By 1986, the group had broken up, leaving behind several singles that rank as classics of the new wave era.\" The music of Culture Club is described by George as, \"The aim is to be creatively fluid to make everything we do a little different.", "The music of Culture Club is described by George as, \"The aim is to be creatively fluid to make everything we do a little different. We want to be a bridge between white rock and black soul\", adding that, \"I want Culture Club to represent all peoples and minorities\".", "We want to be a bridge between white rock and black soul\", adding that, \"I want Culture Club to represent all peoples and minorities\". The band was part of the second British rock invasion of the 1980s in the United States, as R. Serge Denisoff and William L. Schurk said in their book Tarnished gold: the record industry revisited, \"Here comes the rock and roll of 1984.", "The band was part of the second British rock invasion of the 1980s in the United States, as R. Serge Denisoff and William L. Schurk said in their book Tarnished gold: the record industry revisited, \"Here comes the rock and roll of 1984. The invaders were a mixed bunch led by Culture Club, whose sound has been described as 'recycled Smokey Robinson' or 'torchy American schmaltz and classic Motown'\", adding that, \"Boy George's drag-queen appearance made the group a natural for the visual demands of cable television\".", "The invaders were a mixed bunch led by Culture Club, whose sound has been described as 'recycled Smokey Robinson' or 'torchy American schmaltz and classic Motown'\", adding that, \"Boy George's drag-queen appearance made the group a natural for the visual demands of cable television\". In her book Magazines for children: a guide for parents, teachers, and librarians, author Selma K. Richardson said that Culture Club's music is soft rock that contains, \"enough soul and new wave elements to cover almost all audiences\".", "In her book Magazines for children: a guide for parents, teachers, and librarians, author Selma K. Richardson said that Culture Club's music is soft rock that contains, \"enough soul and new wave elements to cover almost all audiences\". Band members Principal members Boy George – vocals, tambourine (1981–1986, 1998–2002, 2011–present) Mikey Craig – vocals, bass, keyboards (1981–1986, 1998–2002, 2011–present) Roy Hay – guitars, vocals, keyboards (1981–1986, 1998–2002, 2011–present) Touring/session members Phil Pickett – keyboards, vocals (1981–1986) Darius Zickus – keyboards (1998–2002) Darren Lewis – keyboards, percussion (2011–present) Meryl Evans – drums, percussion, vocals (2021–present) Former members Jon Moss – drums, percussion, vocals (1981–1986, 1998–2002, 2011–2021) Discography Kissing to Be Clever (1982) Colour by Numbers (1983) Waking Up with the House on Fire (1984) From Luxury to Heartache (1986) Don't Mind If I Do (1999) Life (2018) Citations Bibliography Songbooks Kissing to Be Clever (including \"Time (Clock of the Heart)\" – 1982), London & Suffolk, West Central Printing Co. Ltd., distr.", "Band members Principal members Boy George – vocals, tambourine (1981–1986, 1998–2002, 2011–present) Mikey Craig – vocals, bass, keyboards (1981–1986, 1998–2002, 2011–present) Roy Hay – guitars, vocals, keyboards (1981–1986, 1998–2002, 2011–present) Touring/session members Phil Pickett – keyboards, vocals (1981–1986) Darius Zickus – keyboards (1998–2002) Darren Lewis – keyboards, percussion (2011–present) Meryl Evans – drums, percussion, vocals (2021–present) Former members Jon Moss – drums, percussion, vocals (1981–1986, 1998–2002, 2011–2021) Discography Kissing to Be Clever (1982) Colour by Numbers (1983) Waking Up with the House on Fire (1984) From Luxury to Heartache (1986) Don't Mind If I Do (1999) Life (2018) Citations Bibliography Songbooks Kissing to Be Clever (including \"Time (Clock of the Heart)\" – 1982), London & Suffolk, West Central Printing Co. Ltd., distr. Music Sales Ltd. Colour by Numbers (1983), London & Suffolk, West Central Printing Co. Ltd., distr.", "Music Sales Ltd. Colour by Numbers (1983), London & Suffolk, West Central Printing Co. Ltd., distr. Music Sales Ltd. Waking Up with the House on Fire (1984), London & Suffolk, West Central Printing Co. Ltd., distr.", "Music Sales Ltd. Waking Up with the House on Fire (1984), London & Suffolk, West Central Printing Co. Ltd., distr. Music Sales Ltd. From Luxury to Heartache (1986), Virgin Music (Publishers) Ltd., distr.", "Music Sales Ltd. From Luxury to Heartache (1986), Virgin Music (Publishers) Ltd., distr. IMP-International Music Publications, Essex, England Culture Club'' (10 of their best songs – 1987), Virgin Music (Publishers) Ltd., distr. IMP-International Music Publications, Essex, England N.B.", "IMP-International Music Publications, Essex, England N.B. : Each of the first four songbooks includes a detailed official biography, which is each time updated: this way, such songbooks, corresponding to the band's first four albums, chronicle the early official biography of Culture Club, from 1982 to 1986.", ": Each of the first four songbooks includes a detailed official biography, which is each time updated: this way, such songbooks, corresponding to the band's first four albums, chronicle the early official biography of Culture Club, from 1982 to 1986. External links Culture Club VH1 artist page Culture Club MTV artist page [ Culture Club Billboard artist page] Culture Club Rolling Stone artist page Brit Award winners English dance music groups English pop music groups English new wave musical groups Epic Records artists Grammy Award winners LGBT-themed musical groups Musical groups disestablished in 1986 Musical groups disestablished in 2002 Musical groups established in 1981 Musical groups reestablished in 1998 Musical groups reestablished in 2011 Musical quartets Virgin Records artists British soul musical groups" ]

[ "Culture Club", "Formation and Kissing to Be Clever: 1981-1983", "How did the band form?", "George decided to start his own band and enlisted bassist Mikey Craig, drummer Jon Moss, and finally guitarist Roy Hay.", "When did this happen?", "In 1981," ]

[ "Kayax Production & Publishing Sp. z o.o. is an independent Polish entertainment company that operates a record label, music publisher, management and concert agency. It was founded by singer Kayah and her business partner, musician Tomasz Grewiński, in 2001 in Warsaw. Kayah was initially founded as a record label. In 2003, Kayax signed chillout duo 15 Minut Projekt and producer Envee.\n\nFolk, hip-hop and rock acts have signed with Kayax. The label's best-selling artists include alternative singer Maria Peszek, jazz-pop singer Krzysztof Kiljański and folk pop band Zakopower, yielding albums certified Gold and Platinum in Poland.\n\nArtists\n\nCurrent\n\nArtur Rojek (recording contract)\nAtom String Quartet (recording contract)\nMonika Brodka (recording contract and management)\nUrszula Dudziak (recording and management contract)\nMaria Peszek (management contract, formerly also recording contract)\nMarek Dyjak (recording and management contract)\nMery Spolsky\nFox (recording contract)\nGrabek (recording contract)\nHEY (recording and management contract)\nKrzysztof Zalewski (recording contract)\nJune (recording and management contract)\nKayah (recording and management contract)\nLoco Star (recording contract)\nKasia Nosowska (recording and management contract)\nPatrick The Pan (recording and management contract)\nSara Brylewska (recording contract)\nSkubas (recording and management contract)\nAndrzej Smolik (recording and management contract)\nZakopower (recording and management contract)\n\nFormer\n\n15 Minut Projekt (recording contract)\nAndrzej Bachleda (recording contract)\nBisquit (recording contract)\nBenzyna (recording contract)\nBuldog (recording contract)\nEnvee (recording contract)\nIncarNations (recording contract)\nKrzysztof Kiljański (recording contract)\nL.U.C (recording contract)\nMarcin Wyrostek (recording contract)\nMaja Kleszcz & IncarNations (recording contract)\nMosqitoo (recording contract)\nNatalia Lubrano (recording contract)\nNovika (recording contract)\nSnowman (recording contract)\nSofa (recording contract)\nTatiana Okupnik (recording contract)\nWarsaw Village Band (recording contract)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nPolish companies established in 2001\nMass media companies established in 2001\nPolish independent record labels", "Jeffrey Scott Wood (born May 10, 1968) is an American country music artist. Wood was signed to a publishing contract in 1994, writing songs for other country artists, including \"Cowboy Love\", a Top 5 hit for John Michael Montgomery in 1996. He signed to a recording contract with Liberty Records later that year, but did not release anything while on the label. His debut album, Between the Earth and the Stars, was released in 1997 on Imprint Records. This album produced three chart singles for Wood on the Hot Country Songs charts that year, including the No. 44-peaking \"You Just Get One\". Although he did not chart again after 1997, Wood continued to write songs for other artists into the 2000s, including Neal McCoy and Phil Vassar, and independently released a second album in 2008.\n\nBiography\nWood was born May 10, 1968, in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. He later attended Oklahoma State University, where he earned a degree in finance and was a member of the Sigma Nu fraternity. One of Wood's classmates was Garth Brooks, who, like Wood, had aspirations to become a country music artist. Eventually, both singers moved to Nashville, Tennessee to begin their respective careers.\n\nWood was signed to a songwriting contract with EMI Publishing in 1994. One of his first cuts as a songwriter was \"Cowboy Love,\" which was a top five hit on the country charts for John Michael Montgomery in early 1996. Liberty Records signed Wood to a recording contract later that year, although he did not release anything for the label.\n\nBy the end of the year, he had signed to his second recording contract, this time with a newly started independent label, Imprint Records. His debut album, Between the Earth and the Stars, was released on February 11, 1997, under the production of Mark Bright. The album's lead-off single, \"You Just Get One\", reached number 44 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks (now Hot Country Songs) charts. This song was co-written by Don Schlitz and Vince Gill (who also played mandolin and guitar on the album), and was previously cut by Ty Herndon on his 1995 debut album What Mattered Most. Wood's rendition of the song featured Gill performing on guitar and mandolin. Brett Atwood of Billboard called \"You Just Get One\" an \"immensely likeable\" single. Between the Earth and the Stars also produced minor chart singles in the number 55 \"Use Mine\" and number 63 \"You Call That a Mountain\", which was later a single in 2000 for B.J. Thomas from his album of the same name. Imprint closed at the end of 1997, and Wood was left without a record label. He continued to write songs for other artists, including Tracy Byrd, Neal McCoy, and Phil Vassar.\n\nWood was formerly the brother-in-law of Phil Vassar from 2003 to 2007. Vassar was married to Wood's sister, Julie.\n\nIn 2008, Wood returned to recording, issuing an album entitled Raw Wood independently. Its first single is a song entitled \"Long Way from OK\", a re-recording of a song previously found on his debut album. Wood also released a Christmas album and a religious-themed album.\n\nJeff Wood was nominated for the 7th Annual Independent Music Awards for Band Venue Poster of the year.\n\nIn 2013, Wood issued his third country album entitled \"The Jeff Scott Wood Project, Nothin' But Blue\" independently, JeffScottWood.com.\n\nDiscography\n\nAlbums\n\nSingles\n\nMusic videos\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nJeffScottWood.com\n\n1968 births\nLiving people\nMusicians from Oklahoma City\nCountry musicians from Oklahoma\nAmerican country bass guitarists\nAmerican country singer-songwriters\nAmerican male singer-songwriters\nSinger-songwriters from Oklahoma\nGuitarists from Oklahoma\nAmerican male bass guitarists\nImprint Records artists\n20th-century American bass guitarists\n20th-century American male musicians" ]

[ "Culture Club are an English new wave band formed in London in 1981. The band comprises Boy George (lead vocals), Roy Hay (guitar and keyboards), Mikey Craig (bass guitar) and formerly included Jon Moss (drums and percussion).", "The band comprises Boy George (lead vocals), Roy Hay (guitar and keyboards), Mikey Craig (bass guitar) and formerly included Jon Moss (drums and percussion). Emerging in the New Romantic scene, they are considered one of the most representative and influential groups of the 1980s.", "Emerging in the New Romantic scene, they are considered one of the most representative and influential groups of the 1980s. Led by singer and frontman Boy George, whose androgynous style of dressing caught the attention of the public and the media in the early 1980s, the band have sold more than 50 million records including over 6 million BPI certified records sold in the UK and over 7 million RIAA certified records sold in the US.", "Led by singer and frontman Boy George, whose androgynous style of dressing caught the attention of the public and the media in the early 1980s, the band have sold more than 50 million records including over 6 million BPI certified records sold in the UK and over 7 million RIAA certified records sold in the US. Their hits include \"Do You Really Want to Hurt Me\", \"Time (Clock of the Heart)\", \"I'll Tumble 4 Ya\", \"Church of the Poison Mind\", \"Karma Chameleon\", \"Victims\", \"Miss Me Blind\", \"It's a Miracle\", \"The War Song\", \"Move Away\", and \"I Just Wanna Be Loved\".", "Their hits include \"Do You Really Want to Hurt Me\", \"Time (Clock of the Heart)\", \"I'll Tumble 4 Ya\", \"Church of the Poison Mind\", \"Karma Chameleon\", \"Victims\", \"Miss Me Blind\", \"It's a Miracle\", \"The War Song\", \"Move Away\", and \"I Just Wanna Be Loved\". In the UK they amassed twelve Top 40 hit singles between 1982 and 1999, including the number ones \"Do You Really Want To Hurt Me\" and \"Karma Chameleon\", the latter being the biggest selling single of 1983 in the UK, and hit number one on the US Hot 100 in 1984.", "In the UK they amassed twelve Top 40 hit singles between 1982 and 1999, including the number ones \"Do You Really Want To Hurt Me\" and \"Karma Chameleon\", the latter being the biggest selling single of 1983 in the UK, and hit number one on the US Hot 100 in 1984. The song \"Time (Clock of the Heart)\" is included on the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's list of 500 songs that shaped rock and roll.", "The song \"Time (Clock of the Heart)\" is included on the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's list of 500 songs that shaped rock and roll. Their second album, Colour by Numbers, sold more than 10 million copies worldwide.", "Their second album, Colour by Numbers, sold more than 10 million copies worldwide. It appeared on Rolling Stone magazine's list of the 100 Best Albums of the 1980s and is also included in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die.", "It appeared on Rolling Stone magazine's list of the 100 Best Albums of the 1980s and is also included in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die. Ten of their singles reached the US Top 40, where they are associated with the Second British Invasion of British new wave groups that became popular in the US due to the cable music channel MTV.", "Ten of their singles reached the US Top 40, where they are associated with the Second British Invasion of British new wave groups that became popular in the US due to the cable music channel MTV. Culture Club's music combines British new wave and American soul and pop.", "Culture Club's music combines British new wave and American soul and pop. It also includes some elements of Jamaican reggae and also other styles such as calypso, salsa, and with \"Karma Chameleon\", elements of country music.", "It also includes some elements of Jamaican reggae and also other styles such as calypso, salsa, and with \"Karma Chameleon\", elements of country music. In 1984, Culture Club won Brit Awards for Best British Group, Best British Single (\"Karma Chameleon\"), and the Grammy Award for Best New Artist.", "In 1984, Culture Club won Brit Awards for Best British Group, Best British Single (\"Karma Chameleon\"), and the Grammy Award for Best New Artist. They were nominated the same year for the Grammy Award for Pop Vocal by Group or Duo.", "They were nominated the same year for the Grammy Award for Pop Vocal by Group or Duo. The band were also nominated for a Canadian Juno Award for International Album of the Year.", "The band were also nominated for a Canadian Juno Award for International Album of the Year. In January 1985, Culture Club were nominated for an American Music Award for Favorite Pop/Rock Band/Duo/Group Video Artist, and in September 1985, they were nominated for two MTV Video Music Awards for Best Special Effects and Best Art Direction for their video \"It's a Miracle\".", "In January 1985, Culture Club were nominated for an American Music Award for Favorite Pop/Rock Band/Duo/Group Video Artist, and in September 1985, they were nominated for two MTV Video Music Awards for Best Special Effects and Best Art Direction for their video \"It's a Miracle\". In 1987, they received another nomination for an American Music Award for Favorite Pop/Rock Band/Duo/Group Video Artist.", "In 1987, they received another nomination for an American Music Award for Favorite Pop/Rock Band/Duo/Group Video Artist. History 1981–1983: Formation and Kissing to Be Clever In 1981, Blitz Club regular Boy George occasionally sang with the group Bow Wow Wow, performing under the stage name Lieutenant Lush with the group.", "History 1981–1983: Formation and Kissing to Be Clever In 1981, Blitz Club regular Boy George occasionally sang with the group Bow Wow Wow, performing under the stage name Lieutenant Lush with the group. After his tenure with the group ended, George decided to start his own band and enlisted bassist Mikey Craig, drummer Jon Moss, and finally guitarist Roy Hay joined the group.", "After his tenure with the group ended, George decided to start his own band and enlisted bassist Mikey Craig, drummer Jon Moss, and finally guitarist Roy Hay joined the group. Realizing they had an Irish gay man as the lead singer, a black Briton on bass, a blond Englishman on guitar and keyboards, and a Jewish drummer, they eventually decided to name the group Culture Club.", "Realizing they had an Irish gay man as the lead singer, a black Briton on bass, a blond Englishman on guitar and keyboards, and a Jewish drummer, they eventually decided to name the group Culture Club. The group recorded demos, which were paid for by EMI Records, but the label was unimpressed and decided not to sign the group.", "The group recorded demos, which were paid for by EMI Records, but the label was unimpressed and decided not to sign the group. Virgin Records heard the demos and signed the group in the UK, releasing their albums in Europe, while Epic Records released their albums in the United States and much of the rest of the world.", "Virgin Records heard the demos and signed the group in the UK, releasing their albums in Europe, while Epic Records released their albums in the United States and much of the rest of the world. The band released two singles in May and June 1982, \"White Boy\" and \"I'm Afraid of Me\", though both failed to chart.", "The band released two singles in May and June 1982, \"White Boy\" and \"I'm Afraid of Me\", though both failed to chart. In September of that year, the group released their third single, \"Do You Really Want to Hurt Me\", a reggae-influenced number, which became one of their biggest hits.", "In September of that year, the group released their third single, \"Do You Really Want to Hurt Me\", a reggae-influenced number, which became one of their biggest hits. The song went to No. 1 in the UK in late 1982 and became an international smash, topping the charts in twenty-three countries (No.", "1 in the UK in late 1982 and became an international smash, topping the charts in twenty-three countries (No. 2 in the US), and the top ten in several more countries. The band's 1982 debut on Top of the Pops created tabloid headlines, which focused on George's androgynous style of dress and sexual ambiguity.", "The band's 1982 debut on Top of the Pops created tabloid headlines, which focused on George's androgynous style of dress and sexual ambiguity. Magazines began to feature George prominently on their covers.", "Magazines began to feature George prominently on their covers. Pete Burns, lead singer of the new wave band Dead or Alive, would later claim he was the first to wear braids, big hats, and colourful costumes, but George would cut back with a sharp-tongued remark, \"It's not who did it first, it's who did it better.\"", "Pete Burns, lead singer of the new wave band Dead or Alive, would later claim he was the first to wear braids, big hats, and colourful costumes, but George would cut back with a sharp-tongued remark, \"It's not who did it first, it's who did it better.\" The band's debut album, Kissing to Be Clever (UK No.", "The band's debut album, Kissing to Be Clever (UK No. 5, US No. 14) was released in October 1982, and the follow-up single, \"Time (Clock of the Heart)\", became another Top 10 hit in the US (Number 2) and UK (Number 3).", "14) was released in October 1982, and the follow-up single, \"Time (Clock of the Heart)\", became another Top 10 hit in the US (Number 2) and UK (Number 3). \"I'll Tumble 4 Ya\" also became a Top Ten hit in the US (Number 9) and in Canada.", "\"I'll Tumble 4 Ya\" also became a Top Ten hit in the US (Number 9) and in Canada. This gave Culture Club the distinction of being the first group since The Beatles to have three Top Ten hits in America from a debut album.", "This gave Culture Club the distinction of being the first group since The Beatles to have three Top Ten hits in America from a debut album. Kissing to Be Clever sold over 1.5 million copies in the US, being certified platinum. 1983–1984: Colour by Numbers The band's second album, Colour by Numbers (UK No.", "1983–1984: Colour by Numbers The band's second album, Colour by Numbers (UK No. 1, US No. 2), was released in 1983. The first single, \"Church of the Poison Mind\", featuring backing vocalist Helen Terry, reached the UK and US Top 10.", "The first single, \"Church of the Poison Mind\", featuring backing vocalist Helen Terry, reached the UK and US Top 10. The second single, \"Karma Chameleon\", gave the band their biggest hit, peaking at No.", "The second single, \"Karma Chameleon\", gave the band their biggest hit, peaking at No. 1 in the UK (the band's second chart-topper there), where it became the best selling single of 1983 and has sold 1.5 million copies there to date. It also peaked at No.", "It also peaked at No. It also peaked at No. 1 in the US for three consecutive weeks, and would ultimately hit No.", "1 in the US for three consecutive weeks, and would ultimately hit No. 1 in 30 countries, thus becoming one of the top twenty best-selling singles of the 1980s sold up seven million copies worldwide, with one of the most iconic images of Boy George on the cover shot by photographer David Levine.", "1 in 30 countries, thus becoming one of the top twenty best-selling singles of the 1980s sold up seven million copies worldwide, with one of the most iconic images of Boy George on the cover shot by photographer David Levine. The album Colour by Numbers would spawn more hits including \"Miss Me Blind\" (#5 US), \"It's a Miracle\" (#4 UK, No.", "The album Colour by Numbers would spawn more hits including \"Miss Me Blind\" (#5 US), \"It's a Miracle\" (#4 UK, No. 13 US), and \"Victims\" (#3 UK), and sold four million copies in the US and another five million worldwide at its time of release.", "13 US), and \"Victims\" (#3 UK), and sold four million copies in the US and another five million worldwide at its time of release. The album gave Culture Club the distinction of being the first group in music history to have an album certified diamond in Canada (for sales of one million copies in that country).", "The album gave Culture Club the distinction of being the first group in music history to have an album certified diamond in Canada (for sales of one million copies in that country). The band also won the 1984 Brit Award for Best Group and the Grammy Award for Best New Artist, where George gave a speech via satellite stating, \"Thanks America, you've got style, you've got taste, and you know a good drag queen when you see one.\"", "The band also won the 1984 Brit Award for Best Group and the Grammy Award for Best New Artist, where George gave a speech via satellite stating, \"Thanks America, you've got style, you've got taste, and you know a good drag queen when you see one.\" The group's back-up singer, Helen Terry, began work on her solo album, for which George and Hay wrote the song \"Love Lies Lost\".", "The group's back-up singer, Helen Terry, began work on her solo album, for which George and Hay wrote the song \"Love Lies Lost\". The pair also wrote \"Passing Friend\" for the Beach Boys' album. Culture Club wrote two songs for the soundtrack to the movie Electric Dreams.", "Culture Club wrote two songs for the soundtrack to the movie Electric Dreams. George and Hay wrote \"The Dream\" and \"Love Is Love\", with the latter being released as a single in Canada and Japan, the E.P \"Love is Love\" became a major hit in Japan.", "George and Hay wrote \"The Dream\" and \"Love Is Love\", with the latter being released as a single in Canada and Japan, the E.P \"Love is Love\" became a major hit in Japan. George also collaborated on the song \"Electric Dreams\", sung by P. P. Arnold.", "George also collaborated on the song \"Electric Dreams\", sung by P. P. Arnold. The song was written with Phil Pickett (former member of the 1970s band Sailor) who had also co-written \"Karma Chameleon\" and frequently played keyboards for the group. Despite Culture Club's commercial success, there were significant pressures within the band.", "Despite Culture Club's commercial success, there were significant pressures within the band. George was using drugs with money from his new-found fame. George and Moss were also romantically involved with each other, which was unknown to the public and the media at the time.", "George and Moss were also romantically involved with each other, which was unknown to the public and the media at the time. Their relationship lasted for over four years and was often turbulent, with alleged physical and verbal abuse from both sides.", "Their relationship lasted for over four years and was often turbulent, with alleged physical and verbal abuse from both sides. Their constant arguments and the pressure to hide the relationship from the public started to take its toll on the band.", "Their constant arguments and the pressure to hide the relationship from the public started to take its toll on the band. 1984–1986: Waking Up with the House on Fire, From Luxury to Heartache and decline In 1984, the group released their third album Waking Up with the House on Fire (UK No. 2, US No.", "2, US No. 2, US No. 26) which sold 2.8 million copies worldwide. Although certified platinum in both the UK and the US, it was a commercial and critical disappointment compared to their first two albums. The album contained the hit single \"The War Song\", which reached No.", "The album contained the hit single \"The War Song\", which reached No. 2 in the UK, and Top 20 in the US. Other singles like \"Mistake No. 3\" (US No. 33) and \"The Medal Song\" (UK No. 32) would become modest hits.", "32) would become modest hits. George later stated he felt the album experienced a lukewarm reception because of half-hearted material he felt they released due to pressure from Virgin and Epic. According to him, the band had just come off an exhausting world tour in 1984.", "According to him, the band had just come off an exhausting world tour in 1984. At the end of 1984, Boy George was recruited by Bob Geldof to join the Band Aid recording, consisting of mostly internationally known UK and Irish recording stars.", "At the end of 1984, Boy George was recruited by Bob Geldof to join the Band Aid recording, consisting of mostly internationally known UK and Irish recording stars. George was in New York City for an appearance on Late Night with David Letterman when Geldof called him, but managed to catch the final Concorde of the day to London and was the last singer to record a lead vocal track for the song \"Do They Know It's Christmas?\".", "George was in New York City for an appearance on Late Night with David Letterman when Geldof called him, but managed to catch the final Concorde of the day to London and was the last singer to record a lead vocal track for the song \"Do They Know It's Christmas?\". The song would become the biggest selling single of all-time in the UK and a huge international hit, raising millions for famine victims in several African nations, particularly Ethiopia.", "The song would become the biggest selling single of all-time in the UK and a huge international hit, raising millions for famine victims in several African nations, particularly Ethiopia. Due to all the heartache from the break-up of his relationship with Moss, and all the ensuing tension with rest of the band, George turned to relief in drugs.", "Due to all the heartache from the break-up of his relationship with Moss, and all the ensuing tension with rest of the band, George turned to relief in drugs. Consequently, he soon developed a self-destructive drug addiction, which in merely four months escalated from marijuana to heroin. By 1986, George had become seriously addicted.", "By 1986, George had become seriously addicted. The recording of their fourth studio album, 1986's From Luxury to Heartache (UK No. 10, US No. 32) dragged on for so long that producer Arif Mardin had to abandon the sessions due to prior commitments and leave it to engineer Lew Hahn to finish the sessions.", "32) dragged on for so long that producer Arif Mardin had to abandon the sessions due to prior commitments and leave it to engineer Lew Hahn to finish the sessions. Nevertheless, the first single \"Move Away\" became a hit, peaking at UK No. 7 and US No.", "7 and US No. 7 and US No. 12 and appeared the album would return the group back to its previous success.", "12 and appeared the album would return the group back to its previous success. But by the time of the release of the second single \"God Thank You Woman\", news of George's drug addiction began to circulate in British and American tabloids, and the second single stalled on its way up the charts, failing to make a big impact.", "But by the time of the release of the second single \"God Thank You Woman\", news of George's drug addiction began to circulate in British and American tabloids, and the second single stalled on its way up the charts, failing to make a big impact. George and Moss also no longer wanted to be around each other due to the constant relationship battles and with George's addiction.", "George and Moss also no longer wanted to be around each other due to the constant relationship battles and with George's addiction. From Luxury to Heartache began to fade from the charts as well, and the album ultimately sold less than one million copies worldwide at the time of release.", "From Luxury to Heartache began to fade from the charts as well, and the album ultimately sold less than one million copies worldwide at the time of release. By the summer of 1986, George finally admitted that he was indeed addicted to drugs.", "By the summer of 1986, George finally admitted that he was indeed addicted to drugs. In July of that year, he was arrested by the British police for possession of heroin. The band broke up and George pursued a solo career, having several European hits and a couple of US Top 40 hits.", "The band broke up and George pursued a solo career, having several European hits and a couple of US Top 40 hits. Reunions 1989 The band first tried to reunite in 1989, after many requests from Tony Gordon, the group's former manager and George's manager at that time.", "Reunions 1989 The band first tried to reunite in 1989, after many requests from Tony Gordon, the group's former manager and George's manager at that time. George agreed to try some songs with the band again, resulting in recording sessions and producing more than a dozen songs that remain unreleased.", "George agreed to try some songs with the band again, resulting in recording sessions and producing more than a dozen songs that remain unreleased. George, however, was more excited about his future projects like his record label, More Protein, and his new acid house project Jesus Loves You. The proposed reunion ended up being cancelled.", "The proposed reunion ended up being cancelled. 1998–2000, 2002 In 1998, George and Moss put their differences aside and the band reunited to do a reunion tour, kicking off with a performance on VH1 Storytellers.", "1998–2000, 2002 In 1998, George and Moss put their differences aside and the band reunited to do a reunion tour, kicking off with a performance on VH1 Storytellers. George said about the reunion, \"Culture Club's reunion couldn't have come at a better time for rock\", adding that, \"It's a nostalgia trip, there's no way of avoiding that.\"", "George said about the reunion, \"Culture Club's reunion couldn't have come at a better time for rock\", adding that, \"It's a nostalgia trip, there's no way of avoiding that.\" The tour was a major success.", "The tour was a major success. Greatest Moments, a compilation album based around the Storytellers performance, was released, and went platinum in UK. It included new songs such as \"I Just Wanna Be Loved\", which hit UK No. 4.", "4. 4. However, their new-found success was short-lived and their fifth studio album, Don't Mind If I Do, released in 1999, peaked at No. 64 in the UK. It included minor UK hits in \"Your Kisses Are Charity\" (UK No. 25) and \"Cold Shoulder\" (UK No.", "25) and \"Cold Shoulder\" (UK No. 43). The band went on to tour, then reunited again for a 20th anniversary concert in 2002 at the Royal Albert Hall in London. This performance was released on DVD the following year.", "This performance was released on DVD the following year. Culture Club then became inactive again, largely due to George's successful DJ career, as well as his semi-autobiographical musical Taboo.", "Culture Club then became inactive again, largely due to George's successful DJ career, as well as his semi-autobiographical musical Taboo. It was a success in London, but was a flop on Broadway, only running for 100 performances, as well as losing $10 million for its producer, Rosie O'Donnell.", "It was a success in London, but was a flop on Broadway, only running for 100 performances, as well as losing $10 million for its producer, Rosie O'Donnell. 2006 In 2006, original members Craig and Moss tried to launch a new tour with another lead singer, as George and Hay had declined to tour.", "2006 In 2006, original members Craig and Moss tried to launch a new tour with another lead singer, as George and Hay had declined to tour. Early that year, the band's record company placed an ad for a lead singer to \"...take part in a 2007 World Tour and TV Series.\"", "Early that year, the band's record company placed an ad for a lead singer to \"...take part in a 2007 World Tour and TV Series.\" The new singer, Sam Butcher was selected because of his own personality, \"not a Boy George lookalike.\"", "The new singer, Sam Butcher was selected because of his own personality, \"not a Boy George lookalike.\" After watching a video on MySpace, George described the singer who replaced him as \"terrible\" and \"dreadful\". George said: \"I wanted to like it but I couldn't.", "George said: \"I wanted to like it but I couldn't. They're my songs, they're my heart, they're my life.\" A proposed tour for December 2006 in the UK did not take place.", "A proposed tour for December 2006 in the UK did not take place. 2011 In late 2011, George was part of a three-man Culture Club band that performed two live concerts, in Dubai and Sydney, the latter being a New Year's Eve concert, although Moss did not appear due to a back injury.", "2011 In late 2011, George was part of a three-man Culture Club band that performed two live concerts, in Dubai and Sydney, the latter being a New Year's Eve concert, although Moss did not appear due to a back injury. 2014–present In 2014, the band reformed and announced a tour and a new album.", "2014–present In 2014, the band reformed and announced a tour and a new album. A new picture of the four members was also posted on the band's official website, along with the list of the 11 UK concert dates. The band travelled to Spain for a two-week recording session.", "The band travelled to Spain for a two-week recording session. 18 new tracks were completed for a new album produced by Youth. The new album, entitled Tribes, was scheduled for release in early 2015 on the band's own label Different Man Music (via Kobalt Label Services).", "The new album, entitled Tribes, was scheduled for release in early 2015 on the band's own label Different Man Music (via Kobalt Label Services). At the end of that year the album had still not materialised.", "At the end of that year the album had still not materialised. On 19 July 2014, the band were among the line-up for a two-hour concert in Edinburgh Castle, ahead of the opening ceremony of the Commonwealth Games in Glasgow. Hay did not perform with the band because he was in recovery after having knee surgery.", "Hay did not perform with the band because he was in recovery after having knee surgery. The band played two songs, \"Do You Really Want To Hurt Me\" and \"Karma Chameleon\" which were shown on BBC TV.", "The band played two songs, \"Do You Really Want To Hurt Me\" and \"Karma Chameleon\" which were shown on BBC TV. In mid-November 2014, two days before the start of their 21-date US and UK tour, Culture Club announced they had to cancel the tour due to George suffering from a serious throat condition.", "In mid-November 2014, two days before the start of their 21-date US and UK tour, Culture Club announced they had to cancel the tour due to George suffering from a serious throat condition. The cancelled tour would have represented the full original line-up's first tour in 12 years.", "The cancelled tour would have represented the full original line-up's first tour in 12 years. The North American tour was eventually rescheduled and started on 17 July 2015 in Canada. A television documentary, Boy George and Culture Club: Karma to Calamity, aired on BBC Four on 6 March 2015.", "A television documentary, Boy George and Culture Club: Karma to Calamity, aired on BBC Four on 6 March 2015. The programme documented the band's reunion in 2014 and the making of their new album in Spain, up to the announcement to cancel the tour.", "The programme documented the band's reunion in 2014 and the making of their new album in Spain, up to the announcement to cancel the tour. Based on the popularity of 2015's mini-tour, Culture Club began a 40-city summer tour in 2016.", "Based on the popularity of 2015's mini-tour, Culture Club began a 40-city summer tour in 2016. The major success of this tour culminated in a DVD/CD/Blu-ray release, Live At Wembley: World Tour 2016.", "The major success of this tour culminated in a DVD/CD/Blu-ray release, Live At Wembley: World Tour 2016. In August 2016, the band announced that the album Tribes was permanently shelved, and offered refunds to all those who had pre-ordered the album online. In 2018, Culture Club toured the US and Europe from June to December.", "In 2018, Culture Club toured the US and Europe from June to December. Dubbed The Life Tour, the band toured in support of their namesake album, along with supporting acts The B-52s, Tom Bailey (formerly of The Thompson Twins) and Belinda Carlisle (Europe dates only).", "Dubbed The Life Tour, the band toured in support of their namesake album, along with supporting acts The B-52s, Tom Bailey (formerly of The Thompson Twins) and Belinda Carlisle (Europe dates only). Jon Moss was originally part of the line-up, but did not participate in the European leg of the tour.", "Jon Moss was originally part of the line-up, but did not participate in the European leg of the tour. A spokeswoman for Boy George confirmed: \"Jon's taking a break from Culture Club but the door is open in the future.\"", "A spokeswoman for Boy George confirmed: \"Jon's taking a break from Culture Club but the door is open in the future.\" In December 2019, Moss filed a writ at London's High Court naming the band trio as defendants.", "In December 2019, Moss filed a writ at London's High Court naming the band trio as defendants. Moss' lawyers say he was told to \"take a break\" by manager Paul Kemsley, demanding nearly £200,000 in missing payments and a share of profits. Jon Moss officially left Culture Club in May 2021.", "Jon Moss officially left Culture Club in May 2021. Culture Club returned to the SSE Arena in Wembley on 19 December 2020 for a livestream concert, broadcast around the world, in response to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.", "Culture Club returned to the SSE Arena in Wembley on 19 December 2020 for a livestream concert, broadcast around the world, in response to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Titled Rainbow in the Dark, the concert saw the band play their classic hits, new material, including a new ballad version of \"Karma Chameleon\", featuring Mila, and covers of T. Rex's \"Get It On (Bang a Gong)\" and George's solo cover of Bread's \"Everything I Own\".", "Titled Rainbow in the Dark, the concert saw the band play their classic hits, new material, including a new ballad version of \"Karma Chameleon\", featuring Mila, and covers of T. Rex's \"Get It On (Bang a Gong)\" and George's solo cover of Bread's \"Everything I Own\". Awards and achievements ASCAP Pop Music Awards |- | rowspan=\"2\"|1984 | \"Karma Chameleon\" | rowspan=\"2\"|Most Performed Songs | |- | \"It's a Miracle\" | American Music Awards |- | 1985 | rowspan=\"2\" | Culture Club | rowspan=\"2\" | Favorite Pop/Rock Band/Duo/Group | |- | 1987 | American Video Awards |- | rowspan=4|1984 | rowspan=2|A Kiss Across the Ocean | Best Long-Form Video | |- | Best Home Video | |- | \"The War Song\" | Best Choreography | |- | \"Miss Me Blind\" | Best Set Design | Billboard Music Awards |- | rowspan=6|1983 | rowspan=4|Themselves | Top Pop New Artist | |- | Top Pop Singles Artist | |- | Top Pop Singles Artist – Duo/Group | |- | Top Adult Contemporary Artist – Duo/Group | |- | Kissing to Be Clever | Top Pop Album | |- | \"Karma Chameleon\" | Top UK Single | BRIT Awards |- | 1983 | rowspan=\"2\"|Culture Club | Best British Breakthrough Act | |- | rowspan=\"2\" | 1984 | Best British Group | |- | \"Karma Chameleon\" | Best British Single | Classic Pop Reader Awards |- | 2019 | Culture Club | Artist of the Year | Creem Magazine Awards |- | rowspan=2|1983 | Themselves | Worst Group – No.", "Awards and achievements ASCAP Pop Music Awards |- | rowspan=\"2\"|1984 | \"Karma Chameleon\" | rowspan=\"2\"|Most Performed Songs | |- | \"It's a Miracle\" | American Music Awards |- | 1985 | rowspan=\"2\" | Culture Club | rowspan=\"2\" | Favorite Pop/Rock Band/Duo/Group | |- | 1987 | American Video Awards |- | rowspan=4|1984 | rowspan=2|A Kiss Across the Ocean | Best Long-Form Video | |- | Best Home Video | |- | \"The War Song\" | Best Choreography | |- | \"Miss Me Blind\" | Best Set Design | Billboard Music Awards |- | rowspan=6|1983 | rowspan=4|Themselves | Top Pop New Artist | |- | Top Pop Singles Artist | |- | Top Pop Singles Artist – Duo/Group | |- | Top Adult Contemporary Artist – Duo/Group | |- | Kissing to Be Clever | Top Pop Album | |- | \"Karma Chameleon\" | Top UK Single | BRIT Awards |- | 1983 | rowspan=\"2\"|Culture Club | Best British Breakthrough Act | |- | rowspan=\"2\" | 1984 | Best British Group | |- | \"Karma Chameleon\" | Best British Single | Classic Pop Reader Awards |- | 2019 | Culture Club | Artist of the Year | Creem Magazine Awards |- | rowspan=2|1983 | Themselves | Worst Group – No. 1 | |- | Colour by Numbers | Top Album – No.", "1 | |- | Colour by Numbers | Top Album – No. 19 | Goldene Europa |- | 1983 | Colour by Numbers | Best International Group | Grammy Awards |- | rowspan=\"2\" | 1984 | Culture Club | Best New Artist | |- | \"Do You Really Want to Hurt Me\" | Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group | Ivor Novello Awards |- | 1983 | \"Do You Really Want to Hurt Me\" | Best Selling A-Side | |- | rowspan=\"4\" | 1984 | rowspan=\"4\" | \"Karma Chameleon\" | Best Pop Song | |- | Best Selling A-Side | |- | Most Performed Work | |- | International Hit of the Year | Juno Awards |- | 1984 | Colour by Numbers | International Album of the Year | MTV Video Music Awards |- | rowspan=2|1985 | rowspan=2|\"It's a Miracle\" | Best Special Effects | |- | Best Art Direction | Q Awards |- | 2006 | \"Karma Chameleon\" | Q Classic Song Award | |- | 2014 | Culture Club | Q Idol | Rockbjörnen |- | 1983 | Colour by Numbers | Best Foreign Album | Smash Hits Poll Winners Party |- | rowspan=4|1982 | \"Do You Really Want to Hurt Me?\"", "19 | Goldene Europa |- | 1983 | Colour by Numbers | Best International Group | Grammy Awards |- | rowspan=\"2\" | 1984 | Culture Club | Best New Artist | |- | \"Do You Really Want to Hurt Me\" | Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group | Ivor Novello Awards |- | 1983 | \"Do You Really Want to Hurt Me\" | Best Selling A-Side | |- | rowspan=\"4\" | 1984 | rowspan=\"4\" | \"Karma Chameleon\" | Best Pop Song | |- | Best Selling A-Side | |- | Most Performed Work | |- | International Hit of the Year | Juno Awards |- | 1984 | Colour by Numbers | International Album of the Year | MTV Video Music Awards |- | rowspan=2|1985 | rowspan=2|\"It's a Miracle\" | Best Special Effects | |- | Best Art Direction | Q Awards |- | 2006 | \"Karma Chameleon\" | Q Classic Song Award | |- | 2014 | Culture Club | Q Idol | Rockbjörnen |- | 1983 | Colour by Numbers | Best Foreign Album | Smash Hits Poll Winners Party |- | rowspan=4|1982 | \"Do You Really Want to Hurt Me?\" | Best Single | |- | Kissing to Be Clever | Best Album | |- | rowspan=3|Themselves | Most Promising New Act | |- | rowspan=2|Best Group | |- | rowspan=6|1983 | |- | Culture Club's \"Colour by Numbers\" Tour | rowspan=2|Event of the Year | |- | Culture Club Making No.1 with \"Karma Chameleon\"| |- | rowspan=2|\"Karma Chameleon\" | Best Single | |- | Best Video | |- | Colour by Numbers| rowspan=2|Best Album | |- | rowspan=4|1984 | Waking Up with the House on Fire| |- | rowspan=2|\"The War Song\" | Best Single | |- | Best Video | |- | rowspan=2|Themselves | Best Group | |- | 1985 | Worst Group | Rock and Roll Hall of Fame |- | 1999 | \"Time (Clock of the Heart)\" | 500 Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll | | No.", "| Best Single | |- | Kissing to Be Clever | Best Album | |- | rowspan=3|Themselves | Most Promising New Act | |- | rowspan=2|Best Group | |- | rowspan=6|1983 | |- | Culture Club's \"Colour by Numbers\" Tour | rowspan=2|Event of the Year | |- | Culture Club Making No.1 with \"Karma Chameleon\"| |- | rowspan=2|\"Karma Chameleon\" | Best Single | |- | Best Video | |- | Colour by Numbers| rowspan=2|Best Album | |- | rowspan=4|1984 | Waking Up with the House on Fire| |- | rowspan=2|\"The War Song\" | Best Single | |- | Best Video | |- | rowspan=2|Themselves | Best Group | |- | 1985 | Worst Group | Rock and Roll Hall of Fame |- | 1999 | \"Time (Clock of the Heart)\" | 500 Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll | | No. 107 Variety Club of Great Britain Awards |- | 1985 | The War Song| Best Recording Artist | Musical style and development Culture Club's sound combines British new wave and American soul with Jamaican reggae and also other styles as calypso, salsa or country.Philadelphia Daily News described Culture Club as a hot new rock act, while William K Knoedelseder Jr from Los Angeles Times said about the group, \"Boy George of Culture Club, a rock group MTV helped make popular\", adding that, \"There's some debate in the record industry about MTV's ability to directly increase record sales across the board but there's no doubt that the channel has been responsible for exposing such rock artists as Def Leppard, Duran Duran and Men at Work to a national audience...\" In the 1980s, Boy George said about the music style of his band Culture Club, \"We play rock 'n' roll and I love rock 'n' roll music but I don't like the lifestyle.", "107 Variety Club of Great Britain Awards |- | 1985 | The War Song| Best Recording Artist | Musical style and development Culture Club's sound combines British new wave and American soul with Jamaican reggae and also other styles as calypso, salsa or country.Philadelphia Daily News described Culture Club as a hot new rock act, while William K Knoedelseder Jr from Los Angeles Times said about the group, \"Boy George of Culture Club, a rock group MTV helped make popular\", adding that, \"There's some debate in the record industry about MTV's ability to directly increase record sales across the board but there's no doubt that the channel has been responsible for exposing such rock artists as Def Leppard, Duran Duran and Men at Work to a national audience...\" In the 1980s, Boy George said about the music style of his band Culture Club, \"We play rock 'n' roll and I love rock 'n' roll music but I don't like the lifestyle. I don't like people tipping beer over their heads....", "I don't like people tipping beer over their heads.... I just hate rock 'n' roll in that way. It's disgusting and boring. I look at what we're doing as very intelligent.\"", "I look at what we're doing as very intelligent.\" Stephen Holden, music critic for The New York Times, said in his article Rock: British Culture Club, that \"Culture Club blends soul, rock, funk, reggae and salsa into a music that programmatically reconciles white, black and Latin styles\", adding that, \"Mr. O'Dowd made the group's best songs – the Motown-flavoured Do You Really Want to Hurt Me and the Latin-inflected dance tune I'll Tumble 4 Ya – shine like jewels.\"", "Stephen Holden, music critic for The New York Times, said in his article Rock: British Culture Club, that \"Culture Club blends soul, rock, funk, reggae and salsa into a music that programmatically reconciles white, black and Latin styles\", adding that, \"Mr. O'Dowd made the group's best songs – the Motown-flavoured Do You Really Want to Hurt Me and the Latin-inflected dance tune I'll Tumble 4 Ya – shine like jewels.\" Star-News considered Culture Club as a 'new rock' band of the 1980s; the newspaper said \"Now you see the more rhythm-oriented, 'new rock of the 80s,' like Culture Club and the Eurythmics, fitting in more easily with urban contemporary formats.\"", "Star-News considered Culture Club as a 'new rock' band of the 1980s; the newspaper said \"Now you see the more rhythm-oriented, 'new rock of the 80s,' like Culture Club and the Eurythmics, fitting in more easily with urban contemporary formats.\" Stephen Thomas Erlewine, senior editor for AllMusic, described specifically Culture Club as a new wave band and generically as the most successful pop/rock group in America and England during the 1980s, adding that, \"By 1986, the group had broken up, leaving behind several singles that rank as classics of the new wave era.\"", "Stephen Thomas Erlewine, senior editor for AllMusic, described specifically Culture Club as a new wave band and generically as the most successful pop/rock group in America and England during the 1980s, adding that, \"By 1986, the group had broken up, leaving behind several singles that rank as classics of the new wave era.\" The music of Culture Club is described by George as, \"The aim is to be creatively fluid to make everything we do a little different.", "The music of Culture Club is described by George as, \"The aim is to be creatively fluid to make everything we do a little different. We want to be a bridge between white rock and black soul\", adding that, \"I want Culture Club to represent all peoples and minorities\".", "We want to be a bridge between white rock and black soul\", adding that, \"I want Culture Club to represent all peoples and minorities\". The band was part of the second British rock invasion of the 1980s in the United States, as R. Serge Denisoff and William L. Schurk said in their book Tarnished gold: the record industry revisited, \"Here comes the rock and roll of 1984.", "The band was part of the second British rock invasion of the 1980s in the United States, as R. Serge Denisoff and William L. Schurk said in their book Tarnished gold: the record industry revisited, \"Here comes the rock and roll of 1984. The invaders were a mixed bunch led by Culture Club, whose sound has been described as 'recycled Smokey Robinson' or 'torchy American schmaltz and classic Motown'\", adding that, \"Boy George's drag-queen appearance made the group a natural for the visual demands of cable television\".", "The invaders were a mixed bunch led by Culture Club, whose sound has been described as 'recycled Smokey Robinson' or 'torchy American schmaltz and classic Motown'\", adding that, \"Boy George's drag-queen appearance made the group a natural for the visual demands of cable television\". In her book Magazines for children: a guide for parents, teachers, and librarians, author Selma K. Richardson said that Culture Club's music is soft rock that contains, \"enough soul and new wave elements to cover almost all audiences\".", "In her book Magazines for children: a guide for parents, teachers, and librarians, author Selma K. Richardson said that Culture Club's music is soft rock that contains, \"enough soul and new wave elements to cover almost all audiences\". Band members Principal members Boy George – vocals, tambourine (1981–1986, 1998–2002, 2011–present) Mikey Craig – vocals, bass, keyboards (1981–1986, 1998–2002, 2011–present) Roy Hay – guitars, vocals, keyboards (1981–1986, 1998–2002, 2011–present) Touring/session members Phil Pickett – keyboards, vocals (1981–1986) Darius Zickus – keyboards (1998–2002) Darren Lewis – keyboards, percussion (2011–present) Meryl Evans – drums, percussion, vocals (2021–present) Former members Jon Moss – drums, percussion, vocals (1981–1986, 1998–2002, 2011–2021) Discography Kissing to Be Clever (1982) Colour by Numbers (1983) Waking Up with the House on Fire (1984) From Luxury to Heartache (1986) Don't Mind If I Do (1999) Life (2018) Citations Bibliography Songbooks Kissing to Be Clever (including \"Time (Clock of the Heart)\" – 1982), London & Suffolk, West Central Printing Co. Ltd., distr.", "Band members Principal members Boy George – vocals, tambourine (1981–1986, 1998–2002, 2011–present) Mikey Craig – vocals, bass, keyboards (1981–1986, 1998–2002, 2011–present) Roy Hay – guitars, vocals, keyboards (1981–1986, 1998–2002, 2011–present) Touring/session members Phil Pickett – keyboards, vocals (1981–1986) Darius Zickus – keyboards (1998–2002) Darren Lewis – keyboards, percussion (2011–present) Meryl Evans – drums, percussion, vocals (2021–present) Former members Jon Moss – drums, percussion, vocals (1981–1986, 1998–2002, 2011–2021) Discography Kissing to Be Clever (1982) Colour by Numbers (1983) Waking Up with the House on Fire (1984) From Luxury to Heartache (1986) Don't Mind If I Do (1999) Life (2018) Citations Bibliography Songbooks Kissing to Be Clever (including \"Time (Clock of the Heart)\" – 1982), London & Suffolk, West Central Printing Co. Ltd., distr. Music Sales Ltd. Colour by Numbers (1983), London & Suffolk, West Central Printing Co. Ltd., distr.", "Music Sales Ltd. Colour by Numbers (1983), London & Suffolk, West Central Printing Co. Ltd., distr. Music Sales Ltd. Waking Up with the House on Fire (1984), London & Suffolk, West Central Printing Co. Ltd., distr.", "Music Sales Ltd. Waking Up with the House on Fire (1984), London & Suffolk, West Central Printing Co. Ltd., distr. Music Sales Ltd. From Luxury to Heartache (1986), Virgin Music (Publishers) Ltd., distr.", "Music Sales Ltd. From Luxury to Heartache (1986), Virgin Music (Publishers) Ltd., distr. IMP-International Music Publications, Essex, England Culture Club'' (10 of their best songs – 1987), Virgin Music (Publishers) Ltd., distr. IMP-International Music Publications, Essex, England N.B.", "IMP-International Music Publications, Essex, England N.B. : Each of the first four songbooks includes a detailed official biography, which is each time updated: this way, such songbooks, corresponding to the band's first four albums, chronicle the early official biography of Culture Club, from 1982 to 1986.", ": Each of the first four songbooks includes a detailed official biography, which is each time updated: this way, such songbooks, corresponding to the band's first four albums, chronicle the early official biography of Culture Club, from 1982 to 1986. External links Culture Club VH1 artist page Culture Club MTV artist page [ Culture Club Billboard artist page] Culture Club Rolling Stone artist page Brit Award winners English dance music groups English pop music groups English new wave musical groups Epic Records artists Grammy Award winners LGBT-themed musical groups Musical groups disestablished in 1986 Musical groups disestablished in 2002 Musical groups established in 1981 Musical groups reestablished in 1998 Musical groups reestablished in 2011 Musical quartets Virgin Records artists British soul musical groups" ]

[ "Culture Club", "Formation and Kissing to Be Clever: 1981-1983", "How did the band form?", "George decided to start his own band and enlisted bassist Mikey Craig, drummer Jon Moss, and finally guitarist Roy Hay.", "When did this happen?", "In 1981,", "Did they get a recording contract soon after that?", "The group recorded demos, which were paid for by EMI Records, but the label was unimpressed" ]

[ "Portrait Records was a sister label of Epic Records and later of Columbia Records. Notable artists Cyndi Lauper and Sade signed with Portrait, but their contracts were absorbed by Epic after that incarnation of the label was shuttered.\n\nHistory & Overview\n\nPortrait began in 1976 as a sister label of Epic; its initial signings were Joan Baez, Burton Cummings, and the McCrarys. Cummings' \"Stand Tall\" was the lead-off single. Baez's Blowin' Away album and the McCrarys' self-titled debut bowed in early 1977. The label design was similar to that of Columbia's singles; design on it was in grey tones, while the logo was handwritten orange with a red outline. This was also the launch of Epic/Portrait/Associated (EPA) under the CBS moniker.\n\nOne of the signings the label had was the band Heart. The band had been signed with Mushroom Records, but left after a dispute in advertising their Dreamboat Annie album. The print ads led some fans to think that the sisters Ann and Nancy Wilson were lesbians. Portrait snatched the group up quickly, releasing the single \"Barracuda\" before Little Queen was to hit the shelves. The McCrarys also scored big with \"You\".\n\nBy 1979, however, Epic was looking to consolidate some of its low-end producing labels and, for a short time, Portrait and Epic had both names on the same label. In 1980, only Heart was picked up from Portrait; releasing Bébé le Strange, after which they took a two-year hiatus, releasing Private Audition in 1982.\n\nBaez left the label after the release of her 1979 Honest Lullaby album; she later admitted in her 1987 memoir, And a Voice to Sing With, that she regretted signing with the label, describing her having left her previous label (A&M) for Portrait as \"the stupidest career move I ever made\".\n\nIn 1982, the label was relaunched again tapping into the new wave scene and other music not gaining any airplay. It signed artists such as Altered Images, Aldo Nova, Accept, Arc Angel, Hawaiian Pups, The Elvis Brothers, Eddy Grant, Orion the Hunter, The Producers, Saga, and Peter Baumann (formerly of Tangerine Dream). The label was completely black but the red logo stayed intact. Portrait struck gold again with the signings of Cyndi Lauper and Sade, both in 1983. Americans wouldn't get Sade until a year later. Aldo Nova did make some headway with the songs \"Fantasy\" and \"Monkey on Your Back\" from his Subject...Aldo Nova album. Saga also found success with the songs \"On the Loose\" and \"Wind Him Up\", which would gain the band gold and platinum albums worldwide. In 1985, British singer Toyah released her album Minx on Portrait. In 1986, British guitarist and songwriter Bill Nelson released (US title: on the label.\n\nBy the end of 1986, the only act making money on this label was Lauper. Her album True Colors went platinum, but it wasn't enough to keep the label afloat. At the end of 1986, Portrait was shuttered again.\n\nIn 1988, the label re-emerged once more but as a contemporary jazz outfit, with signings as diverse as Stanley Clarke, Ornette Coleman, Prime Time and Japanese import T-Square. The logo changed dramatically. This time the label had two: the primary one was a painted P with the word \"portrait\" in a red block, while the secondary one was an outline drawing of a woman. This one was gone by 1990.\n\nEpic did try to make the label work two more times: in 1988, it was trying to do jazz collections, and, in 1999, it was relaunched through Columbia Records as a hard-rock/metal label, signing Ratt, Cinderella, Great White, the Union Underground, and Mars Electric. In 2000, Iron Maiden signed with Portrait in conjunction with Columbia Records in the US. Finally, after trying so hard to keep it afloat, Portrait dissolved in 2002 after the US release of Iron Maiden's Rock in Rio album.\n\nIn late 2012, Sony Masterworks reactivated the label as a classical music imprint with its first artists The Piano Guys on the newly relaunched imprint, and subsequently transferring Jackie Evancho to Portrait from the Columbia label.\n\nArtists\n\nThrough Epic\n Burton Cummings\n Saga\n Heart\n Cyndi Lauper\n Eddy Grant\n Bill Nelson\n Sade\n Joan Baez\n Toyah\n\nThrough Columbia\n Cinderella\n Great White\n Ratt\n The Union Underground\n\nThrough Sony Masterworks\n Jackie Evancho\n Natalie Imbruglia\n The Piano Guys\n Yanni\n\nSee also\n List of record labels\n\nReferences\n\nAmerican record labels\nRecord labels established in 1976\nRecord labels established in 2012\nRecord labels disestablished in 2002\nRock record labels\nPop record labels\nJazz record labels\nColumbia Records\nEpic Records\n1976 establishments in the United States", "The Millions were an alternative rock band from Lincoln, Nebraska, that included members of For Against and New Brass Guns. They were the first Lincoln band to be signed to a major label in more than two decades. The band released two albums, M is for Millions (1991, Smash Records) and Raquel (1994, Dream Circle Records), before disbanding in 1995.\n\nFormation\nAfter completing a tour in support of the 1987 album Echelons, For Against returned to the studio to record their follow-up album, December. During the recording, guitarist Harry Dingman and drummer Greg Hill left the band. Dingman and bassist Marty Amsler began collaborating after the demise of Amsler's band, New Brass Guns, in 1989. The pair invited Amsler's former bandmate, Lori Allison, to sing vocals for their new songs. Hill was brought in on drums to complete the lineup of what would become The Millions.\n\nM is for Millions\nHaving achieved modest success on an independent label with For Against, Dingman immediately set his sights on a major label. After first focusing on building a Midwest fan base, the band sent demos to several major labels across the country before signing with Chicago-based Smash Records, a subsidiary of PolyGram.\n\nWithin months of signing with PolyGram, the band was given a schedule to record its first album, M is for Millions. The label assigned Canadian producer Terry Brown, best known for producing albums by progressive rock band Rush as well as \"(I Just) Died in Your Arms\", the biggest hit from British pop band Cutting Crew. The band would eventually feel that Brown had been a bad fit. \n\nThe album's lead single, \"Sometimes,\" performed well on the CMJ charts, but the band immediately felt frustrations with their label. Fans would express their inability to find copies of the album at retailers. Dingman said the label's merchandising decisions puzzled the band.\n\nRaquel\nHealth problems, deaths of friends and family, and other stresses led the band to begin writing much darker material for its second album, Raquel.\n\nGerman fans circulated some demos to record labels in their home country, and several European labels contacted the band. The Millions would end up signing with DreamCircle, and independent German label. The band was encouraged by the label owner's attitude that they produce the album how they wished—a stark contrast to the experience with PolyGram and Brown. During that time, in 1993, the band would also add a fifth member, Benjamin Kushner, on guitar.\n\nThe band recorded Raquel with producer Eric Medley and mixer Lee Popa, who had previously worked with bands like The Replacements and Killing Joke. They toured Europe with Sheryl Crow, including an opportunity to play two encores as the opening band at a show in Berlin.\n\nAfter returning from the Raquel tour in 1994, Amsler decided to leave the band to focus on his career outside of music; he was replaced by Mike Keeling. \n\nThe band continued writing and touring for a third album, including drawing the attention of a Warner Bros. Records subsidiary. But internal tensions fueled by exhaustion and the lack of any meaningful break led the band to break up before the album could be recorded.\n\nPost-Millions and reunion\nAllison would go on to perform with Lincoln bands Junior Mighty and Floating Opera. Dingman rejoined For Against in 2004. Keeling continued to perform with The Self-Righteous Brothers, subsequently joining Drive-By Honky and then Ideal Cleaners. Hill retired from music.\n\nIn late 2012, original members Allison, Amsler and Dingman began rehearsing with drummer Brandon McKenzie for a show to celebrate the release of Poison Fish, a 21-track disc of rarities.\n\nReferences\n\nAlternative rock groups from Nebraska\nMusicians from Lincoln, Nebraska\nMusical groups established in 1989" ]

[ "Culture Club are an English new wave band formed in London in 1981. The band comprises Boy George (lead vocals), Roy Hay (guitar and keyboards), Mikey Craig (bass guitar) and formerly included Jon Moss (drums and percussion).", "The band comprises Boy George (lead vocals), Roy Hay (guitar and keyboards), Mikey Craig (bass guitar) and formerly included Jon Moss (drums and percussion). Emerging in the New Romantic scene, they are considered one of the most representative and influential groups of the 1980s.", "Emerging in the New Romantic scene, they are considered one of the most representative and influential groups of the 1980s. Led by singer and frontman Boy George, whose androgynous style of dressing caught the attention of the public and the media in the early 1980s, the band have sold more than 50 million records including over 6 million BPI certified records sold in the UK and over 7 million RIAA certified records sold in the US.", "Led by singer and frontman Boy George, whose androgynous style of dressing caught the attention of the public and the media in the early 1980s, the band have sold more than 50 million records including over 6 million BPI certified records sold in the UK and over 7 million RIAA certified records sold in the US. Their hits include \"Do You Really Want to Hurt Me\", \"Time (Clock of the Heart)\", \"I'll Tumble 4 Ya\", \"Church of the Poison Mind\", \"Karma Chameleon\", \"Victims\", \"Miss Me Blind\", \"It's a Miracle\", \"The War Song\", \"Move Away\", and \"I Just Wanna Be Loved\".", "Their hits include \"Do You Really Want to Hurt Me\", \"Time (Clock of the Heart)\", \"I'll Tumble 4 Ya\", \"Church of the Poison Mind\", \"Karma Chameleon\", \"Victims\", \"Miss Me Blind\", \"It's a Miracle\", \"The War Song\", \"Move Away\", and \"I Just Wanna Be Loved\". In the UK they amassed twelve Top 40 hit singles between 1982 and 1999, including the number ones \"Do You Really Want To Hurt Me\" and \"Karma Chameleon\", the latter being the biggest selling single of 1983 in the UK, and hit number one on the US Hot 100 in 1984.", "In the UK they amassed twelve Top 40 hit singles between 1982 and 1999, including the number ones \"Do You Really Want To Hurt Me\" and \"Karma Chameleon\", the latter being the biggest selling single of 1983 in the UK, and hit number one on the US Hot 100 in 1984. The song \"Time (Clock of the Heart)\" is included on the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's list of 500 songs that shaped rock and roll.", "The song \"Time (Clock of the Heart)\" is included on the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's list of 500 songs that shaped rock and roll. Their second album, Colour by Numbers, sold more than 10 million copies worldwide.", "Their second album, Colour by Numbers, sold more than 10 million copies worldwide. It appeared on Rolling Stone magazine's list of the 100 Best Albums of the 1980s and is also included in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die.", "It appeared on Rolling Stone magazine's list of the 100 Best Albums of the 1980s and is also included in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die. Ten of their singles reached the US Top 40, where they are associated with the Second British Invasion of British new wave groups that became popular in the US due to the cable music channel MTV.", "Ten of their singles reached the US Top 40, where they are associated with the Second British Invasion of British new wave groups that became popular in the US due to the cable music channel MTV. Culture Club's music combines British new wave and American soul and pop.", "Culture Club's music combines British new wave and American soul and pop. It also includes some elements of Jamaican reggae and also other styles such as calypso, salsa, and with \"Karma Chameleon\", elements of country music.", "It also includes some elements of Jamaican reggae and also other styles such as calypso, salsa, and with \"Karma Chameleon\", elements of country music. In 1984, Culture Club won Brit Awards for Best British Group, Best British Single (\"Karma Chameleon\"), and the Grammy Award for Best New Artist.", "In 1984, Culture Club won Brit Awards for Best British Group, Best British Single (\"Karma Chameleon\"), and the Grammy Award for Best New Artist. They were nominated the same year for the Grammy Award for Pop Vocal by Group or Duo.", "They were nominated the same year for the Grammy Award for Pop Vocal by Group or Duo. The band were also nominated for a Canadian Juno Award for International Album of the Year.", "The band were also nominated for a Canadian Juno Award for International Album of the Year. In January 1985, Culture Club were nominated for an American Music Award for Favorite Pop/Rock Band/Duo/Group Video Artist, and in September 1985, they were nominated for two MTV Video Music Awards for Best Special Effects and Best Art Direction for their video \"It's a Miracle\".", "In January 1985, Culture Club were nominated for an American Music Award for Favorite Pop/Rock Band/Duo/Group Video Artist, and in September 1985, they were nominated for two MTV Video Music Awards for Best Special Effects and Best Art Direction for their video \"It's a Miracle\". In 1987, they received another nomination for an American Music Award for Favorite Pop/Rock Band/Duo/Group Video Artist.", "In 1987, they received another nomination for an American Music Award for Favorite Pop/Rock Band/Duo/Group Video Artist. History 1981–1983: Formation and Kissing to Be Clever In 1981, Blitz Club regular Boy George occasionally sang with the group Bow Wow Wow, performing under the stage name Lieutenant Lush with the group.", "History 1981–1983: Formation and Kissing to Be Clever In 1981, Blitz Club regular Boy George occasionally sang with the group Bow Wow Wow, performing under the stage name Lieutenant Lush with the group. After his tenure with the group ended, George decided to start his own band and enlisted bassist Mikey Craig, drummer Jon Moss, and finally guitarist Roy Hay joined the group.", "After his tenure with the group ended, George decided to start his own band and enlisted bassist Mikey Craig, drummer Jon Moss, and finally guitarist Roy Hay joined the group. Realizing they had an Irish gay man as the lead singer, a black Briton on bass, a blond Englishman on guitar and keyboards, and a Jewish drummer, they eventually decided to name the group Culture Club.", "Realizing they had an Irish gay man as the lead singer, a black Briton on bass, a blond Englishman on guitar and keyboards, and a Jewish drummer, they eventually decided to name the group Culture Club. The group recorded demos, which were paid for by EMI Records, but the label was unimpressed and decided not to sign the group.", "The group recorded demos, which were paid for by EMI Records, but the label was unimpressed and decided not to sign the group. Virgin Records heard the demos and signed the group in the UK, releasing their albums in Europe, while Epic Records released their albums in the United States and much of the rest of the world.", "Virgin Records heard the demos and signed the group in the UK, releasing their albums in Europe, while Epic Records released their albums in the United States and much of the rest of the world. The band released two singles in May and June 1982, \"White Boy\" and \"I'm Afraid of Me\", though both failed to chart.", "The band released two singles in May and June 1982, \"White Boy\" and \"I'm Afraid of Me\", though both failed to chart. In September of that year, the group released their third single, \"Do You Really Want to Hurt Me\", a reggae-influenced number, which became one of their biggest hits.", "In September of that year, the group released their third single, \"Do You Really Want to Hurt Me\", a reggae-influenced number, which became one of their biggest hits. The song went to No. 1 in the UK in late 1982 and became an international smash, topping the charts in twenty-three countries (No.", "1 in the UK in late 1982 and became an international smash, topping the charts in twenty-three countries (No. 2 in the US), and the top ten in several more countries. The band's 1982 debut on Top of the Pops created tabloid headlines, which focused on George's androgynous style of dress and sexual ambiguity.", "The band's 1982 debut on Top of the Pops created tabloid headlines, which focused on George's androgynous style of dress and sexual ambiguity. Magazines began to feature George prominently on their covers.", "Magazines began to feature George prominently on their covers. Pete Burns, lead singer of the new wave band Dead or Alive, would later claim he was the first to wear braids, big hats, and colourful costumes, but George would cut back with a sharp-tongued remark, \"It's not who did it first, it's who did it better.\"", "Pete Burns, lead singer of the new wave band Dead or Alive, would later claim he was the first to wear braids, big hats, and colourful costumes, but George would cut back with a sharp-tongued remark, \"It's not who did it first, it's who did it better.\" The band's debut album, Kissing to Be Clever (UK No.", "The band's debut album, Kissing to Be Clever (UK No. 5, US No. 14) was released in October 1982, and the follow-up single, \"Time (Clock of the Heart)\", became another Top 10 hit in the US (Number 2) and UK (Number 3).", "14) was released in October 1982, and the follow-up single, \"Time (Clock of the Heart)\", became another Top 10 hit in the US (Number 2) and UK (Number 3). \"I'll Tumble 4 Ya\" also became a Top Ten hit in the US (Number 9) and in Canada.", "\"I'll Tumble 4 Ya\" also became a Top Ten hit in the US (Number 9) and in Canada. This gave Culture Club the distinction of being the first group since The Beatles to have three Top Ten hits in America from a debut album.", "This gave Culture Club the distinction of being the first group since The Beatles to have three Top Ten hits in America from a debut album. Kissing to Be Clever sold over 1.5 million copies in the US, being certified platinum. 1983–1984: Colour by Numbers The band's second album, Colour by Numbers (UK No.", "1983–1984: Colour by Numbers The band's second album, Colour by Numbers (UK No. 1, US No. 2), was released in 1983. The first single, \"Church of the Poison Mind\", featuring backing vocalist Helen Terry, reached the UK and US Top 10.", "The first single, \"Church of the Poison Mind\", featuring backing vocalist Helen Terry, reached the UK and US Top 10. The second single, \"Karma Chameleon\", gave the band their biggest hit, peaking at No.", "The second single, \"Karma Chameleon\", gave the band their biggest hit, peaking at No. 1 in the UK (the band's second chart-topper there), where it became the best selling single of 1983 and has sold 1.5 million copies there to date. It also peaked at No.", "It also peaked at No. It also peaked at No. 1 in the US for three consecutive weeks, and would ultimately hit No.", "1 in the US for three consecutive weeks, and would ultimately hit No. 1 in 30 countries, thus becoming one of the top twenty best-selling singles of the 1980s sold up seven million copies worldwide, with one of the most iconic images of Boy George on the cover shot by photographer David Levine.", "1 in 30 countries, thus becoming one of the top twenty best-selling singles of the 1980s sold up seven million copies worldwide, with one of the most iconic images of Boy George on the cover shot by photographer David Levine. The album Colour by Numbers would spawn more hits including \"Miss Me Blind\" (#5 US), \"It's a Miracle\" (#4 UK, No.", "The album Colour by Numbers would spawn more hits including \"Miss Me Blind\" (#5 US), \"It's a Miracle\" (#4 UK, No. 13 US), and \"Victims\" (#3 UK), and sold four million copies in the US and another five million worldwide at its time of release.", "13 US), and \"Victims\" (#3 UK), and sold four million copies in the US and another five million worldwide at its time of release. The album gave Culture Club the distinction of being the first group in music history to have an album certified diamond in Canada (for sales of one million copies in that country).", "The album gave Culture Club the distinction of being the first group in music history to have an album certified diamond in Canada (for sales of one million copies in that country). The band also won the 1984 Brit Award for Best Group and the Grammy Award for Best New Artist, where George gave a speech via satellite stating, \"Thanks America, you've got style, you've got taste, and you know a good drag queen when you see one.\"", "The band also won the 1984 Brit Award for Best Group and the Grammy Award for Best New Artist, where George gave a speech via satellite stating, \"Thanks America, you've got style, you've got taste, and you know a good drag queen when you see one.\" The group's back-up singer, Helen Terry, began work on her solo album, for which George and Hay wrote the song \"Love Lies Lost\".", "The group's back-up singer, Helen Terry, began work on her solo album, for which George and Hay wrote the song \"Love Lies Lost\". The pair also wrote \"Passing Friend\" for the Beach Boys' album. Culture Club wrote two songs for the soundtrack to the movie Electric Dreams.", "Culture Club wrote two songs for the soundtrack to the movie Electric Dreams. George and Hay wrote \"The Dream\" and \"Love Is Love\", with the latter being released as a single in Canada and Japan, the E.P \"Love is Love\" became a major hit in Japan.", "George and Hay wrote \"The Dream\" and \"Love Is Love\", with the latter being released as a single in Canada and Japan, the E.P \"Love is Love\" became a major hit in Japan. George also collaborated on the song \"Electric Dreams\", sung by P. P. Arnold.", "George also collaborated on the song \"Electric Dreams\", sung by P. P. Arnold. The song was written with Phil Pickett (former member of the 1970s band Sailor) who had also co-written \"Karma Chameleon\" and frequently played keyboards for the group. Despite Culture Club's commercial success, there were significant pressures within the band.", "Despite Culture Club's commercial success, there were significant pressures within the band. George was using drugs with money from his new-found fame. George and Moss were also romantically involved with each other, which was unknown to the public and the media at the time.", "George and Moss were also romantically involved with each other, which was unknown to the public and the media at the time. Their relationship lasted for over four years and was often turbulent, with alleged physical and verbal abuse from both sides.", "Their relationship lasted for over four years and was often turbulent, with alleged physical and verbal abuse from both sides. Their constant arguments and the pressure to hide the relationship from the public started to take its toll on the band.", "Their constant arguments and the pressure to hide the relationship from the public started to take its toll on the band. 1984–1986: Waking Up with the House on Fire, From Luxury to Heartache and decline In 1984, the group released their third album Waking Up with the House on Fire (UK No. 2, US No.", "2, US No. 2, US No. 26) which sold 2.8 million copies worldwide. Although certified platinum in both the UK and the US, it was a commercial and critical disappointment compared to their first two albums. The album contained the hit single \"The War Song\", which reached No.", "The album contained the hit single \"The War Song\", which reached No. 2 in the UK, and Top 20 in the US. Other singles like \"Mistake No. 3\" (US No. 33) and \"The Medal Song\" (UK No. 32) would become modest hits.", "32) would become modest hits. George later stated he felt the album experienced a lukewarm reception because of half-hearted material he felt they released due to pressure from Virgin and Epic. According to him, the band had just come off an exhausting world tour in 1984.", "According to him, the band had just come off an exhausting world tour in 1984. At the end of 1984, Boy George was recruited by Bob Geldof to join the Band Aid recording, consisting of mostly internationally known UK and Irish recording stars.", "At the end of 1984, Boy George was recruited by Bob Geldof to join the Band Aid recording, consisting of mostly internationally known UK and Irish recording stars. George was in New York City for an appearance on Late Night with David Letterman when Geldof called him, but managed to catch the final Concorde of the day to London and was the last singer to record a lead vocal track for the song \"Do They Know It's Christmas?\".", "George was in New York City for an appearance on Late Night with David Letterman when Geldof called him, but managed to catch the final Concorde of the day to London and was the last singer to record a lead vocal track for the song \"Do They Know It's Christmas?\". The song would become the biggest selling single of all-time in the UK and a huge international hit, raising millions for famine victims in several African nations, particularly Ethiopia.", "The song would become the biggest selling single of all-time in the UK and a huge international hit, raising millions for famine victims in several African nations, particularly Ethiopia. Due to all the heartache from the break-up of his relationship with Moss, and all the ensuing tension with rest of the band, George turned to relief in drugs.", "Due to all the heartache from the break-up of his relationship with Moss, and all the ensuing tension with rest of the band, George turned to relief in drugs. Consequently, he soon developed a self-destructive drug addiction, which in merely four months escalated from marijuana to heroin. By 1986, George had become seriously addicted.", "By 1986, George had become seriously addicted. The recording of their fourth studio album, 1986's From Luxury to Heartache (UK No. 10, US No. 32) dragged on for so long that producer Arif Mardin had to abandon the sessions due to prior commitments and leave it to engineer Lew Hahn to finish the sessions.", "32) dragged on for so long that producer Arif Mardin had to abandon the sessions due to prior commitments and leave it to engineer Lew Hahn to finish the sessions. Nevertheless, the first single \"Move Away\" became a hit, peaking at UK No. 7 and US No.", "7 and US No. 7 and US No. 12 and appeared the album would return the group back to its previous success.", "12 and appeared the album would return the group back to its previous success. But by the time of the release of the second single \"God Thank You Woman\", news of George's drug addiction began to circulate in British and American tabloids, and the second single stalled on its way up the charts, failing to make a big impact.", "But by the time of the release of the second single \"God Thank You Woman\", news of George's drug addiction began to circulate in British and American tabloids, and the second single stalled on its way up the charts, failing to make a big impact. George and Moss also no longer wanted to be around each other due to the constant relationship battles and with George's addiction.", "George and Moss also no longer wanted to be around each other due to the constant relationship battles and with George's addiction. From Luxury to Heartache began to fade from the charts as well, and the album ultimately sold less than one million copies worldwide at the time of release.", "From Luxury to Heartache began to fade from the charts as well, and the album ultimately sold less than one million copies worldwide at the time of release. By the summer of 1986, George finally admitted that he was indeed addicted to drugs.", "By the summer of 1986, George finally admitted that he was indeed addicted to drugs. In July of that year, he was arrested by the British police for possession of heroin. The band broke up and George pursued a solo career, having several European hits and a couple of US Top 40 hits.", "The band broke up and George pursued a solo career, having several European hits and a couple of US Top 40 hits. Reunions 1989 The band first tried to reunite in 1989, after many requests from Tony Gordon, the group's former manager and George's manager at that time.", "Reunions 1989 The band first tried to reunite in 1989, after many requests from Tony Gordon, the group's former manager and George's manager at that time. George agreed to try some songs with the band again, resulting in recording sessions and producing more than a dozen songs that remain unreleased.", "George agreed to try some songs with the band again, resulting in recording sessions and producing more than a dozen songs that remain unreleased. George, however, was more excited about his future projects like his record label, More Protein, and his new acid house project Jesus Loves You. The proposed reunion ended up being cancelled.", "The proposed reunion ended up being cancelled. 1998–2000, 2002 In 1998, George and Moss put their differences aside and the band reunited to do a reunion tour, kicking off with a performance on VH1 Storytellers.", "1998–2000, 2002 In 1998, George and Moss put their differences aside and the band reunited to do a reunion tour, kicking off with a performance on VH1 Storytellers. George said about the reunion, \"Culture Club's reunion couldn't have come at a better time for rock\", adding that, \"It's a nostalgia trip, there's no way of avoiding that.\"", "George said about the reunion, \"Culture Club's reunion couldn't have come at a better time for rock\", adding that, \"It's a nostalgia trip, there's no way of avoiding that.\" The tour was a major success.", "The tour was a major success. Greatest Moments, a compilation album based around the Storytellers performance, was released, and went platinum in UK. It included new songs such as \"I Just Wanna Be Loved\", which hit UK No. 4.", "4. 4. However, their new-found success was short-lived and their fifth studio album, Don't Mind If I Do, released in 1999, peaked at No. 64 in the UK. It included minor UK hits in \"Your Kisses Are Charity\" (UK No. 25) and \"Cold Shoulder\" (UK No.", "25) and \"Cold Shoulder\" (UK No. 43). The band went on to tour, then reunited again for a 20th anniversary concert in 2002 at the Royal Albert Hall in London. This performance was released on DVD the following year.", "This performance was released on DVD the following year. Culture Club then became inactive again, largely due to George's successful DJ career, as well as his semi-autobiographical musical Taboo.", "Culture Club then became inactive again, largely due to George's successful DJ career, as well as his semi-autobiographical musical Taboo. It was a success in London, but was a flop on Broadway, only running for 100 performances, as well as losing $10 million for its producer, Rosie O'Donnell.", "It was a success in London, but was a flop on Broadway, only running for 100 performances, as well as losing $10 million for its producer, Rosie O'Donnell. 2006 In 2006, original members Craig and Moss tried to launch a new tour with another lead singer, as George and Hay had declined to tour.", "2006 In 2006, original members Craig and Moss tried to launch a new tour with another lead singer, as George and Hay had declined to tour. Early that year, the band's record company placed an ad for a lead singer to \"...take part in a 2007 World Tour and TV Series.\"", "Early that year, the band's record company placed an ad for a lead singer to \"...take part in a 2007 World Tour and TV Series.\" The new singer, Sam Butcher was selected because of his own personality, \"not a Boy George lookalike.\"", "The new singer, Sam Butcher was selected because of his own personality, \"not a Boy George lookalike.\" After watching a video on MySpace, George described the singer who replaced him as \"terrible\" and \"dreadful\". George said: \"I wanted to like it but I couldn't.", "George said: \"I wanted to like it but I couldn't. They're my songs, they're my heart, they're my life.\" A proposed tour for December 2006 in the UK did not take place.", "A proposed tour for December 2006 in the UK did not take place. 2011 In late 2011, George was part of a three-man Culture Club band that performed two live concerts, in Dubai and Sydney, the latter being a New Year's Eve concert, although Moss did not appear due to a back injury.", "2011 In late 2011, George was part of a three-man Culture Club band that performed two live concerts, in Dubai and Sydney, the latter being a New Year's Eve concert, although Moss did not appear due to a back injury. 2014–present In 2014, the band reformed and announced a tour and a new album.", "2014–present In 2014, the band reformed and announced a tour and a new album. A new picture of the four members was also posted on the band's official website, along with the list of the 11 UK concert dates. The band travelled to Spain for a two-week recording session.", "The band travelled to Spain for a two-week recording session. 18 new tracks were completed for a new album produced by Youth. The new album, entitled Tribes, was scheduled for release in early 2015 on the band's own label Different Man Music (via Kobalt Label Services).", "The new album, entitled Tribes, was scheduled for release in early 2015 on the band's own label Different Man Music (via Kobalt Label Services). At the end of that year the album had still not materialised.", "At the end of that year the album had still not materialised. On 19 July 2014, the band were among the line-up for a two-hour concert in Edinburgh Castle, ahead of the opening ceremony of the Commonwealth Games in Glasgow. Hay did not perform with the band because he was in recovery after having knee surgery.", "Hay did not perform with the band because he was in recovery after having knee surgery. The band played two songs, \"Do You Really Want To Hurt Me\" and \"Karma Chameleon\" which were shown on BBC TV.", "The band played two songs, \"Do You Really Want To Hurt Me\" and \"Karma Chameleon\" which were shown on BBC TV. In mid-November 2014, two days before the start of their 21-date US and UK tour, Culture Club announced they had to cancel the tour due to George suffering from a serious throat condition.", "In mid-November 2014, two days before the start of their 21-date US and UK tour, Culture Club announced they had to cancel the tour due to George suffering from a serious throat condition. The cancelled tour would have represented the full original line-up's first tour in 12 years.", "The cancelled tour would have represented the full original line-up's first tour in 12 years. The North American tour was eventually rescheduled and started on 17 July 2015 in Canada. A television documentary, Boy George and Culture Club: Karma to Calamity, aired on BBC Four on 6 March 2015.", "A television documentary, Boy George and Culture Club: Karma to Calamity, aired on BBC Four on 6 March 2015. The programme documented the band's reunion in 2014 and the making of their new album in Spain, up to the announcement to cancel the tour.", "The programme documented the band's reunion in 2014 and the making of their new album in Spain, up to the announcement to cancel the tour. Based on the popularity of 2015's mini-tour, Culture Club began a 40-city summer tour in 2016.", "Based on the popularity of 2015's mini-tour, Culture Club began a 40-city summer tour in 2016. The major success of this tour culminated in a DVD/CD/Blu-ray release, Live At Wembley: World Tour 2016.", "The major success of this tour culminated in a DVD/CD/Blu-ray release, Live At Wembley: World Tour 2016. In August 2016, the band announced that the album Tribes was permanently shelved, and offered refunds to all those who had pre-ordered the album online. In 2018, Culture Club toured the US and Europe from June to December.", "In 2018, Culture Club toured the US and Europe from June to December. Dubbed The Life Tour, the band toured in support of their namesake album, along with supporting acts The B-52s, Tom Bailey (formerly of The Thompson Twins) and Belinda Carlisle (Europe dates only).", "Dubbed The Life Tour, the band toured in support of their namesake album, along with supporting acts The B-52s, Tom Bailey (formerly of The Thompson Twins) and Belinda Carlisle (Europe dates only). Jon Moss was originally part of the line-up, but did not participate in the European leg of the tour.", "Jon Moss was originally part of the line-up, but did not participate in the European leg of the tour. A spokeswoman for Boy George confirmed: \"Jon's taking a break from Culture Club but the door is open in the future.\"", "A spokeswoman for Boy George confirmed: \"Jon's taking a break from Culture Club but the door is open in the future.\" In December 2019, Moss filed a writ at London's High Court naming the band trio as defendants.", "In December 2019, Moss filed a writ at London's High Court naming the band trio as defendants. Moss' lawyers say he was told to \"take a break\" by manager Paul Kemsley, demanding nearly £200,000 in missing payments and a share of profits. Jon Moss officially left Culture Club in May 2021.", "Jon Moss officially left Culture Club in May 2021. Culture Club returned to the SSE Arena in Wembley on 19 December 2020 for a livestream concert, broadcast around the world, in response to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.", "Culture Club returned to the SSE Arena in Wembley on 19 December 2020 for a livestream concert, broadcast around the world, in response to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Titled Rainbow in the Dark, the concert saw the band play their classic hits, new material, including a new ballad version of \"Karma Chameleon\", featuring Mila, and covers of T. Rex's \"Get It On (Bang a Gong)\" and George's solo cover of Bread's \"Everything I Own\".", "Titled Rainbow in the Dark, the concert saw the band play their classic hits, new material, including a new ballad version of \"Karma Chameleon\", featuring Mila, and covers of T. Rex's \"Get It On (Bang a Gong)\" and George's solo cover of Bread's \"Everything I Own\". Awards and achievements ASCAP Pop Music Awards |- | rowspan=\"2\"|1984 | \"Karma Chameleon\" | rowspan=\"2\"|Most Performed Songs | |- | \"It's a Miracle\" | American Music Awards |- | 1985 | rowspan=\"2\" | Culture Club | rowspan=\"2\" | Favorite Pop/Rock Band/Duo/Group | |- | 1987 | American Video Awards |- | rowspan=4|1984 | rowspan=2|A Kiss Across the Ocean | Best Long-Form Video | |- | Best Home Video | |- | \"The War Song\" | Best Choreography | |- | \"Miss Me Blind\" | Best Set Design | Billboard Music Awards |- | rowspan=6|1983 | rowspan=4|Themselves | Top Pop New Artist | |- | Top Pop Singles Artist | |- | Top Pop Singles Artist – Duo/Group | |- | Top Adult Contemporary Artist – Duo/Group | |- | Kissing to Be Clever | Top Pop Album | |- | \"Karma Chameleon\" | Top UK Single | BRIT Awards |- | 1983 | rowspan=\"2\"|Culture Club | Best British Breakthrough Act | |- | rowspan=\"2\" | 1984 | Best British Group | |- | \"Karma Chameleon\" | Best British Single | Classic Pop Reader Awards |- | 2019 | Culture Club | Artist of the Year | Creem Magazine Awards |- | rowspan=2|1983 | Themselves | Worst Group – No.", "Awards and achievements ASCAP Pop Music Awards |- | rowspan=\"2\"|1984 | \"Karma Chameleon\" | rowspan=\"2\"|Most Performed Songs | |- | \"It's a Miracle\" | American Music Awards |- | 1985 | rowspan=\"2\" | Culture Club | rowspan=\"2\" | Favorite Pop/Rock Band/Duo/Group | |- | 1987 | American Video Awards |- | rowspan=4|1984 | rowspan=2|A Kiss Across the Ocean | Best Long-Form Video | |- | Best Home Video | |- | \"The War Song\" | Best Choreography | |- | \"Miss Me Blind\" | Best Set Design | Billboard Music Awards |- | rowspan=6|1983 | rowspan=4|Themselves | Top Pop New Artist | |- | Top Pop Singles Artist | |- | Top Pop Singles Artist – Duo/Group | |- | Top Adult Contemporary Artist – Duo/Group | |- | Kissing to Be Clever | Top Pop Album | |- | \"Karma Chameleon\" | Top UK Single | BRIT Awards |- | 1983 | rowspan=\"2\"|Culture Club | Best British Breakthrough Act | |- | rowspan=\"2\" | 1984 | Best British Group | |- | \"Karma Chameleon\" | Best British Single | Classic Pop Reader Awards |- | 2019 | Culture Club | Artist of the Year | Creem Magazine Awards |- | rowspan=2|1983 | Themselves | Worst Group – No. 1 | |- | Colour by Numbers | Top Album – No.", "1 | |- | Colour by Numbers | Top Album – No. 19 | Goldene Europa |- | 1983 | Colour by Numbers | Best International Group | Grammy Awards |- | rowspan=\"2\" | 1984 | Culture Club | Best New Artist | |- | \"Do You Really Want to Hurt Me\" | Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group | Ivor Novello Awards |- | 1983 | \"Do You Really Want to Hurt Me\" | Best Selling A-Side | |- | rowspan=\"4\" | 1984 | rowspan=\"4\" | \"Karma Chameleon\" | Best Pop Song | |- | Best Selling A-Side | |- | Most Performed Work | |- | International Hit of the Year | Juno Awards |- | 1984 | Colour by Numbers | International Album of the Year | MTV Video Music Awards |- | rowspan=2|1985 | rowspan=2|\"It's a Miracle\" | Best Special Effects | |- | Best Art Direction | Q Awards |- | 2006 | \"Karma Chameleon\" | Q Classic Song Award | |- | 2014 | Culture Club | Q Idol | Rockbjörnen |- | 1983 | Colour by Numbers | Best Foreign Album | Smash Hits Poll Winners Party |- | rowspan=4|1982 | \"Do You Really Want to Hurt Me?\"", "19 | Goldene Europa |- | 1983 | Colour by Numbers | Best International Group | Grammy Awards |- | rowspan=\"2\" | 1984 | Culture Club | Best New Artist | |- | \"Do You Really Want to Hurt Me\" | Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group | Ivor Novello Awards |- | 1983 | \"Do You Really Want to Hurt Me\" | Best Selling A-Side | |- | rowspan=\"4\" | 1984 | rowspan=\"4\" | \"Karma Chameleon\" | Best Pop Song | |- | Best Selling A-Side | |- | Most Performed Work | |- | International Hit of the Year | Juno Awards |- | 1984 | Colour by Numbers | International Album of the Year | MTV Video Music Awards |- | rowspan=2|1985 | rowspan=2|\"It's a Miracle\" | Best Special Effects | |- | Best Art Direction | Q Awards |- | 2006 | \"Karma Chameleon\" | Q Classic Song Award | |- | 2014 | Culture Club | Q Idol | Rockbjörnen |- | 1983 | Colour by Numbers | Best Foreign Album | Smash Hits Poll Winners Party |- | rowspan=4|1982 | \"Do You Really Want to Hurt Me?\" | Best Single | |- | Kissing to Be Clever | Best Album | |- | rowspan=3|Themselves | Most Promising New Act | |- | rowspan=2|Best Group | |- | rowspan=6|1983 | |- | Culture Club's \"Colour by Numbers\" Tour | rowspan=2|Event of the Year | |- | Culture Club Making No.1 with \"Karma Chameleon\"| |- | rowspan=2|\"Karma Chameleon\" | Best Single | |- | Best Video | |- | Colour by Numbers| rowspan=2|Best Album | |- | rowspan=4|1984 | Waking Up with the House on Fire| |- | rowspan=2|\"The War Song\" | Best Single | |- | Best Video | |- | rowspan=2|Themselves | Best Group | |- | 1985 | Worst Group | Rock and Roll Hall of Fame |- | 1999 | \"Time (Clock of the Heart)\" | 500 Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll | | No.", "| Best Single | |- | Kissing to Be Clever | Best Album | |- | rowspan=3|Themselves | Most Promising New Act | |- | rowspan=2|Best Group | |- | rowspan=6|1983 | |- | Culture Club's \"Colour by Numbers\" Tour | rowspan=2|Event of the Year | |- | Culture Club Making No.1 with \"Karma Chameleon\"| |- | rowspan=2|\"Karma Chameleon\" | Best Single | |- | Best Video | |- | Colour by Numbers| rowspan=2|Best Album | |- | rowspan=4|1984 | Waking Up with the House on Fire| |- | rowspan=2|\"The War Song\" | Best Single | |- | Best Video | |- | rowspan=2|Themselves | Best Group | |- | 1985 | Worst Group | Rock and Roll Hall of Fame |- | 1999 | \"Time (Clock of the Heart)\" | 500 Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll | | No. 107 Variety Club of Great Britain Awards |- | 1985 | The War Song| Best Recording Artist | Musical style and development Culture Club's sound combines British new wave and American soul with Jamaican reggae and also other styles as calypso, salsa or country.Philadelphia Daily News described Culture Club as a hot new rock act, while William K Knoedelseder Jr from Los Angeles Times said about the group, \"Boy George of Culture Club, a rock group MTV helped make popular\", adding that, \"There's some debate in the record industry about MTV's ability to directly increase record sales across the board but there's no doubt that the channel has been responsible for exposing such rock artists as Def Leppard, Duran Duran and Men at Work to a national audience...\" In the 1980s, Boy George said about the music style of his band Culture Club, \"We play rock 'n' roll and I love rock 'n' roll music but I don't like the lifestyle.", "107 Variety Club of Great Britain Awards |- | 1985 | The War Song| Best Recording Artist | Musical style and development Culture Club's sound combines British new wave and American soul with Jamaican reggae and also other styles as calypso, salsa or country.Philadelphia Daily News described Culture Club as a hot new rock act, while William K Knoedelseder Jr from Los Angeles Times said about the group, \"Boy George of Culture Club, a rock group MTV helped make popular\", adding that, \"There's some debate in the record industry about MTV's ability to directly increase record sales across the board but there's no doubt that the channel has been responsible for exposing such rock artists as Def Leppard, Duran Duran and Men at Work to a national audience...\" In the 1980s, Boy George said about the music style of his band Culture Club, \"We play rock 'n' roll and I love rock 'n' roll music but I don't like the lifestyle. I don't like people tipping beer over their heads....", "I don't like people tipping beer over their heads.... I just hate rock 'n' roll in that way. It's disgusting and boring. I look at what we're doing as very intelligent.\"", "I look at what we're doing as very intelligent.\" Stephen Holden, music critic for The New York Times, said in his article Rock: British Culture Club, that \"Culture Club blends soul, rock, funk, reggae and salsa into a music that programmatically reconciles white, black and Latin styles\", adding that, \"Mr. O'Dowd made the group's best songs – the Motown-flavoured Do You Really Want to Hurt Me and the Latin-inflected dance tune I'll Tumble 4 Ya – shine like jewels.\"", "Stephen Holden, music critic for The New York Times, said in his article Rock: British Culture Club, that \"Culture Club blends soul, rock, funk, reggae and salsa into a music that programmatically reconciles white, black and Latin styles\", adding that, \"Mr. O'Dowd made the group's best songs – the Motown-flavoured Do You Really Want to Hurt Me and the Latin-inflected dance tune I'll Tumble 4 Ya – shine like jewels.\" Star-News considered Culture Club as a 'new rock' band of the 1980s; the newspaper said \"Now you see the more rhythm-oriented, 'new rock of the 80s,' like Culture Club and the Eurythmics, fitting in more easily with urban contemporary formats.\"", "Star-News considered Culture Club as a 'new rock' band of the 1980s; the newspaper said \"Now you see the more rhythm-oriented, 'new rock of the 80s,' like Culture Club and the Eurythmics, fitting in more easily with urban contemporary formats.\" Stephen Thomas Erlewine, senior editor for AllMusic, described specifically Culture Club as a new wave band and generically as the most successful pop/rock group in America and England during the 1980s, adding that, \"By 1986, the group had broken up, leaving behind several singles that rank as classics of the new wave era.\"", "Stephen Thomas Erlewine, senior editor for AllMusic, described specifically Culture Club as a new wave band and generically as the most successful pop/rock group in America and England during the 1980s, adding that, \"By 1986, the group had broken up, leaving behind several singles that rank as classics of the new wave era.\" The music of Culture Club is described by George as, \"The aim is to be creatively fluid to make everything we do a little different.", "The music of Culture Club is described by George as, \"The aim is to be creatively fluid to make everything we do a little different. We want to be a bridge between white rock and black soul\", adding that, \"I want Culture Club to represent all peoples and minorities\".", "We want to be a bridge between white rock and black soul\", adding that, \"I want Culture Club to represent all peoples and minorities\". The band was part of the second British rock invasion of the 1980s in the United States, as R. Serge Denisoff and William L. Schurk said in their book Tarnished gold: the record industry revisited, \"Here comes the rock and roll of 1984.", "The band was part of the second British rock invasion of the 1980s in the United States, as R. Serge Denisoff and William L. Schurk said in their book Tarnished gold: the record industry revisited, \"Here comes the rock and roll of 1984. The invaders were a mixed bunch led by Culture Club, whose sound has been described as 'recycled Smokey Robinson' or 'torchy American schmaltz and classic Motown'\", adding that, \"Boy George's drag-queen appearance made the group a natural for the visual demands of cable television\".", "The invaders were a mixed bunch led by Culture Club, whose sound has been described as 'recycled Smokey Robinson' or 'torchy American schmaltz and classic Motown'\", adding that, \"Boy George's drag-queen appearance made the group a natural for the visual demands of cable television\". In her book Magazines for children: a guide for parents, teachers, and librarians, author Selma K. Richardson said that Culture Club's music is soft rock that contains, \"enough soul and new wave elements to cover almost all audiences\".", "In her book Magazines for children: a guide for parents, teachers, and librarians, author Selma K. Richardson said that Culture Club's music is soft rock that contains, \"enough soul and new wave elements to cover almost all audiences\". Band members Principal members Boy George – vocals, tambourine (1981–1986, 1998–2002, 2011–present) Mikey Craig – vocals, bass, keyboards (1981–1986, 1998–2002, 2011–present) Roy Hay – guitars, vocals, keyboards (1981–1986, 1998–2002, 2011–present) Touring/session members Phil Pickett – keyboards, vocals (1981–1986) Darius Zickus – keyboards (1998–2002) Darren Lewis – keyboards, percussion (2011–present) Meryl Evans – drums, percussion, vocals (2021–present) Former members Jon Moss – drums, percussion, vocals (1981–1986, 1998–2002, 2011–2021) Discography Kissing to Be Clever (1982) Colour by Numbers (1983) Waking Up with the House on Fire (1984) From Luxury to Heartache (1986) Don't Mind If I Do (1999) Life (2018) Citations Bibliography Songbooks Kissing to Be Clever (including \"Time (Clock of the Heart)\" – 1982), London & Suffolk, West Central Printing Co. Ltd., distr.", "Band members Principal members Boy George – vocals, tambourine (1981–1986, 1998–2002, 2011–present) Mikey Craig – vocals, bass, keyboards (1981–1986, 1998–2002, 2011–present) Roy Hay – guitars, vocals, keyboards (1981–1986, 1998–2002, 2011–present) Touring/session members Phil Pickett – keyboards, vocals (1981–1986) Darius Zickus – keyboards (1998–2002) Darren Lewis – keyboards, percussion (2011–present) Meryl Evans – drums, percussion, vocals (2021–present) Former members Jon Moss – drums, percussion, vocals (1981–1986, 1998–2002, 2011–2021) Discography Kissing to Be Clever (1982) Colour by Numbers (1983) Waking Up with the House on Fire (1984) From Luxury to Heartache (1986) Don't Mind If I Do (1999) Life (2018) Citations Bibliography Songbooks Kissing to Be Clever (including \"Time (Clock of the Heart)\" – 1982), London & Suffolk, West Central Printing Co. Ltd., distr. Music Sales Ltd. Colour by Numbers (1983), London & Suffolk, West Central Printing Co. Ltd., distr.", "Music Sales Ltd. Colour by Numbers (1983), London & Suffolk, West Central Printing Co. Ltd., distr. Music Sales Ltd. Waking Up with the House on Fire (1984), London & Suffolk, West Central Printing Co. Ltd., distr.", "Music Sales Ltd. Waking Up with the House on Fire (1984), London & Suffolk, West Central Printing Co. Ltd., distr. Music Sales Ltd. From Luxury to Heartache (1986), Virgin Music (Publishers) Ltd., distr.", "Music Sales Ltd. From Luxury to Heartache (1986), Virgin Music (Publishers) Ltd., distr. IMP-International Music Publications, Essex, England Culture Club'' (10 of their best songs – 1987), Virgin Music (Publishers) Ltd., distr. IMP-International Music Publications, Essex, England N.B.", "IMP-International Music Publications, Essex, England N.B. : Each of the first four songbooks includes a detailed official biography, which is each time updated: this way, such songbooks, corresponding to the band's first four albums, chronicle the early official biography of Culture Club, from 1982 to 1986.", ": Each of the first four songbooks includes a detailed official biography, which is each time updated: this way, such songbooks, corresponding to the band's first four albums, chronicle the early official biography of Culture Club, from 1982 to 1986. External links Culture Club VH1 artist page Culture Club MTV artist page [ Culture Club Billboard artist page] Culture Club Rolling Stone artist page Brit Award winners English dance music groups English pop music groups English new wave musical groups Epic Records artists Grammy Award winners LGBT-themed musical groups Musical groups disestablished in 1986 Musical groups disestablished in 2002 Musical groups established in 1981 Musical groups reestablished in 1998 Musical groups reestablished in 2011 Musical quartets Virgin Records artists British soul musical groups" ]

[ "Culture Club", "Formation and Kissing to Be Clever: 1981-1983", "How did the band form?", "George decided to start his own band and enlisted bassist Mikey Craig, drummer Jon Moss, and finally guitarist Roy Hay.", "When did this happen?", "In 1981,", "Did they get a recording contract soon after that?", "The group recorded demos, which were paid for by EMI Records, but the label was unimpressed", "What label did then end up signing with?", "Virgin Records heard the demos and signed the group in the UK," ]

[ "\"I'm In a Different World\" is a song written and produced by Brian Holland, Lamont Dozier, and Edward Holland Jr. \nBillboard described the single as a \"smooth swinger that moves and grooves throughout\" which \"should\nfast prove a sales topper.\"\n\nBackground\n\"I'm in a Different World\" is the final recording they did for the Four Tops before leaving the label due to royalty disputes with Motown. The label issued the song in 1968 as the follow-up single to \"Yesterday's Dreams\".\n\nCredits\nLead vocal by Levi Stubbs\nBackground vocals by Abdul \"Duke\" Fakir, Lawrence Payton and Renaldo \"Obie\" Benson\nAdditional background vocals by The Andantes\nInstrumentation by The Funk Brothers\n\nChart history\n\"I'm in a Different World\" peaked at number 51 on the US pop chart and number 27 on the UK chart.\n\nReferences\n\n1968 singles\nFour Tops songs\nMotown singles\nSongs written by Holland–Dozier–Holland\n1968 songs\nSong recordings produced by Lamont Dozier\nSong recordings produced by Brian Holland", "Temple US Records is a record label founded in the late 1970s by Robin Morton. Morton, a former member of The Boys of the Lough, had already founded Temple in Temple, Midlothian; Temple US is based in Arlington, Massachusetts.\n\nMorton worked as a producer for Topic Records. This label was not interested in recording the clarsach player Alison Kinnaird, as they did not think the record would sell. He formed Temple Records to release her first LP, The Harp Key (1978), which became a best selling traditional music record. Morton later married Kinnaird.\n\nOne of the earliest signings was The Battlefield Band, who rapidly rose to international fame. Morton became their manager in 1980. All their albums are on the Temple label. The success of the Battlefield Band in America prompted Morton to set up Temple US Records in the mid-1980s. As well as recordings by current folk artists, the label has released historic recordings by James Scott Skinner.\n\nSee also\n List of record labels\n\nAmerican record labels" ]

[ "Culture Club are an English new wave band formed in London in 1981. The band comprises Boy George (lead vocals), Roy Hay (guitar and keyboards), Mikey Craig (bass guitar) and formerly included Jon Moss (drums and percussion).", "The band comprises Boy George (lead vocals), Roy Hay (guitar and keyboards), Mikey Craig (bass guitar) and formerly included Jon Moss (drums and percussion). Emerging in the New Romantic scene, they are considered one of the most representative and influential groups of the 1980s.", "Emerging in the New Romantic scene, they are considered one of the most representative and influential groups of the 1980s. Led by singer and frontman Boy George, whose androgynous style of dressing caught the attention of the public and the media in the early 1980s, the band have sold more than 50 million records including over 6 million BPI certified records sold in the UK and over 7 million RIAA certified records sold in the US.", "Led by singer and frontman Boy George, whose androgynous style of dressing caught the attention of the public and the media in the early 1980s, the band have sold more than 50 million records including over 6 million BPI certified records sold in the UK and over 7 million RIAA certified records sold in the US. Their hits include \"Do You Really Want to Hurt Me\", \"Time (Clock of the Heart)\", \"I'll Tumble 4 Ya\", \"Church of the Poison Mind\", \"Karma Chameleon\", \"Victims\", \"Miss Me Blind\", \"It's a Miracle\", \"The War Song\", \"Move Away\", and \"I Just Wanna Be Loved\".", "Their hits include \"Do You Really Want to Hurt Me\", \"Time (Clock of the Heart)\", \"I'll Tumble 4 Ya\", \"Church of the Poison Mind\", \"Karma Chameleon\", \"Victims\", \"Miss Me Blind\", \"It's a Miracle\", \"The War Song\", \"Move Away\", and \"I Just Wanna Be Loved\". In the UK they amassed twelve Top 40 hit singles between 1982 and 1999, including the number ones \"Do You Really Want To Hurt Me\" and \"Karma Chameleon\", the latter being the biggest selling single of 1983 in the UK, and hit number one on the US Hot 100 in 1984.", "In the UK they amassed twelve Top 40 hit singles between 1982 and 1999, including the number ones \"Do You Really Want To Hurt Me\" and \"Karma Chameleon\", the latter being the biggest selling single of 1983 in the UK, and hit number one on the US Hot 100 in 1984. The song \"Time (Clock of the Heart)\" is included on the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's list of 500 songs that shaped rock and roll.", "The song \"Time (Clock of the Heart)\" is included on the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's list of 500 songs that shaped rock and roll. Their second album, Colour by Numbers, sold more than 10 million copies worldwide.", "Their second album, Colour by Numbers, sold more than 10 million copies worldwide. It appeared on Rolling Stone magazine's list of the 100 Best Albums of the 1980s and is also included in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die.", "It appeared on Rolling Stone magazine's list of the 100 Best Albums of the 1980s and is also included in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die. Ten of their singles reached the US Top 40, where they are associated with the Second British Invasion of British new wave groups that became popular in the US due to the cable music channel MTV.", "Ten of their singles reached the US Top 40, where they are associated with the Second British Invasion of British new wave groups that became popular in the US due to the cable music channel MTV. Culture Club's music combines British new wave and American soul and pop.", "Culture Club's music combines British new wave and American soul and pop. It also includes some elements of Jamaican reggae and also other styles such as calypso, salsa, and with \"Karma Chameleon\", elements of country music.", "It also includes some elements of Jamaican reggae and also other styles such as calypso, salsa, and with \"Karma Chameleon\", elements of country music. In 1984, Culture Club won Brit Awards for Best British Group, Best British Single (\"Karma Chameleon\"), and the Grammy Award for Best New Artist.", "In 1984, Culture Club won Brit Awards for Best British Group, Best British Single (\"Karma Chameleon\"), and the Grammy Award for Best New Artist. They were nominated the same year for the Grammy Award for Pop Vocal by Group or Duo.", "They were nominated the same year for the Grammy Award for Pop Vocal by Group or Duo. The band were also nominated for a Canadian Juno Award for International Album of the Year.", "The band were also nominated for a Canadian Juno Award for International Album of the Year. In January 1985, Culture Club were nominated for an American Music Award for Favorite Pop/Rock Band/Duo/Group Video Artist, and in September 1985, they were nominated for two MTV Video Music Awards for Best Special Effects and Best Art Direction for their video \"It's a Miracle\".", "In January 1985, Culture Club were nominated for an American Music Award for Favorite Pop/Rock Band/Duo/Group Video Artist, and in September 1985, they were nominated for two MTV Video Music Awards for Best Special Effects and Best Art Direction for their video \"It's a Miracle\". In 1987, they received another nomination for an American Music Award for Favorite Pop/Rock Band/Duo/Group Video Artist.", "In 1987, they received another nomination for an American Music Award for Favorite Pop/Rock Band/Duo/Group Video Artist. History 1981–1983: Formation and Kissing to Be Clever In 1981, Blitz Club regular Boy George occasionally sang with the group Bow Wow Wow, performing under the stage name Lieutenant Lush with the group.", "History 1981–1983: Formation and Kissing to Be Clever In 1981, Blitz Club regular Boy George occasionally sang with the group Bow Wow Wow, performing under the stage name Lieutenant Lush with the group. After his tenure with the group ended, George decided to start his own band and enlisted bassist Mikey Craig, drummer Jon Moss, and finally guitarist Roy Hay joined the group.", "After his tenure with the group ended, George decided to start his own band and enlisted bassist Mikey Craig, drummer Jon Moss, and finally guitarist Roy Hay joined the group. Realizing they had an Irish gay man as the lead singer, a black Briton on bass, a blond Englishman on guitar and keyboards, and a Jewish drummer, they eventually decided to name the group Culture Club.", "Realizing they had an Irish gay man as the lead singer, a black Briton on bass, a blond Englishman on guitar and keyboards, and a Jewish drummer, they eventually decided to name the group Culture Club. The group recorded demos, which were paid for by EMI Records, but the label was unimpressed and decided not to sign the group.", "The group recorded demos, which were paid for by EMI Records, but the label was unimpressed and decided not to sign the group. Virgin Records heard the demos and signed the group in the UK, releasing their albums in Europe, while Epic Records released their albums in the United States and much of the rest of the world.", "Virgin Records heard the demos and signed the group in the UK, releasing their albums in Europe, while Epic Records released their albums in the United States and much of the rest of the world. The band released two singles in May and June 1982, \"White Boy\" and \"I'm Afraid of Me\", though both failed to chart.", "The band released two singles in May and June 1982, \"White Boy\" and \"I'm Afraid of Me\", though both failed to chart. In September of that year, the group released their third single, \"Do You Really Want to Hurt Me\", a reggae-influenced number, which became one of their biggest hits.", "In September of that year, the group released their third single, \"Do You Really Want to Hurt Me\", a reggae-influenced number, which became one of their biggest hits. The song went to No. 1 in the UK in late 1982 and became an international smash, topping the charts in twenty-three countries (No.", "1 in the UK in late 1982 and became an international smash, topping the charts in twenty-three countries (No. 2 in the US), and the top ten in several more countries. The band's 1982 debut on Top of the Pops created tabloid headlines, which focused on George's androgynous style of dress and sexual ambiguity.", "The band's 1982 debut on Top of the Pops created tabloid headlines, which focused on George's androgynous style of dress and sexual ambiguity. Magazines began to feature George prominently on their covers.", "Magazines began to feature George prominently on their covers. Pete Burns, lead singer of the new wave band Dead or Alive, would later claim he was the first to wear braids, big hats, and colourful costumes, but George would cut back with a sharp-tongued remark, \"It's not who did it first, it's who did it better.\"", "Pete Burns, lead singer of the new wave band Dead or Alive, would later claim he was the first to wear braids, big hats, and colourful costumes, but George would cut back with a sharp-tongued remark, \"It's not who did it first, it's who did it better.\" The band's debut album, Kissing to Be Clever (UK No.", "The band's debut album, Kissing to Be Clever (UK No. 5, US No. 14) was released in October 1982, and the follow-up single, \"Time (Clock of the Heart)\", became another Top 10 hit in the US (Number 2) and UK (Number 3).", "14) was released in October 1982, and the follow-up single, \"Time (Clock of the Heart)\", became another Top 10 hit in the US (Number 2) and UK (Number 3). \"I'll Tumble 4 Ya\" also became a Top Ten hit in the US (Number 9) and in Canada.", "\"I'll Tumble 4 Ya\" also became a Top Ten hit in the US (Number 9) and in Canada. This gave Culture Club the distinction of being the first group since The Beatles to have three Top Ten hits in America from a debut album.", "This gave Culture Club the distinction of being the first group since The Beatles to have three Top Ten hits in America from a debut album. Kissing to Be Clever sold over 1.5 million copies in the US, being certified platinum. 1983–1984: Colour by Numbers The band's second album, Colour by Numbers (UK No.", "1983–1984: Colour by Numbers The band's second album, Colour by Numbers (UK No. 1, US No. 2), was released in 1983. The first single, \"Church of the Poison Mind\", featuring backing vocalist Helen Terry, reached the UK and US Top 10.", "The first single, \"Church of the Poison Mind\", featuring backing vocalist Helen Terry, reached the UK and US Top 10. The second single, \"Karma Chameleon\", gave the band their biggest hit, peaking at No.", "The second single, \"Karma Chameleon\", gave the band their biggest hit, peaking at No. 1 in the UK (the band's second chart-topper there), where it became the best selling single of 1983 and has sold 1.5 million copies there to date. It also peaked at No.", "It also peaked at No. It also peaked at No. 1 in the US for three consecutive weeks, and would ultimately hit No.", "1 in the US for three consecutive weeks, and would ultimately hit No. 1 in 30 countries, thus becoming one of the top twenty best-selling singles of the 1980s sold up seven million copies worldwide, with one of the most iconic images of Boy George on the cover shot by photographer David Levine.", "1 in 30 countries, thus becoming one of the top twenty best-selling singles of the 1980s sold up seven million copies worldwide, with one of the most iconic images of Boy George on the cover shot by photographer David Levine. The album Colour by Numbers would spawn more hits including \"Miss Me Blind\" (#5 US), \"It's a Miracle\" (#4 UK, No.", "The album Colour by Numbers would spawn more hits including \"Miss Me Blind\" (#5 US), \"It's a Miracle\" (#4 UK, No. 13 US), and \"Victims\" (#3 UK), and sold four million copies in the US and another five million worldwide at its time of release.", "13 US), and \"Victims\" (#3 UK), and sold four million copies in the US and another five million worldwide at its time of release. The album gave Culture Club the distinction of being the first group in music history to have an album certified diamond in Canada (for sales of one million copies in that country).", "The album gave Culture Club the distinction of being the first group in music history to have an album certified diamond in Canada (for sales of one million copies in that country). The band also won the 1984 Brit Award for Best Group and the Grammy Award for Best New Artist, where George gave a speech via satellite stating, \"Thanks America, you've got style, you've got taste, and you know a good drag queen when you see one.\"", "The band also won the 1984 Brit Award for Best Group and the Grammy Award for Best New Artist, where George gave a speech via satellite stating, \"Thanks America, you've got style, you've got taste, and you know a good drag queen when you see one.\" The group's back-up singer, Helen Terry, began work on her solo album, for which George and Hay wrote the song \"Love Lies Lost\".", "The group's back-up singer, Helen Terry, began work on her solo album, for which George and Hay wrote the song \"Love Lies Lost\". The pair also wrote \"Passing Friend\" for the Beach Boys' album. Culture Club wrote two songs for the soundtrack to the movie Electric Dreams.", "Culture Club wrote two songs for the soundtrack to the movie Electric Dreams. George and Hay wrote \"The Dream\" and \"Love Is Love\", with the latter being released as a single in Canada and Japan, the E.P \"Love is Love\" became a major hit in Japan.", "George and Hay wrote \"The Dream\" and \"Love Is Love\", with the latter being released as a single in Canada and Japan, the E.P \"Love is Love\" became a major hit in Japan. George also collaborated on the song \"Electric Dreams\", sung by P. P. Arnold.", "George also collaborated on the song \"Electric Dreams\", sung by P. P. Arnold. The song was written with Phil Pickett (former member of the 1970s band Sailor) who had also co-written \"Karma Chameleon\" and frequently played keyboards for the group. Despite Culture Club's commercial success, there were significant pressures within the band.", "Despite Culture Club's commercial success, there were significant pressures within the band. George was using drugs with money from his new-found fame. George and Moss were also romantically involved with each other, which was unknown to the public and the media at the time.", "George and Moss were also romantically involved with each other, which was unknown to the public and the media at the time. Their relationship lasted for over four years and was often turbulent, with alleged physical and verbal abuse from both sides.", "Their relationship lasted for over four years and was often turbulent, with alleged physical and verbal abuse from both sides. Their constant arguments and the pressure to hide the relationship from the public started to take its toll on the band.", "Their constant arguments and the pressure to hide the relationship from the public started to take its toll on the band. 1984–1986: Waking Up with the House on Fire, From Luxury to Heartache and decline In 1984, the group released their third album Waking Up with the House on Fire (UK No. 2, US No.", "2, US No. 2, US No. 26) which sold 2.8 million copies worldwide. Although certified platinum in both the UK and the US, it was a commercial and critical disappointment compared to their first two albums. The album contained the hit single \"The War Song\", which reached No.", "The album contained the hit single \"The War Song\", which reached No. 2 in the UK, and Top 20 in the US. Other singles like \"Mistake No. 3\" (US No. 33) and \"The Medal Song\" (UK No. 32) would become modest hits.", "32) would become modest hits. George later stated he felt the album experienced a lukewarm reception because of half-hearted material he felt they released due to pressure from Virgin and Epic. According to him, the band had just come off an exhausting world tour in 1984.", "According to him, the band had just come off an exhausting world tour in 1984. At the end of 1984, Boy George was recruited by Bob Geldof to join the Band Aid recording, consisting of mostly internationally known UK and Irish recording stars.", "At the end of 1984, Boy George was recruited by Bob Geldof to join the Band Aid recording, consisting of mostly internationally known UK and Irish recording stars. George was in New York City for an appearance on Late Night with David Letterman when Geldof called him, but managed to catch the final Concorde of the day to London and was the last singer to record a lead vocal track for the song \"Do They Know It's Christmas?\".", "George was in New York City for an appearance on Late Night with David Letterman when Geldof called him, but managed to catch the final Concorde of the day to London and was the last singer to record a lead vocal track for the song \"Do They Know It's Christmas?\". The song would become the biggest selling single of all-time in the UK and a huge international hit, raising millions for famine victims in several African nations, particularly Ethiopia.", "The song would become the biggest selling single of all-time in the UK and a huge international hit, raising millions for famine victims in several African nations, particularly Ethiopia. Due to all the heartache from the break-up of his relationship with Moss, and all the ensuing tension with rest of the band, George turned to relief in drugs.", "Due to all the heartache from the break-up of his relationship with Moss, and all the ensuing tension with rest of the band, George turned to relief in drugs. Consequently, he soon developed a self-destructive drug addiction, which in merely four months escalated from marijuana to heroin. By 1986, George had become seriously addicted.", "By 1986, George had become seriously addicted. The recording of their fourth studio album, 1986's From Luxury to Heartache (UK No. 10, US No. 32) dragged on for so long that producer Arif Mardin had to abandon the sessions due to prior commitments and leave it to engineer Lew Hahn to finish the sessions.", "32) dragged on for so long that producer Arif Mardin had to abandon the sessions due to prior commitments and leave it to engineer Lew Hahn to finish the sessions. Nevertheless, the first single \"Move Away\" became a hit, peaking at UK No. 7 and US No.", "7 and US No. 7 and US No. 12 and appeared the album would return the group back to its previous success.", "12 and appeared the album would return the group back to its previous success. But by the time of the release of the second single \"God Thank You Woman\", news of George's drug addiction began to circulate in British and American tabloids, and the second single stalled on its way up the charts, failing to make a big impact.", "But by the time of the release of the second single \"God Thank You Woman\", news of George's drug addiction began to circulate in British and American tabloids, and the second single stalled on its way up the charts, failing to make a big impact. George and Moss also no longer wanted to be around each other due to the constant relationship battles and with George's addiction.", "George and Moss also no longer wanted to be around each other due to the constant relationship battles and with George's addiction. From Luxury to Heartache began to fade from the charts as well, and the album ultimately sold less than one million copies worldwide at the time of release.", "From Luxury to Heartache began to fade from the charts as well, and the album ultimately sold less than one million copies worldwide at the time of release. By the summer of 1986, George finally admitted that he was indeed addicted to drugs.", "By the summer of 1986, George finally admitted that he was indeed addicted to drugs. In July of that year, he was arrested by the British police for possession of heroin. The band broke up and George pursued a solo career, having several European hits and a couple of US Top 40 hits.", "The band broke up and George pursued a solo career, having several European hits and a couple of US Top 40 hits. Reunions 1989 The band first tried to reunite in 1989, after many requests from Tony Gordon, the group's former manager and George's manager at that time.", "Reunions 1989 The band first tried to reunite in 1989, after many requests from Tony Gordon, the group's former manager and George's manager at that time. George agreed to try some songs with the band again, resulting in recording sessions and producing more than a dozen songs that remain unreleased.", "George agreed to try some songs with the band again, resulting in recording sessions and producing more than a dozen songs that remain unreleased. George, however, was more excited about his future projects like his record label, More Protein, and his new acid house project Jesus Loves You. The proposed reunion ended up being cancelled.", "The proposed reunion ended up being cancelled. 1998–2000, 2002 In 1998, George and Moss put their differences aside and the band reunited to do a reunion tour, kicking off with a performance on VH1 Storytellers.", "1998–2000, 2002 In 1998, George and Moss put their differences aside and the band reunited to do a reunion tour, kicking off with a performance on VH1 Storytellers. George said about the reunion, \"Culture Club's reunion couldn't have come at a better time for rock\", adding that, \"It's a nostalgia trip, there's no way of avoiding that.\"", "George said about the reunion, \"Culture Club's reunion couldn't have come at a better time for rock\", adding that, \"It's a nostalgia trip, there's no way of avoiding that.\" The tour was a major success.", "The tour was a major success. Greatest Moments, a compilation album based around the Storytellers performance, was released, and went platinum in UK. It included new songs such as \"I Just Wanna Be Loved\", which hit UK No. 4.", "4. 4. However, their new-found success was short-lived and their fifth studio album, Don't Mind If I Do, released in 1999, peaked at No. 64 in the UK. It included minor UK hits in \"Your Kisses Are Charity\" (UK No. 25) and \"Cold Shoulder\" (UK No.", "25) and \"Cold Shoulder\" (UK No. 43). The band went on to tour, then reunited again for a 20th anniversary concert in 2002 at the Royal Albert Hall in London. This performance was released on DVD the following year.", "This performance was released on DVD the following year. Culture Club then became inactive again, largely due to George's successful DJ career, as well as his semi-autobiographical musical Taboo.", "Culture Club then became inactive again, largely due to George's successful DJ career, as well as his semi-autobiographical musical Taboo. It was a success in London, but was a flop on Broadway, only running for 100 performances, as well as losing $10 million for its producer, Rosie O'Donnell.", "It was a success in London, but was a flop on Broadway, only running for 100 performances, as well as losing $10 million for its producer, Rosie O'Donnell. 2006 In 2006, original members Craig and Moss tried to launch a new tour with another lead singer, as George and Hay had declined to tour.", "2006 In 2006, original members Craig and Moss tried to launch a new tour with another lead singer, as George and Hay had declined to tour. Early that year, the band's record company placed an ad for a lead singer to \"...take part in a 2007 World Tour and TV Series.\"", "Early that year, the band's record company placed an ad for a lead singer to \"...take part in a 2007 World Tour and TV Series.\" The new singer, Sam Butcher was selected because of his own personality, \"not a Boy George lookalike.\"", "The new singer, Sam Butcher was selected because of his own personality, \"not a Boy George lookalike.\" After watching a video on MySpace, George described the singer who replaced him as \"terrible\" and \"dreadful\". George said: \"I wanted to like it but I couldn't.", "George said: \"I wanted to like it but I couldn't. They're my songs, they're my heart, they're my life.\" A proposed tour for December 2006 in the UK did not take place.", "A proposed tour for December 2006 in the UK did not take place. 2011 In late 2011, George was part of a three-man Culture Club band that performed two live concerts, in Dubai and Sydney, the latter being a New Year's Eve concert, although Moss did not appear due to a back injury.", "2011 In late 2011, George was part of a three-man Culture Club band that performed two live concerts, in Dubai and Sydney, the latter being a New Year's Eve concert, although Moss did not appear due to a back injury. 2014–present In 2014, the band reformed and announced a tour and a new album.", "2014–present In 2014, the band reformed and announced a tour and a new album. A new picture of the four members was also posted on the band's official website, along with the list of the 11 UK concert dates. The band travelled to Spain for a two-week recording session.", "The band travelled to Spain for a two-week recording session. 18 new tracks were completed for a new album produced by Youth. The new album, entitled Tribes, was scheduled for release in early 2015 on the band's own label Different Man Music (via Kobalt Label Services).", "The new album, entitled Tribes, was scheduled for release in early 2015 on the band's own label Different Man Music (via Kobalt Label Services). At the end of that year the album had still not materialised.", "At the end of that year the album had still not materialised. On 19 July 2014, the band were among the line-up for a two-hour concert in Edinburgh Castle, ahead of the opening ceremony of the Commonwealth Games in Glasgow. Hay did not perform with the band because he was in recovery after having knee surgery.", "Hay did not perform with the band because he was in recovery after having knee surgery. The band played two songs, \"Do You Really Want To Hurt Me\" and \"Karma Chameleon\" which were shown on BBC TV.", "The band played two songs, \"Do You Really Want To Hurt Me\" and \"Karma Chameleon\" which were shown on BBC TV. In mid-November 2014, two days before the start of their 21-date US and UK tour, Culture Club announced they had to cancel the tour due to George suffering from a serious throat condition.", "In mid-November 2014, two days before the start of their 21-date US and UK tour, Culture Club announced they had to cancel the tour due to George suffering from a serious throat condition. The cancelled tour would have represented the full original line-up's first tour in 12 years.", "The cancelled tour would have represented the full original line-up's first tour in 12 years. The North American tour was eventually rescheduled and started on 17 July 2015 in Canada. A television documentary, Boy George and Culture Club: Karma to Calamity, aired on BBC Four on 6 March 2015.", "A television documentary, Boy George and Culture Club: Karma to Calamity, aired on BBC Four on 6 March 2015. The programme documented the band's reunion in 2014 and the making of their new album in Spain, up to the announcement to cancel the tour.", "The programme documented the band's reunion in 2014 and the making of their new album in Spain, up to the announcement to cancel the tour. Based on the popularity of 2015's mini-tour, Culture Club began a 40-city summer tour in 2016.", "Based on the popularity of 2015's mini-tour, Culture Club began a 40-city summer tour in 2016. The major success of this tour culminated in a DVD/CD/Blu-ray release, Live At Wembley: World Tour 2016.", "The major success of this tour culminated in a DVD/CD/Blu-ray release, Live At Wembley: World Tour 2016. In August 2016, the band announced that the album Tribes was permanently shelved, and offered refunds to all those who had pre-ordered the album online. In 2018, Culture Club toured the US and Europe from June to December.", "In 2018, Culture Club toured the US and Europe from June to December. Dubbed The Life Tour, the band toured in support of their namesake album, along with supporting acts The B-52s, Tom Bailey (formerly of The Thompson Twins) and Belinda Carlisle (Europe dates only).", "Dubbed The Life Tour, the band toured in support of their namesake album, along with supporting acts The B-52s, Tom Bailey (formerly of The Thompson Twins) and Belinda Carlisle (Europe dates only). Jon Moss was originally part of the line-up, but did not participate in the European leg of the tour.", "Jon Moss was originally part of the line-up, but did not participate in the European leg of the tour. A spokeswoman for Boy George confirmed: \"Jon's taking a break from Culture Club but the door is open in the future.\"", "A spokeswoman for Boy George confirmed: \"Jon's taking a break from Culture Club but the door is open in the future.\" In December 2019, Moss filed a writ at London's High Court naming the band trio as defendants.", "In December 2019, Moss filed a writ at London's High Court naming the band trio as defendants. Moss' lawyers say he was told to \"take a break\" by manager Paul Kemsley, demanding nearly £200,000 in missing payments and a share of profits. Jon Moss officially left Culture Club in May 2021.", "Jon Moss officially left Culture Club in May 2021. Culture Club returned to the SSE Arena in Wembley on 19 December 2020 for a livestream concert, broadcast around the world, in response to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.", "Culture Club returned to the SSE Arena in Wembley on 19 December 2020 for a livestream concert, broadcast around the world, in response to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Titled Rainbow in the Dark, the concert saw the band play their classic hits, new material, including a new ballad version of \"Karma Chameleon\", featuring Mila, and covers of T. Rex's \"Get It On (Bang a Gong)\" and George's solo cover of Bread's \"Everything I Own\".", "Titled Rainbow in the Dark, the concert saw the band play their classic hits, new material, including a new ballad version of \"Karma Chameleon\", featuring Mila, and covers of T. Rex's \"Get It On (Bang a Gong)\" and George's solo cover of Bread's \"Everything I Own\". Awards and achievements ASCAP Pop Music Awards |- | rowspan=\"2\"|1984 | \"Karma Chameleon\" | rowspan=\"2\"|Most Performed Songs | |- | \"It's a Miracle\" | American Music Awards |- | 1985 | rowspan=\"2\" | Culture Club | rowspan=\"2\" | Favorite Pop/Rock Band/Duo/Group | |- | 1987 | American Video Awards |- | rowspan=4|1984 | rowspan=2|A Kiss Across the Ocean | Best Long-Form Video | |- | Best Home Video | |- | \"The War Song\" | Best Choreography | |- | \"Miss Me Blind\" | Best Set Design | Billboard Music Awards |- | rowspan=6|1983 | rowspan=4|Themselves | Top Pop New Artist | |- | Top Pop Singles Artist | |- | Top Pop Singles Artist – Duo/Group | |- | Top Adult Contemporary Artist – Duo/Group | |- | Kissing to Be Clever | Top Pop Album | |- | \"Karma Chameleon\" | Top UK Single | BRIT Awards |- | 1983 | rowspan=\"2\"|Culture Club | Best British Breakthrough Act | |- | rowspan=\"2\" | 1984 | Best British Group | |- | \"Karma Chameleon\" | Best British Single | Classic Pop Reader Awards |- | 2019 | Culture Club | Artist of the Year | Creem Magazine Awards |- | rowspan=2|1983 | Themselves | Worst Group – No.", "Awards and achievements ASCAP Pop Music Awards |- | rowspan=\"2\"|1984 | \"Karma Chameleon\" | rowspan=\"2\"|Most Performed Songs | |- | \"It's a Miracle\" | American Music Awards |- | 1985 | rowspan=\"2\" | Culture Club | rowspan=\"2\" | Favorite Pop/Rock Band/Duo/Group | |- | 1987 | American Video Awards |- | rowspan=4|1984 | rowspan=2|A Kiss Across the Ocean | Best Long-Form Video | |- | Best Home Video | |- | \"The War Song\" | Best Choreography | |- | \"Miss Me Blind\" | Best Set Design | Billboard Music Awards |- | rowspan=6|1983 | rowspan=4|Themselves | Top Pop New Artist | |- | Top Pop Singles Artist | |- | Top Pop Singles Artist – Duo/Group | |- | Top Adult Contemporary Artist – Duo/Group | |- | Kissing to Be Clever | Top Pop Album | |- | \"Karma Chameleon\" | Top UK Single | BRIT Awards |- | 1983 | rowspan=\"2\"|Culture Club | Best British Breakthrough Act | |- | rowspan=\"2\" | 1984 | Best British Group | |- | \"Karma Chameleon\" | Best British Single | Classic Pop Reader Awards |- | 2019 | Culture Club | Artist of the Year | Creem Magazine Awards |- | rowspan=2|1983 | Themselves | Worst Group – No. 1 | |- | Colour by Numbers | Top Album – No.", "1 | |- | Colour by Numbers | Top Album – No. 19 | Goldene Europa |- | 1983 | Colour by Numbers | Best International Group | Grammy Awards |- | rowspan=\"2\" | 1984 | Culture Club | Best New Artist | |- | \"Do You Really Want to Hurt Me\" | Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group | Ivor Novello Awards |- | 1983 | \"Do You Really Want to Hurt Me\" | Best Selling A-Side | |- | rowspan=\"4\" | 1984 | rowspan=\"4\" | \"Karma Chameleon\" | Best Pop Song | |- | Best Selling A-Side | |- | Most Performed Work | |- | International Hit of the Year | Juno Awards |- | 1984 | Colour by Numbers | International Album of the Year | MTV Video Music Awards |- | rowspan=2|1985 | rowspan=2|\"It's a Miracle\" | Best Special Effects | |- | Best Art Direction | Q Awards |- | 2006 | \"Karma Chameleon\" | Q Classic Song Award | |- | 2014 | Culture Club | Q Idol | Rockbjörnen |- | 1983 | Colour by Numbers | Best Foreign Album | Smash Hits Poll Winners Party |- | rowspan=4|1982 | \"Do You Really Want to Hurt Me?\"", "19 | Goldene Europa |- | 1983 | Colour by Numbers | Best International Group | Grammy Awards |- | rowspan=\"2\" | 1984 | Culture Club | Best New Artist | |- | \"Do You Really Want to Hurt Me\" | Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group | Ivor Novello Awards |- | 1983 | \"Do You Really Want to Hurt Me\" | Best Selling A-Side | |- | rowspan=\"4\" | 1984 | rowspan=\"4\" | \"Karma Chameleon\" | Best Pop Song | |- | Best Selling A-Side | |- | Most Performed Work | |- | International Hit of the Year | Juno Awards |- | 1984 | Colour by Numbers | International Album of the Year | MTV Video Music Awards |- | rowspan=2|1985 | rowspan=2|\"It's a Miracle\" | Best Special Effects | |- | Best Art Direction | Q Awards |- | 2006 | \"Karma Chameleon\" | Q Classic Song Award | |- | 2014 | Culture Club | Q Idol | Rockbjörnen |- | 1983 | Colour by Numbers | Best Foreign Album | Smash Hits Poll Winners Party |- | rowspan=4|1982 | \"Do You Really Want to Hurt Me?\" | Best Single | |- | Kissing to Be Clever | Best Album | |- | rowspan=3|Themselves | Most Promising New Act | |- | rowspan=2|Best Group | |- | rowspan=6|1983 | |- | Culture Club's \"Colour by Numbers\" Tour | rowspan=2|Event of the Year | |- | Culture Club Making No.1 with \"Karma Chameleon\"| |- | rowspan=2|\"Karma Chameleon\" | Best Single | |- | Best Video | |- | Colour by Numbers| rowspan=2|Best Album | |- | rowspan=4|1984 | Waking Up with the House on Fire| |- | rowspan=2|\"The War Song\" | Best Single | |- | Best Video | |- | rowspan=2|Themselves | Best Group | |- | 1985 | Worst Group | Rock and Roll Hall of Fame |- | 1999 | \"Time (Clock of the Heart)\" | 500 Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll | | No.", "| Best Single | |- | Kissing to Be Clever | Best Album | |- | rowspan=3|Themselves | Most Promising New Act | |- | rowspan=2|Best Group | |- | rowspan=6|1983 | |- | Culture Club's \"Colour by Numbers\" Tour | rowspan=2|Event of the Year | |- | Culture Club Making No.1 with \"Karma Chameleon\"| |- | rowspan=2|\"Karma Chameleon\" | Best Single | |- | Best Video | |- | Colour by Numbers| rowspan=2|Best Album | |- | rowspan=4|1984 | Waking Up with the House on Fire| |- | rowspan=2|\"The War Song\" | Best Single | |- | Best Video | |- | rowspan=2|Themselves | Best Group | |- | 1985 | Worst Group | Rock and Roll Hall of Fame |- | 1999 | \"Time (Clock of the Heart)\" | 500 Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll | | No. 107 Variety Club of Great Britain Awards |- | 1985 | The War Song| Best Recording Artist | Musical style and development Culture Club's sound combines British new wave and American soul with Jamaican reggae and also other styles as calypso, salsa or country.Philadelphia Daily News described Culture Club as a hot new rock act, while William K Knoedelseder Jr from Los Angeles Times said about the group, \"Boy George of Culture Club, a rock group MTV helped make popular\", adding that, \"There's some debate in the record industry about MTV's ability to directly increase record sales across the board but there's no doubt that the channel has been responsible for exposing such rock artists as Def Leppard, Duran Duran and Men at Work to a national audience...\" In the 1980s, Boy George said about the music style of his band Culture Club, \"We play rock 'n' roll and I love rock 'n' roll music but I don't like the lifestyle.", "107 Variety Club of Great Britain Awards |- | 1985 | The War Song| Best Recording Artist | Musical style and development Culture Club's sound combines British new wave and American soul with Jamaican reggae and also other styles as calypso, salsa or country.Philadelphia Daily News described Culture Club as a hot new rock act, while William K Knoedelseder Jr from Los Angeles Times said about the group, \"Boy George of Culture Club, a rock group MTV helped make popular\", adding that, \"There's some debate in the record industry about MTV's ability to directly increase record sales across the board but there's no doubt that the channel has been responsible for exposing such rock artists as Def Leppard, Duran Duran and Men at Work to a national audience...\" In the 1980s, Boy George said about the music style of his band Culture Club, \"We play rock 'n' roll and I love rock 'n' roll music but I don't like the lifestyle. I don't like people tipping beer over their heads....", "I don't like people tipping beer over their heads.... I just hate rock 'n' roll in that way. It's disgusting and boring. I look at what we're doing as very intelligent.\"", "I look at what we're doing as very intelligent.\" Stephen Holden, music critic for The New York Times, said in his article Rock: British Culture Club, that \"Culture Club blends soul, rock, funk, reggae and salsa into a music that programmatically reconciles white, black and Latin styles\", adding that, \"Mr. O'Dowd made the group's best songs – the Motown-flavoured Do You Really Want to Hurt Me and the Latin-inflected dance tune I'll Tumble 4 Ya – shine like jewels.\"", "Stephen Holden, music critic for The New York Times, said in his article Rock: British Culture Club, that \"Culture Club blends soul, rock, funk, reggae and salsa into a music that programmatically reconciles white, black and Latin styles\", adding that, \"Mr. O'Dowd made the group's best songs – the Motown-flavoured Do You Really Want to Hurt Me and the Latin-inflected dance tune I'll Tumble 4 Ya – shine like jewels.\" Star-News considered Culture Club as a 'new rock' band of the 1980s; the newspaper said \"Now you see the more rhythm-oriented, 'new rock of the 80s,' like Culture Club and the Eurythmics, fitting in more easily with urban contemporary formats.\"", "Star-News considered Culture Club as a 'new rock' band of the 1980s; the newspaper said \"Now you see the more rhythm-oriented, 'new rock of the 80s,' like Culture Club and the Eurythmics, fitting in more easily with urban contemporary formats.\" Stephen Thomas Erlewine, senior editor for AllMusic, described specifically Culture Club as a new wave band and generically as the most successful pop/rock group in America and England during the 1980s, adding that, \"By 1986, the group had broken up, leaving behind several singles that rank as classics of the new wave era.\"", "Stephen Thomas Erlewine, senior editor for AllMusic, described specifically Culture Club as a new wave band and generically as the most successful pop/rock group in America and England during the 1980s, adding that, \"By 1986, the group had broken up, leaving behind several singles that rank as classics of the new wave era.\" The music of Culture Club is described by George as, \"The aim is to be creatively fluid to make everything we do a little different.", "The music of Culture Club is described by George as, \"The aim is to be creatively fluid to make everything we do a little different. We want to be a bridge between white rock and black soul\", adding that, \"I want Culture Club to represent all peoples and minorities\".", "We want to be a bridge between white rock and black soul\", adding that, \"I want Culture Club to represent all peoples and minorities\". The band was part of the second British rock invasion of the 1980s in the United States, as R. Serge Denisoff and William L. Schurk said in their book Tarnished gold: the record industry revisited, \"Here comes the rock and roll of 1984.", "The band was part of the second British rock invasion of the 1980s in the United States, as R. Serge Denisoff and William L. Schurk said in their book Tarnished gold: the record industry revisited, \"Here comes the rock and roll of 1984. The invaders were a mixed bunch led by Culture Club, whose sound has been described as 'recycled Smokey Robinson' or 'torchy American schmaltz and classic Motown'\", adding that, \"Boy George's drag-queen appearance made the group a natural for the visual demands of cable television\".", "The invaders were a mixed bunch led by Culture Club, whose sound has been described as 'recycled Smokey Robinson' or 'torchy American schmaltz and classic Motown'\", adding that, \"Boy George's drag-queen appearance made the group a natural for the visual demands of cable television\". In her book Magazines for children: a guide for parents, teachers, and librarians, author Selma K. Richardson said that Culture Club's music is soft rock that contains, \"enough soul and new wave elements to cover almost all audiences\".", "In her book Magazines for children: a guide for parents, teachers, and librarians, author Selma K. Richardson said that Culture Club's music is soft rock that contains, \"enough soul and new wave elements to cover almost all audiences\". Band members Principal members Boy George – vocals, tambourine (1981–1986, 1998–2002, 2011–present) Mikey Craig – vocals, bass, keyboards (1981–1986, 1998–2002, 2011–present) Roy Hay – guitars, vocals, keyboards (1981–1986, 1998–2002, 2011–present) Touring/session members Phil Pickett – keyboards, vocals (1981–1986) Darius Zickus – keyboards (1998–2002) Darren Lewis – keyboards, percussion (2011–present) Meryl Evans – drums, percussion, vocals (2021–present) Former members Jon Moss – drums, percussion, vocals (1981–1986, 1998–2002, 2011–2021) Discography Kissing to Be Clever (1982) Colour by Numbers (1983) Waking Up with the House on Fire (1984) From Luxury to Heartache (1986) Don't Mind If I Do (1999) Life (2018) Citations Bibliography Songbooks Kissing to Be Clever (including \"Time (Clock of the Heart)\" – 1982), London & Suffolk, West Central Printing Co. Ltd., distr.", "Band members Principal members Boy George – vocals, tambourine (1981–1986, 1998–2002, 2011–present) Mikey Craig – vocals, bass, keyboards (1981–1986, 1998–2002, 2011–present) Roy Hay – guitars, vocals, keyboards (1981–1986, 1998–2002, 2011–present) Touring/session members Phil Pickett – keyboards, vocals (1981–1986) Darius Zickus – keyboards (1998–2002) Darren Lewis – keyboards, percussion (2011–present) Meryl Evans – drums, percussion, vocals (2021–present) Former members Jon Moss – drums, percussion, vocals (1981–1986, 1998–2002, 2011–2021) Discography Kissing to Be Clever (1982) Colour by Numbers (1983) Waking Up with the House on Fire (1984) From Luxury to Heartache (1986) Don't Mind If I Do (1999) Life (2018) Citations Bibliography Songbooks Kissing to Be Clever (including \"Time (Clock of the Heart)\" – 1982), London & Suffolk, West Central Printing Co. Ltd., distr. Music Sales Ltd. Colour by Numbers (1983), London & Suffolk, West Central Printing Co. Ltd., distr.", "Music Sales Ltd. Colour by Numbers (1983), London & Suffolk, West Central Printing Co. Ltd., distr. Music Sales Ltd. Waking Up with the House on Fire (1984), London & Suffolk, West Central Printing Co. Ltd., distr.", "Music Sales Ltd. Waking Up with the House on Fire (1984), London & Suffolk, West Central Printing Co. Ltd., distr. Music Sales Ltd. From Luxury to Heartache (1986), Virgin Music (Publishers) Ltd., distr.", "Music Sales Ltd. From Luxury to Heartache (1986), Virgin Music (Publishers) Ltd., distr. IMP-International Music Publications, Essex, England Culture Club'' (10 of their best songs – 1987), Virgin Music (Publishers) Ltd., distr. IMP-International Music Publications, Essex, England N.B.", "IMP-International Music Publications, Essex, England N.B. : Each of the first four songbooks includes a detailed official biography, which is each time updated: this way, such songbooks, corresponding to the band's first four albums, chronicle the early official biography of Culture Club, from 1982 to 1986.", ": Each of the first four songbooks includes a detailed official biography, which is each time updated: this way, such songbooks, corresponding to the band's first four albums, chronicle the early official biography of Culture Club, from 1982 to 1986. External links Culture Club VH1 artist page Culture Club MTV artist page [ Culture Club Billboard artist page] Culture Club Rolling Stone artist page Brit Award winners English dance music groups English pop music groups English new wave musical groups Epic Records artists Grammy Award winners LGBT-themed musical groups Musical groups disestablished in 1986 Musical groups disestablished in 2002 Musical groups established in 1981 Musical groups reestablished in 1998 Musical groups reestablished in 2011 Musical quartets Virgin Records artists British soul musical groups" ]

[ "Culture Club", "Formation and Kissing to Be Clever: 1981-1983", "How did the band form?", "George decided to start his own band and enlisted bassist Mikey Craig, drummer Jon Moss, and finally guitarist Roy Hay.", "When did this happen?", "In 1981,", "Did they get a recording contract soon after that?", "The group recorded demos, which were paid for by EMI Records, but the label was unimpressed", "What label did then end up signing with?", "Virgin Records heard the demos and signed the group in the UK,", "Did they have a different label in the US?", "while Epic Records released their albums in the United States and much of the rest of the world", "What year was Kissing to Be Clever released?", "The band's debut album, Kissing to Be Clever (UK No. 5, US No. 14) was released in October 1982,", "Who produced the record?", "I don't know." ]

[ "Greatest Hits is a greatest hits compilation by British band Culture Club with androgynous frontman Boy George. It was released in the US and Canada on 21 June 2005.\n\nThe album includes their best known hits, starting with their debut album Kissing to Be Clever, and finishing with their most recent album Don't Mind If I Do. Because their final album was not released in America, this compilation was the only US release which featured the UK singles \"Your Kisses Are Charity\" and \"Cold Shoulder\". Only one American Culture Club single was omitted from the compilation, the non-charting \"Gusto Blusto\" from 1986's From Luxury to Heartache. By 2006, US sales for the album were reported at 40,164 although it failed to make Billboards album chart.\n\nThis compilation was reissued for the European market in August 2010. It was released as a DVD and CD combo, the DVD including 17 music videos and a 13-song live show from December 1983, recorded at the Hammersmith Odeon and titled A Kiss Across the Ocean, which was previously released on VHS in 1984. This CD is reflection of the DVD, including the 17 audio tracks of those videos, with some different mixes and edits.\n\nTrack listing \nUS edition\n \"Do You Really Want to Hurt Me\" from Kissing to Be Clever\n \"Time (Clock of the Heart)\" from Kissing to Be Clever\n \"I'll Tumble 4 Ya\" from Kissing to Be Clever\n \"White Boy\" (Dance Mix) from Kissing to Be Clever\n \"Church of the Poison Mind\" from Colour by Numbers\n \"Karma Chameleon\" from Colour by Numbers\n \"Miss Me Blind\" from Colour by Numbers\n \"It's a Miracle\" from Colour by Numbers\n \"Victims\" from Colour by Numbers\n \"Black Money\" from Colour by Numbers\n \"The War Song\" from Waking Up with the House on Fire\n \"Mistake No. 3\" from Waking Up with the House on Fire\n \"Love is Love\" from Electric Dreams movie soundtrack\n \"Move Away\" from From Luxury to Heartache\n \"I Just Wanna Be Loved\" from Don't Mind If I Do\n \"Cold Shoulder\" from Don't Mind If I Do\n \"Your Kisses Are Charity\" from Don't Mind If I Do\n\nUK edition\n \"Do You Really Want to Hurt Me?\" from Kissing to Be Clever\n \"Time (Clock of the Heart)\" from Kissing to Be Clever\n \"I'll Tumble 4 Ya\" from Kissing to Be Clever\n \"Church of the Poison Mind\" from Colour by Numbers\n \"Karma Chameleon\" from Colour by Numbers\n \"Victims\" from Colour by Numbers\n \"It's a Miracle\" from Colour by Numbers\n \"Miss Me Blind\" from Colour by Numbers\n \"The War Song\" from Waking Up with the House on Fire\n \"The Medal Song\" from Waking Up with the House on Fire\n \"Mistake No. 3\" from Waking Up with the House on Fire\n \"Love is Love\" from Electric Dreams movie soundtrack\n \"Move Away\" from From Luxury to Heartache\n \"God Thank You Woman\" from From Luxury to Heartache\n \"I Just Wanna Be Loved\" from Don't Mind If I Do\n \"Cold Shoulder\" from Don't Mind If I Do\n \"Your Kisses Are Charity\" from Don't Mind If I Do\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Official Culture Club website\n Culture Club on MySpace\n Rock on the Net:Culture Club\n\nCulture Club albums\n2005 greatest hits albums\nAlbums produced by Steve Levine\nVirgin Records compilation albums", "This Time – The First Four Years is the first official greatest hits album by British new wave group Culture Club, released by Virgin Records on 6 April 1987. Its release came one year after the band had split up.\n\nOverview\nThe compilation exclusively includes, in its vinyl edition, Culture Club's most successful hits. The one track which was never available in single format is \"Black Money\" (originally on the band's second album, Colour by Numbers), which was intended to be released to promote this collection, but never actually came out. The album includes a wide selection of tracks taken from all their albums (including more than half the tracks from the Colour by Numbers album), as well as the group's contribution to the Electric Dreams film soundtrack; \"Love Is Love\". For many countries, it was the first time that their hit \"Time (Clock of the Heart)\" was included on an album.\n\nTwo additional tracks are featured on the CD and cassette version: the remix of \"I'll Tumble 4 Ya\" and a medley segueing the remixes of \"It's a Miracle\" and \"Miss Me Blind\".\n\nThe bulk of these tracks would be re-issued on numerous compilations for years after.\n\nTrack listing\n \"Karma Chameleon\" - 4:01 (O'Dowd/Hay/Craig/Moss/Pickett) from Colour by Numbers\n \"Church of the Poison Mind\" - 3:31 (O'Dowd/Hay/Craig/Moss) from Colour by Numbers\n \"Miss Me Blind\" - 4:29 (O'Dowd/Hay/Craig/Moss) from Colour by Numbers\n \"Time (Clock of the Heart)\" - 3:43 (O'Dowd/Hay/Craig/Moss) from Kissing to Be Clever (US Edition)\n \"It's a Miracle\" - 3:25 (O'Dowd/Hay/Craig/Moss/Pickett) from Colour by Numbers\n \"Black Money\" - 5:19 (O'Dowd/Hay/Craig/Moss) from Colour by Numbers\n \"Do You Really Want to Hurt Me\" - 4:24 (O'Dowd/Hay/Craig/Moss) from ''Kissing to Be Clever\n \"Move Away\" - 4:10 (O'Dowd/Hay/Craig/Moss/Pickett) from From Luxury to Heartache\n \"I'll Tumble 4 Ya\" - 2:35 (O'Dowd/Hay/Craig/Moss) from Kissing to Be Clever\n \"Love Is Love\" - 3:52 (O'Dowd/Hay/Craig/Moss) from Electric Dreams\n \"The War Song\" - 3:59 (O'Dowd/Hay/Craig/Moss) from Waking Up with the House on Fire\n \"Victims\" - 4:55 (O'Dowd/Hay/Craig/Moss) from Colour by Numbers\n \"I'll Tumble 4 Ya\" (U.S. 12\" Remix) - 4:40 (O'Dowd/Hay/Craig/Moss) [CD/MC bonus track] from Kissing to Be Clever\n \"It's a Miracle/Miss Me Blind\" (U.S. 12\" Remix) - 9:12 (O'Dowd/Hay/Craig/Moss/Pickett) [CD/MC bonus track] from Colour by Numbers\n\nPersonnel\n\nBand/musicians\nBoy George: lead vocals and lyrics\nRoy Hay: guitars, keyboards, sitar, synth guitar\nMikey Craig: bass\nJon Moss: drums and percussion\nHelen Terry: female lead and background vocals\n for the other musicians, see Culture Club's first four albums\n\nStaff/production\nSteve Levine: production, except track 8 \nArif Mardin, Lew Hahn: production on track 8\nAssorted iMaGes: album cover\nDavid Levine, Jamie Morgan, Mark LeBon, Kate Garner, Stevie Hughes: photography\nMitaka: booklet Japanese translation\n for the other members of staff and production, see Culture Club's first four albums\n\nRelease details\n\nCharts\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n AllMusic review\n FnacMusic.com where it is possible to listen to short samples of all tracks on the collection \n Amazon.com Use the \"Search\" box for infos on Culture Club's albums and collections\n Artist Direct Use \"Search\" box for infos on Culture Club's albums and collections\n Rate Your Music Use search box for infos on Culture Club's albums and collections\n\n1987 compilation albums\nCulture Club albums\nAlbums produced by Steve Levine\nVirgin Records compilation albums\nEpic Records compilation albums" ]

[ "Culture Club are an English new wave band formed in London in 1981. The band comprises Boy George (lead vocals), Roy Hay (guitar and keyboards), Mikey Craig (bass guitar) and formerly included Jon Moss (drums and percussion).", "The band comprises Boy George (lead vocals), Roy Hay (guitar and keyboards), Mikey Craig (bass guitar) and formerly included Jon Moss (drums and percussion). Emerging in the New Romantic scene, they are considered one of the most representative and influential groups of the 1980s.", "Emerging in the New Romantic scene, they are considered one of the most representative and influential groups of the 1980s. Led by singer and frontman Boy George, whose androgynous style of dressing caught the attention of the public and the media in the early 1980s, the band have sold more than 50 million records including over 6 million BPI certified records sold in the UK and over 7 million RIAA certified records sold in the US.", "Led by singer and frontman Boy George, whose androgynous style of dressing caught the attention of the public and the media in the early 1980s, the band have sold more than 50 million records including over 6 million BPI certified records sold in the UK and over 7 million RIAA certified records sold in the US. Their hits include \"Do You Really Want to Hurt Me\", \"Time (Clock of the Heart)\", \"I'll Tumble 4 Ya\", \"Church of the Poison Mind\", \"Karma Chameleon\", \"Victims\", \"Miss Me Blind\", \"It's a Miracle\", \"The War Song\", \"Move Away\", and \"I Just Wanna Be Loved\".", "Their hits include \"Do You Really Want to Hurt Me\", \"Time (Clock of the Heart)\", \"I'll Tumble 4 Ya\", \"Church of the Poison Mind\", \"Karma Chameleon\", \"Victims\", \"Miss Me Blind\", \"It's a Miracle\", \"The War Song\", \"Move Away\", and \"I Just Wanna Be Loved\". In the UK they amassed twelve Top 40 hit singles between 1982 and 1999, including the number ones \"Do You Really Want To Hurt Me\" and \"Karma Chameleon\", the latter being the biggest selling single of 1983 in the UK, and hit number one on the US Hot 100 in 1984.", "In the UK they amassed twelve Top 40 hit singles between 1982 and 1999, including the number ones \"Do You Really Want To Hurt Me\" and \"Karma Chameleon\", the latter being the biggest selling single of 1983 in the UK, and hit number one on the US Hot 100 in 1984. The song \"Time (Clock of the Heart)\" is included on the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's list of 500 songs that shaped rock and roll.", "The song \"Time (Clock of the Heart)\" is included on the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's list of 500 songs that shaped rock and roll. Their second album, Colour by Numbers, sold more than 10 million copies worldwide.", "Their second album, Colour by Numbers, sold more than 10 million copies worldwide. It appeared on Rolling Stone magazine's list of the 100 Best Albums of the 1980s and is also included in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die.", "It appeared on Rolling Stone magazine's list of the 100 Best Albums of the 1980s and is also included in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die. Ten of their singles reached the US Top 40, where they are associated with the Second British Invasion of British new wave groups that became popular in the US due to the cable music channel MTV.", "Ten of their singles reached the US Top 40, where they are associated with the Second British Invasion of British new wave groups that became popular in the US due to the cable music channel MTV. Culture Club's music combines British new wave and American soul and pop.", "Culture Club's music combines British new wave and American soul and pop. It also includes some elements of Jamaican reggae and also other styles such as calypso, salsa, and with \"Karma Chameleon\", elements of country music.", "It also includes some elements of Jamaican reggae and also other styles such as calypso, salsa, and with \"Karma Chameleon\", elements of country music. In 1984, Culture Club won Brit Awards for Best British Group, Best British Single (\"Karma Chameleon\"), and the Grammy Award for Best New Artist.", "In 1984, Culture Club won Brit Awards for Best British Group, Best British Single (\"Karma Chameleon\"), and the Grammy Award for Best New Artist. They were nominated the same year for the Grammy Award for Pop Vocal by Group or Duo.", "They were nominated the same year for the Grammy Award for Pop Vocal by Group or Duo. The band were also nominated for a Canadian Juno Award for International Album of the Year.", "The band were also nominated for a Canadian Juno Award for International Album of the Year. In January 1985, Culture Club were nominated for an American Music Award for Favorite Pop/Rock Band/Duo/Group Video Artist, and in September 1985, they were nominated for two MTV Video Music Awards for Best Special Effects and Best Art Direction for their video \"It's a Miracle\".", "In January 1985, Culture Club were nominated for an American Music Award for Favorite Pop/Rock Band/Duo/Group Video Artist, and in September 1985, they were nominated for two MTV Video Music Awards for Best Special Effects and Best Art Direction for their video \"It's a Miracle\". In 1987, they received another nomination for an American Music Award for Favorite Pop/Rock Band/Duo/Group Video Artist.", "In 1987, they received another nomination for an American Music Award for Favorite Pop/Rock Band/Duo/Group Video Artist. History 1981–1983: Formation and Kissing to Be Clever In 1981, Blitz Club regular Boy George occasionally sang with the group Bow Wow Wow, performing under the stage name Lieutenant Lush with the group.", "History 1981–1983: Formation and Kissing to Be Clever In 1981, Blitz Club regular Boy George occasionally sang with the group Bow Wow Wow, performing under the stage name Lieutenant Lush with the group. After his tenure with the group ended, George decided to start his own band and enlisted bassist Mikey Craig, drummer Jon Moss, and finally guitarist Roy Hay joined the group.", "After his tenure with the group ended, George decided to start his own band and enlisted bassist Mikey Craig, drummer Jon Moss, and finally guitarist Roy Hay joined the group. Realizing they had an Irish gay man as the lead singer, a black Briton on bass, a blond Englishman on guitar and keyboards, and a Jewish drummer, they eventually decided to name the group Culture Club.", "Realizing they had an Irish gay man as the lead singer, a black Briton on bass, a blond Englishman on guitar and keyboards, and a Jewish drummer, they eventually decided to name the group Culture Club. The group recorded demos, which were paid for by EMI Records, but the label was unimpressed and decided not to sign the group.", "The group recorded demos, which were paid for by EMI Records, but the label was unimpressed and decided not to sign the group. Virgin Records heard the demos and signed the group in the UK, releasing their albums in Europe, while Epic Records released their albums in the United States and much of the rest of the world.", "Virgin Records heard the demos and signed the group in the UK, releasing their albums in Europe, while Epic Records released their albums in the United States and much of the rest of the world. The band released two singles in May and June 1982, \"White Boy\" and \"I'm Afraid of Me\", though both failed to chart.", "The band released two singles in May and June 1982, \"White Boy\" and \"I'm Afraid of Me\", though both failed to chart. In September of that year, the group released their third single, \"Do You Really Want to Hurt Me\", a reggae-influenced number, which became one of their biggest hits.", "In September of that year, the group released their third single, \"Do You Really Want to Hurt Me\", a reggae-influenced number, which became one of their biggest hits. The song went to No. 1 in the UK in late 1982 and became an international smash, topping the charts in twenty-three countries (No.", "1 in the UK in late 1982 and became an international smash, topping the charts in twenty-three countries (No. 2 in the US), and the top ten in several more countries. The band's 1982 debut on Top of the Pops created tabloid headlines, which focused on George's androgynous style of dress and sexual ambiguity.", "The band's 1982 debut on Top of the Pops created tabloid headlines, which focused on George's androgynous style of dress and sexual ambiguity. Magazines began to feature George prominently on their covers.", "Magazines began to feature George prominently on their covers. Pete Burns, lead singer of the new wave band Dead or Alive, would later claim he was the first to wear braids, big hats, and colourful costumes, but George would cut back with a sharp-tongued remark, \"It's not who did it first, it's who did it better.\"", "Pete Burns, lead singer of the new wave band Dead or Alive, would later claim he was the first to wear braids, big hats, and colourful costumes, but George would cut back with a sharp-tongued remark, \"It's not who did it first, it's who did it better.\" The band's debut album, Kissing to Be Clever (UK No.", "The band's debut album, Kissing to Be Clever (UK No. 5, US No. 14) was released in October 1982, and the follow-up single, \"Time (Clock of the Heart)\", became another Top 10 hit in the US (Number 2) and UK (Number 3).", "14) was released in October 1982, and the follow-up single, \"Time (Clock of the Heart)\", became another Top 10 hit in the US (Number 2) and UK (Number 3). \"I'll Tumble 4 Ya\" also became a Top Ten hit in the US (Number 9) and in Canada.", "\"I'll Tumble 4 Ya\" also became a Top Ten hit in the US (Number 9) and in Canada. This gave Culture Club the distinction of being the first group since The Beatles to have three Top Ten hits in America from a debut album.", "This gave Culture Club the distinction of being the first group since The Beatles to have three Top Ten hits in America from a debut album. Kissing to Be Clever sold over 1.5 million copies in the US, being certified platinum. 1983–1984: Colour by Numbers The band's second album, Colour by Numbers (UK No.", "1983–1984: Colour by Numbers The band's second album, Colour by Numbers (UK No. 1, US No. 2), was released in 1983. The first single, \"Church of the Poison Mind\", featuring backing vocalist Helen Terry, reached the UK and US Top 10.", "The first single, \"Church of the Poison Mind\", featuring backing vocalist Helen Terry, reached the UK and US Top 10. The second single, \"Karma Chameleon\", gave the band their biggest hit, peaking at No.", "The second single, \"Karma Chameleon\", gave the band their biggest hit, peaking at No. 1 in the UK (the band's second chart-topper there), where it became the best selling single of 1983 and has sold 1.5 million copies there to date. It also peaked at No.", "It also peaked at No. It also peaked at No. 1 in the US for three consecutive weeks, and would ultimately hit No.", "1 in the US for three consecutive weeks, and would ultimately hit No. 1 in 30 countries, thus becoming one of the top twenty best-selling singles of the 1980s sold up seven million copies worldwide, with one of the most iconic images of Boy George on the cover shot by photographer David Levine.", "1 in 30 countries, thus becoming one of the top twenty best-selling singles of the 1980s sold up seven million copies worldwide, with one of the most iconic images of Boy George on the cover shot by photographer David Levine. The album Colour by Numbers would spawn more hits including \"Miss Me Blind\" (#5 US), \"It's a Miracle\" (#4 UK, No.", "The album Colour by Numbers would spawn more hits including \"Miss Me Blind\" (#5 US), \"It's a Miracle\" (#4 UK, No. 13 US), and \"Victims\" (#3 UK), and sold four million copies in the US and another five million worldwide at its time of release.", "13 US), and \"Victims\" (#3 UK), and sold four million copies in the US and another five million worldwide at its time of release. The album gave Culture Club the distinction of being the first group in music history to have an album certified diamond in Canada (for sales of one million copies in that country).", "The album gave Culture Club the distinction of being the first group in music history to have an album certified diamond in Canada (for sales of one million copies in that country). The band also won the 1984 Brit Award for Best Group and the Grammy Award for Best New Artist, where George gave a speech via satellite stating, \"Thanks America, you've got style, you've got taste, and you know a good drag queen when you see one.\"", "The band also won the 1984 Brit Award for Best Group and the Grammy Award for Best New Artist, where George gave a speech via satellite stating, \"Thanks America, you've got style, you've got taste, and you know a good drag queen when you see one.\" The group's back-up singer, Helen Terry, began work on her solo album, for which George and Hay wrote the song \"Love Lies Lost\".", "The group's back-up singer, Helen Terry, began work on her solo album, for which George and Hay wrote the song \"Love Lies Lost\". The pair also wrote \"Passing Friend\" for the Beach Boys' album. Culture Club wrote two songs for the soundtrack to the movie Electric Dreams.", "Culture Club wrote two songs for the soundtrack to the movie Electric Dreams. George and Hay wrote \"The Dream\" and \"Love Is Love\", with the latter being released as a single in Canada and Japan, the E.P \"Love is Love\" became a major hit in Japan.", "George and Hay wrote \"The Dream\" and \"Love Is Love\", with the latter being released as a single in Canada and Japan, the E.P \"Love is Love\" became a major hit in Japan. George also collaborated on the song \"Electric Dreams\", sung by P. P. Arnold.", "George also collaborated on the song \"Electric Dreams\", sung by P. P. Arnold. The song was written with Phil Pickett (former member of the 1970s band Sailor) who had also co-written \"Karma Chameleon\" and frequently played keyboards for the group. Despite Culture Club's commercial success, there were significant pressures within the band.", "Despite Culture Club's commercial success, there were significant pressures within the band. George was using drugs with money from his new-found fame. George and Moss were also romantically involved with each other, which was unknown to the public and the media at the time.", "George and Moss were also romantically involved with each other, which was unknown to the public and the media at the time. Their relationship lasted for over four years and was often turbulent, with alleged physical and verbal abuse from both sides.", "Their relationship lasted for over four years and was often turbulent, with alleged physical and verbal abuse from both sides. Their constant arguments and the pressure to hide the relationship from the public started to take its toll on the band.", "Their constant arguments and the pressure to hide the relationship from the public started to take its toll on the band. 1984–1986: Waking Up with the House on Fire, From Luxury to Heartache and decline In 1984, the group released their third album Waking Up with the House on Fire (UK No. 2, US No.", "2, US No. 2, US No. 26) which sold 2.8 million copies worldwide. Although certified platinum in both the UK and the US, it was a commercial and critical disappointment compared to their first two albums. The album contained the hit single \"The War Song\", which reached No.", "The album contained the hit single \"The War Song\", which reached No. 2 in the UK, and Top 20 in the US. Other singles like \"Mistake No. 3\" (US No. 33) and \"The Medal Song\" (UK No. 32) would become modest hits.", "32) would become modest hits. George later stated he felt the album experienced a lukewarm reception because of half-hearted material he felt they released due to pressure from Virgin and Epic. According to him, the band had just come off an exhausting world tour in 1984.", "According to him, the band had just come off an exhausting world tour in 1984. At the end of 1984, Boy George was recruited by Bob Geldof to join the Band Aid recording, consisting of mostly internationally known UK and Irish recording stars.", "At the end of 1984, Boy George was recruited by Bob Geldof to join the Band Aid recording, consisting of mostly internationally known UK and Irish recording stars. George was in New York City for an appearance on Late Night with David Letterman when Geldof called him, but managed to catch the final Concorde of the day to London and was the last singer to record a lead vocal track for the song \"Do They Know It's Christmas?\".", "George was in New York City for an appearance on Late Night with David Letterman when Geldof called him, but managed to catch the final Concorde of the day to London and was the last singer to record a lead vocal track for the song \"Do They Know It's Christmas?\". The song would become the biggest selling single of all-time in the UK and a huge international hit, raising millions for famine victims in several African nations, particularly Ethiopia.", "The song would become the biggest selling single of all-time in the UK and a huge international hit, raising millions for famine victims in several African nations, particularly Ethiopia. Due to all the heartache from the break-up of his relationship with Moss, and all the ensuing tension with rest of the band, George turned to relief in drugs.", "Due to all the heartache from the break-up of his relationship with Moss, and all the ensuing tension with rest of the band, George turned to relief in drugs. Consequently, he soon developed a self-destructive drug addiction, which in merely four months escalated from marijuana to heroin. By 1986, George had become seriously addicted.", "By 1986, George had become seriously addicted. The recording of their fourth studio album, 1986's From Luxury to Heartache (UK No. 10, US No. 32) dragged on for so long that producer Arif Mardin had to abandon the sessions due to prior commitments and leave it to engineer Lew Hahn to finish the sessions.", "32) dragged on for so long that producer Arif Mardin had to abandon the sessions due to prior commitments and leave it to engineer Lew Hahn to finish the sessions. Nevertheless, the first single \"Move Away\" became a hit, peaking at UK No. 7 and US No.", "7 and US No. 7 and US No. 12 and appeared the album would return the group back to its previous success.", "12 and appeared the album would return the group back to its previous success. But by the time of the release of the second single \"God Thank You Woman\", news of George's drug addiction began to circulate in British and American tabloids, and the second single stalled on its way up the charts, failing to make a big impact.", "But by the time of the release of the second single \"God Thank You Woman\", news of George's drug addiction began to circulate in British and American tabloids, and the second single stalled on its way up the charts, failing to make a big impact. George and Moss also no longer wanted to be around each other due to the constant relationship battles and with George's addiction.", "George and Moss also no longer wanted to be around each other due to the constant relationship battles and with George's addiction. From Luxury to Heartache began to fade from the charts as well, and the album ultimately sold less than one million copies worldwide at the time of release.", "From Luxury to Heartache began to fade from the charts as well, and the album ultimately sold less than one million copies worldwide at the time of release. By the summer of 1986, George finally admitted that he was indeed addicted to drugs.", "By the summer of 1986, George finally admitted that he was indeed addicted to drugs. In July of that year, he was arrested by the British police for possession of heroin. The band broke up and George pursued a solo career, having several European hits and a couple of US Top 40 hits.", "The band broke up and George pursued a solo career, having several European hits and a couple of US Top 40 hits. Reunions 1989 The band first tried to reunite in 1989, after many requests from Tony Gordon, the group's former manager and George's manager at that time.", "Reunions 1989 The band first tried to reunite in 1989, after many requests from Tony Gordon, the group's former manager and George's manager at that time. George agreed to try some songs with the band again, resulting in recording sessions and producing more than a dozen songs that remain unreleased.", "George agreed to try some songs with the band again, resulting in recording sessions and producing more than a dozen songs that remain unreleased. George, however, was more excited about his future projects like his record label, More Protein, and his new acid house project Jesus Loves You. The proposed reunion ended up being cancelled.", "The proposed reunion ended up being cancelled. 1998–2000, 2002 In 1998, George and Moss put their differences aside and the band reunited to do a reunion tour, kicking off with a performance on VH1 Storytellers.", "1998–2000, 2002 In 1998, George and Moss put their differences aside and the band reunited to do a reunion tour, kicking off with a performance on VH1 Storytellers. George said about the reunion, \"Culture Club's reunion couldn't have come at a better time for rock\", adding that, \"It's a nostalgia trip, there's no way of avoiding that.\"", "George said about the reunion, \"Culture Club's reunion couldn't have come at a better time for rock\", adding that, \"It's a nostalgia trip, there's no way of avoiding that.\" The tour was a major success.", "The tour was a major success. Greatest Moments, a compilation album based around the Storytellers performance, was released, and went platinum in UK. It included new songs such as \"I Just Wanna Be Loved\", which hit UK No. 4.", "4. 4. However, their new-found success was short-lived and their fifth studio album, Don't Mind If I Do, released in 1999, peaked at No. 64 in the UK. It included minor UK hits in \"Your Kisses Are Charity\" (UK No. 25) and \"Cold Shoulder\" (UK No.", "25) and \"Cold Shoulder\" (UK No. 43). The band went on to tour, then reunited again for a 20th anniversary concert in 2002 at the Royal Albert Hall in London. This performance was released on DVD the following year.", "This performance was released on DVD the following year. Culture Club then became inactive again, largely due to George's successful DJ career, as well as his semi-autobiographical musical Taboo.", "Culture Club then became inactive again, largely due to George's successful DJ career, as well as his semi-autobiographical musical Taboo. It was a success in London, but was a flop on Broadway, only running for 100 performances, as well as losing $10 million for its producer, Rosie O'Donnell.", "It was a success in London, but was a flop on Broadway, only running for 100 performances, as well as losing $10 million for its producer, Rosie O'Donnell. 2006 In 2006, original members Craig and Moss tried to launch a new tour with another lead singer, as George and Hay had declined to tour.", "2006 In 2006, original members Craig and Moss tried to launch a new tour with another lead singer, as George and Hay had declined to tour. Early that year, the band's record company placed an ad for a lead singer to \"...take part in a 2007 World Tour and TV Series.\"", "Early that year, the band's record company placed an ad for a lead singer to \"...take part in a 2007 World Tour and TV Series.\" The new singer, Sam Butcher was selected because of his own personality, \"not a Boy George lookalike.\"", "The new singer, Sam Butcher was selected because of his own personality, \"not a Boy George lookalike.\" After watching a video on MySpace, George described the singer who replaced him as \"terrible\" and \"dreadful\". George said: \"I wanted to like it but I couldn't.", "George said: \"I wanted to like it but I couldn't. They're my songs, they're my heart, they're my life.\" A proposed tour for December 2006 in the UK did not take place.", "A proposed tour for December 2006 in the UK did not take place. 2011 In late 2011, George was part of a three-man Culture Club band that performed two live concerts, in Dubai and Sydney, the latter being a New Year's Eve concert, although Moss did not appear due to a back injury.", "2011 In late 2011, George was part of a three-man Culture Club band that performed two live concerts, in Dubai and Sydney, the latter being a New Year's Eve concert, although Moss did not appear due to a back injury. 2014–present In 2014, the band reformed and announced a tour and a new album.", "2014–present In 2014, the band reformed and announced a tour and a new album. A new picture of the four members was also posted on the band's official website, along with the list of the 11 UK concert dates. The band travelled to Spain for a two-week recording session.", "The band travelled to Spain for a two-week recording session. 18 new tracks were completed for a new album produced by Youth. The new album, entitled Tribes, was scheduled for release in early 2015 on the band's own label Different Man Music (via Kobalt Label Services).", "The new album, entitled Tribes, was scheduled for release in early 2015 on the band's own label Different Man Music (via Kobalt Label Services). At the end of that year the album had still not materialised.", "At the end of that year the album had still not materialised. On 19 July 2014, the band were among the line-up for a two-hour concert in Edinburgh Castle, ahead of the opening ceremony of the Commonwealth Games in Glasgow. Hay did not perform with the band because he was in recovery after having knee surgery.", "Hay did not perform with the band because he was in recovery after having knee surgery. The band played two songs, \"Do You Really Want To Hurt Me\" and \"Karma Chameleon\" which were shown on BBC TV.", "The band played two songs, \"Do You Really Want To Hurt Me\" and \"Karma Chameleon\" which were shown on BBC TV. In mid-November 2014, two days before the start of their 21-date US and UK tour, Culture Club announced they had to cancel the tour due to George suffering from a serious throat condition.", "In mid-November 2014, two days before the start of their 21-date US and UK tour, Culture Club announced they had to cancel the tour due to George suffering from a serious throat condition. The cancelled tour would have represented the full original line-up's first tour in 12 years.", "The cancelled tour would have represented the full original line-up's first tour in 12 years. The North American tour was eventually rescheduled and started on 17 July 2015 in Canada. A television documentary, Boy George and Culture Club: Karma to Calamity, aired on BBC Four on 6 March 2015.", "A television documentary, Boy George and Culture Club: Karma to Calamity, aired on BBC Four on 6 March 2015. The programme documented the band's reunion in 2014 and the making of their new album in Spain, up to the announcement to cancel the tour.", "The programme documented the band's reunion in 2014 and the making of their new album in Spain, up to the announcement to cancel the tour. Based on the popularity of 2015's mini-tour, Culture Club began a 40-city summer tour in 2016.", "Based on the popularity of 2015's mini-tour, Culture Club began a 40-city summer tour in 2016. The major success of this tour culminated in a DVD/CD/Blu-ray release, Live At Wembley: World Tour 2016.", "The major success of this tour culminated in a DVD/CD/Blu-ray release, Live At Wembley: World Tour 2016. In August 2016, the band announced that the album Tribes was permanently shelved, and offered refunds to all those who had pre-ordered the album online. In 2018, Culture Club toured the US and Europe from June to December.", "In 2018, Culture Club toured the US and Europe from June to December. Dubbed The Life Tour, the band toured in support of their namesake album, along with supporting acts The B-52s, Tom Bailey (formerly of The Thompson Twins) and Belinda Carlisle (Europe dates only).", "Dubbed The Life Tour, the band toured in support of their namesake album, along with supporting acts The B-52s, Tom Bailey (formerly of The Thompson Twins) and Belinda Carlisle (Europe dates only). Jon Moss was originally part of the line-up, but did not participate in the European leg of the tour.", "Jon Moss was originally part of the line-up, but did not participate in the European leg of the tour. A spokeswoman for Boy George confirmed: \"Jon's taking a break from Culture Club but the door is open in the future.\"", "A spokeswoman for Boy George confirmed: \"Jon's taking a break from Culture Club but the door is open in the future.\" In December 2019, Moss filed a writ at London's High Court naming the band trio as defendants.", "In December 2019, Moss filed a writ at London's High Court naming the band trio as defendants. Moss' lawyers say he was told to \"take a break\" by manager Paul Kemsley, demanding nearly £200,000 in missing payments and a share of profits. Jon Moss officially left Culture Club in May 2021.", "Jon Moss officially left Culture Club in May 2021. Culture Club returned to the SSE Arena in Wembley on 19 December 2020 for a livestream concert, broadcast around the world, in response to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.", "Culture Club returned to the SSE Arena in Wembley on 19 December 2020 for a livestream concert, broadcast around the world, in response to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Titled Rainbow in the Dark, the concert saw the band play their classic hits, new material, including a new ballad version of \"Karma Chameleon\", featuring Mila, and covers of T. Rex's \"Get It On (Bang a Gong)\" and George's solo cover of Bread's \"Everything I Own\".", "Titled Rainbow in the Dark, the concert saw the band play their classic hits, new material, including a new ballad version of \"Karma Chameleon\", featuring Mila, and covers of T. Rex's \"Get It On (Bang a Gong)\" and George's solo cover of Bread's \"Everything I Own\". Awards and achievements ASCAP Pop Music Awards |- | rowspan=\"2\"|1984 | \"Karma Chameleon\" | rowspan=\"2\"|Most Performed Songs | |- | \"It's a Miracle\" | American Music Awards |- | 1985 | rowspan=\"2\" | Culture Club | rowspan=\"2\" | Favorite Pop/Rock Band/Duo/Group | |- | 1987 | American Video Awards |- | rowspan=4|1984 | rowspan=2|A Kiss Across the Ocean | Best Long-Form Video | |- | Best Home Video | |- | \"The War Song\" | Best Choreography | |- | \"Miss Me Blind\" | Best Set Design | Billboard Music Awards |- | rowspan=6|1983 | rowspan=4|Themselves | Top Pop New Artist | |- | Top Pop Singles Artist | |- | Top Pop Singles Artist – Duo/Group | |- | Top Adult Contemporary Artist – Duo/Group | |- | Kissing to Be Clever | Top Pop Album | |- | \"Karma Chameleon\" | Top UK Single | BRIT Awards |- | 1983 | rowspan=\"2\"|Culture Club | Best British Breakthrough Act | |- | rowspan=\"2\" | 1984 | Best British Group | |- | \"Karma Chameleon\" | Best British Single | Classic Pop Reader Awards |- | 2019 | Culture Club | Artist of the Year | Creem Magazine Awards |- | rowspan=2|1983 | Themselves | Worst Group – No.", "Awards and achievements ASCAP Pop Music Awards |- | rowspan=\"2\"|1984 | \"Karma Chameleon\" | rowspan=\"2\"|Most Performed Songs | |- | \"It's a Miracle\" | American Music Awards |- | 1985 | rowspan=\"2\" | Culture Club | rowspan=\"2\" | Favorite Pop/Rock Band/Duo/Group | |- | 1987 | American Video Awards |- | rowspan=4|1984 | rowspan=2|A Kiss Across the Ocean | Best Long-Form Video | |- | Best Home Video | |- | \"The War Song\" | Best Choreography | |- | \"Miss Me Blind\" | Best Set Design | Billboard Music Awards |- | rowspan=6|1983 | rowspan=4|Themselves | Top Pop New Artist | |- | Top Pop Singles Artist | |- | Top Pop Singles Artist – Duo/Group | |- | Top Adult Contemporary Artist – Duo/Group | |- | Kissing to Be Clever | Top Pop Album | |- | \"Karma Chameleon\" | Top UK Single | BRIT Awards |- | 1983 | rowspan=\"2\"|Culture Club | Best British Breakthrough Act | |- | rowspan=\"2\" | 1984 | Best British Group | |- | \"Karma Chameleon\" | Best British Single | Classic Pop Reader Awards |- | 2019 | Culture Club | Artist of the Year | Creem Magazine Awards |- | rowspan=2|1983 | Themselves | Worst Group – No. 1 | |- | Colour by Numbers | Top Album – No.", "1 | |- | Colour by Numbers | Top Album – No. 19 | Goldene Europa |- | 1983 | Colour by Numbers | Best International Group | Grammy Awards |- | rowspan=\"2\" | 1984 | Culture Club | Best New Artist | |- | \"Do You Really Want to Hurt Me\" | Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group | Ivor Novello Awards |- | 1983 | \"Do You Really Want to Hurt Me\" | Best Selling A-Side | |- | rowspan=\"4\" | 1984 | rowspan=\"4\" | \"Karma Chameleon\" | Best Pop Song | |- | Best Selling A-Side | |- | Most Performed Work | |- | International Hit of the Year | Juno Awards |- | 1984 | Colour by Numbers | International Album of the Year | MTV Video Music Awards |- | rowspan=2|1985 | rowspan=2|\"It's a Miracle\" | Best Special Effects | |- | Best Art Direction | Q Awards |- | 2006 | \"Karma Chameleon\" | Q Classic Song Award | |- | 2014 | Culture Club | Q Idol | Rockbjörnen |- | 1983 | Colour by Numbers | Best Foreign Album | Smash Hits Poll Winners Party |- | rowspan=4|1982 | \"Do You Really Want to Hurt Me?\"", "19 | Goldene Europa |- | 1983 | Colour by Numbers | Best International Group | Grammy Awards |- | rowspan=\"2\" | 1984 | Culture Club | Best New Artist | |- | \"Do You Really Want to Hurt Me\" | Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group | Ivor Novello Awards |- | 1983 | \"Do You Really Want to Hurt Me\" | Best Selling A-Side | |- | rowspan=\"4\" | 1984 | rowspan=\"4\" | \"Karma Chameleon\" | Best Pop Song | |- | Best Selling A-Side | |- | Most Performed Work | |- | International Hit of the Year | Juno Awards |- | 1984 | Colour by Numbers | International Album of the Year | MTV Video Music Awards |- | rowspan=2|1985 | rowspan=2|\"It's a Miracle\" | Best Special Effects | |- | Best Art Direction | Q Awards |- | 2006 | \"Karma Chameleon\" | Q Classic Song Award | |- | 2014 | Culture Club | Q Idol | Rockbjörnen |- | 1983 | Colour by Numbers | Best Foreign Album | Smash Hits Poll Winners Party |- | rowspan=4|1982 | \"Do You Really Want to Hurt Me?\" | Best Single | |- | Kissing to Be Clever | Best Album | |- | rowspan=3|Themselves | Most Promising New Act | |- | rowspan=2|Best Group | |- | rowspan=6|1983 | |- | Culture Club's \"Colour by Numbers\" Tour | rowspan=2|Event of the Year | |- | Culture Club Making No.1 with \"Karma Chameleon\"| |- | rowspan=2|\"Karma Chameleon\" | Best Single | |- | Best Video | |- | Colour by Numbers| rowspan=2|Best Album | |- | rowspan=4|1984 | Waking Up with the House on Fire| |- | rowspan=2|\"The War Song\" | Best Single | |- | Best Video | |- | rowspan=2|Themselves | Best Group | |- | 1985 | Worst Group | Rock and Roll Hall of Fame |- | 1999 | \"Time (Clock of the Heart)\" | 500 Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll | | No.", "| Best Single | |- | Kissing to Be Clever | Best Album | |- | rowspan=3|Themselves | Most Promising New Act | |- | rowspan=2|Best Group | |- | rowspan=6|1983 | |- | Culture Club's \"Colour by Numbers\" Tour | rowspan=2|Event of the Year | |- | Culture Club Making No.1 with \"Karma Chameleon\"| |- | rowspan=2|\"Karma Chameleon\" | Best Single | |- | Best Video | |- | Colour by Numbers| rowspan=2|Best Album | |- | rowspan=4|1984 | Waking Up with the House on Fire| |- | rowspan=2|\"The War Song\" | Best Single | |- | Best Video | |- | rowspan=2|Themselves | Best Group | |- | 1985 | Worst Group | Rock and Roll Hall of Fame |- | 1999 | \"Time (Clock of the Heart)\" | 500 Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll | | No. 107 Variety Club of Great Britain Awards |- | 1985 | The War Song| Best Recording Artist | Musical style and development Culture Club's sound combines British new wave and American soul with Jamaican reggae and also other styles as calypso, salsa or country.Philadelphia Daily News described Culture Club as a hot new rock act, while William K Knoedelseder Jr from Los Angeles Times said about the group, \"Boy George of Culture Club, a rock group MTV helped make popular\", adding that, \"There's some debate in the record industry about MTV's ability to directly increase record sales across the board but there's no doubt that the channel has been responsible for exposing such rock artists as Def Leppard, Duran Duran and Men at Work to a national audience...\" In the 1980s, Boy George said about the music style of his band Culture Club, \"We play rock 'n' roll and I love rock 'n' roll music but I don't like the lifestyle.", "107 Variety Club of Great Britain Awards |- | 1985 | The War Song| Best Recording Artist | Musical style and development Culture Club's sound combines British new wave and American soul with Jamaican reggae and also other styles as calypso, salsa or country.Philadelphia Daily News described Culture Club as a hot new rock act, while William K Knoedelseder Jr from Los Angeles Times said about the group, \"Boy George of Culture Club, a rock group MTV helped make popular\", adding that, \"There's some debate in the record industry about MTV's ability to directly increase record sales across the board but there's no doubt that the channel has been responsible for exposing such rock artists as Def Leppard, Duran Duran and Men at Work to a national audience...\" In the 1980s, Boy George said about the music style of his band Culture Club, \"We play rock 'n' roll and I love rock 'n' roll music but I don't like the lifestyle. I don't like people tipping beer over their heads....", "I don't like people tipping beer over their heads.... I just hate rock 'n' roll in that way. It's disgusting and boring. I look at what we're doing as very intelligent.\"", "I look at what we're doing as very intelligent.\" Stephen Holden, music critic for The New York Times, said in his article Rock: British Culture Club, that \"Culture Club blends soul, rock, funk, reggae and salsa into a music that programmatically reconciles white, black and Latin styles\", adding that, \"Mr. O'Dowd made the group's best songs – the Motown-flavoured Do You Really Want to Hurt Me and the Latin-inflected dance tune I'll Tumble 4 Ya – shine like jewels.\"", "Stephen Holden, music critic for The New York Times, said in his article Rock: British Culture Club, that \"Culture Club blends soul, rock, funk, reggae and salsa into a music that programmatically reconciles white, black and Latin styles\", adding that, \"Mr. O'Dowd made the group's best songs – the Motown-flavoured Do You Really Want to Hurt Me and the Latin-inflected dance tune I'll Tumble 4 Ya – shine like jewels.\" Star-News considered Culture Club as a 'new rock' band of the 1980s; the newspaper said \"Now you see the more rhythm-oriented, 'new rock of the 80s,' like Culture Club and the Eurythmics, fitting in more easily with urban contemporary formats.\"", "Star-News considered Culture Club as a 'new rock' band of the 1980s; the newspaper said \"Now you see the more rhythm-oriented, 'new rock of the 80s,' like Culture Club and the Eurythmics, fitting in more easily with urban contemporary formats.\" Stephen Thomas Erlewine, senior editor for AllMusic, described specifically Culture Club as a new wave band and generically as the most successful pop/rock group in America and England during the 1980s, adding that, \"By 1986, the group had broken up, leaving behind several singles that rank as classics of the new wave era.\"", "Stephen Thomas Erlewine, senior editor for AllMusic, described specifically Culture Club as a new wave band and generically as the most successful pop/rock group in America and England during the 1980s, adding that, \"By 1986, the group had broken up, leaving behind several singles that rank as classics of the new wave era.\" The music of Culture Club is described by George as, \"The aim is to be creatively fluid to make everything we do a little different.", "The music of Culture Club is described by George as, \"The aim is to be creatively fluid to make everything we do a little different. We want to be a bridge between white rock and black soul\", adding that, \"I want Culture Club to represent all peoples and minorities\".", "We want to be a bridge between white rock and black soul\", adding that, \"I want Culture Club to represent all peoples and minorities\". The band was part of the second British rock invasion of the 1980s in the United States, as R. Serge Denisoff and William L. Schurk said in their book Tarnished gold: the record industry revisited, \"Here comes the rock and roll of 1984.", "The band was part of the second British rock invasion of the 1980s in the United States, as R. Serge Denisoff and William L. Schurk said in their book Tarnished gold: the record industry revisited, \"Here comes the rock and roll of 1984. The invaders were a mixed bunch led by Culture Club, whose sound has been described as 'recycled Smokey Robinson' or 'torchy American schmaltz and classic Motown'\", adding that, \"Boy George's drag-queen appearance made the group a natural for the visual demands of cable television\".", "The invaders were a mixed bunch led by Culture Club, whose sound has been described as 'recycled Smokey Robinson' or 'torchy American schmaltz and classic Motown'\", adding that, \"Boy George's drag-queen appearance made the group a natural for the visual demands of cable television\". In her book Magazines for children: a guide for parents, teachers, and librarians, author Selma K. Richardson said that Culture Club's music is soft rock that contains, \"enough soul and new wave elements to cover almost all audiences\".", "In her book Magazines for children: a guide for parents, teachers, and librarians, author Selma K. Richardson said that Culture Club's music is soft rock that contains, \"enough soul and new wave elements to cover almost all audiences\". Band members Principal members Boy George – vocals, tambourine (1981–1986, 1998–2002, 2011–present) Mikey Craig – vocals, bass, keyboards (1981–1986, 1998–2002, 2011–present) Roy Hay – guitars, vocals, keyboards (1981–1986, 1998–2002, 2011–present) Touring/session members Phil Pickett – keyboards, vocals (1981–1986) Darius Zickus – keyboards (1998–2002) Darren Lewis – keyboards, percussion (2011–present) Meryl Evans – drums, percussion, vocals (2021–present) Former members Jon Moss – drums, percussion, vocals (1981–1986, 1998–2002, 2011–2021) Discography Kissing to Be Clever (1982) Colour by Numbers (1983) Waking Up with the House on Fire (1984) From Luxury to Heartache (1986) Don't Mind If I Do (1999) Life (2018) Citations Bibliography Songbooks Kissing to Be Clever (including \"Time (Clock of the Heart)\" – 1982), London & Suffolk, West Central Printing Co. Ltd., distr.", "Band members Principal members Boy George – vocals, tambourine (1981–1986, 1998–2002, 2011–present) Mikey Craig – vocals, bass, keyboards (1981–1986, 1998–2002, 2011–present) Roy Hay – guitars, vocals, keyboards (1981–1986, 1998–2002, 2011–present) Touring/session members Phil Pickett – keyboards, vocals (1981–1986) Darius Zickus – keyboards (1998–2002) Darren Lewis – keyboards, percussion (2011–present) Meryl Evans – drums, percussion, vocals (2021–present) Former members Jon Moss – drums, percussion, vocals (1981–1986, 1998–2002, 2011–2021) Discography Kissing to Be Clever (1982) Colour by Numbers (1983) Waking Up with the House on Fire (1984) From Luxury to Heartache (1986) Don't Mind If I Do (1999) Life (2018) Citations Bibliography Songbooks Kissing to Be Clever (including \"Time (Clock of the Heart)\" – 1982), London & Suffolk, West Central Printing Co. Ltd., distr. Music Sales Ltd. Colour by Numbers (1983), London & Suffolk, West Central Printing Co. Ltd., distr.", "Music Sales Ltd. Colour by Numbers (1983), London & Suffolk, West Central Printing Co. Ltd., distr. Music Sales Ltd. Waking Up with the House on Fire (1984), London & Suffolk, West Central Printing Co. Ltd., distr.", "Music Sales Ltd. Waking Up with the House on Fire (1984), London & Suffolk, West Central Printing Co. Ltd., distr. Music Sales Ltd. From Luxury to Heartache (1986), Virgin Music (Publishers) Ltd., distr.", "Music Sales Ltd. From Luxury to Heartache (1986), Virgin Music (Publishers) Ltd., distr. IMP-International Music Publications, Essex, England Culture Club'' (10 of their best songs – 1987), Virgin Music (Publishers) Ltd., distr. IMP-International Music Publications, Essex, England N.B.", "IMP-International Music Publications, Essex, England N.B. : Each of the first four songbooks includes a detailed official biography, which is each time updated: this way, such songbooks, corresponding to the band's first four albums, chronicle the early official biography of Culture Club, from 1982 to 1986.", ": Each of the first four songbooks includes a detailed official biography, which is each time updated: this way, such songbooks, corresponding to the band's first four albums, chronicle the early official biography of Culture Club, from 1982 to 1986. External links Culture Club VH1 artist page Culture Club MTV artist page [ Culture Club Billboard artist page] Culture Club Rolling Stone artist page Brit Award winners English dance music groups English pop music groups English new wave musical groups Epic Records artists Grammy Award winners LGBT-themed musical groups Musical groups disestablished in 1986 Musical groups disestablished in 2002 Musical groups established in 1981 Musical groups reestablished in 1998 Musical groups reestablished in 2011 Musical quartets Virgin Records artists British soul musical groups" ]

[ "Culture Club", "Formation and Kissing to Be Clever: 1981-1983", "How did the band form?", "George decided to start his own band and enlisted bassist Mikey Craig, drummer Jon Moss, and finally guitarist Roy Hay.", "When did this happen?", "In 1981,", "Did they get a recording contract soon after that?", "The group recorded demos, which were paid for by EMI Records, but the label was unimpressed", "What label did then end up signing with?", "Virgin Records heard the demos and signed the group in the UK,", "Did they have a different label in the US?", "while Epic Records released their albums in the United States and much of the rest of the world", "What year was Kissing to Be Clever released?", "The band's debut album, Kissing to Be Clever (UK No. 5, US No. 14) was released in October 1982,", "Who produced the record?", "I don't know.", "What was the first single released from Kissing to Be Clever?", "the follow-up single, \"Time (Clock of the Heart)\", became another Top 10 hit in the US (Number 2) and UK (Number 3). \"", "Did they tour in support of the album?", "I don't know." ]

[ "Anthems for Doomed Youth is the third studio album by English garage rock band The Libertines, released on 11 September 2015.\nThe album contains two notable literary references, the tracks \"Anthem for Doomed Youth\" and \"Gunga Din\" referencing poems of the same titles by Wilfred Owen and Rudyard Kipling respectively. \"Gunga Din\" was released as the album's first single on 2 July 2015. The album's second single, \"Glasgow Coma Scale Blues\", was released on 20 August 2015. The success of the album produced multiple European tours from 2015-2019.\n\nRelease\nThe album was released in 3 formats: Digital, CD, and Vinyl. There is also a Deluxe Edition, released on CD and Digitally, including extra tracks. A box set, including a Deluxe CD, a Vinyl copy, exclusive film, and signed art prints, was also released. \nTo celebrate the release of the new LP 'a week of shenanigans' was announced, mainly taking place at Camden's Dublin Castle venue. The run of events was titled 'Somewhere Over the Railings'.\n\nCritical reception\n\nReviews for the album were generally positive, earning a rating of 70 out of 100 on Metacritic, indicating generally favourable reviews. Charles Pitter at PopMatters declared the album \"an enjoyable overload of charisma\".\n\nAccolades\n\nTrack listing\nAll tracks written by Doherty and Barât.\n\nCharts\n\nReferences\n\nThe Libertines albums\n2015 albums\nVirgin EMI Records albums\nHarvest Records albums", "Game Face is the tenth studio album by American rapper Master P, released on December 18, 2001. It marked the debut of The New No Limit Records and a partnership with Universal Records. There are three singles released from the album, \"Ooohhhwee\", \"Real Love\", and \"Rock it\", Music videos were released for all three. The album received a mixed reception from critics who saw some change in Master P's production choices from his producers and lyrical delivery but felt that it wasn't anything new from the genre.\n\nReception\n\nCritical reception\n\nGame Face garnered mixed reviews from music critics who saw some change in lyrical content and production but felt that it didn't deliver anything new to the genre. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album received an average score of 40, based on 4 reviews.\n\nShawn Edwards of Vibe praised Master P for using simplistic wordplay and different production on his songs to feel more accessible saying, \"While P's rhyme schemes haven't changed much, he has improved his musical backdrops significantly.\" Tom Sinclair of Entertainment Weekly found most of the album to be pleasant concluding with, \"there's something oddly comforting about the inexorability of it all.\" AllMusic editor Jason Birchmeier complimented Master P for changing his Southern sound into a more pop rap direction with the samples he used for his songs saying, \"Game Face isn't any more impressive than any of his past few albums since Ghetto D. However, it is a much more accessible album because of the pop approach.\" Wise Q of HipHopDX found tracks like \"The Farm,\" \"Lose It and Get It Back\" and \"Back on Top\" as stand outs from the album but felt that it didn't deliver anything new to the genre saying \"Most reviews have substance but, like this CD, hip hop will be left feeling empty.\"\n\nCommercial performance\nThe album debuted at number seventy-two on the Billboard 200 and sold 95,000 copies in its first week of sales. It later climbed up the charts and peaked at number 46 early in 2002.\n\nMusic videos\nThere was a music video for the single entitled \"Real Love\" featuring Sera-Lynn. There was also a music video for the single \"Ooohhhwee\".\n\nTrack listing\n\nCharts\n\nAlbum\n\nWeekly charts\n\nYear-end charts\n\nSingles\nOoohhwee\n\nRock It\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Game Face at ARTISTdirect\n\n2001 albums\nMaster P albums\nNo Limit Records albums" ]

[ "Culture Club are an English new wave band formed in London in 1981. The band comprises Boy George (lead vocals), Roy Hay (guitar and keyboards), Mikey Craig (bass guitar) and formerly included Jon Moss (drums and percussion).", "The band comprises Boy George (lead vocals), Roy Hay (guitar and keyboards), Mikey Craig (bass guitar) and formerly included Jon Moss (drums and percussion). Emerging in the New Romantic scene, they are considered one of the most representative and influential groups of the 1980s.", "Emerging in the New Romantic scene, they are considered one of the most representative and influential groups of the 1980s. Led by singer and frontman Boy George, whose androgynous style of dressing caught the attention of the public and the media in the early 1980s, the band have sold more than 50 million records including over 6 million BPI certified records sold in the UK and over 7 million RIAA certified records sold in the US.", "Led by singer and frontman Boy George, whose androgynous style of dressing caught the attention of the public and the media in the early 1980s, the band have sold more than 50 million records including over 6 million BPI certified records sold in the UK and over 7 million RIAA certified records sold in the US. Their hits include \"Do You Really Want to Hurt Me\", \"Time (Clock of the Heart)\", \"I'll Tumble 4 Ya\", \"Church of the Poison Mind\", \"Karma Chameleon\", \"Victims\", \"Miss Me Blind\", \"It's a Miracle\", \"The War Song\", \"Move Away\", and \"I Just Wanna Be Loved\".", "Their hits include \"Do You Really Want to Hurt Me\", \"Time (Clock of the Heart)\", \"I'll Tumble 4 Ya\", \"Church of the Poison Mind\", \"Karma Chameleon\", \"Victims\", \"Miss Me Blind\", \"It's a Miracle\", \"The War Song\", \"Move Away\", and \"I Just Wanna Be Loved\". In the UK they amassed twelve Top 40 hit singles between 1982 and 1999, including the number ones \"Do You Really Want To Hurt Me\" and \"Karma Chameleon\", the latter being the biggest selling single of 1983 in the UK, and hit number one on the US Hot 100 in 1984.", "In the UK they amassed twelve Top 40 hit singles between 1982 and 1999, including the number ones \"Do You Really Want To Hurt Me\" and \"Karma Chameleon\", the latter being the biggest selling single of 1983 in the UK, and hit number one on the US Hot 100 in 1984. The song \"Time (Clock of the Heart)\" is included on the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's list of 500 songs that shaped rock and roll.", "The song \"Time (Clock of the Heart)\" is included on the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's list of 500 songs that shaped rock and roll. Their second album, Colour by Numbers, sold more than 10 million copies worldwide.", "Their second album, Colour by Numbers, sold more than 10 million copies worldwide. It appeared on Rolling Stone magazine's list of the 100 Best Albums of the 1980s and is also included in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die.", "It appeared on Rolling Stone magazine's list of the 100 Best Albums of the 1980s and is also included in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die. Ten of their singles reached the US Top 40, where they are associated with the Second British Invasion of British new wave groups that became popular in the US due to the cable music channel MTV.", "Ten of their singles reached the US Top 40, where they are associated with the Second British Invasion of British new wave groups that became popular in the US due to the cable music channel MTV. Culture Club's music combines British new wave and American soul and pop.", "Culture Club's music combines British new wave and American soul and pop. It also includes some elements of Jamaican reggae and also other styles such as calypso, salsa, and with \"Karma Chameleon\", elements of country music.", "It also includes some elements of Jamaican reggae and also other styles such as calypso, salsa, and with \"Karma Chameleon\", elements of country music. In 1984, Culture Club won Brit Awards for Best British Group, Best British Single (\"Karma Chameleon\"), and the Grammy Award for Best New Artist.", "In 1984, Culture Club won Brit Awards for Best British Group, Best British Single (\"Karma Chameleon\"), and the Grammy Award for Best New Artist. They were nominated the same year for the Grammy Award for Pop Vocal by Group or Duo.", "They were nominated the same year for the Grammy Award for Pop Vocal by Group or Duo. The band were also nominated for a Canadian Juno Award for International Album of the Year.", "The band were also nominated for a Canadian Juno Award for International Album of the Year. In January 1985, Culture Club were nominated for an American Music Award for Favorite Pop/Rock Band/Duo/Group Video Artist, and in September 1985, they were nominated for two MTV Video Music Awards for Best Special Effects and Best Art Direction for their video \"It's a Miracle\".", "In January 1985, Culture Club were nominated for an American Music Award for Favorite Pop/Rock Band/Duo/Group Video Artist, and in September 1985, they were nominated for two MTV Video Music Awards for Best Special Effects and Best Art Direction for their video \"It's a Miracle\". In 1987, they received another nomination for an American Music Award for Favorite Pop/Rock Band/Duo/Group Video Artist.", "In 1987, they received another nomination for an American Music Award for Favorite Pop/Rock Band/Duo/Group Video Artist. History 1981–1983: Formation and Kissing to Be Clever In 1981, Blitz Club regular Boy George occasionally sang with the group Bow Wow Wow, performing under the stage name Lieutenant Lush with the group.", "History 1981–1983: Formation and Kissing to Be Clever In 1981, Blitz Club regular Boy George occasionally sang with the group Bow Wow Wow, performing under the stage name Lieutenant Lush with the group. After his tenure with the group ended, George decided to start his own band and enlisted bassist Mikey Craig, drummer Jon Moss, and finally guitarist Roy Hay joined the group.", "After his tenure with the group ended, George decided to start his own band and enlisted bassist Mikey Craig, drummer Jon Moss, and finally guitarist Roy Hay joined the group. Realizing they had an Irish gay man as the lead singer, a black Briton on bass, a blond Englishman on guitar and keyboards, and a Jewish drummer, they eventually decided to name the group Culture Club.", "Realizing they had an Irish gay man as the lead singer, a black Briton on bass, a blond Englishman on guitar and keyboards, and a Jewish drummer, they eventually decided to name the group Culture Club. The group recorded demos, which were paid for by EMI Records, but the label was unimpressed and decided not to sign the group.", "The group recorded demos, which were paid for by EMI Records, but the label was unimpressed and decided not to sign the group. Virgin Records heard the demos and signed the group in the UK, releasing their albums in Europe, while Epic Records released their albums in the United States and much of the rest of the world.", "Virgin Records heard the demos and signed the group in the UK, releasing their albums in Europe, while Epic Records released their albums in the United States and much of the rest of the world. The band released two singles in May and June 1982, \"White Boy\" and \"I'm Afraid of Me\", though both failed to chart.", "The band released two singles in May and June 1982, \"White Boy\" and \"I'm Afraid of Me\", though both failed to chart. In September of that year, the group released their third single, \"Do You Really Want to Hurt Me\", a reggae-influenced number, which became one of their biggest hits.", "In September of that year, the group released their third single, \"Do You Really Want to Hurt Me\", a reggae-influenced number, which became one of their biggest hits. The song went to No. 1 in the UK in late 1982 and became an international smash, topping the charts in twenty-three countries (No.", "1 in the UK in late 1982 and became an international smash, topping the charts in twenty-three countries (No. 2 in the US), and the top ten in several more countries. The band's 1982 debut on Top of the Pops created tabloid headlines, which focused on George's androgynous style of dress and sexual ambiguity.", "The band's 1982 debut on Top of the Pops created tabloid headlines, which focused on George's androgynous style of dress and sexual ambiguity. Magazines began to feature George prominently on their covers.", "Magazines began to feature George prominently on their covers. Pete Burns, lead singer of the new wave band Dead or Alive, would later claim he was the first to wear braids, big hats, and colourful costumes, but George would cut back with a sharp-tongued remark, \"It's not who did it first, it's who did it better.\"", "Pete Burns, lead singer of the new wave band Dead or Alive, would later claim he was the first to wear braids, big hats, and colourful costumes, but George would cut back with a sharp-tongued remark, \"It's not who did it first, it's who did it better.\" The band's debut album, Kissing to Be Clever (UK No.", "The band's debut album, Kissing to Be Clever (UK No. 5, US No. 14) was released in October 1982, and the follow-up single, \"Time (Clock of the Heart)\", became another Top 10 hit in the US (Number 2) and UK (Number 3).", "14) was released in October 1982, and the follow-up single, \"Time (Clock of the Heart)\", became another Top 10 hit in the US (Number 2) and UK (Number 3). \"I'll Tumble 4 Ya\" also became a Top Ten hit in the US (Number 9) and in Canada.", "\"I'll Tumble 4 Ya\" also became a Top Ten hit in the US (Number 9) and in Canada. This gave Culture Club the distinction of being the first group since The Beatles to have three Top Ten hits in America from a debut album.", "This gave Culture Club the distinction of being the first group since The Beatles to have three Top Ten hits in America from a debut album. Kissing to Be Clever sold over 1.5 million copies in the US, being certified platinum. 1983–1984: Colour by Numbers The band's second album, Colour by Numbers (UK No.", "1983–1984: Colour by Numbers The band's second album, Colour by Numbers (UK No. 1, US No. 2), was released in 1983. The first single, \"Church of the Poison Mind\", featuring backing vocalist Helen Terry, reached the UK and US Top 10.", "The first single, \"Church of the Poison Mind\", featuring backing vocalist Helen Terry, reached the UK and US Top 10. The second single, \"Karma Chameleon\", gave the band their biggest hit, peaking at No.", "The second single, \"Karma Chameleon\", gave the band their biggest hit, peaking at No. 1 in the UK (the band's second chart-topper there), where it became the best selling single of 1983 and has sold 1.5 million copies there to date. It also peaked at No.", "It also peaked at No. It also peaked at No. 1 in the US for three consecutive weeks, and would ultimately hit No.", "1 in the US for three consecutive weeks, and would ultimately hit No. 1 in 30 countries, thus becoming one of the top twenty best-selling singles of the 1980s sold up seven million copies worldwide, with one of the most iconic images of Boy George on the cover shot by photographer David Levine.", "1 in 30 countries, thus becoming one of the top twenty best-selling singles of the 1980s sold up seven million copies worldwide, with one of the most iconic images of Boy George on the cover shot by photographer David Levine. The album Colour by Numbers would spawn more hits including \"Miss Me Blind\" (#5 US), \"It's a Miracle\" (#4 UK, No.", "The album Colour by Numbers would spawn more hits including \"Miss Me Blind\" (#5 US), \"It's a Miracle\" (#4 UK, No. 13 US), and \"Victims\" (#3 UK), and sold four million copies in the US and another five million worldwide at its time of release.", "13 US), and \"Victims\" (#3 UK), and sold four million copies in the US and another five million worldwide at its time of release. The album gave Culture Club the distinction of being the first group in music history to have an album certified diamond in Canada (for sales of one million copies in that country).", "The album gave Culture Club the distinction of being the first group in music history to have an album certified diamond in Canada (for sales of one million copies in that country). The band also won the 1984 Brit Award for Best Group and the Grammy Award for Best New Artist, where George gave a speech via satellite stating, \"Thanks America, you've got style, you've got taste, and you know a good drag queen when you see one.\"", "The band also won the 1984 Brit Award for Best Group and the Grammy Award for Best New Artist, where George gave a speech via satellite stating, \"Thanks America, you've got style, you've got taste, and you know a good drag queen when you see one.\" The group's back-up singer, Helen Terry, began work on her solo album, for which George and Hay wrote the song \"Love Lies Lost\".", "The group's back-up singer, Helen Terry, began work on her solo album, for which George and Hay wrote the song \"Love Lies Lost\". The pair also wrote \"Passing Friend\" for the Beach Boys' album. Culture Club wrote two songs for the soundtrack to the movie Electric Dreams.", "Culture Club wrote two songs for the soundtrack to the movie Electric Dreams. George and Hay wrote \"The Dream\" and \"Love Is Love\", with the latter being released as a single in Canada and Japan, the E.P \"Love is Love\" became a major hit in Japan.", "George and Hay wrote \"The Dream\" and \"Love Is Love\", with the latter being released as a single in Canada and Japan, the E.P \"Love is Love\" became a major hit in Japan. George also collaborated on the song \"Electric Dreams\", sung by P. P. Arnold.", "George also collaborated on the song \"Electric Dreams\", sung by P. P. Arnold. The song was written with Phil Pickett (former member of the 1970s band Sailor) who had also co-written \"Karma Chameleon\" and frequently played keyboards for the group. Despite Culture Club's commercial success, there were significant pressures within the band.", "Despite Culture Club's commercial success, there were significant pressures within the band. George was using drugs with money from his new-found fame. George and Moss were also romantically involved with each other, which was unknown to the public and the media at the time.", "George and Moss were also romantically involved with each other, which was unknown to the public and the media at the time. Their relationship lasted for over four years and was often turbulent, with alleged physical and verbal abuse from both sides.", "Their relationship lasted for over four years and was often turbulent, with alleged physical and verbal abuse from both sides. Their constant arguments and the pressure to hide the relationship from the public started to take its toll on the band.", "Their constant arguments and the pressure to hide the relationship from the public started to take its toll on the band. 1984–1986: Waking Up with the House on Fire, From Luxury to Heartache and decline In 1984, the group released their third album Waking Up with the House on Fire (UK No. 2, US No.", "2, US No. 2, US No. 26) which sold 2.8 million copies worldwide. Although certified platinum in both the UK and the US, it was a commercial and critical disappointment compared to their first two albums. The album contained the hit single \"The War Song\", which reached No.", "The album contained the hit single \"The War Song\", which reached No. 2 in the UK, and Top 20 in the US. Other singles like \"Mistake No. 3\" (US No. 33) and \"The Medal Song\" (UK No. 32) would become modest hits.", "32) would become modest hits. George later stated he felt the album experienced a lukewarm reception because of half-hearted material he felt they released due to pressure from Virgin and Epic. According to him, the band had just come off an exhausting world tour in 1984.", "According to him, the band had just come off an exhausting world tour in 1984. At the end of 1984, Boy George was recruited by Bob Geldof to join the Band Aid recording, consisting of mostly internationally known UK and Irish recording stars.", "At the end of 1984, Boy George was recruited by Bob Geldof to join the Band Aid recording, consisting of mostly internationally known UK and Irish recording stars. George was in New York City for an appearance on Late Night with David Letterman when Geldof called him, but managed to catch the final Concorde of the day to London and was the last singer to record a lead vocal track for the song \"Do They Know It's Christmas?\".", "George was in New York City for an appearance on Late Night with David Letterman when Geldof called him, but managed to catch the final Concorde of the day to London and was the last singer to record a lead vocal track for the song \"Do They Know It's Christmas?\". The song would become the biggest selling single of all-time in the UK and a huge international hit, raising millions for famine victims in several African nations, particularly Ethiopia.", "The song would become the biggest selling single of all-time in the UK and a huge international hit, raising millions for famine victims in several African nations, particularly Ethiopia. Due to all the heartache from the break-up of his relationship with Moss, and all the ensuing tension with rest of the band, George turned to relief in drugs.", "Due to all the heartache from the break-up of his relationship with Moss, and all the ensuing tension with rest of the band, George turned to relief in drugs. Consequently, he soon developed a self-destructive drug addiction, which in merely four months escalated from marijuana to heroin. By 1986, George had become seriously addicted.", "By 1986, George had become seriously addicted. The recording of their fourth studio album, 1986's From Luxury to Heartache (UK No. 10, US No. 32) dragged on for so long that producer Arif Mardin had to abandon the sessions due to prior commitments and leave it to engineer Lew Hahn to finish the sessions.", "32) dragged on for so long that producer Arif Mardin had to abandon the sessions due to prior commitments and leave it to engineer Lew Hahn to finish the sessions. Nevertheless, the first single \"Move Away\" became a hit, peaking at UK No. 7 and US No.", "7 and US No. 7 and US No. 12 and appeared the album would return the group back to its previous success.", "12 and appeared the album would return the group back to its previous success. But by the time of the release of the second single \"God Thank You Woman\", news of George's drug addiction began to circulate in British and American tabloids, and the second single stalled on its way up the charts, failing to make a big impact.", "But by the time of the release of the second single \"God Thank You Woman\", news of George's drug addiction began to circulate in British and American tabloids, and the second single stalled on its way up the charts, failing to make a big impact. George and Moss also no longer wanted to be around each other due to the constant relationship battles and with George's addiction.", "George and Moss also no longer wanted to be around each other due to the constant relationship battles and with George's addiction. From Luxury to Heartache began to fade from the charts as well, and the album ultimately sold less than one million copies worldwide at the time of release.", "From Luxury to Heartache began to fade from the charts as well, and the album ultimately sold less than one million copies worldwide at the time of release. By the summer of 1986, George finally admitted that he was indeed addicted to drugs.", "By the summer of 1986, George finally admitted that he was indeed addicted to drugs. In July of that year, he was arrested by the British police for possession of heroin. The band broke up and George pursued a solo career, having several European hits and a couple of US Top 40 hits.", "The band broke up and George pursued a solo career, having several European hits and a couple of US Top 40 hits. Reunions 1989 The band first tried to reunite in 1989, after many requests from Tony Gordon, the group's former manager and George's manager at that time.", "Reunions 1989 The band first tried to reunite in 1989, after many requests from Tony Gordon, the group's former manager and George's manager at that time. George agreed to try some songs with the band again, resulting in recording sessions and producing more than a dozen songs that remain unreleased.", "George agreed to try some songs with the band again, resulting in recording sessions and producing more than a dozen songs that remain unreleased. George, however, was more excited about his future projects like his record label, More Protein, and his new acid house project Jesus Loves You. The proposed reunion ended up being cancelled.", "The proposed reunion ended up being cancelled. 1998–2000, 2002 In 1998, George and Moss put their differences aside and the band reunited to do a reunion tour, kicking off with a performance on VH1 Storytellers.", "1998–2000, 2002 In 1998, George and Moss put their differences aside and the band reunited to do a reunion tour, kicking off with a performance on VH1 Storytellers. George said about the reunion, \"Culture Club's reunion couldn't have come at a better time for rock\", adding that, \"It's a nostalgia trip, there's no way of avoiding that.\"", "George said about the reunion, \"Culture Club's reunion couldn't have come at a better time for rock\", adding that, \"It's a nostalgia trip, there's no way of avoiding that.\" The tour was a major success.", "The tour was a major success. Greatest Moments, a compilation album based around the Storytellers performance, was released, and went platinum in UK. It included new songs such as \"I Just Wanna Be Loved\", which hit UK No. 4.", "4. 4. However, their new-found success was short-lived and their fifth studio album, Don't Mind If I Do, released in 1999, peaked at No. 64 in the UK. It included minor UK hits in \"Your Kisses Are Charity\" (UK No. 25) and \"Cold Shoulder\" (UK No.", "25) and \"Cold Shoulder\" (UK No. 43). The band went on to tour, then reunited again for a 20th anniversary concert in 2002 at the Royal Albert Hall in London. This performance was released on DVD the following year.", "This performance was released on DVD the following year. Culture Club then became inactive again, largely due to George's successful DJ career, as well as his semi-autobiographical musical Taboo.", "Culture Club then became inactive again, largely due to George's successful DJ career, as well as his semi-autobiographical musical Taboo. It was a success in London, but was a flop on Broadway, only running for 100 performances, as well as losing $10 million for its producer, Rosie O'Donnell.", "It was a success in London, but was a flop on Broadway, only running for 100 performances, as well as losing $10 million for its producer, Rosie O'Donnell. 2006 In 2006, original members Craig and Moss tried to launch a new tour with another lead singer, as George and Hay had declined to tour.", "2006 In 2006, original members Craig and Moss tried to launch a new tour with another lead singer, as George and Hay had declined to tour. Early that year, the band's record company placed an ad for a lead singer to \"...take part in a 2007 World Tour and TV Series.\"", "Early that year, the band's record company placed an ad for a lead singer to \"...take part in a 2007 World Tour and TV Series.\" The new singer, Sam Butcher was selected because of his own personality, \"not a Boy George lookalike.\"", "The new singer, Sam Butcher was selected because of his own personality, \"not a Boy George lookalike.\" After watching a video on MySpace, George described the singer who replaced him as \"terrible\" and \"dreadful\". George said: \"I wanted to like it but I couldn't.", "George said: \"I wanted to like it but I couldn't. They're my songs, they're my heart, they're my life.\" A proposed tour for December 2006 in the UK did not take place.", "A proposed tour for December 2006 in the UK did not take place. 2011 In late 2011, George was part of a three-man Culture Club band that performed two live concerts, in Dubai and Sydney, the latter being a New Year's Eve concert, although Moss did not appear due to a back injury.", "2011 In late 2011, George was part of a three-man Culture Club band that performed two live concerts, in Dubai and Sydney, the latter being a New Year's Eve concert, although Moss did not appear due to a back injury. 2014–present In 2014, the band reformed and announced a tour and a new album.", "2014–present In 2014, the band reformed and announced a tour and a new album. A new picture of the four members was also posted on the band's official website, along with the list of the 11 UK concert dates. The band travelled to Spain for a two-week recording session.", "The band travelled to Spain for a two-week recording session. 18 new tracks were completed for a new album produced by Youth. The new album, entitled Tribes, was scheduled for release in early 2015 on the band's own label Different Man Music (via Kobalt Label Services).", "The new album, entitled Tribes, was scheduled for release in early 2015 on the band's own label Different Man Music (via Kobalt Label Services). At the end of that year the album had still not materialised.", "At the end of that year the album had still not materialised. On 19 July 2014, the band were among the line-up for a two-hour concert in Edinburgh Castle, ahead of the opening ceremony of the Commonwealth Games in Glasgow. Hay did not perform with the band because he was in recovery after having knee surgery.", "Hay did not perform with the band because he was in recovery after having knee surgery. The band played two songs, \"Do You Really Want To Hurt Me\" and \"Karma Chameleon\" which were shown on BBC TV.", "The band played two songs, \"Do You Really Want To Hurt Me\" and \"Karma Chameleon\" which were shown on BBC TV. In mid-November 2014, two days before the start of their 21-date US and UK tour, Culture Club announced they had to cancel the tour due to George suffering from a serious throat condition.", "In mid-November 2014, two days before the start of their 21-date US and UK tour, Culture Club announced they had to cancel the tour due to George suffering from a serious throat condition. The cancelled tour would have represented the full original line-up's first tour in 12 years.", "The cancelled tour would have represented the full original line-up's first tour in 12 years. The North American tour was eventually rescheduled and started on 17 July 2015 in Canada. A television documentary, Boy George and Culture Club: Karma to Calamity, aired on BBC Four on 6 March 2015.", "A television documentary, Boy George and Culture Club: Karma to Calamity, aired on BBC Four on 6 March 2015. The programme documented the band's reunion in 2014 and the making of their new album in Spain, up to the announcement to cancel the tour.", "The programme documented the band's reunion in 2014 and the making of their new album in Spain, up to the announcement to cancel the tour. Based on the popularity of 2015's mini-tour, Culture Club began a 40-city summer tour in 2016.", "Based on the popularity of 2015's mini-tour, Culture Club began a 40-city summer tour in 2016. The major success of this tour culminated in a DVD/CD/Blu-ray release, Live At Wembley: World Tour 2016.", "The major success of this tour culminated in a DVD/CD/Blu-ray release, Live At Wembley: World Tour 2016. In August 2016, the band announced that the album Tribes was permanently shelved, and offered refunds to all those who had pre-ordered the album online. In 2018, Culture Club toured the US and Europe from June to December.", "In 2018, Culture Club toured the US and Europe from June to December. Dubbed The Life Tour, the band toured in support of their namesake album, along with supporting acts The B-52s, Tom Bailey (formerly of The Thompson Twins) and Belinda Carlisle (Europe dates only).", "Dubbed The Life Tour, the band toured in support of their namesake album, along with supporting acts The B-52s, Tom Bailey (formerly of The Thompson Twins) and Belinda Carlisle (Europe dates only). Jon Moss was originally part of the line-up, but did not participate in the European leg of the tour.", "Jon Moss was originally part of the line-up, but did not participate in the European leg of the tour. A spokeswoman for Boy George confirmed: \"Jon's taking a break from Culture Club but the door is open in the future.\"", "A spokeswoman for Boy George confirmed: \"Jon's taking a break from Culture Club but the door is open in the future.\" In December 2019, Moss filed a writ at London's High Court naming the band trio as defendants.", "In December 2019, Moss filed a writ at London's High Court naming the band trio as defendants. Moss' lawyers say he was told to \"take a break\" by manager Paul Kemsley, demanding nearly £200,000 in missing payments and a share of profits. Jon Moss officially left Culture Club in May 2021.", "Jon Moss officially left Culture Club in May 2021. Culture Club returned to the SSE Arena in Wembley on 19 December 2020 for a livestream concert, broadcast around the world, in response to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.", "Culture Club returned to the SSE Arena in Wembley on 19 December 2020 for a livestream concert, broadcast around the world, in response to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Titled Rainbow in the Dark, the concert saw the band play their classic hits, new material, including a new ballad version of \"Karma Chameleon\", featuring Mila, and covers of T. Rex's \"Get It On (Bang a Gong)\" and George's solo cover of Bread's \"Everything I Own\".", "Titled Rainbow in the Dark, the concert saw the band play their classic hits, new material, including a new ballad version of \"Karma Chameleon\", featuring Mila, and covers of T. Rex's \"Get It On (Bang a Gong)\" and George's solo cover of Bread's \"Everything I Own\". Awards and achievements ASCAP Pop Music Awards |- | rowspan=\"2\"|1984 | \"Karma Chameleon\" | rowspan=\"2\"|Most Performed Songs | |- | \"It's a Miracle\" | American Music Awards |- | 1985 | rowspan=\"2\" | Culture Club | rowspan=\"2\" | Favorite Pop/Rock Band/Duo/Group | |- | 1987 | American Video Awards |- | rowspan=4|1984 | rowspan=2|A Kiss Across the Ocean | Best Long-Form Video | |- | Best Home Video | |- | \"The War Song\" | Best Choreography | |- | \"Miss Me Blind\" | Best Set Design | Billboard Music Awards |- | rowspan=6|1983 | rowspan=4|Themselves | Top Pop New Artist | |- | Top Pop Singles Artist | |- | Top Pop Singles Artist – Duo/Group | |- | Top Adult Contemporary Artist – Duo/Group | |- | Kissing to Be Clever | Top Pop Album | |- | \"Karma Chameleon\" | Top UK Single | BRIT Awards |- | 1983 | rowspan=\"2\"|Culture Club | Best British Breakthrough Act | |- | rowspan=\"2\" | 1984 | Best British Group | |- | \"Karma Chameleon\" | Best British Single | Classic Pop Reader Awards |- | 2019 | Culture Club | Artist of the Year | Creem Magazine Awards |- | rowspan=2|1983 | Themselves | Worst Group – No.", "Awards and achievements ASCAP Pop Music Awards |- | rowspan=\"2\"|1984 | \"Karma Chameleon\" | rowspan=\"2\"|Most Performed Songs | |- | \"It's a Miracle\" | American Music Awards |- | 1985 | rowspan=\"2\" | Culture Club | rowspan=\"2\" | Favorite Pop/Rock Band/Duo/Group | |- | 1987 | American Video Awards |- | rowspan=4|1984 | rowspan=2|A Kiss Across the Ocean | Best Long-Form Video | |- | Best Home Video | |- | \"The War Song\" | Best Choreography | |- | \"Miss Me Blind\" | Best Set Design | Billboard Music Awards |- | rowspan=6|1983 | rowspan=4|Themselves | Top Pop New Artist | |- | Top Pop Singles Artist | |- | Top Pop Singles Artist – Duo/Group | |- | Top Adult Contemporary Artist – Duo/Group | |- | Kissing to Be Clever | Top Pop Album | |- | \"Karma Chameleon\" | Top UK Single | BRIT Awards |- | 1983 | rowspan=\"2\"|Culture Club | Best British Breakthrough Act | |- | rowspan=\"2\" | 1984 | Best British Group | |- | \"Karma Chameleon\" | Best British Single | Classic Pop Reader Awards |- | 2019 | Culture Club | Artist of the Year | Creem Magazine Awards |- | rowspan=2|1983 | Themselves | Worst Group – No. 1 | |- | Colour by Numbers | Top Album – No.", "1 | |- | Colour by Numbers | Top Album – No. 19 | Goldene Europa |- | 1983 | Colour by Numbers | Best International Group | Grammy Awards |- | rowspan=\"2\" | 1984 | Culture Club | Best New Artist | |- | \"Do You Really Want to Hurt Me\" | Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group | Ivor Novello Awards |- | 1983 | \"Do You Really Want to Hurt Me\" | Best Selling A-Side | |- | rowspan=\"4\" | 1984 | rowspan=\"4\" | \"Karma Chameleon\" | Best Pop Song | |- | Best Selling A-Side | |- | Most Performed Work | |- | International Hit of the Year | Juno Awards |- | 1984 | Colour by Numbers | International Album of the Year | MTV Video Music Awards |- | rowspan=2|1985 | rowspan=2|\"It's a Miracle\" | Best Special Effects | |- | Best Art Direction | Q Awards |- | 2006 | \"Karma Chameleon\" | Q Classic Song Award | |- | 2014 | Culture Club | Q Idol | Rockbjörnen |- | 1983 | Colour by Numbers | Best Foreign Album | Smash Hits Poll Winners Party |- | rowspan=4|1982 | \"Do You Really Want to Hurt Me?\"", "19 | Goldene Europa |- | 1983 | Colour by Numbers | Best International Group | Grammy Awards |- | rowspan=\"2\" | 1984 | Culture Club | Best New Artist | |- | \"Do You Really Want to Hurt Me\" | Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group | Ivor Novello Awards |- | 1983 | \"Do You Really Want to Hurt Me\" | Best Selling A-Side | |- | rowspan=\"4\" | 1984 | rowspan=\"4\" | \"Karma Chameleon\" | Best Pop Song | |- | Best Selling A-Side | |- | Most Performed Work | |- | International Hit of the Year | Juno Awards |- | 1984 | Colour by Numbers | International Album of the Year | MTV Video Music Awards |- | rowspan=2|1985 | rowspan=2|\"It's a Miracle\" | Best Special Effects | |- | Best Art Direction | Q Awards |- | 2006 | \"Karma Chameleon\" | Q Classic Song Award | |- | 2014 | Culture Club | Q Idol | Rockbjörnen |- | 1983 | Colour by Numbers | Best Foreign Album | Smash Hits Poll Winners Party |- | rowspan=4|1982 | \"Do You Really Want to Hurt Me?\" | Best Single | |- | Kissing to Be Clever | Best Album | |- | rowspan=3|Themselves | Most Promising New Act | |- | rowspan=2|Best Group | |- | rowspan=6|1983 | |- | Culture Club's \"Colour by Numbers\" Tour | rowspan=2|Event of the Year | |- | Culture Club Making No.1 with \"Karma Chameleon\"| |- | rowspan=2|\"Karma Chameleon\" | Best Single | |- | Best Video | |- | Colour by Numbers| rowspan=2|Best Album | |- | rowspan=4|1984 | Waking Up with the House on Fire| |- | rowspan=2|\"The War Song\" | Best Single | |- | Best Video | |- | rowspan=2|Themselves | Best Group | |- | 1985 | Worst Group | Rock and Roll Hall of Fame |- | 1999 | \"Time (Clock of the Heart)\" | 500 Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll | | No.", "| Best Single | |- | Kissing to Be Clever | Best Album | |- | rowspan=3|Themselves | Most Promising New Act | |- | rowspan=2|Best Group | |- | rowspan=6|1983 | |- | Culture Club's \"Colour by Numbers\" Tour | rowspan=2|Event of the Year | |- | Culture Club Making No.1 with \"Karma Chameleon\"| |- | rowspan=2|\"Karma Chameleon\" | Best Single | |- | Best Video | |- | Colour by Numbers| rowspan=2|Best Album | |- | rowspan=4|1984 | Waking Up with the House on Fire| |- | rowspan=2|\"The War Song\" | Best Single | |- | Best Video | |- | rowspan=2|Themselves | Best Group | |- | 1985 | Worst Group | Rock and Roll Hall of Fame |- | 1999 | \"Time (Clock of the Heart)\" | 500 Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll | | No. 107 Variety Club of Great Britain Awards |- | 1985 | The War Song| Best Recording Artist | Musical style and development Culture Club's sound combines British new wave and American soul with Jamaican reggae and also other styles as calypso, salsa or country.Philadelphia Daily News described Culture Club as a hot new rock act, while William K Knoedelseder Jr from Los Angeles Times said about the group, \"Boy George of Culture Club, a rock group MTV helped make popular\", adding that, \"There's some debate in the record industry about MTV's ability to directly increase record sales across the board but there's no doubt that the channel has been responsible for exposing such rock artists as Def Leppard, Duran Duran and Men at Work to a national audience...\" In the 1980s, Boy George said about the music style of his band Culture Club, \"We play rock 'n' roll and I love rock 'n' roll music but I don't like the lifestyle.", "107 Variety Club of Great Britain Awards |- | 1985 | The War Song| Best Recording Artist | Musical style and development Culture Club's sound combines British new wave and American soul with Jamaican reggae and also other styles as calypso, salsa or country.Philadelphia Daily News described Culture Club as a hot new rock act, while William K Knoedelseder Jr from Los Angeles Times said about the group, \"Boy George of Culture Club, a rock group MTV helped make popular\", adding that, \"There's some debate in the record industry about MTV's ability to directly increase record sales across the board but there's no doubt that the channel has been responsible for exposing such rock artists as Def Leppard, Duran Duran and Men at Work to a national audience...\" In the 1980s, Boy George said about the music style of his band Culture Club, \"We play rock 'n' roll and I love rock 'n' roll music but I don't like the lifestyle. I don't like people tipping beer over their heads....", "I don't like people tipping beer over their heads.... I just hate rock 'n' roll in that way. It's disgusting and boring. I look at what we're doing as very intelligent.\"", "I look at what we're doing as very intelligent.\" Stephen Holden, music critic for The New York Times, said in his article Rock: British Culture Club, that \"Culture Club blends soul, rock, funk, reggae and salsa into a music that programmatically reconciles white, black and Latin styles\", adding that, \"Mr. O'Dowd made the group's best songs – the Motown-flavoured Do You Really Want to Hurt Me and the Latin-inflected dance tune I'll Tumble 4 Ya – shine like jewels.\"", "Stephen Holden, music critic for The New York Times, said in his article Rock: British Culture Club, that \"Culture Club blends soul, rock, funk, reggae and salsa into a music that programmatically reconciles white, black and Latin styles\", adding that, \"Mr. O'Dowd made the group's best songs – the Motown-flavoured Do You Really Want to Hurt Me and the Latin-inflected dance tune I'll Tumble 4 Ya – shine like jewels.\" Star-News considered Culture Club as a 'new rock' band of the 1980s; the newspaper said \"Now you see the more rhythm-oriented, 'new rock of the 80s,' like Culture Club and the Eurythmics, fitting in more easily with urban contemporary formats.\"", "Star-News considered Culture Club as a 'new rock' band of the 1980s; the newspaper said \"Now you see the more rhythm-oriented, 'new rock of the 80s,' like Culture Club and the Eurythmics, fitting in more easily with urban contemporary formats.\" Stephen Thomas Erlewine, senior editor for AllMusic, described specifically Culture Club as a new wave band and generically as the most successful pop/rock group in America and England during the 1980s, adding that, \"By 1986, the group had broken up, leaving behind several singles that rank as classics of the new wave era.\"", "Stephen Thomas Erlewine, senior editor for AllMusic, described specifically Culture Club as a new wave band and generically as the most successful pop/rock group in America and England during the 1980s, adding that, \"By 1986, the group had broken up, leaving behind several singles that rank as classics of the new wave era.\" The music of Culture Club is described by George as, \"The aim is to be creatively fluid to make everything we do a little different.", "The music of Culture Club is described by George as, \"The aim is to be creatively fluid to make everything we do a little different. We want to be a bridge between white rock and black soul\", adding that, \"I want Culture Club to represent all peoples and minorities\".", "We want to be a bridge between white rock and black soul\", adding that, \"I want Culture Club to represent all peoples and minorities\". The band was part of the second British rock invasion of the 1980s in the United States, as R. Serge Denisoff and William L. Schurk said in their book Tarnished gold: the record industry revisited, \"Here comes the rock and roll of 1984.", "The band was part of the second British rock invasion of the 1980s in the United States, as R. Serge Denisoff and William L. Schurk said in their book Tarnished gold: the record industry revisited, \"Here comes the rock and roll of 1984. The invaders were a mixed bunch led by Culture Club, whose sound has been described as 'recycled Smokey Robinson' or 'torchy American schmaltz and classic Motown'\", adding that, \"Boy George's drag-queen appearance made the group a natural for the visual demands of cable television\".", "The invaders were a mixed bunch led by Culture Club, whose sound has been described as 'recycled Smokey Robinson' or 'torchy American schmaltz and classic Motown'\", adding that, \"Boy George's drag-queen appearance made the group a natural for the visual demands of cable television\". In her book Magazines for children: a guide for parents, teachers, and librarians, author Selma K. Richardson said that Culture Club's music is soft rock that contains, \"enough soul and new wave elements to cover almost all audiences\".", "In her book Magazines for children: a guide for parents, teachers, and librarians, author Selma K. Richardson said that Culture Club's music is soft rock that contains, \"enough soul and new wave elements to cover almost all audiences\". Band members Principal members Boy George – vocals, tambourine (1981–1986, 1998–2002, 2011–present) Mikey Craig – vocals, bass, keyboards (1981–1986, 1998–2002, 2011–present) Roy Hay – guitars, vocals, keyboards (1981–1986, 1998–2002, 2011–present) Touring/session members Phil Pickett – keyboards, vocals (1981–1986) Darius Zickus – keyboards (1998–2002) Darren Lewis – keyboards, percussion (2011–present) Meryl Evans – drums, percussion, vocals (2021–present) Former members Jon Moss – drums, percussion, vocals (1981–1986, 1998–2002, 2011–2021) Discography Kissing to Be Clever (1982) Colour by Numbers (1983) Waking Up with the House on Fire (1984) From Luxury to Heartache (1986) Don't Mind If I Do (1999) Life (2018) Citations Bibliography Songbooks Kissing to Be Clever (including \"Time (Clock of the Heart)\" – 1982), London & Suffolk, West Central Printing Co. Ltd., distr.", "Band members Principal members Boy George – vocals, tambourine (1981–1986, 1998–2002, 2011–present) Mikey Craig – vocals, bass, keyboards (1981–1986, 1998–2002, 2011–present) Roy Hay – guitars, vocals, keyboards (1981–1986, 1998–2002, 2011–present) Touring/session members Phil Pickett – keyboards, vocals (1981–1986) Darius Zickus – keyboards (1998–2002) Darren Lewis – keyboards, percussion (2011–present) Meryl Evans – drums, percussion, vocals (2021–present) Former members Jon Moss – drums, percussion, vocals (1981–1986, 1998–2002, 2011–2021) Discography Kissing to Be Clever (1982) Colour by Numbers (1983) Waking Up with the House on Fire (1984) From Luxury to Heartache (1986) Don't Mind If I Do (1999) Life (2018) Citations Bibliography Songbooks Kissing to Be Clever (including \"Time (Clock of the Heart)\" – 1982), London & Suffolk, West Central Printing Co. Ltd., distr. Music Sales Ltd. Colour by Numbers (1983), London & Suffolk, West Central Printing Co. Ltd., distr.", "Music Sales Ltd. Colour by Numbers (1983), London & Suffolk, West Central Printing Co. Ltd., distr. Music Sales Ltd. Waking Up with the House on Fire (1984), London & Suffolk, West Central Printing Co. Ltd., distr.", "Music Sales Ltd. Waking Up with the House on Fire (1984), London & Suffolk, West Central Printing Co. Ltd., distr. Music Sales Ltd. From Luxury to Heartache (1986), Virgin Music (Publishers) Ltd., distr.", "Music Sales Ltd. From Luxury to Heartache (1986), Virgin Music (Publishers) Ltd., distr. IMP-International Music Publications, Essex, England Culture Club'' (10 of their best songs – 1987), Virgin Music (Publishers) Ltd., distr. IMP-International Music Publications, Essex, England N.B.", "IMP-International Music Publications, Essex, England N.B. : Each of the first four songbooks includes a detailed official biography, which is each time updated: this way, such songbooks, corresponding to the band's first four albums, chronicle the early official biography of Culture Club, from 1982 to 1986.", ": Each of the first four songbooks includes a detailed official biography, which is each time updated: this way, such songbooks, corresponding to the band's first four albums, chronicle the early official biography of Culture Club, from 1982 to 1986. External links Culture Club VH1 artist page Culture Club MTV artist page [ Culture Club Billboard artist page] Culture Club Rolling Stone artist page Brit Award winners English dance music groups English pop music groups English new wave musical groups Epic Records artists Grammy Award winners LGBT-themed musical groups Musical groups disestablished in 1986 Musical groups disestablished in 2002 Musical groups established in 1981 Musical groups reestablished in 1998 Musical groups reestablished in 2011 Musical quartets Virgin Records artists British soul musical groups" ]

[ "Kermit the Frog", "Performers" ]

[ "Kermit Unpigged is a comedy album released by The Jim Henson Company through BMG Kidz in 1994, and the last album released by Jim Henson Records. The record's title is a parody of the MTV series MTV Unplugged, and the cover is a parody of Eric Clapton's Unplugged album cover as well. The album consists of Kermit the Frog and the other Muppets getting lost at a recording studio and encountering celebrities including Linda Ronstadt, with whom Kermit sings \"All I Have to Do Is Dream\", Vince Gill who sings \"Daydream\" with Kermit, Jimmy Buffett who sings \"Mr. Spaceman\" with Gonzo, and Ozzy Osbourne with whom Miss Piggy sings \"Born to Be Wild\". The album ends with the Muppets meeting back up and singing the Beatles song \"All Together Now\".\n\nThe album reached #20 on Billboards Top Kid Audio chart.\n\nTrack listing\n \"She Drives Me Crazy\" - Kermit the Frog and Miss Piggy\n \"Daydream\" - Vince Gill and Kermit the Frog\n \"On Broadway\" - George Benson, Clifford and the Rhythm Rats\n \"All I Have to Do Is Dream\" - Linda Ronstadt and Kermit the Frog\n \"Born to Be Wild\" - Ozzy Osbourne and Miss Piggy\n \"Mr. Spaceman\" - Jimmy Buffett, The Great Gonzo and Rizzo the Rat\n \"Bein' Green\" - Don Henley and Kermit the Frog\n \"Wild Thing\" - Animal, Floyd Pepper and Kermit the Frog\n \"Can't Get Along Without You\" - Kermit the Frog and Robin \n \"All Together Now\" - The Muppets with Harry Smith\n\nReferences \n\n1994 albums\nThe Muppets albums\n1990s comedy albums", "The Sesame Street News Flash was a recurring segment on the children's television show Sesame Street. First aired in 1972, the series starred Kermit the Frog as a trench coat-dressed roving reporter who interviews Muppet versions of characters from fairy tales, Mother Goose nursery rhymes and key moments in history.\n\nGiven the basic format of the segments, the \"Sesame Street News Flash\" series served several purposes, namely to act out simple stories and nursery rhymes with which the show's audience might be familiar, and to give children a basic understanding of history. Other skits were spoofs of popular culture (such as one which parodied the then-popular The Six Million Dollar Man), while others involved Kermit asking children simple vox populi, or \"man on the street,\" style questions. With exception to the latter, the segments were often parodies and diverged from the traditional tellings.\n\nBasic outline of a sketch\nThe \"Sesame Street News Flash\" segments were introduced with a bumper slide, featuring a black background with a cloud outline, stars and lightning; the words \"NEWS FLASH\" were inserted in the cloud outline and flashed as a special bulletin-type jingle — an urgent-sounding version of the Sesame Street theme (composed by Joe Raposo), with Morse code beeps — played. An announcer (voiced by Jerry Nelson) then stated, \"We take you now to Kermit the Frog with another fast-breaking news story!\"\n\nThe scene then broke to Kermit (performed by Jim Henson), who was stationed nearby where his report was taking place; often, he would engage in banter with his crew before realizing he was on-camera, to add to the realism and spontaneity of his report. After introducing himself (\"Hi-ho, this is Kermit the Frog of Sesame Street News...\") before reporting where he is.\n\nThe reports began smoothly enough before something invariably went wrong, in most cases the work of the hapless Kermit. For instance:\n\n A spoof on Humpty Dumpty began in medias res with \"all the king's horses\" and \"all the kings men\" finding the shattered Dumpty. Kermit follows the men's successful efforts to reconstruct Dumpty, then interviews the resurrected egg, finally after his statement \"it's so nice to have you back\", slaps Dumpty's back and shattering him again! The lead king's horse, naturally, blames Kermit.\n In a retelling of \"Rapunzel\", the main character reveals that she is bald as she literally \"lets down her hair.\" Other nursery rhyme and fairy tale retellings went similarly, such as Cinderella's fairy godmother accidentally poofing a fancy gown onto Kermit, or a whole band showing up at Old King Cole's castle instead of just his \"fiddlers three.\" One segment combined \"This Little Piggy\" and \"The Three Little Pigs, \" where after five pigs say their signature lines, the Big Bad Wolf — agitated at Kermit's constant asking him questions — makes good on a threat to \"blow the frog down.\"\n In re-telling the legend of George Washington chopping down the cherry tree, Kermit interviews a young George just as he is about to chop down trees in a large cherry orchard. Kermit subtracts one from a running total (starting with 1,776) until one of the trees falls on top of him.\n In The Six Million Dollar Man parody, Kermit interviews Professor Nucleus Von Fission, who has invented a robot entitled \"The Six-Dollar Man\" (a makeshift robot made of everyday items, the cost of which adds up to $6.00). The robot comes to life and immediately goes crazy, destroying Von Fission's laboratory. (\"Well, what do you expect for six dollars?\")\n One segment, a spoof of human interest news items, turned out to be an elaborate prank on Kermit; he was covering a story about someone standing out in the snow for a long time, based on a call from some person. He remained out in the snow attempting to find that person but to no avail, until finally, Harvey Kneeslapper showed up and revealed he was the one who called Sesame Street News about the person standing in the snow for a long time...and that person he'd been referring to was Kermit himself!!\n\nOther segments were more serious. For example, one skit featured Kermit interviewing monsters at a daycare center about what they wanted to be when they grew up, while another featured Telly Monster and his sister being asked what they do on a rainy day. Another skit explored parential separation and divorce, featuring a young bird whose parents live in different trees; the song \"They Live in Different Places, But They Both Love Me\" was used to reinforce the moral.\n\nEach report concluded with Kermit saying, \"This is Kermit the Frog returning you to your regularly scheduled program.\"\n\nLongevity\nThere were many News Flash skits produced between 1972 and 1989. After Jim Henson's death, the skits were unofficially canceled, but older Sesame Street News segments were still rerun on the show. On a few occasions, a new Sesame Street News segment would be made relating to the episode, with Steve Whitmire performing Kermit.\n\nReferences\n\nSesame Street segments" ]

[ "Kermit the Frog is a Muppet character created and originally performed by Jim Henson. Introduced in 1955, Kermit serves as the everyman protagonist of numerous Muppet productions, most notably Sesame Street and The Muppet Show, as well as in other television series, feature films, specials, and public service announcements through the years.", "Introduced in 1955, Kermit serves as the everyman protagonist of numerous Muppet productions, most notably Sesame Street and The Muppet Show, as well as in other television series, feature films, specials, and public service announcements through the years. He served as a mascot of The Jim Henson Company and appeared in various Henson projects.", "He served as a mascot of The Jim Henson Company and appeared in various Henson projects. Kermit performed the hit singles \"Bein' Green\" in 1970 and \"Rainbow Connection\" in 1979 for The Muppet Movie, the first feature-length film featuring the Muppets. Kermit's original performance of \"Rainbow Connection\" reached No.", "Kermit's original performance of \"Rainbow Connection\" reached No. 25 on the Billboard Hot 100 and was added to the Library of Congress’s National Recording Registry in 2021. Henson performed Kermit until his death in 1990, and then Steve Whitmire performed Kermit from that time until his dismissal in 2016.", "Henson performed Kermit until his death in 1990, and then Steve Whitmire performed Kermit from that time until his dismissal in 2016. Kermit has been performed by Matt Vogel from 2017.", "Kermit has been performed by Matt Vogel from 2017. He was also voiced by Frank Welker in Muppet Babies and occasionally in other animation projects, and is voiced by Matt Danner in the 2018 reboot of Muppet Babies.", "He was also voiced by Frank Welker in Muppet Babies and occasionally in other animation projects, and is voiced by Matt Danner in the 2018 reboot of Muppet Babies. Kermit's iconic look and voice have been recognizable in popular culture worldwide for many decades, and in 2006, the character was credited as the author of Before You Leap: A Frog's Eye View of Life's Greatest Lessons, an \"autobiography\" told from the perspective of the character himself.", "Kermit's iconic look and voice have been recognizable in popular culture worldwide for many decades, and in 2006, the character was credited as the author of Before You Leap: A Frog's Eye View of Life's Greatest Lessons, an \"autobiography\" told from the perspective of the character himself. History and development Kermit the Frog first appeared on May 9, 1955, in the premiere of WRC-TV's Sam and Friends.", "History and development Kermit the Frog first appeared on May 9, 1955, in the premiere of WRC-TV's Sam and Friends. This prototype Kermit was created from a discarded turquoise spring coat belonging to Jim Henson's mother and two ping pong ball halves for eyes. Initially, Kermit was a vague lizard-like creature.", "Initially, Kermit was a vague lizard-like creature. He subsequently made a number of television appearances before his status as a frog was established in the television special Hey, Cinderella! in 1969. His triangular-pointed collar was added at the time to make him seem more frog-like and to conceal the seam between his head and body.", "His triangular-pointed collar was added at the time to make him seem more frog-like and to conceal the seam between his head and body. According to Michael K. Frith, the relatively simple construction of the Kermit puppet allows the performer's arm and hand to produce a wide range of expression and gestures.", "According to Michael K. Frith, the relatively simple construction of the Kermit puppet allows the performer's arm and hand to produce a wide range of expression and gestures. Naming The origin of Kermit's name is a subject of some debate.", "Naming The origin of Kermit's name is a subject of some debate. It is often claimed that Kermit was named after Henson's childhood friend Kermit Scott, from Leland, Mississippi.", "It is often claimed that Kermit was named after Henson's childhood friend Kermit Scott, from Leland, Mississippi. However, Karen Falk, head archivist and board of directors member for the Jim Henson Legacy organization, denies this claim on the Jim Henson Company's website: Joy DiMenna, the only daughter of Kermit Kalman Cohen who worked as a sound engineer at WBAL-TV during Jim Henson's time with Sam and Friends, recalls that the puppet was named after her father.", "However, Karen Falk, head archivist and board of directors member for the Jim Henson Legacy organization, denies this claim on the Jim Henson Company's website: Joy DiMenna, the only daughter of Kermit Kalman Cohen who worked as a sound engineer at WBAL-TV during Jim Henson's time with Sam and Friends, recalls that the puppet was named after her father. According to Kermit Cohen's obituary, as well as DiMenna and Lenny Levin, a colleague of Mr. Cohen's at WBAL: Another common belief is that Kermit was named for Kermit Love, who worked with Henson in designing and constructing Muppets, particularly on Sesame Street, but Love's association with Henson did not begin until well after Kermit's creation and naming, and he always denied any connection between his name and that of the character.", "According to Kermit Cohen's obituary, as well as DiMenna and Lenny Levin, a colleague of Mr. Cohen's at WBAL: Another common belief is that Kermit was named for Kermit Love, who worked with Henson in designing and constructing Muppets, particularly on Sesame Street, but Love's association with Henson did not begin until well after Kermit's creation and naming, and he always denied any connection between his name and that of the character. As Sesame Street is localized for some different markets that speak languages other than English, Kermit is often renamed.", "As Sesame Street is localized for some different markets that speak languages other than English, Kermit is often renamed. In Portugal, he is called Cocas, o Sapo (sapo means \"toad\"), and in Brazil, his name is similar: Caco, o Sapo.", "In Portugal, he is called Cocas, o Sapo (sapo means \"toad\"), and in Brazil, his name is similar: Caco, o Sapo. In most of Hispanic America, his name is la rana René (René the Frog), while in Spain, he is named Gustavo.", "In most of Hispanic America, his name is la rana René (René the Frog), while in Spain, he is named Gustavo. In the Arabic version, he is known as Kamel, which is a common Arabic male name that means \"perfect\". In Hungary, he is called Breki (onomatopoetic).", "In Hungary, he is called Breki (onomatopoetic). Characterization and performers Jim Henson originated the character in 1955 on his local television series, Sam and Friends. Henson himself described Kermit as \"kind of easy-going, very likable...sometimes slightly a wiseguy.\"", "Henson himself described Kermit as \"kind of easy-going, very likable...sometimes slightly a wiseguy.\" Frank Oz remarked that Kermit possesses a natural sense of leadership within the Muppets, explaining that \"he has all these zany characters and a world around him and he tries to be the center and hold everything together...sometimes he gets too much and blows his top, but essentially he kind of goes with the flow.\"", "Frank Oz remarked that Kermit possesses a natural sense of leadership within the Muppets, explaining that \"he has all these zany characters and a world around him and he tries to be the center and hold everything together...sometimes he gets too much and blows his top, but essentially he kind of goes with the flow.\" Brian Henson described his father's performance as Kermit as \"coming out of his own personality—was a wry intelligence, a little bit of a naughtiness, but Kermit always loved everyone around and also loved a good prank.\"", "Brian Henson described his father's performance as Kermit as \"coming out of his own personality—was a wry intelligence, a little bit of a naughtiness, but Kermit always loved everyone around and also loved a good prank.\" Kermit has often been referred to as Henson's \"soft-spoken alter-ego.\"", "Kermit has often been referred to as Henson's \"soft-spoken alter-ego.\" Many of Henson's colleagues have confirmed how close and inseparable Jim and Kermit's personalities were. Henson's agent Bernie Brillstein has stated straightforwardly that \"Kermit was Jim\".", "Henson's agent Bernie Brillstein has stated straightforwardly that \"Kermit was Jim\". Author Brian Jay Jones described the relationship accordingly: \"The more Jim performed Kermit, the more the two of them seemed to become intertwined…it was becoming harder to tell where the frog ended and Jim began.\"", "Author Brian Jay Jones described the relationship accordingly: \"The more Jim performed Kermit, the more the two of them seemed to become intertwined…it was becoming harder to tell where the frog ended and Jim began.\" Henson continued to perform the character until his death in 1990.", "Henson continued to perform the character until his death in 1990. Henson's last known performance as Kermit was for an appearance on The Arsenio Hall Show to promote the television special The Muppets at Walt Disney World. Henson died twelve days after that appearance.", "Henson died twelve days after that appearance. Following Henson's death, veteran Muppet performer Steve Whitmire was named Kermit's new performer. Whitmire claims that Henson had seemingly intended to pass on the role to him before he died, though it was Jane Henson and son Brian who had selected him after her father's death.", "Whitmire claims that Henson had seemingly intended to pass on the role to him before he died, though it was Jane Henson and son Brian who had selected him after her father's death. Whitmire's first public performance as Kermit was at the end of the television special The Muppets Celebrate Jim Henson in 1990.", "Whitmire's first public performance as Kermit was at the end of the television special The Muppets Celebrate Jim Henson in 1990. Whitmire explained that his main intent when he inherited Kermit, \"was to make sure the character stayed the same and consistent, but didn't become stale and just a copy.\"", "Whitmire explained that his main intent when he inherited Kermit, \"was to make sure the character stayed the same and consistent, but didn't become stale and just a copy.\" Kermit's personality during Whitmire's tenure was widely described as more wholesome, lighthearted, and Pollyanna-ish than Henson's.", "Kermit's personality during Whitmire's tenure was widely described as more wholesome, lighthearted, and Pollyanna-ish than Henson's. Several critics of Whitmire's portrayal have come from the Henson family.", "Several critics of Whitmire's portrayal have come from the Henson family. Brian Henson stated that while Whitmire's performance was \"sometimes excellent, and always pretty good\", he also elaborated that \"Kermit has, as a character, flattened out over time and has become too square and not as vital as it should have been.\"", "Brian Henson stated that while Whitmire's performance was \"sometimes excellent, and always pretty good\", he also elaborated that \"Kermit has, as a character, flattened out over time and has become too square and not as vital as it should have been.\" Cheryl Henson stated that Whitmire performed the character as a \"bitter, angry, depressed, victim\".", "Cheryl Henson stated that Whitmire performed the character as a \"bitter, angry, depressed, victim\". He remained Kermit's principal performer until October 2016, when he was dismissed by The Muppets Studio.", "He remained Kermit's principal performer until October 2016, when he was dismissed by The Muppets Studio. The Walt Disney Company (owner of The Muppets Studio) cited \"unacceptable business conduct\" as reason for the dismissal, while Whitmire claims the decision was made due to creative disagreements over Kermit's characterization and prolonged labor union negotiations that delayed his involvement in Muppet productions.", "The Walt Disney Company (owner of The Muppets Studio) cited \"unacceptable business conduct\" as reason for the dismissal, while Whitmire claims the decision was made due to creative disagreements over Kermit's characterization and prolonged labor union negotiations that delayed his involvement in Muppet productions. Disney announced that Matt Vogel would become Kermit's new performer on July 10, 2017.", "Disney announced that Matt Vogel would become Kermit's new performer on July 10, 2017. Vogel's first official appearance as Kermit was in a \"Muppet Thought of the Week” YouTube video.", "Vogel's first official appearance as Kermit was in a \"Muppet Thought of the Week” YouTube video. John Kennedy performed Kermit for Muppets Ahoy!, a 2006 Disney Cruise Line stage show (though Whitmire performed Kermit for the first few shows).", "John Kennedy performed Kermit for Muppets Ahoy!, a 2006 Disney Cruise Line stage show (though Whitmire performed Kermit for the first few shows). Muppet performer Artie Esposito briefly performed Kermit in 2009 for a few personal appearances (an appearance on America's Got Talent, the MTV Video Music Awards, and at the 2009 D23 Expo).", "Muppet performer Artie Esposito briefly performed Kermit in 2009 for a few personal appearances (an appearance on America's Got Talent, the MTV Video Music Awards, and at the 2009 D23 Expo). Voice actor Frank Welker provided the voice of Baby Kermit on the animated Saturday morning cartoon, Muppet Babies.", "Voice actor Frank Welker provided the voice of Baby Kermit on the animated Saturday morning cartoon, Muppet Babies. He also provided the voice of an adult Kermit for a short-lived spin-off, Little Muppet Monsters. Matt Danner voices Baby Kermit on the 2018 reboot of Muppet Babies.", "Matt Danner voices Baby Kermit on the 2018 reboot of Muppet Babies. Character biography A biography has been developed for Kermit the Frog as if he was an actual living performer rather than a puppet character.", "Character biography A biography has been developed for Kermit the Frog as if he was an actual living performer rather than a puppet character. According to this fictional biography, he was born in Leland, Mississippi, alongside approximately 2,353 siblings, though a 2011 \"interview\" on The Ellen DeGeneres Show has him state that he was from the swamps of Louisiana.", "According to this fictional biography, he was born in Leland, Mississippi, alongside approximately 2,353 siblings, though a 2011 \"interview\" on The Ellen DeGeneres Show has him state that he was from the swamps of Louisiana. As portrayed in the 2002 film Kermit's Swamp Years, at the age of 12, he was the first of his siblings to leave the swamp, and one of the first frogs to talk to humans.", "As portrayed in the 2002 film Kermit's Swamp Years, at the age of 12, he was the first of his siblings to leave the swamp, and one of the first frogs to talk to humans. He is shown in the film encountering a 12-year-old Jim Henson (played by Christian Kriebel) for the first time.", "He is shown in the film encountering a 12-year-old Jim Henson (played by Christian Kriebel) for the first time. According to The Muppet Movie, Kermit returned to the swamp, where a passing agent (Dom DeLuise) noted he had talent and, thus inspired, he headed to Hollywood, encountering the rest of the Muppets along the way.", "According to The Muppet Movie, Kermit returned to the swamp, where a passing agent (Dom DeLuise) noted he had talent and, thus inspired, he headed to Hollywood, encountering the rest of the Muppets along the way. Together, they were given a standard \"rich and famous\" contract by Lew Lord (Orson Welles) of Wide World Studios and began their showbiz careers.", "Together, they were given a standard \"rich and famous\" contract by Lew Lord (Orson Welles) of Wide World Studios and began their showbiz careers. In Before You Leap, Kermit again references encountering Jim Henson sometime after the events depicted in the course of The Muppet Movie and details their friendship and their partnership in the entertainment industry, crediting Henson as being the individual to whom he owes his fame.", "In Before You Leap, Kermit again references encountering Jim Henson sometime after the events depicted in the course of The Muppet Movie and details their friendship and their partnership in the entertainment industry, crediting Henson as being the individual to whom he owes his fame. At some point after the events of The Muppet Movie, Kermit and the other Muppets begin The Muppet Show, and the characters remain together as a group, before starring in the other Muppet films and Muppets Tonight, with Kermit usually at the core of the stories as the lead protagonist.", "At some point after the events of The Muppet Movie, Kermit and the other Muppets begin The Muppet Show, and the characters remain together as a group, before starring in the other Muppet films and Muppets Tonight, with Kermit usually at the core of the stories as the lead protagonist. Kermit is shown in The Muppet Movie as stating that the events of the film are \"approximately how it happened\" when asked by his nephew Robin about how the Muppets got started.", "Kermit is shown in The Muppet Movie as stating that the events of the film are \"approximately how it happened\" when asked by his nephew Robin about how the Muppets got started. Fozzie Bear is portrayed as Kermit's best friend—a fact reiterated by Kermit in Before You Leap—and the two were frequently seen together during sketches on The Muppet Show and in other Muppet-related media and merchandise.", "Fozzie Bear is portrayed as Kermit's best friend—a fact reiterated by Kermit in Before You Leap—and the two were frequently seen together during sketches on The Muppet Show and in other Muppet-related media and merchandise. On August 4, 2015, Kermit the Frog and Miss Piggy \"announced\" that they had ended their romantic relationship.", "On August 4, 2015, Kermit the Frog and Miss Piggy \"announced\" that they had ended their romantic relationship. On September 2, 2015, Kermit was stated to have found a new girlfriend, a pig named Denise, but around February 2016, Denise supposedly broke up with Kermit after almost six months together.", "On September 2, 2015, Kermit was stated to have found a new girlfriend, a pig named Denise, but around February 2016, Denise supposedly broke up with Kermit after almost six months together. Performance Kermit the Frog is a rather simple hand-rod Muppet, and is usually controlled by one puppeteer.", "Performance Kermit the Frog is a rather simple hand-rod Muppet, and is usually controlled by one puppeteer. His creator and original performer, Jim Henson, actually built Kermit's head around the size of his own hands (later builds of Kermit have extra padding inside the head to accommodate puppeteers whose hands were smaller than Henson's).", "His creator and original performer, Jim Henson, actually built Kermit's head around the size of his own hands (later builds of Kermit have extra padding inside the head to accommodate puppeteers whose hands were smaller than Henson's). The flexibility of the material use to make Kermit means the frog can pull off a wide range of expressions.", "The flexibility of the material use to make Kermit means the frog can pull off a wide range of expressions. For example, with a slight adjustment of their fingers, the puppeteer can make Kermit convincingly smile, frown, or act worried.", "For example, with a slight adjustment of their fingers, the puppeteer can make Kermit convincingly smile, frown, or act worried. When it came to creating Kermit's voice, Henson actually took inspiration from an impression by Stan Freberg of Marlon Brando, one that can be heard on some of Freberg's comedy records, including vocals on his versions of \"Sh-Boom\" and \"The Night Before Christmas\".", "When it came to creating Kermit's voice, Henson actually took inspiration from an impression by Stan Freberg of Marlon Brando, one that can be heard on some of Freberg's comedy records, including vocals on his versions of \"Sh-Boom\" and \"The Night Before Christmas\". Over time, however, Henson's voice for the frog would evolve into an extension of his own natural voice.", "Over time, however, Henson's voice for the frog would evolve into an extension of his own natural voice. Career Kermit has been featured prominently on both The Muppet Show and Sesame Street.", "Career Kermit has been featured prominently on both The Muppet Show and Sesame Street. However, he had a prominent career before Sesame Streets debut in 1969, as he starred in Sam and Friends, and numerous Muppets made guest appearances on Today from 1961 and The Ed Sullivan Show from 1966.", "However, he had a prominent career before Sesame Streets debut in 1969, as he starred in Sam and Friends, and numerous Muppets made guest appearances on Today from 1961 and The Ed Sullivan Show from 1966. Sesame Street Kermit was one of the original main Muppet characters on Sesame Street.", "Sesame Street Kermit was one of the original main Muppet characters on Sesame Street. Closely identified with the show, Kermit usually appeared as a lecturer on simple topics, a straight man to another Muppet foil (usually Grover, Herry Monster or Cookie Monster), or a news reporter interviewing storybook characters for Sesame Street News.", "Closely identified with the show, Kermit usually appeared as a lecturer on simple topics, a straight man to another Muppet foil (usually Grover, Herry Monster or Cookie Monster), or a news reporter interviewing storybook characters for Sesame Street News. He sang many songs on the show, including \"Bein' Green\", and appeared in the 1998 video The Best of Kermit on Sesame Street.", "He sang many songs on the show, including \"Bein' Green\", and appeared in the 1998 video The Best of Kermit on Sesame Street. Unlike the rest of the show's Muppets, Kermit was never any property of Sesame Workshop and has rarely been a part of the show's merchandise.", "Unlike the rest of the show's Muppets, Kermit was never any property of Sesame Workshop and has rarely been a part of the show's merchandise. When Sesame Workshop bought full ownership of its characters from The Jim Henson Company for $180 million, Kermit was excluded from the deal.", "When Sesame Workshop bought full ownership of its characters from The Jim Henson Company for $180 million, Kermit was excluded from the deal. The character now belongs to The Muppets Studio, a division of The Walt Disney Company.", "The character now belongs to The Muppets Studio, a division of The Walt Disney Company. His first Sesame Street appearance since Disney ownership was in an Elmo's World segment in the show's 40th-season premiere on November 10, 2009.", "His first Sesame Street appearance since Disney ownership was in an Elmo's World segment in the show's 40th-season premiere on November 10, 2009. His most recent appearance was in the 2019 television special Sesame Street's 50th Anniversary Celebration, where he performed \"Bein' Green\" with Elvis Costello.", "His most recent appearance was in the 2019 television special Sesame Street's 50th Anniversary Celebration, where he performed \"Bein' Green\" with Elvis Costello. With the Muppets In The Muppet Show television series, Kermit was the central character, the showrunner, and the long-suffering stage manager of the theater show, trying to keep order amidst the chaos created by the other Muppets.", "With the Muppets In The Muppet Show television series, Kermit was the central character, the showrunner, and the long-suffering stage manager of the theater show, trying to keep order amidst the chaos created by the other Muppets. Henson once claimed that Kermit's job on the Muppet Show was much like his own: \"trying to get a bunch of crazies to actually get the job done.\"", "Henson once claimed that Kermit's job on the Muppet Show was much like his own: \"trying to get a bunch of crazies to actually get the job done.\" It was on this show that the running gag of Kermit being pursued by leading lady Miss Piggy developed.", "It was on this show that the running gag of Kermit being pursued by leading lady Miss Piggy developed. On Muppets Tonight, Kermit was still a main character, although he was the producer rather than frontman.", "On Muppets Tonight, Kermit was still a main character, although he was the producer rather than frontman. He appeared in many parody sketches such as NYPD Green, City Schtickers, Flippers, and The Muppet Odd Squad, as well as in the Psychiatrist's Office sketch.", "He appeared in many parody sketches such as NYPD Green, City Schtickers, Flippers, and The Muppet Odd Squad, as well as in the Psychiatrist's Office sketch. Kermit also served as the mascot for The Jim Henson Company, until the sale of the Muppet characters to Disney.", "Kermit also served as the mascot for The Jim Henson Company, until the sale of the Muppet characters to Disney. A Kermit puppet can be seen at the National Museum of American History.", "A Kermit puppet can be seen at the National Museum of American History. Kermit appears in Muppet*Vision 3D, an attraction that opened in 1991 and continues to run presently at Disney's Hollywood Studios at Walt Disney World in Lake Buena Vista, Florida.", "Kermit appears in Muppet*Vision 3D, an attraction that opened in 1991 and continues to run presently at Disney's Hollywood Studios at Walt Disney World in Lake Buena Vista, Florida. The character was also formerly featured in the aforementioned attraction in Disney California Adventure Park at the Disneyland Resort in Anaheim, California until its closure in 2014.", "The character was also formerly featured in the aforementioned attraction in Disney California Adventure Park at the Disneyland Resort in Anaheim, California until its closure in 2014. Kermit also appeared in The Muppets Present...Great Moments in American History at the Magic Kingdom from 2016 to 2020.", "Kermit also appeared in The Muppets Present...Great Moments in American History at the Magic Kingdom from 2016 to 2020. He also appeared in two parades; Disney Stars and Motor Cars Parade which ran at Disney's Hollywood Studios from 2001 to 2008 and Disney's Honorary VoluntEars Cavalcade which was held during 2010 at the Magic Kingdom and Disneyland.", "He also appeared in two parades; Disney Stars and Motor Cars Parade which ran at Disney's Hollywood Studios from 2001 to 2008 and Disney's Honorary VoluntEars Cavalcade which was held during 2010 at the Magic Kingdom and Disneyland. Filmography Kermit the Frog has appeared in almost every Muppet production, as well as making guest appearances in other shows and movies.", "Filmography Kermit the Frog has appeared in almost every Muppet production, as well as making guest appearances in other shows and movies. Below is a list of his more well-known appearances: Sam and Friends (1955–1961) (TV) Sesame Street (1969–1990, 1996–2001, 2009) (TV) Hey, Cinderella!", "Below is a list of his more well-known appearances: Sam and Friends (1955–1961) (TV) Sesame Street (1969–1990, 1996–2001, 2009) (TV) Hey, Cinderella! (1969) (TV) The Muppets on Puppets (1970) (TV) The Frog Prince (1971) (TV) The Muppet Musicians of Bremen (1972) (TV) The Muppets Valentine Show (1974) (TV) The Muppet Show: Sex and Violence (1975) (TV) The Muppet Show (1976–1981) (TV) Emmet Otter's Jug-Band Christmas (1977) (TV) The Muppet Movie (1979) The Great Muppet Caper (1981) The Muppets Take Manhattan (1984) Muppet Babies (1984–1991) (TV) Sesame Street Presents Follow That Bird (1985) The Muppets: A Celebration of 30 Years (1986) (TV) The Christmas Toy (1986) (TV) A Muppet Family Christmas (1987) (TV) The Jim Henson Hour (1989) (TV) Cartoon All-Stars to the Rescue (1990) (TV) The Muppets at Walt Disney World (1990) (TV) The Muppets Celebrate Jim Henson (1990) (TV) The Muppet Christmas Carol (1992) – Appearance as Bob Cratchit Muppet Classic Theater (1994) (Direct-to-Video) – Appearance as King Midas and the King in Rumpelstiltskin.", "(1969) (TV) The Muppets on Puppets (1970) (TV) The Frog Prince (1971) (TV) The Muppet Musicians of Bremen (1972) (TV) The Muppets Valentine Show (1974) (TV) The Muppet Show: Sex and Violence (1975) (TV) The Muppet Show (1976–1981) (TV) Emmet Otter's Jug-Band Christmas (1977) (TV) The Muppet Movie (1979) The Great Muppet Caper (1981) The Muppets Take Manhattan (1984) Muppet Babies (1984–1991) (TV) Sesame Street Presents Follow That Bird (1985) The Muppets: A Celebration of 30 Years (1986) (TV) The Christmas Toy (1986) (TV) A Muppet Family Christmas (1987) (TV) The Jim Henson Hour (1989) (TV) Cartoon All-Stars to the Rescue (1990) (TV) The Muppets at Walt Disney World (1990) (TV) The Muppets Celebrate Jim Henson (1990) (TV) The Muppet Christmas Carol (1992) – Appearance as Bob Cratchit Muppet Classic Theater (1994) (Direct-to-Video) – Appearance as King Midas and the King in Rumpelstiltskin. Muppet Treasure Island (1996) – Appearance as Captain Abraham Smollett Muppets Tonight (1996–1998) (TV) Muppets from Space (1999) The Jerry Lewis MDA Labor Day Telethon (2001) (TV) Kermit's Swamp Years (2002) (Direct-to-Video) It's a Very Merry Muppet Christmas Movie (2002) (TV) Saturday Night Live (1975/76, 2004, 2011) (TV) The Muppets' Wizard of Oz (2005) (TV) – Appearance as Himself and The Scarecrow Mr. Magorium's Wonder Emporium (2007) (cameo) Studio DC: Almost Live (2008) (TV) A Muppets Christmas: Letters to Santa (2008) (TV) The Muppets (2011) \"30 Rock (2012) - Appearance as Himself in \"My Whole Life Is Thunder\" Good Luck Charlie (2013) (TV) – Appearance as Himself in \"Duncan Dream House\" Lady Gaga and the Muppets Holiday Spectacular (2013) (TV) Muppets Most Wanted (2014) The Muppets (2015–2016) (TV) Muppet Babies (2018–present) (TV) Sesame Street's 50th Anniversary Celebration (2019) (TV) Muppets Now (2020) (TV) Amphibia (2020) (TV) – Appearance as the voice of Crumpet the Frog in \"Swamp and Sensibility\" The Masked Singer (2021) (TV) – The Snail Muppets Haunted Mansion (2021) (TV) – Appearance as Himself and a Ghost Cultural impact Accolades and commemorations Kermit was awarded an honorary doctorate of Amphibious Letters on May 19, 1996, at Southampton College, New York, where he also gave a commencement speech.", "Muppet Treasure Island (1996) – Appearance as Captain Abraham Smollett Muppets Tonight (1996–1998) (TV) Muppets from Space (1999) The Jerry Lewis MDA Labor Day Telethon (2001) (TV) Kermit's Swamp Years (2002) (Direct-to-Video) It's a Very Merry Muppet Christmas Movie (2002) (TV) Saturday Night Live (1975/76, 2004, 2011) (TV) The Muppets' Wizard of Oz (2005) (TV) – Appearance as Himself and The Scarecrow Mr. Magorium's Wonder Emporium (2007) (cameo) Studio DC: Almost Live (2008) (TV) A Muppets Christmas: Letters to Santa (2008) (TV) The Muppets (2011) \"30 Rock (2012) - Appearance as Himself in \"My Whole Life Is Thunder\" Good Luck Charlie (2013) (TV) – Appearance as Himself in \"Duncan Dream House\" Lady Gaga and the Muppets Holiday Spectacular (2013) (TV) Muppets Most Wanted (2014) The Muppets (2015–2016) (TV) Muppet Babies (2018–present) (TV) Sesame Street's 50th Anniversary Celebration (2019) (TV) Muppets Now (2020) (TV) Amphibia (2020) (TV) – Appearance as the voice of Crumpet the Frog in \"Swamp and Sensibility\" The Masked Singer (2021) (TV) – The Snail Muppets Haunted Mansion (2021) (TV) – Appearance as Himself and a Ghost Cultural impact Accolades and commemorations Kermit was awarded an honorary doctorate of Amphibious Letters on May 19, 1996, at Southampton College, New York, where he also gave a commencement speech. He is also the only \"amphibian\" to have had the honor of addressing the Oxford Union.", "He is also the only \"amphibian\" to have had the honor of addressing the Oxford Union. A statue of Henson and Kermit was erected on the campus of Henson's alma mater, the University of Maryland, College Park in 2003.", "A statue of Henson and Kermit was erected on the campus of Henson's alma mater, the University of Maryland, College Park in 2003. Kermit was also given the honor of being the Grand Marshal of the Tournament of Roses Parade in 1996. The Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade has featured a Kermit balloon since 1977.", "The Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade has featured a Kermit balloon since 1977. On November 14, 2002, Kermit the Frog received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. The star is located at 6801 Hollywood Blvd. Kermit has two stars on the Walk of Fame, the other as a member of the collective The Muppets.", "Kermit has two stars on the Walk of Fame, the other as a member of the collective The Muppets. On Kermit's 50th birthday in 2005, the United States Postal Service released a set of new stamps with photos of Kermit and some of his fellow Muppets on them.", "On Kermit's 50th birthday in 2005, the United States Postal Service released a set of new stamps with photos of Kermit and some of his fellow Muppets on them. The background of the stamp sheet features a photo of a silhouetted Henson sitting in a window well, with Kermit sitting in his lap looking at him.", "The background of the stamp sheet features a photo of a silhouetted Henson sitting in a window well, with Kermit sitting in his lap looking at him. Kermit was also the grand marshal for Michigan State University's homecoming parade in 2006.", "Kermit was also the grand marshal for Michigan State University's homecoming parade in 2006. In 2013, the original Kermit puppet from Sam and Friends was donated to the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C. for display in the pop culture gallery.", "In 2013, the original Kermit puppet from Sam and Friends was donated to the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C. for display in the pop culture gallery. In 2015, the Leland Chamber of Commerce in Leland, Mississippi opened a small museum containing puppets and memorabilia dedicated to Kermit.", "In 2015, the Leland Chamber of Commerce in Leland, Mississippi opened a small museum containing puppets and memorabilia dedicated to Kermit. Kermit's legacy is also deeply entrenched in the science community. One of the famous WP-3D Orion research platforms flown by the NOAA Hurricane Hunters is named after Kermit. The other is named after Miss Piggy.", "The other is named after Miss Piggy. In 2015, the discovery of the Costa Rican glass frog Hyalinobatrachium dianae also attracted viral media attention due to the creature's perceived resemblance to Kermit, with researcher Brian Kubicki quoted as saying \"I am glad that this species has ended up getting so much international attention, and in doing so it is highlighting the amazing amphibians that are native to Costa Rica and the need to continue exploring and studying the country's amazing tropical forests\".", "In 2015, the discovery of the Costa Rican glass frog Hyalinobatrachium dianae also attracted viral media attention due to the creature's perceived resemblance to Kermit, with researcher Brian Kubicki quoted as saying \"I am glad that this species has ended up getting so much international attention, and in doing so it is highlighting the amazing amphibians that are native to Costa Rica and the need to continue exploring and studying the country's amazing tropical forests\". Guest television appearances Kermit has made numerous guest appearances on popular television shows, including co-hosting individual episodes of a number of long-running talk shows; among other television media.", "Guest television appearances Kermit has made numerous guest appearances on popular television shows, including co-hosting individual episodes of a number of long-running talk shows; among other television media. On April 2, 1979, Kermit guest-hosted The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson to promote The Muppet Movie.", "On April 2, 1979, Kermit guest-hosted The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson to promote The Muppet Movie. From 1983 to 1995, the French political satire show Le Bébête Show used copies of various Muppets to parody key political figures, and Kermit renamed \"Kermitterrand\", embodied President François Mitterrand.", "From 1983 to 1995, the French political satire show Le Bébête Show used copies of various Muppets to parody key political figures, and Kermit renamed \"Kermitterrand\", embodied President François Mitterrand. On May 21, 2018, Kermit and contestant Maddie Poppe performed \"Rainbow Connection\" live on American Idol.", "On May 21, 2018, Kermit and contestant Maddie Poppe performed \"Rainbow Connection\" live on American Idol. A still photo of Kermit sitting in his Director's chair with his megaphone in his hand from The Muppet Show appeared on a technical difficulties telop graphic on Metromedia owned-and-operated station KTTV Channel 11 in Los Angeles during the late 1970s and early 1980s.", "A still photo of Kermit sitting in his Director's chair with his megaphone in his hand from The Muppet Show appeared on a technical difficulties telop graphic on Metromedia owned-and-operated station KTTV Channel 11 in Los Angeles during the late 1970s and early 1980s. As an April Fool's joke, Kermit hosted CNN's Larry King Live in 1994 and interviewed Hulk Hogan.", "As an April Fool's joke, Kermit hosted CNN's Larry King Live in 1994 and interviewed Hulk Hogan. Kermit was also a semi-regular during various incarnations of Hollywood Squares, with other Muppets such as Big Bird and Oscar the Grouch also making appearances on the original Hollywood Squares.", "Kermit was also a semi-regular during various incarnations of Hollywood Squares, with other Muppets such as Big Bird and Oscar the Grouch also making appearances on the original Hollywood Squares. In 2020, Kermit appeared on Monday Night Football with other Muppets characters as it was briefly rebranded \"Muppet Night Football.\"", "In 2020, Kermit appeared on Monday Night Football with other Muppets characters as it was briefly rebranded \"Muppet Night Football.\" On March 10, 2021, Kermit was the first celebrity to be unmasked on the fifth season of The Masked Singer, having performed in costume as \"Snail\".", "On March 10, 2021, Kermit was the first celebrity to be unmasked on the fifth season of The Masked Singer, having performed in costume as \"Snail\". Merchandising Jim Henson's characters, including the Muppets, have inspired merchandise internationally, with Chris Bensch, chief curator of Rochester, New York's The Strong National Museum of Play, reporting \"There seems to have been a particular craze for Kermit the Frog in Japan,\" likely due to the \"cuteness appeal\".", "Merchandising Jim Henson's characters, including the Muppets, have inspired merchandise internationally, with Chris Bensch, chief curator of Rochester, New York's The Strong National Museum of Play, reporting \"There seems to have been a particular craze for Kermit the Frog in Japan,\" likely due to the \"cuteness appeal\". Baby Kermit plush toys became popular in the 1980s after the success of Muppet Babies.", "Baby Kermit plush toys became popular in the 1980s after the success of Muppet Babies. In 1991, one year after Jim Henson died, merchandise featuring Kermit and other Muppet characters was being sold at Disney theme parks, causing Henson Associates to file a lawsuit against Disney for copyright infringement.", "In 1991, one year after Jim Henson died, merchandise featuring Kermit and other Muppet characters was being sold at Disney theme parks, causing Henson Associates to file a lawsuit against Disney for copyright infringement. Henson alleged that the \"counterfeit merchandise\" falsely indicated that the characters belonged to Disney, although the latter company had the right to exercise use of the characters due to an earlier licensing agreement.", "Henson alleged that the \"counterfeit merchandise\" falsely indicated that the characters belonged to Disney, although the latter company had the right to exercise use of the characters due to an earlier licensing agreement. The Henson Associates highlighted a T-shirt displaying Kermit, the Disney brand, and a copyright symbol.", "The Henson Associates highlighted a T-shirt displaying Kermit, the Disney brand, and a copyright symbol. Disney representative Erwin Okun said the lawsuit was \"outrageous\" and \"an unfortunate break with the legacy of a fine relationship with Disney that Jim Henson left behind\".", "Disney representative Erwin Okun said the lawsuit was \"outrageous\" and \"an unfortunate break with the legacy of a fine relationship with Disney that Jim Henson left behind\". Disney later acquired the Muppets, and thusly, clothes, toys and souvenirs depicting Kermit and the Muppets continued to be sold at Disney theme parks and stores.", "Disney later acquired the Muppets, and thusly, clothes, toys and souvenirs depicting Kermit and the Muppets continued to be sold at Disney theme parks and stores. The Leland Chamber of Commerce's small Kermit-themed museum set out to preserve some of the dolls and merchandise.", "The Leland Chamber of Commerce's small Kermit-themed museum set out to preserve some of the dolls and merchandise. In 2016, The New Zealand Herald reported a hat featuring Kermit sipping Lipton tea, associated with the \"But That's None of My Business\" Internet meme, became a popular seller after basketball player LeBron James drew attention for wearing one.", "In 2016, The New Zealand Herald reported a hat featuring Kermit sipping Lipton tea, associated with the \"But That's None of My Business\" Internet meme, became a popular seller after basketball player LeBron James drew attention for wearing one. Kermit in Internet culture In March 2007, Sad Kermit, an unofficial parody, was uploaded to the website YouTube, showing a store-bought Kermit puppet performing a version of the Nine Inch Nails song \"Hurt\" in a style similar to Johnny Cash's famous cover version.", "Kermit in Internet culture In March 2007, Sad Kermit, an unofficial parody, was uploaded to the website YouTube, showing a store-bought Kermit puppet performing a version of the Nine Inch Nails song \"Hurt\" in a style similar to Johnny Cash's famous cover version. In contrast to the real Kermit character's usual family-friendly antics, the video shows the puppet engaging in drug abuse, smoking, alcoholism, performing oral sex on Rowlf the Dog, smashing a picture of Miss Piggy (with a breast exposed) and attempting suicide.", "In contrast to the real Kermit character's usual family-friendly antics, the video shows the puppet engaging in drug abuse, smoking, alcoholism, performing oral sex on Rowlf the Dog, smashing a picture of Miss Piggy (with a breast exposed) and attempting suicide. The video became an Internet meme.", "The video became an Internet meme. The Victoria Times Colonist called it an \"online sensation\". The Chicago Sun-Times said it \"puts the high in 'Hi-ho!'\" The London Free Press said \"Sad Kermit is in a world of pain\".", "The London Free Press said \"Sad Kermit is in a world of pain\". The Houston Press described it as the \"world's most revolting web phenomenon\". SF Weekly described the unauthorized video as \"ironic slandering\".", "SF Weekly described the unauthorized video as \"ironic slandering\". Clips have been featured on the Canadian television series The Hour, where host George Stroumboulopoulos speculated that the Kermit version of \"Hurt\" was inspired by the Cash version rather than that of Nine Inch Nails.", "Clips have been featured on the Canadian television series The Hour, where host George Stroumboulopoulos speculated that the Kermit version of \"Hurt\" was inspired by the Cash version rather than that of Nine Inch Nails. Kermit has also appeared in a popular meme in which he is shown sipping tea, \"one used when you sassily point something out, and then slyly back away, claiming that it's not [your] business\".", "Kermit has also appeared in a popular meme in which he is shown sipping tea, \"one used when you sassily point something out, and then slyly back away, claiming that it's not [your] business\". The photo is taken from \"Be More Kermit,\" a Lipton advertisement that aired in 2014, and was adapted into the \"But That's None of My Business\" meme by African American comedians on the Tumblr blog Kermit the Snitch, making appearances on Twitter, Instagram and Facebook.", "The photo is taken from \"Be More Kermit,\" a Lipton advertisement that aired in 2014, and was adapted into the \"But That's None of My Business\" meme by African American comedians on the Tumblr blog Kermit the Snitch, making appearances on Twitter, Instagram and Facebook. Charles Pulliam-Moore of the TV station Fusion praised \"But That's None of My Business\" as \"a symbol for the comedic brilliance born out of black communities on the internet,\" but Stephanie Hayes of Bustle magazine criticized the memes as racist and obscene.", "Charles Pulliam-Moore of the TV station Fusion praised \"But That's None of My Business\" as \"a symbol for the comedic brilliance born out of black communities on the internet,\" but Stephanie Hayes of Bustle magazine criticized the memes as racist and obscene. In 2016, a Good Morning America post on Twitter referred to the \"But That's None of My Business\" meme as \"Tea Lizard\", becoming the subject of viral online derision.", "In 2016, a Good Morning America post on Twitter referred to the \"But That's None of My Business\" meme as \"Tea Lizard\", becoming the subject of viral online derision. New York magazine replied that, \"Kermit is a frog. A frog is an amphibian. A lizard is a reptile.", "A lizard is a reptile. A lizard is a reptile. It's just so insulting. Beyond a frog and a lizard both being clearly ectothermic, they couldn't be any more different. Not all green things are the same, you ignorant bastards\".", "Not all green things are the same, you ignorant bastards\". Popular Science also addressed the misnomer, writing \"Frogs, which are amphibians, have quite a few significant differences from reptiles in how they breathe, their life cycles, whether they have scales or not... there's a lot to absorb here\".", "Popular Science also addressed the misnomer, writing \"Frogs, which are amphibians, have quite a few significant differences from reptiles in how they breathe, their life cycles, whether they have scales or not... there's a lot to absorb here\". In November 2016, a new meme surfaced of Kermit talking to a hooded version of himself which represents the self and its dark inner thoughts.", "In November 2016, a new meme surfaced of Kermit talking to a hooded version of himself which represents the self and its dark inner thoughts. It involves captioning of a screenshot taken from the Muppets Most Wanted movie of Kermit and Constantine looking at each other.", "It involves captioning of a screenshot taken from the Muppets Most Wanted movie of Kermit and Constantine looking at each other. In the meme, Constantine is supposed to represent a Sith Lord from Star Wars.", "In the meme, Constantine is supposed to represent a Sith Lord from Star Wars. References External links Kermit the Frog's character profile at Disney.com Kermit's commencement address at Southampton College in 1996 Birthplace of the Frog: An Exhibit of Jim Henson's Delta Boyhood (as himself) Kermit the Frog on IMDb Fictional characters from Mississippi Television characters introduced in 1955 Mascots introduced in 1955 Fictional frogs and toads Fictional producers Fictional reporters Fictional singers Fictional string musicians Frog mascots Television mascots Corporate mascots Sesame Street Muppet characters The Muppets characters Internet memes Film and television memes" ]

[ "Kermit the Frog", "Performers", "Who does Kermit perform with?", "Jim Henson originated the character", "what was his performance about?", "I don't know." ]

[ "Přírodní park Třebíčsko (before Oblast klidu Třebíčsko) is a natural park near Třebíč in the Czech Republic. There are many interesting plants. The park was founded in 1983.\n\nKobylinec and Ptáčovský kopeček\n\nKobylinec is a natural monument situated ca 0,5 km from the village of Trnava.\nThe area of this monument is 0,44 ha. Pulsatilla grandis can be found here and in the Ptáčovský kopeček park near Ptáčov near Třebíč. Both monuments are very popular for tourists.\n\nPonds\n\nIn the natural park there are some interesting ponds such as Velký Bor, Malý Bor, Buršík near Přeckov and a brook Březinka. Dams on the brook are examples of European beaver activity.\n\nSyenitové skály near Pocoucov\n\nSyenitové skály (rocks of syenit) near Pocoucov is one of famed locations. There are interesting granite boulders. The area of the reservation is 0,77 ha.\n\nExternal links\nParts of this article or all article was translated from Czech. The original article is :cs:Přírodní park Třebíčsko.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nNature near the village Trnava which is there\n\nTřebíč\nParks in the Czech Republic\nTourist attractions in the Vysočina Region", "Damn Interesting is an independent website founded by Alan Bellows in 2005. The website presents true stories from science, history, and psychology, primarily as long-form articles, often illustrated with original artwork. Works are written by various authors, and published at irregular intervals. The website openly rejects advertising, relying on reader and listener donations to cover operating costs.\n\nAs of October 2012, each article is also published as a podcast under the same name. In November 2019, a second podcast was launched under the title Damn Interesting Week, featuring unscripted commentary on an assortment of news articles featured on the website's \"Curated Links\" section that week. In mid-2020, a third podcast called Damn Interesting Curio Cabinet began highlighting the website's periodic short-form articles in the same radioplay format as the original podcast.\n\nIn July 2009, Damn Interesting published the print book Alien Hand Syndrome through Workman Publishing. It contains some favorites from the site and some exclusive content.\n\nAwards and recognition \nIn August 2007, PC Magazine named Damn Interesting one of the \"Top 100 Undiscovered Web Sites\".\nThe article \"The Zero-Armed Bandit\" by Alan Bellows won a 2015 Sidney Award from David Brooks in The New York Times.\nThe article \"Ghoulish Acts and Dastardly Deeds\" by Alan Bellows was cited as \"nonfiction journalism from 2017 that will stand the test of time\" by Conor Friedersdorf in The Atlantic.\nThe article \"Dupes and Duplicity\" by Jennifer Lee Noonan won a 2020 Sidney Award from David Brooks in the New York Times.\n\nAccusing The Dollop of plagiarism \n\nOn July 9, 2015, Bellows posted an open letter accusing The Dollop, a comedy podcast about history, of plagiarism due to their repeated use of verbatim text from Damn Interesting articles without permission or attribution. Dave Anthony, the writer of The Dollop, responded on reddit, admitting to using Damn Interesting content, but claiming that the use was protected by fair use, and that \"historical facts are not copyrightable.\" In an article about the controversy on Plagiarism Today, Jonathan Bailey concluded, \"Any way one looks at it, The Dollop failed its ethical obligations to all of the people, not just those writing for Damn Interesting, who put in the time, energy and expertise into writing the original content upon which their show is based.\"\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n Official website\n\n2005 podcast debuts" ]

[ "Kermit the Frog is a Muppet character created and originally performed by Jim Henson. Introduced in 1955, Kermit serves as the everyman protagonist of numerous Muppet productions, most notably Sesame Street and The Muppet Show, as well as in other television series, feature films, specials, and public service announcements through the years.", "Introduced in 1955, Kermit serves as the everyman protagonist of numerous Muppet productions, most notably Sesame Street and The Muppet Show, as well as in other television series, feature films, specials, and public service announcements through the years. He served as a mascot of The Jim Henson Company and appeared in various Henson projects.", "He served as a mascot of The Jim Henson Company and appeared in various Henson projects. Kermit performed the hit singles \"Bein' Green\" in 1970 and \"Rainbow Connection\" in 1979 for The Muppet Movie, the first feature-length film featuring the Muppets. Kermit's original performance of \"Rainbow Connection\" reached No.", "Kermit's original performance of \"Rainbow Connection\" reached No. 25 on the Billboard Hot 100 and was added to the Library of Congress’s National Recording Registry in 2021. Henson performed Kermit until his death in 1990, and then Steve Whitmire performed Kermit from that time until his dismissal in 2016.", "Henson performed Kermit until his death in 1990, and then Steve Whitmire performed Kermit from that time until his dismissal in 2016. Kermit has been performed by Matt Vogel from 2017.", "Kermit has been performed by Matt Vogel from 2017. He was also voiced by Frank Welker in Muppet Babies and occasionally in other animation projects, and is voiced by Matt Danner in the 2018 reboot of Muppet Babies.", "He was also voiced by Frank Welker in Muppet Babies and occasionally in other animation projects, and is voiced by Matt Danner in the 2018 reboot of Muppet Babies. Kermit's iconic look and voice have been recognizable in popular culture worldwide for many decades, and in 2006, the character was credited as the author of Before You Leap: A Frog's Eye View of Life's Greatest Lessons, an \"autobiography\" told from the perspective of the character himself.", "Kermit's iconic look and voice have been recognizable in popular culture worldwide for many decades, and in 2006, the character was credited as the author of Before You Leap: A Frog's Eye View of Life's Greatest Lessons, an \"autobiography\" told from the perspective of the character himself. History and development Kermit the Frog first appeared on May 9, 1955, in the premiere of WRC-TV's Sam and Friends.", "History and development Kermit the Frog first appeared on May 9, 1955, in the premiere of WRC-TV's Sam and Friends. This prototype Kermit was created from a discarded turquoise spring coat belonging to Jim Henson's mother and two ping pong ball halves for eyes. Initially, Kermit was a vague lizard-like creature.", "Initially, Kermit was a vague lizard-like creature. He subsequently made a number of television appearances before his status as a frog was established in the television special Hey, Cinderella! in 1969. His triangular-pointed collar was added at the time to make him seem more frog-like and to conceal the seam between his head and body.", "His triangular-pointed collar was added at the time to make him seem more frog-like and to conceal the seam between his head and body. According to Michael K. Frith, the relatively simple construction of the Kermit puppet allows the performer's arm and hand to produce a wide range of expression and gestures.", "According to Michael K. Frith, the relatively simple construction of the Kermit puppet allows the performer's arm and hand to produce a wide range of expression and gestures. Naming The origin of Kermit's name is a subject of some debate.", "Naming The origin of Kermit's name is a subject of some debate. It is often claimed that Kermit was named after Henson's childhood friend Kermit Scott, from Leland, Mississippi.", "It is often claimed that Kermit was named after Henson's childhood friend Kermit Scott, from Leland, Mississippi. However, Karen Falk, head archivist and board of directors member for the Jim Henson Legacy organization, denies this claim on the Jim Henson Company's website: Joy DiMenna, the only daughter of Kermit Kalman Cohen who worked as a sound engineer at WBAL-TV during Jim Henson's time with Sam and Friends, recalls that the puppet was named after her father.", "However, Karen Falk, head archivist and board of directors member for the Jim Henson Legacy organization, denies this claim on the Jim Henson Company's website: Joy DiMenna, the only daughter of Kermit Kalman Cohen who worked as a sound engineer at WBAL-TV during Jim Henson's time with Sam and Friends, recalls that the puppet was named after her father. According to Kermit Cohen's obituary, as well as DiMenna and Lenny Levin, a colleague of Mr. Cohen's at WBAL: Another common belief is that Kermit was named for Kermit Love, who worked with Henson in designing and constructing Muppets, particularly on Sesame Street, but Love's association with Henson did not begin until well after Kermit's creation and naming, and he always denied any connection between his name and that of the character.", "According to Kermit Cohen's obituary, as well as DiMenna and Lenny Levin, a colleague of Mr. Cohen's at WBAL: Another common belief is that Kermit was named for Kermit Love, who worked with Henson in designing and constructing Muppets, particularly on Sesame Street, but Love's association with Henson did not begin until well after Kermit's creation and naming, and he always denied any connection between his name and that of the character. As Sesame Street is localized for some different markets that speak languages other than English, Kermit is often renamed.", "As Sesame Street is localized for some different markets that speak languages other than English, Kermit is often renamed. In Portugal, he is called Cocas, o Sapo (sapo means \"toad\"), and in Brazil, his name is similar: Caco, o Sapo.", "In Portugal, he is called Cocas, o Sapo (sapo means \"toad\"), and in Brazil, his name is similar: Caco, o Sapo. In most of Hispanic America, his name is la rana René (René the Frog), while in Spain, he is named Gustavo.", "In most of Hispanic America, his name is la rana René (René the Frog), while in Spain, he is named Gustavo. In the Arabic version, he is known as Kamel, which is a common Arabic male name that means \"perfect\". In Hungary, he is called Breki (onomatopoetic).", "In Hungary, he is called Breki (onomatopoetic). Characterization and performers Jim Henson originated the character in 1955 on his local television series, Sam and Friends. Henson himself described Kermit as \"kind of easy-going, very likable...sometimes slightly a wiseguy.\"", "Henson himself described Kermit as \"kind of easy-going, very likable...sometimes slightly a wiseguy.\" Frank Oz remarked that Kermit possesses a natural sense of leadership within the Muppets, explaining that \"he has all these zany characters and a world around him and he tries to be the center and hold everything together...sometimes he gets too much and blows his top, but essentially he kind of goes with the flow.\"", "Frank Oz remarked that Kermit possesses a natural sense of leadership within the Muppets, explaining that \"he has all these zany characters and a world around him and he tries to be the center and hold everything together...sometimes he gets too much and blows his top, but essentially he kind of goes with the flow.\" Brian Henson described his father's performance as Kermit as \"coming out of his own personality—was a wry intelligence, a little bit of a naughtiness, but Kermit always loved everyone around and also loved a good prank.\"", "Brian Henson described his father's performance as Kermit as \"coming out of his own personality—was a wry intelligence, a little bit of a naughtiness, but Kermit always loved everyone around and also loved a good prank.\" Kermit has often been referred to as Henson's \"soft-spoken alter-ego.\"", "Kermit has often been referred to as Henson's \"soft-spoken alter-ego.\" Many of Henson's colleagues have confirmed how close and inseparable Jim and Kermit's personalities were. Henson's agent Bernie Brillstein has stated straightforwardly that \"Kermit was Jim\".", "Henson's agent Bernie Brillstein has stated straightforwardly that \"Kermit was Jim\". Author Brian Jay Jones described the relationship accordingly: \"The more Jim performed Kermit, the more the two of them seemed to become intertwined…it was becoming harder to tell where the frog ended and Jim began.\"", "Author Brian Jay Jones described the relationship accordingly: \"The more Jim performed Kermit, the more the two of them seemed to become intertwined…it was becoming harder to tell where the frog ended and Jim began.\" Henson continued to perform the character until his death in 1990.", "Henson continued to perform the character until his death in 1990. Henson's last known performance as Kermit was for an appearance on The Arsenio Hall Show to promote the television special The Muppets at Walt Disney World. Henson died twelve days after that appearance.", "Henson died twelve days after that appearance. Following Henson's death, veteran Muppet performer Steve Whitmire was named Kermit's new performer. Whitmire claims that Henson had seemingly intended to pass on the role to him before he died, though it was Jane Henson and son Brian who had selected him after her father's death.", "Whitmire claims that Henson had seemingly intended to pass on the role to him before he died, though it was Jane Henson and son Brian who had selected him after her father's death. Whitmire's first public performance as Kermit was at the end of the television special The Muppets Celebrate Jim Henson in 1990.", "Whitmire's first public performance as Kermit was at the end of the television special The Muppets Celebrate Jim Henson in 1990. Whitmire explained that his main intent when he inherited Kermit, \"was to make sure the character stayed the same and consistent, but didn't become stale and just a copy.\"", "Whitmire explained that his main intent when he inherited Kermit, \"was to make sure the character stayed the same and consistent, but didn't become stale and just a copy.\" Kermit's personality during Whitmire's tenure was widely described as more wholesome, lighthearted, and Pollyanna-ish than Henson's.", "Kermit's personality during Whitmire's tenure was widely described as more wholesome, lighthearted, and Pollyanna-ish than Henson's. Several critics of Whitmire's portrayal have come from the Henson family.", "Several critics of Whitmire's portrayal have come from the Henson family. Brian Henson stated that while Whitmire's performance was \"sometimes excellent, and always pretty good\", he also elaborated that \"Kermit has, as a character, flattened out over time and has become too square and not as vital as it should have been.\"", "Brian Henson stated that while Whitmire's performance was \"sometimes excellent, and always pretty good\", he also elaborated that \"Kermit has, as a character, flattened out over time and has become too square and not as vital as it should have been.\" Cheryl Henson stated that Whitmire performed the character as a \"bitter, angry, depressed, victim\".", "Cheryl Henson stated that Whitmire performed the character as a \"bitter, angry, depressed, victim\". He remained Kermit's principal performer until October 2016, when he was dismissed by The Muppets Studio.", "He remained Kermit's principal performer until October 2016, when he was dismissed by The Muppets Studio. The Walt Disney Company (owner of The Muppets Studio) cited \"unacceptable business conduct\" as reason for the dismissal, while Whitmire claims the decision was made due to creative disagreements over Kermit's characterization and prolonged labor union negotiations that delayed his involvement in Muppet productions.", "The Walt Disney Company (owner of The Muppets Studio) cited \"unacceptable business conduct\" as reason for the dismissal, while Whitmire claims the decision was made due to creative disagreements over Kermit's characterization and prolonged labor union negotiations that delayed his involvement in Muppet productions. Disney announced that Matt Vogel would become Kermit's new performer on July 10, 2017.", "Disney announced that Matt Vogel would become Kermit's new performer on July 10, 2017. Vogel's first official appearance as Kermit was in a \"Muppet Thought of the Week” YouTube video.", "Vogel's first official appearance as Kermit was in a \"Muppet Thought of the Week” YouTube video. John Kennedy performed Kermit for Muppets Ahoy!, a 2006 Disney Cruise Line stage show (though Whitmire performed Kermit for the first few shows).", "John Kennedy performed Kermit for Muppets Ahoy!, a 2006 Disney Cruise Line stage show (though Whitmire performed Kermit for the first few shows). Muppet performer Artie Esposito briefly performed Kermit in 2009 for a few personal appearances (an appearance on America's Got Talent, the MTV Video Music Awards, and at the 2009 D23 Expo).", "Muppet performer Artie Esposito briefly performed Kermit in 2009 for a few personal appearances (an appearance on America's Got Talent, the MTV Video Music Awards, and at the 2009 D23 Expo). Voice actor Frank Welker provided the voice of Baby Kermit on the animated Saturday morning cartoon, Muppet Babies.", "Voice actor Frank Welker provided the voice of Baby Kermit on the animated Saturday morning cartoon, Muppet Babies. He also provided the voice of an adult Kermit for a short-lived spin-off, Little Muppet Monsters. Matt Danner voices Baby Kermit on the 2018 reboot of Muppet Babies.", "Matt Danner voices Baby Kermit on the 2018 reboot of Muppet Babies. Character biography A biography has been developed for Kermit the Frog as if he was an actual living performer rather than a puppet character.", "Character biography A biography has been developed for Kermit the Frog as if he was an actual living performer rather than a puppet character. According to this fictional biography, he was born in Leland, Mississippi, alongside approximately 2,353 siblings, though a 2011 \"interview\" on The Ellen DeGeneres Show has him state that he was from the swamps of Louisiana.", "According to this fictional biography, he was born in Leland, Mississippi, alongside approximately 2,353 siblings, though a 2011 \"interview\" on The Ellen DeGeneres Show has him state that he was from the swamps of Louisiana. As portrayed in the 2002 film Kermit's Swamp Years, at the age of 12, he was the first of his siblings to leave the swamp, and one of the first frogs to talk to humans.", "As portrayed in the 2002 film Kermit's Swamp Years, at the age of 12, he was the first of his siblings to leave the swamp, and one of the first frogs to talk to humans. He is shown in the film encountering a 12-year-old Jim Henson (played by Christian Kriebel) for the first time.", "He is shown in the film encountering a 12-year-old Jim Henson (played by Christian Kriebel) for the first time. According to The Muppet Movie, Kermit returned to the swamp, where a passing agent (Dom DeLuise) noted he had talent and, thus inspired, he headed to Hollywood, encountering the rest of the Muppets along the way.", "According to The Muppet Movie, Kermit returned to the swamp, where a passing agent (Dom DeLuise) noted he had talent and, thus inspired, he headed to Hollywood, encountering the rest of the Muppets along the way. Together, they were given a standard \"rich and famous\" contract by Lew Lord (Orson Welles) of Wide World Studios and began their showbiz careers.", "Together, they were given a standard \"rich and famous\" contract by Lew Lord (Orson Welles) of Wide World Studios and began their showbiz careers. In Before You Leap, Kermit again references encountering Jim Henson sometime after the events depicted in the course of The Muppet Movie and details their friendship and their partnership in the entertainment industry, crediting Henson as being the individual to whom he owes his fame.", "In Before You Leap, Kermit again references encountering Jim Henson sometime after the events depicted in the course of The Muppet Movie and details their friendship and their partnership in the entertainment industry, crediting Henson as being the individual to whom he owes his fame. At some point after the events of The Muppet Movie, Kermit and the other Muppets begin The Muppet Show, and the characters remain together as a group, before starring in the other Muppet films and Muppets Tonight, with Kermit usually at the core of the stories as the lead protagonist.", "At some point after the events of The Muppet Movie, Kermit and the other Muppets begin The Muppet Show, and the characters remain together as a group, before starring in the other Muppet films and Muppets Tonight, with Kermit usually at the core of the stories as the lead protagonist. Kermit is shown in The Muppet Movie as stating that the events of the film are \"approximately how it happened\" when asked by his nephew Robin about how the Muppets got started.", "Kermit is shown in The Muppet Movie as stating that the events of the film are \"approximately how it happened\" when asked by his nephew Robin about how the Muppets got started. Fozzie Bear is portrayed as Kermit's best friend—a fact reiterated by Kermit in Before You Leap—and the two were frequently seen together during sketches on The Muppet Show and in other Muppet-related media and merchandise.", "Fozzie Bear is portrayed as Kermit's best friend—a fact reiterated by Kermit in Before You Leap—and the two were frequently seen together during sketches on The Muppet Show and in other Muppet-related media and merchandise. On August 4, 2015, Kermit the Frog and Miss Piggy \"announced\" that they had ended their romantic relationship.", "On August 4, 2015, Kermit the Frog and Miss Piggy \"announced\" that they had ended their romantic relationship. On September 2, 2015, Kermit was stated to have found a new girlfriend, a pig named Denise, but around February 2016, Denise supposedly broke up with Kermit after almost six months together.", "On September 2, 2015, Kermit was stated to have found a new girlfriend, a pig named Denise, but around February 2016, Denise supposedly broke up with Kermit after almost six months together. Performance Kermit the Frog is a rather simple hand-rod Muppet, and is usually controlled by one puppeteer.", "Performance Kermit the Frog is a rather simple hand-rod Muppet, and is usually controlled by one puppeteer. His creator and original performer, Jim Henson, actually built Kermit's head around the size of his own hands (later builds of Kermit have extra padding inside the head to accommodate puppeteers whose hands were smaller than Henson's).", "His creator and original performer, Jim Henson, actually built Kermit's head around the size of his own hands (later builds of Kermit have extra padding inside the head to accommodate puppeteers whose hands were smaller than Henson's). The flexibility of the material use to make Kermit means the frog can pull off a wide range of expressions.", "The flexibility of the material use to make Kermit means the frog can pull off a wide range of expressions. For example, with a slight adjustment of their fingers, the puppeteer can make Kermit convincingly smile, frown, or act worried.", "For example, with a slight adjustment of their fingers, the puppeteer can make Kermit convincingly smile, frown, or act worried. When it came to creating Kermit's voice, Henson actually took inspiration from an impression by Stan Freberg of Marlon Brando, one that can be heard on some of Freberg's comedy records, including vocals on his versions of \"Sh-Boom\" and \"The Night Before Christmas\".", "When it came to creating Kermit's voice, Henson actually took inspiration from an impression by Stan Freberg of Marlon Brando, one that can be heard on some of Freberg's comedy records, including vocals on his versions of \"Sh-Boom\" and \"The Night Before Christmas\". Over time, however, Henson's voice for the frog would evolve into an extension of his own natural voice.", "Over time, however, Henson's voice for the frog would evolve into an extension of his own natural voice. Career Kermit has been featured prominently on both The Muppet Show and Sesame Street.", "Career Kermit has been featured prominently on both The Muppet Show and Sesame Street. However, he had a prominent career before Sesame Streets debut in 1969, as he starred in Sam and Friends, and numerous Muppets made guest appearances on Today from 1961 and The Ed Sullivan Show from 1966.", "However, he had a prominent career before Sesame Streets debut in 1969, as he starred in Sam and Friends, and numerous Muppets made guest appearances on Today from 1961 and The Ed Sullivan Show from 1966. Sesame Street Kermit was one of the original main Muppet characters on Sesame Street.", "Sesame Street Kermit was one of the original main Muppet characters on Sesame Street. Closely identified with the show, Kermit usually appeared as a lecturer on simple topics, a straight man to another Muppet foil (usually Grover, Herry Monster or Cookie Monster), or a news reporter interviewing storybook characters for Sesame Street News.", "Closely identified with the show, Kermit usually appeared as a lecturer on simple topics, a straight man to another Muppet foil (usually Grover, Herry Monster or Cookie Monster), or a news reporter interviewing storybook characters for Sesame Street News. He sang many songs on the show, including \"Bein' Green\", and appeared in the 1998 video The Best of Kermit on Sesame Street.", "He sang many songs on the show, including \"Bein' Green\", and appeared in the 1998 video The Best of Kermit on Sesame Street. Unlike the rest of the show's Muppets, Kermit was never any property of Sesame Workshop and has rarely been a part of the show's merchandise.", "Unlike the rest of the show's Muppets, Kermit was never any property of Sesame Workshop and has rarely been a part of the show's merchandise. When Sesame Workshop bought full ownership of its characters from The Jim Henson Company for $180 million, Kermit was excluded from the deal.", "When Sesame Workshop bought full ownership of its characters from The Jim Henson Company for $180 million, Kermit was excluded from the deal. The character now belongs to The Muppets Studio, a division of The Walt Disney Company.", "The character now belongs to The Muppets Studio, a division of The Walt Disney Company. His first Sesame Street appearance since Disney ownership was in an Elmo's World segment in the show's 40th-season premiere on November 10, 2009.", "His first Sesame Street appearance since Disney ownership was in an Elmo's World segment in the show's 40th-season premiere on November 10, 2009. His most recent appearance was in the 2019 television special Sesame Street's 50th Anniversary Celebration, where he performed \"Bein' Green\" with Elvis Costello.", "His most recent appearance was in the 2019 television special Sesame Street's 50th Anniversary Celebration, where he performed \"Bein' Green\" with Elvis Costello. With the Muppets In The Muppet Show television series, Kermit was the central character, the showrunner, and the long-suffering stage manager of the theater show, trying to keep order amidst the chaos created by the other Muppets.", "With the Muppets In The Muppet Show television series, Kermit was the central character, the showrunner, and the long-suffering stage manager of the theater show, trying to keep order amidst the chaos created by the other Muppets. Henson once claimed that Kermit's job on the Muppet Show was much like his own: \"trying to get a bunch of crazies to actually get the job done.\"", "Henson once claimed that Kermit's job on the Muppet Show was much like his own: \"trying to get a bunch of crazies to actually get the job done.\" It was on this show that the running gag of Kermit being pursued by leading lady Miss Piggy developed.", "It was on this show that the running gag of Kermit being pursued by leading lady Miss Piggy developed. On Muppets Tonight, Kermit was still a main character, although he was the producer rather than frontman.", "On Muppets Tonight, Kermit was still a main character, although he was the producer rather than frontman. He appeared in many parody sketches such as NYPD Green, City Schtickers, Flippers, and The Muppet Odd Squad, as well as in the Psychiatrist's Office sketch.", "He appeared in many parody sketches such as NYPD Green, City Schtickers, Flippers, and The Muppet Odd Squad, as well as in the Psychiatrist's Office sketch. Kermit also served as the mascot for The Jim Henson Company, until the sale of the Muppet characters to Disney.", "Kermit also served as the mascot for The Jim Henson Company, until the sale of the Muppet characters to Disney. A Kermit puppet can be seen at the National Museum of American History.", "A Kermit puppet can be seen at the National Museum of American History. Kermit appears in Muppet*Vision 3D, an attraction that opened in 1991 and continues to run presently at Disney's Hollywood Studios at Walt Disney World in Lake Buena Vista, Florida.", "Kermit appears in Muppet*Vision 3D, an attraction that opened in 1991 and continues to run presently at Disney's Hollywood Studios at Walt Disney World in Lake Buena Vista, Florida. The character was also formerly featured in the aforementioned attraction in Disney California Adventure Park at the Disneyland Resort in Anaheim, California until its closure in 2014.", "The character was also formerly featured in the aforementioned attraction in Disney California Adventure Park at the Disneyland Resort in Anaheim, California until its closure in 2014. Kermit also appeared in The Muppets Present...Great Moments in American History at the Magic Kingdom from 2016 to 2020.", "Kermit also appeared in The Muppets Present...Great Moments in American History at the Magic Kingdom from 2016 to 2020. He also appeared in two parades; Disney Stars and Motor Cars Parade which ran at Disney's Hollywood Studios from 2001 to 2008 and Disney's Honorary VoluntEars Cavalcade which was held during 2010 at the Magic Kingdom and Disneyland.", "He also appeared in two parades; Disney Stars and Motor Cars Parade which ran at Disney's Hollywood Studios from 2001 to 2008 and Disney's Honorary VoluntEars Cavalcade which was held during 2010 at the Magic Kingdom and Disneyland. Filmography Kermit the Frog has appeared in almost every Muppet production, as well as making guest appearances in other shows and movies.", "Filmography Kermit the Frog has appeared in almost every Muppet production, as well as making guest appearances in other shows and movies. Below is a list of his more well-known appearances: Sam and Friends (1955–1961) (TV) Sesame Street (1969–1990, 1996–2001, 2009) (TV) Hey, Cinderella!", "Below is a list of his more well-known appearances: Sam and Friends (1955–1961) (TV) Sesame Street (1969–1990, 1996–2001, 2009) (TV) Hey, Cinderella! (1969) (TV) The Muppets on Puppets (1970) (TV) The Frog Prince (1971) (TV) The Muppet Musicians of Bremen (1972) (TV) The Muppets Valentine Show (1974) (TV) The Muppet Show: Sex and Violence (1975) (TV) The Muppet Show (1976–1981) (TV) Emmet Otter's Jug-Band Christmas (1977) (TV) The Muppet Movie (1979) The Great Muppet Caper (1981) The Muppets Take Manhattan (1984) Muppet Babies (1984–1991) (TV) Sesame Street Presents Follow That Bird (1985) The Muppets: A Celebration of 30 Years (1986) (TV) The Christmas Toy (1986) (TV) A Muppet Family Christmas (1987) (TV) The Jim Henson Hour (1989) (TV) Cartoon All-Stars to the Rescue (1990) (TV) The Muppets at Walt Disney World (1990) (TV) The Muppets Celebrate Jim Henson (1990) (TV) The Muppet Christmas Carol (1992) – Appearance as Bob Cratchit Muppet Classic Theater (1994) (Direct-to-Video) – Appearance as King Midas and the King in Rumpelstiltskin.", "(1969) (TV) The Muppets on Puppets (1970) (TV) The Frog Prince (1971) (TV) The Muppet Musicians of Bremen (1972) (TV) The Muppets Valentine Show (1974) (TV) The Muppet Show: Sex and Violence (1975) (TV) The Muppet Show (1976–1981) (TV) Emmet Otter's Jug-Band Christmas (1977) (TV) The Muppet Movie (1979) The Great Muppet Caper (1981) The Muppets Take Manhattan (1984) Muppet Babies (1984–1991) (TV) Sesame Street Presents Follow That Bird (1985) The Muppets: A Celebration of 30 Years (1986) (TV) The Christmas Toy (1986) (TV) A Muppet Family Christmas (1987) (TV) The Jim Henson Hour (1989) (TV) Cartoon All-Stars to the Rescue (1990) (TV) The Muppets at Walt Disney World (1990) (TV) The Muppets Celebrate Jim Henson (1990) (TV) The Muppet Christmas Carol (1992) – Appearance as Bob Cratchit Muppet Classic Theater (1994) (Direct-to-Video) – Appearance as King Midas and the King in Rumpelstiltskin. Muppet Treasure Island (1996) – Appearance as Captain Abraham Smollett Muppets Tonight (1996–1998) (TV) Muppets from Space (1999) The Jerry Lewis MDA Labor Day Telethon (2001) (TV) Kermit's Swamp Years (2002) (Direct-to-Video) It's a Very Merry Muppet Christmas Movie (2002) (TV) Saturday Night Live (1975/76, 2004, 2011) (TV) The Muppets' Wizard of Oz (2005) (TV) – Appearance as Himself and The Scarecrow Mr. Magorium's Wonder Emporium (2007) (cameo) Studio DC: Almost Live (2008) (TV) A Muppets Christmas: Letters to Santa (2008) (TV) The Muppets (2011) \"30 Rock (2012) - Appearance as Himself in \"My Whole Life Is Thunder\" Good Luck Charlie (2013) (TV) – Appearance as Himself in \"Duncan Dream House\" Lady Gaga and the Muppets Holiday Spectacular (2013) (TV) Muppets Most Wanted (2014) The Muppets (2015–2016) (TV) Muppet Babies (2018–present) (TV) Sesame Street's 50th Anniversary Celebration (2019) (TV) Muppets Now (2020) (TV) Amphibia (2020) (TV) – Appearance as the voice of Crumpet the Frog in \"Swamp and Sensibility\" The Masked Singer (2021) (TV) – The Snail Muppets Haunted Mansion (2021) (TV) – Appearance as Himself and a Ghost Cultural impact Accolades and commemorations Kermit was awarded an honorary doctorate of Amphibious Letters on May 19, 1996, at Southampton College, New York, where he also gave a commencement speech.", "Muppet Treasure Island (1996) – Appearance as Captain Abraham Smollett Muppets Tonight (1996–1998) (TV) Muppets from Space (1999) The Jerry Lewis MDA Labor Day Telethon (2001) (TV) Kermit's Swamp Years (2002) (Direct-to-Video) It's a Very Merry Muppet Christmas Movie (2002) (TV) Saturday Night Live (1975/76, 2004, 2011) (TV) The Muppets' Wizard of Oz (2005) (TV) – Appearance as Himself and The Scarecrow Mr. Magorium's Wonder Emporium (2007) (cameo) Studio DC: Almost Live (2008) (TV) A Muppets Christmas: Letters to Santa (2008) (TV) The Muppets (2011) \"30 Rock (2012) - Appearance as Himself in \"My Whole Life Is Thunder\" Good Luck Charlie (2013) (TV) – Appearance as Himself in \"Duncan Dream House\" Lady Gaga and the Muppets Holiday Spectacular (2013) (TV) Muppets Most Wanted (2014) The Muppets (2015–2016) (TV) Muppet Babies (2018–present) (TV) Sesame Street's 50th Anniversary Celebration (2019) (TV) Muppets Now (2020) (TV) Amphibia (2020) (TV) – Appearance as the voice of Crumpet the Frog in \"Swamp and Sensibility\" The Masked Singer (2021) (TV) – The Snail Muppets Haunted Mansion (2021) (TV) – Appearance as Himself and a Ghost Cultural impact Accolades and commemorations Kermit was awarded an honorary doctorate of Amphibious Letters on May 19, 1996, at Southampton College, New York, where he also gave a commencement speech. He is also the only \"amphibian\" to have had the honor of addressing the Oxford Union.", "He is also the only \"amphibian\" to have had the honor of addressing the Oxford Union. A statue of Henson and Kermit was erected on the campus of Henson's alma mater, the University of Maryland, College Park in 2003.", "A statue of Henson and Kermit was erected on the campus of Henson's alma mater, the University of Maryland, College Park in 2003. Kermit was also given the honor of being the Grand Marshal of the Tournament of Roses Parade in 1996. The Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade has featured a Kermit balloon since 1977.", "The Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade has featured a Kermit balloon since 1977. On November 14, 2002, Kermit the Frog received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. The star is located at 6801 Hollywood Blvd. Kermit has two stars on the Walk of Fame, the other as a member of the collective The Muppets.", "Kermit has two stars on the Walk of Fame, the other as a member of the collective The Muppets. On Kermit's 50th birthday in 2005, the United States Postal Service released a set of new stamps with photos of Kermit and some of his fellow Muppets on them.", "On Kermit's 50th birthday in 2005, the United States Postal Service released a set of new stamps with photos of Kermit and some of his fellow Muppets on them. The background of the stamp sheet features a photo of a silhouetted Henson sitting in a window well, with Kermit sitting in his lap looking at him.", "The background of the stamp sheet features a photo of a silhouetted Henson sitting in a window well, with Kermit sitting in his lap looking at him. Kermit was also the grand marshal for Michigan State University's homecoming parade in 2006.", "Kermit was also the grand marshal for Michigan State University's homecoming parade in 2006. In 2013, the original Kermit puppet from Sam and Friends was donated to the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C. for display in the pop culture gallery.", "In 2013, the original Kermit puppet from Sam and Friends was donated to the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C. for display in the pop culture gallery. In 2015, the Leland Chamber of Commerce in Leland, Mississippi opened a small museum containing puppets and memorabilia dedicated to Kermit.", "In 2015, the Leland Chamber of Commerce in Leland, Mississippi opened a small museum containing puppets and memorabilia dedicated to Kermit. Kermit's legacy is also deeply entrenched in the science community. One of the famous WP-3D Orion research platforms flown by the NOAA Hurricane Hunters is named after Kermit. The other is named after Miss Piggy.", "The other is named after Miss Piggy. In 2015, the discovery of the Costa Rican glass frog Hyalinobatrachium dianae also attracted viral media attention due to the creature's perceived resemblance to Kermit, with researcher Brian Kubicki quoted as saying \"I am glad that this species has ended up getting so much international attention, and in doing so it is highlighting the amazing amphibians that are native to Costa Rica and the need to continue exploring and studying the country's amazing tropical forests\".", "In 2015, the discovery of the Costa Rican glass frog Hyalinobatrachium dianae also attracted viral media attention due to the creature's perceived resemblance to Kermit, with researcher Brian Kubicki quoted as saying \"I am glad that this species has ended up getting so much international attention, and in doing so it is highlighting the amazing amphibians that are native to Costa Rica and the need to continue exploring and studying the country's amazing tropical forests\". Guest television appearances Kermit has made numerous guest appearances on popular television shows, including co-hosting individual episodes of a number of long-running talk shows; among other television media.", "Guest television appearances Kermit has made numerous guest appearances on popular television shows, including co-hosting individual episodes of a number of long-running talk shows; among other television media. On April 2, 1979, Kermit guest-hosted The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson to promote The Muppet Movie.", "On April 2, 1979, Kermit guest-hosted The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson to promote The Muppet Movie. From 1983 to 1995, the French political satire show Le Bébête Show used copies of various Muppets to parody key political figures, and Kermit renamed \"Kermitterrand\", embodied President François Mitterrand.", "From 1983 to 1995, the French political satire show Le Bébête Show used copies of various Muppets to parody key political figures, and Kermit renamed \"Kermitterrand\", embodied President François Mitterrand. On May 21, 2018, Kermit and contestant Maddie Poppe performed \"Rainbow Connection\" live on American Idol.", "On May 21, 2018, Kermit and contestant Maddie Poppe performed \"Rainbow Connection\" live on American Idol. A still photo of Kermit sitting in his Director's chair with his megaphone in his hand from The Muppet Show appeared on a technical difficulties telop graphic on Metromedia owned-and-operated station KTTV Channel 11 in Los Angeles during the late 1970s and early 1980s.", "A still photo of Kermit sitting in his Director's chair with his megaphone in his hand from The Muppet Show appeared on a technical difficulties telop graphic on Metromedia owned-and-operated station KTTV Channel 11 in Los Angeles during the late 1970s and early 1980s. As an April Fool's joke, Kermit hosted CNN's Larry King Live in 1994 and interviewed Hulk Hogan.", "As an April Fool's joke, Kermit hosted CNN's Larry King Live in 1994 and interviewed Hulk Hogan. Kermit was also a semi-regular during various incarnations of Hollywood Squares, with other Muppets such as Big Bird and Oscar the Grouch also making appearances on the original Hollywood Squares.", "Kermit was also a semi-regular during various incarnations of Hollywood Squares, with other Muppets such as Big Bird and Oscar the Grouch also making appearances on the original Hollywood Squares. In 2020, Kermit appeared on Monday Night Football with other Muppets characters as it was briefly rebranded \"Muppet Night Football.\"", "In 2020, Kermit appeared on Monday Night Football with other Muppets characters as it was briefly rebranded \"Muppet Night Football.\" On March 10, 2021, Kermit was the first celebrity to be unmasked on the fifth season of The Masked Singer, having performed in costume as \"Snail\".", "On March 10, 2021, Kermit was the first celebrity to be unmasked on the fifth season of The Masked Singer, having performed in costume as \"Snail\". Merchandising Jim Henson's characters, including the Muppets, have inspired merchandise internationally, with Chris Bensch, chief curator of Rochester, New York's The Strong National Museum of Play, reporting \"There seems to have been a particular craze for Kermit the Frog in Japan,\" likely due to the \"cuteness appeal\".", "Merchandising Jim Henson's characters, including the Muppets, have inspired merchandise internationally, with Chris Bensch, chief curator of Rochester, New York's The Strong National Museum of Play, reporting \"There seems to have been a particular craze for Kermit the Frog in Japan,\" likely due to the \"cuteness appeal\". Baby Kermit plush toys became popular in the 1980s after the success of Muppet Babies.", "Baby Kermit plush toys became popular in the 1980s after the success of Muppet Babies. In 1991, one year after Jim Henson died, merchandise featuring Kermit and other Muppet characters was being sold at Disney theme parks, causing Henson Associates to file a lawsuit against Disney for copyright infringement.", "In 1991, one year after Jim Henson died, merchandise featuring Kermit and other Muppet characters was being sold at Disney theme parks, causing Henson Associates to file a lawsuit against Disney for copyright infringement. Henson alleged that the \"counterfeit merchandise\" falsely indicated that the characters belonged to Disney, although the latter company had the right to exercise use of the characters due to an earlier licensing agreement.", "Henson alleged that the \"counterfeit merchandise\" falsely indicated that the characters belonged to Disney, although the latter company had the right to exercise use of the characters due to an earlier licensing agreement. The Henson Associates highlighted a T-shirt displaying Kermit, the Disney brand, and a copyright symbol.", "The Henson Associates highlighted a T-shirt displaying Kermit, the Disney brand, and a copyright symbol. Disney representative Erwin Okun said the lawsuit was \"outrageous\" and \"an unfortunate break with the legacy of a fine relationship with Disney that Jim Henson left behind\".", "Disney representative Erwin Okun said the lawsuit was \"outrageous\" and \"an unfortunate break with the legacy of a fine relationship with Disney that Jim Henson left behind\". Disney later acquired the Muppets, and thusly, clothes, toys and souvenirs depicting Kermit and the Muppets continued to be sold at Disney theme parks and stores.", "Disney later acquired the Muppets, and thusly, clothes, toys and souvenirs depicting Kermit and the Muppets continued to be sold at Disney theme parks and stores. The Leland Chamber of Commerce's small Kermit-themed museum set out to preserve some of the dolls and merchandise.", "The Leland Chamber of Commerce's small Kermit-themed museum set out to preserve some of the dolls and merchandise. In 2016, The New Zealand Herald reported a hat featuring Kermit sipping Lipton tea, associated with the \"But That's None of My Business\" Internet meme, became a popular seller after basketball player LeBron James drew attention for wearing one.", "In 2016, The New Zealand Herald reported a hat featuring Kermit sipping Lipton tea, associated with the \"But That's None of My Business\" Internet meme, became a popular seller after basketball player LeBron James drew attention for wearing one. Kermit in Internet culture In March 2007, Sad Kermit, an unofficial parody, was uploaded to the website YouTube, showing a store-bought Kermit puppet performing a version of the Nine Inch Nails song \"Hurt\" in a style similar to Johnny Cash's famous cover version.", "Kermit in Internet culture In March 2007, Sad Kermit, an unofficial parody, was uploaded to the website YouTube, showing a store-bought Kermit puppet performing a version of the Nine Inch Nails song \"Hurt\" in a style similar to Johnny Cash's famous cover version. In contrast to the real Kermit character's usual family-friendly antics, the video shows the puppet engaging in drug abuse, smoking, alcoholism, performing oral sex on Rowlf the Dog, smashing a picture of Miss Piggy (with a breast exposed) and attempting suicide.", "In contrast to the real Kermit character's usual family-friendly antics, the video shows the puppet engaging in drug abuse, smoking, alcoholism, performing oral sex on Rowlf the Dog, smashing a picture of Miss Piggy (with a breast exposed) and attempting suicide. The video became an Internet meme.", "The video became an Internet meme. The Victoria Times Colonist called it an \"online sensation\". The Chicago Sun-Times said it \"puts the high in 'Hi-ho!'\" The London Free Press said \"Sad Kermit is in a world of pain\".", "The London Free Press said \"Sad Kermit is in a world of pain\". The Houston Press described it as the \"world's most revolting web phenomenon\". SF Weekly described the unauthorized video as \"ironic slandering\".", "SF Weekly described the unauthorized video as \"ironic slandering\". Clips have been featured on the Canadian television series The Hour, where host George Stroumboulopoulos speculated that the Kermit version of \"Hurt\" was inspired by the Cash version rather than that of Nine Inch Nails.", "Clips have been featured on the Canadian television series The Hour, where host George Stroumboulopoulos speculated that the Kermit version of \"Hurt\" was inspired by the Cash version rather than that of Nine Inch Nails. Kermit has also appeared in a popular meme in which he is shown sipping tea, \"one used when you sassily point something out, and then slyly back away, claiming that it's not [your] business\".", "Kermit has also appeared in a popular meme in which he is shown sipping tea, \"one used when you sassily point something out, and then slyly back away, claiming that it's not [your] business\". The photo is taken from \"Be More Kermit,\" a Lipton advertisement that aired in 2014, and was adapted into the \"But That's None of My Business\" meme by African American comedians on the Tumblr blog Kermit the Snitch, making appearances on Twitter, Instagram and Facebook.", "The photo is taken from \"Be More Kermit,\" a Lipton advertisement that aired in 2014, and was adapted into the \"But That's None of My Business\" meme by African American comedians on the Tumblr blog Kermit the Snitch, making appearances on Twitter, Instagram and Facebook. Charles Pulliam-Moore of the TV station Fusion praised \"But That's None of My Business\" as \"a symbol for the comedic brilliance born out of black communities on the internet,\" but Stephanie Hayes of Bustle magazine criticized the memes as racist and obscene.", "Charles Pulliam-Moore of the TV station Fusion praised \"But That's None of My Business\" as \"a symbol for the comedic brilliance born out of black communities on the internet,\" but Stephanie Hayes of Bustle magazine criticized the memes as racist and obscene. In 2016, a Good Morning America post on Twitter referred to the \"But That's None of My Business\" meme as \"Tea Lizard\", becoming the subject of viral online derision.", "In 2016, a Good Morning America post on Twitter referred to the \"But That's None of My Business\" meme as \"Tea Lizard\", becoming the subject of viral online derision. New York magazine replied that, \"Kermit is a frog. A frog is an amphibian. A lizard is a reptile.", "A lizard is a reptile. A lizard is a reptile. It's just so insulting. Beyond a frog and a lizard both being clearly ectothermic, they couldn't be any more different. Not all green things are the same, you ignorant bastards\".", "Not all green things are the same, you ignorant bastards\". Popular Science also addressed the misnomer, writing \"Frogs, which are amphibians, have quite a few significant differences from reptiles in how they breathe, their life cycles, whether they have scales or not... there's a lot to absorb here\".", "Popular Science also addressed the misnomer, writing \"Frogs, which are amphibians, have quite a few significant differences from reptiles in how they breathe, their life cycles, whether they have scales or not... there's a lot to absorb here\". In November 2016, a new meme surfaced of Kermit talking to a hooded version of himself which represents the self and its dark inner thoughts.", "In November 2016, a new meme surfaced of Kermit talking to a hooded version of himself which represents the self and its dark inner thoughts. It involves captioning of a screenshot taken from the Muppets Most Wanted movie of Kermit and Constantine looking at each other.", "It involves captioning of a screenshot taken from the Muppets Most Wanted movie of Kermit and Constantine looking at each other. In the meme, Constantine is supposed to represent a Sith Lord from Star Wars.", "In the meme, Constantine is supposed to represent a Sith Lord from Star Wars. References External links Kermit the Frog's character profile at Disney.com Kermit's commencement address at Southampton College in 1996 Birthplace of the Frog: An Exhibit of Jim Henson's Delta Boyhood (as himself) Kermit the Frog on IMDb Fictional characters from Mississippi Television characters introduced in 1955 Mascots introduced in 1955 Fictional frogs and toads Fictional producers Fictional reporters Fictional singers Fictional string musicians Frog mascots Television mascots Corporate mascots Sesame Street Muppet characters The Muppets characters Internet memes Film and television memes" ]

[ "Kermit the Frog", "Performers", "Who does Kermit perform with?", "Jim Henson originated the character", "what was his performance about?", "I don't know.", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "veteran Muppet performer Steve Whitmire was named Kermit's new performer." ]

[ "Chocolate Supa Highway is the second studio album by Spearhead.\n\nTrack listing \n \"Africa On Line\" (0:44)\n \"Chocolate Supa Highway\" (5:08)\n \"Keep Me Lifted\" (4:20)\n \"Food for tha Masses\" (5:01)\n \"U Can't Sing R Song\" (5:27)\n \"Tha Payroll (Stay Strong)\" (5:09)\n \"Madness in tha Hood (Free Ride)\" (4:49)\n \"Rebel Music (3 O'Clock Roadblock)\" (5:26)\n \"Why Oh Why\" (4:51)\n \"Comin' to Gitcha\" (4:07)\n \"Life Sentence\" (0:13)\n \"Ganja Babe\" (3:33)\n \"Wayfarin' Stranger\" featuring Joan Osborne (5:28)\n \"Gas Gauge (Tha World's in Your Hands)\" (4:35)\n \"Water Pistol Man (Chocolate Mix)\" (5:44)\n\nSingles \n \"U Can't Sing R Song\"\n \"Why Oh Why\"\n \"Keep Me Lifted\"\n\nPersonnel \n Michael Franti: vocalist, producer\n Trinna Simmons: vocalist\n Carl Young: bass/sax\n David James: guitar\n Kim Buie: executive producer\n Prince Charles Alexander: mixed and mastered, with the exception of \"Rebel Music\"\n Joe Nicolo: mixed and mastered \"Rebel Music\"\n Stephen Marley: co-producer on \"Rebel Music\"\n\nOther artists\nIn addition to co-producing the song, Stephen Marley is a guest performer on \"Rebel Music (3 O'Clock Roadblock)\"\nZap Mama is a guest performer on \"Comin' to Gitcha\"\nJoan Osborne is a guest performer on \"Wayfaring Stranger\"\n\nCharts\n\nReferences\n\nMichael Franti albums\n1997 albums\nCapitol Records albums", "Sam Griffin Owens, known professionally as Sam Evian, is an American songwriter, instrumentalist and producer based in New York. He has released three full-length albums and one 7\" single.\n\nHistory \nIn 2016, Sam Evian signed with Saddle Creek Records. Sam Evian's music has been described as indie rock, \"crunchy country,\" and \"70s-tinged psychedelic soft rock.\" He released his debut album Premium in 2016. The album's lead single, \"I Need A Man,\" was premiered by Stereogum.\n\nIn 2018, Evian released his sophomore album You, Forever. Kazu Makino of Blonde Redhead contributed to the album's song \"Next To You.\" The song \"Health Machine\" was released as a single and music video. Another single, entitled \"IDGAF,\" was premiered by Stereogum. In the Pitchfork review of You, Forever, Allison Hussey wrote that Evian \"offers rock songs about vulnerability and desire that are gentle and sweet but avoid the most saccharine tendencies of soft rock.\" Digital Trends included You, Forever in their list of the best albums of 2018.\n\nIn 2021 it was announced that Evian had been signed to Fat Possum Records and that his new album Time to Melt would be released Oct. 29, 2021. Of the album, Aquarium Drunkard said \"Time to Melt aspires to address the strife of the present and sound good while cooking dinner. No short order, but with its lush sounds and warm nods in the direction of Sly and the Family Stone, T Rex, and Shuggie Otis, he’s pulled it off.\" FLOOD Magazine said \"Time to Melt spins death in a funky, positive light.\"\n\nDiscography\n\nAlbums \n\n Premium (2016)\n You, Forever (2018)\nTime to Melt (2021)\n\nSingles and EPs \n\n Sleep Easy/You Have To Hydrate (2016)\nEasy to Love (2021)\nKnock Knock (2021)\nTime to Melt (2021)\nNever Know (2021)\n\nProducer Discography \n\n Johanna Samuels - Excelsior (producer, engineer, mixing, performer)\n Widowspeak - Plum (producer, engineer, mixing, performer)\n Anna Burch - If You're Dreaming (producer, engineer, mixing, performer)\n Molly Sarlé - Karaoke Angel (producer, engineer, mixing, performer)\n Hannah Cohen - Welcome Home (producer, engineer, mixing, performer)\n Kazu Makino - Adult Baby (producer, engineer, mixing, performer)\n Cass McCombs - Tip of the Sphere (engineer, performer)\n Lina Tullgren - Free Cell (engineer)\n Wilder Maker - Zion (engineer)\n Cass McCombs - I'm A Shoe (Mangy Love) (producer, engineer)\n Okkervil River - In The Rainbow Rain (engineer)\n Okkervil River - New Blood/Skip Tracer (engineer, mixing)\n Sam Amidon - Juma Mountain and April (engineer)\n Blonde Redhead - Golden Light (engineer for string recordings)\n Cassandra Jenkins - Play Til You Win (engineer, producer, mixing, performer)\n Buck Meek - Heart Was Beat (engineer, mixing)\n Sam Evian - Premium (producer, engineer, mixing, performer, composer)\n Sam Evian - You, Forever (producer, engineer, mixing, performer, composer)\n Sam Evian - Need You EP (mixing, performer, composer)\n Sam Evian - Time To Melt (producer, performer, composer)\n Big Thief - Dragon New Warm Mountain I Believe in You (engineer, mixing, additional production)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n\nYear of birth missing (living people)\nLiving people\nAmerican male singer-songwriters\nAmerican singer-songwriters" ]

[ "Kermit the Frog is a Muppet character created and originally performed by Jim Henson. Introduced in 1955, Kermit serves as the everyman protagonist of numerous Muppet productions, most notably Sesame Street and The Muppet Show, as well as in other television series, feature films, specials, and public service announcements through the years.", "Introduced in 1955, Kermit serves as the everyman protagonist of numerous Muppet productions, most notably Sesame Street and The Muppet Show, as well as in other television series, feature films, specials, and public service announcements through the years. He served as a mascot of The Jim Henson Company and appeared in various Henson projects.", "He served as a mascot of The Jim Henson Company and appeared in various Henson projects. Kermit performed the hit singles \"Bein' Green\" in 1970 and \"Rainbow Connection\" in 1979 for The Muppet Movie, the first feature-length film featuring the Muppets. Kermit's original performance of \"Rainbow Connection\" reached No.", "Kermit's original performance of \"Rainbow Connection\" reached No. 25 on the Billboard Hot 100 and was added to the Library of Congress’s National Recording Registry in 2021. Henson performed Kermit until his death in 1990, and then Steve Whitmire performed Kermit from that time until his dismissal in 2016.", "Henson performed Kermit until his death in 1990, and then Steve Whitmire performed Kermit from that time until his dismissal in 2016. Kermit has been performed by Matt Vogel from 2017.", "Kermit has been performed by Matt Vogel from 2017. He was also voiced by Frank Welker in Muppet Babies and occasionally in other animation projects, and is voiced by Matt Danner in the 2018 reboot of Muppet Babies.", "He was also voiced by Frank Welker in Muppet Babies and occasionally in other animation projects, and is voiced by Matt Danner in the 2018 reboot of Muppet Babies. Kermit's iconic look and voice have been recognizable in popular culture worldwide for many decades, and in 2006, the character was credited as the author of Before You Leap: A Frog's Eye View of Life's Greatest Lessons, an \"autobiography\" told from the perspective of the character himself.", "Kermit's iconic look and voice have been recognizable in popular culture worldwide for many decades, and in 2006, the character was credited as the author of Before You Leap: A Frog's Eye View of Life's Greatest Lessons, an \"autobiography\" told from the perspective of the character himself. History and development Kermit the Frog first appeared on May 9, 1955, in the premiere of WRC-TV's Sam and Friends.", "History and development Kermit the Frog first appeared on May 9, 1955, in the premiere of WRC-TV's Sam and Friends. This prototype Kermit was created from a discarded turquoise spring coat belonging to Jim Henson's mother and two ping pong ball halves for eyes. Initially, Kermit was a vague lizard-like creature.", "Initially, Kermit was a vague lizard-like creature. He subsequently made a number of television appearances before his status as a frog was established in the television special Hey, Cinderella! in 1969. His triangular-pointed collar was added at the time to make him seem more frog-like and to conceal the seam between his head and body.", "His triangular-pointed collar was added at the time to make him seem more frog-like and to conceal the seam between his head and body. According to Michael K. Frith, the relatively simple construction of the Kermit puppet allows the performer's arm and hand to produce a wide range of expression and gestures.", "According to Michael K. Frith, the relatively simple construction of the Kermit puppet allows the performer's arm and hand to produce a wide range of expression and gestures. Naming The origin of Kermit's name is a subject of some debate.", "Naming The origin of Kermit's name is a subject of some debate. It is often claimed that Kermit was named after Henson's childhood friend Kermit Scott, from Leland, Mississippi.", "It is often claimed that Kermit was named after Henson's childhood friend Kermit Scott, from Leland, Mississippi. However, Karen Falk, head archivist and board of directors member for the Jim Henson Legacy organization, denies this claim on the Jim Henson Company's website: Joy DiMenna, the only daughter of Kermit Kalman Cohen who worked as a sound engineer at WBAL-TV during Jim Henson's time with Sam and Friends, recalls that the puppet was named after her father.", "However, Karen Falk, head archivist and board of directors member for the Jim Henson Legacy organization, denies this claim on the Jim Henson Company's website: Joy DiMenna, the only daughter of Kermit Kalman Cohen who worked as a sound engineer at WBAL-TV during Jim Henson's time with Sam and Friends, recalls that the puppet was named after her father. According to Kermit Cohen's obituary, as well as DiMenna and Lenny Levin, a colleague of Mr. Cohen's at WBAL: Another common belief is that Kermit was named for Kermit Love, who worked with Henson in designing and constructing Muppets, particularly on Sesame Street, but Love's association with Henson did not begin until well after Kermit's creation and naming, and he always denied any connection between his name and that of the character.", "According to Kermit Cohen's obituary, as well as DiMenna and Lenny Levin, a colleague of Mr. Cohen's at WBAL: Another common belief is that Kermit was named for Kermit Love, who worked with Henson in designing and constructing Muppets, particularly on Sesame Street, but Love's association with Henson did not begin until well after Kermit's creation and naming, and he always denied any connection between his name and that of the character. As Sesame Street is localized for some different markets that speak languages other than English, Kermit is often renamed.", "As Sesame Street is localized for some different markets that speak languages other than English, Kermit is often renamed. In Portugal, he is called Cocas, o Sapo (sapo means \"toad\"), and in Brazil, his name is similar: Caco, o Sapo.", "In Portugal, he is called Cocas, o Sapo (sapo means \"toad\"), and in Brazil, his name is similar: Caco, o Sapo. In most of Hispanic America, his name is la rana René (René the Frog), while in Spain, he is named Gustavo.", "In most of Hispanic America, his name is la rana René (René the Frog), while in Spain, he is named Gustavo. In the Arabic version, he is known as Kamel, which is a common Arabic male name that means \"perfect\". In Hungary, he is called Breki (onomatopoetic).", "In Hungary, he is called Breki (onomatopoetic). Characterization and performers Jim Henson originated the character in 1955 on his local television series, Sam and Friends. Henson himself described Kermit as \"kind of easy-going, very likable...sometimes slightly a wiseguy.\"", "Henson himself described Kermit as \"kind of easy-going, very likable...sometimes slightly a wiseguy.\" Frank Oz remarked that Kermit possesses a natural sense of leadership within the Muppets, explaining that \"he has all these zany characters and a world around him and he tries to be the center and hold everything together...sometimes he gets too much and blows his top, but essentially he kind of goes with the flow.\"", "Frank Oz remarked that Kermit possesses a natural sense of leadership within the Muppets, explaining that \"he has all these zany characters and a world around him and he tries to be the center and hold everything together...sometimes he gets too much and blows his top, but essentially he kind of goes with the flow.\" Brian Henson described his father's performance as Kermit as \"coming out of his own personality—was a wry intelligence, a little bit of a naughtiness, but Kermit always loved everyone around and also loved a good prank.\"", "Brian Henson described his father's performance as Kermit as \"coming out of his own personality—was a wry intelligence, a little bit of a naughtiness, but Kermit always loved everyone around and also loved a good prank.\" Kermit has often been referred to as Henson's \"soft-spoken alter-ego.\"", "Kermit has often been referred to as Henson's \"soft-spoken alter-ego.\" Many of Henson's colleagues have confirmed how close and inseparable Jim and Kermit's personalities were. Henson's agent Bernie Brillstein has stated straightforwardly that \"Kermit was Jim\".", "Henson's agent Bernie Brillstein has stated straightforwardly that \"Kermit was Jim\". Author Brian Jay Jones described the relationship accordingly: \"The more Jim performed Kermit, the more the two of them seemed to become intertwined…it was becoming harder to tell where the frog ended and Jim began.\"", "Author Brian Jay Jones described the relationship accordingly: \"The more Jim performed Kermit, the more the two of them seemed to become intertwined…it was becoming harder to tell where the frog ended and Jim began.\" Henson continued to perform the character until his death in 1990.", "Henson continued to perform the character until his death in 1990. Henson's last known performance as Kermit was for an appearance on The Arsenio Hall Show to promote the television special The Muppets at Walt Disney World. Henson died twelve days after that appearance.", "Henson died twelve days after that appearance. Following Henson's death, veteran Muppet performer Steve Whitmire was named Kermit's new performer. Whitmire claims that Henson had seemingly intended to pass on the role to him before he died, though it was Jane Henson and son Brian who had selected him after her father's death.", "Whitmire claims that Henson had seemingly intended to pass on the role to him before he died, though it was Jane Henson and son Brian who had selected him after her father's death. Whitmire's first public performance as Kermit was at the end of the television special The Muppets Celebrate Jim Henson in 1990.", "Whitmire's first public performance as Kermit was at the end of the television special The Muppets Celebrate Jim Henson in 1990. Whitmire explained that his main intent when he inherited Kermit, \"was to make sure the character stayed the same and consistent, but didn't become stale and just a copy.\"", "Whitmire explained that his main intent when he inherited Kermit, \"was to make sure the character stayed the same and consistent, but didn't become stale and just a copy.\" Kermit's personality during Whitmire's tenure was widely described as more wholesome, lighthearted, and Pollyanna-ish than Henson's.", "Kermit's personality during Whitmire's tenure was widely described as more wholesome, lighthearted, and Pollyanna-ish than Henson's. Several critics of Whitmire's portrayal have come from the Henson family.", "Several critics of Whitmire's portrayal have come from the Henson family. Brian Henson stated that while Whitmire's performance was \"sometimes excellent, and always pretty good\", he also elaborated that \"Kermit has, as a character, flattened out over time and has become too square and not as vital as it should have been.\"", "Brian Henson stated that while Whitmire's performance was \"sometimes excellent, and always pretty good\", he also elaborated that \"Kermit has, as a character, flattened out over time and has become too square and not as vital as it should have been.\" Cheryl Henson stated that Whitmire performed the character as a \"bitter, angry, depressed, victim\".", "Cheryl Henson stated that Whitmire performed the character as a \"bitter, angry, depressed, victim\". He remained Kermit's principal performer until October 2016, when he was dismissed by The Muppets Studio.", "He remained Kermit's principal performer until October 2016, when he was dismissed by The Muppets Studio. The Walt Disney Company (owner of The Muppets Studio) cited \"unacceptable business conduct\" as reason for the dismissal, while Whitmire claims the decision was made due to creative disagreements over Kermit's characterization and prolonged labor union negotiations that delayed his involvement in Muppet productions.", "The Walt Disney Company (owner of The Muppets Studio) cited \"unacceptable business conduct\" as reason for the dismissal, while Whitmire claims the decision was made due to creative disagreements over Kermit's characterization and prolonged labor union negotiations that delayed his involvement in Muppet productions. Disney announced that Matt Vogel would become Kermit's new performer on July 10, 2017.", "Disney announced that Matt Vogel would become Kermit's new performer on July 10, 2017. Vogel's first official appearance as Kermit was in a \"Muppet Thought of the Week” YouTube video.", "Vogel's first official appearance as Kermit was in a \"Muppet Thought of the Week” YouTube video. John Kennedy performed Kermit for Muppets Ahoy!, a 2006 Disney Cruise Line stage show (though Whitmire performed Kermit for the first few shows).", "John Kennedy performed Kermit for Muppets Ahoy!, a 2006 Disney Cruise Line stage show (though Whitmire performed Kermit for the first few shows). Muppet performer Artie Esposito briefly performed Kermit in 2009 for a few personal appearances (an appearance on America's Got Talent, the MTV Video Music Awards, and at the 2009 D23 Expo).", "Muppet performer Artie Esposito briefly performed Kermit in 2009 for a few personal appearances (an appearance on America's Got Talent, the MTV Video Music Awards, and at the 2009 D23 Expo). Voice actor Frank Welker provided the voice of Baby Kermit on the animated Saturday morning cartoon, Muppet Babies.", "Voice actor Frank Welker provided the voice of Baby Kermit on the animated Saturday morning cartoon, Muppet Babies. He also provided the voice of an adult Kermit for a short-lived spin-off, Little Muppet Monsters. Matt Danner voices Baby Kermit on the 2018 reboot of Muppet Babies.", "Matt Danner voices Baby Kermit on the 2018 reboot of Muppet Babies. Character biography A biography has been developed for Kermit the Frog as if he was an actual living performer rather than a puppet character.", "Character biography A biography has been developed for Kermit the Frog as if he was an actual living performer rather than a puppet character. According to this fictional biography, he was born in Leland, Mississippi, alongside approximately 2,353 siblings, though a 2011 \"interview\" on The Ellen DeGeneres Show has him state that he was from the swamps of Louisiana.", "According to this fictional biography, he was born in Leland, Mississippi, alongside approximately 2,353 siblings, though a 2011 \"interview\" on The Ellen DeGeneres Show has him state that he was from the swamps of Louisiana. As portrayed in the 2002 film Kermit's Swamp Years, at the age of 12, he was the first of his siblings to leave the swamp, and one of the first frogs to talk to humans.", "As portrayed in the 2002 film Kermit's Swamp Years, at the age of 12, he was the first of his siblings to leave the swamp, and one of the first frogs to talk to humans. He is shown in the film encountering a 12-year-old Jim Henson (played by Christian Kriebel) for the first time.", "He is shown in the film encountering a 12-year-old Jim Henson (played by Christian Kriebel) for the first time. According to The Muppet Movie, Kermit returned to the swamp, where a passing agent (Dom DeLuise) noted he had talent and, thus inspired, he headed to Hollywood, encountering the rest of the Muppets along the way.", "According to The Muppet Movie, Kermit returned to the swamp, where a passing agent (Dom DeLuise) noted he had talent and, thus inspired, he headed to Hollywood, encountering the rest of the Muppets along the way. Together, they were given a standard \"rich and famous\" contract by Lew Lord (Orson Welles) of Wide World Studios and began their showbiz careers.", "Together, they were given a standard \"rich and famous\" contract by Lew Lord (Orson Welles) of Wide World Studios and began their showbiz careers. In Before You Leap, Kermit again references encountering Jim Henson sometime after the events depicted in the course of The Muppet Movie and details their friendship and their partnership in the entertainment industry, crediting Henson as being the individual to whom he owes his fame.", "In Before You Leap, Kermit again references encountering Jim Henson sometime after the events depicted in the course of The Muppet Movie and details their friendship and their partnership in the entertainment industry, crediting Henson as being the individual to whom he owes his fame. At some point after the events of The Muppet Movie, Kermit and the other Muppets begin The Muppet Show, and the characters remain together as a group, before starring in the other Muppet films and Muppets Tonight, with Kermit usually at the core of the stories as the lead protagonist.", "At some point after the events of The Muppet Movie, Kermit and the other Muppets begin The Muppet Show, and the characters remain together as a group, before starring in the other Muppet films and Muppets Tonight, with Kermit usually at the core of the stories as the lead protagonist. Kermit is shown in The Muppet Movie as stating that the events of the film are \"approximately how it happened\" when asked by his nephew Robin about how the Muppets got started.", "Kermit is shown in The Muppet Movie as stating that the events of the film are \"approximately how it happened\" when asked by his nephew Robin about how the Muppets got started. Fozzie Bear is portrayed as Kermit's best friend—a fact reiterated by Kermit in Before You Leap—and the two were frequently seen together during sketches on The Muppet Show and in other Muppet-related media and merchandise.", "Fozzie Bear is portrayed as Kermit's best friend—a fact reiterated by Kermit in Before You Leap—and the two were frequently seen together during sketches on The Muppet Show and in other Muppet-related media and merchandise. On August 4, 2015, Kermit the Frog and Miss Piggy \"announced\" that they had ended their romantic relationship.", "On August 4, 2015, Kermit the Frog and Miss Piggy \"announced\" that they had ended their romantic relationship. On September 2, 2015, Kermit was stated to have found a new girlfriend, a pig named Denise, but around February 2016, Denise supposedly broke up with Kermit after almost six months together.", "On September 2, 2015, Kermit was stated to have found a new girlfriend, a pig named Denise, but around February 2016, Denise supposedly broke up with Kermit after almost six months together. Performance Kermit the Frog is a rather simple hand-rod Muppet, and is usually controlled by one puppeteer.", "Performance Kermit the Frog is a rather simple hand-rod Muppet, and is usually controlled by one puppeteer. His creator and original performer, Jim Henson, actually built Kermit's head around the size of his own hands (later builds of Kermit have extra padding inside the head to accommodate puppeteers whose hands were smaller than Henson's).", "His creator and original performer, Jim Henson, actually built Kermit's head around the size of his own hands (later builds of Kermit have extra padding inside the head to accommodate puppeteers whose hands were smaller than Henson's). The flexibility of the material use to make Kermit means the frog can pull off a wide range of expressions.", "The flexibility of the material use to make Kermit means the frog can pull off a wide range of expressions. For example, with a slight adjustment of their fingers, the puppeteer can make Kermit convincingly smile, frown, or act worried.", "For example, with a slight adjustment of their fingers, the puppeteer can make Kermit convincingly smile, frown, or act worried. When it came to creating Kermit's voice, Henson actually took inspiration from an impression by Stan Freberg of Marlon Brando, one that can be heard on some of Freberg's comedy records, including vocals on his versions of \"Sh-Boom\" and \"The Night Before Christmas\".", "When it came to creating Kermit's voice, Henson actually took inspiration from an impression by Stan Freberg of Marlon Brando, one that can be heard on some of Freberg's comedy records, including vocals on his versions of \"Sh-Boom\" and \"The Night Before Christmas\". Over time, however, Henson's voice for the frog would evolve into an extension of his own natural voice.", "Over time, however, Henson's voice for the frog would evolve into an extension of his own natural voice. Career Kermit has been featured prominently on both The Muppet Show and Sesame Street.", "Career Kermit has been featured prominently on both The Muppet Show and Sesame Street. However, he had a prominent career before Sesame Streets debut in 1969, as he starred in Sam and Friends, and numerous Muppets made guest appearances on Today from 1961 and The Ed Sullivan Show from 1966.", "However, he had a prominent career before Sesame Streets debut in 1969, as he starred in Sam and Friends, and numerous Muppets made guest appearances on Today from 1961 and The Ed Sullivan Show from 1966. Sesame Street Kermit was one of the original main Muppet characters on Sesame Street.", "Sesame Street Kermit was one of the original main Muppet characters on Sesame Street. Closely identified with the show, Kermit usually appeared as a lecturer on simple topics, a straight man to another Muppet foil (usually Grover, Herry Monster or Cookie Monster), or a news reporter interviewing storybook characters for Sesame Street News.", "Closely identified with the show, Kermit usually appeared as a lecturer on simple topics, a straight man to another Muppet foil (usually Grover, Herry Monster or Cookie Monster), or a news reporter interviewing storybook characters for Sesame Street News. He sang many songs on the show, including \"Bein' Green\", and appeared in the 1998 video The Best of Kermit on Sesame Street.", "He sang many songs on the show, including \"Bein' Green\", and appeared in the 1998 video The Best of Kermit on Sesame Street. Unlike the rest of the show's Muppets, Kermit was never any property of Sesame Workshop and has rarely been a part of the show's merchandise.", "Unlike the rest of the show's Muppets, Kermit was never any property of Sesame Workshop and has rarely been a part of the show's merchandise. When Sesame Workshop bought full ownership of its characters from The Jim Henson Company for $180 million, Kermit was excluded from the deal.", "When Sesame Workshop bought full ownership of its characters from The Jim Henson Company for $180 million, Kermit was excluded from the deal. The character now belongs to The Muppets Studio, a division of The Walt Disney Company.", "The character now belongs to The Muppets Studio, a division of The Walt Disney Company. His first Sesame Street appearance since Disney ownership was in an Elmo's World segment in the show's 40th-season premiere on November 10, 2009.", "His first Sesame Street appearance since Disney ownership was in an Elmo's World segment in the show's 40th-season premiere on November 10, 2009. His most recent appearance was in the 2019 television special Sesame Street's 50th Anniversary Celebration, where he performed \"Bein' Green\" with Elvis Costello.", "His most recent appearance was in the 2019 television special Sesame Street's 50th Anniversary Celebration, where he performed \"Bein' Green\" with Elvis Costello. With the Muppets In The Muppet Show television series, Kermit was the central character, the showrunner, and the long-suffering stage manager of the theater show, trying to keep order amidst the chaos created by the other Muppets.", "With the Muppets In The Muppet Show television series, Kermit was the central character, the showrunner, and the long-suffering stage manager of the theater show, trying to keep order amidst the chaos created by the other Muppets. Henson once claimed that Kermit's job on the Muppet Show was much like his own: \"trying to get a bunch of crazies to actually get the job done.\"", "Henson once claimed that Kermit's job on the Muppet Show was much like his own: \"trying to get a bunch of crazies to actually get the job done.\" It was on this show that the running gag of Kermit being pursued by leading lady Miss Piggy developed.", "It was on this show that the running gag of Kermit being pursued by leading lady Miss Piggy developed. On Muppets Tonight, Kermit was still a main character, although he was the producer rather than frontman.", "On Muppets Tonight, Kermit was still a main character, although he was the producer rather than frontman. He appeared in many parody sketches such as NYPD Green, City Schtickers, Flippers, and The Muppet Odd Squad, as well as in the Psychiatrist's Office sketch.", "He appeared in many parody sketches such as NYPD Green, City Schtickers, Flippers, and The Muppet Odd Squad, as well as in the Psychiatrist's Office sketch. Kermit also served as the mascot for The Jim Henson Company, until the sale of the Muppet characters to Disney.", "Kermit also served as the mascot for The Jim Henson Company, until the sale of the Muppet characters to Disney. A Kermit puppet can be seen at the National Museum of American History.", "A Kermit puppet can be seen at the National Museum of American History. Kermit appears in Muppet*Vision 3D, an attraction that opened in 1991 and continues to run presently at Disney's Hollywood Studios at Walt Disney World in Lake Buena Vista, Florida.", "Kermit appears in Muppet*Vision 3D, an attraction that opened in 1991 and continues to run presently at Disney's Hollywood Studios at Walt Disney World in Lake Buena Vista, Florida. The character was also formerly featured in the aforementioned attraction in Disney California Adventure Park at the Disneyland Resort in Anaheim, California until its closure in 2014.", "The character was also formerly featured in the aforementioned attraction in Disney California Adventure Park at the Disneyland Resort in Anaheim, California until its closure in 2014. Kermit also appeared in The Muppets Present...Great Moments in American History at the Magic Kingdom from 2016 to 2020.", "Kermit also appeared in The Muppets Present...Great Moments in American History at the Magic Kingdom from 2016 to 2020. He also appeared in two parades; Disney Stars and Motor Cars Parade which ran at Disney's Hollywood Studios from 2001 to 2008 and Disney's Honorary VoluntEars Cavalcade which was held during 2010 at the Magic Kingdom and Disneyland.", "He also appeared in two parades; Disney Stars and Motor Cars Parade which ran at Disney's Hollywood Studios from 2001 to 2008 and Disney's Honorary VoluntEars Cavalcade which was held during 2010 at the Magic Kingdom and Disneyland. Filmography Kermit the Frog has appeared in almost every Muppet production, as well as making guest appearances in other shows and movies.", "Filmography Kermit the Frog has appeared in almost every Muppet production, as well as making guest appearances in other shows and movies. Below is a list of his more well-known appearances: Sam and Friends (1955–1961) (TV) Sesame Street (1969–1990, 1996–2001, 2009) (TV) Hey, Cinderella!", "Below is a list of his more well-known appearances: Sam and Friends (1955–1961) (TV) Sesame Street (1969–1990, 1996–2001, 2009) (TV) Hey, Cinderella! (1969) (TV) The Muppets on Puppets (1970) (TV) The Frog Prince (1971) (TV) The Muppet Musicians of Bremen (1972) (TV) The Muppets Valentine Show (1974) (TV) The Muppet Show: Sex and Violence (1975) (TV) The Muppet Show (1976–1981) (TV) Emmet Otter's Jug-Band Christmas (1977) (TV) The Muppet Movie (1979) The Great Muppet Caper (1981) The Muppets Take Manhattan (1984) Muppet Babies (1984–1991) (TV) Sesame Street Presents Follow That Bird (1985) The Muppets: A Celebration of 30 Years (1986) (TV) The Christmas Toy (1986) (TV) A Muppet Family Christmas (1987) (TV) The Jim Henson Hour (1989) (TV) Cartoon All-Stars to the Rescue (1990) (TV) The Muppets at Walt Disney World (1990) (TV) The Muppets Celebrate Jim Henson (1990) (TV) The Muppet Christmas Carol (1992) – Appearance as Bob Cratchit Muppet Classic Theater (1994) (Direct-to-Video) – Appearance as King Midas and the King in Rumpelstiltskin.", "(1969) (TV) The Muppets on Puppets (1970) (TV) The Frog Prince (1971) (TV) The Muppet Musicians of Bremen (1972) (TV) The Muppets Valentine Show (1974) (TV) The Muppet Show: Sex and Violence (1975) (TV) The Muppet Show (1976–1981) (TV) Emmet Otter's Jug-Band Christmas (1977) (TV) The Muppet Movie (1979) The Great Muppet Caper (1981) The Muppets Take Manhattan (1984) Muppet Babies (1984–1991) (TV) Sesame Street Presents Follow That Bird (1985) The Muppets: A Celebration of 30 Years (1986) (TV) The Christmas Toy (1986) (TV) A Muppet Family Christmas (1987) (TV) The Jim Henson Hour (1989) (TV) Cartoon All-Stars to the Rescue (1990) (TV) The Muppets at Walt Disney World (1990) (TV) The Muppets Celebrate Jim Henson (1990) (TV) The Muppet Christmas Carol (1992) – Appearance as Bob Cratchit Muppet Classic Theater (1994) (Direct-to-Video) – Appearance as King Midas and the King in Rumpelstiltskin. Muppet Treasure Island (1996) – Appearance as Captain Abraham Smollett Muppets Tonight (1996–1998) (TV) Muppets from Space (1999) The Jerry Lewis MDA Labor Day Telethon (2001) (TV) Kermit's Swamp Years (2002) (Direct-to-Video) It's a Very Merry Muppet Christmas Movie (2002) (TV) Saturday Night Live (1975/76, 2004, 2011) (TV) The Muppets' Wizard of Oz (2005) (TV) – Appearance as Himself and The Scarecrow Mr. Magorium's Wonder Emporium (2007) (cameo) Studio DC: Almost Live (2008) (TV) A Muppets Christmas: Letters to Santa (2008) (TV) The Muppets (2011) \"30 Rock (2012) - Appearance as Himself in \"My Whole Life Is Thunder\" Good Luck Charlie (2013) (TV) – Appearance as Himself in \"Duncan Dream House\" Lady Gaga and the Muppets Holiday Spectacular (2013) (TV) Muppets Most Wanted (2014) The Muppets (2015–2016) (TV) Muppet Babies (2018–present) (TV) Sesame Street's 50th Anniversary Celebration (2019) (TV) Muppets Now (2020) (TV) Amphibia (2020) (TV) – Appearance as the voice of Crumpet the Frog in \"Swamp and Sensibility\" The Masked Singer (2021) (TV) – The Snail Muppets Haunted Mansion (2021) (TV) – Appearance as Himself and a Ghost Cultural impact Accolades and commemorations Kermit was awarded an honorary doctorate of Amphibious Letters on May 19, 1996, at Southampton College, New York, where he also gave a commencement speech.", "Muppet Treasure Island (1996) – Appearance as Captain Abraham Smollett Muppets Tonight (1996–1998) (TV) Muppets from Space (1999) The Jerry Lewis MDA Labor Day Telethon (2001) (TV) Kermit's Swamp Years (2002) (Direct-to-Video) It's a Very Merry Muppet Christmas Movie (2002) (TV) Saturday Night Live (1975/76, 2004, 2011) (TV) The Muppets' Wizard of Oz (2005) (TV) – Appearance as Himself and The Scarecrow Mr. Magorium's Wonder Emporium (2007) (cameo) Studio DC: Almost Live (2008) (TV) A Muppets Christmas: Letters to Santa (2008) (TV) The Muppets (2011) \"30 Rock (2012) - Appearance as Himself in \"My Whole Life Is Thunder\" Good Luck Charlie (2013) (TV) – Appearance as Himself in \"Duncan Dream House\" Lady Gaga and the Muppets Holiday Spectacular (2013) (TV) Muppets Most Wanted (2014) The Muppets (2015–2016) (TV) Muppet Babies (2018–present) (TV) Sesame Street's 50th Anniversary Celebration (2019) (TV) Muppets Now (2020) (TV) Amphibia (2020) (TV) – Appearance as the voice of Crumpet the Frog in \"Swamp and Sensibility\" The Masked Singer (2021) (TV) – The Snail Muppets Haunted Mansion (2021) (TV) – Appearance as Himself and a Ghost Cultural impact Accolades and commemorations Kermit was awarded an honorary doctorate of Amphibious Letters on May 19, 1996, at Southampton College, New York, where he also gave a commencement speech. He is also the only \"amphibian\" to have had the honor of addressing the Oxford Union.", "He is also the only \"amphibian\" to have had the honor of addressing the Oxford Union. A statue of Henson and Kermit was erected on the campus of Henson's alma mater, the University of Maryland, College Park in 2003.", "A statue of Henson and Kermit was erected on the campus of Henson's alma mater, the University of Maryland, College Park in 2003. Kermit was also given the honor of being the Grand Marshal of the Tournament of Roses Parade in 1996. The Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade has featured a Kermit balloon since 1977.", "The Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade has featured a Kermit balloon since 1977. On November 14, 2002, Kermit the Frog received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. The star is located at 6801 Hollywood Blvd. Kermit has two stars on the Walk of Fame, the other as a member of the collective The Muppets.", "Kermit has two stars on the Walk of Fame, the other as a member of the collective The Muppets. On Kermit's 50th birthday in 2005, the United States Postal Service released a set of new stamps with photos of Kermit and some of his fellow Muppets on them.", "On Kermit's 50th birthday in 2005, the United States Postal Service released a set of new stamps with photos of Kermit and some of his fellow Muppets on them. The background of the stamp sheet features a photo of a silhouetted Henson sitting in a window well, with Kermit sitting in his lap looking at him.", "The background of the stamp sheet features a photo of a silhouetted Henson sitting in a window well, with Kermit sitting in his lap looking at him. Kermit was also the grand marshal for Michigan State University's homecoming parade in 2006.", "Kermit was also the grand marshal for Michigan State University's homecoming parade in 2006. In 2013, the original Kermit puppet from Sam and Friends was donated to the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C. for display in the pop culture gallery.", "In 2013, the original Kermit puppet from Sam and Friends was donated to the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C. for display in the pop culture gallery. In 2015, the Leland Chamber of Commerce in Leland, Mississippi opened a small museum containing puppets and memorabilia dedicated to Kermit.", "In 2015, the Leland Chamber of Commerce in Leland, Mississippi opened a small museum containing puppets and memorabilia dedicated to Kermit. Kermit's legacy is also deeply entrenched in the science community. One of the famous WP-3D Orion research platforms flown by the NOAA Hurricane Hunters is named after Kermit. The other is named after Miss Piggy.", "The other is named after Miss Piggy. In 2015, the discovery of the Costa Rican glass frog Hyalinobatrachium dianae also attracted viral media attention due to the creature's perceived resemblance to Kermit, with researcher Brian Kubicki quoted as saying \"I am glad that this species has ended up getting so much international attention, and in doing so it is highlighting the amazing amphibians that are native to Costa Rica and the need to continue exploring and studying the country's amazing tropical forests\".", "In 2015, the discovery of the Costa Rican glass frog Hyalinobatrachium dianae also attracted viral media attention due to the creature's perceived resemblance to Kermit, with researcher Brian Kubicki quoted as saying \"I am glad that this species has ended up getting so much international attention, and in doing so it is highlighting the amazing amphibians that are native to Costa Rica and the need to continue exploring and studying the country's amazing tropical forests\". Guest television appearances Kermit has made numerous guest appearances on popular television shows, including co-hosting individual episodes of a number of long-running talk shows; among other television media.", "Guest television appearances Kermit has made numerous guest appearances on popular television shows, including co-hosting individual episodes of a number of long-running talk shows; among other television media. On April 2, 1979, Kermit guest-hosted The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson to promote The Muppet Movie.", "On April 2, 1979, Kermit guest-hosted The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson to promote The Muppet Movie. From 1983 to 1995, the French political satire show Le Bébête Show used copies of various Muppets to parody key political figures, and Kermit renamed \"Kermitterrand\", embodied President François Mitterrand.", "From 1983 to 1995, the French political satire show Le Bébête Show used copies of various Muppets to parody key political figures, and Kermit renamed \"Kermitterrand\", embodied President François Mitterrand. On May 21, 2018, Kermit and contestant Maddie Poppe performed \"Rainbow Connection\" live on American Idol.", "On May 21, 2018, Kermit and contestant Maddie Poppe performed \"Rainbow Connection\" live on American Idol. A still photo of Kermit sitting in his Director's chair with his megaphone in his hand from The Muppet Show appeared on a technical difficulties telop graphic on Metromedia owned-and-operated station KTTV Channel 11 in Los Angeles during the late 1970s and early 1980s.", "A still photo of Kermit sitting in his Director's chair with his megaphone in his hand from The Muppet Show appeared on a technical difficulties telop graphic on Metromedia owned-and-operated station KTTV Channel 11 in Los Angeles during the late 1970s and early 1980s. As an April Fool's joke, Kermit hosted CNN's Larry King Live in 1994 and interviewed Hulk Hogan.", "As an April Fool's joke, Kermit hosted CNN's Larry King Live in 1994 and interviewed Hulk Hogan. Kermit was also a semi-regular during various incarnations of Hollywood Squares, with other Muppets such as Big Bird and Oscar the Grouch also making appearances on the original Hollywood Squares.", "Kermit was also a semi-regular during various incarnations of Hollywood Squares, with other Muppets such as Big Bird and Oscar the Grouch also making appearances on the original Hollywood Squares. In 2020, Kermit appeared on Monday Night Football with other Muppets characters as it was briefly rebranded \"Muppet Night Football.\"", "In 2020, Kermit appeared on Monday Night Football with other Muppets characters as it was briefly rebranded \"Muppet Night Football.\" On March 10, 2021, Kermit was the first celebrity to be unmasked on the fifth season of The Masked Singer, having performed in costume as \"Snail\".", "On March 10, 2021, Kermit was the first celebrity to be unmasked on the fifth season of The Masked Singer, having performed in costume as \"Snail\". Merchandising Jim Henson's characters, including the Muppets, have inspired merchandise internationally, with Chris Bensch, chief curator of Rochester, New York's The Strong National Museum of Play, reporting \"There seems to have been a particular craze for Kermit the Frog in Japan,\" likely due to the \"cuteness appeal\".", "Merchandising Jim Henson's characters, including the Muppets, have inspired merchandise internationally, with Chris Bensch, chief curator of Rochester, New York's The Strong National Museum of Play, reporting \"There seems to have been a particular craze for Kermit the Frog in Japan,\" likely due to the \"cuteness appeal\". Baby Kermit plush toys became popular in the 1980s after the success of Muppet Babies.", "Baby Kermit plush toys became popular in the 1980s after the success of Muppet Babies. In 1991, one year after Jim Henson died, merchandise featuring Kermit and other Muppet characters was being sold at Disney theme parks, causing Henson Associates to file a lawsuit against Disney for copyright infringement.", "In 1991, one year after Jim Henson died, merchandise featuring Kermit and other Muppet characters was being sold at Disney theme parks, causing Henson Associates to file a lawsuit against Disney for copyright infringement. Henson alleged that the \"counterfeit merchandise\" falsely indicated that the characters belonged to Disney, although the latter company had the right to exercise use of the characters due to an earlier licensing agreement.", "Henson alleged that the \"counterfeit merchandise\" falsely indicated that the characters belonged to Disney, although the latter company had the right to exercise use of the characters due to an earlier licensing agreement. The Henson Associates highlighted a T-shirt displaying Kermit, the Disney brand, and a copyright symbol.", "The Henson Associates highlighted a T-shirt displaying Kermit, the Disney brand, and a copyright symbol. Disney representative Erwin Okun said the lawsuit was \"outrageous\" and \"an unfortunate break with the legacy of a fine relationship with Disney that Jim Henson left behind\".", "Disney representative Erwin Okun said the lawsuit was \"outrageous\" and \"an unfortunate break with the legacy of a fine relationship with Disney that Jim Henson left behind\". Disney later acquired the Muppets, and thusly, clothes, toys and souvenirs depicting Kermit and the Muppets continued to be sold at Disney theme parks and stores.", "Disney later acquired the Muppets, and thusly, clothes, toys and souvenirs depicting Kermit and the Muppets continued to be sold at Disney theme parks and stores. The Leland Chamber of Commerce's small Kermit-themed museum set out to preserve some of the dolls and merchandise.", "The Leland Chamber of Commerce's small Kermit-themed museum set out to preserve some of the dolls and merchandise. In 2016, The New Zealand Herald reported a hat featuring Kermit sipping Lipton tea, associated with the \"But That's None of My Business\" Internet meme, became a popular seller after basketball player LeBron James drew attention for wearing one.", "In 2016, The New Zealand Herald reported a hat featuring Kermit sipping Lipton tea, associated with the \"But That's None of My Business\" Internet meme, became a popular seller after basketball player LeBron James drew attention for wearing one. Kermit in Internet culture In March 2007, Sad Kermit, an unofficial parody, was uploaded to the website YouTube, showing a store-bought Kermit puppet performing a version of the Nine Inch Nails song \"Hurt\" in a style similar to Johnny Cash's famous cover version.", "Kermit in Internet culture In March 2007, Sad Kermit, an unofficial parody, was uploaded to the website YouTube, showing a store-bought Kermit puppet performing a version of the Nine Inch Nails song \"Hurt\" in a style similar to Johnny Cash's famous cover version. In contrast to the real Kermit character's usual family-friendly antics, the video shows the puppet engaging in drug abuse, smoking, alcoholism, performing oral sex on Rowlf the Dog, smashing a picture of Miss Piggy (with a breast exposed) and attempting suicide.", "In contrast to the real Kermit character's usual family-friendly antics, the video shows the puppet engaging in drug abuse, smoking, alcoholism, performing oral sex on Rowlf the Dog, smashing a picture of Miss Piggy (with a breast exposed) and attempting suicide. The video became an Internet meme.", "The video became an Internet meme. The Victoria Times Colonist called it an \"online sensation\". The Chicago Sun-Times said it \"puts the high in 'Hi-ho!'\" The London Free Press said \"Sad Kermit is in a world of pain\".", "The London Free Press said \"Sad Kermit is in a world of pain\". The Houston Press described it as the \"world's most revolting web phenomenon\". SF Weekly described the unauthorized video as \"ironic slandering\".", "SF Weekly described the unauthorized video as \"ironic slandering\". Clips have been featured on the Canadian television series The Hour, where host George Stroumboulopoulos speculated that the Kermit version of \"Hurt\" was inspired by the Cash version rather than that of Nine Inch Nails.", "Clips have been featured on the Canadian television series The Hour, where host George Stroumboulopoulos speculated that the Kermit version of \"Hurt\" was inspired by the Cash version rather than that of Nine Inch Nails. Kermit has also appeared in a popular meme in which he is shown sipping tea, \"one used when you sassily point something out, and then slyly back away, claiming that it's not [your] business\".", "Kermit has also appeared in a popular meme in which he is shown sipping tea, \"one used when you sassily point something out, and then slyly back away, claiming that it's not [your] business\". The photo is taken from \"Be More Kermit,\" a Lipton advertisement that aired in 2014, and was adapted into the \"But That's None of My Business\" meme by African American comedians on the Tumblr blog Kermit the Snitch, making appearances on Twitter, Instagram and Facebook.", "The photo is taken from \"Be More Kermit,\" a Lipton advertisement that aired in 2014, and was adapted into the \"But That's None of My Business\" meme by African American comedians on the Tumblr blog Kermit the Snitch, making appearances on Twitter, Instagram and Facebook. Charles Pulliam-Moore of the TV station Fusion praised \"But That's None of My Business\" as \"a symbol for the comedic brilliance born out of black communities on the internet,\" but Stephanie Hayes of Bustle magazine criticized the memes as racist and obscene.", "Charles Pulliam-Moore of the TV station Fusion praised \"But That's None of My Business\" as \"a symbol for the comedic brilliance born out of black communities on the internet,\" but Stephanie Hayes of Bustle magazine criticized the memes as racist and obscene. In 2016, a Good Morning America post on Twitter referred to the \"But That's None of My Business\" meme as \"Tea Lizard\", becoming the subject of viral online derision.", "In 2016, a Good Morning America post on Twitter referred to the \"But That's None of My Business\" meme as \"Tea Lizard\", becoming the subject of viral online derision. New York magazine replied that, \"Kermit is a frog. A frog is an amphibian. A lizard is a reptile.", "A lizard is a reptile. A lizard is a reptile. It's just so insulting. Beyond a frog and a lizard both being clearly ectothermic, they couldn't be any more different. Not all green things are the same, you ignorant bastards\".", "Not all green things are the same, you ignorant bastards\". Popular Science also addressed the misnomer, writing \"Frogs, which are amphibians, have quite a few significant differences from reptiles in how they breathe, their life cycles, whether they have scales or not... there's a lot to absorb here\".", "Popular Science also addressed the misnomer, writing \"Frogs, which are amphibians, have quite a few significant differences from reptiles in how they breathe, their life cycles, whether they have scales or not... there's a lot to absorb here\". In November 2016, a new meme surfaced of Kermit talking to a hooded version of himself which represents the self and its dark inner thoughts.", "In November 2016, a new meme surfaced of Kermit talking to a hooded version of himself which represents the self and its dark inner thoughts. It involves captioning of a screenshot taken from the Muppets Most Wanted movie of Kermit and Constantine looking at each other.", "It involves captioning of a screenshot taken from the Muppets Most Wanted movie of Kermit and Constantine looking at each other. In the meme, Constantine is supposed to represent a Sith Lord from Star Wars.", "In the meme, Constantine is supposed to represent a Sith Lord from Star Wars. References External links Kermit the Frog's character profile at Disney.com Kermit's commencement address at Southampton College in 1996 Birthplace of the Frog: An Exhibit of Jim Henson's Delta Boyhood (as himself) Kermit the Frog on IMDb Fictional characters from Mississippi Television characters introduced in 1955 Mascots introduced in 1955 Fictional frogs and toads Fictional producers Fictional reporters Fictional singers Fictional string musicians Frog mascots Television mascots Corporate mascots Sesame Street Muppet characters The Muppets characters Internet memes Film and television memes" ]

[ "Kermit the Frog", "Performers", "Who does Kermit perform with?", "Jim Henson originated the character", "what was his performance about?", "I don't know.", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "veteran Muppet performer Steve Whitmire was named Kermit's new performer.", "Why did he need another performer?", "Following Henson's death," ]

[ "Howard Keith Henson (born 1942) is an American electrical engineer and writer. Henson writes on subjects including space engineering, space law (Moon treaty), memetics, cryonics, evolutionary psychology, and the physical limitations of Transhumanism. In 1975, Henson founded the L5 Society with his then-wife Carolyn Meinel to promote space colonization. In 1987 the L5 Society merged with the National Space Institute to form the National Space Society.\n\nEarly influences\nHenson was raised in a military family and he attended seven schools before 7th grade. His father, Lt. Col. Howard W. Henson (1909–2001), was a decorated (Bronze Star and Legion of Merit) US Army officer who spent much of his career in Army Intelligence. The science-fiction author Robert A. Heinlein heavily influenced his early life. Henson graduated from Prescott High School shortly after his father retired, before attending the University of Arizona and receiving a degree in electrical engineering.\n\nUniversity\nDuring most of his time at university, Henson worked at a geophysics company and mostly ran induced polarization surveys in the western US and Peru. He also programmed geophysical type cases and wrote data reduction programs for the company.\n\nDruid prank \nHenson was known at the University of Arizona as one of the founders of the Druid Student Center, where a campus humor newspaper, The Frumious Bandersnatch was published in the late 1960s. He cited an incident while he was a student as a good example of memetic replication. When someone asked him to fill in a form which required him to disclose his religious affiliations he wrote Druid. His prank was soon noticed by other students and before long almost 20% of the student body had registered themselves as Reform Druids, Orthodox Druids, Members of the Church of the nth Druid, Zen Druids, Latter-Day Druids and so on. The university was forced to remove the religious affiliation question.\n\nAnalog engineering\nAfter graduation, Henson went to work for Burr-Brown Research, now merged into Texas Instruments, in Tucson, Arizona. He worked on extremely low distortion quadrature oscillators and nonlinear function modules (multipliers, vector adders and root-mean-square). His first patent was a design for a 4-quadrant log-antilog multiplier. He claims to have been fired from an unnamed company in 1972 for refusing to certify an electronic module for a nuclear power plant that failed to meet a required MTBF specification. Henson set up his own company, Analog Precision Inc., to produce specialized computer interface equipment and related industrial control devices.\n\nHenson married his first wife, Carolyn Meinel, in 1967 and divorced in 1981.\n\nL5 Society\nIn 1974, Henson's occasional rock climbing partner, physicist Dr. Dan Jones, introduced him to the space colonization work of Dr. Gerard K. O'Neill from Princeton University. To promote these ideas, Henson and Meinel founded the L5 Society in 1975.\n\nHenson co-wrote papers for three Space Manufacturing conferences at Princeton. The 1977 and 1979 papers were co-authored with Eric Drexler. Patents were issued on both subjects—vapor phase fabrication and space radiators.\n\nIn 1980, Henson testified before the United States Congress when the L5 Society successfully opposed the Moon Treaty. The society was represented by Leigh Ratiner. The experience eventually became an article, Star Laws, jointly written by Henson and Arel Lucas and published in Reason Magazine. Timothy Leary was influenced by Henson's work-and credited him in publications when he referred to Space Migration and Life Extension.\n\nCryonics\nIn 1985, Henson, his wife, and their two-year-old daughter signed up with Alcor for cryonic suspension after being convinced by Eric Drexler that nanotechnology provided a method to make it work. Henson's daughter is the youngest member to sign up to Alcor. Following the Dora Kent problems, Henson became increasingly active with Alcor. After Alcor froze their chief surgeon, he learned enough surgery to put several cryonics patients on cardiac bypass. He also wrote a column for Alcor's magazine, Cryonics, for a few years. Henson persuaded Timothy Leary to become an Alcor member, though Leary eventually dropped his membership.\n\nIn that same year, Henson moved to Silicon Valley to consult for a number of firms and debugged garbage collection software for the last stage of Project Xanadu. He was working for the company that bought the Xanadu license when Scientology lawyer Helena Kobrin tried to destroy the news group alt.religion.scientology. and later e-mailed legal warnings to participants who had quoted as few as six lines of Scientology texts.-->\n\nMemetics\nHenson's wife, Arel Lucas, was credited by Douglas Hofstadter in Metamagical Themas for suggesting that the study of memes be called memetics. Henson wrote two articles on memes in 1987, one published in Analog and the other, Memes, Meta Memes and Politics, circulated on the internet before being printed.\n\nRichard Dawkins, who created the concept of memes, approvingly cites Henson's coining of the neologism memeoids to refer to \"victims who have been taken over by a meme to the extent that their own survival becomes inconsequential\" in the second edition of his book The Selfish Gene.\n\nScientology\nHenson is one of the focal points of the ongoing struggle between the Church of Scientology and its critics, often referred to as Scientology versus the Internet. Henson entered the Scientology conflict when it was at its most heated in the mid-1990s. In 1996, many of Scientology's secret writings were released onto the Internet, and the Church of Scientology embarked on a massive worldwide campaign to keep them from being spread to the general public. Henson examined these writings, entitled New Era Dianetics (NOTS), and from his examination of these secret documents, claimed that Scientology was committing medical fraud. The NOTS documents, he said, contained detailed instructions for the treatment of physical ailments and illnesses through the use of Scientology practices. The Supreme Court decision in 1971 had declared that Scientology's writings were meant for \"purely spiritual\" purposes, and all Scientology books published since then have included disclaimers stating that Scientology's E-meter device \"does nothing\" and does not cure any physical ailments. The NOTS procedures, Henson claimed, were a violation of this decision. To prove his claim, Henson posted two pages from the NOTS documents onto the Usenet newsgroup alt.religion.scientology.\n\nThe Church of Scientology immediately initiated legal action, but Henson did not retract his claims. He was served with a lawsuit by the church's legal arm, the Religious Technology Center, (RTC). Henson defended himself. After a lengthy court battle involving massive amounts of paperwork, Henson was found guilty of copyright infringement. He was ordered to pay $75,000 in fines. Henson declared bankruptcy in response to the judgment. Henson began protesting Scientology regularly, standing outside Scientology's Gold Base, with a picket sign. The organization sought to obtain a restraining order, which failed.\n\nAs a result of this conflict, Henson was charged with three misdemeanors under California Law: making criminal threats (California Penal Code section 422), attempting to make criminal threats (California Penal Code section 422, charged pursuant to Penal Code 664, the \"general attempt\" statute), and threatening to interfere with freedom to enjoy a constitutional privilege. Sheriff's Detective Tony Greer, Riverside County lead investigator, said: \"In reviewing all of the Internet postings I did not see any direct threat of violence towards the church or any personnel of the church.\"\n\nThe jury verdict of the trial resulted in Henson being convicted of one of the three charges: \"interfering with a religion.\" This misdemeanor charge carried a prison term of six months. On the other two charges, the jury did not agree. Ken Hoden, the general manager of Golden Era Productions (the Church of Scientology's film production facility), claimed that Scientology's allegations against Henson had nothing to do with Scientology Fair Game policy, and that no such policy existed.\n\nHenson stated his belief that if he went to prison, his life would be placed in jeopardy. Rather than serve his sentence, Henson chose to enter Canada and apply for political asylum. Henson lived quietly in Brantford for three years while he awaited the decision. His request was ultimately denied and, in 2005, he was ordered to present himself for deportation and transfer to US authorities. Instead, Henson fled to the United States and later presented himself to the Canadian consulate in Detroit. Then he settled in Prescott, Arizona where he remained for two years until his arrest in 2007 by Arizona authorities.\n\nThe Electronic Frontier Foundation, as well as Henson's supporters on the USENET newsgroup alt.religion.scientology, say that his trial was biased, unfair and a mockery of justice. Henson was prohibited by the trial judge, for example, from arguing that copying documents for the purpose of criticism is fair use. Henson's location as of February 3, 2007 was the Yavapai Detention Center in Prescott, Arizona, awaiting possible extradition to Riverside County, California. At the \"initial appearance\" hearing on February 5, 2007, Henson stated through counsel that he was fighting extradition and requested release.\n\nJudge Lindberg set a court date for March 5, 2007 in the Prescott Justice Court and set release at $7,500 cash or bond, with standard conditions. Henson's release on bond was secured. In spite of these distractions, Henson finished a space elevator presentation for a European Space Agency conference. The paper was presented by proxy on February 28, 2007.\n\nThe extradition hearing for Henson was postponed to May 8, 2007, at the request of Henson's attorney and the County attorney. At his release from jail, Henson was handed paper work from Riverside County, including a warrant from September 15, 2000. At the May 8, 2007 hearing, Henson was presented with an arrest warrant, and returned to jail. In 2007, Henson was jailed in Riverside, California for \"using threats of force to interfere with another's exercise of civil rights\". He was released in early September 2007.\n\nEnergy systems\nFrom 2007 on, Henson worked independently and with others on the problems of global energy supply and affordable cost, particularly on power satellites for space-based solar power. There he was particularly concerned with launch cost, system mass, waste heat, heat radiators, and economics.\n\nThe power satellite work was reported in a series of articles starting with two posted on The Oil Drum and three presented at IEEE SusTech conferences for Sustainable Technology. Henson also was involved in producing videos about thermal power satellites and beamed energy propulsion the latter of which won an award in an international competition. (See Online Journal of Space Communication, Issue No. 18 under Works, below.)\n\nA shorter version was shown at the White House in the last days of the Obama Administration by Lt. Col. Peter Garretson and Dr. Paul Jaffe as part of the D3 government-wide contest.\n\nAdditionally, he worked over a year for Ed Kelly on StratoSolar when it seemed possible that high altitude lighter-than-air StratoSolar could beat the projected cost of power satellites.\n\nHenson visited Reaction Engines in the UK twice: in 2012 on the way back from a power satellite presentation in Germany (\"Economic feedback for low-cost solar energy from space\") and in 2016 when he gave a two-hour presentation to the engineering department of Reaction Engines. The latter, plus other, later discussions set the rate of expansion for producing Skylon rocket planes used in the power satellite business cases.\n\nIn early 2015, Henson created the Google group Power Satellite Economics where various concerned citizens and experts from various fields can discuss the complexities and benefits of power satellites and related work.\n\nWorks\n\nHenson, H.K., and K.E. Drexler: Vapor-phase Fabrication of Massive Structures in Space, Space Manufacturing AIAA 1977\nHenson, H.K., and K.E. Drexler: Gas Entrained Solids: A Heat Transfer Fluid for Use in Space Space Manufacturing AIAA 1979\nH. Keith Henson and Arel Lucas: STAR LAWS Reason Magazine, Aug. 1982 STAR LAWS (text only)\nHenson, H.K.: Memes, L5 and the religion of the space colonies. L5 News, September 1985, pp. 5–8.\nHenson, H.K.: More on Memes L5 News, June 1986\nHenson, H.Keith: MEMETICS AND THE MODULAR-MIND Analog August 1987\nHenson, Keith: \"Memetics: The Science of Information Viruses\". Whole Earth Review no. 57, 1987\nHenson, H. Keith: MegaScale Engineering and Nanotechnology, 1987\nHenson, H. Keith: Memes Meta-Memes and Politics, 1988 Alt. \nH. Keith Henson and Arel Lucas: Darwin's difficulty (From Extropy) 1989\nH. Keith Henson and Arel Lucas: Memes, Evolution, and Creationism, 1989,\nH. Keith Henson: \nH. Keith Henson: and Arel Lucas: , 1993\nKeith Henson: Wogs at Cause—Car chases and other modern courtroom phenomena] (adapted from the version published in Biased Journalism) Also [http://www.kuro5hin.org/story/2006/4/21/171516/867\nH. Keith Henson: South of the Border at the Road Kill Cafe (Part 1)\nHenson, H. Keith: [https://archive.today/20120709131213/http://human-nature.com/nibbs/02/cults.html Sex, Drugs, and Cults.] An evolutionary psychology perspective on why and how cult memes get a drug-like hold on people, and what might be done to mitigate the effects, The Human Nature Review 2002 Volume 2: 343–355\nH. Keith Henson: Evolutionary Psychology Memes and the Origin of War Also \nH. Keith Henson: ESA Conference presentation Feb 2007\nH. Keith Henson: , The Clinic Seed—Africa.\nKeith Henson: , Tunnel of Love.\nH. Keith Henson: Beamed Energy and the Economics of Space Based Solar Power, Beamed Energy Propulsion: 6th International Symposium, American Inst. of Physics, 2010 \n\n Also \n\n Comment on David MacKay's blog \n 2014 IEEE Conference on Technologies for Sustainability (SusTech), (pp. 203–208). Portland: IEEE.\n Online Journal of Space Communication, Issue No. 18.\n Online Journal of Space Communication, Issue No. 18.\n \n \n 2016 IEEE Conference on Technologies for Sustainability (SusTech), Phoenix, AZ: IEEE.\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading\nMedia/Press mention\n\n1998\nJudge OKs picketing of church, The Press-Enterprise, February 21, 1998\nInternet Czar?, Wall Street Journal, July 21, 1998\n2001\nScientology Critic Convicted, April 27, 2001 Wired article on Henson's conviction\n\nUnorthodox Arrest, Enzo Di Matteo, NOW Magazine, June 7 – 13, 2001.\nUnfair Game: Scientologists get their man, LA Weekly, June 22, 2001\n2007\nScientology Fugitive Arrested, 10 Zen Monkeys, February 4, 2007\nScientology foe Keith Henson arrested, defense mobilized, Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies, 2007-02-04\nScientology activist arrested, p2p.net, February 5, 2007\nScientology Critic Arrested After 6 Years, Slashdot, February 5, 2007\nAnti-Scientology Activist Keith Henson Arrested, All Headline News , February 6, 2007, Prescott, Arizona\n, CNET News.com, February 5, 2007, California\nThe Tom Cruise Missile, About.com, February 6, 2007\nPrescott police arrest California fugitive, The Daily Courier, Yavapai County, Arizona, February 6, 2007.\nArizona to extradite Scientology protester to Riverside County, The Press-Enterprise , February 8, 2007, Riverside County, California\n\nExternal links\n\nBiographical\nKeith Henson Information\nCopy of Henson trial transcript\nElectronic Frontier Foundation statement re. Henson process ()\nExile on Meme Street – Keith Henson Talks about Memetics, Evolutionary Psychology and Scientology\n\nBibliographical\nWritings of Keith Henson\nKeith Henson quotes\n\nAmerican non-fiction writers\nCritics of Scientology\nUniversity of Arizona alumni\nScientology and law\nCryonicists\n1942 births\nSpace advocates\nLiving people\nMemetics\nScientology and the Internet\nAmerican transhumanists\nAmerican male non-fiction writers", "Robert Henson (born January 27, 1986) is a former American football linebacker. He was drafted by the Washington Redskins in the sixth round of the 2009 NFL Draft. He played college football at TCU.\n\nEarly years\nHenson earned District 11-5A Defensive Player of the Year honors as a senior in 2003 at Longview High School in Longview, Texas. He chose to attend TCU over offers from Arkansas and Nebraska.\n\nCollege career\nHenson began his college career at Texas Christian University as a redshirt freshman in 2005, when he started two games and played in all twelve as a redshirt freshman for the MWC Champion Horned Frogs. In his freshman, sophomore and junior seasons, Henson was at least third on the team in tackles, was named Honorable Mention All-MWC, and the Frogs won their bowl game. In his senior year, he was named 1st Team All-MWC and recorded 73 tackles, one sack and two interceptions.\n\nProfessional career\nHenson was drafted by the Washington Redskins in the sixth round of the 2009 NFL Draft, to compete for a middle linebacker position and contributing to special teams.\n\nOn September 21, 2009, following an \"unsightly\" 9-7 home victory, Henson posted some disparaging remarks via his Twitter account about fans who had booed and jeered the Redskins' performance. Specifically he called the fans who jeered the team \"dim wits\", said that the same people would trade places with him in a second due to the money he was making, and that he did not appreciate being booed in his own home stadium. Henson went further by saying the fans did not understand what was best for the team because they \"work 9 to 5 at McDonald's\", which drew the most criticism. After much criticism from the media and fans, Henson apologized and has since deactivated his account. He was placed on injured reserve on September 4, 2010.\n\nOn August 5, 2011, he waived by the Redskins.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nTCU Horned Frogs bio\nWashington Redskins bio\n\n1986 births\nLiving people\nPeople from Longview, Texas\nLongview High School alumni\nTexas Christian University alumni\nPlayers of American football from Texas\nAmerican football linebackers\nTCU Horned Frogs football players\nWashington Redskins players" ]

[ "Kermit the Frog is a Muppet character created and originally performed by Jim Henson. Introduced in 1955, Kermit serves as the everyman protagonist of numerous Muppet productions, most notably Sesame Street and The Muppet Show, as well as in other television series, feature films, specials, and public service announcements through the years.", "Introduced in 1955, Kermit serves as the everyman protagonist of numerous Muppet productions, most notably Sesame Street and The Muppet Show, as well as in other television series, feature films, specials, and public service announcements through the years. He served as a mascot of The Jim Henson Company and appeared in various Henson projects.", "He served as a mascot of The Jim Henson Company and appeared in various Henson projects. Kermit performed the hit singles \"Bein' Green\" in 1970 and \"Rainbow Connection\" in 1979 for The Muppet Movie, the first feature-length film featuring the Muppets. Kermit's original performance of \"Rainbow Connection\" reached No.", "Kermit's original performance of \"Rainbow Connection\" reached No. 25 on the Billboard Hot 100 and was added to the Library of Congress’s National Recording Registry in 2021. Henson performed Kermit until his death in 1990, and then Steve Whitmire performed Kermit from that time until his dismissal in 2016.", "Henson performed Kermit until his death in 1990, and then Steve Whitmire performed Kermit from that time until his dismissal in 2016. Kermit has been performed by Matt Vogel from 2017.", "Kermit has been performed by Matt Vogel from 2017. He was also voiced by Frank Welker in Muppet Babies and occasionally in other animation projects, and is voiced by Matt Danner in the 2018 reboot of Muppet Babies.", "He was also voiced by Frank Welker in Muppet Babies and occasionally in other animation projects, and is voiced by Matt Danner in the 2018 reboot of Muppet Babies. Kermit's iconic look and voice have been recognizable in popular culture worldwide for many decades, and in 2006, the character was credited as the author of Before You Leap: A Frog's Eye View of Life's Greatest Lessons, an \"autobiography\" told from the perspective of the character himself.", "Kermit's iconic look and voice have been recognizable in popular culture worldwide for many decades, and in 2006, the character was credited as the author of Before You Leap: A Frog's Eye View of Life's Greatest Lessons, an \"autobiography\" told from the perspective of the character himself. History and development Kermit the Frog first appeared on May 9, 1955, in the premiere of WRC-TV's Sam and Friends.", "History and development Kermit the Frog first appeared on May 9, 1955, in the premiere of WRC-TV's Sam and Friends. This prototype Kermit was created from a discarded turquoise spring coat belonging to Jim Henson's mother and two ping pong ball halves for eyes. Initially, Kermit was a vague lizard-like creature.", "Initially, Kermit was a vague lizard-like creature. He subsequently made a number of television appearances before his status as a frog was established in the television special Hey, Cinderella! in 1969. His triangular-pointed collar was added at the time to make him seem more frog-like and to conceal the seam between his head and body.", "His triangular-pointed collar was added at the time to make him seem more frog-like and to conceal the seam between his head and body. According to Michael K. Frith, the relatively simple construction of the Kermit puppet allows the performer's arm and hand to produce a wide range of expression and gestures.", "According to Michael K. Frith, the relatively simple construction of the Kermit puppet allows the performer's arm and hand to produce a wide range of expression and gestures. Naming The origin of Kermit's name is a subject of some debate.", "Naming The origin of Kermit's name is a subject of some debate. It is often claimed that Kermit was named after Henson's childhood friend Kermit Scott, from Leland, Mississippi.", "It is often claimed that Kermit was named after Henson's childhood friend Kermit Scott, from Leland, Mississippi. However, Karen Falk, head archivist and board of directors member for the Jim Henson Legacy organization, denies this claim on the Jim Henson Company's website: Joy DiMenna, the only daughter of Kermit Kalman Cohen who worked as a sound engineer at WBAL-TV during Jim Henson's time with Sam and Friends, recalls that the puppet was named after her father.", "However, Karen Falk, head archivist and board of directors member for the Jim Henson Legacy organization, denies this claim on the Jim Henson Company's website: Joy DiMenna, the only daughter of Kermit Kalman Cohen who worked as a sound engineer at WBAL-TV during Jim Henson's time with Sam and Friends, recalls that the puppet was named after her father. According to Kermit Cohen's obituary, as well as DiMenna and Lenny Levin, a colleague of Mr. Cohen's at WBAL: Another common belief is that Kermit was named for Kermit Love, who worked with Henson in designing and constructing Muppets, particularly on Sesame Street, but Love's association with Henson did not begin until well after Kermit's creation and naming, and he always denied any connection between his name and that of the character.", "According to Kermit Cohen's obituary, as well as DiMenna and Lenny Levin, a colleague of Mr. Cohen's at WBAL: Another common belief is that Kermit was named for Kermit Love, who worked with Henson in designing and constructing Muppets, particularly on Sesame Street, but Love's association with Henson did not begin until well after Kermit's creation and naming, and he always denied any connection between his name and that of the character. As Sesame Street is localized for some different markets that speak languages other than English, Kermit is often renamed.", "As Sesame Street is localized for some different markets that speak languages other than English, Kermit is often renamed. In Portugal, he is called Cocas, o Sapo (sapo means \"toad\"), and in Brazil, his name is similar: Caco, o Sapo.", "In Portugal, he is called Cocas, o Sapo (sapo means \"toad\"), and in Brazil, his name is similar: Caco, o Sapo. In most of Hispanic America, his name is la rana René (René the Frog), while in Spain, he is named Gustavo.", "In most of Hispanic America, his name is la rana René (René the Frog), while in Spain, he is named Gustavo. In the Arabic version, he is known as Kamel, which is a common Arabic male name that means \"perfect\". In Hungary, he is called Breki (onomatopoetic).", "In Hungary, he is called Breki (onomatopoetic). Characterization and performers Jim Henson originated the character in 1955 on his local television series, Sam and Friends. Henson himself described Kermit as \"kind of easy-going, very likable...sometimes slightly a wiseguy.\"", "Henson himself described Kermit as \"kind of easy-going, very likable...sometimes slightly a wiseguy.\" Frank Oz remarked that Kermit possesses a natural sense of leadership within the Muppets, explaining that \"he has all these zany characters and a world around him and he tries to be the center and hold everything together...sometimes he gets too much and blows his top, but essentially he kind of goes with the flow.\"", "Frank Oz remarked that Kermit possesses a natural sense of leadership within the Muppets, explaining that \"he has all these zany characters and a world around him and he tries to be the center and hold everything together...sometimes he gets too much and blows his top, but essentially he kind of goes with the flow.\" Brian Henson described his father's performance as Kermit as \"coming out of his own personality—was a wry intelligence, a little bit of a naughtiness, but Kermit always loved everyone around and also loved a good prank.\"", "Brian Henson described his father's performance as Kermit as \"coming out of his own personality—was a wry intelligence, a little bit of a naughtiness, but Kermit always loved everyone around and also loved a good prank.\" Kermit has often been referred to as Henson's \"soft-spoken alter-ego.\"", "Kermit has often been referred to as Henson's \"soft-spoken alter-ego.\" Many of Henson's colleagues have confirmed how close and inseparable Jim and Kermit's personalities were. Henson's agent Bernie Brillstein has stated straightforwardly that \"Kermit was Jim\".", "Henson's agent Bernie Brillstein has stated straightforwardly that \"Kermit was Jim\". Author Brian Jay Jones described the relationship accordingly: \"The more Jim performed Kermit, the more the two of them seemed to become intertwined…it was becoming harder to tell where the frog ended and Jim began.\"", "Author Brian Jay Jones described the relationship accordingly: \"The more Jim performed Kermit, the more the two of them seemed to become intertwined…it was becoming harder to tell where the frog ended and Jim began.\" Henson continued to perform the character until his death in 1990.", "Henson continued to perform the character until his death in 1990. Henson's last known performance as Kermit was for an appearance on The Arsenio Hall Show to promote the television special The Muppets at Walt Disney World. Henson died twelve days after that appearance.", "Henson died twelve days after that appearance. Following Henson's death, veteran Muppet performer Steve Whitmire was named Kermit's new performer. Whitmire claims that Henson had seemingly intended to pass on the role to him before he died, though it was Jane Henson and son Brian who had selected him after her father's death.", "Whitmire claims that Henson had seemingly intended to pass on the role to him before he died, though it was Jane Henson and son Brian who had selected him after her father's death. Whitmire's first public performance as Kermit was at the end of the television special The Muppets Celebrate Jim Henson in 1990.", "Whitmire's first public performance as Kermit was at the end of the television special The Muppets Celebrate Jim Henson in 1990. Whitmire explained that his main intent when he inherited Kermit, \"was to make sure the character stayed the same and consistent, but didn't become stale and just a copy.\"", "Whitmire explained that his main intent when he inherited Kermit, \"was to make sure the character stayed the same and consistent, but didn't become stale and just a copy.\" Kermit's personality during Whitmire's tenure was widely described as more wholesome, lighthearted, and Pollyanna-ish than Henson's.", "Kermit's personality during Whitmire's tenure was widely described as more wholesome, lighthearted, and Pollyanna-ish than Henson's. Several critics of Whitmire's portrayal have come from the Henson family.", "Several critics of Whitmire's portrayal have come from the Henson family. Brian Henson stated that while Whitmire's performance was \"sometimes excellent, and always pretty good\", he also elaborated that \"Kermit has, as a character, flattened out over time and has become too square and not as vital as it should have been.\"", "Brian Henson stated that while Whitmire's performance was \"sometimes excellent, and always pretty good\", he also elaborated that \"Kermit has, as a character, flattened out over time and has become too square and not as vital as it should have been.\" Cheryl Henson stated that Whitmire performed the character as a \"bitter, angry, depressed, victim\".", "Cheryl Henson stated that Whitmire performed the character as a \"bitter, angry, depressed, victim\". He remained Kermit's principal performer until October 2016, when he was dismissed by The Muppets Studio.", "He remained Kermit's principal performer until October 2016, when he was dismissed by The Muppets Studio. The Walt Disney Company (owner of The Muppets Studio) cited \"unacceptable business conduct\" as reason for the dismissal, while Whitmire claims the decision was made due to creative disagreements over Kermit's characterization and prolonged labor union negotiations that delayed his involvement in Muppet productions.", "The Walt Disney Company (owner of The Muppets Studio) cited \"unacceptable business conduct\" as reason for the dismissal, while Whitmire claims the decision was made due to creative disagreements over Kermit's characterization and prolonged labor union negotiations that delayed his involvement in Muppet productions. Disney announced that Matt Vogel would become Kermit's new performer on July 10, 2017.", "Disney announced that Matt Vogel would become Kermit's new performer on July 10, 2017. Vogel's first official appearance as Kermit was in a \"Muppet Thought of the Week” YouTube video.", "Vogel's first official appearance as Kermit was in a \"Muppet Thought of the Week” YouTube video. John Kennedy performed Kermit for Muppets Ahoy!, a 2006 Disney Cruise Line stage show (though Whitmire performed Kermit for the first few shows).", "John Kennedy performed Kermit for Muppets Ahoy!, a 2006 Disney Cruise Line stage show (though Whitmire performed Kermit for the first few shows). Muppet performer Artie Esposito briefly performed Kermit in 2009 for a few personal appearances (an appearance on America's Got Talent, the MTV Video Music Awards, and at the 2009 D23 Expo).", "Muppet performer Artie Esposito briefly performed Kermit in 2009 for a few personal appearances (an appearance on America's Got Talent, the MTV Video Music Awards, and at the 2009 D23 Expo). Voice actor Frank Welker provided the voice of Baby Kermit on the animated Saturday morning cartoon, Muppet Babies.", "Voice actor Frank Welker provided the voice of Baby Kermit on the animated Saturday morning cartoon, Muppet Babies. He also provided the voice of an adult Kermit for a short-lived spin-off, Little Muppet Monsters. Matt Danner voices Baby Kermit on the 2018 reboot of Muppet Babies.", "Matt Danner voices Baby Kermit on the 2018 reboot of Muppet Babies. Character biography A biography has been developed for Kermit the Frog as if he was an actual living performer rather than a puppet character.", "Character biography A biography has been developed for Kermit the Frog as if he was an actual living performer rather than a puppet character. According to this fictional biography, he was born in Leland, Mississippi, alongside approximately 2,353 siblings, though a 2011 \"interview\" on The Ellen DeGeneres Show has him state that he was from the swamps of Louisiana.", "According to this fictional biography, he was born in Leland, Mississippi, alongside approximately 2,353 siblings, though a 2011 \"interview\" on The Ellen DeGeneres Show has him state that he was from the swamps of Louisiana. As portrayed in the 2002 film Kermit's Swamp Years, at the age of 12, he was the first of his siblings to leave the swamp, and one of the first frogs to talk to humans.", "As portrayed in the 2002 film Kermit's Swamp Years, at the age of 12, he was the first of his siblings to leave the swamp, and one of the first frogs to talk to humans. He is shown in the film encountering a 12-year-old Jim Henson (played by Christian Kriebel) for the first time.", "He is shown in the film encountering a 12-year-old Jim Henson (played by Christian Kriebel) for the first time. According to The Muppet Movie, Kermit returned to the swamp, where a passing agent (Dom DeLuise) noted he had talent and, thus inspired, he headed to Hollywood, encountering the rest of the Muppets along the way.", "According to The Muppet Movie, Kermit returned to the swamp, where a passing agent (Dom DeLuise) noted he had talent and, thus inspired, he headed to Hollywood, encountering the rest of the Muppets along the way. Together, they were given a standard \"rich and famous\" contract by Lew Lord (Orson Welles) of Wide World Studios and began their showbiz careers.", "Together, they were given a standard \"rich and famous\" contract by Lew Lord (Orson Welles) of Wide World Studios and began their showbiz careers. In Before You Leap, Kermit again references encountering Jim Henson sometime after the events depicted in the course of The Muppet Movie and details their friendship and their partnership in the entertainment industry, crediting Henson as being the individual to whom he owes his fame.", "In Before You Leap, Kermit again references encountering Jim Henson sometime after the events depicted in the course of The Muppet Movie and details their friendship and their partnership in the entertainment industry, crediting Henson as being the individual to whom he owes his fame. At some point after the events of The Muppet Movie, Kermit and the other Muppets begin The Muppet Show, and the characters remain together as a group, before starring in the other Muppet films and Muppets Tonight, with Kermit usually at the core of the stories as the lead protagonist.", "At some point after the events of The Muppet Movie, Kermit and the other Muppets begin The Muppet Show, and the characters remain together as a group, before starring in the other Muppet films and Muppets Tonight, with Kermit usually at the core of the stories as the lead protagonist. Kermit is shown in The Muppet Movie as stating that the events of the film are \"approximately how it happened\" when asked by his nephew Robin about how the Muppets got started.", "Kermit is shown in The Muppet Movie as stating that the events of the film are \"approximately how it happened\" when asked by his nephew Robin about how the Muppets got started. Fozzie Bear is portrayed as Kermit's best friend—a fact reiterated by Kermit in Before You Leap—and the two were frequently seen together during sketches on The Muppet Show and in other Muppet-related media and merchandise.", "Fozzie Bear is portrayed as Kermit's best friend—a fact reiterated by Kermit in Before You Leap—and the two were frequently seen together during sketches on The Muppet Show and in other Muppet-related media and merchandise. On August 4, 2015, Kermit the Frog and Miss Piggy \"announced\" that they had ended their romantic relationship.", "On August 4, 2015, Kermit the Frog and Miss Piggy \"announced\" that they had ended their romantic relationship. On September 2, 2015, Kermit was stated to have found a new girlfriend, a pig named Denise, but around February 2016, Denise supposedly broke up with Kermit after almost six months together.", "On September 2, 2015, Kermit was stated to have found a new girlfriend, a pig named Denise, but around February 2016, Denise supposedly broke up with Kermit after almost six months together. Performance Kermit the Frog is a rather simple hand-rod Muppet, and is usually controlled by one puppeteer.", "Performance Kermit the Frog is a rather simple hand-rod Muppet, and is usually controlled by one puppeteer. His creator and original performer, Jim Henson, actually built Kermit's head around the size of his own hands (later builds of Kermit have extra padding inside the head to accommodate puppeteers whose hands were smaller than Henson's).", "His creator and original performer, Jim Henson, actually built Kermit's head around the size of his own hands (later builds of Kermit have extra padding inside the head to accommodate puppeteers whose hands were smaller than Henson's). The flexibility of the material use to make Kermit means the frog can pull off a wide range of expressions.", "The flexibility of the material use to make Kermit means the frog can pull off a wide range of expressions. For example, with a slight adjustment of their fingers, the puppeteer can make Kermit convincingly smile, frown, or act worried.", "For example, with a slight adjustment of their fingers, the puppeteer can make Kermit convincingly smile, frown, or act worried. When it came to creating Kermit's voice, Henson actually took inspiration from an impression by Stan Freberg of Marlon Brando, one that can be heard on some of Freberg's comedy records, including vocals on his versions of \"Sh-Boom\" and \"The Night Before Christmas\".", "When it came to creating Kermit's voice, Henson actually took inspiration from an impression by Stan Freberg of Marlon Brando, one that can be heard on some of Freberg's comedy records, including vocals on his versions of \"Sh-Boom\" and \"The Night Before Christmas\". Over time, however, Henson's voice for the frog would evolve into an extension of his own natural voice.", "Over time, however, Henson's voice for the frog would evolve into an extension of his own natural voice. Career Kermit has been featured prominently on both The Muppet Show and Sesame Street.", "Career Kermit has been featured prominently on both The Muppet Show and Sesame Street. However, he had a prominent career before Sesame Streets debut in 1969, as he starred in Sam and Friends, and numerous Muppets made guest appearances on Today from 1961 and The Ed Sullivan Show from 1966.", "However, he had a prominent career before Sesame Streets debut in 1969, as he starred in Sam and Friends, and numerous Muppets made guest appearances on Today from 1961 and The Ed Sullivan Show from 1966. Sesame Street Kermit was one of the original main Muppet characters on Sesame Street.", "Sesame Street Kermit was one of the original main Muppet characters on Sesame Street. Closely identified with the show, Kermit usually appeared as a lecturer on simple topics, a straight man to another Muppet foil (usually Grover, Herry Monster or Cookie Monster), or a news reporter interviewing storybook characters for Sesame Street News.", "Closely identified with the show, Kermit usually appeared as a lecturer on simple topics, a straight man to another Muppet foil (usually Grover, Herry Monster or Cookie Monster), or a news reporter interviewing storybook characters for Sesame Street News. He sang many songs on the show, including \"Bein' Green\", and appeared in the 1998 video The Best of Kermit on Sesame Street.", "He sang many songs on the show, including \"Bein' Green\", and appeared in the 1998 video The Best of Kermit on Sesame Street. Unlike the rest of the show's Muppets, Kermit was never any property of Sesame Workshop and has rarely been a part of the show's merchandise.", "Unlike the rest of the show's Muppets, Kermit was never any property of Sesame Workshop and has rarely been a part of the show's merchandise. When Sesame Workshop bought full ownership of its characters from The Jim Henson Company for $180 million, Kermit was excluded from the deal.", "When Sesame Workshop bought full ownership of its characters from The Jim Henson Company for $180 million, Kermit was excluded from the deal. The character now belongs to The Muppets Studio, a division of The Walt Disney Company.", "The character now belongs to The Muppets Studio, a division of The Walt Disney Company. His first Sesame Street appearance since Disney ownership was in an Elmo's World segment in the show's 40th-season premiere on November 10, 2009.", "His first Sesame Street appearance since Disney ownership was in an Elmo's World segment in the show's 40th-season premiere on November 10, 2009. His most recent appearance was in the 2019 television special Sesame Street's 50th Anniversary Celebration, where he performed \"Bein' Green\" with Elvis Costello.", "His most recent appearance was in the 2019 television special Sesame Street's 50th Anniversary Celebration, where he performed \"Bein' Green\" with Elvis Costello. With the Muppets In The Muppet Show television series, Kermit was the central character, the showrunner, and the long-suffering stage manager of the theater show, trying to keep order amidst the chaos created by the other Muppets.", "With the Muppets In The Muppet Show television series, Kermit was the central character, the showrunner, and the long-suffering stage manager of the theater show, trying to keep order amidst the chaos created by the other Muppets. Henson once claimed that Kermit's job on the Muppet Show was much like his own: \"trying to get a bunch of crazies to actually get the job done.\"", "Henson once claimed that Kermit's job on the Muppet Show was much like his own: \"trying to get a bunch of crazies to actually get the job done.\" It was on this show that the running gag of Kermit being pursued by leading lady Miss Piggy developed.", "It was on this show that the running gag of Kermit being pursued by leading lady Miss Piggy developed. On Muppets Tonight, Kermit was still a main character, although he was the producer rather than frontman.", "On Muppets Tonight, Kermit was still a main character, although he was the producer rather than frontman. He appeared in many parody sketches such as NYPD Green, City Schtickers, Flippers, and The Muppet Odd Squad, as well as in the Psychiatrist's Office sketch.", "He appeared in many parody sketches such as NYPD Green, City Schtickers, Flippers, and The Muppet Odd Squad, as well as in the Psychiatrist's Office sketch. Kermit also served as the mascot for The Jim Henson Company, until the sale of the Muppet characters to Disney.", "Kermit also served as the mascot for The Jim Henson Company, until the sale of the Muppet characters to Disney. A Kermit puppet can be seen at the National Museum of American History.", "A Kermit puppet can be seen at the National Museum of American History. Kermit appears in Muppet*Vision 3D, an attraction that opened in 1991 and continues to run presently at Disney's Hollywood Studios at Walt Disney World in Lake Buena Vista, Florida.", "Kermit appears in Muppet*Vision 3D, an attraction that opened in 1991 and continues to run presently at Disney's Hollywood Studios at Walt Disney World in Lake Buena Vista, Florida. The character was also formerly featured in the aforementioned attraction in Disney California Adventure Park at the Disneyland Resort in Anaheim, California until its closure in 2014.", "The character was also formerly featured in the aforementioned attraction in Disney California Adventure Park at the Disneyland Resort in Anaheim, California until its closure in 2014. Kermit also appeared in The Muppets Present...Great Moments in American History at the Magic Kingdom from 2016 to 2020.", "Kermit also appeared in The Muppets Present...Great Moments in American History at the Magic Kingdom from 2016 to 2020. He also appeared in two parades; Disney Stars and Motor Cars Parade which ran at Disney's Hollywood Studios from 2001 to 2008 and Disney's Honorary VoluntEars Cavalcade which was held during 2010 at the Magic Kingdom and Disneyland.", "He also appeared in two parades; Disney Stars and Motor Cars Parade which ran at Disney's Hollywood Studios from 2001 to 2008 and Disney's Honorary VoluntEars Cavalcade which was held during 2010 at the Magic Kingdom and Disneyland. Filmography Kermit the Frog has appeared in almost every Muppet production, as well as making guest appearances in other shows and movies.", "Filmography Kermit the Frog has appeared in almost every Muppet production, as well as making guest appearances in other shows and movies. Below is a list of his more well-known appearances: Sam and Friends (1955–1961) (TV) Sesame Street (1969–1990, 1996–2001, 2009) (TV) Hey, Cinderella!", "Below is a list of his more well-known appearances: Sam and Friends (1955–1961) (TV) Sesame Street (1969–1990, 1996–2001, 2009) (TV) Hey, Cinderella! (1969) (TV) The Muppets on Puppets (1970) (TV) The Frog Prince (1971) (TV) The Muppet Musicians of Bremen (1972) (TV) The Muppets Valentine Show (1974) (TV) The Muppet Show: Sex and Violence (1975) (TV) The Muppet Show (1976–1981) (TV) Emmet Otter's Jug-Band Christmas (1977) (TV) The Muppet Movie (1979) The Great Muppet Caper (1981) The Muppets Take Manhattan (1984) Muppet Babies (1984–1991) (TV) Sesame Street Presents Follow That Bird (1985) The Muppets: A Celebration of 30 Years (1986) (TV) The Christmas Toy (1986) (TV) A Muppet Family Christmas (1987) (TV) The Jim Henson Hour (1989) (TV) Cartoon All-Stars to the Rescue (1990) (TV) The Muppets at Walt Disney World (1990) (TV) The Muppets Celebrate Jim Henson (1990) (TV) The Muppet Christmas Carol (1992) – Appearance as Bob Cratchit Muppet Classic Theater (1994) (Direct-to-Video) – Appearance as King Midas and the King in Rumpelstiltskin.", "(1969) (TV) The Muppets on Puppets (1970) (TV) The Frog Prince (1971) (TV) The Muppet Musicians of Bremen (1972) (TV) The Muppets Valentine Show (1974) (TV) The Muppet Show: Sex and Violence (1975) (TV) The Muppet Show (1976–1981) (TV) Emmet Otter's Jug-Band Christmas (1977) (TV) The Muppet Movie (1979) The Great Muppet Caper (1981) The Muppets Take Manhattan (1984) Muppet Babies (1984–1991) (TV) Sesame Street Presents Follow That Bird (1985) The Muppets: A Celebration of 30 Years (1986) (TV) The Christmas Toy (1986) (TV) A Muppet Family Christmas (1987) (TV) The Jim Henson Hour (1989) (TV) Cartoon All-Stars to the Rescue (1990) (TV) The Muppets at Walt Disney World (1990) (TV) The Muppets Celebrate Jim Henson (1990) (TV) The Muppet Christmas Carol (1992) – Appearance as Bob Cratchit Muppet Classic Theater (1994) (Direct-to-Video) – Appearance as King Midas and the King in Rumpelstiltskin. Muppet Treasure Island (1996) – Appearance as Captain Abraham Smollett Muppets Tonight (1996–1998) (TV) Muppets from Space (1999) The Jerry Lewis MDA Labor Day Telethon (2001) (TV) Kermit's Swamp Years (2002) (Direct-to-Video) It's a Very Merry Muppet Christmas Movie (2002) (TV) Saturday Night Live (1975/76, 2004, 2011) (TV) The Muppets' Wizard of Oz (2005) (TV) – Appearance as Himself and The Scarecrow Mr. Magorium's Wonder Emporium (2007) (cameo) Studio DC: Almost Live (2008) (TV) A Muppets Christmas: Letters to Santa (2008) (TV) The Muppets (2011) \"30 Rock (2012) - Appearance as Himself in \"My Whole Life Is Thunder\" Good Luck Charlie (2013) (TV) – Appearance as Himself in \"Duncan Dream House\" Lady Gaga and the Muppets Holiday Spectacular (2013) (TV) Muppets Most Wanted (2014) The Muppets (2015–2016) (TV) Muppet Babies (2018–present) (TV) Sesame Street's 50th Anniversary Celebration (2019) (TV) Muppets Now (2020) (TV) Amphibia (2020) (TV) – Appearance as the voice of Crumpet the Frog in \"Swamp and Sensibility\" The Masked Singer (2021) (TV) – The Snail Muppets Haunted Mansion (2021) (TV) – Appearance as Himself and a Ghost Cultural impact Accolades and commemorations Kermit was awarded an honorary doctorate of Amphibious Letters on May 19, 1996, at Southampton College, New York, where he also gave a commencement speech.", "Muppet Treasure Island (1996) – Appearance as Captain Abraham Smollett Muppets Tonight (1996–1998) (TV) Muppets from Space (1999) The Jerry Lewis MDA Labor Day Telethon (2001) (TV) Kermit's Swamp Years (2002) (Direct-to-Video) It's a Very Merry Muppet Christmas Movie (2002) (TV) Saturday Night Live (1975/76, 2004, 2011) (TV) The Muppets' Wizard of Oz (2005) (TV) – Appearance as Himself and The Scarecrow Mr. Magorium's Wonder Emporium (2007) (cameo) Studio DC: Almost Live (2008) (TV) A Muppets Christmas: Letters to Santa (2008) (TV) The Muppets (2011) \"30 Rock (2012) - Appearance as Himself in \"My Whole Life Is Thunder\" Good Luck Charlie (2013) (TV) – Appearance as Himself in \"Duncan Dream House\" Lady Gaga and the Muppets Holiday Spectacular (2013) (TV) Muppets Most Wanted (2014) The Muppets (2015–2016) (TV) Muppet Babies (2018–present) (TV) Sesame Street's 50th Anniversary Celebration (2019) (TV) Muppets Now (2020) (TV) Amphibia (2020) (TV) – Appearance as the voice of Crumpet the Frog in \"Swamp and Sensibility\" The Masked Singer (2021) (TV) – The Snail Muppets Haunted Mansion (2021) (TV) – Appearance as Himself and a Ghost Cultural impact Accolades and commemorations Kermit was awarded an honorary doctorate of Amphibious Letters on May 19, 1996, at Southampton College, New York, where he also gave a commencement speech. He is also the only \"amphibian\" to have had the honor of addressing the Oxford Union.", "He is also the only \"amphibian\" to have had the honor of addressing the Oxford Union. A statue of Henson and Kermit was erected on the campus of Henson's alma mater, the University of Maryland, College Park in 2003.", "A statue of Henson and Kermit was erected on the campus of Henson's alma mater, the University of Maryland, College Park in 2003. Kermit was also given the honor of being the Grand Marshal of the Tournament of Roses Parade in 1996. The Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade has featured a Kermit balloon since 1977.", "The Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade has featured a Kermit balloon since 1977. On November 14, 2002, Kermit the Frog received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. The star is located at 6801 Hollywood Blvd. Kermit has two stars on the Walk of Fame, the other as a member of the collective The Muppets.", "Kermit has two stars on the Walk of Fame, the other as a member of the collective The Muppets. On Kermit's 50th birthday in 2005, the United States Postal Service released a set of new stamps with photos of Kermit and some of his fellow Muppets on them.", "On Kermit's 50th birthday in 2005, the United States Postal Service released a set of new stamps with photos of Kermit and some of his fellow Muppets on them. The background of the stamp sheet features a photo of a silhouetted Henson sitting in a window well, with Kermit sitting in his lap looking at him.", "The background of the stamp sheet features a photo of a silhouetted Henson sitting in a window well, with Kermit sitting in his lap looking at him. Kermit was also the grand marshal for Michigan State University's homecoming parade in 2006.", "Kermit was also the grand marshal for Michigan State University's homecoming parade in 2006. In 2013, the original Kermit puppet from Sam and Friends was donated to the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C. for display in the pop culture gallery.", "In 2013, the original Kermit puppet from Sam and Friends was donated to the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C. for display in the pop culture gallery. In 2015, the Leland Chamber of Commerce in Leland, Mississippi opened a small museum containing puppets and memorabilia dedicated to Kermit.", "In 2015, the Leland Chamber of Commerce in Leland, Mississippi opened a small museum containing puppets and memorabilia dedicated to Kermit. Kermit's legacy is also deeply entrenched in the science community. One of the famous WP-3D Orion research platforms flown by the NOAA Hurricane Hunters is named after Kermit. The other is named after Miss Piggy.", "The other is named after Miss Piggy. In 2015, the discovery of the Costa Rican glass frog Hyalinobatrachium dianae also attracted viral media attention due to the creature's perceived resemblance to Kermit, with researcher Brian Kubicki quoted as saying \"I am glad that this species has ended up getting so much international attention, and in doing so it is highlighting the amazing amphibians that are native to Costa Rica and the need to continue exploring and studying the country's amazing tropical forests\".", "In 2015, the discovery of the Costa Rican glass frog Hyalinobatrachium dianae also attracted viral media attention due to the creature's perceived resemblance to Kermit, with researcher Brian Kubicki quoted as saying \"I am glad that this species has ended up getting so much international attention, and in doing so it is highlighting the amazing amphibians that are native to Costa Rica and the need to continue exploring and studying the country's amazing tropical forests\". Guest television appearances Kermit has made numerous guest appearances on popular television shows, including co-hosting individual episodes of a number of long-running talk shows; among other television media.", "Guest television appearances Kermit has made numerous guest appearances on popular television shows, including co-hosting individual episodes of a number of long-running talk shows; among other television media. On April 2, 1979, Kermit guest-hosted The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson to promote The Muppet Movie.", "On April 2, 1979, Kermit guest-hosted The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson to promote The Muppet Movie. From 1983 to 1995, the French political satire show Le Bébête Show used copies of various Muppets to parody key political figures, and Kermit renamed \"Kermitterrand\", embodied President François Mitterrand.", "From 1983 to 1995, the French political satire show Le Bébête Show used copies of various Muppets to parody key political figures, and Kermit renamed \"Kermitterrand\", embodied President François Mitterrand. On May 21, 2018, Kermit and contestant Maddie Poppe performed \"Rainbow Connection\" live on American Idol.", "On May 21, 2018, Kermit and contestant Maddie Poppe performed \"Rainbow Connection\" live on American Idol. A still photo of Kermit sitting in his Director's chair with his megaphone in his hand from The Muppet Show appeared on a technical difficulties telop graphic on Metromedia owned-and-operated station KTTV Channel 11 in Los Angeles during the late 1970s and early 1980s.", "A still photo of Kermit sitting in his Director's chair with his megaphone in his hand from The Muppet Show appeared on a technical difficulties telop graphic on Metromedia owned-and-operated station KTTV Channel 11 in Los Angeles during the late 1970s and early 1980s. As an April Fool's joke, Kermit hosted CNN's Larry King Live in 1994 and interviewed Hulk Hogan.", "As an April Fool's joke, Kermit hosted CNN's Larry King Live in 1994 and interviewed Hulk Hogan. Kermit was also a semi-regular during various incarnations of Hollywood Squares, with other Muppets such as Big Bird and Oscar the Grouch also making appearances on the original Hollywood Squares.", "Kermit was also a semi-regular during various incarnations of Hollywood Squares, with other Muppets such as Big Bird and Oscar the Grouch also making appearances on the original Hollywood Squares. In 2020, Kermit appeared on Monday Night Football with other Muppets characters as it was briefly rebranded \"Muppet Night Football.\"", "In 2020, Kermit appeared on Monday Night Football with other Muppets characters as it was briefly rebranded \"Muppet Night Football.\" On March 10, 2021, Kermit was the first celebrity to be unmasked on the fifth season of The Masked Singer, having performed in costume as \"Snail\".", "On March 10, 2021, Kermit was the first celebrity to be unmasked on the fifth season of The Masked Singer, having performed in costume as \"Snail\". Merchandising Jim Henson's characters, including the Muppets, have inspired merchandise internationally, with Chris Bensch, chief curator of Rochester, New York's The Strong National Museum of Play, reporting \"There seems to have been a particular craze for Kermit the Frog in Japan,\" likely due to the \"cuteness appeal\".", "Merchandising Jim Henson's characters, including the Muppets, have inspired merchandise internationally, with Chris Bensch, chief curator of Rochester, New York's The Strong National Museum of Play, reporting \"There seems to have been a particular craze for Kermit the Frog in Japan,\" likely due to the \"cuteness appeal\". Baby Kermit plush toys became popular in the 1980s after the success of Muppet Babies.", "Baby Kermit plush toys became popular in the 1980s after the success of Muppet Babies. In 1991, one year after Jim Henson died, merchandise featuring Kermit and other Muppet characters was being sold at Disney theme parks, causing Henson Associates to file a lawsuit against Disney for copyright infringement.", "In 1991, one year after Jim Henson died, merchandise featuring Kermit and other Muppet characters was being sold at Disney theme parks, causing Henson Associates to file a lawsuit against Disney for copyright infringement. Henson alleged that the \"counterfeit merchandise\" falsely indicated that the characters belonged to Disney, although the latter company had the right to exercise use of the characters due to an earlier licensing agreement.", "Henson alleged that the \"counterfeit merchandise\" falsely indicated that the characters belonged to Disney, although the latter company had the right to exercise use of the characters due to an earlier licensing agreement. The Henson Associates highlighted a T-shirt displaying Kermit, the Disney brand, and a copyright symbol.", "The Henson Associates highlighted a T-shirt displaying Kermit, the Disney brand, and a copyright symbol. Disney representative Erwin Okun said the lawsuit was \"outrageous\" and \"an unfortunate break with the legacy of a fine relationship with Disney that Jim Henson left behind\".", "Disney representative Erwin Okun said the lawsuit was \"outrageous\" and \"an unfortunate break with the legacy of a fine relationship with Disney that Jim Henson left behind\". Disney later acquired the Muppets, and thusly, clothes, toys and souvenirs depicting Kermit and the Muppets continued to be sold at Disney theme parks and stores.", "Disney later acquired the Muppets, and thusly, clothes, toys and souvenirs depicting Kermit and the Muppets continued to be sold at Disney theme parks and stores. The Leland Chamber of Commerce's small Kermit-themed museum set out to preserve some of the dolls and merchandise.", "The Leland Chamber of Commerce's small Kermit-themed museum set out to preserve some of the dolls and merchandise. In 2016, The New Zealand Herald reported a hat featuring Kermit sipping Lipton tea, associated with the \"But That's None of My Business\" Internet meme, became a popular seller after basketball player LeBron James drew attention for wearing one.", "In 2016, The New Zealand Herald reported a hat featuring Kermit sipping Lipton tea, associated with the \"But That's None of My Business\" Internet meme, became a popular seller after basketball player LeBron James drew attention for wearing one. Kermit in Internet culture In March 2007, Sad Kermit, an unofficial parody, was uploaded to the website YouTube, showing a store-bought Kermit puppet performing a version of the Nine Inch Nails song \"Hurt\" in a style similar to Johnny Cash's famous cover version.", "Kermit in Internet culture In March 2007, Sad Kermit, an unofficial parody, was uploaded to the website YouTube, showing a store-bought Kermit puppet performing a version of the Nine Inch Nails song \"Hurt\" in a style similar to Johnny Cash's famous cover version. In contrast to the real Kermit character's usual family-friendly antics, the video shows the puppet engaging in drug abuse, smoking, alcoholism, performing oral sex on Rowlf the Dog, smashing a picture of Miss Piggy (with a breast exposed) and attempting suicide.", "In contrast to the real Kermit character's usual family-friendly antics, the video shows the puppet engaging in drug abuse, smoking, alcoholism, performing oral sex on Rowlf the Dog, smashing a picture of Miss Piggy (with a breast exposed) and attempting suicide. The video became an Internet meme.", "The video became an Internet meme. The Victoria Times Colonist called it an \"online sensation\". The Chicago Sun-Times said it \"puts the high in 'Hi-ho!'\" The London Free Press said \"Sad Kermit is in a world of pain\".", "The London Free Press said \"Sad Kermit is in a world of pain\". The Houston Press described it as the \"world's most revolting web phenomenon\". SF Weekly described the unauthorized video as \"ironic slandering\".", "SF Weekly described the unauthorized video as \"ironic slandering\". Clips have been featured on the Canadian television series The Hour, where host George Stroumboulopoulos speculated that the Kermit version of \"Hurt\" was inspired by the Cash version rather than that of Nine Inch Nails.", "Clips have been featured on the Canadian television series The Hour, where host George Stroumboulopoulos speculated that the Kermit version of \"Hurt\" was inspired by the Cash version rather than that of Nine Inch Nails. Kermit has also appeared in a popular meme in which he is shown sipping tea, \"one used when you sassily point something out, and then slyly back away, claiming that it's not [your] business\".", "Kermit has also appeared in a popular meme in which he is shown sipping tea, \"one used when you sassily point something out, and then slyly back away, claiming that it's not [your] business\". The photo is taken from \"Be More Kermit,\" a Lipton advertisement that aired in 2014, and was adapted into the \"But That's None of My Business\" meme by African American comedians on the Tumblr blog Kermit the Snitch, making appearances on Twitter, Instagram and Facebook.", "The photo is taken from \"Be More Kermit,\" a Lipton advertisement that aired in 2014, and was adapted into the \"But That's None of My Business\" meme by African American comedians on the Tumblr blog Kermit the Snitch, making appearances on Twitter, Instagram and Facebook. Charles Pulliam-Moore of the TV station Fusion praised \"But That's None of My Business\" as \"a symbol for the comedic brilliance born out of black communities on the internet,\" but Stephanie Hayes of Bustle magazine criticized the memes as racist and obscene.", "Charles Pulliam-Moore of the TV station Fusion praised \"But That's None of My Business\" as \"a symbol for the comedic brilliance born out of black communities on the internet,\" but Stephanie Hayes of Bustle magazine criticized the memes as racist and obscene. In 2016, a Good Morning America post on Twitter referred to the \"But That's None of My Business\" meme as \"Tea Lizard\", becoming the subject of viral online derision.", "In 2016, a Good Morning America post on Twitter referred to the \"But That's None of My Business\" meme as \"Tea Lizard\", becoming the subject of viral online derision. New York magazine replied that, \"Kermit is a frog. A frog is an amphibian. A lizard is a reptile.", "A lizard is a reptile. A lizard is a reptile. It's just so insulting. Beyond a frog and a lizard both being clearly ectothermic, they couldn't be any more different. Not all green things are the same, you ignorant bastards\".", "Not all green things are the same, you ignorant bastards\". Popular Science also addressed the misnomer, writing \"Frogs, which are amphibians, have quite a few significant differences from reptiles in how they breathe, their life cycles, whether they have scales or not... there's a lot to absorb here\".", "Popular Science also addressed the misnomer, writing \"Frogs, which are amphibians, have quite a few significant differences from reptiles in how they breathe, their life cycles, whether they have scales or not... there's a lot to absorb here\". In November 2016, a new meme surfaced of Kermit talking to a hooded version of himself which represents the self and its dark inner thoughts.", "In November 2016, a new meme surfaced of Kermit talking to a hooded version of himself which represents the self and its dark inner thoughts. It involves captioning of a screenshot taken from the Muppets Most Wanted movie of Kermit and Constantine looking at each other.", "It involves captioning of a screenshot taken from the Muppets Most Wanted movie of Kermit and Constantine looking at each other. In the meme, Constantine is supposed to represent a Sith Lord from Star Wars.", "In the meme, Constantine is supposed to represent a Sith Lord from Star Wars. References External links Kermit the Frog's character profile at Disney.com Kermit's commencement address at Southampton College in 1996 Birthplace of the Frog: An Exhibit of Jim Henson's Delta Boyhood (as himself) Kermit the Frog on IMDb Fictional characters from Mississippi Television characters introduced in 1955 Mascots introduced in 1955 Fictional frogs and toads Fictional producers Fictional reporters Fictional singers Fictional string musicians Frog mascots Television mascots Corporate mascots Sesame Street Muppet characters The Muppets characters Internet memes Film and television memes" ]

[ "Kermit the Frog", "Performers", "Who does Kermit perform with?", "Jim Henson originated the character", "what was his performance about?", "I don't know.", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "veteran Muppet performer Steve Whitmire was named Kermit's new performer.", "Why did he need another performer?", "Following Henson's death,", "When did Henson die?", "Henson died twelve days after that appearance.", "Which appearance had he had before his death?", "The Arsenio Hall Show to promote The Muppets at Walt Disney World.", "What else did he promote about the show?", "I don't know.", "What else did Jim do shortly before he died?", "He continued to perform the character until his death in 1990." ]

[ "Jenny Louise Hengler became Jenny Kamienski (born March 23, 1849) was a British equestrian performer Jenny Hengler at her family's Hengler's Circus. She rose to be the star performer before she moved to America in the 1880s.\n\nLife\nHengler was born in Lewes.\n\nHer parents were Mary Ann Frances ( born Sprake) and (Frederick) Charles Hengler. Her great grandfather was a circus performer as were other relatives. Her father was not a performer per se but he started the Hengler's Circus in 1847. The circus moved to the first of several permanent buildings in 1857. The first was in Liverpool and other followed over the next 15 years.\n\nShe was soon a performer and by 1857 she is recorded as appearing in a Bradford pantomime. She was renowned for the quality of her riding which was regarded as a touchstone when judging how others rode. Her beauty was also widely acknowledged. In 1871 she was on the cover of the Illustrated Newspaper.\n\nShe became the star of the London location in 1873. The following year she married Waldemar Alexander Oscar Kamienski on 6 May 1874. Her husband had been a rider with the circus since 1869 and was said to be a Polish Count. He rode and performed at Hengler's Circus under the name \"Alexander Oscar\". She never appeared again at her family's circus venues but in 1882 she performed at Hengler's International Circus in Newcastle upon Tyne.\n\nSometime in the 1880s they went to America where they had a house at Astoria, Long Island. Her husband organised horse riding at Beretta College. She was last reported in 1892 when she returned to England to attend her sister's wedding. She and her husband had three children, Walter, Albert, and Beatrice.\n\nLegacy\nA pub in Glasgow in Sauchiehall Street is named \"The Hengler's Circus\" after the family's circus. Jenny Hengler features in a number of the information boards inside.\n\nReferences\n\n1849 births\nYear of death missing\n19th-century English women\n19th-century English people\nBritish circus performers\nEnglish female equestrians\nPeople from Lewes", "How Hollow Heart... is a 1997 album by Dead Voices on Air.\n\nThe title of the album is taken from a poem by Samuel Beckett: \"How hollow heart and full of filth thou art\".\n\nTrack listing\n\nCredits\nMark Spybey - performer, artwork, producer\nGerald Belanger - performer, engineer\nSheldon Drake - performer\nChristopher Drost - performer\nHeiki Sillaste - performer\nDesmond K. Hill - lyrics and voice (on track 1)\nChris Greene - mastering\n\nReferences\n\n1997 albums" ]

[ "Kermit the Frog is a Muppet character created and originally performed by Jim Henson. Introduced in 1955, Kermit serves as the everyman protagonist of numerous Muppet productions, most notably Sesame Street and The Muppet Show, as well as in other television series, feature films, specials, and public service announcements through the years.", "Introduced in 1955, Kermit serves as the everyman protagonist of numerous Muppet productions, most notably Sesame Street and The Muppet Show, as well as in other television series, feature films, specials, and public service announcements through the years. He served as a mascot of The Jim Henson Company and appeared in various Henson projects.", "He served as a mascot of The Jim Henson Company and appeared in various Henson projects. Kermit performed the hit singles \"Bein' Green\" in 1970 and \"Rainbow Connection\" in 1979 for The Muppet Movie, the first feature-length film featuring the Muppets. Kermit's original performance of \"Rainbow Connection\" reached No.", "Kermit's original performance of \"Rainbow Connection\" reached No. 25 on the Billboard Hot 100 and was added to the Library of Congress’s National Recording Registry in 2021. Henson performed Kermit until his death in 1990, and then Steve Whitmire performed Kermit from that time until his dismissal in 2016.", "Henson performed Kermit until his death in 1990, and then Steve Whitmire performed Kermit from that time until his dismissal in 2016. Kermit has been performed by Matt Vogel from 2017.", "Kermit has been performed by Matt Vogel from 2017. He was also voiced by Frank Welker in Muppet Babies and occasionally in other animation projects, and is voiced by Matt Danner in the 2018 reboot of Muppet Babies.", "He was also voiced by Frank Welker in Muppet Babies and occasionally in other animation projects, and is voiced by Matt Danner in the 2018 reboot of Muppet Babies. Kermit's iconic look and voice have been recognizable in popular culture worldwide for many decades, and in 2006, the character was credited as the author of Before You Leap: A Frog's Eye View of Life's Greatest Lessons, an \"autobiography\" told from the perspective of the character himself.", "Kermit's iconic look and voice have been recognizable in popular culture worldwide for many decades, and in 2006, the character was credited as the author of Before You Leap: A Frog's Eye View of Life's Greatest Lessons, an \"autobiography\" told from the perspective of the character himself. History and development Kermit the Frog first appeared on May 9, 1955, in the premiere of WRC-TV's Sam and Friends.", "History and development Kermit the Frog first appeared on May 9, 1955, in the premiere of WRC-TV's Sam and Friends. This prototype Kermit was created from a discarded turquoise spring coat belonging to Jim Henson's mother and two ping pong ball halves for eyes. Initially, Kermit was a vague lizard-like creature.", "Initially, Kermit was a vague lizard-like creature. He subsequently made a number of television appearances before his status as a frog was established in the television special Hey, Cinderella! in 1969. His triangular-pointed collar was added at the time to make him seem more frog-like and to conceal the seam between his head and body.", "His triangular-pointed collar was added at the time to make him seem more frog-like and to conceal the seam between his head and body. According to Michael K. Frith, the relatively simple construction of the Kermit puppet allows the performer's arm and hand to produce a wide range of expression and gestures.", "According to Michael K. Frith, the relatively simple construction of the Kermit puppet allows the performer's arm and hand to produce a wide range of expression and gestures. Naming The origin of Kermit's name is a subject of some debate.", "Naming The origin of Kermit's name is a subject of some debate. It is often claimed that Kermit was named after Henson's childhood friend Kermit Scott, from Leland, Mississippi.", "It is often claimed that Kermit was named after Henson's childhood friend Kermit Scott, from Leland, Mississippi. However, Karen Falk, head archivist and board of directors member for the Jim Henson Legacy organization, denies this claim on the Jim Henson Company's website: Joy DiMenna, the only daughter of Kermit Kalman Cohen who worked as a sound engineer at WBAL-TV during Jim Henson's time with Sam and Friends, recalls that the puppet was named after her father.", "However, Karen Falk, head archivist and board of directors member for the Jim Henson Legacy organization, denies this claim on the Jim Henson Company's website: Joy DiMenna, the only daughter of Kermit Kalman Cohen who worked as a sound engineer at WBAL-TV during Jim Henson's time with Sam and Friends, recalls that the puppet was named after her father. According to Kermit Cohen's obituary, as well as DiMenna and Lenny Levin, a colleague of Mr. Cohen's at WBAL: Another common belief is that Kermit was named for Kermit Love, who worked with Henson in designing and constructing Muppets, particularly on Sesame Street, but Love's association with Henson did not begin until well after Kermit's creation and naming, and he always denied any connection between his name and that of the character.", "According to Kermit Cohen's obituary, as well as DiMenna and Lenny Levin, a colleague of Mr. Cohen's at WBAL: Another common belief is that Kermit was named for Kermit Love, who worked with Henson in designing and constructing Muppets, particularly on Sesame Street, but Love's association with Henson did not begin until well after Kermit's creation and naming, and he always denied any connection between his name and that of the character. As Sesame Street is localized for some different markets that speak languages other than English, Kermit is often renamed.", "As Sesame Street is localized for some different markets that speak languages other than English, Kermit is often renamed. In Portugal, he is called Cocas, o Sapo (sapo means \"toad\"), and in Brazil, his name is similar: Caco, o Sapo.", "In Portugal, he is called Cocas, o Sapo (sapo means \"toad\"), and in Brazil, his name is similar: Caco, o Sapo. In most of Hispanic America, his name is la rana René (René the Frog), while in Spain, he is named Gustavo.", "In most of Hispanic America, his name is la rana René (René the Frog), while in Spain, he is named Gustavo. In the Arabic version, he is known as Kamel, which is a common Arabic male name that means \"perfect\". In Hungary, he is called Breki (onomatopoetic).", "In Hungary, he is called Breki (onomatopoetic). Characterization and performers Jim Henson originated the character in 1955 on his local television series, Sam and Friends. Henson himself described Kermit as \"kind of easy-going, very likable...sometimes slightly a wiseguy.\"", "Henson himself described Kermit as \"kind of easy-going, very likable...sometimes slightly a wiseguy.\" Frank Oz remarked that Kermit possesses a natural sense of leadership within the Muppets, explaining that \"he has all these zany characters and a world around him and he tries to be the center and hold everything together...sometimes he gets too much and blows his top, but essentially he kind of goes with the flow.\"", "Frank Oz remarked that Kermit possesses a natural sense of leadership within the Muppets, explaining that \"he has all these zany characters and a world around him and he tries to be the center and hold everything together...sometimes he gets too much and blows his top, but essentially he kind of goes with the flow.\" Brian Henson described his father's performance as Kermit as \"coming out of his own personality—was a wry intelligence, a little bit of a naughtiness, but Kermit always loved everyone around and also loved a good prank.\"", "Brian Henson described his father's performance as Kermit as \"coming out of his own personality—was a wry intelligence, a little bit of a naughtiness, but Kermit always loved everyone around and also loved a good prank.\" Kermit has often been referred to as Henson's \"soft-spoken alter-ego.\"", "Kermit has often been referred to as Henson's \"soft-spoken alter-ego.\" Many of Henson's colleagues have confirmed how close and inseparable Jim and Kermit's personalities were. Henson's agent Bernie Brillstein has stated straightforwardly that \"Kermit was Jim\".", "Henson's agent Bernie Brillstein has stated straightforwardly that \"Kermit was Jim\". Author Brian Jay Jones described the relationship accordingly: \"The more Jim performed Kermit, the more the two of them seemed to become intertwined…it was becoming harder to tell where the frog ended and Jim began.\"", "Author Brian Jay Jones described the relationship accordingly: \"The more Jim performed Kermit, the more the two of them seemed to become intertwined…it was becoming harder to tell where the frog ended and Jim began.\" Henson continued to perform the character until his death in 1990.", "Henson continued to perform the character until his death in 1990. Henson's last known performance as Kermit was for an appearance on The Arsenio Hall Show to promote the television special The Muppets at Walt Disney World. Henson died twelve days after that appearance.", "Henson died twelve days after that appearance. Following Henson's death, veteran Muppet performer Steve Whitmire was named Kermit's new performer. Whitmire claims that Henson had seemingly intended to pass on the role to him before he died, though it was Jane Henson and son Brian who had selected him after her father's death.", "Whitmire claims that Henson had seemingly intended to pass on the role to him before he died, though it was Jane Henson and son Brian who had selected him after her father's death. Whitmire's first public performance as Kermit was at the end of the television special The Muppets Celebrate Jim Henson in 1990.", "Whitmire's first public performance as Kermit was at the end of the television special The Muppets Celebrate Jim Henson in 1990. Whitmire explained that his main intent when he inherited Kermit, \"was to make sure the character stayed the same and consistent, but didn't become stale and just a copy.\"", "Whitmire explained that his main intent when he inherited Kermit, \"was to make sure the character stayed the same and consistent, but didn't become stale and just a copy.\" Kermit's personality during Whitmire's tenure was widely described as more wholesome, lighthearted, and Pollyanna-ish than Henson's.", "Kermit's personality during Whitmire's tenure was widely described as more wholesome, lighthearted, and Pollyanna-ish than Henson's. Several critics of Whitmire's portrayal have come from the Henson family.", "Several critics of Whitmire's portrayal have come from the Henson family. Brian Henson stated that while Whitmire's performance was \"sometimes excellent, and always pretty good\", he also elaborated that \"Kermit has, as a character, flattened out over time and has become too square and not as vital as it should have been.\"", "Brian Henson stated that while Whitmire's performance was \"sometimes excellent, and always pretty good\", he also elaborated that \"Kermit has, as a character, flattened out over time and has become too square and not as vital as it should have been.\" Cheryl Henson stated that Whitmire performed the character as a \"bitter, angry, depressed, victim\".", "Cheryl Henson stated that Whitmire performed the character as a \"bitter, angry, depressed, victim\". He remained Kermit's principal performer until October 2016, when he was dismissed by The Muppets Studio.", "He remained Kermit's principal performer until October 2016, when he was dismissed by The Muppets Studio. The Walt Disney Company (owner of The Muppets Studio) cited \"unacceptable business conduct\" as reason for the dismissal, while Whitmire claims the decision was made due to creative disagreements over Kermit's characterization and prolonged labor union negotiations that delayed his involvement in Muppet productions.", "The Walt Disney Company (owner of The Muppets Studio) cited \"unacceptable business conduct\" as reason for the dismissal, while Whitmire claims the decision was made due to creative disagreements over Kermit's characterization and prolonged labor union negotiations that delayed his involvement in Muppet productions. Disney announced that Matt Vogel would become Kermit's new performer on July 10, 2017.", "Disney announced that Matt Vogel would become Kermit's new performer on July 10, 2017. Vogel's first official appearance as Kermit was in a \"Muppet Thought of the Week” YouTube video.", "Vogel's first official appearance as Kermit was in a \"Muppet Thought of the Week” YouTube video. John Kennedy performed Kermit for Muppets Ahoy!, a 2006 Disney Cruise Line stage show (though Whitmire performed Kermit for the first few shows).", "John Kennedy performed Kermit for Muppets Ahoy!, a 2006 Disney Cruise Line stage show (though Whitmire performed Kermit for the first few shows). Muppet performer Artie Esposito briefly performed Kermit in 2009 for a few personal appearances (an appearance on America's Got Talent, the MTV Video Music Awards, and at the 2009 D23 Expo).", "Muppet performer Artie Esposito briefly performed Kermit in 2009 for a few personal appearances (an appearance on America's Got Talent, the MTV Video Music Awards, and at the 2009 D23 Expo). Voice actor Frank Welker provided the voice of Baby Kermit on the animated Saturday morning cartoon, Muppet Babies.", "Voice actor Frank Welker provided the voice of Baby Kermit on the animated Saturday morning cartoon, Muppet Babies. He also provided the voice of an adult Kermit for a short-lived spin-off, Little Muppet Monsters. Matt Danner voices Baby Kermit on the 2018 reboot of Muppet Babies.", "Matt Danner voices Baby Kermit on the 2018 reboot of Muppet Babies. Character biography A biography has been developed for Kermit the Frog as if he was an actual living performer rather than a puppet character.", "Character biography A biography has been developed for Kermit the Frog as if he was an actual living performer rather than a puppet character. According to this fictional biography, he was born in Leland, Mississippi, alongside approximately 2,353 siblings, though a 2011 \"interview\" on The Ellen DeGeneres Show has him state that he was from the swamps of Louisiana.", "According to this fictional biography, he was born in Leland, Mississippi, alongside approximately 2,353 siblings, though a 2011 \"interview\" on The Ellen DeGeneres Show has him state that he was from the swamps of Louisiana. As portrayed in the 2002 film Kermit's Swamp Years, at the age of 12, he was the first of his siblings to leave the swamp, and one of the first frogs to talk to humans.", "As portrayed in the 2002 film Kermit's Swamp Years, at the age of 12, he was the first of his siblings to leave the swamp, and one of the first frogs to talk to humans. He is shown in the film encountering a 12-year-old Jim Henson (played by Christian Kriebel) for the first time.", "He is shown in the film encountering a 12-year-old Jim Henson (played by Christian Kriebel) for the first time. According to The Muppet Movie, Kermit returned to the swamp, where a passing agent (Dom DeLuise) noted he had talent and, thus inspired, he headed to Hollywood, encountering the rest of the Muppets along the way.", "According to The Muppet Movie, Kermit returned to the swamp, where a passing agent (Dom DeLuise) noted he had talent and, thus inspired, he headed to Hollywood, encountering the rest of the Muppets along the way. Together, they were given a standard \"rich and famous\" contract by Lew Lord (Orson Welles) of Wide World Studios and began their showbiz careers.", "Together, they were given a standard \"rich and famous\" contract by Lew Lord (Orson Welles) of Wide World Studios and began their showbiz careers. In Before You Leap, Kermit again references encountering Jim Henson sometime after the events depicted in the course of The Muppet Movie and details their friendship and their partnership in the entertainment industry, crediting Henson as being the individual to whom he owes his fame.", "In Before You Leap, Kermit again references encountering Jim Henson sometime after the events depicted in the course of The Muppet Movie and details their friendship and their partnership in the entertainment industry, crediting Henson as being the individual to whom he owes his fame. At some point after the events of The Muppet Movie, Kermit and the other Muppets begin The Muppet Show, and the characters remain together as a group, before starring in the other Muppet films and Muppets Tonight, with Kermit usually at the core of the stories as the lead protagonist.", "At some point after the events of The Muppet Movie, Kermit and the other Muppets begin The Muppet Show, and the characters remain together as a group, before starring in the other Muppet films and Muppets Tonight, with Kermit usually at the core of the stories as the lead protagonist. Kermit is shown in The Muppet Movie as stating that the events of the film are \"approximately how it happened\" when asked by his nephew Robin about how the Muppets got started.", "Kermit is shown in The Muppet Movie as stating that the events of the film are \"approximately how it happened\" when asked by his nephew Robin about how the Muppets got started. Fozzie Bear is portrayed as Kermit's best friend—a fact reiterated by Kermit in Before You Leap—and the two were frequently seen together during sketches on The Muppet Show and in other Muppet-related media and merchandise.", "Fozzie Bear is portrayed as Kermit's best friend—a fact reiterated by Kermit in Before You Leap—and the two were frequently seen together during sketches on The Muppet Show and in other Muppet-related media and merchandise. On August 4, 2015, Kermit the Frog and Miss Piggy \"announced\" that they had ended their romantic relationship.", "On August 4, 2015, Kermit the Frog and Miss Piggy \"announced\" that they had ended their romantic relationship. On September 2, 2015, Kermit was stated to have found a new girlfriend, a pig named Denise, but around February 2016, Denise supposedly broke up with Kermit after almost six months together.", "On September 2, 2015, Kermit was stated to have found a new girlfriend, a pig named Denise, but around February 2016, Denise supposedly broke up with Kermit after almost six months together. Performance Kermit the Frog is a rather simple hand-rod Muppet, and is usually controlled by one puppeteer.", "Performance Kermit the Frog is a rather simple hand-rod Muppet, and is usually controlled by one puppeteer. His creator and original performer, Jim Henson, actually built Kermit's head around the size of his own hands (later builds of Kermit have extra padding inside the head to accommodate puppeteers whose hands were smaller than Henson's).", "His creator and original performer, Jim Henson, actually built Kermit's head around the size of his own hands (later builds of Kermit have extra padding inside the head to accommodate puppeteers whose hands were smaller than Henson's). The flexibility of the material use to make Kermit means the frog can pull off a wide range of expressions.", "The flexibility of the material use to make Kermit means the frog can pull off a wide range of expressions. For example, with a slight adjustment of their fingers, the puppeteer can make Kermit convincingly smile, frown, or act worried.", "For example, with a slight adjustment of their fingers, the puppeteer can make Kermit convincingly smile, frown, or act worried. When it came to creating Kermit's voice, Henson actually took inspiration from an impression by Stan Freberg of Marlon Brando, one that can be heard on some of Freberg's comedy records, including vocals on his versions of \"Sh-Boom\" and \"The Night Before Christmas\".", "When it came to creating Kermit's voice, Henson actually took inspiration from an impression by Stan Freberg of Marlon Brando, one that can be heard on some of Freberg's comedy records, including vocals on his versions of \"Sh-Boom\" and \"The Night Before Christmas\". Over time, however, Henson's voice for the frog would evolve into an extension of his own natural voice.", "Over time, however, Henson's voice for the frog would evolve into an extension of his own natural voice. Career Kermit has been featured prominently on both The Muppet Show and Sesame Street.", "Career Kermit has been featured prominently on both The Muppet Show and Sesame Street. However, he had a prominent career before Sesame Streets debut in 1969, as he starred in Sam and Friends, and numerous Muppets made guest appearances on Today from 1961 and The Ed Sullivan Show from 1966.", "However, he had a prominent career before Sesame Streets debut in 1969, as he starred in Sam and Friends, and numerous Muppets made guest appearances on Today from 1961 and The Ed Sullivan Show from 1966. Sesame Street Kermit was one of the original main Muppet characters on Sesame Street.", "Sesame Street Kermit was one of the original main Muppet characters on Sesame Street. Closely identified with the show, Kermit usually appeared as a lecturer on simple topics, a straight man to another Muppet foil (usually Grover, Herry Monster or Cookie Monster), or a news reporter interviewing storybook characters for Sesame Street News.", "Closely identified with the show, Kermit usually appeared as a lecturer on simple topics, a straight man to another Muppet foil (usually Grover, Herry Monster or Cookie Monster), or a news reporter interviewing storybook characters for Sesame Street News. He sang many songs on the show, including \"Bein' Green\", and appeared in the 1998 video The Best of Kermit on Sesame Street.", "He sang many songs on the show, including \"Bein' Green\", and appeared in the 1998 video The Best of Kermit on Sesame Street. Unlike the rest of the show's Muppets, Kermit was never any property of Sesame Workshop and has rarely been a part of the show's merchandise.", "Unlike the rest of the show's Muppets, Kermit was never any property of Sesame Workshop and has rarely been a part of the show's merchandise. When Sesame Workshop bought full ownership of its characters from The Jim Henson Company for $180 million, Kermit was excluded from the deal.", "When Sesame Workshop bought full ownership of its characters from The Jim Henson Company for $180 million, Kermit was excluded from the deal. The character now belongs to The Muppets Studio, a division of The Walt Disney Company.", "The character now belongs to The Muppets Studio, a division of The Walt Disney Company. His first Sesame Street appearance since Disney ownership was in an Elmo's World segment in the show's 40th-season premiere on November 10, 2009.", "His first Sesame Street appearance since Disney ownership was in an Elmo's World segment in the show's 40th-season premiere on November 10, 2009. His most recent appearance was in the 2019 television special Sesame Street's 50th Anniversary Celebration, where he performed \"Bein' Green\" with Elvis Costello.", "His most recent appearance was in the 2019 television special Sesame Street's 50th Anniversary Celebration, where he performed \"Bein' Green\" with Elvis Costello. With the Muppets In The Muppet Show television series, Kermit was the central character, the showrunner, and the long-suffering stage manager of the theater show, trying to keep order amidst the chaos created by the other Muppets.", "With the Muppets In The Muppet Show television series, Kermit was the central character, the showrunner, and the long-suffering stage manager of the theater show, trying to keep order amidst the chaos created by the other Muppets. Henson once claimed that Kermit's job on the Muppet Show was much like his own: \"trying to get a bunch of crazies to actually get the job done.\"", "Henson once claimed that Kermit's job on the Muppet Show was much like his own: \"trying to get a bunch of crazies to actually get the job done.\" It was on this show that the running gag of Kermit being pursued by leading lady Miss Piggy developed.", "It was on this show that the running gag of Kermit being pursued by leading lady Miss Piggy developed. On Muppets Tonight, Kermit was still a main character, although he was the producer rather than frontman.", "On Muppets Tonight, Kermit was still a main character, although he was the producer rather than frontman. He appeared in many parody sketches such as NYPD Green, City Schtickers, Flippers, and The Muppet Odd Squad, as well as in the Psychiatrist's Office sketch.", "He appeared in many parody sketches such as NYPD Green, City Schtickers, Flippers, and The Muppet Odd Squad, as well as in the Psychiatrist's Office sketch. Kermit also served as the mascot for The Jim Henson Company, until the sale of the Muppet characters to Disney.", "Kermit also served as the mascot for The Jim Henson Company, until the sale of the Muppet characters to Disney. A Kermit puppet can be seen at the National Museum of American History.", "A Kermit puppet can be seen at the National Museum of American History. Kermit appears in Muppet*Vision 3D, an attraction that opened in 1991 and continues to run presently at Disney's Hollywood Studios at Walt Disney World in Lake Buena Vista, Florida.", "Kermit appears in Muppet*Vision 3D, an attraction that opened in 1991 and continues to run presently at Disney's Hollywood Studios at Walt Disney World in Lake Buena Vista, Florida. The character was also formerly featured in the aforementioned attraction in Disney California Adventure Park at the Disneyland Resort in Anaheim, California until its closure in 2014.", "The character was also formerly featured in the aforementioned attraction in Disney California Adventure Park at the Disneyland Resort in Anaheim, California until its closure in 2014. Kermit also appeared in The Muppets Present...Great Moments in American History at the Magic Kingdom from 2016 to 2020.", "Kermit also appeared in The Muppets Present...Great Moments in American History at the Magic Kingdom from 2016 to 2020. He also appeared in two parades; Disney Stars and Motor Cars Parade which ran at Disney's Hollywood Studios from 2001 to 2008 and Disney's Honorary VoluntEars Cavalcade which was held during 2010 at the Magic Kingdom and Disneyland.", "He also appeared in two parades; Disney Stars and Motor Cars Parade which ran at Disney's Hollywood Studios from 2001 to 2008 and Disney's Honorary VoluntEars Cavalcade which was held during 2010 at the Magic Kingdom and Disneyland. Filmography Kermit the Frog has appeared in almost every Muppet production, as well as making guest appearances in other shows and movies.", "Filmography Kermit the Frog has appeared in almost every Muppet production, as well as making guest appearances in other shows and movies. Below is a list of his more well-known appearances: Sam and Friends (1955–1961) (TV) Sesame Street (1969–1990, 1996–2001, 2009) (TV) Hey, Cinderella!", "Below is a list of his more well-known appearances: Sam and Friends (1955–1961) (TV) Sesame Street (1969–1990, 1996–2001, 2009) (TV) Hey, Cinderella! (1969) (TV) The Muppets on Puppets (1970) (TV) The Frog Prince (1971) (TV) The Muppet Musicians of Bremen (1972) (TV) The Muppets Valentine Show (1974) (TV) The Muppet Show: Sex and Violence (1975) (TV) The Muppet Show (1976–1981) (TV) Emmet Otter's Jug-Band Christmas (1977) (TV) The Muppet Movie (1979) The Great Muppet Caper (1981) The Muppets Take Manhattan (1984) Muppet Babies (1984–1991) (TV) Sesame Street Presents Follow That Bird (1985) The Muppets: A Celebration of 30 Years (1986) (TV) The Christmas Toy (1986) (TV) A Muppet Family Christmas (1987) (TV) The Jim Henson Hour (1989) (TV) Cartoon All-Stars to the Rescue (1990) (TV) The Muppets at Walt Disney World (1990) (TV) The Muppets Celebrate Jim Henson (1990) (TV) The Muppet Christmas Carol (1992) – Appearance as Bob Cratchit Muppet Classic Theater (1994) (Direct-to-Video) – Appearance as King Midas and the King in Rumpelstiltskin.", "(1969) (TV) The Muppets on Puppets (1970) (TV) The Frog Prince (1971) (TV) The Muppet Musicians of Bremen (1972) (TV) The Muppets Valentine Show (1974) (TV) The Muppet Show: Sex and Violence (1975) (TV) The Muppet Show (1976–1981) (TV) Emmet Otter's Jug-Band Christmas (1977) (TV) The Muppet Movie (1979) The Great Muppet Caper (1981) The Muppets Take Manhattan (1984) Muppet Babies (1984–1991) (TV) Sesame Street Presents Follow That Bird (1985) The Muppets: A Celebration of 30 Years (1986) (TV) The Christmas Toy (1986) (TV) A Muppet Family Christmas (1987) (TV) The Jim Henson Hour (1989) (TV) Cartoon All-Stars to the Rescue (1990) (TV) The Muppets at Walt Disney World (1990) (TV) The Muppets Celebrate Jim Henson (1990) (TV) The Muppet Christmas Carol (1992) – Appearance as Bob Cratchit Muppet Classic Theater (1994) (Direct-to-Video) – Appearance as King Midas and the King in Rumpelstiltskin. Muppet Treasure Island (1996) – Appearance as Captain Abraham Smollett Muppets Tonight (1996–1998) (TV) Muppets from Space (1999) The Jerry Lewis MDA Labor Day Telethon (2001) (TV) Kermit's Swamp Years (2002) (Direct-to-Video) It's a Very Merry Muppet Christmas Movie (2002) (TV) Saturday Night Live (1975/76, 2004, 2011) (TV) The Muppets' Wizard of Oz (2005) (TV) – Appearance as Himself and The Scarecrow Mr. Magorium's Wonder Emporium (2007) (cameo) Studio DC: Almost Live (2008) (TV) A Muppets Christmas: Letters to Santa (2008) (TV) The Muppets (2011) \"30 Rock (2012) - Appearance as Himself in \"My Whole Life Is Thunder\" Good Luck Charlie (2013) (TV) – Appearance as Himself in \"Duncan Dream House\" Lady Gaga and the Muppets Holiday Spectacular (2013) (TV) Muppets Most Wanted (2014) The Muppets (2015–2016) (TV) Muppet Babies (2018–present) (TV) Sesame Street's 50th Anniversary Celebration (2019) (TV) Muppets Now (2020) (TV) Amphibia (2020) (TV) – Appearance as the voice of Crumpet the Frog in \"Swamp and Sensibility\" The Masked Singer (2021) (TV) – The Snail Muppets Haunted Mansion (2021) (TV) – Appearance as Himself and a Ghost Cultural impact Accolades and commemorations Kermit was awarded an honorary doctorate of Amphibious Letters on May 19, 1996, at Southampton College, New York, where he also gave a commencement speech.", "Muppet Treasure Island (1996) – Appearance as Captain Abraham Smollett Muppets Tonight (1996–1998) (TV) Muppets from Space (1999) The Jerry Lewis MDA Labor Day Telethon (2001) (TV) Kermit's Swamp Years (2002) (Direct-to-Video) It's a Very Merry Muppet Christmas Movie (2002) (TV) Saturday Night Live (1975/76, 2004, 2011) (TV) The Muppets' Wizard of Oz (2005) (TV) – Appearance as Himself and The Scarecrow Mr. Magorium's Wonder Emporium (2007) (cameo) Studio DC: Almost Live (2008) (TV) A Muppets Christmas: Letters to Santa (2008) (TV) The Muppets (2011) \"30 Rock (2012) - Appearance as Himself in \"My Whole Life Is Thunder\" Good Luck Charlie (2013) (TV) – Appearance as Himself in \"Duncan Dream House\" Lady Gaga and the Muppets Holiday Spectacular (2013) (TV) Muppets Most Wanted (2014) The Muppets (2015–2016) (TV) Muppet Babies (2018–present) (TV) Sesame Street's 50th Anniversary Celebration (2019) (TV) Muppets Now (2020) (TV) Amphibia (2020) (TV) – Appearance as the voice of Crumpet the Frog in \"Swamp and Sensibility\" The Masked Singer (2021) (TV) – The Snail Muppets Haunted Mansion (2021) (TV) – Appearance as Himself and a Ghost Cultural impact Accolades and commemorations Kermit was awarded an honorary doctorate of Amphibious Letters on May 19, 1996, at Southampton College, New York, where he also gave a commencement speech. He is also the only \"amphibian\" to have had the honor of addressing the Oxford Union.", "He is also the only \"amphibian\" to have had the honor of addressing the Oxford Union. A statue of Henson and Kermit was erected on the campus of Henson's alma mater, the University of Maryland, College Park in 2003.", "A statue of Henson and Kermit was erected on the campus of Henson's alma mater, the University of Maryland, College Park in 2003. Kermit was also given the honor of being the Grand Marshal of the Tournament of Roses Parade in 1996. The Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade has featured a Kermit balloon since 1977.", "The Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade has featured a Kermit balloon since 1977. On November 14, 2002, Kermit the Frog received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. The star is located at 6801 Hollywood Blvd. Kermit has two stars on the Walk of Fame, the other as a member of the collective The Muppets.", "Kermit has two stars on the Walk of Fame, the other as a member of the collective The Muppets. On Kermit's 50th birthday in 2005, the United States Postal Service released a set of new stamps with photos of Kermit and some of his fellow Muppets on them.", "On Kermit's 50th birthday in 2005, the United States Postal Service released a set of new stamps with photos of Kermit and some of his fellow Muppets on them. The background of the stamp sheet features a photo of a silhouetted Henson sitting in a window well, with Kermit sitting in his lap looking at him.", "The background of the stamp sheet features a photo of a silhouetted Henson sitting in a window well, with Kermit sitting in his lap looking at him. Kermit was also the grand marshal for Michigan State University's homecoming parade in 2006.", "Kermit was also the grand marshal for Michigan State University's homecoming parade in 2006. In 2013, the original Kermit puppet from Sam and Friends was donated to the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C. for display in the pop culture gallery.", "In 2013, the original Kermit puppet from Sam and Friends was donated to the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C. for display in the pop culture gallery. In 2015, the Leland Chamber of Commerce in Leland, Mississippi opened a small museum containing puppets and memorabilia dedicated to Kermit.", "In 2015, the Leland Chamber of Commerce in Leland, Mississippi opened a small museum containing puppets and memorabilia dedicated to Kermit. Kermit's legacy is also deeply entrenched in the science community. One of the famous WP-3D Orion research platforms flown by the NOAA Hurricane Hunters is named after Kermit. The other is named after Miss Piggy.", "The other is named after Miss Piggy. In 2015, the discovery of the Costa Rican glass frog Hyalinobatrachium dianae also attracted viral media attention due to the creature's perceived resemblance to Kermit, with researcher Brian Kubicki quoted as saying \"I am glad that this species has ended up getting so much international attention, and in doing so it is highlighting the amazing amphibians that are native to Costa Rica and the need to continue exploring and studying the country's amazing tropical forests\".", "In 2015, the discovery of the Costa Rican glass frog Hyalinobatrachium dianae also attracted viral media attention due to the creature's perceived resemblance to Kermit, with researcher Brian Kubicki quoted as saying \"I am glad that this species has ended up getting so much international attention, and in doing so it is highlighting the amazing amphibians that are native to Costa Rica and the need to continue exploring and studying the country's amazing tropical forests\". Guest television appearances Kermit has made numerous guest appearances on popular television shows, including co-hosting individual episodes of a number of long-running talk shows; among other television media.", "Guest television appearances Kermit has made numerous guest appearances on popular television shows, including co-hosting individual episodes of a number of long-running talk shows; among other television media. On April 2, 1979, Kermit guest-hosted The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson to promote The Muppet Movie.", "On April 2, 1979, Kermit guest-hosted The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson to promote The Muppet Movie. From 1983 to 1995, the French political satire show Le Bébête Show used copies of various Muppets to parody key political figures, and Kermit renamed \"Kermitterrand\", embodied President François Mitterrand.", "From 1983 to 1995, the French political satire show Le Bébête Show used copies of various Muppets to parody key political figures, and Kermit renamed \"Kermitterrand\", embodied President François Mitterrand. On May 21, 2018, Kermit and contestant Maddie Poppe performed \"Rainbow Connection\" live on American Idol.", "On May 21, 2018, Kermit and contestant Maddie Poppe performed \"Rainbow Connection\" live on American Idol. A still photo of Kermit sitting in his Director's chair with his megaphone in his hand from The Muppet Show appeared on a technical difficulties telop graphic on Metromedia owned-and-operated station KTTV Channel 11 in Los Angeles during the late 1970s and early 1980s.", "A still photo of Kermit sitting in his Director's chair with his megaphone in his hand from The Muppet Show appeared on a technical difficulties telop graphic on Metromedia owned-and-operated station KTTV Channel 11 in Los Angeles during the late 1970s and early 1980s. As an April Fool's joke, Kermit hosted CNN's Larry King Live in 1994 and interviewed Hulk Hogan.", "As an April Fool's joke, Kermit hosted CNN's Larry King Live in 1994 and interviewed Hulk Hogan. Kermit was also a semi-regular during various incarnations of Hollywood Squares, with other Muppets such as Big Bird and Oscar the Grouch also making appearances on the original Hollywood Squares.", "Kermit was also a semi-regular during various incarnations of Hollywood Squares, with other Muppets such as Big Bird and Oscar the Grouch also making appearances on the original Hollywood Squares. In 2020, Kermit appeared on Monday Night Football with other Muppets characters as it was briefly rebranded \"Muppet Night Football.\"", "In 2020, Kermit appeared on Monday Night Football with other Muppets characters as it was briefly rebranded \"Muppet Night Football.\" On March 10, 2021, Kermit was the first celebrity to be unmasked on the fifth season of The Masked Singer, having performed in costume as \"Snail\".", "On March 10, 2021, Kermit was the first celebrity to be unmasked on the fifth season of The Masked Singer, having performed in costume as \"Snail\". Merchandising Jim Henson's characters, including the Muppets, have inspired merchandise internationally, with Chris Bensch, chief curator of Rochester, New York's The Strong National Museum of Play, reporting \"There seems to have been a particular craze for Kermit the Frog in Japan,\" likely due to the \"cuteness appeal\".", "Merchandising Jim Henson's characters, including the Muppets, have inspired merchandise internationally, with Chris Bensch, chief curator of Rochester, New York's The Strong National Museum of Play, reporting \"There seems to have been a particular craze for Kermit the Frog in Japan,\" likely due to the \"cuteness appeal\". Baby Kermit plush toys became popular in the 1980s after the success of Muppet Babies.", "Baby Kermit plush toys became popular in the 1980s after the success of Muppet Babies. In 1991, one year after Jim Henson died, merchandise featuring Kermit and other Muppet characters was being sold at Disney theme parks, causing Henson Associates to file a lawsuit against Disney for copyright infringement.", "In 1991, one year after Jim Henson died, merchandise featuring Kermit and other Muppet characters was being sold at Disney theme parks, causing Henson Associates to file a lawsuit against Disney for copyright infringement. Henson alleged that the \"counterfeit merchandise\" falsely indicated that the characters belonged to Disney, although the latter company had the right to exercise use of the characters due to an earlier licensing agreement.", "Henson alleged that the \"counterfeit merchandise\" falsely indicated that the characters belonged to Disney, although the latter company had the right to exercise use of the characters due to an earlier licensing agreement. The Henson Associates highlighted a T-shirt displaying Kermit, the Disney brand, and a copyright symbol.", "The Henson Associates highlighted a T-shirt displaying Kermit, the Disney brand, and a copyright symbol. Disney representative Erwin Okun said the lawsuit was \"outrageous\" and \"an unfortunate break with the legacy of a fine relationship with Disney that Jim Henson left behind\".", "Disney representative Erwin Okun said the lawsuit was \"outrageous\" and \"an unfortunate break with the legacy of a fine relationship with Disney that Jim Henson left behind\". Disney later acquired the Muppets, and thusly, clothes, toys and souvenirs depicting Kermit and the Muppets continued to be sold at Disney theme parks and stores.", "Disney later acquired the Muppets, and thusly, clothes, toys and souvenirs depicting Kermit and the Muppets continued to be sold at Disney theme parks and stores. The Leland Chamber of Commerce's small Kermit-themed museum set out to preserve some of the dolls and merchandise.", "The Leland Chamber of Commerce's small Kermit-themed museum set out to preserve some of the dolls and merchandise. In 2016, The New Zealand Herald reported a hat featuring Kermit sipping Lipton tea, associated with the \"But That's None of My Business\" Internet meme, became a popular seller after basketball player LeBron James drew attention for wearing one.", "In 2016, The New Zealand Herald reported a hat featuring Kermit sipping Lipton tea, associated with the \"But That's None of My Business\" Internet meme, became a popular seller after basketball player LeBron James drew attention for wearing one. Kermit in Internet culture In March 2007, Sad Kermit, an unofficial parody, was uploaded to the website YouTube, showing a store-bought Kermit puppet performing a version of the Nine Inch Nails song \"Hurt\" in a style similar to Johnny Cash's famous cover version.", "Kermit in Internet culture In March 2007, Sad Kermit, an unofficial parody, was uploaded to the website YouTube, showing a store-bought Kermit puppet performing a version of the Nine Inch Nails song \"Hurt\" in a style similar to Johnny Cash's famous cover version. In contrast to the real Kermit character's usual family-friendly antics, the video shows the puppet engaging in drug abuse, smoking, alcoholism, performing oral sex on Rowlf the Dog, smashing a picture of Miss Piggy (with a breast exposed) and attempting suicide.", "In contrast to the real Kermit character's usual family-friendly antics, the video shows the puppet engaging in drug abuse, smoking, alcoholism, performing oral sex on Rowlf the Dog, smashing a picture of Miss Piggy (with a breast exposed) and attempting suicide. The video became an Internet meme.", "The video became an Internet meme. The Victoria Times Colonist called it an \"online sensation\". The Chicago Sun-Times said it \"puts the high in 'Hi-ho!'\" The London Free Press said \"Sad Kermit is in a world of pain\".", "The London Free Press said \"Sad Kermit is in a world of pain\". The Houston Press described it as the \"world's most revolting web phenomenon\". SF Weekly described the unauthorized video as \"ironic slandering\".", "SF Weekly described the unauthorized video as \"ironic slandering\". Clips have been featured on the Canadian television series The Hour, where host George Stroumboulopoulos speculated that the Kermit version of \"Hurt\" was inspired by the Cash version rather than that of Nine Inch Nails.", "Clips have been featured on the Canadian television series The Hour, where host George Stroumboulopoulos speculated that the Kermit version of \"Hurt\" was inspired by the Cash version rather than that of Nine Inch Nails. Kermit has also appeared in a popular meme in which he is shown sipping tea, \"one used when you sassily point something out, and then slyly back away, claiming that it's not [your] business\".", "Kermit has also appeared in a popular meme in which he is shown sipping tea, \"one used when you sassily point something out, and then slyly back away, claiming that it's not [your] business\". The photo is taken from \"Be More Kermit,\" a Lipton advertisement that aired in 2014, and was adapted into the \"But That's None of My Business\" meme by African American comedians on the Tumblr blog Kermit the Snitch, making appearances on Twitter, Instagram and Facebook.", "The photo is taken from \"Be More Kermit,\" a Lipton advertisement that aired in 2014, and was adapted into the \"But That's None of My Business\" meme by African American comedians on the Tumblr blog Kermit the Snitch, making appearances on Twitter, Instagram and Facebook. Charles Pulliam-Moore of the TV station Fusion praised \"But That's None of My Business\" as \"a symbol for the comedic brilliance born out of black communities on the internet,\" but Stephanie Hayes of Bustle magazine criticized the memes as racist and obscene.", "Charles Pulliam-Moore of the TV station Fusion praised \"But That's None of My Business\" as \"a symbol for the comedic brilliance born out of black communities on the internet,\" but Stephanie Hayes of Bustle magazine criticized the memes as racist and obscene. In 2016, a Good Morning America post on Twitter referred to the \"But That's None of My Business\" meme as \"Tea Lizard\", becoming the subject of viral online derision.", "In 2016, a Good Morning America post on Twitter referred to the \"But That's None of My Business\" meme as \"Tea Lizard\", becoming the subject of viral online derision. New York magazine replied that, \"Kermit is a frog. A frog is an amphibian. A lizard is a reptile.", "A lizard is a reptile. A lizard is a reptile. It's just so insulting. Beyond a frog and a lizard both being clearly ectothermic, they couldn't be any more different. Not all green things are the same, you ignorant bastards\".", "Not all green things are the same, you ignorant bastards\". Popular Science also addressed the misnomer, writing \"Frogs, which are amphibians, have quite a few significant differences from reptiles in how they breathe, their life cycles, whether they have scales or not... there's a lot to absorb here\".", "Popular Science also addressed the misnomer, writing \"Frogs, which are amphibians, have quite a few significant differences from reptiles in how they breathe, their life cycles, whether they have scales or not... there's a lot to absorb here\". In November 2016, a new meme surfaced of Kermit talking to a hooded version of himself which represents the self and its dark inner thoughts.", "In November 2016, a new meme surfaced of Kermit talking to a hooded version of himself which represents the self and its dark inner thoughts. It involves captioning of a screenshot taken from the Muppets Most Wanted movie of Kermit and Constantine looking at each other.", "It involves captioning of a screenshot taken from the Muppets Most Wanted movie of Kermit and Constantine looking at each other. In the meme, Constantine is supposed to represent a Sith Lord from Star Wars.", "In the meme, Constantine is supposed to represent a Sith Lord from Star Wars. References External links Kermit the Frog's character profile at Disney.com Kermit's commencement address at Southampton College in 1996 Birthplace of the Frog: An Exhibit of Jim Henson's Delta Boyhood (as himself) Kermit the Frog on IMDb Fictional characters from Mississippi Television characters introduced in 1955 Mascots introduced in 1955 Fictional frogs and toads Fictional producers Fictional reporters Fictional singers Fictional string musicians Frog mascots Television mascots Corporate mascots Sesame Street Muppet characters The Muppets characters Internet memes Film and television memes" ]

[ "Om Shanti Om", "Casting" ]

[ "Star Trek: The Next Generation is an American science fiction television series that debuted in broadcast syndication on September 28, 1987. The series lasted for seven seasons until 1994, and was followed by four movies which were released between 1994 and 2002. The series was a follow-up to the original Star Trek series which was broadcast on NBC between 1966 and 1969, with characters from the original series appearing in The Next Generation on several occasions; a crossover movie titled Star Trek Generations was also released. The Next Generation was developed by creator Gene Roddenberry, who served as an executive producer until his death in 1991, along with Maurice Hurley, Rick Berman, Michael Piller and Jeri Taylor. The series was filmed primarily on the Paramount Studios lot in Los Angeles, California.\n\nPreliminary casting began during March 1987, and the main cast was announced on May 15. The initial press release highlighted the casting of LeVar Burton, known for appearing in the miniseries Roots, as Geordi La Forge. Burton had auditioned for the role following a suggestion from executive producer Robert H. Justman, who had previously worked with him on a television movie. The only other two members of the cast mentioned were Patrick Stewart as Jean-Luc Picard and Jonathan Frakes as William Riker. Stewart was cast in the lead role after being spotted by Justman at a dramatic reading at the University of California, Los Angeles. However, the series' creator, Roddenberry, wanted a French actor and was considering the role of Data for Stewart. Both Justman and Berman campaigned for Stewart to have the role of Captain Picard, and Roddenberry relented. Frakes became Roddenberry's favorite for the role of Riker after the actor went through seven auditions for the role.\n\nThe producers sought a black actor to portray Worf, as it would make the Klingon make-up easier. Michael Dorn was cast due to his theater training and the lack of a \"street-accent\". The character was intended to appear in seven of the first thirteen episodes, but after Dorn's performance in the pilot \"Encounter at Farpoint\", this was expanded to a series regular. Roddenberry's intention for the casting of the new series was to avoid using characters similar to those that appeared in The Original Series. However, some of the elements of the characters of Riker and Deanna Troi were modeled on the characters of William Decker and Ilia, who were originally conceived for the unfilmed Star Trek: Phase II and later appeared in Star Trek: The Motion Picture. During casting, the role of Troi was originally assigned to Denise Crosby, with Marina Sirtis cast as Security Chief Macha Hernandez. Roddenberry believed that Sirtis would be better in the role of Troi and switched the two actresses; Crosby was cast as a modified version of the security chief, called Tasha Yar. Several candidates for the main roles were later cast in guest or recurring roles, including Eric Menyuk, who was second choice for the role of Data, and Rosalind Chao, who was originally considered for Tasha Yar. Tim Russ, who was considered for the role of Geordi La Forge, had a guest role on the series and would later be cast in main cast of Star Trek: Voyager as Tuvok.\n\nCrosby left the series before the end of the first season, while Gates McFadden as Beverly Crusher was dropped after season one. Diana Muldaur joined the cast as Katherine Pulaski to replace McFadden but declined a place in the main cast list, instead receiving a \"Special Appearance By\" credit on the episodes where she appeared. Muldaur left after only one season and McFadden returned in season three. Crosby reprised the role of Yar in the season three episode \"Yesterday's Enterprise\", and returned for several more episodes as Yar's half Romulan daughter Sela. Wil Wheaton left the main cast during season four, but returned for a number of episodes in season five as well as a final appearance in season seven.\n\nSeveral actors were cast in roles which recurred throughout the seven seasons on television and into the four feature films. Majel Barrett, referred to as \"The First Lady of Star Trek\" due to her marriage with Roddenberry, appeared both as the voice of Starfleet computers and as Lwaxana Troi. The part of Lwaxana was specifically created for her. She had appeared in The Original Series and two Star Trek films as Christine Chapel, and as Number One in the original pilot \"The Cage\". John de Lancie was cast as Q despite missing his first audition as it conflicted with a play he was in at the time. A second audition was arranged, where de Lancie impressed Roddenberry, who told him that \"You make my words sound better than they are.\" Colm Meaney was originally cast as an unnamed Ensign in \"Encounter at Farpoint\", but was subsequently cast as the Transporter Chief Miles O'Brien, appearing in 52 episodes in that role. Whoopi Goldberg approached the producers and asked for a role in the series, resulting in Roddenberry writing her the role of Guinan. She credits Nichelle Nichols as Uhura in The Original Series as inspiring her, saying \"when I was nine years old Star Trek came on, I looked at it and I went screaming through the house, 'Come here, mom, everybody, come quick, come quick, there's a black lady on television and she ain't no maid!' I knew right then and there I could be anything I wanted to be.\" She made her first appearance in the second season episode \"The Child\" and went on to appear in a total of 28 episodes plus both Star Trek Generations and Star Trek: Nemesis.\n\nCast\n = Main cast (credited) \n = Recurring cast (4+)\n = Guest cast (1-3)\nNote\n\nAlexander was played by Jon Steuer for one episode of Season 4.\n\nSee also\n\n List of Star Trek: The Original Series cast members\n List of Star Trek: Deep Space Nine cast members\n List of Star Trek: Voyager cast members\n List of Star Trek: Enterprise cast members\n List of Star Trek: Discovery cast members\n\nReferences\n\nCitations\n\nBibliography\n\n \n \n\nStar Trek: The Next Generation\nCast\ncast of Next Generation", "Baykali Ganambarr (born 30 August 1994) is an Australian actor and dancer. He received the 2018 Marcello Mastroianni Award for his role in The Nightingale and was nominated for the 2019 AACTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role for the same role. He was nominated for the 2021 AACTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role for his role in The Furnace.\n\nAfter posting Youtube videos of himself dancing he joined Djuki Mala. While still with the group he was cast in The Nightingale which was his first acting role. In the film, which was released in August 2019, he played an Aboriginal tracker named Billy. \n\nGanambarr's older sister Rarriwuy Hick is an actress who appears in Cleverman.\n\nReferences\n\nhttps://www.theaustralian.com.au/weekend-australian-magazine/qa-baykali-ganambarr-actor-dancer-25/news-story/2793fa1f089c290fcc3440ee051d9369\n\nExternal links\n \n\nLiving people\nAustralian male film actors\nIndigenous Australian male actors\nMarcello Mastroianni Award winners\n1994 births" ]

[ "Om Shanti Om is a 2007 Indian Hindi-language musical romantic satirical fantasy comedy-drama film written and directed by Farah Khan and co-written by Mayur Puri and Mushtaq Shiekh. Spanning three decades, the film stars Shah Rukh Khan as Om, a junior artist in 1977 who has a crush on a secretly-married superstar, played by Deepika Padukone in her Hindi film debut.", "Spanning three decades, the film stars Shah Rukh Khan as Om, a junior artist in 1977 who has a crush on a secretly-married superstar, played by Deepika Padukone in her Hindi film debut. Her lover, a producer played by Arjun Rampal, kills her in a fire; Om witnesses this and dies from the injuries sustained from trying to rescue her.", "Her lover, a producer played by Arjun Rampal, kills her in a fire; Om witnesses this and dies from the injuries sustained from trying to rescue her. Reincarnated as a superstar in 2007, he seeks to avenge his love.", "Reincarnated as a superstar in 2007, he seeks to avenge his love. The film also starred Shreyas Talpade, Kirron Kher, Nitesh Pandey, Yuvika Chaudhary, Asawari Joshi, Bindu Desai and Javed Sheikh feature in supporting roles, and saw cameos from many Bollywood celebrities in several sequences and songs.", "The film also starred Shreyas Talpade, Kirron Kher, Nitesh Pandey, Yuvika Chaudhary, Asawari Joshi, Bindu Desai and Javed Sheikh feature in supporting roles, and saw cameos from many Bollywood celebrities in several sequences and songs. Om Shanti Om was produced and presented by Shah Rukh's wife Gauri Khan under the banner Red Chillies Entertainment on a budget of 30 crore.", "Om Shanti Om was produced and presented by Shah Rukh's wife Gauri Khan under the banner Red Chillies Entertainment on a budget of 30 crore. Farah conceived the film while directing the musical Bombay Dreams (2002), which was based on the Indian film industry.", "Farah conceived the film while directing the musical Bombay Dreams (2002), which was based on the Indian film industry. After Shah Rukh rejected the first version of her next film Happy New Year, she was reminded of Om Shanti Om; the film's title derives from a similar titled popular song from the 1980 film Karz.", "After Shah Rukh rejected the first version of her next film Happy New Year, she was reminded of Om Shanti Om; the film's title derives from a similar titled popular song from the 1980 film Karz. The soundtrack album was composed by Vishal–Shekhar, with lyrics written by Javed Akhtar. The background score was performed by Sandeep Chowta.", "The background score was performed by Sandeep Chowta. The album received positive reviews and was also commercially successful, becoming the highest-selling album of the year in India.", "The album received positive reviews and was also commercially successful, becoming the highest-selling album of the year in India. The film was theatrically released in India on 9 November 2007 during Diwali weekend, Om Shanti Om earned over ₹149 crore worldwide becoming the highest grossing Bollywood film of the year; it received positive reviews, with praise for the performances and the film's soundtrack and narrative.", "The film was theatrically released in India on 9 November 2007 during Diwali weekend, Om Shanti Om earned over ₹149 crore worldwide becoming the highest grossing Bollywood film of the year; it received positive reviews, with praise for the performances and the film's soundtrack and narrative. The film won several awards in major Indian film award ceremonies.", "The film won several awards in major Indian film award ceremonies. At the 53rd Filmfare Awards, it received a leading 12 nominations, winning for Best Female Debut and Best Special Effects, and also won the National Film Award for Best Production Design.", "At the 53rd Filmfare Awards, it received a leading 12 nominations, winning for Best Female Debut and Best Special Effects, and also won the National Film Award for Best Production Design. Plot 1977 Om Prakash \"Omi\" Makhija (Shah Rukh Khan) is a poor junior film artist living with his mother Bela Makhija (Kirron Kher) and friend Pappu Master (Shreyas Talpade) in a small Mumbai chawl.", "Plot 1977 Om Prakash \"Omi\" Makhija (Shah Rukh Khan) is a poor junior film artist living with his mother Bela Makhija (Kirron Kher) and friend Pappu Master (Shreyas Talpade) in a small Mumbai chawl. He is in love with a popular film actress Shantipriya \"Shanti\" Kashyap (Deepika Padukone) as he takes small acting roles in Bollywood at the R.C.", "He is in love with a popular film actress Shantipriya \"Shanti\" Kashyap (Deepika Padukone) as he takes small acting roles in Bollywood at the R.C. Studios owned by popular film producer Mukesh Mehra (Arjun Rampal).", "Studios owned by popular film producer Mukesh Mehra (Arjun Rampal). One day, during the shooting of a film, a fire breaks out on the shooting set trapping Shanti but Omi rescues her and they become friends.", "One day, during the shooting of a film, a fire breaks out on the shooting set trapping Shanti but Omi rescues her and they become friends. Days later, Omi ends up overhearing Shanti and Mukesh's conversation and is shocked to discover that they have been married for 2 years but Mukesh refuses to reveal this in public as it will ruin both their careers.", "Days later, Omi ends up overhearing Shanti and Mukesh's conversation and is shocked to discover that they have been married for 2 years but Mukesh refuses to reveal this in public as it will ruin both their careers. Shanti reveals that she is also pregnant with Mukesh's child, leaving Omi heartbroken.", "Shanti reveals that she is also pregnant with Mukesh's child, leaving Omi heartbroken. One night, Omi comes to the shooting set of an upcoming film Om Shanti Om where Shanti is but he goes from there on overseeing her with Mukesh.", "One night, Omi comes to the shooting set of an upcoming film Om Shanti Om where Shanti is but he goes from there on overseeing her with Mukesh. However, Mukesh reveals to Shanti that he has decided to burn her in the shooting set as revealing his marriage and her pregnancy will ruin his career.", "However, Mukesh reveals to Shanti that he has decided to burn her in the shooting set as revealing his marriage and her pregnancy will ruin his career. Saying this, he puts the shooting set on fire and locks a horrified Shanti in it.", "Saying this, he puts the shooting set on fire and locks a horrified Shanti in it. When Omi spots her in the fire, he attempts to go and rescue her but is attacked by Mukesh's guards, leaving him severely injured. He is then thrown out of the shooting set by a big explosion.", "He is then thrown out of the shooting set by a big explosion. As it explodes with Shanti in it, Omi staggers on the road and gets hit by a car driven by actor Rajesh Kapoor (Jawed Sheikh) who is taking his pregnant wife Lovely Kapoor (Asavari Joshi) to the hospital as she is under labour.", "As it explodes with Shanti in it, Omi staggers on the road and gets hit by a car driven by actor Rajesh Kapoor (Jawed Sheikh) who is taking his pregnant wife Lovely Kapoor (Asavari Joshi) to the hospital as she is under labour. Both Omi and Lovely are hospitalised by Rajesh where Omi dies from his serious injuries while reminiscing about Shanti.", "Both Omi and Lovely are hospitalised by Rajesh where Omi dies from his serious injuries while reminiscing about Shanti. However, he is reborn on the same night in the same hospital as Rajesh and Lovely's son Om Kapoor.", "However, he is reborn on the same night in the same hospital as Rajesh and Lovely's son Om Kapoor. 2007 Om \"OK\" Kapoor (Shah Rukh Khan) is a popular film actor in Bollywood who lives a luxurious life and often comes across but ignores Bela Makhija (Kirron Kher) who believes him for her own son.", "2007 Om \"OK\" Kapoor (Shah Rukh Khan) is a popular film actor in Bollywood who lives a luxurious life and often comes across but ignores Bela Makhija (Kirron Kher) who believes him for her own son. His successful career eventually takes him to the abandoned and ruined R.C.", "His successful career eventually takes him to the abandoned and ruined R.C. Studios where he experiences unsettling flashbacks of his previous life. Later, when he is nominated as Filmfare Award for Best Actor, he gives the same emotional speech which he had given in his previous life.", "Later, when he is nominated as Filmfare Award for Best Actor, he gives the same emotional speech which he had given in his previous life. An elderly Pappu Master (Shreyas Talpade) watches him on TV and realises that he is lookalike Omi.", "An elderly Pappu Master (Shreyas Talpade) watches him on TV and realises that he is lookalike Omi. During a party, OK remembers his previous life after he sees Mukesh \"Mike\" Mehra. That night, he traces Bela and Pappu to their house and has an emotional reunion with him.", "That night, he traces Bela and Pappu to their house and has an emotional reunion with him. The three plan to avenge Shanti's murder by making Mukesh confess his crime and they audition several film actresses to find Shanti's look-alike but in vain.", "The three plan to avenge Shanti's murder by making Mukesh confess his crime and they audition several film actresses to find Shanti's look-alike but in vain. However, Om ends up coming across a junior film artist Sandhya \"Sandy\" Bansal (Deepika Padukone) who is an exact doppelgänger of Shanti.", "However, Om ends up coming across a junior film artist Sandhya \"Sandy\" Bansal (Deepika Padukone) who is an exact doppelgänger of Shanti. Sandy promises OK that she will try to help him according to his plan. OK convinces Mukesh to restart the shooting of Om Shanti Om on the same ruined R.C. Studios.", "Studios. Studios. Throughout the shooting of the film, OK and Pappu make Sandy dress as Shanti and arrange incidents to remind Mukesh of his crime and make him think that Shanti's ghost is haunting him.", "Throughout the shooting of the film, OK and Pappu make Sandy dress as Shanti and arrange incidents to remind Mukesh of his crime and make him think that Shanti's ghost is haunting him. However, supernatural events also occur on the shooting set which disturb Mukesh, much to the confusion of OK. During the music launch of Om Shanti Om, OK performs Shanti's life story through a song which shocks Mukesh who, however, discovers that Sandy is not Shanti's ghost as her body bleeds due to a small accident.", "However, supernatural events also occur on the shooting set which disturb Mukesh, much to the confusion of OK. During the music launch of Om Shanti Om, OK performs Shanti's life story through a song which shocks Mukesh who, however, discovers that Sandy is not Shanti's ghost as her body bleeds due to a small accident. He attempts to chase her but is knocked unconscious by a falling chandelier.", "He attempts to chase her but is knocked unconscious by a falling chandelier. When he regains consciousness, Mukesh is confronted by OK but he tells him that he has discovered that Sandy is not Shanti's ghost and he taunts him that there is no proof of Shanti's murder.", "When he regains consciousness, Mukesh is confronted by OK but he tells him that he has discovered that Sandy is not Shanti's ghost and he taunts him that there is no proof of Shanti's murder. Sandy then reaches the scene and reveals that after the fire had burned the shooting set, Mukesh had returned to Shanti who was still alive and breathing but he buried her alive below a chandelier.", "Sandy then reaches the scene and reveals that after the fire had burned the shooting set, Mukesh had returned to Shanti who was still alive and breathing but he buried her alive below a chandelier. She tells that Shanti's dead body will be found below the chandelier which will be a proof of her murder to the court.", "She tells that Shanti's dead body will be found below the chandelier which will be a proof of her murder to the court. As both OK and Mukesh wonder how Sandy knows this, Mukesh attempts to shoot her to death but OK stops him and attacks him which results in fire breaking out on the shooting set.", "As both OK and Mukesh wonder how Sandy knows this, Mukesh attempts to shoot her to death but OK stops him and attacks him which results in fire breaking out on the shooting set. OK fights against Mukesh but Sandy stops him and tells him that he will die but not at his hands.", "OK fights against Mukesh but Sandy stops him and tells him that he will die but not at his hands. She then looks at the chandelier and it falls down on Mukesh, killing him. Eventually, OK is shocked when \"another Sandy\" reaches the scene along with Pappu to help him.", "Eventually, OK is shocked when \"another Sandy\" reaches the scene along with Pappu to help him. As he glances back at the one in front of him, he realises that the \"Sandy\" who had revealed Shanti's murder proof and had killed Mukesh was actually Shanti's ghost, and she was responsible for the supernatural events occurring on the shooting set.", "As he glances back at the one in front of him, he realises that the \"Sandy\" who had revealed Shanti's murder proof and had killed Mukesh was actually Shanti's ghost, and she was responsible for the supernatural events occurring on the shooting set. OK waves goodbye to Shanti who tearfully smiles at him and disappears as she finally finds peace.", "OK waves goodbye to Shanti who tearfully smiles at him and disappears as she finally finds peace. The film ends with all its cast and crew approaching the shooting set of Om Shanti Om and the credits roll.", "The film ends with all its cast and crew approaching the shooting set of Om Shanti Om and the credits roll. Cast Shah Rukh Khan as Om Makhija / Om Kapoor (dual role) Deepika Padukone as Shanti Kashyap / Sandy Bansal (dual role) Shreyas Talpade as Pappu Master Kirron Kher as Bela Makhija Arjun Rampal as Mukesh Mehra Javed Sheikh as Rajesh Kapoor (Om Kapoor's father) Asavari Joshi as Lovely Kapoor (Om Kapoor's mother) Nitesh Pandey as Anwar Sheikh Mohammad (Om Kapoor's assistant) Bindu Desai as Kamini Arora (Dolly's mother) Nasser Abdullah as Rajesh Kapoor's secretary Yuvika Chaudhary as Dolly Arora (Om Kapoor's friend) Shawar Ali as Himself Lin Laishram as Om Kapoor's friend Cameo appearance Amitabh Bachchan as Himself Anil Kapoor as Himself Jackie Shroff as Himself Uday Chopra as Himself Abhishek Bachchan as Himself Akshay Kumar as Himself Ameesha Patel as Om Kapoor's co-actress in a film at Filmfare Awards Dia Mirza as Om Kapoor's co-actress in a film at Filmfare Awards Farah Khan as the woman who makes fun of Omi when the show ends Feroz Khan as Himself Gauri Khan as Herself Karan Johar as Himself Malaika Arora as Herself Vishal Dadlani as the director of Mohabbat Man, a superhero film Manikandan Velayutham as the director of Mind It, a parody of action films Priya Patil as Natasha, heroine of Apahij Pyar Rakesh Roshan as Himself Rishi Kapoor as the special host of Filmfare Awards who gives the award to Om Kapoor Shabana Azmi as Herself Subhash Ghai as Himself while shooting his iconic film Karz Yash Chopra as Himself Special appearance during the \"Deewangi Deewangi\" song (in order of appearance) Rani Mukerji Zayed Khan Vidya Balan Jeetendra Tusshar Kapoor Priyanka Chopra Shilpa Shetty Dharmendra Shabana Azmi Urmila Matondkar Karishma Kapoor Arbaaz Khan Malaika Arora Khan Dino Morea Amrita Arora Juhi Chawla Aftab Shivdasani Tabu Hashmi Govinda Ahuja Mithun Chakraborty Kajol Bobby Deol Preity Zinta Rekha Riteish Deshmukh Salman Khan Saif Ali Khan Sanjay Dutt Lara Dutta Suniel Shetty Production Development In 2002, Farah Khan worked as a choreographer for the musical Bombay Dreams in London, which she felt presented a \"clichéd and outdated version\" of the Indian film industry.", "Cast Shah Rukh Khan as Om Makhija / Om Kapoor (dual role) Deepika Padukone as Shanti Kashyap / Sandy Bansal (dual role) Shreyas Talpade as Pappu Master Kirron Kher as Bela Makhija Arjun Rampal as Mukesh Mehra Javed Sheikh as Rajesh Kapoor (Om Kapoor's father) Asavari Joshi as Lovely Kapoor (Om Kapoor's mother) Nitesh Pandey as Anwar Sheikh Mohammad (Om Kapoor's assistant) Bindu Desai as Kamini Arora (Dolly's mother) Nasser Abdullah as Rajesh Kapoor's secretary Yuvika Chaudhary as Dolly Arora (Om Kapoor's friend) Shawar Ali as Himself Lin Laishram as Om Kapoor's friend Cameo appearance Amitabh Bachchan as Himself Anil Kapoor as Himself Jackie Shroff as Himself Uday Chopra as Himself Abhishek Bachchan as Himself Akshay Kumar as Himself Ameesha Patel as Om Kapoor's co-actress in a film at Filmfare Awards Dia Mirza as Om Kapoor's co-actress in a film at Filmfare Awards Farah Khan as the woman who makes fun of Omi when the show ends Feroz Khan as Himself Gauri Khan as Herself Karan Johar as Himself Malaika Arora as Herself Vishal Dadlani as the director of Mohabbat Man, a superhero film Manikandan Velayutham as the director of Mind It, a parody of action films Priya Patil as Natasha, heroine of Apahij Pyar Rakesh Roshan as Himself Rishi Kapoor as the special host of Filmfare Awards who gives the award to Om Kapoor Shabana Azmi as Herself Subhash Ghai as Himself while shooting his iconic film Karz Yash Chopra as Himself Special appearance during the \"Deewangi Deewangi\" song (in order of appearance) Rani Mukerji Zayed Khan Vidya Balan Jeetendra Tusshar Kapoor Priyanka Chopra Shilpa Shetty Dharmendra Shabana Azmi Urmila Matondkar Karishma Kapoor Arbaaz Khan Malaika Arora Khan Dino Morea Amrita Arora Juhi Chawla Aftab Shivdasani Tabu Hashmi Govinda Ahuja Mithun Chakraborty Kajol Bobby Deol Preity Zinta Rekha Riteish Deshmukh Salman Khan Saif Ali Khan Sanjay Dutt Lara Dutta Suniel Shetty Production Development In 2002, Farah Khan worked as a choreographer for the musical Bombay Dreams in London, which she felt presented a \"clichéd and outdated version\" of the Indian film industry. She thought that the musical would not be successful if released in India.", "She thought that the musical would not be successful if released in India. She instead thought of a new story, writing her initial thoughts about the subject on Andrew Lloyd Webber's letterhead while staying in his house. Later in 2006, Farah began to work on her next project, which was tentatively titled Happy New Year.", "Later in 2006, Farah began to work on her next project, which was tentatively titled Happy New Year. Amid speculations that Shah Rukh Khan would star in Happy New Year, the actor rejected the first draft of the film, upon which Farah's husband and editor Shirish Kunder reminded her of the story she had conceived while in London.", "Amid speculations that Shah Rukh Khan would star in Happy New Year, the actor rejected the first draft of the film, upon which Farah's husband and editor Shirish Kunder reminded her of the story she had conceived while in London. Happy New Year, which was to mark Deepika Padukone's Hindi debut, was put on hiatus and revived more than 8 years later under the same title.", "Happy New Year, which was to mark Deepika Padukone's Hindi debut, was put on hiatus and revived more than 8 years later under the same title. Farah completed writing the first script of Om Shanti Om within two weeks.", "Farah completed writing the first script of Om Shanti Om within two weeks. She set the first half in the 1970s as she felt the Hindi films made during that period were much more influential than those made in other periods, particularly the 1980s, which she felt was a period when \"the worst movies were made\".", "She set the first half in the 1970s as she felt the Hindi films made during that period were much more influential than those made in other periods, particularly the 1980s, which she felt was a period when \"the worst movies were made\". She also included many references to the 1970s, which were also prevalent in films of that time.", "She also included many references to the 1970s, which were also prevalent in films of that time. She said, \"Everything in the first half is about the 70ssuch as the mother who overacts, mouthing clichéd dialogues. Then there are cabarets, badminton and other stuff popular during that era.\"", "Then there are cabarets, badminton and other stuff popular during that era.\" Shah Rukh's costumes were designed by Karan Johar, while Manish Malhotra designed Padukone's costumes. The rest of the cast had their costumes designed by Sanjeev Mulchadni. In addition to directing the film, Farah co-wrote the story with Mayur Puri and Mushtaq Shiekh.", "In addition to directing the film, Farah co-wrote the story with Mayur Puri and Mushtaq Shiekh. She was also the film's choreographer. Puri wrote the screenplay and dialogues. He completed the writing process in two months and rewrote the film's second half. Puri created the screenplay by writing his natural reaction to the characters as scenarios.", "Puri created the screenplay by writing his natural reaction to the characters as scenarios. He knew that despite being part of a crowd, junior artists do not want to be recognised as such, ruins their chances of landing a leading role in future. This was used in a sequence involving Shah Rukh and Talpade, who play junior artists.", "This was used in a sequence involving Shah Rukh and Talpade, who play junior artists. Puri blended different genres together in Om Shanti Om, which he felt was challenging. He used his personal memories from childhood for creating the 1970s. Shirish Kunder was the editor, while V. Manikandan was the cinematographer.", "Shirish Kunder was the editor, while V. Manikandan was the cinematographer. Sabu Cyril was the film's production designer. Sabu was first offered the Mani Ratnam-directed Guru (2007) at a time when Om Shanti Om was being planned, but ultimately chosen the latter due to his earlier commitment to Farah for her future project.", "Sabu was first offered the Mani Ratnam-directed Guru (2007) at a time when Om Shanti Om was being planned, but ultimately chosen the latter due to his earlier commitment to Farah for her future project. Farah used two particular dialogues in the film: \"When you want something badly, the whole universe conspires to give to you\" and \"In the end everything will be ok and if its not ok its not the end\".", "Farah used two particular dialogues in the film: \"When you want something badly, the whole universe conspires to give to you\" and \"In the end everything will be ok and if its not ok its not the end\". These were used as Khan felt that it reflected her philosophy in her life.", "These were used as Khan felt that it reflected her philosophy in her life. Farah stated that the film's opening scene was her most favourite in it. In 2008, Puri felt his most favourite dialogue from the ones he wrote would be the Filmfare Awards speech.", "In 2008, Puri felt his most favourite dialogue from the ones he wrote would be the Filmfare Awards speech. The film's title derives from the eponymous song from the film Karz (1980). Om is a Hindu mantra; Om Shanti Om roughly translates to \"Peace Be With You\".", "Om is a Hindu mantra; Om Shanti Om roughly translates to \"Peace Be With You\". The film opens with the grandeur shot of the most famous songs of Karz that is Om Shanti Om featuring Rishi Kapoor and SRK as junior artist standing in the crowd.", "The film opens with the grandeur shot of the most famous songs of Karz that is Om Shanti Om featuring Rishi Kapoor and SRK as junior artist standing in the crowd. Casting Shah Rukh was cast as the lead; he gained six packs for a song sequence. He felt Om Shanti Om was a \"happy film\".", "He felt Om Shanti Om was a \"happy film\". Farah was advised by Malaika Arora to cast Padukone as the female lead, who was suggested by Wendell Roddick, under whom Padukone was working. She was cast without a screen test.", "She was cast without a screen test. Khan felt that she was \"a beautiful, classic Indian beauty\" who fit the role of an actor of the 1970s. She was excited at the prospect of working with Shah Rukh and said, \"I've grown up watching [Shah Rukh] and always admired him so much.", "She was excited at the prospect of working with Shah Rukh and said, \"I've grown up watching [Shah Rukh] and always admired him so much. To get to work with him ... is quite wonderful. It was also fantastic that Farah showed faith in my talent and cast me opposite him.\"", "It was also fantastic that Farah showed faith in my talent and cast me opposite him.\" In preparation for her role, Padukone watched several films of actresses Helen and Hema Malini to study their body language. Her character was modelled after Malini and nicknamed Dreamy Girl after her the latter's nickname as Dream Girl.", "Her character was modelled after Malini and nicknamed Dreamy Girl after her the latter's nickname as Dream Girl. Rampal was approached by both Khan and Shah Rukh at the latter's New Year's Eve party. Rampal was initially reluctant to do the role as he felt it was \"too evil\" for someone like him.", "Rampal was initially reluctant to do the role as he felt it was \"too evil\" for someone like him. With persuasion from Shah Rukh, he agreed. Rampal wore a mustache in the film which was suggested by Shah Rukh. Shreyas Talpade played a supporting role as the best friend of Khan's character.", "Shreyas Talpade played a supporting role as the best friend of Khan's character. After the release of Iqbal (2005) and completing the filming of Dor, Talpade, who attended the same gym as Khan, was called for a narration of what would be Om Shanti Om. He agreed to do the role.", "He agreed to do the role. Kirron Kher, Bindu and Javed Sheikh also appear in the film. 31 Bollywood film actors appeared in cameo appearances for the song \"Deewangi Deewangi\". Other actors were also supposed to play cameos, including Fardeen Khan, who was arrested at Dubai airport in a drug case.", "Other actors were also supposed to play cameos, including Fardeen Khan, who was arrested at Dubai airport in a drug case. Dev Anand refused as he always played lead roles in his career. Dilip Kumar and Saira Banu didn't appear in the song, despite plans to include them.", "Dilip Kumar and Saira Banu didn't appear in the song, despite plans to include them. Amitabh Bachchan refused due to his son's wedding, while Aamir Khan refused due to Taare Zameen Pars (2007) pending editing. Khan had wanted the three Khans to appear together in a film.", "Khan had wanted the three Khans to appear together in a film. Rekha, who appears in the song, carried out 2 days of rehearsal for it. All those who appeared for the song received gifts, including a Blackberry phone and a Tag Heuer watch. Principal photography Om Shanti Om was made on a budget of ₹40 crore.", "Principal photography Om Shanti Om was made on a budget of ₹40 crore. The first scene to be filmed was one where Talpade's character tells Shah Rukh's character that he will be a hero; Shah Rukh was an hour late for filming.", "The first scene to be filmed was one where Talpade's character tells Shah Rukh's character that he will be a hero; Shah Rukh was an hour late for filming. Farah was pregnant with triplets while filming and experienced difficulties while shooting, she would constantly vomit while directing the film.", "Farah was pregnant with triplets while filming and experienced difficulties while shooting, she would constantly vomit while directing the film. The film was shot entirely in sync sound; Farah dismissed rumours of Padukone's voice being dubbed. In 2015, however, Mona Ghosh Shetty admitted to have dubbed for Padukone in the film.", "In 2015, however, Mona Ghosh Shetty admitted to have dubbed for Padukone in the film. The fake fight scene involving a stuffed tiger was inspired by a similar scene in the film Tarzan 303. Old cars owned by actors Rajesh Khanna and Hema Malini were used for filming for authenticity.", "Old cars owned by actors Rajesh Khanna and Hema Malini were used for filming for authenticity. A number of references to real life was also filmed, including a scene in which Om saves Shantipriya from a fire, which was a spoof of Sunil Dutt rescuing Nargis from a fire on the sets of Mother India (1957).", "A number of references to real life was also filmed, including a scene in which Om saves Shantipriya from a fire, which was a spoof of Sunil Dutt rescuing Nargis from a fire on the sets of Mother India (1957). For a shot involving a Filmfare Awards ceremony, Khan stood on the red carpet of an actual Filmfare Award ceremony and requested actors to dictate dialogues as she stated.", "For a shot involving a Filmfare Awards ceremony, Khan stood on the red carpet of an actual Filmfare Award ceremony and requested actors to dictate dialogues as she stated. The song \"Deewangi Deewangi\" was shot over a period of six days.", "The song \"Deewangi Deewangi\" was shot over a period of six days. The song \"Dhoom Taana\" has digitally altered guest appearances, which included Sunil Dutt from Amrapali (1966), Rajesh Khanna from Sachaa Jhutha (1970) and Jeetendra from Jay Vejay (1977).", "The song \"Dhoom Taana\" has digitally altered guest appearances, which included Sunil Dutt from Amrapali (1966), Rajesh Khanna from Sachaa Jhutha (1970) and Jeetendra from Jay Vejay (1977). Farah wanted to film Shakira for filming a special appearance had made her commit a few days for the role.", "Farah wanted to film Shakira for filming a special appearance had made her commit a few days for the role. Due to the uncertainty of her dates, the idea was scrapped. In February 2007, a filming schedule was completed in Film City.", "In February 2007, a filming schedule was completed in Film City. It was then reported that filming would move outdoors after Shah Rukh completed filming for Kaun Banega Crorepati.", "It was then reported that filming would move outdoors after Shah Rukh completed filming for Kaun Banega Crorepati. In October 2007, Abhishek Bachchan finished filming for his cameo appearance; he shot between 10 and 2 in the night for his screen time of about one and a half minutes.", "In October 2007, Abhishek Bachchan finished filming for his cameo appearance; he shot between 10 and 2 in the night for his screen time of about one and a half minutes. Filming of the last sequence and the end-credit song was done in Film City.", "Filming of the last sequence and the end-credit song was done in Film City. Farah continued the tradition of featuring an end-credits song beginning with Main Hoon Na (2004). Om Shanti Om was produced by Shah Rukh's wife Gauri Khan under their Red Chillies Entertainment banner.", "Om Shanti Om was produced by Shah Rukh's wife Gauri Khan under their Red Chillies Entertainment banner. While Marching Ants handled the publicity design, Gauri was the presenter. Shyam Kaushal, Amar Shetty and Shah Rukh were the action directors. The film's final reel length was 4013.94 ft (1223.45 m).", "The film's final reel length was 4013.94 ft (1223.45 m). Music Initially, A. R. Rahman was signed in to compose original songs and background score for the film but he opted out after disagreements with T-Series as he wanted them to share the copyrights of music between him and the lyricist.", "Music Initially, A. R. Rahman was signed in to compose original songs and background score for the film but he opted out after disagreements with T-Series as he wanted them to share the copyrights of music between him and the lyricist. The film score was composed by Sandeep Chowta while the original songs featured in Om Shanti Om were composed by the duo Vishal–Shekhar with lyrics by Javed Akhtar.", "The film score was composed by Sandeep Chowta while the original songs featured in Om Shanti Om were composed by the duo Vishal–Shekhar with lyrics by Javed Akhtar. One song was composed by Pyarelal of the Laxmikant-Pyarelal duo.", "One song was composed by Pyarelal of the Laxmikant-Pyarelal duo. The vocals are provided by KK, Sukhwinder Singh, Marianne, Nisha, Caralisa Monteiro, Shaan, Udit Narayan, Shreya Ghoshal, Sunidhi Chauhan, Rahul Saxena, Sonu Nigam, Rahat Fateh Ali Khan, Richa Sharma, Abhijeet Bhattacharya, DJ Aqeel, DJ G, Kiran Karnath, Jackie V, Nikhil Chinapa, DJ Nawed and Zoheb.", "The vocals are provided by KK, Sukhwinder Singh, Marianne, Nisha, Caralisa Monteiro, Shaan, Udit Narayan, Shreya Ghoshal, Sunidhi Chauhan, Rahul Saxena, Sonu Nigam, Rahat Fateh Ali Khan, Richa Sharma, Abhijeet Bhattacharya, DJ Aqeel, DJ G, Kiran Karnath, Jackie V, Nikhil Chinapa, DJ Nawed and Zoheb. They intended the soundtrack to be a tribute to the music of the 1960s and 1970s, while appealing to newer audiences at the same time.", "They intended the soundtrack to be a tribute to the music of the 1960s and 1970s, while appealing to newer audiences at the same time. Trade reports predicted the album to be commercially successful. The soundtrack album of Om Shanti Om was released on 15 August 2007 on CD.", "The soundtrack album of Om Shanti Om was released on 15 August 2007 on CD. Pyarelal of the Laxmikant-Pyarelal duo guest composed the title Dhoom Taana.", "Pyarelal of the Laxmikant-Pyarelal duo guest composed the title Dhoom Taana. He had stopped composing after the death of his partner Laxmikant, but after Farah Khan requested a song as tribute to the music of the 70s and the 80s, he agreed at the insistence of his wife and daughter.", "He had stopped composing after the death of his partner Laxmikant, but after Farah Khan requested a song as tribute to the music of the 70s and the 80s, he agreed at the insistence of his wife and daughter. The song was recorded with a 150-member-orchestra and traditional instruments like drums, tabla, dholak and dafli, a trademark of Laxmikant-Pyarelal.", "The song was recorded with a 150-member-orchestra and traditional instruments like drums, tabla, dholak and dafli, a trademark of Laxmikant-Pyarelal. He used more than 40 different percussion instruments.", "He used more than 40 different percussion instruments. In a soundtrack review, Joginder Tuteja of Bollywood Hungama gave it four stars out of five and opines, \"Om Shanti Om is easily one of the most complete scores by Vishal-Shekhar and Javed Akhtar.\"", "In a soundtrack review, Joginder Tuteja of Bollywood Hungama gave it four stars out of five and opines, \"Om Shanti Om is easily one of the most complete scores by Vishal-Shekhar and Javed Akhtar.\" Sukanya Verma of Rediff.com also gave it four stars out of five, applauding the tracks but criticised the \"Dark Side\" mix.", "Sukanya Verma of Rediff.com also gave it four stars out of five, applauding the tracks but criticised the \"Dark Side\" mix. She concludes her review by writing, \"Om Shanti Om is an out-and-out musical that captivates with its roaring polyphony and unabashed drama.\"", "She concludes her review by writing, \"Om Shanti Om is an out-and-out musical that captivates with its roaring polyphony and unabashed drama.\" Aakash Gandhi of Planet Bollywood gave a rating of 8.5 stars out of 10 and writes, \"not only have [Vishal–Shekhar] proven themselves in terms of musical ingenuity and quality, they have shown us the confidence, the poise, and the ability to step up to the plate and hit a grand-slam when they’re called upon to do so.\"", "Aakash Gandhi of Planet Bollywood gave a rating of 8.5 stars out of 10 and writes, \"not only have [Vishal–Shekhar] proven themselves in terms of musical ingenuity and quality, they have shown us the confidence, the poise, and the ability to step up to the plate and hit a grand-slam when they’re called upon to do so.\" He further gave them a \"standing ovation\".", "He further gave them a \"standing ovation\". Writing for AllMusic, Bhaskar Gupta gave the album 4.5 stars out of five and praises the composers, writing, \"Vishal-Shekhar finally delivered a soundtrack that could be deemed their signature offering.\"", "Writing for AllMusic, Bhaskar Gupta gave the album 4.5 stars out of five and praises the composers, writing, \"Vishal-Shekhar finally delivered a soundtrack that could be deemed their signature offering.\" Vishal–Shekhar was nominated for the Best Music Director at the 53rd Filmfare Awards, Producers Guild Awards 2008 and Zee Cine Awards 2008, winning for Best Composer at the 2nd Asian Film Awards.", "Vishal–Shekhar was nominated for the Best Music Director at the 53rd Filmfare Awards, Producers Guild Awards 2008 and Zee Cine Awards 2008, winning for Best Composer at the 2nd Asian Film Awards. Vishal Dadlani was alone nominated for Best Lyrics for \"Ajab Si\" at the Filmfare and Producers Film Guild award ceremonies.", "Vishal Dadlani was alone nominated for Best Lyrics for \"Ajab Si\" at the Filmfare and Producers Film Guild award ceremonies. Akhtar was nominated for Best Lyrics at the Filmfare and Zee Cine awards, winning at the 9th IIFA Awards for \"Main Agar Kahoon\".", "Akhtar was nominated for Best Lyrics at the Filmfare and Zee Cine awards, winning at the 9th IIFA Awards for \"Main Agar Kahoon\". It was the highest-selling music album of the year in India, with sales of around 2 million units.", "It was the highest-selling music album of the year in India, with sales of around 2 million units. Release Om Shanti Om created a record of sorts by going in for an unheard of 2000 prints (worldwide) release.", "Release Om Shanti Om created a record of sorts by going in for an unheard of 2000 prints (worldwide) release. This was the highest number of prints (including digital) for any Indian movie at the time of its release.", "This was the highest number of prints (including digital) for any Indian movie at the time of its release. Om Shanti Om set another record for registered pre-advance booking of 18,000 tickets in a chain of theatres in Delhi a few days before the advance booking was to start. A special screening was conducted for Bollywood actors.", "A special screening was conducted for Bollywood actors. Red Chillies Entertainment had reportedly sold the world rights for the film to Eros International for an amount between Rs. 720–750 million. Baba Films, a production and distribution company, had offered a record Rs.", "Baba Films, a production and distribution company, had offered a record Rs. 110 million for the rights to the Mumbai Circuit, surpassing the highest amount ever paid for the territory. As a marketing strategy, Amul advertised Shah Rukh.", "As a marketing strategy, Amul advertised Shah Rukh. Nina Davuluri's talent for Miss America 2014 was a Hindi Film fusion dance choreographed by Nakul Dev Mahajan and performed to Dhoom Taana. It was the first time Hindi Film ever appeared on the Miss America stage and Davuluri is the first Indian American to win the competition.", "It was the first time Hindi Film ever appeared on the Miss America stage and Davuluri is the first Indian American to win the competition. Om Shanti Om was remade into a Japanese musical titled Oomu Shanti Oumu. A book, titled The Making of Om Shanti Om written by Mushtaq Sheikh, was released after the release of the film.", "A book, titled The Making of Om Shanti Om written by Mushtaq Sheikh, was released after the release of the film. The book gives an insight into the production and happenings behind the camera of the film.", "The book gives an insight into the production and happenings behind the camera of the film. Controversy One of the leading actors of the film, Manoj Kumar planned to sue the makers of Om Shanti Om for showing his body double in bad taste.", "Controversy One of the leading actors of the film, Manoj Kumar planned to sue the makers of Om Shanti Om for showing his body double in bad taste. Kumar added, \"Are the Mumbai police so stupid that they can't recognise Manoj Kumar and lathicharge him in the '70s when he was a star?\".", "Kumar added, \"Are the Mumbai police so stupid that they can't recognise Manoj Kumar and lathicharge him in the '70s when he was a star?\". Kumar also alleged that Shahrukh Khan is communal. Later, in a press conference, Shahrukh Khan and director Farah Khan accepted their mistake and apologised for the matter.", "Later, in a press conference, Shahrukh Khan and director Farah Khan accepted their mistake and apologised for the matter. Farah Khan even offered to cut the scene which Manoj Kumar felt was hurtful, but Kumar refused on grounds that, as Farah had stated, \"I [Farah Khan] am like his daughter.", "Farah Khan even offered to cut the scene which Manoj Kumar felt was hurtful, but Kumar refused on grounds that, as Farah had stated, \"I [Farah Khan] am like his daughter. He said, 'Betiyaan maafi nahi maangti' (Daughters don't ask for forgiveness).", "He said, 'Betiyaan maafi nahi maangti' (Daughters don't ask for forgiveness). I told him that he could've called me and scolded me.\"", "I told him that he could've called me and scolded me.\" Later, Kumar said that though this incident was hurtful to him, he wishes to forgive, ignore, and move on, saying that he prefers to \"see Ram in everyone and ignore the Ravana.\"", "Later, Kumar said that though this incident was hurtful to him, he wishes to forgive, ignore, and move on, saying that he prefers to \"see Ram in everyone and ignore the Ravana.\" In 2008, before the film's television premiere on Sony TV, Manoj Kumar filed for a stay on the television release, at civil court in Mumbai.", "In 2008, before the film's television premiere on Sony TV, Manoj Kumar filed for a stay on the television release, at civil court in Mumbai. On 8 August 2008, he won permanent injunction on the scenes in Om Shanti Om that lampooned him.", "On 8 August 2008, he won permanent injunction on the scenes in Om Shanti Om that lampooned him. The court ordered the producers and Sony Entertainment Television, to edit the Manoj Kumar look-alike scenes before showing the film on the channel on 10 August 2008.", "The court ordered the producers and Sony Entertainment Television, to edit the Manoj Kumar look-alike scenes before showing the film on the channel on 10 August 2008. It also ordered that the film could not be shown in any media—TV, DVD or Internet—without the scene being deleted.", "It also ordered that the film could not be shown in any media—TV, DVD or Internet—without the scene being deleted. Plagiarism allegations On 7 August 2008, before its television release, scriptwriter Ajay Monga moved the Bombay High Court alleging that the basic storyline of the film was lifted from a film script he had emailed to Shah Rukh Khan in 2006.", "Plagiarism allegations On 7 August 2008, before its television release, scriptwriter Ajay Monga moved the Bombay High Court alleging that the basic storyline of the film was lifted from a film script he had emailed to Shah Rukh Khan in 2006. According to the petition, \"Monga, along with one more writer Hemant Hegde, had registered the script with the Cine Writers Association (CWA) in September 2005.", "According to the petition, \"Monga, along with one more writer Hemant Hegde, had registered the script with the Cine Writers Association (CWA) in September 2005. In January 2008, Cine Writers Association (CWA) rejected Monga's appeal at a special Executive Committee meeting.", "In January 2008, Cine Writers Association (CWA) rejected Monga's appeal at a special Executive Committee meeting. Thereafter, he approached the court to stay the film's screening on television.", "Thereafter, he approached the court to stay the film's screening on television. Though, on 6 August the court rejected Monga's plea for seeking a stay on the television telecast, it directed all the respondents including Shahrukh Khan, Farah Khan, Red Chillies Entertainment, Gauri Khan (director Red Chillies) and film's co-writer Mushtaq Sheikh, to file their say by the next hearing on 29 September 2008.", "Though, on 6 August the court rejected Monga's plea for seeking a stay on the television telecast, it directed all the respondents including Shahrukh Khan, Farah Khan, Red Chillies Entertainment, Gauri Khan (director Red Chillies) and film's co-writer Mushtaq Sheikh, to file their say by the next hearing on 29 September 2008. In November 2008, the Film Writers' association sent a communication to Red Chillies and Ajay Monga that it had found similarities in Om Shanti Om and Monga's script.", "In November 2008, the Film Writers' association sent a communication to Red Chillies and Ajay Monga that it had found similarities in Om Shanti Om and Monga's script. The similarities were more than mere coincidences according to Sooni Taraporewala who chaired a special committee that has investigated the case on behalf of the Film Writers' association.", "The similarities were more than mere coincidences according to Sooni Taraporewala who chaired a special committee that has investigated the case on behalf of the Film Writers' association. Another allegation of plagiarism came from Rinki Bhattacharya, daughter of late Bimal Roy, who directed Madhumati (1958).", "Another allegation of plagiarism came from Rinki Bhattacharya, daughter of late Bimal Roy, who directed Madhumati (1958). She threatened legal action against Red Chillies Entertainment and the producer-director of Om Shanti Om, as she felt that the film's second half was similar to Madhumati, also a rebirth saga.", "She threatened legal action against Red Chillies Entertainment and the producer-director of Om Shanti Om, as she felt that the film's second half was similar to Madhumati, also a rebirth saga. Reception Critical response India Om Shanti Om was received positively by Indian film critics.", "Reception Critical response India Om Shanti Om was received positively by Indian film critics. Taran Adarsh of Bollywood Hungama gave it four stars out of five and writes, \"Om Shanti Om is Bollywood masala in its truest form and also, at its best\" but notes, \"the second half could've been crisper\".", "Taran Adarsh of Bollywood Hungama gave it four stars out of five and writes, \"Om Shanti Om is Bollywood masala in its truest form and also, at its best\" but notes, \"the second half could've been crisper\". Khalid Mohamed of Hindustan Times gave the film four stars out of five and appreciated the performances, observing how Rampal is \"consistently first-rate as the suave villain\" while Padukone is \"fantastic, so surprisingly assured that you marvel at her poised debut\".", "Khalid Mohamed of Hindustan Times gave the film four stars out of five and appreciated the performances, observing how Rampal is \"consistently first-rate as the suave villain\" while Padukone is \"fantastic, so surprisingly assured that you marvel at her poised debut\". He notes that \"the enterprise belongs to Shah Rukh Khan, who tackles comedy, high drama and action with his signature stylespontaneous and intuitively intelligent.", "He notes that \"the enterprise belongs to Shah Rukh Khan, who tackles comedy, high drama and action with his signature stylespontaneous and intuitively intelligent. Six-pack or no-packs, he's the entertainer of the year in this valentine to the movies.\"", "Six-pack or no-packs, he's the entertainer of the year in this valentine to the movies.\" Nikhat Kazmi of The Times of India gave the film three and a half stars out of five and writes, \"Farah Khan's re-birth saga literally makes an art of retro and paints the seventies pop culture in Andy Warholish strokes\".", "Nikhat Kazmi of The Times of India gave the film three and a half stars out of five and writes, \"Farah Khan's re-birth saga literally makes an art of retro and paints the seventies pop culture in Andy Warholish strokes\". She called it an \"unabashed tribute\" to Karz.", "She called it an \"unabashed tribute\" to Karz. Raja Sen of Rediff.com gave it three and a half stars out of five and applauded the performances of Shah Rukh, Padukone and Talpade.", "Raja Sen of Rediff.com gave it three and a half stars out of five and applauded the performances of Shah Rukh, Padukone and Talpade. He writes, \"Om Shanti Om is an exultant, heady, joyous film reveling in Bollywood, and as at most parties where the bubbly flows free, there is much silly giggling and tremendous immaturity.\"", "He writes, \"Om Shanti Om is an exultant, heady, joyous film reveling in Bollywood, and as at most parties where the bubbly flows free, there is much silly giggling and tremendous immaturity.\" He criticised the dialogues and excessive cameos in the film.", "He criticised the dialogues and excessive cameos in the film. Rajeev Masand of CNN-News18 gave the film three stars out of five and writes, \"Unpretentious and completely transparent in its intentions, Om Shanti Om is an entertainer in the true sense of the word, mixing up genre elements like comedy, drama, action and emotion to create a heady broth of Manmohan Desai-style exaggerated entertainment.\"", "Rajeev Masand of CNN-News18 gave the film three stars out of five and writes, \"Unpretentious and completely transparent in its intentions, Om Shanti Om is an entertainer in the true sense of the word, mixing up genre elements like comedy, drama, action and emotion to create a heady broth of Manmohan Desai-style exaggerated entertainment.\" He compliments the dialogues \"which so cleverly incorporates Bollywood's oldest clichés into these characters' everyday parlance.\"", "He compliments the dialogues \"which so cleverly incorporates Bollywood's oldest clichés into these characters' everyday parlance.\" A commentator for Indo-Asian News Service felt that Shah Rukh's acting was repetitive and writes, \"He needs to curtail his unwarranted superstar mannerisms even in a total masala film like Om Shanti Om\", while complimenting the performances of Padukone, Rampal and Talpade.", "A commentator for Indo-Asian News Service felt that Shah Rukh's acting was repetitive and writes, \"He needs to curtail his unwarranted superstar mannerisms even in a total masala film like Om Shanti Om\", while complimenting the performances of Padukone, Rampal and Talpade. Sudish Kamnath of The Hindu stated that the film is \"an unabashed celebration of willing suspension of disbelief, calling it a \"light-hearted tribute to Hindi cinema the way we know it and love it\".", "Sudish Kamnath of The Hindu stated that the film is \"an unabashed celebration of willing suspension of disbelief, calling it a \"light-hearted tribute to Hindi cinema the way we know it and love it\". He praised the performances of Shah Rukh, Padukone and Talpade, while criticising Rampal and Kher.", "He praised the performances of Shah Rukh, Padukone and Talpade, while criticising Rampal and Kher. He also praised the various spoofs, especially the ones directed at Manoj Kumar, Sanjay Leela Bhansali and Abhishek Bachchan.", "He also praised the various spoofs, especially the ones directed at Manoj Kumar, Sanjay Leela Bhansali and Abhishek Bachchan. Writing for SantaBanta.com, Subhash K. Jha gave it one star out of five and criticised the spoofs \"which keeps swinging from homage to imitation with infuriating artifice\", writing, \"The mood is one of patronizing and condescension rather than genuine admiration for an era that's gone with the wind\".", "Writing for SantaBanta.com, Subhash K. Jha gave it one star out of five and criticised the spoofs \"which keeps swinging from homage to imitation with infuriating artifice\", writing, \"The mood is one of patronizing and condescension rather than genuine admiration for an era that's gone with the wind\". Overseas On the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, Om Shanti Om holds an approval rating of 76%, based on 17 reviews with an average score of 7.21/10.", "Overseas On the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, Om Shanti Om holds an approval rating of 76%, based on 17 reviews with an average score of 7.21/10. Tajpal Rathore of BBC gave it 4 out of 5 stars as well and stated, \"Both a homage to and parody of Hindi Films, this cinematic feast delivered straight from the heart of the film industry will have you glued to your seats till the end.\"", "Tajpal Rathore of BBC gave it 4 out of 5 stars as well and stated, \"Both a homage to and parody of Hindi Films, this cinematic feast delivered straight from the heart of the film industry will have you glued to your seats till the end.\" Mark Medley of National Post gave 3 stars and stated, \"The film is a mess for all the right reasons; elements of comedy, drama, romance, action and the supernatural are packed in.", "Mark Medley of National Post gave 3 stars and stated, \"The film is a mess for all the right reasons; elements of comedy, drama, romance, action and the supernatural are packed in. But really, the plot is just a vehicle to get from one song-and-dance number to the next.\"", "But really, the plot is just a vehicle to get from one song-and-dance number to the next.\" AOL gave the film 3 out of 5 stars stating, \"The movie consists of all the elements that are essentially called the 'navratnas' of Indian cinema – from joy to grief to romance to revenge.", "AOL gave the film 3 out of 5 stars stating, \"The movie consists of all the elements that are essentially called the 'navratnas' of Indian cinema – from joy to grief to romance to revenge. And she mixes these well to cook up a potboiler, which is sure to be a runaway hit.\"", "And she mixes these well to cook up a potboiler, which is sure to be a runaway hit.\" Box office Om Shanti Om opened across 878 cinemas in 2000 prints worldwide. The film's net gross (after deducting entertainment tax) was in India.", "The film's net gross (after deducting entertainment tax) was in India. The film collected US$2.78 million in the United Kingdom, US$3.6 million in North America and US$3.7 million collectively from the rest of the world, which resulted in total overseas collections of $10,080,000, the 4th largest of all time as of 2010.", "The film collected US$2.78 million in the United Kingdom, US$3.6 million in North America and US$3.7 million collectively from the rest of the world, which resulted in total overseas collections of $10,080,000, the 4th largest of all time as of 2010. As a result of these collections, a worldwide gross of was accumulated.", "As a result of these collections, a worldwide gross of was accumulated. Awards and nominations Further reading Footnotes References External links Red Chillies Entertainment films 2007 films Indian films 2000s Hindi-language films Films about reincarnation Indian ghost films Paranormal films Films directed by Farah Khan Films involved in plagiarism controversies Films about actors Films scored by Vishal–Shekhar Films whose production designer won the Best Production Design National Film Award Films about Bollywood Cultural depictions of actors Cultural depictions of Rajesh Khanna" ]

[ "Om Shanti Om", "Casting", "Who was cast for a role?", "Shah Rukh was cast as the lead;" ]

[ "Fernanda de Vasconcellos Galvez (born September 14, 1984) is a Brazilian actress and voice actress.\n\nCareer \n\nShe worked as a model starring in several TV commercials and as a dancer in SBT's Domingo Legal show before becoming an actress. Fernanda played the lead role of Betina in the 2005 season of Malhação working with actor Thiago Rodrigues. After leaving Malhação, she played an art student character named Nanda in the 2006 Rede Globo telenovela Páginas da Vida. This was her second time as Thiago Rodrigues' love interest. Fernanda Vasconcellos won the Best Newcomer Actress Award for this performance. Next, she played the lead role of Clara in the 2007 telenovela Desejo Proibido. Set in a fictional 1930s city located in Minas Gerais state, her romantic interest was a character played by Murilo Rosa.\n\nIn the 2010 telenovela Tempos Modernos, Vasconcellos again played a character romantically involved opposite actor Thiago Rodrigues, in what would be the third time in her career. She played the lead as Nelinha. Vasconcellos plays the lead role in the 2011 Rede Globo telenovela A Vida da Gente as a tennis player named Ana Fonseca. She plays one of the lead roles in the 2013 Rede Globo telenovela Sangue Bom as Malu, a college student rejected by her famous mother.\n\nFilmography\n\nTelevision\n\nCinema\n\nStage\n\nAwards\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n \n\n1984 births\nLiving people\nActresses from São Paulo\nBrazilian film actresses\nBrazilian stage actresses\nBrazilian telenovela actresses", "What If is an album by former Styx guitarist Tommy Shaw, released in 1985. It was his second solo release. The album received somewhat favorable reviews. The album peaked at #87 on the Billboard 200.\n\nThe album is named after the track \"Remo's Theme (What If)\", which is the theme song for the character Remo Williams in the movie Remo Williams: The Adventure Begins. The song was not released on a soundtrack and was first made available on What If.\n\nTrack listing\nAll words and music by Tommy Shaw, except as indicated. The track \"Friendly Advice\" was moved to the end for the reissue.\n\n \"Jealousy\" - 4:43\n \"Remo's Theme (What If)\" (Shaw, Richie Cannata) - 4:23\n \"Reach for the Bottle\" - 5:44\n \"Friendly Advice\" - 3:29\n \"This Is Not a Test\" - 3:26\n \"See Me Now\" - 3:45\n \"True Confessions\" (Shaw, Cannata) - 3:27\n \"Count on You\" - 6:09\n \"Nature of the Beast\" - 4:04\n \"Bad Times\" - 2:44\n\nPersonnel\nTommy Shaw: Guitars, Keyboards, Lead Vocals, Background Vocals\nRichie Cannata: Saxophone, Keyboards\nBrian Stanley: Bass Guitar\nSteve Holley: Drums, Percussion\nMark Marshall: Drums on \"Bad Times\"\nGary Myrick: Electric Guitar on \"Count On You\" and \"Friendly Advice\"\n\nReferences\n\n1986 albums\nTommy Shaw albums\nA&M Records albums" ]

[ "Om Shanti Om is a 2007 Indian Hindi-language musical romantic satirical fantasy comedy-drama film written and directed by Farah Khan and co-written by Mayur Puri and Mushtaq Shiekh. Spanning three decades, the film stars Shah Rukh Khan as Om, a junior artist in 1977 who has a crush on a secretly-married superstar, played by Deepika Padukone in her Hindi film debut.", "Spanning three decades, the film stars Shah Rukh Khan as Om, a junior artist in 1977 who has a crush on a secretly-married superstar, played by Deepika Padukone in her Hindi film debut. Her lover, a producer played by Arjun Rampal, kills her in a fire; Om witnesses this and dies from the injuries sustained from trying to rescue her.", "Her lover, a producer played by Arjun Rampal, kills her in a fire; Om witnesses this and dies from the injuries sustained from trying to rescue her. Reincarnated as a superstar in 2007, he seeks to avenge his love.", "Reincarnated as a superstar in 2007, he seeks to avenge his love. The film also starred Shreyas Talpade, Kirron Kher, Nitesh Pandey, Yuvika Chaudhary, Asawari Joshi, Bindu Desai and Javed Sheikh feature in supporting roles, and saw cameos from many Bollywood celebrities in several sequences and songs.", "The film also starred Shreyas Talpade, Kirron Kher, Nitesh Pandey, Yuvika Chaudhary, Asawari Joshi, Bindu Desai and Javed Sheikh feature in supporting roles, and saw cameos from many Bollywood celebrities in several sequences and songs. Om Shanti Om was produced and presented by Shah Rukh's wife Gauri Khan under the banner Red Chillies Entertainment on a budget of 30 crore.", "Om Shanti Om was produced and presented by Shah Rukh's wife Gauri Khan under the banner Red Chillies Entertainment on a budget of 30 crore. Farah conceived the film while directing the musical Bombay Dreams (2002), which was based on the Indian film industry.", "Farah conceived the film while directing the musical Bombay Dreams (2002), which was based on the Indian film industry. After Shah Rukh rejected the first version of her next film Happy New Year, she was reminded of Om Shanti Om; the film's title derives from a similar titled popular song from the 1980 film Karz.", "After Shah Rukh rejected the first version of her next film Happy New Year, she was reminded of Om Shanti Om; the film's title derives from a similar titled popular song from the 1980 film Karz. The soundtrack album was composed by Vishal–Shekhar, with lyrics written by Javed Akhtar. The background score was performed by Sandeep Chowta.", "The background score was performed by Sandeep Chowta. The album received positive reviews and was also commercially successful, becoming the highest-selling album of the year in India.", "The album received positive reviews and was also commercially successful, becoming the highest-selling album of the year in India. The film was theatrically released in India on 9 November 2007 during Diwali weekend, Om Shanti Om earned over ₹149 crore worldwide becoming the highest grossing Bollywood film of the year; it received positive reviews, with praise for the performances and the film's soundtrack and narrative.", "The film was theatrically released in India on 9 November 2007 during Diwali weekend, Om Shanti Om earned over ₹149 crore worldwide becoming the highest grossing Bollywood film of the year; it received positive reviews, with praise for the performances and the film's soundtrack and narrative. The film won several awards in major Indian film award ceremonies.", "The film won several awards in major Indian film award ceremonies. At the 53rd Filmfare Awards, it received a leading 12 nominations, winning for Best Female Debut and Best Special Effects, and also won the National Film Award for Best Production Design.", "At the 53rd Filmfare Awards, it received a leading 12 nominations, winning for Best Female Debut and Best Special Effects, and also won the National Film Award for Best Production Design. Plot 1977 Om Prakash \"Omi\" Makhija (Shah Rukh Khan) is a poor junior film artist living with his mother Bela Makhija (Kirron Kher) and friend Pappu Master (Shreyas Talpade) in a small Mumbai chawl.", "Plot 1977 Om Prakash \"Omi\" Makhija (Shah Rukh Khan) is a poor junior film artist living with his mother Bela Makhija (Kirron Kher) and friend Pappu Master (Shreyas Talpade) in a small Mumbai chawl. He is in love with a popular film actress Shantipriya \"Shanti\" Kashyap (Deepika Padukone) as he takes small acting roles in Bollywood at the R.C.", "He is in love with a popular film actress Shantipriya \"Shanti\" Kashyap (Deepika Padukone) as he takes small acting roles in Bollywood at the R.C. Studios owned by popular film producer Mukesh Mehra (Arjun Rampal).", "Studios owned by popular film producer Mukesh Mehra (Arjun Rampal). One day, during the shooting of a film, a fire breaks out on the shooting set trapping Shanti but Omi rescues her and they become friends.", "One day, during the shooting of a film, a fire breaks out on the shooting set trapping Shanti but Omi rescues her and they become friends. Days later, Omi ends up overhearing Shanti and Mukesh's conversation and is shocked to discover that they have been married for 2 years but Mukesh refuses to reveal this in public as it will ruin both their careers.", "Days later, Omi ends up overhearing Shanti and Mukesh's conversation and is shocked to discover that they have been married for 2 years but Mukesh refuses to reveal this in public as it will ruin both their careers. Shanti reveals that she is also pregnant with Mukesh's child, leaving Omi heartbroken.", "Shanti reveals that she is also pregnant with Mukesh's child, leaving Omi heartbroken. One night, Omi comes to the shooting set of an upcoming film Om Shanti Om where Shanti is but he goes from there on overseeing her with Mukesh.", "One night, Omi comes to the shooting set of an upcoming film Om Shanti Om where Shanti is but he goes from there on overseeing her with Mukesh. However, Mukesh reveals to Shanti that he has decided to burn her in the shooting set as revealing his marriage and her pregnancy will ruin his career.", "However, Mukesh reveals to Shanti that he has decided to burn her in the shooting set as revealing his marriage and her pregnancy will ruin his career. Saying this, he puts the shooting set on fire and locks a horrified Shanti in it.", "Saying this, he puts the shooting set on fire and locks a horrified Shanti in it. When Omi spots her in the fire, he attempts to go and rescue her but is attacked by Mukesh's guards, leaving him severely injured. He is then thrown out of the shooting set by a big explosion.", "He is then thrown out of the shooting set by a big explosion. As it explodes with Shanti in it, Omi staggers on the road and gets hit by a car driven by actor Rajesh Kapoor (Jawed Sheikh) who is taking his pregnant wife Lovely Kapoor (Asavari Joshi) to the hospital as she is under labour.", "As it explodes with Shanti in it, Omi staggers on the road and gets hit by a car driven by actor Rajesh Kapoor (Jawed Sheikh) who is taking his pregnant wife Lovely Kapoor (Asavari Joshi) to the hospital as she is under labour. Both Omi and Lovely are hospitalised by Rajesh where Omi dies from his serious injuries while reminiscing about Shanti.", "Both Omi and Lovely are hospitalised by Rajesh where Omi dies from his serious injuries while reminiscing about Shanti. However, he is reborn on the same night in the same hospital as Rajesh and Lovely's son Om Kapoor.", "However, he is reborn on the same night in the same hospital as Rajesh and Lovely's son Om Kapoor. 2007 Om \"OK\" Kapoor (Shah Rukh Khan) is a popular film actor in Bollywood who lives a luxurious life and often comes across but ignores Bela Makhija (Kirron Kher) who believes him for her own son.", "2007 Om \"OK\" Kapoor (Shah Rukh Khan) is a popular film actor in Bollywood who lives a luxurious life and often comes across but ignores Bela Makhija (Kirron Kher) who believes him for her own son. His successful career eventually takes him to the abandoned and ruined R.C.", "His successful career eventually takes him to the abandoned and ruined R.C. Studios where he experiences unsettling flashbacks of his previous life. Later, when he is nominated as Filmfare Award for Best Actor, he gives the same emotional speech which he had given in his previous life.", "Later, when he is nominated as Filmfare Award for Best Actor, he gives the same emotional speech which he had given in his previous life. An elderly Pappu Master (Shreyas Talpade) watches him on TV and realises that he is lookalike Omi.", "An elderly Pappu Master (Shreyas Talpade) watches him on TV and realises that he is lookalike Omi. During a party, OK remembers his previous life after he sees Mukesh \"Mike\" Mehra. That night, he traces Bela and Pappu to their house and has an emotional reunion with him.", "That night, he traces Bela and Pappu to their house and has an emotional reunion with him. The three plan to avenge Shanti's murder by making Mukesh confess his crime and they audition several film actresses to find Shanti's look-alike but in vain.", "The three plan to avenge Shanti's murder by making Mukesh confess his crime and they audition several film actresses to find Shanti's look-alike but in vain. However, Om ends up coming across a junior film artist Sandhya \"Sandy\" Bansal (Deepika Padukone) who is an exact doppelgänger of Shanti.", "However, Om ends up coming across a junior film artist Sandhya \"Sandy\" Bansal (Deepika Padukone) who is an exact doppelgänger of Shanti. Sandy promises OK that she will try to help him according to his plan. OK convinces Mukesh to restart the shooting of Om Shanti Om on the same ruined R.C. Studios.", "Studios. Studios. Throughout the shooting of the film, OK and Pappu make Sandy dress as Shanti and arrange incidents to remind Mukesh of his crime and make him think that Shanti's ghost is haunting him.", "Throughout the shooting of the film, OK and Pappu make Sandy dress as Shanti and arrange incidents to remind Mukesh of his crime and make him think that Shanti's ghost is haunting him. However, supernatural events also occur on the shooting set which disturb Mukesh, much to the confusion of OK. During the music launch of Om Shanti Om, OK performs Shanti's life story through a song which shocks Mukesh who, however, discovers that Sandy is not Shanti's ghost as her body bleeds due to a small accident.", "However, supernatural events also occur on the shooting set which disturb Mukesh, much to the confusion of OK. During the music launch of Om Shanti Om, OK performs Shanti's life story through a song which shocks Mukesh who, however, discovers that Sandy is not Shanti's ghost as her body bleeds due to a small accident. He attempts to chase her but is knocked unconscious by a falling chandelier.", "He attempts to chase her but is knocked unconscious by a falling chandelier. When he regains consciousness, Mukesh is confronted by OK but he tells him that he has discovered that Sandy is not Shanti's ghost and he taunts him that there is no proof of Shanti's murder.", "When he regains consciousness, Mukesh is confronted by OK but he tells him that he has discovered that Sandy is not Shanti's ghost and he taunts him that there is no proof of Shanti's murder. Sandy then reaches the scene and reveals that after the fire had burned the shooting set, Mukesh had returned to Shanti who was still alive and breathing but he buried her alive below a chandelier.", "Sandy then reaches the scene and reveals that after the fire had burned the shooting set, Mukesh had returned to Shanti who was still alive and breathing but he buried her alive below a chandelier. She tells that Shanti's dead body will be found below the chandelier which will be a proof of her murder to the court.", "She tells that Shanti's dead body will be found below the chandelier which will be a proof of her murder to the court. As both OK and Mukesh wonder how Sandy knows this, Mukesh attempts to shoot her to death but OK stops him and attacks him which results in fire breaking out on the shooting set.", "As both OK and Mukesh wonder how Sandy knows this, Mukesh attempts to shoot her to death but OK stops him and attacks him which results in fire breaking out on the shooting set. OK fights against Mukesh but Sandy stops him and tells him that he will die but not at his hands.", "OK fights against Mukesh but Sandy stops him and tells him that he will die but not at his hands. She then looks at the chandelier and it falls down on Mukesh, killing him. Eventually, OK is shocked when \"another Sandy\" reaches the scene along with Pappu to help him.", "Eventually, OK is shocked when \"another Sandy\" reaches the scene along with Pappu to help him. As he glances back at the one in front of him, he realises that the \"Sandy\" who had revealed Shanti's murder proof and had killed Mukesh was actually Shanti's ghost, and she was responsible for the supernatural events occurring on the shooting set.", "As he glances back at the one in front of him, he realises that the \"Sandy\" who had revealed Shanti's murder proof and had killed Mukesh was actually Shanti's ghost, and she was responsible for the supernatural events occurring on the shooting set. OK waves goodbye to Shanti who tearfully smiles at him and disappears as she finally finds peace.", "OK waves goodbye to Shanti who tearfully smiles at him and disappears as she finally finds peace. The film ends with all its cast and crew approaching the shooting set of Om Shanti Om and the credits roll.", "The film ends with all its cast and crew approaching the shooting set of Om Shanti Om and the credits roll. Cast Shah Rukh Khan as Om Makhija / Om Kapoor (dual role) Deepika Padukone as Shanti Kashyap / Sandy Bansal (dual role) Shreyas Talpade as Pappu Master Kirron Kher as Bela Makhija Arjun Rampal as Mukesh Mehra Javed Sheikh as Rajesh Kapoor (Om Kapoor's father) Asavari Joshi as Lovely Kapoor (Om Kapoor's mother) Nitesh Pandey as Anwar Sheikh Mohammad (Om Kapoor's assistant) Bindu Desai as Kamini Arora (Dolly's mother) Nasser Abdullah as Rajesh Kapoor's secretary Yuvika Chaudhary as Dolly Arora (Om Kapoor's friend) Shawar Ali as Himself Lin Laishram as Om Kapoor's friend Cameo appearance Amitabh Bachchan as Himself Anil Kapoor as Himself Jackie Shroff as Himself Uday Chopra as Himself Abhishek Bachchan as Himself Akshay Kumar as Himself Ameesha Patel as Om Kapoor's co-actress in a film at Filmfare Awards Dia Mirza as Om Kapoor's co-actress in a film at Filmfare Awards Farah Khan as the woman who makes fun of Omi when the show ends Feroz Khan as Himself Gauri Khan as Herself Karan Johar as Himself Malaika Arora as Herself Vishal Dadlani as the director of Mohabbat Man, a superhero film Manikandan Velayutham as the director of Mind It, a parody of action films Priya Patil as Natasha, heroine of Apahij Pyar Rakesh Roshan as Himself Rishi Kapoor as the special host of Filmfare Awards who gives the award to Om Kapoor Shabana Azmi as Herself Subhash Ghai as Himself while shooting his iconic film Karz Yash Chopra as Himself Special appearance during the \"Deewangi Deewangi\" song (in order of appearance) Rani Mukerji Zayed Khan Vidya Balan Jeetendra Tusshar Kapoor Priyanka Chopra Shilpa Shetty Dharmendra Shabana Azmi Urmila Matondkar Karishma Kapoor Arbaaz Khan Malaika Arora Khan Dino Morea Amrita Arora Juhi Chawla Aftab Shivdasani Tabu Hashmi Govinda Ahuja Mithun Chakraborty Kajol Bobby Deol Preity Zinta Rekha Riteish Deshmukh Salman Khan Saif Ali Khan Sanjay Dutt Lara Dutta Suniel Shetty Production Development In 2002, Farah Khan worked as a choreographer for the musical Bombay Dreams in London, which she felt presented a \"clichéd and outdated version\" of the Indian film industry.", "Cast Shah Rukh Khan as Om Makhija / Om Kapoor (dual role) Deepika Padukone as Shanti Kashyap / Sandy Bansal (dual role) Shreyas Talpade as Pappu Master Kirron Kher as Bela Makhija Arjun Rampal as Mukesh Mehra Javed Sheikh as Rajesh Kapoor (Om Kapoor's father) Asavari Joshi as Lovely Kapoor (Om Kapoor's mother) Nitesh Pandey as Anwar Sheikh Mohammad (Om Kapoor's assistant) Bindu Desai as Kamini Arora (Dolly's mother) Nasser Abdullah as Rajesh Kapoor's secretary Yuvika Chaudhary as Dolly Arora (Om Kapoor's friend) Shawar Ali as Himself Lin Laishram as Om Kapoor's friend Cameo appearance Amitabh Bachchan as Himself Anil Kapoor as Himself Jackie Shroff as Himself Uday Chopra as Himself Abhishek Bachchan as Himself Akshay Kumar as Himself Ameesha Patel as Om Kapoor's co-actress in a film at Filmfare Awards Dia Mirza as Om Kapoor's co-actress in a film at Filmfare Awards Farah Khan as the woman who makes fun of Omi when the show ends Feroz Khan as Himself Gauri Khan as Herself Karan Johar as Himself Malaika Arora as Herself Vishal Dadlani as the director of Mohabbat Man, a superhero film Manikandan Velayutham as the director of Mind It, a parody of action films Priya Patil as Natasha, heroine of Apahij Pyar Rakesh Roshan as Himself Rishi Kapoor as the special host of Filmfare Awards who gives the award to Om Kapoor Shabana Azmi as Herself Subhash Ghai as Himself while shooting his iconic film Karz Yash Chopra as Himself Special appearance during the \"Deewangi Deewangi\" song (in order of appearance) Rani Mukerji Zayed Khan Vidya Balan Jeetendra Tusshar Kapoor Priyanka Chopra Shilpa Shetty Dharmendra Shabana Azmi Urmila Matondkar Karishma Kapoor Arbaaz Khan Malaika Arora Khan Dino Morea Amrita Arora Juhi Chawla Aftab Shivdasani Tabu Hashmi Govinda Ahuja Mithun Chakraborty Kajol Bobby Deol Preity Zinta Rekha Riteish Deshmukh Salman Khan Saif Ali Khan Sanjay Dutt Lara Dutta Suniel Shetty Production Development In 2002, Farah Khan worked as a choreographer for the musical Bombay Dreams in London, which she felt presented a \"clichéd and outdated version\" of the Indian film industry. She thought that the musical would not be successful if released in India.", "She thought that the musical would not be successful if released in India. She instead thought of a new story, writing her initial thoughts about the subject on Andrew Lloyd Webber's letterhead while staying in his house. Later in 2006, Farah began to work on her next project, which was tentatively titled Happy New Year.", "Later in 2006, Farah began to work on her next project, which was tentatively titled Happy New Year. Amid speculations that Shah Rukh Khan would star in Happy New Year, the actor rejected the first draft of the film, upon which Farah's husband and editor Shirish Kunder reminded her of the story she had conceived while in London.", "Amid speculations that Shah Rukh Khan would star in Happy New Year, the actor rejected the first draft of the film, upon which Farah's husband and editor Shirish Kunder reminded her of the story she had conceived while in London. Happy New Year, which was to mark Deepika Padukone's Hindi debut, was put on hiatus and revived more than 8 years later under the same title.", "Happy New Year, which was to mark Deepika Padukone's Hindi debut, was put on hiatus and revived more than 8 years later under the same title. Farah completed writing the first script of Om Shanti Om within two weeks.", "Farah completed writing the first script of Om Shanti Om within two weeks. She set the first half in the 1970s as she felt the Hindi films made during that period were much more influential than those made in other periods, particularly the 1980s, which she felt was a period when \"the worst movies were made\".", "She set the first half in the 1970s as she felt the Hindi films made during that period were much more influential than those made in other periods, particularly the 1980s, which she felt was a period when \"the worst movies were made\". She also included many references to the 1970s, which were also prevalent in films of that time.", "She also included many references to the 1970s, which were also prevalent in films of that time. She said, \"Everything in the first half is about the 70ssuch as the mother who overacts, mouthing clichéd dialogues. Then there are cabarets, badminton and other stuff popular during that era.\"", "Then there are cabarets, badminton and other stuff popular during that era.\" Shah Rukh's costumes were designed by Karan Johar, while Manish Malhotra designed Padukone's costumes. The rest of the cast had their costumes designed by Sanjeev Mulchadni. In addition to directing the film, Farah co-wrote the story with Mayur Puri and Mushtaq Shiekh.", "In addition to directing the film, Farah co-wrote the story with Mayur Puri and Mushtaq Shiekh. She was also the film's choreographer. Puri wrote the screenplay and dialogues. He completed the writing process in two months and rewrote the film's second half. Puri created the screenplay by writing his natural reaction to the characters as scenarios.", "Puri created the screenplay by writing his natural reaction to the characters as scenarios. He knew that despite being part of a crowd, junior artists do not want to be recognised as such, ruins their chances of landing a leading role in future. This was used in a sequence involving Shah Rukh and Talpade, who play junior artists.", "This was used in a sequence involving Shah Rukh and Talpade, who play junior artists. Puri blended different genres together in Om Shanti Om, which he felt was challenging. He used his personal memories from childhood for creating the 1970s. Shirish Kunder was the editor, while V. Manikandan was the cinematographer.", "Shirish Kunder was the editor, while V. Manikandan was the cinematographer. Sabu Cyril was the film's production designer. Sabu was first offered the Mani Ratnam-directed Guru (2007) at a time when Om Shanti Om was being planned, but ultimately chosen the latter due to his earlier commitment to Farah for her future project.", "Sabu was first offered the Mani Ratnam-directed Guru (2007) at a time when Om Shanti Om was being planned, but ultimately chosen the latter due to his earlier commitment to Farah for her future project. Farah used two particular dialogues in the film: \"When you want something badly, the whole universe conspires to give to you\" and \"In the end everything will be ok and if its not ok its not the end\".", "Farah used two particular dialogues in the film: \"When you want something badly, the whole universe conspires to give to you\" and \"In the end everything will be ok and if its not ok its not the end\". These were used as Khan felt that it reflected her philosophy in her life.", "These were used as Khan felt that it reflected her philosophy in her life. Farah stated that the film's opening scene was her most favourite in it. In 2008, Puri felt his most favourite dialogue from the ones he wrote would be the Filmfare Awards speech.", "In 2008, Puri felt his most favourite dialogue from the ones he wrote would be the Filmfare Awards speech. The film's title derives from the eponymous song from the film Karz (1980). Om is a Hindu mantra; Om Shanti Om roughly translates to \"Peace Be With You\".", "Om is a Hindu mantra; Om Shanti Om roughly translates to \"Peace Be With You\". The film opens with the grandeur shot of the most famous songs of Karz that is Om Shanti Om featuring Rishi Kapoor and SRK as junior artist standing in the crowd.", "The film opens with the grandeur shot of the most famous songs of Karz that is Om Shanti Om featuring Rishi Kapoor and SRK as junior artist standing in the crowd. Casting Shah Rukh was cast as the lead; he gained six packs for a song sequence. He felt Om Shanti Om was a \"happy film\".", "He felt Om Shanti Om was a \"happy film\". Farah was advised by Malaika Arora to cast Padukone as the female lead, who was suggested by Wendell Roddick, under whom Padukone was working. She was cast without a screen test.", "She was cast without a screen test. Khan felt that she was \"a beautiful, classic Indian beauty\" who fit the role of an actor of the 1970s. She was excited at the prospect of working with Shah Rukh and said, \"I've grown up watching [Shah Rukh] and always admired him so much.", "She was excited at the prospect of working with Shah Rukh and said, \"I've grown up watching [Shah Rukh] and always admired him so much. To get to work with him ... is quite wonderful. It was also fantastic that Farah showed faith in my talent and cast me opposite him.\"", "It was also fantastic that Farah showed faith in my talent and cast me opposite him.\" In preparation for her role, Padukone watched several films of actresses Helen and Hema Malini to study their body language. Her character was modelled after Malini and nicknamed Dreamy Girl after her the latter's nickname as Dream Girl.", "Her character was modelled after Malini and nicknamed Dreamy Girl after her the latter's nickname as Dream Girl. Rampal was approached by both Khan and Shah Rukh at the latter's New Year's Eve party. Rampal was initially reluctant to do the role as he felt it was \"too evil\" for someone like him.", "Rampal was initially reluctant to do the role as he felt it was \"too evil\" for someone like him. With persuasion from Shah Rukh, he agreed. Rampal wore a mustache in the film which was suggested by Shah Rukh. Shreyas Talpade played a supporting role as the best friend of Khan's character.", "Shreyas Talpade played a supporting role as the best friend of Khan's character. After the release of Iqbal (2005) and completing the filming of Dor, Talpade, who attended the same gym as Khan, was called for a narration of what would be Om Shanti Om. He agreed to do the role.", "He agreed to do the role. Kirron Kher, Bindu and Javed Sheikh also appear in the film. 31 Bollywood film actors appeared in cameo appearances for the song \"Deewangi Deewangi\". Other actors were also supposed to play cameos, including Fardeen Khan, who was arrested at Dubai airport in a drug case.", "Other actors were also supposed to play cameos, including Fardeen Khan, who was arrested at Dubai airport in a drug case. Dev Anand refused as he always played lead roles in his career. Dilip Kumar and Saira Banu didn't appear in the song, despite plans to include them.", "Dilip Kumar and Saira Banu didn't appear in the song, despite plans to include them. Amitabh Bachchan refused due to his son's wedding, while Aamir Khan refused due to Taare Zameen Pars (2007) pending editing. Khan had wanted the three Khans to appear together in a film.", "Khan had wanted the three Khans to appear together in a film. Rekha, who appears in the song, carried out 2 days of rehearsal for it. All those who appeared for the song received gifts, including a Blackberry phone and a Tag Heuer watch. Principal photography Om Shanti Om was made on a budget of ₹40 crore.", "Principal photography Om Shanti Om was made on a budget of ₹40 crore. The first scene to be filmed was one where Talpade's character tells Shah Rukh's character that he will be a hero; Shah Rukh was an hour late for filming.", "The first scene to be filmed was one where Talpade's character tells Shah Rukh's character that he will be a hero; Shah Rukh was an hour late for filming. Farah was pregnant with triplets while filming and experienced difficulties while shooting, she would constantly vomit while directing the film.", "Farah was pregnant with triplets while filming and experienced difficulties while shooting, she would constantly vomit while directing the film. The film was shot entirely in sync sound; Farah dismissed rumours of Padukone's voice being dubbed. In 2015, however, Mona Ghosh Shetty admitted to have dubbed for Padukone in the film.", "In 2015, however, Mona Ghosh Shetty admitted to have dubbed for Padukone in the film. The fake fight scene involving a stuffed tiger was inspired by a similar scene in the film Tarzan 303. Old cars owned by actors Rajesh Khanna and Hema Malini were used for filming for authenticity.", "Old cars owned by actors Rajesh Khanna and Hema Malini were used for filming for authenticity. A number of references to real life was also filmed, including a scene in which Om saves Shantipriya from a fire, which was a spoof of Sunil Dutt rescuing Nargis from a fire on the sets of Mother India (1957).", "A number of references to real life was also filmed, including a scene in which Om saves Shantipriya from a fire, which was a spoof of Sunil Dutt rescuing Nargis from a fire on the sets of Mother India (1957). For a shot involving a Filmfare Awards ceremony, Khan stood on the red carpet of an actual Filmfare Award ceremony and requested actors to dictate dialogues as she stated.", "For a shot involving a Filmfare Awards ceremony, Khan stood on the red carpet of an actual Filmfare Award ceremony and requested actors to dictate dialogues as she stated. The song \"Deewangi Deewangi\" was shot over a period of six days.", "The song \"Deewangi Deewangi\" was shot over a period of six days. The song \"Dhoom Taana\" has digitally altered guest appearances, which included Sunil Dutt from Amrapali (1966), Rajesh Khanna from Sachaa Jhutha (1970) and Jeetendra from Jay Vejay (1977).", "The song \"Dhoom Taana\" has digitally altered guest appearances, which included Sunil Dutt from Amrapali (1966), Rajesh Khanna from Sachaa Jhutha (1970) and Jeetendra from Jay Vejay (1977). Farah wanted to film Shakira for filming a special appearance had made her commit a few days for the role.", "Farah wanted to film Shakira for filming a special appearance had made her commit a few days for the role. Due to the uncertainty of her dates, the idea was scrapped. In February 2007, a filming schedule was completed in Film City.", "In February 2007, a filming schedule was completed in Film City. It was then reported that filming would move outdoors after Shah Rukh completed filming for Kaun Banega Crorepati.", "It was then reported that filming would move outdoors after Shah Rukh completed filming for Kaun Banega Crorepati. In October 2007, Abhishek Bachchan finished filming for his cameo appearance; he shot between 10 and 2 in the night for his screen time of about one and a half minutes.", "In October 2007, Abhishek Bachchan finished filming for his cameo appearance; he shot between 10 and 2 in the night for his screen time of about one and a half minutes. Filming of the last sequence and the end-credit song was done in Film City.", "Filming of the last sequence and the end-credit song was done in Film City. Farah continued the tradition of featuring an end-credits song beginning with Main Hoon Na (2004). Om Shanti Om was produced by Shah Rukh's wife Gauri Khan under their Red Chillies Entertainment banner.", "Om Shanti Om was produced by Shah Rukh's wife Gauri Khan under their Red Chillies Entertainment banner. While Marching Ants handled the publicity design, Gauri was the presenter. Shyam Kaushal, Amar Shetty and Shah Rukh were the action directors. The film's final reel length was 4013.94 ft (1223.45 m).", "The film's final reel length was 4013.94 ft (1223.45 m). Music Initially, A. R. Rahman was signed in to compose original songs and background score for the film but he opted out after disagreements with T-Series as he wanted them to share the copyrights of music between him and the lyricist.", "Music Initially, A. R. Rahman was signed in to compose original songs and background score for the film but he opted out after disagreements with T-Series as he wanted them to share the copyrights of music between him and the lyricist. The film score was composed by Sandeep Chowta while the original songs featured in Om Shanti Om were composed by the duo Vishal–Shekhar with lyrics by Javed Akhtar.", "The film score was composed by Sandeep Chowta while the original songs featured in Om Shanti Om were composed by the duo Vishal–Shekhar with lyrics by Javed Akhtar. One song was composed by Pyarelal of the Laxmikant-Pyarelal duo.", "One song was composed by Pyarelal of the Laxmikant-Pyarelal duo. The vocals are provided by KK, Sukhwinder Singh, Marianne, Nisha, Caralisa Monteiro, Shaan, Udit Narayan, Shreya Ghoshal, Sunidhi Chauhan, Rahul Saxena, Sonu Nigam, Rahat Fateh Ali Khan, Richa Sharma, Abhijeet Bhattacharya, DJ Aqeel, DJ G, Kiran Karnath, Jackie V, Nikhil Chinapa, DJ Nawed and Zoheb.", "The vocals are provided by KK, Sukhwinder Singh, Marianne, Nisha, Caralisa Monteiro, Shaan, Udit Narayan, Shreya Ghoshal, Sunidhi Chauhan, Rahul Saxena, Sonu Nigam, Rahat Fateh Ali Khan, Richa Sharma, Abhijeet Bhattacharya, DJ Aqeel, DJ G, Kiran Karnath, Jackie V, Nikhil Chinapa, DJ Nawed and Zoheb. They intended the soundtrack to be a tribute to the music of the 1960s and 1970s, while appealing to newer audiences at the same time.", "They intended the soundtrack to be a tribute to the music of the 1960s and 1970s, while appealing to newer audiences at the same time. Trade reports predicted the album to be commercially successful. The soundtrack album of Om Shanti Om was released on 15 August 2007 on CD.", "The soundtrack album of Om Shanti Om was released on 15 August 2007 on CD. Pyarelal of the Laxmikant-Pyarelal duo guest composed the title Dhoom Taana.", "Pyarelal of the Laxmikant-Pyarelal duo guest composed the title Dhoom Taana. He had stopped composing after the death of his partner Laxmikant, but after Farah Khan requested a song as tribute to the music of the 70s and the 80s, he agreed at the insistence of his wife and daughter.", "He had stopped composing after the death of his partner Laxmikant, but after Farah Khan requested a song as tribute to the music of the 70s and the 80s, he agreed at the insistence of his wife and daughter. The song was recorded with a 150-member-orchestra and traditional instruments like drums, tabla, dholak and dafli, a trademark of Laxmikant-Pyarelal.", "The song was recorded with a 150-member-orchestra and traditional instruments like drums, tabla, dholak and dafli, a trademark of Laxmikant-Pyarelal. He used more than 40 different percussion instruments.", "He used more than 40 different percussion instruments. In a soundtrack review, Joginder Tuteja of Bollywood Hungama gave it four stars out of five and opines, \"Om Shanti Om is easily one of the most complete scores by Vishal-Shekhar and Javed Akhtar.\"", "In a soundtrack review, Joginder Tuteja of Bollywood Hungama gave it four stars out of five and opines, \"Om Shanti Om is easily one of the most complete scores by Vishal-Shekhar and Javed Akhtar.\" Sukanya Verma of Rediff.com also gave it four stars out of five, applauding the tracks but criticised the \"Dark Side\" mix.", "Sukanya Verma of Rediff.com also gave it four stars out of five, applauding the tracks but criticised the \"Dark Side\" mix. She concludes her review by writing, \"Om Shanti Om is an out-and-out musical that captivates with its roaring polyphony and unabashed drama.\"", "She concludes her review by writing, \"Om Shanti Om is an out-and-out musical that captivates with its roaring polyphony and unabashed drama.\" Aakash Gandhi of Planet Bollywood gave a rating of 8.5 stars out of 10 and writes, \"not only have [Vishal–Shekhar] proven themselves in terms of musical ingenuity and quality, they have shown us the confidence, the poise, and the ability to step up to the plate and hit a grand-slam when they’re called upon to do so.\"", "Aakash Gandhi of Planet Bollywood gave a rating of 8.5 stars out of 10 and writes, \"not only have [Vishal–Shekhar] proven themselves in terms of musical ingenuity and quality, they have shown us the confidence, the poise, and the ability to step up to the plate and hit a grand-slam when they’re called upon to do so.\" He further gave them a \"standing ovation\".", "He further gave them a \"standing ovation\". Writing for AllMusic, Bhaskar Gupta gave the album 4.5 stars out of five and praises the composers, writing, \"Vishal-Shekhar finally delivered a soundtrack that could be deemed their signature offering.\"", "Writing for AllMusic, Bhaskar Gupta gave the album 4.5 stars out of five and praises the composers, writing, \"Vishal-Shekhar finally delivered a soundtrack that could be deemed their signature offering.\" Vishal–Shekhar was nominated for the Best Music Director at the 53rd Filmfare Awards, Producers Guild Awards 2008 and Zee Cine Awards 2008, winning for Best Composer at the 2nd Asian Film Awards.", "Vishal–Shekhar was nominated for the Best Music Director at the 53rd Filmfare Awards, Producers Guild Awards 2008 and Zee Cine Awards 2008, winning for Best Composer at the 2nd Asian Film Awards. Vishal Dadlani was alone nominated for Best Lyrics for \"Ajab Si\" at the Filmfare and Producers Film Guild award ceremonies.", "Vishal Dadlani was alone nominated for Best Lyrics for \"Ajab Si\" at the Filmfare and Producers Film Guild award ceremonies. Akhtar was nominated for Best Lyrics at the Filmfare and Zee Cine awards, winning at the 9th IIFA Awards for \"Main Agar Kahoon\".", "Akhtar was nominated for Best Lyrics at the Filmfare and Zee Cine awards, winning at the 9th IIFA Awards for \"Main Agar Kahoon\". It was the highest-selling music album of the year in India, with sales of around 2 million units.", "It was the highest-selling music album of the year in India, with sales of around 2 million units. Release Om Shanti Om created a record of sorts by going in for an unheard of 2000 prints (worldwide) release.", "Release Om Shanti Om created a record of sorts by going in for an unheard of 2000 prints (worldwide) release. This was the highest number of prints (including digital) for any Indian movie at the time of its release.", "This was the highest number of prints (including digital) for any Indian movie at the time of its release. Om Shanti Om set another record for registered pre-advance booking of 18,000 tickets in a chain of theatres in Delhi a few days before the advance booking was to start. A special screening was conducted for Bollywood actors.", "A special screening was conducted for Bollywood actors. Red Chillies Entertainment had reportedly sold the world rights for the film to Eros International for an amount between Rs. 720–750 million. Baba Films, a production and distribution company, had offered a record Rs.", "Baba Films, a production and distribution company, had offered a record Rs. 110 million for the rights to the Mumbai Circuit, surpassing the highest amount ever paid for the territory. As a marketing strategy, Amul advertised Shah Rukh.", "As a marketing strategy, Amul advertised Shah Rukh. Nina Davuluri's talent for Miss America 2014 was a Hindi Film fusion dance choreographed by Nakul Dev Mahajan and performed to Dhoom Taana. It was the first time Hindi Film ever appeared on the Miss America stage and Davuluri is the first Indian American to win the competition.", "It was the first time Hindi Film ever appeared on the Miss America stage and Davuluri is the first Indian American to win the competition. Om Shanti Om was remade into a Japanese musical titled Oomu Shanti Oumu. A book, titled The Making of Om Shanti Om written by Mushtaq Sheikh, was released after the release of the film.", "A book, titled The Making of Om Shanti Om written by Mushtaq Sheikh, was released after the release of the film. The book gives an insight into the production and happenings behind the camera of the film.", "The book gives an insight into the production and happenings behind the camera of the film. Controversy One of the leading actors of the film, Manoj Kumar planned to sue the makers of Om Shanti Om for showing his body double in bad taste.", "Controversy One of the leading actors of the film, Manoj Kumar planned to sue the makers of Om Shanti Om for showing his body double in bad taste. Kumar added, \"Are the Mumbai police so stupid that they can't recognise Manoj Kumar and lathicharge him in the '70s when he was a star?\".", "Kumar added, \"Are the Mumbai police so stupid that they can't recognise Manoj Kumar and lathicharge him in the '70s when he was a star?\". Kumar also alleged that Shahrukh Khan is communal. Later, in a press conference, Shahrukh Khan and director Farah Khan accepted their mistake and apologised for the matter.", "Later, in a press conference, Shahrukh Khan and director Farah Khan accepted their mistake and apologised for the matter. Farah Khan even offered to cut the scene which Manoj Kumar felt was hurtful, but Kumar refused on grounds that, as Farah had stated, \"I [Farah Khan] am like his daughter.", "Farah Khan even offered to cut the scene which Manoj Kumar felt was hurtful, but Kumar refused on grounds that, as Farah had stated, \"I [Farah Khan] am like his daughter. He said, 'Betiyaan maafi nahi maangti' (Daughters don't ask for forgiveness).", "He said, 'Betiyaan maafi nahi maangti' (Daughters don't ask for forgiveness). I told him that he could've called me and scolded me.\"", "I told him that he could've called me and scolded me.\" Later, Kumar said that though this incident was hurtful to him, he wishes to forgive, ignore, and move on, saying that he prefers to \"see Ram in everyone and ignore the Ravana.\"", "Later, Kumar said that though this incident was hurtful to him, he wishes to forgive, ignore, and move on, saying that he prefers to \"see Ram in everyone and ignore the Ravana.\" In 2008, before the film's television premiere on Sony TV, Manoj Kumar filed for a stay on the television release, at civil court in Mumbai.", "In 2008, before the film's television premiere on Sony TV, Manoj Kumar filed for a stay on the television release, at civil court in Mumbai. On 8 August 2008, he won permanent injunction on the scenes in Om Shanti Om that lampooned him.", "On 8 August 2008, he won permanent injunction on the scenes in Om Shanti Om that lampooned him. The court ordered the producers and Sony Entertainment Television, to edit the Manoj Kumar look-alike scenes before showing the film on the channel on 10 August 2008.", "The court ordered the producers and Sony Entertainment Television, to edit the Manoj Kumar look-alike scenes before showing the film on the channel on 10 August 2008. It also ordered that the film could not be shown in any media—TV, DVD or Internet—without the scene being deleted.", "It also ordered that the film could not be shown in any media—TV, DVD or Internet—without the scene being deleted. Plagiarism allegations On 7 August 2008, before its television release, scriptwriter Ajay Monga moved the Bombay High Court alleging that the basic storyline of the film was lifted from a film script he had emailed to Shah Rukh Khan in 2006.", "Plagiarism allegations On 7 August 2008, before its television release, scriptwriter Ajay Monga moved the Bombay High Court alleging that the basic storyline of the film was lifted from a film script he had emailed to Shah Rukh Khan in 2006. According to the petition, \"Monga, along with one more writer Hemant Hegde, had registered the script with the Cine Writers Association (CWA) in September 2005.", "According to the petition, \"Monga, along with one more writer Hemant Hegde, had registered the script with the Cine Writers Association (CWA) in September 2005. In January 2008, Cine Writers Association (CWA) rejected Monga's appeal at a special Executive Committee meeting.", "In January 2008, Cine Writers Association (CWA) rejected Monga's appeal at a special Executive Committee meeting. Thereafter, he approached the court to stay the film's screening on television.", "Thereafter, he approached the court to stay the film's screening on television. Though, on 6 August the court rejected Monga's plea for seeking a stay on the television telecast, it directed all the respondents including Shahrukh Khan, Farah Khan, Red Chillies Entertainment, Gauri Khan (director Red Chillies) and film's co-writer Mushtaq Sheikh, to file their say by the next hearing on 29 September 2008.", "Though, on 6 August the court rejected Monga's plea for seeking a stay on the television telecast, it directed all the respondents including Shahrukh Khan, Farah Khan, Red Chillies Entertainment, Gauri Khan (director Red Chillies) and film's co-writer Mushtaq Sheikh, to file their say by the next hearing on 29 September 2008. In November 2008, the Film Writers' association sent a communication to Red Chillies and Ajay Monga that it had found similarities in Om Shanti Om and Monga's script.", "In November 2008, the Film Writers' association sent a communication to Red Chillies and Ajay Monga that it had found similarities in Om Shanti Om and Monga's script. The similarities were more than mere coincidences according to Sooni Taraporewala who chaired a special committee that has investigated the case on behalf of the Film Writers' association.", "The similarities were more than mere coincidences according to Sooni Taraporewala who chaired a special committee that has investigated the case on behalf of the Film Writers' association. Another allegation of plagiarism came from Rinki Bhattacharya, daughter of late Bimal Roy, who directed Madhumati (1958).", "Another allegation of plagiarism came from Rinki Bhattacharya, daughter of late Bimal Roy, who directed Madhumati (1958). She threatened legal action against Red Chillies Entertainment and the producer-director of Om Shanti Om, as she felt that the film's second half was similar to Madhumati, also a rebirth saga.", "She threatened legal action against Red Chillies Entertainment and the producer-director of Om Shanti Om, as she felt that the film's second half was similar to Madhumati, also a rebirth saga. Reception Critical response India Om Shanti Om was received positively by Indian film critics.", "Reception Critical response India Om Shanti Om was received positively by Indian film critics. Taran Adarsh of Bollywood Hungama gave it four stars out of five and writes, \"Om Shanti Om is Bollywood masala in its truest form and also, at its best\" but notes, \"the second half could've been crisper\".", "Taran Adarsh of Bollywood Hungama gave it four stars out of five and writes, \"Om Shanti Om is Bollywood masala in its truest form and also, at its best\" but notes, \"the second half could've been crisper\". Khalid Mohamed of Hindustan Times gave the film four stars out of five and appreciated the performances, observing how Rampal is \"consistently first-rate as the suave villain\" while Padukone is \"fantastic, so surprisingly assured that you marvel at her poised debut\".", "Khalid Mohamed of Hindustan Times gave the film four stars out of five and appreciated the performances, observing how Rampal is \"consistently first-rate as the suave villain\" while Padukone is \"fantastic, so surprisingly assured that you marvel at her poised debut\". He notes that \"the enterprise belongs to Shah Rukh Khan, who tackles comedy, high drama and action with his signature stylespontaneous and intuitively intelligent.", "He notes that \"the enterprise belongs to Shah Rukh Khan, who tackles comedy, high drama and action with his signature stylespontaneous and intuitively intelligent. Six-pack or no-packs, he's the entertainer of the year in this valentine to the movies.\"", "Six-pack or no-packs, he's the entertainer of the year in this valentine to the movies.\" Nikhat Kazmi of The Times of India gave the film three and a half stars out of five and writes, \"Farah Khan's re-birth saga literally makes an art of retro and paints the seventies pop culture in Andy Warholish strokes\".", "Nikhat Kazmi of The Times of India gave the film three and a half stars out of five and writes, \"Farah Khan's re-birth saga literally makes an art of retro and paints the seventies pop culture in Andy Warholish strokes\". She called it an \"unabashed tribute\" to Karz.", "She called it an \"unabashed tribute\" to Karz. Raja Sen of Rediff.com gave it three and a half stars out of five and applauded the performances of Shah Rukh, Padukone and Talpade.", "Raja Sen of Rediff.com gave it three and a half stars out of five and applauded the performances of Shah Rukh, Padukone and Talpade. He writes, \"Om Shanti Om is an exultant, heady, joyous film reveling in Bollywood, and as at most parties where the bubbly flows free, there is much silly giggling and tremendous immaturity.\"", "He writes, \"Om Shanti Om is an exultant, heady, joyous film reveling in Bollywood, and as at most parties where the bubbly flows free, there is much silly giggling and tremendous immaturity.\" He criticised the dialogues and excessive cameos in the film.", "He criticised the dialogues and excessive cameos in the film. Rajeev Masand of CNN-News18 gave the film three stars out of five and writes, \"Unpretentious and completely transparent in its intentions, Om Shanti Om is an entertainer in the true sense of the word, mixing up genre elements like comedy, drama, action and emotion to create a heady broth of Manmohan Desai-style exaggerated entertainment.\"", "Rajeev Masand of CNN-News18 gave the film three stars out of five and writes, \"Unpretentious and completely transparent in its intentions, Om Shanti Om is an entertainer in the true sense of the word, mixing up genre elements like comedy, drama, action and emotion to create a heady broth of Manmohan Desai-style exaggerated entertainment.\" He compliments the dialogues \"which so cleverly incorporates Bollywood's oldest clichés into these characters' everyday parlance.\"", "He compliments the dialogues \"which so cleverly incorporates Bollywood's oldest clichés into these characters' everyday parlance.\" A commentator for Indo-Asian News Service felt that Shah Rukh's acting was repetitive and writes, \"He needs to curtail his unwarranted superstar mannerisms even in a total masala film like Om Shanti Om\", while complimenting the performances of Padukone, Rampal and Talpade.", "A commentator for Indo-Asian News Service felt that Shah Rukh's acting was repetitive and writes, \"He needs to curtail his unwarranted superstar mannerisms even in a total masala film like Om Shanti Om\", while complimenting the performances of Padukone, Rampal and Talpade. Sudish Kamnath of The Hindu stated that the film is \"an unabashed celebration of willing suspension of disbelief, calling it a \"light-hearted tribute to Hindi cinema the way we know it and love it\".", "Sudish Kamnath of The Hindu stated that the film is \"an unabashed celebration of willing suspension of disbelief, calling it a \"light-hearted tribute to Hindi cinema the way we know it and love it\". He praised the performances of Shah Rukh, Padukone and Talpade, while criticising Rampal and Kher.", "He praised the performances of Shah Rukh, Padukone and Talpade, while criticising Rampal and Kher. He also praised the various spoofs, especially the ones directed at Manoj Kumar, Sanjay Leela Bhansali and Abhishek Bachchan.", "He also praised the various spoofs, especially the ones directed at Manoj Kumar, Sanjay Leela Bhansali and Abhishek Bachchan. Writing for SantaBanta.com, Subhash K. Jha gave it one star out of five and criticised the spoofs \"which keeps swinging from homage to imitation with infuriating artifice\", writing, \"The mood is one of patronizing and condescension rather than genuine admiration for an era that's gone with the wind\".", "Writing for SantaBanta.com, Subhash K. Jha gave it one star out of five and criticised the spoofs \"which keeps swinging from homage to imitation with infuriating artifice\", writing, \"The mood is one of patronizing and condescension rather than genuine admiration for an era that's gone with the wind\". Overseas On the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, Om Shanti Om holds an approval rating of 76%, based on 17 reviews with an average score of 7.21/10.", "Overseas On the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, Om Shanti Om holds an approval rating of 76%, based on 17 reviews with an average score of 7.21/10. Tajpal Rathore of BBC gave it 4 out of 5 stars as well and stated, \"Both a homage to and parody of Hindi Films, this cinematic feast delivered straight from the heart of the film industry will have you glued to your seats till the end.\"", "Tajpal Rathore of BBC gave it 4 out of 5 stars as well and stated, \"Both a homage to and parody of Hindi Films, this cinematic feast delivered straight from the heart of the film industry will have you glued to your seats till the end.\" Mark Medley of National Post gave 3 stars and stated, \"The film is a mess for all the right reasons; elements of comedy, drama, romance, action and the supernatural are packed in.", "Mark Medley of National Post gave 3 stars and stated, \"The film is a mess for all the right reasons; elements of comedy, drama, romance, action and the supernatural are packed in. But really, the plot is just a vehicle to get from one song-and-dance number to the next.\"", "But really, the plot is just a vehicle to get from one song-and-dance number to the next.\" AOL gave the film 3 out of 5 stars stating, \"The movie consists of all the elements that are essentially called the 'navratnas' of Indian cinema – from joy to grief to romance to revenge.", "AOL gave the film 3 out of 5 stars stating, \"The movie consists of all the elements that are essentially called the 'navratnas' of Indian cinema – from joy to grief to romance to revenge. And she mixes these well to cook up a potboiler, which is sure to be a runaway hit.\"", "And she mixes these well to cook up a potboiler, which is sure to be a runaway hit.\" Box office Om Shanti Om opened across 878 cinemas in 2000 prints worldwide. The film's net gross (after deducting entertainment tax) was in India.", "The film's net gross (after deducting entertainment tax) was in India. The film collected US$2.78 million in the United Kingdom, US$3.6 million in North America and US$3.7 million collectively from the rest of the world, which resulted in total overseas collections of $10,080,000, the 4th largest of all time as of 2010.", "The film collected US$2.78 million in the United Kingdom, US$3.6 million in North America and US$3.7 million collectively from the rest of the world, which resulted in total overseas collections of $10,080,000, the 4th largest of all time as of 2010. As a result of these collections, a worldwide gross of was accumulated.", "As a result of these collections, a worldwide gross of was accumulated. Awards and nominations Further reading Footnotes References External links Red Chillies Entertainment films 2007 films Indian films 2000s Hindi-language films Films about reincarnation Indian ghost films Paranormal films Films directed by Farah Khan Films involved in plagiarism controversies Films about actors Films scored by Vishal–Shekhar Films whose production designer won the Best Production Design National Film Award Films about Bollywood Cultural depictions of actors Cultural depictions of Rajesh Khanna" ]

[ "Om Shanti Om", "Casting", "Who was cast for a role?", "Shah Rukh was cast as the lead;", "What was the lead character?", "Om Shanti" ]

[ "Přírodní park Třebíčsko (before Oblast klidu Třebíčsko) is a natural park near Třebíč in the Czech Republic. There are many interesting plants. The park was founded in 1983.\n\nKobylinec and Ptáčovský kopeček\n\nKobylinec is a natural monument situated ca 0,5 km from the village of Trnava.\nThe area of this monument is 0,44 ha. Pulsatilla grandis can be found here and in the Ptáčovský kopeček park near Ptáčov near Třebíč. Both monuments are very popular for tourists.\n\nPonds\n\nIn the natural park there are some interesting ponds such as Velký Bor, Malý Bor, Buršík near Přeckov and a brook Březinka. Dams on the brook are examples of European beaver activity.\n\nSyenitové skály near Pocoucov\n\nSyenitové skály (rocks of syenit) near Pocoucov is one of famed locations. There are interesting granite boulders. The area of the reservation is 0,77 ha.\n\nExternal links\nParts of this article or all article was translated from Czech. The original article is :cs:Přírodní park Třebíčsko.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nNature near the village Trnava which is there\n\nTřebíč\nParks in the Czech Republic\nTourist attractions in the Vysočina Region", "Damn Interesting is an independent website founded by Alan Bellows in 2005. The website presents true stories from science, history, and psychology, primarily as long-form articles, often illustrated with original artwork. Works are written by various authors, and published at irregular intervals. The website openly rejects advertising, relying on reader and listener donations to cover operating costs.\n\nAs of October 2012, each article is also published as a podcast under the same name. In November 2019, a second podcast was launched under the title Damn Interesting Week, featuring unscripted commentary on an assortment of news articles featured on the website's \"Curated Links\" section that week. In mid-2020, a third podcast called Damn Interesting Curio Cabinet began highlighting the website's periodic short-form articles in the same radioplay format as the original podcast.\n\nIn July 2009, Damn Interesting published the print book Alien Hand Syndrome through Workman Publishing. It contains some favorites from the site and some exclusive content.\n\nAwards and recognition \nIn August 2007, PC Magazine named Damn Interesting one of the \"Top 100 Undiscovered Web Sites\".\nThe article \"The Zero-Armed Bandit\" by Alan Bellows won a 2015 Sidney Award from David Brooks in The New York Times.\nThe article \"Ghoulish Acts and Dastardly Deeds\" by Alan Bellows was cited as \"nonfiction journalism from 2017 that will stand the test of time\" by Conor Friedersdorf in The Atlantic.\nThe article \"Dupes and Duplicity\" by Jennifer Lee Noonan won a 2020 Sidney Award from David Brooks in the New York Times.\n\nAccusing The Dollop of plagiarism \n\nOn July 9, 2015, Bellows posted an open letter accusing The Dollop, a comedy podcast about history, of plagiarism due to their repeated use of verbatim text from Damn Interesting articles without permission or attribution. Dave Anthony, the writer of The Dollop, responded on reddit, admitting to using Damn Interesting content, but claiming that the use was protected by fair use, and that \"historical facts are not copyrightable.\" In an article about the controversy on Plagiarism Today, Jonathan Bailey concluded, \"Any way one looks at it, The Dollop failed its ethical obligations to all of the people, not just those writing for Damn Interesting, who put in the time, energy and expertise into writing the original content upon which their show is based.\"\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n Official website\n\n2005 podcast debuts" ]

[ "Om Shanti Om is a 2007 Indian Hindi-language musical romantic satirical fantasy comedy-drama film written and directed by Farah Khan and co-written by Mayur Puri and Mushtaq Shiekh. Spanning three decades, the film stars Shah Rukh Khan as Om, a junior artist in 1977 who has a crush on a secretly-married superstar, played by Deepika Padukone in her Hindi film debut.", "Spanning three decades, the film stars Shah Rukh Khan as Om, a junior artist in 1977 who has a crush on a secretly-married superstar, played by Deepika Padukone in her Hindi film debut. Her lover, a producer played by Arjun Rampal, kills her in a fire; Om witnesses this and dies from the injuries sustained from trying to rescue her.", "Her lover, a producer played by Arjun Rampal, kills her in a fire; Om witnesses this and dies from the injuries sustained from trying to rescue her. Reincarnated as a superstar in 2007, he seeks to avenge his love.", "Reincarnated as a superstar in 2007, he seeks to avenge his love. The film also starred Shreyas Talpade, Kirron Kher, Nitesh Pandey, Yuvika Chaudhary, Asawari Joshi, Bindu Desai and Javed Sheikh feature in supporting roles, and saw cameos from many Bollywood celebrities in several sequences and songs.", "The film also starred Shreyas Talpade, Kirron Kher, Nitesh Pandey, Yuvika Chaudhary, Asawari Joshi, Bindu Desai and Javed Sheikh feature in supporting roles, and saw cameos from many Bollywood celebrities in several sequences and songs. Om Shanti Om was produced and presented by Shah Rukh's wife Gauri Khan under the banner Red Chillies Entertainment on a budget of 30 crore.", "Om Shanti Om was produced and presented by Shah Rukh's wife Gauri Khan under the banner Red Chillies Entertainment on a budget of 30 crore. Farah conceived the film while directing the musical Bombay Dreams (2002), which was based on the Indian film industry.", "Farah conceived the film while directing the musical Bombay Dreams (2002), which was based on the Indian film industry. After Shah Rukh rejected the first version of her next film Happy New Year, she was reminded of Om Shanti Om; the film's title derives from a similar titled popular song from the 1980 film Karz.", "After Shah Rukh rejected the first version of her next film Happy New Year, she was reminded of Om Shanti Om; the film's title derives from a similar titled popular song from the 1980 film Karz. The soundtrack album was composed by Vishal–Shekhar, with lyrics written by Javed Akhtar. The background score was performed by Sandeep Chowta.", "The background score was performed by Sandeep Chowta. The album received positive reviews and was also commercially successful, becoming the highest-selling album of the year in India.", "The album received positive reviews and was also commercially successful, becoming the highest-selling album of the year in India. The film was theatrically released in India on 9 November 2007 during Diwali weekend, Om Shanti Om earned over ₹149 crore worldwide becoming the highest grossing Bollywood film of the year; it received positive reviews, with praise for the performances and the film's soundtrack and narrative.", "The film was theatrically released in India on 9 November 2007 during Diwali weekend, Om Shanti Om earned over ₹149 crore worldwide becoming the highest grossing Bollywood film of the year; it received positive reviews, with praise for the performances and the film's soundtrack and narrative. The film won several awards in major Indian film award ceremonies.", "The film won several awards in major Indian film award ceremonies. At the 53rd Filmfare Awards, it received a leading 12 nominations, winning for Best Female Debut and Best Special Effects, and also won the National Film Award for Best Production Design.", "At the 53rd Filmfare Awards, it received a leading 12 nominations, winning for Best Female Debut and Best Special Effects, and also won the National Film Award for Best Production Design. Plot 1977 Om Prakash \"Omi\" Makhija (Shah Rukh Khan) is a poor junior film artist living with his mother Bela Makhija (Kirron Kher) and friend Pappu Master (Shreyas Talpade) in a small Mumbai chawl.", "Plot 1977 Om Prakash \"Omi\" Makhija (Shah Rukh Khan) is a poor junior film artist living with his mother Bela Makhija (Kirron Kher) and friend Pappu Master (Shreyas Talpade) in a small Mumbai chawl. He is in love with a popular film actress Shantipriya \"Shanti\" Kashyap (Deepika Padukone) as he takes small acting roles in Bollywood at the R.C.", "He is in love with a popular film actress Shantipriya \"Shanti\" Kashyap (Deepika Padukone) as he takes small acting roles in Bollywood at the R.C. Studios owned by popular film producer Mukesh Mehra (Arjun Rampal).", "Studios owned by popular film producer Mukesh Mehra (Arjun Rampal). One day, during the shooting of a film, a fire breaks out on the shooting set trapping Shanti but Omi rescues her and they become friends.", "One day, during the shooting of a film, a fire breaks out on the shooting set trapping Shanti but Omi rescues her and they become friends. Days later, Omi ends up overhearing Shanti and Mukesh's conversation and is shocked to discover that they have been married for 2 years but Mukesh refuses to reveal this in public as it will ruin both their careers.", "Days later, Omi ends up overhearing Shanti and Mukesh's conversation and is shocked to discover that they have been married for 2 years but Mukesh refuses to reveal this in public as it will ruin both their careers. Shanti reveals that she is also pregnant with Mukesh's child, leaving Omi heartbroken.", "Shanti reveals that she is also pregnant with Mukesh's child, leaving Omi heartbroken. One night, Omi comes to the shooting set of an upcoming film Om Shanti Om where Shanti is but he goes from there on overseeing her with Mukesh.", "One night, Omi comes to the shooting set of an upcoming film Om Shanti Om where Shanti is but he goes from there on overseeing her with Mukesh. However, Mukesh reveals to Shanti that he has decided to burn her in the shooting set as revealing his marriage and her pregnancy will ruin his career.", "However, Mukesh reveals to Shanti that he has decided to burn her in the shooting set as revealing his marriage and her pregnancy will ruin his career. Saying this, he puts the shooting set on fire and locks a horrified Shanti in it.", "Saying this, he puts the shooting set on fire and locks a horrified Shanti in it. When Omi spots her in the fire, he attempts to go and rescue her but is attacked by Mukesh's guards, leaving him severely injured. He is then thrown out of the shooting set by a big explosion.", "He is then thrown out of the shooting set by a big explosion. As it explodes with Shanti in it, Omi staggers on the road and gets hit by a car driven by actor Rajesh Kapoor (Jawed Sheikh) who is taking his pregnant wife Lovely Kapoor (Asavari Joshi) to the hospital as she is under labour.", "As it explodes with Shanti in it, Omi staggers on the road and gets hit by a car driven by actor Rajesh Kapoor (Jawed Sheikh) who is taking his pregnant wife Lovely Kapoor (Asavari Joshi) to the hospital as she is under labour. Both Omi and Lovely are hospitalised by Rajesh where Omi dies from his serious injuries while reminiscing about Shanti.", "Both Omi and Lovely are hospitalised by Rajesh where Omi dies from his serious injuries while reminiscing about Shanti. However, he is reborn on the same night in the same hospital as Rajesh and Lovely's son Om Kapoor.", "However, he is reborn on the same night in the same hospital as Rajesh and Lovely's son Om Kapoor. 2007 Om \"OK\" Kapoor (Shah Rukh Khan) is a popular film actor in Bollywood who lives a luxurious life and often comes across but ignores Bela Makhija (Kirron Kher) who believes him for her own son.", "2007 Om \"OK\" Kapoor (Shah Rukh Khan) is a popular film actor in Bollywood who lives a luxurious life and often comes across but ignores Bela Makhija (Kirron Kher) who believes him for her own son. His successful career eventually takes him to the abandoned and ruined R.C.", "His successful career eventually takes him to the abandoned and ruined R.C. Studios where he experiences unsettling flashbacks of his previous life. Later, when he is nominated as Filmfare Award for Best Actor, he gives the same emotional speech which he had given in his previous life.", "Later, when he is nominated as Filmfare Award for Best Actor, he gives the same emotional speech which he had given in his previous life. An elderly Pappu Master (Shreyas Talpade) watches him on TV and realises that he is lookalike Omi.", "An elderly Pappu Master (Shreyas Talpade) watches him on TV and realises that he is lookalike Omi. During a party, OK remembers his previous life after he sees Mukesh \"Mike\" Mehra. That night, he traces Bela and Pappu to their house and has an emotional reunion with him.", "That night, he traces Bela and Pappu to their house and has an emotional reunion with him. The three plan to avenge Shanti's murder by making Mukesh confess his crime and they audition several film actresses to find Shanti's look-alike but in vain.", "The three plan to avenge Shanti's murder by making Mukesh confess his crime and they audition several film actresses to find Shanti's look-alike but in vain. However, Om ends up coming across a junior film artist Sandhya \"Sandy\" Bansal (Deepika Padukone) who is an exact doppelgänger of Shanti.", "However, Om ends up coming across a junior film artist Sandhya \"Sandy\" Bansal (Deepika Padukone) who is an exact doppelgänger of Shanti. Sandy promises OK that she will try to help him according to his plan. OK convinces Mukesh to restart the shooting of Om Shanti Om on the same ruined R.C. Studios.", "Studios. Studios. Throughout the shooting of the film, OK and Pappu make Sandy dress as Shanti and arrange incidents to remind Mukesh of his crime and make him think that Shanti's ghost is haunting him.", "Throughout the shooting of the film, OK and Pappu make Sandy dress as Shanti and arrange incidents to remind Mukesh of his crime and make him think that Shanti's ghost is haunting him. However, supernatural events also occur on the shooting set which disturb Mukesh, much to the confusion of OK. During the music launch of Om Shanti Om, OK performs Shanti's life story through a song which shocks Mukesh who, however, discovers that Sandy is not Shanti's ghost as her body bleeds due to a small accident.", "However, supernatural events also occur on the shooting set which disturb Mukesh, much to the confusion of OK. During the music launch of Om Shanti Om, OK performs Shanti's life story through a song which shocks Mukesh who, however, discovers that Sandy is not Shanti's ghost as her body bleeds due to a small accident. He attempts to chase her but is knocked unconscious by a falling chandelier.", "He attempts to chase her but is knocked unconscious by a falling chandelier. When he regains consciousness, Mukesh is confronted by OK but he tells him that he has discovered that Sandy is not Shanti's ghost and he taunts him that there is no proof of Shanti's murder.", "When he regains consciousness, Mukesh is confronted by OK but he tells him that he has discovered that Sandy is not Shanti's ghost and he taunts him that there is no proof of Shanti's murder. Sandy then reaches the scene and reveals that after the fire had burned the shooting set, Mukesh had returned to Shanti who was still alive and breathing but he buried her alive below a chandelier.", "Sandy then reaches the scene and reveals that after the fire had burned the shooting set, Mukesh had returned to Shanti who was still alive and breathing but he buried her alive below a chandelier. She tells that Shanti's dead body will be found below the chandelier which will be a proof of her murder to the court.", "She tells that Shanti's dead body will be found below the chandelier which will be a proof of her murder to the court. As both OK and Mukesh wonder how Sandy knows this, Mukesh attempts to shoot her to death but OK stops him and attacks him which results in fire breaking out on the shooting set.", "As both OK and Mukesh wonder how Sandy knows this, Mukesh attempts to shoot her to death but OK stops him and attacks him which results in fire breaking out on the shooting set. OK fights against Mukesh but Sandy stops him and tells him that he will die but not at his hands.", "OK fights against Mukesh but Sandy stops him and tells him that he will die but not at his hands. She then looks at the chandelier and it falls down on Mukesh, killing him. Eventually, OK is shocked when \"another Sandy\" reaches the scene along with Pappu to help him.", "Eventually, OK is shocked when \"another Sandy\" reaches the scene along with Pappu to help him. As he glances back at the one in front of him, he realises that the \"Sandy\" who had revealed Shanti's murder proof and had killed Mukesh was actually Shanti's ghost, and she was responsible for the supernatural events occurring on the shooting set.", "As he glances back at the one in front of him, he realises that the \"Sandy\" who had revealed Shanti's murder proof and had killed Mukesh was actually Shanti's ghost, and she was responsible for the supernatural events occurring on the shooting set. OK waves goodbye to Shanti who tearfully smiles at him and disappears as she finally finds peace.", "OK waves goodbye to Shanti who tearfully smiles at him and disappears as she finally finds peace. The film ends with all its cast and crew approaching the shooting set of Om Shanti Om and the credits roll.", "The film ends with all its cast and crew approaching the shooting set of Om Shanti Om and the credits roll. Cast Shah Rukh Khan as Om Makhija / Om Kapoor (dual role) Deepika Padukone as Shanti Kashyap / Sandy Bansal (dual role) Shreyas Talpade as Pappu Master Kirron Kher as Bela Makhija Arjun Rampal as Mukesh Mehra Javed Sheikh as Rajesh Kapoor (Om Kapoor's father) Asavari Joshi as Lovely Kapoor (Om Kapoor's mother) Nitesh Pandey as Anwar Sheikh Mohammad (Om Kapoor's assistant) Bindu Desai as Kamini Arora (Dolly's mother) Nasser Abdullah as Rajesh Kapoor's secretary Yuvika Chaudhary as Dolly Arora (Om Kapoor's friend) Shawar Ali as Himself Lin Laishram as Om Kapoor's friend Cameo appearance Amitabh Bachchan as Himself Anil Kapoor as Himself Jackie Shroff as Himself Uday Chopra as Himself Abhishek Bachchan as Himself Akshay Kumar as Himself Ameesha Patel as Om Kapoor's co-actress in a film at Filmfare Awards Dia Mirza as Om Kapoor's co-actress in a film at Filmfare Awards Farah Khan as the woman who makes fun of Omi when the show ends Feroz Khan as Himself Gauri Khan as Herself Karan Johar as Himself Malaika Arora as Herself Vishal Dadlani as the director of Mohabbat Man, a superhero film Manikandan Velayutham as the director of Mind It, a parody of action films Priya Patil as Natasha, heroine of Apahij Pyar Rakesh Roshan as Himself Rishi Kapoor as the special host of Filmfare Awards who gives the award to Om Kapoor Shabana Azmi as Herself Subhash Ghai as Himself while shooting his iconic film Karz Yash Chopra as Himself Special appearance during the \"Deewangi Deewangi\" song (in order of appearance) Rani Mukerji Zayed Khan Vidya Balan Jeetendra Tusshar Kapoor Priyanka Chopra Shilpa Shetty Dharmendra Shabana Azmi Urmila Matondkar Karishma Kapoor Arbaaz Khan Malaika Arora Khan Dino Morea Amrita Arora Juhi Chawla Aftab Shivdasani Tabu Hashmi Govinda Ahuja Mithun Chakraborty Kajol Bobby Deol Preity Zinta Rekha Riteish Deshmukh Salman Khan Saif Ali Khan Sanjay Dutt Lara Dutta Suniel Shetty Production Development In 2002, Farah Khan worked as a choreographer for the musical Bombay Dreams in London, which she felt presented a \"clichéd and outdated version\" of the Indian film industry.", "Cast Shah Rukh Khan as Om Makhija / Om Kapoor (dual role) Deepika Padukone as Shanti Kashyap / Sandy Bansal (dual role) Shreyas Talpade as Pappu Master Kirron Kher as Bela Makhija Arjun Rampal as Mukesh Mehra Javed Sheikh as Rajesh Kapoor (Om Kapoor's father) Asavari Joshi as Lovely Kapoor (Om Kapoor's mother) Nitesh Pandey as Anwar Sheikh Mohammad (Om Kapoor's assistant) Bindu Desai as Kamini Arora (Dolly's mother) Nasser Abdullah as Rajesh Kapoor's secretary Yuvika Chaudhary as Dolly Arora (Om Kapoor's friend) Shawar Ali as Himself Lin Laishram as Om Kapoor's friend Cameo appearance Amitabh Bachchan as Himself Anil Kapoor as Himself Jackie Shroff as Himself Uday Chopra as Himself Abhishek Bachchan as Himself Akshay Kumar as Himself Ameesha Patel as Om Kapoor's co-actress in a film at Filmfare Awards Dia Mirza as Om Kapoor's co-actress in a film at Filmfare Awards Farah Khan as the woman who makes fun of Omi when the show ends Feroz Khan as Himself Gauri Khan as Herself Karan Johar as Himself Malaika Arora as Herself Vishal Dadlani as the director of Mohabbat Man, a superhero film Manikandan Velayutham as the director of Mind It, a parody of action films Priya Patil as Natasha, heroine of Apahij Pyar Rakesh Roshan as Himself Rishi Kapoor as the special host of Filmfare Awards who gives the award to Om Kapoor Shabana Azmi as Herself Subhash Ghai as Himself while shooting his iconic film Karz Yash Chopra as Himself Special appearance during the \"Deewangi Deewangi\" song (in order of appearance) Rani Mukerji Zayed Khan Vidya Balan Jeetendra Tusshar Kapoor Priyanka Chopra Shilpa Shetty Dharmendra Shabana Azmi Urmila Matondkar Karishma Kapoor Arbaaz Khan Malaika Arora Khan Dino Morea Amrita Arora Juhi Chawla Aftab Shivdasani Tabu Hashmi Govinda Ahuja Mithun Chakraborty Kajol Bobby Deol Preity Zinta Rekha Riteish Deshmukh Salman Khan Saif Ali Khan Sanjay Dutt Lara Dutta Suniel Shetty Production Development In 2002, Farah Khan worked as a choreographer for the musical Bombay Dreams in London, which she felt presented a \"clichéd and outdated version\" of the Indian film industry. She thought that the musical would not be successful if released in India.", "She thought that the musical would not be successful if released in India. She instead thought of a new story, writing her initial thoughts about the subject on Andrew Lloyd Webber's letterhead while staying in his house. Later in 2006, Farah began to work on her next project, which was tentatively titled Happy New Year.", "Later in 2006, Farah began to work on her next project, which was tentatively titled Happy New Year. Amid speculations that Shah Rukh Khan would star in Happy New Year, the actor rejected the first draft of the film, upon which Farah's husband and editor Shirish Kunder reminded her of the story she had conceived while in London.", "Amid speculations that Shah Rukh Khan would star in Happy New Year, the actor rejected the first draft of the film, upon which Farah's husband and editor Shirish Kunder reminded her of the story she had conceived while in London. Happy New Year, which was to mark Deepika Padukone's Hindi debut, was put on hiatus and revived more than 8 years later under the same title.", "Happy New Year, which was to mark Deepika Padukone's Hindi debut, was put on hiatus and revived more than 8 years later under the same title. Farah completed writing the first script of Om Shanti Om within two weeks.", "Farah completed writing the first script of Om Shanti Om within two weeks. She set the first half in the 1970s as she felt the Hindi films made during that period were much more influential than those made in other periods, particularly the 1980s, which she felt was a period when \"the worst movies were made\".", "She set the first half in the 1970s as she felt the Hindi films made during that period were much more influential than those made in other periods, particularly the 1980s, which she felt was a period when \"the worst movies were made\". She also included many references to the 1970s, which were also prevalent in films of that time.", "She also included many references to the 1970s, which were also prevalent in films of that time. She said, \"Everything in the first half is about the 70ssuch as the mother who overacts, mouthing clichéd dialogues. Then there are cabarets, badminton and other stuff popular during that era.\"", "Then there are cabarets, badminton and other stuff popular during that era.\" Shah Rukh's costumes were designed by Karan Johar, while Manish Malhotra designed Padukone's costumes. The rest of the cast had their costumes designed by Sanjeev Mulchadni. In addition to directing the film, Farah co-wrote the story with Mayur Puri and Mushtaq Shiekh.", "In addition to directing the film, Farah co-wrote the story with Mayur Puri and Mushtaq Shiekh. She was also the film's choreographer. Puri wrote the screenplay and dialogues. He completed the writing process in two months and rewrote the film's second half. Puri created the screenplay by writing his natural reaction to the characters as scenarios.", "Puri created the screenplay by writing his natural reaction to the characters as scenarios. He knew that despite being part of a crowd, junior artists do not want to be recognised as such, ruins their chances of landing a leading role in future. This was used in a sequence involving Shah Rukh and Talpade, who play junior artists.", "This was used in a sequence involving Shah Rukh and Talpade, who play junior artists. Puri blended different genres together in Om Shanti Om, which he felt was challenging. He used his personal memories from childhood for creating the 1970s. Shirish Kunder was the editor, while V. Manikandan was the cinematographer.", "Shirish Kunder was the editor, while V. Manikandan was the cinematographer. Sabu Cyril was the film's production designer. Sabu was first offered the Mani Ratnam-directed Guru (2007) at a time when Om Shanti Om was being planned, but ultimately chosen the latter due to his earlier commitment to Farah for her future project.", "Sabu was first offered the Mani Ratnam-directed Guru (2007) at a time when Om Shanti Om was being planned, but ultimately chosen the latter due to his earlier commitment to Farah for her future project. Farah used two particular dialogues in the film: \"When you want something badly, the whole universe conspires to give to you\" and \"In the end everything will be ok and if its not ok its not the end\".", "Farah used two particular dialogues in the film: \"When you want something badly, the whole universe conspires to give to you\" and \"In the end everything will be ok and if its not ok its not the end\". These were used as Khan felt that it reflected her philosophy in her life.", "These were used as Khan felt that it reflected her philosophy in her life. Farah stated that the film's opening scene was her most favourite in it. In 2008, Puri felt his most favourite dialogue from the ones he wrote would be the Filmfare Awards speech.", "In 2008, Puri felt his most favourite dialogue from the ones he wrote would be the Filmfare Awards speech. The film's title derives from the eponymous song from the film Karz (1980). Om is a Hindu mantra; Om Shanti Om roughly translates to \"Peace Be With You\".", "Om is a Hindu mantra; Om Shanti Om roughly translates to \"Peace Be With You\". The film opens with the grandeur shot of the most famous songs of Karz that is Om Shanti Om featuring Rishi Kapoor and SRK as junior artist standing in the crowd.", "The film opens with the grandeur shot of the most famous songs of Karz that is Om Shanti Om featuring Rishi Kapoor and SRK as junior artist standing in the crowd. Casting Shah Rukh was cast as the lead; he gained six packs for a song sequence. He felt Om Shanti Om was a \"happy film\".", "He felt Om Shanti Om was a \"happy film\". Farah was advised by Malaika Arora to cast Padukone as the female lead, who was suggested by Wendell Roddick, under whom Padukone was working. She was cast without a screen test.", "She was cast without a screen test. Khan felt that she was \"a beautiful, classic Indian beauty\" who fit the role of an actor of the 1970s. She was excited at the prospect of working with Shah Rukh and said, \"I've grown up watching [Shah Rukh] and always admired him so much.", "She was excited at the prospect of working with Shah Rukh and said, \"I've grown up watching [Shah Rukh] and always admired him so much. To get to work with him ... is quite wonderful. It was also fantastic that Farah showed faith in my talent and cast me opposite him.\"", "It was also fantastic that Farah showed faith in my talent and cast me opposite him.\" In preparation for her role, Padukone watched several films of actresses Helen and Hema Malini to study their body language. Her character was modelled after Malini and nicknamed Dreamy Girl after her the latter's nickname as Dream Girl.", "Her character was modelled after Malini and nicknamed Dreamy Girl after her the latter's nickname as Dream Girl. Rampal was approached by both Khan and Shah Rukh at the latter's New Year's Eve party. Rampal was initially reluctant to do the role as he felt it was \"too evil\" for someone like him.", "Rampal was initially reluctant to do the role as he felt it was \"too evil\" for someone like him. With persuasion from Shah Rukh, he agreed. Rampal wore a mustache in the film which was suggested by Shah Rukh. Shreyas Talpade played a supporting role as the best friend of Khan's character.", "Shreyas Talpade played a supporting role as the best friend of Khan's character. After the release of Iqbal (2005) and completing the filming of Dor, Talpade, who attended the same gym as Khan, was called for a narration of what would be Om Shanti Om. He agreed to do the role.", "He agreed to do the role. Kirron Kher, Bindu and Javed Sheikh also appear in the film. 31 Bollywood film actors appeared in cameo appearances for the song \"Deewangi Deewangi\". Other actors were also supposed to play cameos, including Fardeen Khan, who was arrested at Dubai airport in a drug case.", "Other actors were also supposed to play cameos, including Fardeen Khan, who was arrested at Dubai airport in a drug case. Dev Anand refused as he always played lead roles in his career. Dilip Kumar and Saira Banu didn't appear in the song, despite plans to include them.", "Dilip Kumar and Saira Banu didn't appear in the song, despite plans to include them. Amitabh Bachchan refused due to his son's wedding, while Aamir Khan refused due to Taare Zameen Pars (2007) pending editing. Khan had wanted the three Khans to appear together in a film.", "Khan had wanted the three Khans to appear together in a film. Rekha, who appears in the song, carried out 2 days of rehearsal for it. All those who appeared for the song received gifts, including a Blackberry phone and a Tag Heuer watch. Principal photography Om Shanti Om was made on a budget of ₹40 crore.", "Principal photography Om Shanti Om was made on a budget of ₹40 crore. The first scene to be filmed was one where Talpade's character tells Shah Rukh's character that he will be a hero; Shah Rukh was an hour late for filming.", "The first scene to be filmed was one where Talpade's character tells Shah Rukh's character that he will be a hero; Shah Rukh was an hour late for filming. Farah was pregnant with triplets while filming and experienced difficulties while shooting, she would constantly vomit while directing the film.", "Farah was pregnant with triplets while filming and experienced difficulties while shooting, she would constantly vomit while directing the film. The film was shot entirely in sync sound; Farah dismissed rumours of Padukone's voice being dubbed. In 2015, however, Mona Ghosh Shetty admitted to have dubbed for Padukone in the film.", "In 2015, however, Mona Ghosh Shetty admitted to have dubbed for Padukone in the film. The fake fight scene involving a stuffed tiger was inspired by a similar scene in the film Tarzan 303. Old cars owned by actors Rajesh Khanna and Hema Malini were used for filming for authenticity.", "Old cars owned by actors Rajesh Khanna and Hema Malini were used for filming for authenticity. A number of references to real life was also filmed, including a scene in which Om saves Shantipriya from a fire, which was a spoof of Sunil Dutt rescuing Nargis from a fire on the sets of Mother India (1957).", "A number of references to real life was also filmed, including a scene in which Om saves Shantipriya from a fire, which was a spoof of Sunil Dutt rescuing Nargis from a fire on the sets of Mother India (1957). For a shot involving a Filmfare Awards ceremony, Khan stood on the red carpet of an actual Filmfare Award ceremony and requested actors to dictate dialogues as she stated.", "For a shot involving a Filmfare Awards ceremony, Khan stood on the red carpet of an actual Filmfare Award ceremony and requested actors to dictate dialogues as she stated. The song \"Deewangi Deewangi\" was shot over a period of six days.", "The song \"Deewangi Deewangi\" was shot over a period of six days. The song \"Dhoom Taana\" has digitally altered guest appearances, which included Sunil Dutt from Amrapali (1966), Rajesh Khanna from Sachaa Jhutha (1970) and Jeetendra from Jay Vejay (1977).", "The song \"Dhoom Taana\" has digitally altered guest appearances, which included Sunil Dutt from Amrapali (1966), Rajesh Khanna from Sachaa Jhutha (1970) and Jeetendra from Jay Vejay (1977). Farah wanted to film Shakira for filming a special appearance had made her commit a few days for the role.", "Farah wanted to film Shakira for filming a special appearance had made her commit a few days for the role. Due to the uncertainty of her dates, the idea was scrapped. In February 2007, a filming schedule was completed in Film City.", "In February 2007, a filming schedule was completed in Film City. It was then reported that filming would move outdoors after Shah Rukh completed filming for Kaun Banega Crorepati.", "It was then reported that filming would move outdoors after Shah Rukh completed filming for Kaun Banega Crorepati. In October 2007, Abhishek Bachchan finished filming for his cameo appearance; he shot between 10 and 2 in the night for his screen time of about one and a half minutes.", "In October 2007, Abhishek Bachchan finished filming for his cameo appearance; he shot between 10 and 2 in the night for his screen time of about one and a half minutes. Filming of the last sequence and the end-credit song was done in Film City.", "Filming of the last sequence and the end-credit song was done in Film City. Farah continued the tradition of featuring an end-credits song beginning with Main Hoon Na (2004). Om Shanti Om was produced by Shah Rukh's wife Gauri Khan under their Red Chillies Entertainment banner.", "Om Shanti Om was produced by Shah Rukh's wife Gauri Khan under their Red Chillies Entertainment banner. While Marching Ants handled the publicity design, Gauri was the presenter. Shyam Kaushal, Amar Shetty and Shah Rukh were the action directors. The film's final reel length was 4013.94 ft (1223.45 m).", "The film's final reel length was 4013.94 ft (1223.45 m). Music Initially, A. R. Rahman was signed in to compose original songs and background score for the film but he opted out after disagreements with T-Series as he wanted them to share the copyrights of music between him and the lyricist.", "Music Initially, A. R. Rahman was signed in to compose original songs and background score for the film but he opted out after disagreements with T-Series as he wanted them to share the copyrights of music between him and the lyricist. The film score was composed by Sandeep Chowta while the original songs featured in Om Shanti Om were composed by the duo Vishal–Shekhar with lyrics by Javed Akhtar.", "The film score was composed by Sandeep Chowta while the original songs featured in Om Shanti Om were composed by the duo Vishal–Shekhar with lyrics by Javed Akhtar. One song was composed by Pyarelal of the Laxmikant-Pyarelal duo.", "One song was composed by Pyarelal of the Laxmikant-Pyarelal duo. The vocals are provided by KK, Sukhwinder Singh, Marianne, Nisha, Caralisa Monteiro, Shaan, Udit Narayan, Shreya Ghoshal, Sunidhi Chauhan, Rahul Saxena, Sonu Nigam, Rahat Fateh Ali Khan, Richa Sharma, Abhijeet Bhattacharya, DJ Aqeel, DJ G, Kiran Karnath, Jackie V, Nikhil Chinapa, DJ Nawed and Zoheb.", "The vocals are provided by KK, Sukhwinder Singh, Marianne, Nisha, Caralisa Monteiro, Shaan, Udit Narayan, Shreya Ghoshal, Sunidhi Chauhan, Rahul Saxena, Sonu Nigam, Rahat Fateh Ali Khan, Richa Sharma, Abhijeet Bhattacharya, DJ Aqeel, DJ G, Kiran Karnath, Jackie V, Nikhil Chinapa, DJ Nawed and Zoheb. They intended the soundtrack to be a tribute to the music of the 1960s and 1970s, while appealing to newer audiences at the same time.", "They intended the soundtrack to be a tribute to the music of the 1960s and 1970s, while appealing to newer audiences at the same time. Trade reports predicted the album to be commercially successful. The soundtrack album of Om Shanti Om was released on 15 August 2007 on CD.", "The soundtrack album of Om Shanti Om was released on 15 August 2007 on CD. Pyarelal of the Laxmikant-Pyarelal duo guest composed the title Dhoom Taana.", "Pyarelal of the Laxmikant-Pyarelal duo guest composed the title Dhoom Taana. He had stopped composing after the death of his partner Laxmikant, but after Farah Khan requested a song as tribute to the music of the 70s and the 80s, he agreed at the insistence of his wife and daughter.", "He had stopped composing after the death of his partner Laxmikant, but after Farah Khan requested a song as tribute to the music of the 70s and the 80s, he agreed at the insistence of his wife and daughter. The song was recorded with a 150-member-orchestra and traditional instruments like drums, tabla, dholak and dafli, a trademark of Laxmikant-Pyarelal.", "The song was recorded with a 150-member-orchestra and traditional instruments like drums, tabla, dholak and dafli, a trademark of Laxmikant-Pyarelal. He used more than 40 different percussion instruments.", "He used more than 40 different percussion instruments. In a soundtrack review, Joginder Tuteja of Bollywood Hungama gave it four stars out of five and opines, \"Om Shanti Om is easily one of the most complete scores by Vishal-Shekhar and Javed Akhtar.\"", "In a soundtrack review, Joginder Tuteja of Bollywood Hungama gave it four stars out of five and opines, \"Om Shanti Om is easily one of the most complete scores by Vishal-Shekhar and Javed Akhtar.\" Sukanya Verma of Rediff.com also gave it four stars out of five, applauding the tracks but criticised the \"Dark Side\" mix.", "Sukanya Verma of Rediff.com also gave it four stars out of five, applauding the tracks but criticised the \"Dark Side\" mix. She concludes her review by writing, \"Om Shanti Om is an out-and-out musical that captivates with its roaring polyphony and unabashed drama.\"", "She concludes her review by writing, \"Om Shanti Om is an out-and-out musical that captivates with its roaring polyphony and unabashed drama.\" Aakash Gandhi of Planet Bollywood gave a rating of 8.5 stars out of 10 and writes, \"not only have [Vishal–Shekhar] proven themselves in terms of musical ingenuity and quality, they have shown us the confidence, the poise, and the ability to step up to the plate and hit a grand-slam when they’re called upon to do so.\"", "Aakash Gandhi of Planet Bollywood gave a rating of 8.5 stars out of 10 and writes, \"not only have [Vishal–Shekhar] proven themselves in terms of musical ingenuity and quality, they have shown us the confidence, the poise, and the ability to step up to the plate and hit a grand-slam when they’re called upon to do so.\" He further gave them a \"standing ovation\".", "He further gave them a \"standing ovation\". Writing for AllMusic, Bhaskar Gupta gave the album 4.5 stars out of five and praises the composers, writing, \"Vishal-Shekhar finally delivered a soundtrack that could be deemed their signature offering.\"", "Writing for AllMusic, Bhaskar Gupta gave the album 4.5 stars out of five and praises the composers, writing, \"Vishal-Shekhar finally delivered a soundtrack that could be deemed their signature offering.\" Vishal–Shekhar was nominated for the Best Music Director at the 53rd Filmfare Awards, Producers Guild Awards 2008 and Zee Cine Awards 2008, winning for Best Composer at the 2nd Asian Film Awards.", "Vishal–Shekhar was nominated for the Best Music Director at the 53rd Filmfare Awards, Producers Guild Awards 2008 and Zee Cine Awards 2008, winning for Best Composer at the 2nd Asian Film Awards. Vishal Dadlani was alone nominated for Best Lyrics for \"Ajab Si\" at the Filmfare and Producers Film Guild award ceremonies.", "Vishal Dadlani was alone nominated for Best Lyrics for \"Ajab Si\" at the Filmfare and Producers Film Guild award ceremonies. Akhtar was nominated for Best Lyrics at the Filmfare and Zee Cine awards, winning at the 9th IIFA Awards for \"Main Agar Kahoon\".", "Akhtar was nominated for Best Lyrics at the Filmfare and Zee Cine awards, winning at the 9th IIFA Awards for \"Main Agar Kahoon\". It was the highest-selling music album of the year in India, with sales of around 2 million units.", "It was the highest-selling music album of the year in India, with sales of around 2 million units. Release Om Shanti Om created a record of sorts by going in for an unheard of 2000 prints (worldwide) release.", "Release Om Shanti Om created a record of sorts by going in for an unheard of 2000 prints (worldwide) release. This was the highest number of prints (including digital) for any Indian movie at the time of its release.", "This was the highest number of prints (including digital) for any Indian movie at the time of its release. Om Shanti Om set another record for registered pre-advance booking of 18,000 tickets in a chain of theatres in Delhi a few days before the advance booking was to start. A special screening was conducted for Bollywood actors.", "A special screening was conducted for Bollywood actors. Red Chillies Entertainment had reportedly sold the world rights for the film to Eros International for an amount between Rs. 720–750 million. Baba Films, a production and distribution company, had offered a record Rs.", "Baba Films, a production and distribution company, had offered a record Rs. 110 million for the rights to the Mumbai Circuit, surpassing the highest amount ever paid for the territory. As a marketing strategy, Amul advertised Shah Rukh.", "As a marketing strategy, Amul advertised Shah Rukh. Nina Davuluri's talent for Miss America 2014 was a Hindi Film fusion dance choreographed by Nakul Dev Mahajan and performed to Dhoom Taana. It was the first time Hindi Film ever appeared on the Miss America stage and Davuluri is the first Indian American to win the competition.", "It was the first time Hindi Film ever appeared on the Miss America stage and Davuluri is the first Indian American to win the competition. Om Shanti Om was remade into a Japanese musical titled Oomu Shanti Oumu. A book, titled The Making of Om Shanti Om written by Mushtaq Sheikh, was released after the release of the film.", "A book, titled The Making of Om Shanti Om written by Mushtaq Sheikh, was released after the release of the film. The book gives an insight into the production and happenings behind the camera of the film.", "The book gives an insight into the production and happenings behind the camera of the film. Controversy One of the leading actors of the film, Manoj Kumar planned to sue the makers of Om Shanti Om for showing his body double in bad taste.", "Controversy One of the leading actors of the film, Manoj Kumar planned to sue the makers of Om Shanti Om for showing his body double in bad taste. Kumar added, \"Are the Mumbai police so stupid that they can't recognise Manoj Kumar and lathicharge him in the '70s when he was a star?\".", "Kumar added, \"Are the Mumbai police so stupid that they can't recognise Manoj Kumar and lathicharge him in the '70s when he was a star?\". Kumar also alleged that Shahrukh Khan is communal. Later, in a press conference, Shahrukh Khan and director Farah Khan accepted their mistake and apologised for the matter.", "Later, in a press conference, Shahrukh Khan and director Farah Khan accepted their mistake and apologised for the matter. Farah Khan even offered to cut the scene which Manoj Kumar felt was hurtful, but Kumar refused on grounds that, as Farah had stated, \"I [Farah Khan] am like his daughter.", "Farah Khan even offered to cut the scene which Manoj Kumar felt was hurtful, but Kumar refused on grounds that, as Farah had stated, \"I [Farah Khan] am like his daughter. He said, 'Betiyaan maafi nahi maangti' (Daughters don't ask for forgiveness).", "He said, 'Betiyaan maafi nahi maangti' (Daughters don't ask for forgiveness). I told him that he could've called me and scolded me.\"", "I told him that he could've called me and scolded me.\" Later, Kumar said that though this incident was hurtful to him, he wishes to forgive, ignore, and move on, saying that he prefers to \"see Ram in everyone and ignore the Ravana.\"", "Later, Kumar said that though this incident was hurtful to him, he wishes to forgive, ignore, and move on, saying that he prefers to \"see Ram in everyone and ignore the Ravana.\" In 2008, before the film's television premiere on Sony TV, Manoj Kumar filed for a stay on the television release, at civil court in Mumbai.", "In 2008, before the film's television premiere on Sony TV, Manoj Kumar filed for a stay on the television release, at civil court in Mumbai. On 8 August 2008, he won permanent injunction on the scenes in Om Shanti Om that lampooned him.", "On 8 August 2008, he won permanent injunction on the scenes in Om Shanti Om that lampooned him. The court ordered the producers and Sony Entertainment Television, to edit the Manoj Kumar look-alike scenes before showing the film on the channel on 10 August 2008.", "The court ordered the producers and Sony Entertainment Television, to edit the Manoj Kumar look-alike scenes before showing the film on the channel on 10 August 2008. It also ordered that the film could not be shown in any media—TV, DVD or Internet—without the scene being deleted.", "It also ordered that the film could not be shown in any media—TV, DVD or Internet—without the scene being deleted. Plagiarism allegations On 7 August 2008, before its television release, scriptwriter Ajay Monga moved the Bombay High Court alleging that the basic storyline of the film was lifted from a film script he had emailed to Shah Rukh Khan in 2006.", "Plagiarism allegations On 7 August 2008, before its television release, scriptwriter Ajay Monga moved the Bombay High Court alleging that the basic storyline of the film was lifted from a film script he had emailed to Shah Rukh Khan in 2006. According to the petition, \"Monga, along with one more writer Hemant Hegde, had registered the script with the Cine Writers Association (CWA) in September 2005.", "According to the petition, \"Monga, along with one more writer Hemant Hegde, had registered the script with the Cine Writers Association (CWA) in September 2005. In January 2008, Cine Writers Association (CWA) rejected Monga's appeal at a special Executive Committee meeting.", "In January 2008, Cine Writers Association (CWA) rejected Monga's appeal at a special Executive Committee meeting. Thereafter, he approached the court to stay the film's screening on television.", "Thereafter, he approached the court to stay the film's screening on television. Though, on 6 August the court rejected Monga's plea for seeking a stay on the television telecast, it directed all the respondents including Shahrukh Khan, Farah Khan, Red Chillies Entertainment, Gauri Khan (director Red Chillies) and film's co-writer Mushtaq Sheikh, to file their say by the next hearing on 29 September 2008.", "Though, on 6 August the court rejected Monga's plea for seeking a stay on the television telecast, it directed all the respondents including Shahrukh Khan, Farah Khan, Red Chillies Entertainment, Gauri Khan (director Red Chillies) and film's co-writer Mushtaq Sheikh, to file their say by the next hearing on 29 September 2008. In November 2008, the Film Writers' association sent a communication to Red Chillies and Ajay Monga that it had found similarities in Om Shanti Om and Monga's script.", "In November 2008, the Film Writers' association sent a communication to Red Chillies and Ajay Monga that it had found similarities in Om Shanti Om and Monga's script. The similarities were more than mere coincidences according to Sooni Taraporewala who chaired a special committee that has investigated the case on behalf of the Film Writers' association.", "The similarities were more than mere coincidences according to Sooni Taraporewala who chaired a special committee that has investigated the case on behalf of the Film Writers' association. Another allegation of plagiarism came from Rinki Bhattacharya, daughter of late Bimal Roy, who directed Madhumati (1958).", "Another allegation of plagiarism came from Rinki Bhattacharya, daughter of late Bimal Roy, who directed Madhumati (1958). She threatened legal action against Red Chillies Entertainment and the producer-director of Om Shanti Om, as she felt that the film's second half was similar to Madhumati, also a rebirth saga.", "She threatened legal action against Red Chillies Entertainment and the producer-director of Om Shanti Om, as she felt that the film's second half was similar to Madhumati, also a rebirth saga. Reception Critical response India Om Shanti Om was received positively by Indian film critics.", "Reception Critical response India Om Shanti Om was received positively by Indian film critics. Taran Adarsh of Bollywood Hungama gave it four stars out of five and writes, \"Om Shanti Om is Bollywood masala in its truest form and also, at its best\" but notes, \"the second half could've been crisper\".", "Taran Adarsh of Bollywood Hungama gave it four stars out of five and writes, \"Om Shanti Om is Bollywood masala in its truest form and also, at its best\" but notes, \"the second half could've been crisper\". Khalid Mohamed of Hindustan Times gave the film four stars out of five and appreciated the performances, observing how Rampal is \"consistently first-rate as the suave villain\" while Padukone is \"fantastic, so surprisingly assured that you marvel at her poised debut\".", "Khalid Mohamed of Hindustan Times gave the film four stars out of five and appreciated the performances, observing how Rampal is \"consistently first-rate as the suave villain\" while Padukone is \"fantastic, so surprisingly assured that you marvel at her poised debut\". He notes that \"the enterprise belongs to Shah Rukh Khan, who tackles comedy, high drama and action with his signature stylespontaneous and intuitively intelligent.", "He notes that \"the enterprise belongs to Shah Rukh Khan, who tackles comedy, high drama and action with his signature stylespontaneous and intuitively intelligent. Six-pack or no-packs, he's the entertainer of the year in this valentine to the movies.\"", "Six-pack or no-packs, he's the entertainer of the year in this valentine to the movies.\" Nikhat Kazmi of The Times of India gave the film three and a half stars out of five and writes, \"Farah Khan's re-birth saga literally makes an art of retro and paints the seventies pop culture in Andy Warholish strokes\".", "Nikhat Kazmi of The Times of India gave the film three and a half stars out of five and writes, \"Farah Khan's re-birth saga literally makes an art of retro and paints the seventies pop culture in Andy Warholish strokes\". She called it an \"unabashed tribute\" to Karz.", "She called it an \"unabashed tribute\" to Karz. Raja Sen of Rediff.com gave it three and a half stars out of five and applauded the performances of Shah Rukh, Padukone and Talpade.", "Raja Sen of Rediff.com gave it three and a half stars out of five and applauded the performances of Shah Rukh, Padukone and Talpade. He writes, \"Om Shanti Om is an exultant, heady, joyous film reveling in Bollywood, and as at most parties where the bubbly flows free, there is much silly giggling and tremendous immaturity.\"", "He writes, \"Om Shanti Om is an exultant, heady, joyous film reveling in Bollywood, and as at most parties where the bubbly flows free, there is much silly giggling and tremendous immaturity.\" He criticised the dialogues and excessive cameos in the film.", "He criticised the dialogues and excessive cameos in the film. Rajeev Masand of CNN-News18 gave the film three stars out of five and writes, \"Unpretentious and completely transparent in its intentions, Om Shanti Om is an entertainer in the true sense of the word, mixing up genre elements like comedy, drama, action and emotion to create a heady broth of Manmohan Desai-style exaggerated entertainment.\"", "Rajeev Masand of CNN-News18 gave the film three stars out of five and writes, \"Unpretentious and completely transparent in its intentions, Om Shanti Om is an entertainer in the true sense of the word, mixing up genre elements like comedy, drama, action and emotion to create a heady broth of Manmohan Desai-style exaggerated entertainment.\" He compliments the dialogues \"which so cleverly incorporates Bollywood's oldest clichés into these characters' everyday parlance.\"", "He compliments the dialogues \"which so cleverly incorporates Bollywood's oldest clichés into these characters' everyday parlance.\" A commentator for Indo-Asian News Service felt that Shah Rukh's acting was repetitive and writes, \"He needs to curtail his unwarranted superstar mannerisms even in a total masala film like Om Shanti Om\", while complimenting the performances of Padukone, Rampal and Talpade.", "A commentator for Indo-Asian News Service felt that Shah Rukh's acting was repetitive and writes, \"He needs to curtail his unwarranted superstar mannerisms even in a total masala film like Om Shanti Om\", while complimenting the performances of Padukone, Rampal and Talpade. Sudish Kamnath of The Hindu stated that the film is \"an unabashed celebration of willing suspension of disbelief, calling it a \"light-hearted tribute to Hindi cinema the way we know it and love it\".", "Sudish Kamnath of The Hindu stated that the film is \"an unabashed celebration of willing suspension of disbelief, calling it a \"light-hearted tribute to Hindi cinema the way we know it and love it\". He praised the performances of Shah Rukh, Padukone and Talpade, while criticising Rampal and Kher.", "He praised the performances of Shah Rukh, Padukone and Talpade, while criticising Rampal and Kher. He also praised the various spoofs, especially the ones directed at Manoj Kumar, Sanjay Leela Bhansali and Abhishek Bachchan.", "He also praised the various spoofs, especially the ones directed at Manoj Kumar, Sanjay Leela Bhansali and Abhishek Bachchan. Writing for SantaBanta.com, Subhash K. Jha gave it one star out of five and criticised the spoofs \"which keeps swinging from homage to imitation with infuriating artifice\", writing, \"The mood is one of patronizing and condescension rather than genuine admiration for an era that's gone with the wind\".", "Writing for SantaBanta.com, Subhash K. Jha gave it one star out of five and criticised the spoofs \"which keeps swinging from homage to imitation with infuriating artifice\", writing, \"The mood is one of patronizing and condescension rather than genuine admiration for an era that's gone with the wind\". Overseas On the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, Om Shanti Om holds an approval rating of 76%, based on 17 reviews with an average score of 7.21/10.", "Overseas On the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, Om Shanti Om holds an approval rating of 76%, based on 17 reviews with an average score of 7.21/10. Tajpal Rathore of BBC gave it 4 out of 5 stars as well and stated, \"Both a homage to and parody of Hindi Films, this cinematic feast delivered straight from the heart of the film industry will have you glued to your seats till the end.\"", "Tajpal Rathore of BBC gave it 4 out of 5 stars as well and stated, \"Both a homage to and parody of Hindi Films, this cinematic feast delivered straight from the heart of the film industry will have you glued to your seats till the end.\" Mark Medley of National Post gave 3 stars and stated, \"The film is a mess for all the right reasons; elements of comedy, drama, romance, action and the supernatural are packed in.", "Mark Medley of National Post gave 3 stars and stated, \"The film is a mess for all the right reasons; elements of comedy, drama, romance, action and the supernatural are packed in. But really, the plot is just a vehicle to get from one song-and-dance number to the next.\"", "But really, the plot is just a vehicle to get from one song-and-dance number to the next.\" AOL gave the film 3 out of 5 stars stating, \"The movie consists of all the elements that are essentially called the 'navratnas' of Indian cinema – from joy to grief to romance to revenge.", "AOL gave the film 3 out of 5 stars stating, \"The movie consists of all the elements that are essentially called the 'navratnas' of Indian cinema – from joy to grief to romance to revenge. And she mixes these well to cook up a potboiler, which is sure to be a runaway hit.\"", "And she mixes these well to cook up a potboiler, which is sure to be a runaway hit.\" Box office Om Shanti Om opened across 878 cinemas in 2000 prints worldwide. The film's net gross (after deducting entertainment tax) was in India.", "The film's net gross (after deducting entertainment tax) was in India. The film collected US$2.78 million in the United Kingdom, US$3.6 million in North America and US$3.7 million collectively from the rest of the world, which resulted in total overseas collections of $10,080,000, the 4th largest of all time as of 2010.", "The film collected US$2.78 million in the United Kingdom, US$3.6 million in North America and US$3.7 million collectively from the rest of the world, which resulted in total overseas collections of $10,080,000, the 4th largest of all time as of 2010. As a result of these collections, a worldwide gross of was accumulated.", "As a result of these collections, a worldwide gross of was accumulated. Awards and nominations Further reading Footnotes References External links Red Chillies Entertainment films 2007 films Indian films 2000s Hindi-language films Films about reincarnation Indian ghost films Paranormal films Films directed by Farah Khan Films involved in plagiarism controversies Films about actors Films scored by Vishal–Shekhar Films whose production designer won the Best Production Design National Film Award Films about Bollywood Cultural depictions of actors Cultural depictions of Rajesh Khanna" ]

[ "Om Shanti Om", "Casting", "Who was cast for a role?", "Shah Rukh was cast as the lead;", "What was the lead character?", "Om Shanti", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "In preparation for her role, Padukone watched several films of actresses Helen and Hema Malini to study their body language.", "What other work are they known for?", "I don't know.", "Who was another person cast for a roll?", "Rampal was approached by both Khan amd Shah Rukh at the latter's New Years Eve party." ]

[ "Fikremariam (unknown - 1937) was an Ethiopian commander and a patriot.\n\nBiography\nFikremariam was from Menz, an Amhara region of Shewa Province.\n\nIn 1930, during Gugsa Welle's Rebellion, Fitawrari Fikremariam fought on the side of Negus Tafari Makonnen. On 31 March, during the Battle of Anchem, Fikremariam commanded the left wing of the Imperial Army. The men in his command were from Wollo Province.\n\nIn 1936, during the Second Italo-Ethiopian War, Fitawrari Fikremariam commanded the Guard of Crown Prince Asfaw Wossen Tafari in Dessie. In addition, he commanded the Shewan garrison. But, when Emperor Haile Selassie and what was left of the retreating Imperial Army approached Dessie after the Battle of Maychew, they were told that the Eritreans had already occupied the city. In addition, the Emperor was told that, on 14 April, the Crown Prince had fled without a shot being fired.\n\nFrom about May 1936 to about October 1937, during the Italian occupation of Ethiopia, Fikremariam fought as an Arbegnoch until his death.\n\nSee also\n Ethiopian aristocratic and court titles\n Ethiopian Order of Battle Second Italo-Abyssinian War\n\nNotes \nFootnotes\n\nCitations\n\nReferences\n \n \n \n\nEthiopian military personnel\nYear of birth uncertain\n1937 deaths", "The Secret Life of Damian Spinelli is a 2011 novel written by Carolyn Hennesy. The novel is a tie-in to the television soap-opera General Hospital, as the writing and publication was featured in the series.\n\nBackground\nThe writing of The Secret Life of Damian Spinelli was a storyline on General Hospital, during late 2010 and early 2011. The story featured Damian Spinelli, enlisting Diane Miller to help him write a novel based on his private investigator persona. In January 2011, it was announced that the book would be published.\n\nThe book was written by Carolyn Hennesy, who is known for her Pandora book series, and portrays Diane Miller on General Hospital. The book was released on April 5, 2011 which coincided with the series' 48th anniversary. Hennesy said of the book's connection to film noir, \"It's not just a nod: it's a whole interpretive dance. When I was approached to write the book from Damian Spinelli's point of view, I was able to incorporate my intense love of film noir and noir fiction. Dashiell Hammett, Raymond Chandler, Orson Welles -- you name it! That combines so well with Spinellis' alter ego, which is right out of \"The Third Man\" and \"Key Largo\". That was just a fortuitous blessing.\"\n\nHennesy spoke about being approached to write the novel during an interview with Xfinity, \"About a year and a half ago Jill Farren Phelps approached me and said that all the higher ups at ABC and the publishing house, Hyperion, and Disney and because of the Pandora series they knew that I was already a published author. So they’re the ones who actually approached me, would I like to write a fictionalized account of all the characters in Port Charles from Spinelli’s point of view. I don’t think I actually have the imagination to pitch the idea to them. They came to me and it took off from there.\"\n\nHennesy has talked about what it was like to write the novel, \"At one point I stopped and said, 'I didn't write that.' In the book, I wrote 'cheesy grits'. Believe me, there's a difference. I've eaten my way through Georgia on book tours here, so yes, it was important to get that correct. We write what we know. Thank you, Atlanta! Because I am a published author, it was a tiny stroke of genius to have the actress playing the character write the book too. For months, I walked up to my 'General Hospital' co-workers in the make up room and whispered, 'You know, I'm writing a chapter about you in the book.' I actually walked up to Jane Elliot [who plays wealthy Tracy Quartermaine] and said, 'Would you mind acting out a scene for me as Tracy in an opium den?' She loved it!\"\"\n\nPlot\nThe Secret Life of Damian Spinelli follows the adventures of private investigator, Damian Spinelli, as he attempts to solve several cases around Port Charles.\n\nPublisher's Note\nRoughly one year ago, the following manuscript appeared at our offices in a manila envelope bearing no return address. A note inside simply read \"No one fires me and gets away with it. From the files of Ms. High-and Mighty Diane Miller. Publish it...and blow the lid off Port Charles.\"\n\nReception\nThe Secret Life of Damian Spinelli received primarily mixed reviews from critics. A more positive review noted that, \"Each tale is filled with amusing language and over the top scenarios fans of GH can certainly picture Spinelli getting into but with a Sam Spade-like flair.\n\nThe novel achieved New York Times Best Seller status.\n\nReferences\n\nGeneral Hospital\n2011 American novels\nNovels set in hospitals\nHyperion Books books" ]

[ "Om Shanti Om is a 2007 Indian Hindi-language musical romantic satirical fantasy comedy-drama film written and directed by Farah Khan and co-written by Mayur Puri and Mushtaq Shiekh. Spanning three decades, the film stars Shah Rukh Khan as Om, a junior artist in 1977 who has a crush on a secretly-married superstar, played by Deepika Padukone in her Hindi film debut.", "Spanning three decades, the film stars Shah Rukh Khan as Om, a junior artist in 1977 who has a crush on a secretly-married superstar, played by Deepika Padukone in her Hindi film debut. Her lover, a producer played by Arjun Rampal, kills her in a fire; Om witnesses this and dies from the injuries sustained from trying to rescue her.", "Her lover, a producer played by Arjun Rampal, kills her in a fire; Om witnesses this and dies from the injuries sustained from trying to rescue her. Reincarnated as a superstar in 2007, he seeks to avenge his love.", "Reincarnated as a superstar in 2007, he seeks to avenge his love. The film also starred Shreyas Talpade, Kirron Kher, Nitesh Pandey, Yuvika Chaudhary, Asawari Joshi, Bindu Desai and Javed Sheikh feature in supporting roles, and saw cameos from many Bollywood celebrities in several sequences and songs.", "The film also starred Shreyas Talpade, Kirron Kher, Nitesh Pandey, Yuvika Chaudhary, Asawari Joshi, Bindu Desai and Javed Sheikh feature in supporting roles, and saw cameos from many Bollywood celebrities in several sequences and songs. Om Shanti Om was produced and presented by Shah Rukh's wife Gauri Khan under the banner Red Chillies Entertainment on a budget of 30 crore.", "Om Shanti Om was produced and presented by Shah Rukh's wife Gauri Khan under the banner Red Chillies Entertainment on a budget of 30 crore. Farah conceived the film while directing the musical Bombay Dreams (2002), which was based on the Indian film industry.", "Farah conceived the film while directing the musical Bombay Dreams (2002), which was based on the Indian film industry. After Shah Rukh rejected the first version of her next film Happy New Year, she was reminded of Om Shanti Om; the film's title derives from a similar titled popular song from the 1980 film Karz.", "After Shah Rukh rejected the first version of her next film Happy New Year, she was reminded of Om Shanti Om; the film's title derives from a similar titled popular song from the 1980 film Karz. The soundtrack album was composed by Vishal–Shekhar, with lyrics written by Javed Akhtar. The background score was performed by Sandeep Chowta.", "The background score was performed by Sandeep Chowta. The album received positive reviews and was also commercially successful, becoming the highest-selling album of the year in India.", "The album received positive reviews and was also commercially successful, becoming the highest-selling album of the year in India. The film was theatrically released in India on 9 November 2007 during Diwali weekend, Om Shanti Om earned over ₹149 crore worldwide becoming the highest grossing Bollywood film of the year; it received positive reviews, with praise for the performances and the film's soundtrack and narrative.", "The film was theatrically released in India on 9 November 2007 during Diwali weekend, Om Shanti Om earned over ₹149 crore worldwide becoming the highest grossing Bollywood film of the year; it received positive reviews, with praise for the performances and the film's soundtrack and narrative. The film won several awards in major Indian film award ceremonies.", "The film won several awards in major Indian film award ceremonies. At the 53rd Filmfare Awards, it received a leading 12 nominations, winning for Best Female Debut and Best Special Effects, and also won the National Film Award for Best Production Design.", "At the 53rd Filmfare Awards, it received a leading 12 nominations, winning for Best Female Debut and Best Special Effects, and also won the National Film Award for Best Production Design. Plot 1977 Om Prakash \"Omi\" Makhija (Shah Rukh Khan) is a poor junior film artist living with his mother Bela Makhija (Kirron Kher) and friend Pappu Master (Shreyas Talpade) in a small Mumbai chawl.", "Plot 1977 Om Prakash \"Omi\" Makhija (Shah Rukh Khan) is a poor junior film artist living with his mother Bela Makhija (Kirron Kher) and friend Pappu Master (Shreyas Talpade) in a small Mumbai chawl. He is in love with a popular film actress Shantipriya \"Shanti\" Kashyap (Deepika Padukone) as he takes small acting roles in Bollywood at the R.C.", "He is in love with a popular film actress Shantipriya \"Shanti\" Kashyap (Deepika Padukone) as he takes small acting roles in Bollywood at the R.C. Studios owned by popular film producer Mukesh Mehra (Arjun Rampal).", "Studios owned by popular film producer Mukesh Mehra (Arjun Rampal). One day, during the shooting of a film, a fire breaks out on the shooting set trapping Shanti but Omi rescues her and they become friends.", "One day, during the shooting of a film, a fire breaks out on the shooting set trapping Shanti but Omi rescues her and they become friends. Days later, Omi ends up overhearing Shanti and Mukesh's conversation and is shocked to discover that they have been married for 2 years but Mukesh refuses to reveal this in public as it will ruin both their careers.", "Days later, Omi ends up overhearing Shanti and Mukesh's conversation and is shocked to discover that they have been married for 2 years but Mukesh refuses to reveal this in public as it will ruin both their careers. Shanti reveals that she is also pregnant with Mukesh's child, leaving Omi heartbroken.", "Shanti reveals that she is also pregnant with Mukesh's child, leaving Omi heartbroken. One night, Omi comes to the shooting set of an upcoming film Om Shanti Om where Shanti is but he goes from there on overseeing her with Mukesh.", "One night, Omi comes to the shooting set of an upcoming film Om Shanti Om where Shanti is but he goes from there on overseeing her with Mukesh. However, Mukesh reveals to Shanti that he has decided to burn her in the shooting set as revealing his marriage and her pregnancy will ruin his career.", "However, Mukesh reveals to Shanti that he has decided to burn her in the shooting set as revealing his marriage and her pregnancy will ruin his career. Saying this, he puts the shooting set on fire and locks a horrified Shanti in it.", "Saying this, he puts the shooting set on fire and locks a horrified Shanti in it. When Omi spots her in the fire, he attempts to go and rescue her but is attacked by Mukesh's guards, leaving him severely injured. He is then thrown out of the shooting set by a big explosion.", "He is then thrown out of the shooting set by a big explosion. As it explodes with Shanti in it, Omi staggers on the road and gets hit by a car driven by actor Rajesh Kapoor (Jawed Sheikh) who is taking his pregnant wife Lovely Kapoor (Asavari Joshi) to the hospital as she is under labour.", "As it explodes with Shanti in it, Omi staggers on the road and gets hit by a car driven by actor Rajesh Kapoor (Jawed Sheikh) who is taking his pregnant wife Lovely Kapoor (Asavari Joshi) to the hospital as she is under labour. Both Omi and Lovely are hospitalised by Rajesh where Omi dies from his serious injuries while reminiscing about Shanti.", "Both Omi and Lovely are hospitalised by Rajesh where Omi dies from his serious injuries while reminiscing about Shanti. However, he is reborn on the same night in the same hospital as Rajesh and Lovely's son Om Kapoor.", "However, he is reborn on the same night in the same hospital as Rajesh and Lovely's son Om Kapoor. 2007 Om \"OK\" Kapoor (Shah Rukh Khan) is a popular film actor in Bollywood who lives a luxurious life and often comes across but ignores Bela Makhija (Kirron Kher) who believes him for her own son.", "2007 Om \"OK\" Kapoor (Shah Rukh Khan) is a popular film actor in Bollywood who lives a luxurious life and often comes across but ignores Bela Makhija (Kirron Kher) who believes him for her own son. His successful career eventually takes him to the abandoned and ruined R.C.", "His successful career eventually takes him to the abandoned and ruined R.C. Studios where he experiences unsettling flashbacks of his previous life. Later, when he is nominated as Filmfare Award for Best Actor, he gives the same emotional speech which he had given in his previous life.", "Later, when he is nominated as Filmfare Award for Best Actor, he gives the same emotional speech which he had given in his previous life. An elderly Pappu Master (Shreyas Talpade) watches him on TV and realises that he is lookalike Omi.", "An elderly Pappu Master (Shreyas Talpade) watches him on TV and realises that he is lookalike Omi. During a party, OK remembers his previous life after he sees Mukesh \"Mike\" Mehra. That night, he traces Bela and Pappu to their house and has an emotional reunion with him.", "That night, he traces Bela and Pappu to their house and has an emotional reunion with him. The three plan to avenge Shanti's murder by making Mukesh confess his crime and they audition several film actresses to find Shanti's look-alike but in vain.", "The three plan to avenge Shanti's murder by making Mukesh confess his crime and they audition several film actresses to find Shanti's look-alike but in vain. However, Om ends up coming across a junior film artist Sandhya \"Sandy\" Bansal (Deepika Padukone) who is an exact doppelgänger of Shanti.", "However, Om ends up coming across a junior film artist Sandhya \"Sandy\" Bansal (Deepika Padukone) who is an exact doppelgänger of Shanti. Sandy promises OK that she will try to help him according to his plan. OK convinces Mukesh to restart the shooting of Om Shanti Om on the same ruined R.C. Studios.", "Studios. Studios. Throughout the shooting of the film, OK and Pappu make Sandy dress as Shanti and arrange incidents to remind Mukesh of his crime and make him think that Shanti's ghost is haunting him.", "Throughout the shooting of the film, OK and Pappu make Sandy dress as Shanti and arrange incidents to remind Mukesh of his crime and make him think that Shanti's ghost is haunting him. However, supernatural events also occur on the shooting set which disturb Mukesh, much to the confusion of OK. During the music launch of Om Shanti Om, OK performs Shanti's life story through a song which shocks Mukesh who, however, discovers that Sandy is not Shanti's ghost as her body bleeds due to a small accident.", "However, supernatural events also occur on the shooting set which disturb Mukesh, much to the confusion of OK. During the music launch of Om Shanti Om, OK performs Shanti's life story through a song which shocks Mukesh who, however, discovers that Sandy is not Shanti's ghost as her body bleeds due to a small accident. He attempts to chase her but is knocked unconscious by a falling chandelier.", "He attempts to chase her but is knocked unconscious by a falling chandelier. When he regains consciousness, Mukesh is confronted by OK but he tells him that he has discovered that Sandy is not Shanti's ghost and he taunts him that there is no proof of Shanti's murder.", "When he regains consciousness, Mukesh is confronted by OK but he tells him that he has discovered that Sandy is not Shanti's ghost and he taunts him that there is no proof of Shanti's murder. Sandy then reaches the scene and reveals that after the fire had burned the shooting set, Mukesh had returned to Shanti who was still alive and breathing but he buried her alive below a chandelier.", "Sandy then reaches the scene and reveals that after the fire had burned the shooting set, Mukesh had returned to Shanti who was still alive and breathing but he buried her alive below a chandelier. She tells that Shanti's dead body will be found below the chandelier which will be a proof of her murder to the court.", "She tells that Shanti's dead body will be found below the chandelier which will be a proof of her murder to the court. As both OK and Mukesh wonder how Sandy knows this, Mukesh attempts to shoot her to death but OK stops him and attacks him which results in fire breaking out on the shooting set.", "As both OK and Mukesh wonder how Sandy knows this, Mukesh attempts to shoot her to death but OK stops him and attacks him which results in fire breaking out on the shooting set. OK fights against Mukesh but Sandy stops him and tells him that he will die but not at his hands.", "OK fights against Mukesh but Sandy stops him and tells him that he will die but not at his hands. She then looks at the chandelier and it falls down on Mukesh, killing him. Eventually, OK is shocked when \"another Sandy\" reaches the scene along with Pappu to help him.", "Eventually, OK is shocked when \"another Sandy\" reaches the scene along with Pappu to help him. As he glances back at the one in front of him, he realises that the \"Sandy\" who had revealed Shanti's murder proof and had killed Mukesh was actually Shanti's ghost, and she was responsible for the supernatural events occurring on the shooting set.", "As he glances back at the one in front of him, he realises that the \"Sandy\" who had revealed Shanti's murder proof and had killed Mukesh was actually Shanti's ghost, and she was responsible for the supernatural events occurring on the shooting set. OK waves goodbye to Shanti who tearfully smiles at him and disappears as she finally finds peace.", "OK waves goodbye to Shanti who tearfully smiles at him and disappears as she finally finds peace. The film ends with all its cast and crew approaching the shooting set of Om Shanti Om and the credits roll.", "The film ends with all its cast and crew approaching the shooting set of Om Shanti Om and the credits roll. Cast Shah Rukh Khan as Om Makhija / Om Kapoor (dual role) Deepika Padukone as Shanti Kashyap / Sandy Bansal (dual role) Shreyas Talpade as Pappu Master Kirron Kher as Bela Makhija Arjun Rampal as Mukesh Mehra Javed Sheikh as Rajesh Kapoor (Om Kapoor's father) Asavari Joshi as Lovely Kapoor (Om Kapoor's mother) Nitesh Pandey as Anwar Sheikh Mohammad (Om Kapoor's assistant) Bindu Desai as Kamini Arora (Dolly's mother) Nasser Abdullah as Rajesh Kapoor's secretary Yuvika Chaudhary as Dolly Arora (Om Kapoor's friend) Shawar Ali as Himself Lin Laishram as Om Kapoor's friend Cameo appearance Amitabh Bachchan as Himself Anil Kapoor as Himself Jackie Shroff as Himself Uday Chopra as Himself Abhishek Bachchan as Himself Akshay Kumar as Himself Ameesha Patel as Om Kapoor's co-actress in a film at Filmfare Awards Dia Mirza as Om Kapoor's co-actress in a film at Filmfare Awards Farah Khan as the woman who makes fun of Omi when the show ends Feroz Khan as Himself Gauri Khan as Herself Karan Johar as Himself Malaika Arora as Herself Vishal Dadlani as the director of Mohabbat Man, a superhero film Manikandan Velayutham as the director of Mind It, a parody of action films Priya Patil as Natasha, heroine of Apahij Pyar Rakesh Roshan as Himself Rishi Kapoor as the special host of Filmfare Awards who gives the award to Om Kapoor Shabana Azmi as Herself Subhash Ghai as Himself while shooting his iconic film Karz Yash Chopra as Himself Special appearance during the \"Deewangi Deewangi\" song (in order of appearance) Rani Mukerji Zayed Khan Vidya Balan Jeetendra Tusshar Kapoor Priyanka Chopra Shilpa Shetty Dharmendra Shabana Azmi Urmila Matondkar Karishma Kapoor Arbaaz Khan Malaika Arora Khan Dino Morea Amrita Arora Juhi Chawla Aftab Shivdasani Tabu Hashmi Govinda Ahuja Mithun Chakraborty Kajol Bobby Deol Preity Zinta Rekha Riteish Deshmukh Salman Khan Saif Ali Khan Sanjay Dutt Lara Dutta Suniel Shetty Production Development In 2002, Farah Khan worked as a choreographer for the musical Bombay Dreams in London, which she felt presented a \"clichéd and outdated version\" of the Indian film industry.", "Cast Shah Rukh Khan as Om Makhija / Om Kapoor (dual role) Deepika Padukone as Shanti Kashyap / Sandy Bansal (dual role) Shreyas Talpade as Pappu Master Kirron Kher as Bela Makhija Arjun Rampal as Mukesh Mehra Javed Sheikh as Rajesh Kapoor (Om Kapoor's father) Asavari Joshi as Lovely Kapoor (Om Kapoor's mother) Nitesh Pandey as Anwar Sheikh Mohammad (Om Kapoor's assistant) Bindu Desai as Kamini Arora (Dolly's mother) Nasser Abdullah as Rajesh Kapoor's secretary Yuvika Chaudhary as Dolly Arora (Om Kapoor's friend) Shawar Ali as Himself Lin Laishram as Om Kapoor's friend Cameo appearance Amitabh Bachchan as Himself Anil Kapoor as Himself Jackie Shroff as Himself Uday Chopra as Himself Abhishek Bachchan as Himself Akshay Kumar as Himself Ameesha Patel as Om Kapoor's co-actress in a film at Filmfare Awards Dia Mirza as Om Kapoor's co-actress in a film at Filmfare Awards Farah Khan as the woman who makes fun of Omi when the show ends Feroz Khan as Himself Gauri Khan as Herself Karan Johar as Himself Malaika Arora as Herself Vishal Dadlani as the director of Mohabbat Man, a superhero film Manikandan Velayutham as the director of Mind It, a parody of action films Priya Patil as Natasha, heroine of Apahij Pyar Rakesh Roshan as Himself Rishi Kapoor as the special host of Filmfare Awards who gives the award to Om Kapoor Shabana Azmi as Herself Subhash Ghai as Himself while shooting his iconic film Karz Yash Chopra as Himself Special appearance during the \"Deewangi Deewangi\" song (in order of appearance) Rani Mukerji Zayed Khan Vidya Balan Jeetendra Tusshar Kapoor Priyanka Chopra Shilpa Shetty Dharmendra Shabana Azmi Urmila Matondkar Karishma Kapoor Arbaaz Khan Malaika Arora Khan Dino Morea Amrita Arora Juhi Chawla Aftab Shivdasani Tabu Hashmi Govinda Ahuja Mithun Chakraborty Kajol Bobby Deol Preity Zinta Rekha Riteish Deshmukh Salman Khan Saif Ali Khan Sanjay Dutt Lara Dutta Suniel Shetty Production Development In 2002, Farah Khan worked as a choreographer for the musical Bombay Dreams in London, which she felt presented a \"clichéd and outdated version\" of the Indian film industry. She thought that the musical would not be successful if released in India.", "She thought that the musical would not be successful if released in India. She instead thought of a new story, writing her initial thoughts about the subject on Andrew Lloyd Webber's letterhead while staying in his house. Later in 2006, Farah began to work on her next project, which was tentatively titled Happy New Year.", "Later in 2006, Farah began to work on her next project, which was tentatively titled Happy New Year. Amid speculations that Shah Rukh Khan would star in Happy New Year, the actor rejected the first draft of the film, upon which Farah's husband and editor Shirish Kunder reminded her of the story she had conceived while in London.", "Amid speculations that Shah Rukh Khan would star in Happy New Year, the actor rejected the first draft of the film, upon which Farah's husband and editor Shirish Kunder reminded her of the story she had conceived while in London. Happy New Year, which was to mark Deepika Padukone's Hindi debut, was put on hiatus and revived more than 8 years later under the same title.", "Happy New Year, which was to mark Deepika Padukone's Hindi debut, was put on hiatus and revived more than 8 years later under the same title. Farah completed writing the first script of Om Shanti Om within two weeks.", "Farah completed writing the first script of Om Shanti Om within two weeks. She set the first half in the 1970s as she felt the Hindi films made during that period were much more influential than those made in other periods, particularly the 1980s, which she felt was a period when \"the worst movies were made\".", "She set the first half in the 1970s as she felt the Hindi films made during that period were much more influential than those made in other periods, particularly the 1980s, which she felt was a period when \"the worst movies were made\". She also included many references to the 1970s, which were also prevalent in films of that time.", "She also included many references to the 1970s, which were also prevalent in films of that time. She said, \"Everything in the first half is about the 70ssuch as the mother who overacts, mouthing clichéd dialogues. Then there are cabarets, badminton and other stuff popular during that era.\"", "Then there are cabarets, badminton and other stuff popular during that era.\" Shah Rukh's costumes were designed by Karan Johar, while Manish Malhotra designed Padukone's costumes. The rest of the cast had their costumes designed by Sanjeev Mulchadni. In addition to directing the film, Farah co-wrote the story with Mayur Puri and Mushtaq Shiekh.", "In addition to directing the film, Farah co-wrote the story with Mayur Puri and Mushtaq Shiekh. She was also the film's choreographer. Puri wrote the screenplay and dialogues. He completed the writing process in two months and rewrote the film's second half. Puri created the screenplay by writing his natural reaction to the characters as scenarios.", "Puri created the screenplay by writing his natural reaction to the characters as scenarios. He knew that despite being part of a crowd, junior artists do not want to be recognised as such, ruins their chances of landing a leading role in future. This was used in a sequence involving Shah Rukh and Talpade, who play junior artists.", "This was used in a sequence involving Shah Rukh and Talpade, who play junior artists. Puri blended different genres together in Om Shanti Om, which he felt was challenging. He used his personal memories from childhood for creating the 1970s. Shirish Kunder was the editor, while V. Manikandan was the cinematographer.", "Shirish Kunder was the editor, while V. Manikandan was the cinematographer. Sabu Cyril was the film's production designer. Sabu was first offered the Mani Ratnam-directed Guru (2007) at a time when Om Shanti Om was being planned, but ultimately chosen the latter due to his earlier commitment to Farah for her future project.", "Sabu was first offered the Mani Ratnam-directed Guru (2007) at a time when Om Shanti Om was being planned, but ultimately chosen the latter due to his earlier commitment to Farah for her future project. Farah used two particular dialogues in the film: \"When you want something badly, the whole universe conspires to give to you\" and \"In the end everything will be ok and if its not ok its not the end\".", "Farah used two particular dialogues in the film: \"When you want something badly, the whole universe conspires to give to you\" and \"In the end everything will be ok and if its not ok its not the end\". These were used as Khan felt that it reflected her philosophy in her life.", "These were used as Khan felt that it reflected her philosophy in her life. Farah stated that the film's opening scene was her most favourite in it. In 2008, Puri felt his most favourite dialogue from the ones he wrote would be the Filmfare Awards speech.", "In 2008, Puri felt his most favourite dialogue from the ones he wrote would be the Filmfare Awards speech. The film's title derives from the eponymous song from the film Karz (1980). Om is a Hindu mantra; Om Shanti Om roughly translates to \"Peace Be With You\".", "Om is a Hindu mantra; Om Shanti Om roughly translates to \"Peace Be With You\". The film opens with the grandeur shot of the most famous songs of Karz that is Om Shanti Om featuring Rishi Kapoor and SRK as junior artist standing in the crowd.", "The film opens with the grandeur shot of the most famous songs of Karz that is Om Shanti Om featuring Rishi Kapoor and SRK as junior artist standing in the crowd. Casting Shah Rukh was cast as the lead; he gained six packs for a song sequence. He felt Om Shanti Om was a \"happy film\".", "He felt Om Shanti Om was a \"happy film\". Farah was advised by Malaika Arora to cast Padukone as the female lead, who was suggested by Wendell Roddick, under whom Padukone was working. She was cast without a screen test.", "She was cast without a screen test. Khan felt that she was \"a beautiful, classic Indian beauty\" who fit the role of an actor of the 1970s. She was excited at the prospect of working with Shah Rukh and said, \"I've grown up watching [Shah Rukh] and always admired him so much.", "She was excited at the prospect of working with Shah Rukh and said, \"I've grown up watching [Shah Rukh] and always admired him so much. To get to work with him ... is quite wonderful. It was also fantastic that Farah showed faith in my talent and cast me opposite him.\"", "It was also fantastic that Farah showed faith in my talent and cast me opposite him.\" In preparation for her role, Padukone watched several films of actresses Helen and Hema Malini to study their body language. Her character was modelled after Malini and nicknamed Dreamy Girl after her the latter's nickname as Dream Girl.", "Her character was modelled after Malini and nicknamed Dreamy Girl after her the latter's nickname as Dream Girl. Rampal was approached by both Khan and Shah Rukh at the latter's New Year's Eve party. Rampal was initially reluctant to do the role as he felt it was \"too evil\" for someone like him.", "Rampal was initially reluctant to do the role as he felt it was \"too evil\" for someone like him. With persuasion from Shah Rukh, he agreed. Rampal wore a mustache in the film which was suggested by Shah Rukh. Shreyas Talpade played a supporting role as the best friend of Khan's character.", "Shreyas Talpade played a supporting role as the best friend of Khan's character. After the release of Iqbal (2005) and completing the filming of Dor, Talpade, who attended the same gym as Khan, was called for a narration of what would be Om Shanti Om. He agreed to do the role.", "He agreed to do the role. Kirron Kher, Bindu and Javed Sheikh also appear in the film. 31 Bollywood film actors appeared in cameo appearances for the song \"Deewangi Deewangi\". Other actors were also supposed to play cameos, including Fardeen Khan, who was arrested at Dubai airport in a drug case.", "Other actors were also supposed to play cameos, including Fardeen Khan, who was arrested at Dubai airport in a drug case. Dev Anand refused as he always played lead roles in his career. Dilip Kumar and Saira Banu didn't appear in the song, despite plans to include them.", "Dilip Kumar and Saira Banu didn't appear in the song, despite plans to include them. Amitabh Bachchan refused due to his son's wedding, while Aamir Khan refused due to Taare Zameen Pars (2007) pending editing. Khan had wanted the three Khans to appear together in a film.", "Khan had wanted the three Khans to appear together in a film. Rekha, who appears in the song, carried out 2 days of rehearsal for it. All those who appeared for the song received gifts, including a Blackberry phone and a Tag Heuer watch. Principal photography Om Shanti Om was made on a budget of ₹40 crore.", "Principal photography Om Shanti Om was made on a budget of ₹40 crore. The first scene to be filmed was one where Talpade's character tells Shah Rukh's character that he will be a hero; Shah Rukh was an hour late for filming.", "The first scene to be filmed was one where Talpade's character tells Shah Rukh's character that he will be a hero; Shah Rukh was an hour late for filming. Farah was pregnant with triplets while filming and experienced difficulties while shooting, she would constantly vomit while directing the film.", "Farah was pregnant with triplets while filming and experienced difficulties while shooting, she would constantly vomit while directing the film. The film was shot entirely in sync sound; Farah dismissed rumours of Padukone's voice being dubbed. In 2015, however, Mona Ghosh Shetty admitted to have dubbed for Padukone in the film.", "In 2015, however, Mona Ghosh Shetty admitted to have dubbed for Padukone in the film. The fake fight scene involving a stuffed tiger was inspired by a similar scene in the film Tarzan 303. Old cars owned by actors Rajesh Khanna and Hema Malini were used for filming for authenticity.", "Old cars owned by actors Rajesh Khanna and Hema Malini were used for filming for authenticity. A number of references to real life was also filmed, including a scene in which Om saves Shantipriya from a fire, which was a spoof of Sunil Dutt rescuing Nargis from a fire on the sets of Mother India (1957).", "A number of references to real life was also filmed, including a scene in which Om saves Shantipriya from a fire, which was a spoof of Sunil Dutt rescuing Nargis from a fire on the sets of Mother India (1957). For a shot involving a Filmfare Awards ceremony, Khan stood on the red carpet of an actual Filmfare Award ceremony and requested actors to dictate dialogues as she stated.", "For a shot involving a Filmfare Awards ceremony, Khan stood on the red carpet of an actual Filmfare Award ceremony and requested actors to dictate dialogues as she stated. The song \"Deewangi Deewangi\" was shot over a period of six days.", "The song \"Deewangi Deewangi\" was shot over a period of six days. The song \"Dhoom Taana\" has digitally altered guest appearances, which included Sunil Dutt from Amrapali (1966), Rajesh Khanna from Sachaa Jhutha (1970) and Jeetendra from Jay Vejay (1977).", "The song \"Dhoom Taana\" has digitally altered guest appearances, which included Sunil Dutt from Amrapali (1966), Rajesh Khanna from Sachaa Jhutha (1970) and Jeetendra from Jay Vejay (1977). Farah wanted to film Shakira for filming a special appearance had made her commit a few days for the role.", "Farah wanted to film Shakira for filming a special appearance had made her commit a few days for the role. Due to the uncertainty of her dates, the idea was scrapped. In February 2007, a filming schedule was completed in Film City.", "In February 2007, a filming schedule was completed in Film City. It was then reported that filming would move outdoors after Shah Rukh completed filming for Kaun Banega Crorepati.", "It was then reported that filming would move outdoors after Shah Rukh completed filming for Kaun Banega Crorepati. In October 2007, Abhishek Bachchan finished filming for his cameo appearance; he shot between 10 and 2 in the night for his screen time of about one and a half minutes.", "In October 2007, Abhishek Bachchan finished filming for his cameo appearance; he shot between 10 and 2 in the night for his screen time of about one and a half minutes. Filming of the last sequence and the end-credit song was done in Film City.", "Filming of the last sequence and the end-credit song was done in Film City. Farah continued the tradition of featuring an end-credits song beginning with Main Hoon Na (2004). Om Shanti Om was produced by Shah Rukh's wife Gauri Khan under their Red Chillies Entertainment banner.", "Om Shanti Om was produced by Shah Rukh's wife Gauri Khan under their Red Chillies Entertainment banner. While Marching Ants handled the publicity design, Gauri was the presenter. Shyam Kaushal, Amar Shetty and Shah Rukh were the action directors. The film's final reel length was 4013.94 ft (1223.45 m).", "The film's final reel length was 4013.94 ft (1223.45 m). Music Initially, A. R. Rahman was signed in to compose original songs and background score for the film but he opted out after disagreements with T-Series as he wanted them to share the copyrights of music between him and the lyricist.", "Music Initially, A. R. Rahman was signed in to compose original songs and background score for the film but he opted out after disagreements with T-Series as he wanted them to share the copyrights of music between him and the lyricist. The film score was composed by Sandeep Chowta while the original songs featured in Om Shanti Om were composed by the duo Vishal–Shekhar with lyrics by Javed Akhtar.", "The film score was composed by Sandeep Chowta while the original songs featured in Om Shanti Om were composed by the duo Vishal–Shekhar with lyrics by Javed Akhtar. One song was composed by Pyarelal of the Laxmikant-Pyarelal duo.", "One song was composed by Pyarelal of the Laxmikant-Pyarelal duo. The vocals are provided by KK, Sukhwinder Singh, Marianne, Nisha, Caralisa Monteiro, Shaan, Udit Narayan, Shreya Ghoshal, Sunidhi Chauhan, Rahul Saxena, Sonu Nigam, Rahat Fateh Ali Khan, Richa Sharma, Abhijeet Bhattacharya, DJ Aqeel, DJ G, Kiran Karnath, Jackie V, Nikhil Chinapa, DJ Nawed and Zoheb.", "The vocals are provided by KK, Sukhwinder Singh, Marianne, Nisha, Caralisa Monteiro, Shaan, Udit Narayan, Shreya Ghoshal, Sunidhi Chauhan, Rahul Saxena, Sonu Nigam, Rahat Fateh Ali Khan, Richa Sharma, Abhijeet Bhattacharya, DJ Aqeel, DJ G, Kiran Karnath, Jackie V, Nikhil Chinapa, DJ Nawed and Zoheb. They intended the soundtrack to be a tribute to the music of the 1960s and 1970s, while appealing to newer audiences at the same time.", "They intended the soundtrack to be a tribute to the music of the 1960s and 1970s, while appealing to newer audiences at the same time. Trade reports predicted the album to be commercially successful. The soundtrack album of Om Shanti Om was released on 15 August 2007 on CD.", "The soundtrack album of Om Shanti Om was released on 15 August 2007 on CD. Pyarelal of the Laxmikant-Pyarelal duo guest composed the title Dhoom Taana.", "Pyarelal of the Laxmikant-Pyarelal duo guest composed the title Dhoom Taana. He had stopped composing after the death of his partner Laxmikant, but after Farah Khan requested a song as tribute to the music of the 70s and the 80s, he agreed at the insistence of his wife and daughter.", "He had stopped composing after the death of his partner Laxmikant, but after Farah Khan requested a song as tribute to the music of the 70s and the 80s, he agreed at the insistence of his wife and daughter. The song was recorded with a 150-member-orchestra and traditional instruments like drums, tabla, dholak and dafli, a trademark of Laxmikant-Pyarelal.", "The song was recorded with a 150-member-orchestra and traditional instruments like drums, tabla, dholak and dafli, a trademark of Laxmikant-Pyarelal. He used more than 40 different percussion instruments.", "He used more than 40 different percussion instruments. In a soundtrack review, Joginder Tuteja of Bollywood Hungama gave it four stars out of five and opines, \"Om Shanti Om is easily one of the most complete scores by Vishal-Shekhar and Javed Akhtar.\"", "In a soundtrack review, Joginder Tuteja of Bollywood Hungama gave it four stars out of five and opines, \"Om Shanti Om is easily one of the most complete scores by Vishal-Shekhar and Javed Akhtar.\" Sukanya Verma of Rediff.com also gave it four stars out of five, applauding the tracks but criticised the \"Dark Side\" mix.", "Sukanya Verma of Rediff.com also gave it four stars out of five, applauding the tracks but criticised the \"Dark Side\" mix. She concludes her review by writing, \"Om Shanti Om is an out-and-out musical that captivates with its roaring polyphony and unabashed drama.\"", "She concludes her review by writing, \"Om Shanti Om is an out-and-out musical that captivates with its roaring polyphony and unabashed drama.\" Aakash Gandhi of Planet Bollywood gave a rating of 8.5 stars out of 10 and writes, \"not only have [Vishal–Shekhar] proven themselves in terms of musical ingenuity and quality, they have shown us the confidence, the poise, and the ability to step up to the plate and hit a grand-slam when they’re called upon to do so.\"", "Aakash Gandhi of Planet Bollywood gave a rating of 8.5 stars out of 10 and writes, \"not only have [Vishal–Shekhar] proven themselves in terms of musical ingenuity and quality, they have shown us the confidence, the poise, and the ability to step up to the plate and hit a grand-slam when they’re called upon to do so.\" He further gave them a \"standing ovation\".", "He further gave them a \"standing ovation\". Writing for AllMusic, Bhaskar Gupta gave the album 4.5 stars out of five and praises the composers, writing, \"Vishal-Shekhar finally delivered a soundtrack that could be deemed their signature offering.\"", "Writing for AllMusic, Bhaskar Gupta gave the album 4.5 stars out of five and praises the composers, writing, \"Vishal-Shekhar finally delivered a soundtrack that could be deemed their signature offering.\" Vishal–Shekhar was nominated for the Best Music Director at the 53rd Filmfare Awards, Producers Guild Awards 2008 and Zee Cine Awards 2008, winning for Best Composer at the 2nd Asian Film Awards.", "Vishal–Shekhar was nominated for the Best Music Director at the 53rd Filmfare Awards, Producers Guild Awards 2008 and Zee Cine Awards 2008, winning for Best Composer at the 2nd Asian Film Awards. Vishal Dadlani was alone nominated for Best Lyrics for \"Ajab Si\" at the Filmfare and Producers Film Guild award ceremonies.", "Vishal Dadlani was alone nominated for Best Lyrics for \"Ajab Si\" at the Filmfare and Producers Film Guild award ceremonies. Akhtar was nominated for Best Lyrics at the Filmfare and Zee Cine awards, winning at the 9th IIFA Awards for \"Main Agar Kahoon\".", "Akhtar was nominated for Best Lyrics at the Filmfare and Zee Cine awards, winning at the 9th IIFA Awards for \"Main Agar Kahoon\". It was the highest-selling music album of the year in India, with sales of around 2 million units.", "It was the highest-selling music album of the year in India, with sales of around 2 million units. Release Om Shanti Om created a record of sorts by going in for an unheard of 2000 prints (worldwide) release.", "Release Om Shanti Om created a record of sorts by going in for an unheard of 2000 prints (worldwide) release. This was the highest number of prints (including digital) for any Indian movie at the time of its release.", "This was the highest number of prints (including digital) for any Indian movie at the time of its release. Om Shanti Om set another record for registered pre-advance booking of 18,000 tickets in a chain of theatres in Delhi a few days before the advance booking was to start. A special screening was conducted for Bollywood actors.", "A special screening was conducted for Bollywood actors. Red Chillies Entertainment had reportedly sold the world rights for the film to Eros International for an amount between Rs. 720–750 million. Baba Films, a production and distribution company, had offered a record Rs.", "Baba Films, a production and distribution company, had offered a record Rs. 110 million for the rights to the Mumbai Circuit, surpassing the highest amount ever paid for the territory. As a marketing strategy, Amul advertised Shah Rukh.", "As a marketing strategy, Amul advertised Shah Rukh. Nina Davuluri's talent for Miss America 2014 was a Hindi Film fusion dance choreographed by Nakul Dev Mahajan and performed to Dhoom Taana. It was the first time Hindi Film ever appeared on the Miss America stage and Davuluri is the first Indian American to win the competition.", "It was the first time Hindi Film ever appeared on the Miss America stage and Davuluri is the first Indian American to win the competition. Om Shanti Om was remade into a Japanese musical titled Oomu Shanti Oumu. A book, titled The Making of Om Shanti Om written by Mushtaq Sheikh, was released after the release of the film.", "A book, titled The Making of Om Shanti Om written by Mushtaq Sheikh, was released after the release of the film. The book gives an insight into the production and happenings behind the camera of the film.", "The book gives an insight into the production and happenings behind the camera of the film. Controversy One of the leading actors of the film, Manoj Kumar planned to sue the makers of Om Shanti Om for showing his body double in bad taste.", "Controversy One of the leading actors of the film, Manoj Kumar planned to sue the makers of Om Shanti Om for showing his body double in bad taste. Kumar added, \"Are the Mumbai police so stupid that they can't recognise Manoj Kumar and lathicharge him in the '70s when he was a star?\".", "Kumar added, \"Are the Mumbai police so stupid that they can't recognise Manoj Kumar and lathicharge him in the '70s when he was a star?\". Kumar also alleged that Shahrukh Khan is communal. Later, in a press conference, Shahrukh Khan and director Farah Khan accepted their mistake and apologised for the matter.", "Later, in a press conference, Shahrukh Khan and director Farah Khan accepted their mistake and apologised for the matter. Farah Khan even offered to cut the scene which Manoj Kumar felt was hurtful, but Kumar refused on grounds that, as Farah had stated, \"I [Farah Khan] am like his daughter.", "Farah Khan even offered to cut the scene which Manoj Kumar felt was hurtful, but Kumar refused on grounds that, as Farah had stated, \"I [Farah Khan] am like his daughter. He said, 'Betiyaan maafi nahi maangti' (Daughters don't ask for forgiveness).", "He said, 'Betiyaan maafi nahi maangti' (Daughters don't ask for forgiveness). I told him that he could've called me and scolded me.\"", "I told him that he could've called me and scolded me.\" Later, Kumar said that though this incident was hurtful to him, he wishes to forgive, ignore, and move on, saying that he prefers to \"see Ram in everyone and ignore the Ravana.\"", "Later, Kumar said that though this incident was hurtful to him, he wishes to forgive, ignore, and move on, saying that he prefers to \"see Ram in everyone and ignore the Ravana.\" In 2008, before the film's television premiere on Sony TV, Manoj Kumar filed for a stay on the television release, at civil court in Mumbai.", "In 2008, before the film's television premiere on Sony TV, Manoj Kumar filed for a stay on the television release, at civil court in Mumbai. On 8 August 2008, he won permanent injunction on the scenes in Om Shanti Om that lampooned him.", "On 8 August 2008, he won permanent injunction on the scenes in Om Shanti Om that lampooned him. The court ordered the producers and Sony Entertainment Television, to edit the Manoj Kumar look-alike scenes before showing the film on the channel on 10 August 2008.", "The court ordered the producers and Sony Entertainment Television, to edit the Manoj Kumar look-alike scenes before showing the film on the channel on 10 August 2008. It also ordered that the film could not be shown in any media—TV, DVD or Internet—without the scene being deleted.", "It also ordered that the film could not be shown in any media—TV, DVD or Internet—without the scene being deleted. Plagiarism allegations On 7 August 2008, before its television release, scriptwriter Ajay Monga moved the Bombay High Court alleging that the basic storyline of the film was lifted from a film script he had emailed to Shah Rukh Khan in 2006.", "Plagiarism allegations On 7 August 2008, before its television release, scriptwriter Ajay Monga moved the Bombay High Court alleging that the basic storyline of the film was lifted from a film script he had emailed to Shah Rukh Khan in 2006. According to the petition, \"Monga, along with one more writer Hemant Hegde, had registered the script with the Cine Writers Association (CWA) in September 2005.", "According to the petition, \"Monga, along with one more writer Hemant Hegde, had registered the script with the Cine Writers Association (CWA) in September 2005. In January 2008, Cine Writers Association (CWA) rejected Monga's appeal at a special Executive Committee meeting.", "In January 2008, Cine Writers Association (CWA) rejected Monga's appeal at a special Executive Committee meeting. Thereafter, he approached the court to stay the film's screening on television.", "Thereafter, he approached the court to stay the film's screening on television. Though, on 6 August the court rejected Monga's plea for seeking a stay on the television telecast, it directed all the respondents including Shahrukh Khan, Farah Khan, Red Chillies Entertainment, Gauri Khan (director Red Chillies) and film's co-writer Mushtaq Sheikh, to file their say by the next hearing on 29 September 2008.", "Though, on 6 August the court rejected Monga's plea for seeking a stay on the television telecast, it directed all the respondents including Shahrukh Khan, Farah Khan, Red Chillies Entertainment, Gauri Khan (director Red Chillies) and film's co-writer Mushtaq Sheikh, to file their say by the next hearing on 29 September 2008. In November 2008, the Film Writers' association sent a communication to Red Chillies and Ajay Monga that it had found similarities in Om Shanti Om and Monga's script.", "In November 2008, the Film Writers' association sent a communication to Red Chillies and Ajay Monga that it had found similarities in Om Shanti Om and Monga's script. The similarities were more than mere coincidences according to Sooni Taraporewala who chaired a special committee that has investigated the case on behalf of the Film Writers' association.", "The similarities were more than mere coincidences according to Sooni Taraporewala who chaired a special committee that has investigated the case on behalf of the Film Writers' association. Another allegation of plagiarism came from Rinki Bhattacharya, daughter of late Bimal Roy, who directed Madhumati (1958).", "Another allegation of plagiarism came from Rinki Bhattacharya, daughter of late Bimal Roy, who directed Madhumati (1958). She threatened legal action against Red Chillies Entertainment and the producer-director of Om Shanti Om, as she felt that the film's second half was similar to Madhumati, also a rebirth saga.", "She threatened legal action against Red Chillies Entertainment and the producer-director of Om Shanti Om, as she felt that the film's second half was similar to Madhumati, also a rebirth saga. Reception Critical response India Om Shanti Om was received positively by Indian film critics.", "Reception Critical response India Om Shanti Om was received positively by Indian film critics. Taran Adarsh of Bollywood Hungama gave it four stars out of five and writes, \"Om Shanti Om is Bollywood masala in its truest form and also, at its best\" but notes, \"the second half could've been crisper\".", "Taran Adarsh of Bollywood Hungama gave it four stars out of five and writes, \"Om Shanti Om is Bollywood masala in its truest form and also, at its best\" but notes, \"the second half could've been crisper\". Khalid Mohamed of Hindustan Times gave the film four stars out of five and appreciated the performances, observing how Rampal is \"consistently first-rate as the suave villain\" while Padukone is \"fantastic, so surprisingly assured that you marvel at her poised debut\".", "Khalid Mohamed of Hindustan Times gave the film four stars out of five and appreciated the performances, observing how Rampal is \"consistently first-rate as the suave villain\" while Padukone is \"fantastic, so surprisingly assured that you marvel at her poised debut\". He notes that \"the enterprise belongs to Shah Rukh Khan, who tackles comedy, high drama and action with his signature stylespontaneous and intuitively intelligent.", "He notes that \"the enterprise belongs to Shah Rukh Khan, who tackles comedy, high drama and action with his signature stylespontaneous and intuitively intelligent. Six-pack or no-packs, he's the entertainer of the year in this valentine to the movies.\"", "Six-pack or no-packs, he's the entertainer of the year in this valentine to the movies.\" Nikhat Kazmi of The Times of India gave the film three and a half stars out of five and writes, \"Farah Khan's re-birth saga literally makes an art of retro and paints the seventies pop culture in Andy Warholish strokes\".", "Nikhat Kazmi of The Times of India gave the film three and a half stars out of five and writes, \"Farah Khan's re-birth saga literally makes an art of retro and paints the seventies pop culture in Andy Warholish strokes\". She called it an \"unabashed tribute\" to Karz.", "She called it an \"unabashed tribute\" to Karz. Raja Sen of Rediff.com gave it three and a half stars out of five and applauded the performances of Shah Rukh, Padukone and Talpade.", "Raja Sen of Rediff.com gave it three and a half stars out of five and applauded the performances of Shah Rukh, Padukone and Talpade. He writes, \"Om Shanti Om is an exultant, heady, joyous film reveling in Bollywood, and as at most parties where the bubbly flows free, there is much silly giggling and tremendous immaturity.\"", "He writes, \"Om Shanti Om is an exultant, heady, joyous film reveling in Bollywood, and as at most parties where the bubbly flows free, there is much silly giggling and tremendous immaturity.\" He criticised the dialogues and excessive cameos in the film.", "He criticised the dialogues and excessive cameos in the film. Rajeev Masand of CNN-News18 gave the film three stars out of five and writes, \"Unpretentious and completely transparent in its intentions, Om Shanti Om is an entertainer in the true sense of the word, mixing up genre elements like comedy, drama, action and emotion to create a heady broth of Manmohan Desai-style exaggerated entertainment.\"", "Rajeev Masand of CNN-News18 gave the film three stars out of five and writes, \"Unpretentious and completely transparent in its intentions, Om Shanti Om is an entertainer in the true sense of the word, mixing up genre elements like comedy, drama, action and emotion to create a heady broth of Manmohan Desai-style exaggerated entertainment.\" He compliments the dialogues \"which so cleverly incorporates Bollywood's oldest clichés into these characters' everyday parlance.\"", "He compliments the dialogues \"which so cleverly incorporates Bollywood's oldest clichés into these characters' everyday parlance.\" A commentator for Indo-Asian News Service felt that Shah Rukh's acting was repetitive and writes, \"He needs to curtail his unwarranted superstar mannerisms even in a total masala film like Om Shanti Om\", while complimenting the performances of Padukone, Rampal and Talpade.", "A commentator for Indo-Asian News Service felt that Shah Rukh's acting was repetitive and writes, \"He needs to curtail his unwarranted superstar mannerisms even in a total masala film like Om Shanti Om\", while complimenting the performances of Padukone, Rampal and Talpade. Sudish Kamnath of The Hindu stated that the film is \"an unabashed celebration of willing suspension of disbelief, calling it a \"light-hearted tribute to Hindi cinema the way we know it and love it\".", "Sudish Kamnath of The Hindu stated that the film is \"an unabashed celebration of willing suspension of disbelief, calling it a \"light-hearted tribute to Hindi cinema the way we know it and love it\". He praised the performances of Shah Rukh, Padukone and Talpade, while criticising Rampal and Kher.", "He praised the performances of Shah Rukh, Padukone and Talpade, while criticising Rampal and Kher. He also praised the various spoofs, especially the ones directed at Manoj Kumar, Sanjay Leela Bhansali and Abhishek Bachchan.", "He also praised the various spoofs, especially the ones directed at Manoj Kumar, Sanjay Leela Bhansali and Abhishek Bachchan. Writing for SantaBanta.com, Subhash K. Jha gave it one star out of five and criticised the spoofs \"which keeps swinging from homage to imitation with infuriating artifice\", writing, \"The mood is one of patronizing and condescension rather than genuine admiration for an era that's gone with the wind\".", "Writing for SantaBanta.com, Subhash K. Jha gave it one star out of five and criticised the spoofs \"which keeps swinging from homage to imitation with infuriating artifice\", writing, \"The mood is one of patronizing and condescension rather than genuine admiration for an era that's gone with the wind\". Overseas On the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, Om Shanti Om holds an approval rating of 76%, based on 17 reviews with an average score of 7.21/10.", "Overseas On the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, Om Shanti Om holds an approval rating of 76%, based on 17 reviews with an average score of 7.21/10. Tajpal Rathore of BBC gave it 4 out of 5 stars as well and stated, \"Both a homage to and parody of Hindi Films, this cinematic feast delivered straight from the heart of the film industry will have you glued to your seats till the end.\"", "Tajpal Rathore of BBC gave it 4 out of 5 stars as well and stated, \"Both a homage to and parody of Hindi Films, this cinematic feast delivered straight from the heart of the film industry will have you glued to your seats till the end.\" Mark Medley of National Post gave 3 stars and stated, \"The film is a mess for all the right reasons; elements of comedy, drama, romance, action and the supernatural are packed in.", "Mark Medley of National Post gave 3 stars and stated, \"The film is a mess for all the right reasons; elements of comedy, drama, romance, action and the supernatural are packed in. But really, the plot is just a vehicle to get from one song-and-dance number to the next.\"", "But really, the plot is just a vehicle to get from one song-and-dance number to the next.\" AOL gave the film 3 out of 5 stars stating, \"The movie consists of all the elements that are essentially called the 'navratnas' of Indian cinema – from joy to grief to romance to revenge.", "AOL gave the film 3 out of 5 stars stating, \"The movie consists of all the elements that are essentially called the 'navratnas' of Indian cinema – from joy to grief to romance to revenge. And she mixes these well to cook up a potboiler, which is sure to be a runaway hit.\"", "And she mixes these well to cook up a potboiler, which is sure to be a runaway hit.\" Box office Om Shanti Om opened across 878 cinemas in 2000 prints worldwide. The film's net gross (after deducting entertainment tax) was in India.", "The film's net gross (after deducting entertainment tax) was in India. The film collected US$2.78 million in the United Kingdom, US$3.6 million in North America and US$3.7 million collectively from the rest of the world, which resulted in total overseas collections of $10,080,000, the 4th largest of all time as of 2010.", "The film collected US$2.78 million in the United Kingdom, US$3.6 million in North America and US$3.7 million collectively from the rest of the world, which resulted in total overseas collections of $10,080,000, the 4th largest of all time as of 2010. As a result of these collections, a worldwide gross of was accumulated.", "As a result of these collections, a worldwide gross of was accumulated. Awards and nominations Further reading Footnotes References External links Red Chillies Entertainment films 2007 films Indian films 2000s Hindi-language films Films about reincarnation Indian ghost films Paranormal films Films directed by Farah Khan Films involved in plagiarism controversies Films about actors Films scored by Vishal–Shekhar Films whose production designer won the Best Production Design National Film Award Films about Bollywood Cultural depictions of actors Cultural depictions of Rajesh Khanna" ]

[ "Om Shanti Om", "Casting", "Who was cast for a role?", "Shah Rukh was cast as the lead;", "What was the lead character?", "Om Shanti", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "In preparation for her role, Padukone watched several films of actresses Helen and Hema Malini to study their body language.", "What other work are they known for?", "I don't know.", "Who was another person cast for a roll?", "Rampal was approached by both Khan amd Shah Rukh at the latter's New Years Eve party.", "What was were they approached about?", "Rampal was initially reluctant to do the role as he felt it was \"too evil\" for someone like him." ]

[ "\"The Helmsman\" (German: \"Der Steuermann\") is a short story by Franz Kafka, written sometime between 1917 and 1923. The story deals with a man who is deposed from his role as a helmsman and complains that his shipmates refuse to help him regain his rightful position.\n\nPlot summary\nThe story begins with a struggle between the helmsman, who narrates, and a stranger who refuses to accept his position, takes over the helm and drives the narrator away. The helmsman goes to his shipmates to complain and get their help, but, although they agree that he is the true helmsman, they seem to be hypnotized by the stranger, and do nothing to drive him away. When the stranger tells them not to disturb him, they withdraw, leaving the narrator to wonder, \"What kind of people are these? Do they ever think, or do they only shuffle pointlessly over the earth?\"\n\nThe story was not published in Kafka's lifetime. It first appeared in Beschreibung eines Kampfes (Prague: Verlag Heinrich Mercy Sohn, 1936). An English translation by Tania and James Stern was first published in Description of a Struggle (New York: Schocken Books, 1958).\n\nA comic-book adaptation of the story, illustrated by Peter Kuper, is included in Give It Up!.\n\nExternal links\n \n\nShort stories by Franz Kafka", "A consensus–expectations gap is a gap between what a group of decision-makers are expected to agree on, and what they are actually able to agree on. The expression was first used by Asle Toje in the book The European Union as a small power : after the post-Cold War. The term owes to Christopher Hill's capability–expectations gap between what the European Communities had been talked up to do and what the collective was actually able to deliver. Hill saw the capability–expectations gap as having three primary components, namely, the ability to agree, resource availability and the instruments at its disposal. The 'consensus–expectations gap' focuses on one of Hill's variables: the ability to agree.\n\nReferences\n\nDecision-making\nEuropean Union" ]

[ "Om Shanti Om is a 2007 Indian Hindi-language musical romantic satirical fantasy comedy-drama film written and directed by Farah Khan and co-written by Mayur Puri and Mushtaq Shiekh. Spanning three decades, the film stars Shah Rukh Khan as Om, a junior artist in 1977 who has a crush on a secretly-married superstar, played by Deepika Padukone in her Hindi film debut.", "Spanning three decades, the film stars Shah Rukh Khan as Om, a junior artist in 1977 who has a crush on a secretly-married superstar, played by Deepika Padukone in her Hindi film debut. Her lover, a producer played by Arjun Rampal, kills her in a fire; Om witnesses this and dies from the injuries sustained from trying to rescue her.", "Her lover, a producer played by Arjun Rampal, kills her in a fire; Om witnesses this and dies from the injuries sustained from trying to rescue her. Reincarnated as a superstar in 2007, he seeks to avenge his love.", "Reincarnated as a superstar in 2007, he seeks to avenge his love. The film also starred Shreyas Talpade, Kirron Kher, Nitesh Pandey, Yuvika Chaudhary, Asawari Joshi, Bindu Desai and Javed Sheikh feature in supporting roles, and saw cameos from many Bollywood celebrities in several sequences and songs.", "The film also starred Shreyas Talpade, Kirron Kher, Nitesh Pandey, Yuvika Chaudhary, Asawari Joshi, Bindu Desai and Javed Sheikh feature in supporting roles, and saw cameos from many Bollywood celebrities in several sequences and songs. Om Shanti Om was produced and presented by Shah Rukh's wife Gauri Khan under the banner Red Chillies Entertainment on a budget of 30 crore.", "Om Shanti Om was produced and presented by Shah Rukh's wife Gauri Khan under the banner Red Chillies Entertainment on a budget of 30 crore. Farah conceived the film while directing the musical Bombay Dreams (2002), which was based on the Indian film industry.", "Farah conceived the film while directing the musical Bombay Dreams (2002), which was based on the Indian film industry. After Shah Rukh rejected the first version of her next film Happy New Year, she was reminded of Om Shanti Om; the film's title derives from a similar titled popular song from the 1980 film Karz.", "After Shah Rukh rejected the first version of her next film Happy New Year, she was reminded of Om Shanti Om; the film's title derives from a similar titled popular song from the 1980 film Karz. The soundtrack album was composed by Vishal–Shekhar, with lyrics written by Javed Akhtar. The background score was performed by Sandeep Chowta.", "The background score was performed by Sandeep Chowta. The album received positive reviews and was also commercially successful, becoming the highest-selling album of the year in India.", "The album received positive reviews and was also commercially successful, becoming the highest-selling album of the year in India. The film was theatrically released in India on 9 November 2007 during Diwali weekend, Om Shanti Om earned over ₹149 crore worldwide becoming the highest grossing Bollywood film of the year; it received positive reviews, with praise for the performances and the film's soundtrack and narrative.", "The film was theatrically released in India on 9 November 2007 during Diwali weekend, Om Shanti Om earned over ₹149 crore worldwide becoming the highest grossing Bollywood film of the year; it received positive reviews, with praise for the performances and the film's soundtrack and narrative. The film won several awards in major Indian film award ceremonies.", "The film won several awards in major Indian film award ceremonies. At the 53rd Filmfare Awards, it received a leading 12 nominations, winning for Best Female Debut and Best Special Effects, and also won the National Film Award for Best Production Design.", "At the 53rd Filmfare Awards, it received a leading 12 nominations, winning for Best Female Debut and Best Special Effects, and also won the National Film Award for Best Production Design. Plot 1977 Om Prakash \"Omi\" Makhija (Shah Rukh Khan) is a poor junior film artist living with his mother Bela Makhija (Kirron Kher) and friend Pappu Master (Shreyas Talpade) in a small Mumbai chawl.", "Plot 1977 Om Prakash \"Omi\" Makhija (Shah Rukh Khan) is a poor junior film artist living with his mother Bela Makhija (Kirron Kher) and friend Pappu Master (Shreyas Talpade) in a small Mumbai chawl. He is in love with a popular film actress Shantipriya \"Shanti\" Kashyap (Deepika Padukone) as he takes small acting roles in Bollywood at the R.C.", "He is in love with a popular film actress Shantipriya \"Shanti\" Kashyap (Deepika Padukone) as he takes small acting roles in Bollywood at the R.C. Studios owned by popular film producer Mukesh Mehra (Arjun Rampal).", "Studios owned by popular film producer Mukesh Mehra (Arjun Rampal). One day, during the shooting of a film, a fire breaks out on the shooting set trapping Shanti but Omi rescues her and they become friends.", "One day, during the shooting of a film, a fire breaks out on the shooting set trapping Shanti but Omi rescues her and they become friends. Days later, Omi ends up overhearing Shanti and Mukesh's conversation and is shocked to discover that they have been married for 2 years but Mukesh refuses to reveal this in public as it will ruin both their careers.", "Days later, Omi ends up overhearing Shanti and Mukesh's conversation and is shocked to discover that they have been married for 2 years but Mukesh refuses to reveal this in public as it will ruin both their careers. Shanti reveals that she is also pregnant with Mukesh's child, leaving Omi heartbroken.", "Shanti reveals that she is also pregnant with Mukesh's child, leaving Omi heartbroken. One night, Omi comes to the shooting set of an upcoming film Om Shanti Om where Shanti is but he goes from there on overseeing her with Mukesh.", "One night, Omi comes to the shooting set of an upcoming film Om Shanti Om where Shanti is but he goes from there on overseeing her with Mukesh. However, Mukesh reveals to Shanti that he has decided to burn her in the shooting set as revealing his marriage and her pregnancy will ruin his career.", "However, Mukesh reveals to Shanti that he has decided to burn her in the shooting set as revealing his marriage and her pregnancy will ruin his career. Saying this, he puts the shooting set on fire and locks a horrified Shanti in it.", "Saying this, he puts the shooting set on fire and locks a horrified Shanti in it. When Omi spots her in the fire, he attempts to go and rescue her but is attacked by Mukesh's guards, leaving him severely injured. He is then thrown out of the shooting set by a big explosion.", "He is then thrown out of the shooting set by a big explosion. As it explodes with Shanti in it, Omi staggers on the road and gets hit by a car driven by actor Rajesh Kapoor (Jawed Sheikh) who is taking his pregnant wife Lovely Kapoor (Asavari Joshi) to the hospital as she is under labour.", "As it explodes with Shanti in it, Omi staggers on the road and gets hit by a car driven by actor Rajesh Kapoor (Jawed Sheikh) who is taking his pregnant wife Lovely Kapoor (Asavari Joshi) to the hospital as she is under labour. Both Omi and Lovely are hospitalised by Rajesh where Omi dies from his serious injuries while reminiscing about Shanti.", "Both Omi and Lovely are hospitalised by Rajesh where Omi dies from his serious injuries while reminiscing about Shanti. However, he is reborn on the same night in the same hospital as Rajesh and Lovely's son Om Kapoor.", "However, he is reborn on the same night in the same hospital as Rajesh and Lovely's son Om Kapoor. 2007 Om \"OK\" Kapoor (Shah Rukh Khan) is a popular film actor in Bollywood who lives a luxurious life and often comes across but ignores Bela Makhija (Kirron Kher) who believes him for her own son.", "2007 Om \"OK\" Kapoor (Shah Rukh Khan) is a popular film actor in Bollywood who lives a luxurious life and often comes across but ignores Bela Makhija (Kirron Kher) who believes him for her own son. His successful career eventually takes him to the abandoned and ruined R.C.", "His successful career eventually takes him to the abandoned and ruined R.C. Studios where he experiences unsettling flashbacks of his previous life. Later, when he is nominated as Filmfare Award for Best Actor, he gives the same emotional speech which he had given in his previous life.", "Later, when he is nominated as Filmfare Award for Best Actor, he gives the same emotional speech which he had given in his previous life. An elderly Pappu Master (Shreyas Talpade) watches him on TV and realises that he is lookalike Omi.", "An elderly Pappu Master (Shreyas Talpade) watches him on TV and realises that he is lookalike Omi. During a party, OK remembers his previous life after he sees Mukesh \"Mike\" Mehra. That night, he traces Bela and Pappu to their house and has an emotional reunion with him.", "That night, he traces Bela and Pappu to their house and has an emotional reunion with him. The three plan to avenge Shanti's murder by making Mukesh confess his crime and they audition several film actresses to find Shanti's look-alike but in vain.", "The three plan to avenge Shanti's murder by making Mukesh confess his crime and they audition several film actresses to find Shanti's look-alike but in vain. However, Om ends up coming across a junior film artist Sandhya \"Sandy\" Bansal (Deepika Padukone) who is an exact doppelgänger of Shanti.", "However, Om ends up coming across a junior film artist Sandhya \"Sandy\" Bansal (Deepika Padukone) who is an exact doppelgänger of Shanti. Sandy promises OK that she will try to help him according to his plan. OK convinces Mukesh to restart the shooting of Om Shanti Om on the same ruined R.C. Studios.", "Studios. Studios. Throughout the shooting of the film, OK and Pappu make Sandy dress as Shanti and arrange incidents to remind Mukesh of his crime and make him think that Shanti's ghost is haunting him.", "Throughout the shooting of the film, OK and Pappu make Sandy dress as Shanti and arrange incidents to remind Mukesh of his crime and make him think that Shanti's ghost is haunting him. However, supernatural events also occur on the shooting set which disturb Mukesh, much to the confusion of OK. During the music launch of Om Shanti Om, OK performs Shanti's life story through a song which shocks Mukesh who, however, discovers that Sandy is not Shanti's ghost as her body bleeds due to a small accident.", "However, supernatural events also occur on the shooting set which disturb Mukesh, much to the confusion of OK. During the music launch of Om Shanti Om, OK performs Shanti's life story through a song which shocks Mukesh who, however, discovers that Sandy is not Shanti's ghost as her body bleeds due to a small accident. He attempts to chase her but is knocked unconscious by a falling chandelier.", "He attempts to chase her but is knocked unconscious by a falling chandelier. When he regains consciousness, Mukesh is confronted by OK but he tells him that he has discovered that Sandy is not Shanti's ghost and he taunts him that there is no proof of Shanti's murder.", "When he regains consciousness, Mukesh is confronted by OK but he tells him that he has discovered that Sandy is not Shanti's ghost and he taunts him that there is no proof of Shanti's murder. Sandy then reaches the scene and reveals that after the fire had burned the shooting set, Mukesh had returned to Shanti who was still alive and breathing but he buried her alive below a chandelier.", "Sandy then reaches the scene and reveals that after the fire had burned the shooting set, Mukesh had returned to Shanti who was still alive and breathing but he buried her alive below a chandelier. She tells that Shanti's dead body will be found below the chandelier which will be a proof of her murder to the court.", "She tells that Shanti's dead body will be found below the chandelier which will be a proof of her murder to the court. As both OK and Mukesh wonder how Sandy knows this, Mukesh attempts to shoot her to death but OK stops him and attacks him which results in fire breaking out on the shooting set.", "As both OK and Mukesh wonder how Sandy knows this, Mukesh attempts to shoot her to death but OK stops him and attacks him which results in fire breaking out on the shooting set. OK fights against Mukesh but Sandy stops him and tells him that he will die but not at his hands.", "OK fights against Mukesh but Sandy stops him and tells him that he will die but not at his hands. She then looks at the chandelier and it falls down on Mukesh, killing him. Eventually, OK is shocked when \"another Sandy\" reaches the scene along with Pappu to help him.", "Eventually, OK is shocked when \"another Sandy\" reaches the scene along with Pappu to help him. As he glances back at the one in front of him, he realises that the \"Sandy\" who had revealed Shanti's murder proof and had killed Mukesh was actually Shanti's ghost, and she was responsible for the supernatural events occurring on the shooting set.", "As he glances back at the one in front of him, he realises that the \"Sandy\" who had revealed Shanti's murder proof and had killed Mukesh was actually Shanti's ghost, and she was responsible for the supernatural events occurring on the shooting set. OK waves goodbye to Shanti who tearfully smiles at him and disappears as she finally finds peace.", "OK waves goodbye to Shanti who tearfully smiles at him and disappears as she finally finds peace. The film ends with all its cast and crew approaching the shooting set of Om Shanti Om and the credits roll.", "The film ends with all its cast and crew approaching the shooting set of Om Shanti Om and the credits roll. Cast Shah Rukh Khan as Om Makhija / Om Kapoor (dual role) Deepika Padukone as Shanti Kashyap / Sandy Bansal (dual role) Shreyas Talpade as Pappu Master Kirron Kher as Bela Makhija Arjun Rampal as Mukesh Mehra Javed Sheikh as Rajesh Kapoor (Om Kapoor's father) Asavari Joshi as Lovely Kapoor (Om Kapoor's mother) Nitesh Pandey as Anwar Sheikh Mohammad (Om Kapoor's assistant) Bindu Desai as Kamini Arora (Dolly's mother) Nasser Abdullah as Rajesh Kapoor's secretary Yuvika Chaudhary as Dolly Arora (Om Kapoor's friend) Shawar Ali as Himself Lin Laishram as Om Kapoor's friend Cameo appearance Amitabh Bachchan as Himself Anil Kapoor as Himself Jackie Shroff as Himself Uday Chopra as Himself Abhishek Bachchan as Himself Akshay Kumar as Himself Ameesha Patel as Om Kapoor's co-actress in a film at Filmfare Awards Dia Mirza as Om Kapoor's co-actress in a film at Filmfare Awards Farah Khan as the woman who makes fun of Omi when the show ends Feroz Khan as Himself Gauri Khan as Herself Karan Johar as Himself Malaika Arora as Herself Vishal Dadlani as the director of Mohabbat Man, a superhero film Manikandan Velayutham as the director of Mind It, a parody of action films Priya Patil as Natasha, heroine of Apahij Pyar Rakesh Roshan as Himself Rishi Kapoor as the special host of Filmfare Awards who gives the award to Om Kapoor Shabana Azmi as Herself Subhash Ghai as Himself while shooting his iconic film Karz Yash Chopra as Himself Special appearance during the \"Deewangi Deewangi\" song (in order of appearance) Rani Mukerji Zayed Khan Vidya Balan Jeetendra Tusshar Kapoor Priyanka Chopra Shilpa Shetty Dharmendra Shabana Azmi Urmila Matondkar Karishma Kapoor Arbaaz Khan Malaika Arora Khan Dino Morea Amrita Arora Juhi Chawla Aftab Shivdasani Tabu Hashmi Govinda Ahuja Mithun Chakraborty Kajol Bobby Deol Preity Zinta Rekha Riteish Deshmukh Salman Khan Saif Ali Khan Sanjay Dutt Lara Dutta Suniel Shetty Production Development In 2002, Farah Khan worked as a choreographer for the musical Bombay Dreams in London, which she felt presented a \"clichéd and outdated version\" of the Indian film industry.", "Cast Shah Rukh Khan as Om Makhija / Om Kapoor (dual role) Deepika Padukone as Shanti Kashyap / Sandy Bansal (dual role) Shreyas Talpade as Pappu Master Kirron Kher as Bela Makhija Arjun Rampal as Mukesh Mehra Javed Sheikh as Rajesh Kapoor (Om Kapoor's father) Asavari Joshi as Lovely Kapoor (Om Kapoor's mother) Nitesh Pandey as Anwar Sheikh Mohammad (Om Kapoor's assistant) Bindu Desai as Kamini Arora (Dolly's mother) Nasser Abdullah as Rajesh Kapoor's secretary Yuvika Chaudhary as Dolly Arora (Om Kapoor's friend) Shawar Ali as Himself Lin Laishram as Om Kapoor's friend Cameo appearance Amitabh Bachchan as Himself Anil Kapoor as Himself Jackie Shroff as Himself Uday Chopra as Himself Abhishek Bachchan as Himself Akshay Kumar as Himself Ameesha Patel as Om Kapoor's co-actress in a film at Filmfare Awards Dia Mirza as Om Kapoor's co-actress in a film at Filmfare Awards Farah Khan as the woman who makes fun of Omi when the show ends Feroz Khan as Himself Gauri Khan as Herself Karan Johar as Himself Malaika Arora as Herself Vishal Dadlani as the director of Mohabbat Man, a superhero film Manikandan Velayutham as the director of Mind It, a parody of action films Priya Patil as Natasha, heroine of Apahij Pyar Rakesh Roshan as Himself Rishi Kapoor as the special host of Filmfare Awards who gives the award to Om Kapoor Shabana Azmi as Herself Subhash Ghai as Himself while shooting his iconic film Karz Yash Chopra as Himself Special appearance during the \"Deewangi Deewangi\" song (in order of appearance) Rani Mukerji Zayed Khan Vidya Balan Jeetendra Tusshar Kapoor Priyanka Chopra Shilpa Shetty Dharmendra Shabana Azmi Urmila Matondkar Karishma Kapoor Arbaaz Khan Malaika Arora Khan Dino Morea Amrita Arora Juhi Chawla Aftab Shivdasani Tabu Hashmi Govinda Ahuja Mithun Chakraborty Kajol Bobby Deol Preity Zinta Rekha Riteish Deshmukh Salman Khan Saif Ali Khan Sanjay Dutt Lara Dutta Suniel Shetty Production Development In 2002, Farah Khan worked as a choreographer for the musical Bombay Dreams in London, which she felt presented a \"clichéd and outdated version\" of the Indian film industry. She thought that the musical would not be successful if released in India.", "She thought that the musical would not be successful if released in India. She instead thought of a new story, writing her initial thoughts about the subject on Andrew Lloyd Webber's letterhead while staying in his house. Later in 2006, Farah began to work on her next project, which was tentatively titled Happy New Year.", "Later in 2006, Farah began to work on her next project, which was tentatively titled Happy New Year. Amid speculations that Shah Rukh Khan would star in Happy New Year, the actor rejected the first draft of the film, upon which Farah's husband and editor Shirish Kunder reminded her of the story she had conceived while in London.", "Amid speculations that Shah Rukh Khan would star in Happy New Year, the actor rejected the first draft of the film, upon which Farah's husband and editor Shirish Kunder reminded her of the story she had conceived while in London. Happy New Year, which was to mark Deepika Padukone's Hindi debut, was put on hiatus and revived more than 8 years later under the same title.", "Happy New Year, which was to mark Deepika Padukone's Hindi debut, was put on hiatus and revived more than 8 years later under the same title. Farah completed writing the first script of Om Shanti Om within two weeks.", "Farah completed writing the first script of Om Shanti Om within two weeks. She set the first half in the 1970s as she felt the Hindi films made during that period were much more influential than those made in other periods, particularly the 1980s, which she felt was a period when \"the worst movies were made\".", "She set the first half in the 1970s as she felt the Hindi films made during that period were much more influential than those made in other periods, particularly the 1980s, which she felt was a period when \"the worst movies were made\". She also included many references to the 1970s, which were also prevalent in films of that time.", "She also included many references to the 1970s, which were also prevalent in films of that time. She said, \"Everything in the first half is about the 70ssuch as the mother who overacts, mouthing clichéd dialogues. Then there are cabarets, badminton and other stuff popular during that era.\"", "Then there are cabarets, badminton and other stuff popular during that era.\" Shah Rukh's costumes were designed by Karan Johar, while Manish Malhotra designed Padukone's costumes. The rest of the cast had their costumes designed by Sanjeev Mulchadni. In addition to directing the film, Farah co-wrote the story with Mayur Puri and Mushtaq Shiekh.", "In addition to directing the film, Farah co-wrote the story with Mayur Puri and Mushtaq Shiekh. She was also the film's choreographer. Puri wrote the screenplay and dialogues. He completed the writing process in two months and rewrote the film's second half. Puri created the screenplay by writing his natural reaction to the characters as scenarios.", "Puri created the screenplay by writing his natural reaction to the characters as scenarios. He knew that despite being part of a crowd, junior artists do not want to be recognised as such, ruins their chances of landing a leading role in future. This was used in a sequence involving Shah Rukh and Talpade, who play junior artists.", "This was used in a sequence involving Shah Rukh and Talpade, who play junior artists. Puri blended different genres together in Om Shanti Om, which he felt was challenging. He used his personal memories from childhood for creating the 1970s. Shirish Kunder was the editor, while V. Manikandan was the cinematographer.", "Shirish Kunder was the editor, while V. Manikandan was the cinematographer. Sabu Cyril was the film's production designer. Sabu was first offered the Mani Ratnam-directed Guru (2007) at a time when Om Shanti Om was being planned, but ultimately chosen the latter due to his earlier commitment to Farah for her future project.", "Sabu was first offered the Mani Ratnam-directed Guru (2007) at a time when Om Shanti Om was being planned, but ultimately chosen the latter due to his earlier commitment to Farah for her future project. Farah used two particular dialogues in the film: \"When you want something badly, the whole universe conspires to give to you\" and \"In the end everything will be ok and if its not ok its not the end\".", "Farah used two particular dialogues in the film: \"When you want something badly, the whole universe conspires to give to you\" and \"In the end everything will be ok and if its not ok its not the end\". These were used as Khan felt that it reflected her philosophy in her life.", "These were used as Khan felt that it reflected her philosophy in her life. Farah stated that the film's opening scene was her most favourite in it. In 2008, Puri felt his most favourite dialogue from the ones he wrote would be the Filmfare Awards speech.", "In 2008, Puri felt his most favourite dialogue from the ones he wrote would be the Filmfare Awards speech. The film's title derives from the eponymous song from the film Karz (1980). Om is a Hindu mantra; Om Shanti Om roughly translates to \"Peace Be With You\".", "Om is a Hindu mantra; Om Shanti Om roughly translates to \"Peace Be With You\". The film opens with the grandeur shot of the most famous songs of Karz that is Om Shanti Om featuring Rishi Kapoor and SRK as junior artist standing in the crowd.", "The film opens with the grandeur shot of the most famous songs of Karz that is Om Shanti Om featuring Rishi Kapoor and SRK as junior artist standing in the crowd. Casting Shah Rukh was cast as the lead; he gained six packs for a song sequence. He felt Om Shanti Om was a \"happy film\".", "He felt Om Shanti Om was a \"happy film\". Farah was advised by Malaika Arora to cast Padukone as the female lead, who was suggested by Wendell Roddick, under whom Padukone was working. She was cast without a screen test.", "She was cast without a screen test. Khan felt that she was \"a beautiful, classic Indian beauty\" who fit the role of an actor of the 1970s. She was excited at the prospect of working with Shah Rukh and said, \"I've grown up watching [Shah Rukh] and always admired him so much.", "She was excited at the prospect of working with Shah Rukh and said, \"I've grown up watching [Shah Rukh] and always admired him so much. To get to work with him ... is quite wonderful. It was also fantastic that Farah showed faith in my talent and cast me opposite him.\"", "It was also fantastic that Farah showed faith in my talent and cast me opposite him.\" In preparation for her role, Padukone watched several films of actresses Helen and Hema Malini to study their body language. Her character was modelled after Malini and nicknamed Dreamy Girl after her the latter's nickname as Dream Girl.", "Her character was modelled after Malini and nicknamed Dreamy Girl after her the latter's nickname as Dream Girl. Rampal was approached by both Khan and Shah Rukh at the latter's New Year's Eve party. Rampal was initially reluctant to do the role as he felt it was \"too evil\" for someone like him.", "Rampal was initially reluctant to do the role as he felt it was \"too evil\" for someone like him. With persuasion from Shah Rukh, he agreed. Rampal wore a mustache in the film which was suggested by Shah Rukh. Shreyas Talpade played a supporting role as the best friend of Khan's character.", "Shreyas Talpade played a supporting role as the best friend of Khan's character. After the release of Iqbal (2005) and completing the filming of Dor, Talpade, who attended the same gym as Khan, was called for a narration of what would be Om Shanti Om. He agreed to do the role.", "He agreed to do the role. Kirron Kher, Bindu and Javed Sheikh also appear in the film. 31 Bollywood film actors appeared in cameo appearances for the song \"Deewangi Deewangi\". Other actors were also supposed to play cameos, including Fardeen Khan, who was arrested at Dubai airport in a drug case.", "Other actors were also supposed to play cameos, including Fardeen Khan, who was arrested at Dubai airport in a drug case. Dev Anand refused as he always played lead roles in his career. Dilip Kumar and Saira Banu didn't appear in the song, despite plans to include them.", "Dilip Kumar and Saira Banu didn't appear in the song, despite plans to include them. Amitabh Bachchan refused due to his son's wedding, while Aamir Khan refused due to Taare Zameen Pars (2007) pending editing. Khan had wanted the three Khans to appear together in a film.", "Khan had wanted the three Khans to appear together in a film. Rekha, who appears in the song, carried out 2 days of rehearsal for it. All those who appeared for the song received gifts, including a Blackberry phone and a Tag Heuer watch. Principal photography Om Shanti Om was made on a budget of ₹40 crore.", "Principal photography Om Shanti Om was made on a budget of ₹40 crore. The first scene to be filmed was one where Talpade's character tells Shah Rukh's character that he will be a hero; Shah Rukh was an hour late for filming.", "The first scene to be filmed was one where Talpade's character tells Shah Rukh's character that he will be a hero; Shah Rukh was an hour late for filming. Farah was pregnant with triplets while filming and experienced difficulties while shooting, she would constantly vomit while directing the film.", "Farah was pregnant with triplets while filming and experienced difficulties while shooting, she would constantly vomit while directing the film. The film was shot entirely in sync sound; Farah dismissed rumours of Padukone's voice being dubbed. In 2015, however, Mona Ghosh Shetty admitted to have dubbed for Padukone in the film.", "In 2015, however, Mona Ghosh Shetty admitted to have dubbed for Padukone in the film. The fake fight scene involving a stuffed tiger was inspired by a similar scene in the film Tarzan 303. Old cars owned by actors Rajesh Khanna and Hema Malini were used for filming for authenticity.", "Old cars owned by actors Rajesh Khanna and Hema Malini were used for filming for authenticity. A number of references to real life was also filmed, including a scene in which Om saves Shantipriya from a fire, which was a spoof of Sunil Dutt rescuing Nargis from a fire on the sets of Mother India (1957).", "A number of references to real life was also filmed, including a scene in which Om saves Shantipriya from a fire, which was a spoof of Sunil Dutt rescuing Nargis from a fire on the sets of Mother India (1957). For a shot involving a Filmfare Awards ceremony, Khan stood on the red carpet of an actual Filmfare Award ceremony and requested actors to dictate dialogues as she stated.", "For a shot involving a Filmfare Awards ceremony, Khan stood on the red carpet of an actual Filmfare Award ceremony and requested actors to dictate dialogues as she stated. The song \"Deewangi Deewangi\" was shot over a period of six days.", "The song \"Deewangi Deewangi\" was shot over a period of six days. The song \"Dhoom Taana\" has digitally altered guest appearances, which included Sunil Dutt from Amrapali (1966), Rajesh Khanna from Sachaa Jhutha (1970) and Jeetendra from Jay Vejay (1977).", "The song \"Dhoom Taana\" has digitally altered guest appearances, which included Sunil Dutt from Amrapali (1966), Rajesh Khanna from Sachaa Jhutha (1970) and Jeetendra from Jay Vejay (1977). Farah wanted to film Shakira for filming a special appearance had made her commit a few days for the role.", "Farah wanted to film Shakira for filming a special appearance had made her commit a few days for the role. Due to the uncertainty of her dates, the idea was scrapped. In February 2007, a filming schedule was completed in Film City.", "In February 2007, a filming schedule was completed in Film City. It was then reported that filming would move outdoors after Shah Rukh completed filming for Kaun Banega Crorepati.", "It was then reported that filming would move outdoors after Shah Rukh completed filming for Kaun Banega Crorepati. In October 2007, Abhishek Bachchan finished filming for his cameo appearance; he shot between 10 and 2 in the night for his screen time of about one and a half minutes.", "In October 2007, Abhishek Bachchan finished filming for his cameo appearance; he shot between 10 and 2 in the night for his screen time of about one and a half minutes. Filming of the last sequence and the end-credit song was done in Film City.", "Filming of the last sequence and the end-credit song was done in Film City. Farah continued the tradition of featuring an end-credits song beginning with Main Hoon Na (2004). Om Shanti Om was produced by Shah Rukh's wife Gauri Khan under their Red Chillies Entertainment banner.", "Om Shanti Om was produced by Shah Rukh's wife Gauri Khan under their Red Chillies Entertainment banner. While Marching Ants handled the publicity design, Gauri was the presenter. Shyam Kaushal, Amar Shetty and Shah Rukh were the action directors. The film's final reel length was 4013.94 ft (1223.45 m).", "The film's final reel length was 4013.94 ft (1223.45 m). Music Initially, A. R. Rahman was signed in to compose original songs and background score for the film but he opted out after disagreements with T-Series as he wanted them to share the copyrights of music between him and the lyricist.", "Music Initially, A. R. Rahman was signed in to compose original songs and background score for the film but he opted out after disagreements with T-Series as he wanted them to share the copyrights of music between him and the lyricist. The film score was composed by Sandeep Chowta while the original songs featured in Om Shanti Om were composed by the duo Vishal–Shekhar with lyrics by Javed Akhtar.", "The film score was composed by Sandeep Chowta while the original songs featured in Om Shanti Om were composed by the duo Vishal–Shekhar with lyrics by Javed Akhtar. One song was composed by Pyarelal of the Laxmikant-Pyarelal duo.", "One song was composed by Pyarelal of the Laxmikant-Pyarelal duo. The vocals are provided by KK, Sukhwinder Singh, Marianne, Nisha, Caralisa Monteiro, Shaan, Udit Narayan, Shreya Ghoshal, Sunidhi Chauhan, Rahul Saxena, Sonu Nigam, Rahat Fateh Ali Khan, Richa Sharma, Abhijeet Bhattacharya, DJ Aqeel, DJ G, Kiran Karnath, Jackie V, Nikhil Chinapa, DJ Nawed and Zoheb.", "The vocals are provided by KK, Sukhwinder Singh, Marianne, Nisha, Caralisa Monteiro, Shaan, Udit Narayan, Shreya Ghoshal, Sunidhi Chauhan, Rahul Saxena, Sonu Nigam, Rahat Fateh Ali Khan, Richa Sharma, Abhijeet Bhattacharya, DJ Aqeel, DJ G, Kiran Karnath, Jackie V, Nikhil Chinapa, DJ Nawed and Zoheb. They intended the soundtrack to be a tribute to the music of the 1960s and 1970s, while appealing to newer audiences at the same time.", "They intended the soundtrack to be a tribute to the music of the 1960s and 1970s, while appealing to newer audiences at the same time. Trade reports predicted the album to be commercially successful. The soundtrack album of Om Shanti Om was released on 15 August 2007 on CD.", "The soundtrack album of Om Shanti Om was released on 15 August 2007 on CD. Pyarelal of the Laxmikant-Pyarelal duo guest composed the title Dhoom Taana.", "Pyarelal of the Laxmikant-Pyarelal duo guest composed the title Dhoom Taana. He had stopped composing after the death of his partner Laxmikant, but after Farah Khan requested a song as tribute to the music of the 70s and the 80s, he agreed at the insistence of his wife and daughter.", "He had stopped composing after the death of his partner Laxmikant, but after Farah Khan requested a song as tribute to the music of the 70s and the 80s, he agreed at the insistence of his wife and daughter. The song was recorded with a 150-member-orchestra and traditional instruments like drums, tabla, dholak and dafli, a trademark of Laxmikant-Pyarelal.", "The song was recorded with a 150-member-orchestra and traditional instruments like drums, tabla, dholak and dafli, a trademark of Laxmikant-Pyarelal. He used more than 40 different percussion instruments.", "He used more than 40 different percussion instruments. In a soundtrack review, Joginder Tuteja of Bollywood Hungama gave it four stars out of five and opines, \"Om Shanti Om is easily one of the most complete scores by Vishal-Shekhar and Javed Akhtar.\"", "In a soundtrack review, Joginder Tuteja of Bollywood Hungama gave it four stars out of five and opines, \"Om Shanti Om is easily one of the most complete scores by Vishal-Shekhar and Javed Akhtar.\" Sukanya Verma of Rediff.com also gave it four stars out of five, applauding the tracks but criticised the \"Dark Side\" mix.", "Sukanya Verma of Rediff.com also gave it four stars out of five, applauding the tracks but criticised the \"Dark Side\" mix. She concludes her review by writing, \"Om Shanti Om is an out-and-out musical that captivates with its roaring polyphony and unabashed drama.\"", "She concludes her review by writing, \"Om Shanti Om is an out-and-out musical that captivates with its roaring polyphony and unabashed drama.\" Aakash Gandhi of Planet Bollywood gave a rating of 8.5 stars out of 10 and writes, \"not only have [Vishal–Shekhar] proven themselves in terms of musical ingenuity and quality, they have shown us the confidence, the poise, and the ability to step up to the plate and hit a grand-slam when they’re called upon to do so.\"", "Aakash Gandhi of Planet Bollywood gave a rating of 8.5 stars out of 10 and writes, \"not only have [Vishal–Shekhar] proven themselves in terms of musical ingenuity and quality, they have shown us the confidence, the poise, and the ability to step up to the plate and hit a grand-slam when they’re called upon to do so.\" He further gave them a \"standing ovation\".", "He further gave them a \"standing ovation\". Writing for AllMusic, Bhaskar Gupta gave the album 4.5 stars out of five and praises the composers, writing, \"Vishal-Shekhar finally delivered a soundtrack that could be deemed their signature offering.\"", "Writing for AllMusic, Bhaskar Gupta gave the album 4.5 stars out of five and praises the composers, writing, \"Vishal-Shekhar finally delivered a soundtrack that could be deemed their signature offering.\" Vishal–Shekhar was nominated for the Best Music Director at the 53rd Filmfare Awards, Producers Guild Awards 2008 and Zee Cine Awards 2008, winning for Best Composer at the 2nd Asian Film Awards.", "Vishal–Shekhar was nominated for the Best Music Director at the 53rd Filmfare Awards, Producers Guild Awards 2008 and Zee Cine Awards 2008, winning for Best Composer at the 2nd Asian Film Awards. Vishal Dadlani was alone nominated for Best Lyrics for \"Ajab Si\" at the Filmfare and Producers Film Guild award ceremonies.", "Vishal Dadlani was alone nominated for Best Lyrics for \"Ajab Si\" at the Filmfare and Producers Film Guild award ceremonies. Akhtar was nominated for Best Lyrics at the Filmfare and Zee Cine awards, winning at the 9th IIFA Awards for \"Main Agar Kahoon\".", "Akhtar was nominated for Best Lyrics at the Filmfare and Zee Cine awards, winning at the 9th IIFA Awards for \"Main Agar Kahoon\". It was the highest-selling music album of the year in India, with sales of around 2 million units.", "It was the highest-selling music album of the year in India, with sales of around 2 million units. Release Om Shanti Om created a record of sorts by going in for an unheard of 2000 prints (worldwide) release.", "Release Om Shanti Om created a record of sorts by going in for an unheard of 2000 prints (worldwide) release. This was the highest number of prints (including digital) for any Indian movie at the time of its release.", "This was the highest number of prints (including digital) for any Indian movie at the time of its release. Om Shanti Om set another record for registered pre-advance booking of 18,000 tickets in a chain of theatres in Delhi a few days before the advance booking was to start. A special screening was conducted for Bollywood actors.", "A special screening was conducted for Bollywood actors. Red Chillies Entertainment had reportedly sold the world rights for the film to Eros International for an amount between Rs. 720–750 million. Baba Films, a production and distribution company, had offered a record Rs.", "Baba Films, a production and distribution company, had offered a record Rs. 110 million for the rights to the Mumbai Circuit, surpassing the highest amount ever paid for the territory. As a marketing strategy, Amul advertised Shah Rukh.", "As a marketing strategy, Amul advertised Shah Rukh. Nina Davuluri's talent for Miss America 2014 was a Hindi Film fusion dance choreographed by Nakul Dev Mahajan and performed to Dhoom Taana. It was the first time Hindi Film ever appeared on the Miss America stage and Davuluri is the first Indian American to win the competition.", "It was the first time Hindi Film ever appeared on the Miss America stage and Davuluri is the first Indian American to win the competition. Om Shanti Om was remade into a Japanese musical titled Oomu Shanti Oumu. A book, titled The Making of Om Shanti Om written by Mushtaq Sheikh, was released after the release of the film.", "A book, titled The Making of Om Shanti Om written by Mushtaq Sheikh, was released after the release of the film. The book gives an insight into the production and happenings behind the camera of the film.", "The book gives an insight into the production and happenings behind the camera of the film. Controversy One of the leading actors of the film, Manoj Kumar planned to sue the makers of Om Shanti Om for showing his body double in bad taste.", "Controversy One of the leading actors of the film, Manoj Kumar planned to sue the makers of Om Shanti Om for showing his body double in bad taste. Kumar added, \"Are the Mumbai police so stupid that they can't recognise Manoj Kumar and lathicharge him in the '70s when he was a star?\".", "Kumar added, \"Are the Mumbai police so stupid that they can't recognise Manoj Kumar and lathicharge him in the '70s when he was a star?\". Kumar also alleged that Shahrukh Khan is communal. Later, in a press conference, Shahrukh Khan and director Farah Khan accepted their mistake and apologised for the matter.", "Later, in a press conference, Shahrukh Khan and director Farah Khan accepted their mistake and apologised for the matter. Farah Khan even offered to cut the scene which Manoj Kumar felt was hurtful, but Kumar refused on grounds that, as Farah had stated, \"I [Farah Khan] am like his daughter.", "Farah Khan even offered to cut the scene which Manoj Kumar felt was hurtful, but Kumar refused on grounds that, as Farah had stated, \"I [Farah Khan] am like his daughter. He said, 'Betiyaan maafi nahi maangti' (Daughters don't ask for forgiveness).", "He said, 'Betiyaan maafi nahi maangti' (Daughters don't ask for forgiveness). I told him that he could've called me and scolded me.\"", "I told him that he could've called me and scolded me.\" Later, Kumar said that though this incident was hurtful to him, he wishes to forgive, ignore, and move on, saying that he prefers to \"see Ram in everyone and ignore the Ravana.\"", "Later, Kumar said that though this incident was hurtful to him, he wishes to forgive, ignore, and move on, saying that he prefers to \"see Ram in everyone and ignore the Ravana.\" In 2008, before the film's television premiere on Sony TV, Manoj Kumar filed for a stay on the television release, at civil court in Mumbai.", "In 2008, before the film's television premiere on Sony TV, Manoj Kumar filed for a stay on the television release, at civil court in Mumbai. On 8 August 2008, he won permanent injunction on the scenes in Om Shanti Om that lampooned him.", "On 8 August 2008, he won permanent injunction on the scenes in Om Shanti Om that lampooned him. The court ordered the producers and Sony Entertainment Television, to edit the Manoj Kumar look-alike scenes before showing the film on the channel on 10 August 2008.", "The court ordered the producers and Sony Entertainment Television, to edit the Manoj Kumar look-alike scenes before showing the film on the channel on 10 August 2008. It also ordered that the film could not be shown in any media—TV, DVD or Internet—without the scene being deleted.", "It also ordered that the film could not be shown in any media—TV, DVD or Internet—without the scene being deleted. Plagiarism allegations On 7 August 2008, before its television release, scriptwriter Ajay Monga moved the Bombay High Court alleging that the basic storyline of the film was lifted from a film script he had emailed to Shah Rukh Khan in 2006.", "Plagiarism allegations On 7 August 2008, before its television release, scriptwriter Ajay Monga moved the Bombay High Court alleging that the basic storyline of the film was lifted from a film script he had emailed to Shah Rukh Khan in 2006. According to the petition, \"Monga, along with one more writer Hemant Hegde, had registered the script with the Cine Writers Association (CWA) in September 2005.", "According to the petition, \"Monga, along with one more writer Hemant Hegde, had registered the script with the Cine Writers Association (CWA) in September 2005. In January 2008, Cine Writers Association (CWA) rejected Monga's appeal at a special Executive Committee meeting.", "In January 2008, Cine Writers Association (CWA) rejected Monga's appeal at a special Executive Committee meeting. Thereafter, he approached the court to stay the film's screening on television.", "Thereafter, he approached the court to stay the film's screening on television. Though, on 6 August the court rejected Monga's plea for seeking a stay on the television telecast, it directed all the respondents including Shahrukh Khan, Farah Khan, Red Chillies Entertainment, Gauri Khan (director Red Chillies) and film's co-writer Mushtaq Sheikh, to file their say by the next hearing on 29 September 2008.", "Though, on 6 August the court rejected Monga's plea for seeking a stay on the television telecast, it directed all the respondents including Shahrukh Khan, Farah Khan, Red Chillies Entertainment, Gauri Khan (director Red Chillies) and film's co-writer Mushtaq Sheikh, to file their say by the next hearing on 29 September 2008. In November 2008, the Film Writers' association sent a communication to Red Chillies and Ajay Monga that it had found similarities in Om Shanti Om and Monga's script.", "In November 2008, the Film Writers' association sent a communication to Red Chillies and Ajay Monga that it had found similarities in Om Shanti Om and Monga's script. The similarities were more than mere coincidences according to Sooni Taraporewala who chaired a special committee that has investigated the case on behalf of the Film Writers' association.", "The similarities were more than mere coincidences according to Sooni Taraporewala who chaired a special committee that has investigated the case on behalf of the Film Writers' association. Another allegation of plagiarism came from Rinki Bhattacharya, daughter of late Bimal Roy, who directed Madhumati (1958).", "Another allegation of plagiarism came from Rinki Bhattacharya, daughter of late Bimal Roy, who directed Madhumati (1958). She threatened legal action against Red Chillies Entertainment and the producer-director of Om Shanti Om, as she felt that the film's second half was similar to Madhumati, also a rebirth saga.", "She threatened legal action against Red Chillies Entertainment and the producer-director of Om Shanti Om, as she felt that the film's second half was similar to Madhumati, also a rebirth saga. Reception Critical response India Om Shanti Om was received positively by Indian film critics.", "Reception Critical response India Om Shanti Om was received positively by Indian film critics. Taran Adarsh of Bollywood Hungama gave it four stars out of five and writes, \"Om Shanti Om is Bollywood masala in its truest form and also, at its best\" but notes, \"the second half could've been crisper\".", "Taran Adarsh of Bollywood Hungama gave it four stars out of five and writes, \"Om Shanti Om is Bollywood masala in its truest form and also, at its best\" but notes, \"the second half could've been crisper\". Khalid Mohamed of Hindustan Times gave the film four stars out of five and appreciated the performances, observing how Rampal is \"consistently first-rate as the suave villain\" while Padukone is \"fantastic, so surprisingly assured that you marvel at her poised debut\".", "Khalid Mohamed of Hindustan Times gave the film four stars out of five and appreciated the performances, observing how Rampal is \"consistently first-rate as the suave villain\" while Padukone is \"fantastic, so surprisingly assured that you marvel at her poised debut\". He notes that \"the enterprise belongs to Shah Rukh Khan, who tackles comedy, high drama and action with his signature stylespontaneous and intuitively intelligent.", "He notes that \"the enterprise belongs to Shah Rukh Khan, who tackles comedy, high drama and action with his signature stylespontaneous and intuitively intelligent. Six-pack or no-packs, he's the entertainer of the year in this valentine to the movies.\"", "Six-pack or no-packs, he's the entertainer of the year in this valentine to the movies.\" Nikhat Kazmi of The Times of India gave the film three and a half stars out of five and writes, \"Farah Khan's re-birth saga literally makes an art of retro and paints the seventies pop culture in Andy Warholish strokes\".", "Nikhat Kazmi of The Times of India gave the film three and a half stars out of five and writes, \"Farah Khan's re-birth saga literally makes an art of retro and paints the seventies pop culture in Andy Warholish strokes\". She called it an \"unabashed tribute\" to Karz.", "She called it an \"unabashed tribute\" to Karz. Raja Sen of Rediff.com gave it three and a half stars out of five and applauded the performances of Shah Rukh, Padukone and Talpade.", "Raja Sen of Rediff.com gave it three and a half stars out of five and applauded the performances of Shah Rukh, Padukone and Talpade. He writes, \"Om Shanti Om is an exultant, heady, joyous film reveling in Bollywood, and as at most parties where the bubbly flows free, there is much silly giggling and tremendous immaturity.\"", "He writes, \"Om Shanti Om is an exultant, heady, joyous film reveling in Bollywood, and as at most parties where the bubbly flows free, there is much silly giggling and tremendous immaturity.\" He criticised the dialogues and excessive cameos in the film.", "He criticised the dialogues and excessive cameos in the film. Rajeev Masand of CNN-News18 gave the film three stars out of five and writes, \"Unpretentious and completely transparent in its intentions, Om Shanti Om is an entertainer in the true sense of the word, mixing up genre elements like comedy, drama, action and emotion to create a heady broth of Manmohan Desai-style exaggerated entertainment.\"", "Rajeev Masand of CNN-News18 gave the film three stars out of five and writes, \"Unpretentious and completely transparent in its intentions, Om Shanti Om is an entertainer in the true sense of the word, mixing up genre elements like comedy, drama, action and emotion to create a heady broth of Manmohan Desai-style exaggerated entertainment.\" He compliments the dialogues \"which so cleverly incorporates Bollywood's oldest clichés into these characters' everyday parlance.\"", "He compliments the dialogues \"which so cleverly incorporates Bollywood's oldest clichés into these characters' everyday parlance.\" A commentator for Indo-Asian News Service felt that Shah Rukh's acting was repetitive and writes, \"He needs to curtail his unwarranted superstar mannerisms even in a total masala film like Om Shanti Om\", while complimenting the performances of Padukone, Rampal and Talpade.", "A commentator for Indo-Asian News Service felt that Shah Rukh's acting was repetitive and writes, \"He needs to curtail his unwarranted superstar mannerisms even in a total masala film like Om Shanti Om\", while complimenting the performances of Padukone, Rampal and Talpade. Sudish Kamnath of The Hindu stated that the film is \"an unabashed celebration of willing suspension of disbelief, calling it a \"light-hearted tribute to Hindi cinema the way we know it and love it\".", "Sudish Kamnath of The Hindu stated that the film is \"an unabashed celebration of willing suspension of disbelief, calling it a \"light-hearted tribute to Hindi cinema the way we know it and love it\". He praised the performances of Shah Rukh, Padukone and Talpade, while criticising Rampal and Kher.", "He praised the performances of Shah Rukh, Padukone and Talpade, while criticising Rampal and Kher. He also praised the various spoofs, especially the ones directed at Manoj Kumar, Sanjay Leela Bhansali and Abhishek Bachchan.", "He also praised the various spoofs, especially the ones directed at Manoj Kumar, Sanjay Leela Bhansali and Abhishek Bachchan. Writing for SantaBanta.com, Subhash K. Jha gave it one star out of five and criticised the spoofs \"which keeps swinging from homage to imitation with infuriating artifice\", writing, \"The mood is one of patronizing and condescension rather than genuine admiration for an era that's gone with the wind\".", "Writing for SantaBanta.com, Subhash K. Jha gave it one star out of five and criticised the spoofs \"which keeps swinging from homage to imitation with infuriating artifice\", writing, \"The mood is one of patronizing and condescension rather than genuine admiration for an era that's gone with the wind\". Overseas On the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, Om Shanti Om holds an approval rating of 76%, based on 17 reviews with an average score of 7.21/10.", "Overseas On the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, Om Shanti Om holds an approval rating of 76%, based on 17 reviews with an average score of 7.21/10. Tajpal Rathore of BBC gave it 4 out of 5 stars as well and stated, \"Both a homage to and parody of Hindi Films, this cinematic feast delivered straight from the heart of the film industry will have you glued to your seats till the end.\"", "Tajpal Rathore of BBC gave it 4 out of 5 stars as well and stated, \"Both a homage to and parody of Hindi Films, this cinematic feast delivered straight from the heart of the film industry will have you glued to your seats till the end.\" Mark Medley of National Post gave 3 stars and stated, \"The film is a mess for all the right reasons; elements of comedy, drama, romance, action and the supernatural are packed in.", "Mark Medley of National Post gave 3 stars and stated, \"The film is a mess for all the right reasons; elements of comedy, drama, romance, action and the supernatural are packed in. But really, the plot is just a vehicle to get from one song-and-dance number to the next.\"", "But really, the plot is just a vehicle to get from one song-and-dance number to the next.\" AOL gave the film 3 out of 5 stars stating, \"The movie consists of all the elements that are essentially called the 'navratnas' of Indian cinema – from joy to grief to romance to revenge.", "AOL gave the film 3 out of 5 stars stating, \"The movie consists of all the elements that are essentially called the 'navratnas' of Indian cinema – from joy to grief to romance to revenge. And she mixes these well to cook up a potboiler, which is sure to be a runaway hit.\"", "And she mixes these well to cook up a potboiler, which is sure to be a runaway hit.\" Box office Om Shanti Om opened across 878 cinemas in 2000 prints worldwide. The film's net gross (after deducting entertainment tax) was in India.", "The film's net gross (after deducting entertainment tax) was in India. The film collected US$2.78 million in the United Kingdom, US$3.6 million in North America and US$3.7 million collectively from the rest of the world, which resulted in total overseas collections of $10,080,000, the 4th largest of all time as of 2010.", "The film collected US$2.78 million in the United Kingdom, US$3.6 million in North America and US$3.7 million collectively from the rest of the world, which resulted in total overseas collections of $10,080,000, the 4th largest of all time as of 2010. As a result of these collections, a worldwide gross of was accumulated.", "As a result of these collections, a worldwide gross of was accumulated. Awards and nominations Further reading Footnotes References External links Red Chillies Entertainment films 2007 films Indian films 2000s Hindi-language films Films about reincarnation Indian ghost films Paranormal films Films directed by Farah Khan Films involved in plagiarism controversies Films about actors Films scored by Vishal–Shekhar Films whose production designer won the Best Production Design National Film Award Films about Bollywood Cultural depictions of actors Cultural depictions of Rajesh Khanna" ]

[ "Om Shanti Om", "Casting", "Who was cast for a role?", "Shah Rukh was cast as the lead;", "What was the lead character?", "Om Shanti", "Are there any other interesting aspects about this article?", "In preparation for her role, Padukone watched several films of actresses Helen and Hema Malini to study their body language.", "What other work are they known for?", "I don't know.", "Who was another person cast for a roll?", "Rampal was approached by both Khan amd Shah Rukh at the latter's New Years Eve party.", "What was were they approached about?", "Rampal was initially reluctant to do the role as he felt it was \"too evil\" for someone like him.", "Did he ever agree to do the role?", "He agreed to do the role." ]

[ "\"Nothing but Gingerbread Left\" is a science fiction short story by American writer Henry Kuttner. It was first published in the magazine Astounding Science Fiction in 1943. The story describes a marching song, developed by linguists, that is so \"catchy\" that it preoccupies the mind of anyone who hears it to such a degree that they are unable to think about anything else: an \"earworm\". Written during World War II, it describes the song's effects on German morale, climaxing with Adolf Hitler failing to deliver an important speech about the Eastern Front because he cannot stop thinking about the song. \n\nThe Encyclopedia of Science Fiction has noted it as an early example of memes in fiction.\n\nReferences\n\nSources \n\nShort stories set in Germany\n1943 short stories\nWorks originally published in Analog Science Fiction and Fact", "Ruwida El-Hubti (born 16 April 1989) is an Olympic athlete from Libya. At the 2004 Summer Olympics, she competed in the Women's 400 metres. She finished last in her heat with a time of 1:03.57, almost 11 seconds slower than anyone else in the heat, and the slowest of anyone in the competition. However, she did set a national record.\n\nReferences\n\n1989 births\nLiving people\nOlympic athletes of Libya\nAthletes (track and field) at the 2004 Summer Olympics" ]

[ "Om Shanti Om is a 2007 Indian Hindi-language musical romantic satirical fantasy comedy-drama film written and directed by Farah Khan and co-written by Mayur Puri and Mushtaq Shiekh. Spanning three decades, the film stars Shah Rukh Khan as Om, a junior artist in 1977 who has a crush on a secretly-married superstar, played by Deepika Padukone in her Hindi film debut.", "Spanning three decades, the film stars Shah Rukh Khan as Om, a junior artist in 1977 who has a crush on a secretly-married superstar, played by Deepika Padukone in her Hindi film debut. Her lover, a producer played by Arjun Rampal, kills her in a fire; Om witnesses this and dies from the injuries sustained from trying to rescue her.", "Her lover, a producer played by Arjun Rampal, kills her in a fire; Om witnesses this and dies from the injuries sustained from trying to rescue her. Reincarnated as a superstar in 2007, he seeks to avenge his love.", "Reincarnated as a superstar in 2007, he seeks to avenge his love. The film also starred Shreyas Talpade, Kirron Kher, Nitesh Pandey, Yuvika Chaudhary, Asawari Joshi, Bindu Desai and Javed Sheikh feature in supporting roles, and saw cameos from many Bollywood celebrities in several sequences and songs.", "The film also starred Shreyas Talpade, Kirron Kher, Nitesh Pandey, Yuvika Chaudhary, Asawari Joshi, Bindu Desai and Javed Sheikh feature in supporting roles, and saw cameos from many Bollywood celebrities in several sequences and songs. Om Shanti Om was produced and presented by Shah Rukh's wife Gauri Khan under the banner Red Chillies Entertainment on a budget of 30 crore.", "Om Shanti Om was produced and presented by Shah Rukh's wife Gauri Khan under the banner Red Chillies Entertainment on a budget of 30 crore. Farah conceived the film while directing the musical Bombay Dreams (2002), which was based on the Indian film industry.", "Farah conceived the film while directing the musical Bombay Dreams (2002), which was based on the Indian film industry. After Shah Rukh rejected the first version of her next film Happy New Year, she was reminded of Om Shanti Om; the film's title derives from a similar titled popular song from the 1980 film Karz.", "After Shah Rukh rejected the first version of her next film Happy New Year, she was reminded of Om Shanti Om; the film's title derives from a similar titled popular song from the 1980 film Karz. The soundtrack album was composed by Vishal–Shekhar, with lyrics written by Javed Akhtar. The background score was performed by Sandeep Chowta.", "The background score was performed by Sandeep Chowta. The album received positive reviews and was also commercially successful, becoming the highest-selling album of the year in India.", "The album received positive reviews and was also commercially successful, becoming the highest-selling album of the year in India. The film was theatrically released in India on 9 November 2007 during Diwali weekend, Om Shanti Om earned over ₹149 crore worldwide becoming the highest grossing Bollywood film of the year; it received positive reviews, with praise for the performances and the film's soundtrack and narrative.", "The film was theatrically released in India on 9 November 2007 during Diwali weekend, Om Shanti Om earned over ₹149 crore worldwide becoming the highest grossing Bollywood film of the year; it received positive reviews, with praise for the performances and the film's soundtrack and narrative. The film won several awards in major Indian film award ceremonies.", "The film won several awards in major Indian film award ceremonies. At the 53rd Filmfare Awards, it received a leading 12 nominations, winning for Best Female Debut and Best Special Effects, and also won the National Film Award for Best Production Design.", "At the 53rd Filmfare Awards, it received a leading 12 nominations, winning for Best Female Debut and Best Special Effects, and also won the National Film Award for Best Production Design. Plot 1977 Om Prakash \"Omi\" Makhija (Shah Rukh Khan) is a poor junior film artist living with his mother Bela Makhija (Kirron Kher) and friend Pappu Master (Shreyas Talpade) in a small Mumbai chawl.", "Plot 1977 Om Prakash \"Omi\" Makhija (Shah Rukh Khan) is a poor junior film artist living with his mother Bela Makhija (Kirron Kher) and friend Pappu Master (Shreyas Talpade) in a small Mumbai chawl. He is in love with a popular film actress Shantipriya \"Shanti\" Kashyap (Deepika Padukone) as he takes small acting roles in Bollywood at the R.C.", "He is in love with a popular film actress Shantipriya \"Shanti\" Kashyap (Deepika Padukone) as he takes small acting roles in Bollywood at the R.C. Studios owned by popular film producer Mukesh Mehra (Arjun Rampal).", "Studios owned by popular film producer Mukesh Mehra (Arjun Rampal). One day, during the shooting of a film, a fire breaks out on the shooting set trapping Shanti but Omi rescues her and they become friends.", "One day, during the shooting of a film, a fire breaks out on the shooting set trapping Shanti but Omi rescues her and they become friends. Days later, Omi ends up overhearing Shanti and Mukesh's conversation and is shocked to discover that they have been married for 2 years but Mukesh refuses to reveal this in public as it will ruin both their careers.", "Days later, Omi ends up overhearing Shanti and Mukesh's conversation and is shocked to discover that they have been married for 2 years but Mukesh refuses to reveal this in public as it will ruin both their careers. Shanti reveals that she is also pregnant with Mukesh's child, leaving Omi heartbroken.", "Shanti reveals that she is also pregnant with Mukesh's child, leaving Omi heartbroken. One night, Omi comes to the shooting set of an upcoming film Om Shanti Om where Shanti is but he goes from there on overseeing her with Mukesh.", "One night, Omi comes to the shooting set of an upcoming film Om Shanti Om where Shanti is but he goes from there on overseeing her with Mukesh. However, Mukesh reveals to Shanti that he has decided to burn her in the shooting set as revealing his marriage and her pregnancy will ruin his career.", "However, Mukesh reveals to Shanti that he has decided to burn her in the shooting set as revealing his marriage and her pregnancy will ruin his career. Saying this, he puts the shooting set on fire and locks a horrified Shanti in it.", "Saying this, he puts the shooting set on fire and locks a horrified Shanti in it. When Omi spots her in the fire, he attempts to go and rescue her but is attacked by Mukesh's guards, leaving him severely injured. He is then thrown out of the shooting set by a big explosion.", "He is then thrown out of the shooting set by a big explosion. As it explodes with Shanti in it, Omi staggers on the road and gets hit by a car driven by actor Rajesh Kapoor (Jawed Sheikh) who is taking his pregnant wife Lovely Kapoor (Asavari Joshi) to the hospital as she is under labour.", "As it explodes with Shanti in it, Omi staggers on the road and gets hit by a car driven by actor Rajesh Kapoor (Jawed Sheikh) who is taking his pregnant wife Lovely Kapoor (Asavari Joshi) to the hospital as she is under labour. Both Omi and Lovely are hospitalised by Rajesh where Omi dies from his serious injuries while reminiscing about Shanti.", "Both Omi and Lovely are hospitalised by Rajesh where Omi dies from his serious injuries while reminiscing about Shanti. However, he is reborn on the same night in the same hospital as Rajesh and Lovely's son Om Kapoor.", "However, he is reborn on the same night in the same hospital as Rajesh and Lovely's son Om Kapoor. 2007 Om \"OK\" Kapoor (Shah Rukh Khan) is a popular film actor in Bollywood who lives a luxurious life and often comes across but ignores Bela Makhija (Kirron Kher) who believes him for her own son.", "2007 Om \"OK\" Kapoor (Shah Rukh Khan) is a popular film actor in Bollywood who lives a luxurious life and often comes across but ignores Bela Makhija (Kirron Kher) who believes him for her own son. His successful career eventually takes him to the abandoned and ruined R.C.", "His successful career eventually takes him to the abandoned and ruined R.C. Studios where he experiences unsettling flashbacks of his previous life. Later, when he is nominated as Filmfare Award for Best Actor, he gives the same emotional speech which he had given in his previous life.", "Later, when he is nominated as Filmfare Award for Best Actor, he gives the same emotional speech which he had given in his previous life. An elderly Pappu Master (Shreyas Talpade) watches him on TV and realises that he is lookalike Omi.", "An elderly Pappu Master (Shreyas Talpade) watches him on TV and realises that he is lookalike Omi. During a party, OK remembers his previous life after he sees Mukesh \"Mike\" Mehra. That night, he traces Bela and Pappu to their house and has an emotional reunion with him.", "That night, he traces Bela and Pappu to their house and has an emotional reunion with him. The three plan to avenge Shanti's murder by making Mukesh confess his crime and they audition several film actresses to find Shanti's look-alike but in vain.", "The three plan to avenge Shanti's murder by making Mukesh confess his crime and they audition several film actresses to find Shanti's look-alike but in vain. However, Om ends up coming across a junior film artist Sandhya \"Sandy\" Bansal (Deepika Padukone) who is an exact doppelgänger of Shanti.", "However, Om ends up coming across a junior film artist Sandhya \"Sandy\" Bansal (Deepika Padukone) who is an exact doppelgänger of Shanti. Sandy promises OK that she will try to help him according to his plan. OK convinces Mukesh to restart the shooting of Om Shanti Om on the same ruined R.C. Studios.", "Studios. Studios. Throughout the shooting of the film, OK and Pappu make Sandy dress as Shanti and arrange incidents to remind Mukesh of his crime and make him think that Shanti's ghost is haunting him.", "Throughout the shooting of the film, OK and Pappu make Sandy dress as Shanti and arrange incidents to remind Mukesh of his crime and make him think that Shanti's ghost is haunting him. However, supernatural events also occur on the shooting set which disturb Mukesh, much to the confusion of OK. During the music launch of Om Shanti Om, OK performs Shanti's life story through a song which shocks Mukesh who, however, discovers that Sandy is not Shanti's ghost as her body bleeds due to a small accident.", "However, supernatural events also occur on the shooting set which disturb Mukesh, much to the confusion of OK. During the music launch of Om Shanti Om, OK performs Shanti's life story through a song which shocks Mukesh who, however, discovers that Sandy is not Shanti's ghost as her body bleeds due to a small accident. He attempts to chase her but is knocked unconscious by a falling chandelier.", "He attempts to chase her but is knocked unconscious by a falling chandelier. When he regains consciousness, Mukesh is confronted by OK but he tells him that he has discovered that Sandy is not Shanti's ghost and he taunts him that there is no proof of Shanti's murder.", "When he regains consciousness, Mukesh is confronted by OK but he tells him that he has discovered that Sandy is not Shanti's ghost and he taunts him that there is no proof of Shanti's murder. Sandy then reaches the scene and reveals that after the fire had burned the shooting set, Mukesh had returned to Shanti who was still alive and breathing but he buried her alive below a chandelier.", "Sandy then reaches the scene and reveals that after the fire had burned the shooting set, Mukesh had returned to Shanti who was still alive and breathing but he buried her alive below a chandelier. She tells that Shanti's dead body will be found below the chandelier which will be a proof of her murder to the court.", "She tells that Shanti's dead body will be found below the chandelier which will be a proof of her murder to the court. As both OK and Mukesh wonder how Sandy knows this, Mukesh attempts to shoot her to death but OK stops him and attacks him which results in fire breaking out on the shooting set.", "As both OK and Mukesh wonder how Sandy knows this, Mukesh attempts to shoot her to death but OK stops him and attacks him which results in fire breaking out on the shooting set. OK fights against Mukesh but Sandy stops him and tells him that he will die but not at his hands.", "OK fights against Mukesh but Sandy stops him and tells him that he will die but not at his hands. She then looks at the chandelier and it falls down on Mukesh, killing him. Eventually, OK is shocked when \"another Sandy\" reaches the scene along with Pappu to help him.", "Eventually, OK is shocked when \"another Sandy\" reaches the scene along with Pappu to help him. As he glances back at the one in front of him, he realises that the \"Sandy\" who had revealed Shanti's murder proof and had killed Mukesh was actually Shanti's ghost, and she was responsible for the supernatural events occurring on the shooting set.", "As he glances back at the one in front of him, he realises that the \"Sandy\" who had revealed Shanti's murder proof and had killed Mukesh was actually Shanti's ghost, and she was responsible for the supernatural events occurring on the shooting set. OK waves goodbye to Shanti who tearfully smiles at him and disappears as she finally finds peace.", "OK waves goodbye to Shanti who tearfully smiles at him and disappears as she finally finds peace. The film ends with all its cast and crew approaching the shooting set of Om Shanti Om and the credits roll.", "The film ends with all its cast and crew approaching the shooting set of Om Shanti Om and the credits roll. Cast Shah Rukh Khan as Om Makhija / Om Kapoor (dual role) Deepika Padukone as Shanti Kashyap / Sandy Bansal (dual role) Shreyas Talpade as Pappu Master Kirron Kher as Bela Makhija Arjun Rampal as Mukesh Mehra Javed Sheikh as Rajesh Kapoor (Om Kapoor's father) Asavari Joshi as Lovely Kapoor (Om Kapoor's mother) Nitesh Pandey as Anwar Sheikh Mohammad (Om Kapoor's assistant) Bindu Desai as Kamini Arora (Dolly's mother) Nasser Abdullah as Rajesh Kapoor's secretary Yuvika Chaudhary as Dolly Arora (Om Kapoor's friend) Shawar Ali as Himself Lin Laishram as Om Kapoor's friend Cameo appearance Amitabh Bachchan as Himself Anil Kapoor as Himself Jackie Shroff as Himself Uday Chopra as Himself Abhishek Bachchan as Himself Akshay Kumar as Himself Ameesha Patel as Om Kapoor's co-actress in a film at Filmfare Awards Dia Mirza as Om Kapoor's co-actress in a film at Filmfare Awards Farah Khan as the woman who makes fun of Omi when the show ends Feroz Khan as Himself Gauri Khan as Herself Karan Johar as Himself Malaika Arora as Herself Vishal Dadlani as the director of Mohabbat Man, a superhero film Manikandan Velayutham as the director of Mind It, a parody of action films Priya Patil as Natasha, heroine of Apahij Pyar Rakesh Roshan as Himself Rishi Kapoor as the special host of Filmfare Awards who gives the award to Om Kapoor Shabana Azmi as Herself Subhash Ghai as Himself while shooting his iconic film Karz Yash Chopra as Himself Special appearance during the \"Deewangi Deewangi\" song (in order of appearance) Rani Mukerji Zayed Khan Vidya Balan Jeetendra Tusshar Kapoor Priyanka Chopra Shilpa Shetty Dharmendra Shabana Azmi Urmila Matondkar Karishma Kapoor Arbaaz Khan Malaika Arora Khan Dino Morea Amrita Arora Juhi Chawla Aftab Shivdasani Tabu Hashmi Govinda Ahuja Mithun Chakraborty Kajol Bobby Deol Preity Zinta Rekha Riteish Deshmukh Salman Khan Saif Ali Khan Sanjay Dutt Lara Dutta Suniel Shetty Production Development In 2002, Farah Khan worked as a choreographer for the musical Bombay Dreams in London, which she felt presented a \"clichéd and outdated version\" of the Indian film industry.", "Cast Shah Rukh Khan as Om Makhija / Om Kapoor (dual role) Deepika Padukone as Shanti Kashyap / Sandy Bansal (dual role) Shreyas Talpade as Pappu Master Kirron Kher as Bela Makhija Arjun Rampal as Mukesh Mehra Javed Sheikh as Rajesh Kapoor (Om Kapoor's father) Asavari Joshi as Lovely Kapoor (Om Kapoor's mother) Nitesh Pandey as Anwar Sheikh Mohammad (Om Kapoor's assistant) Bindu Desai as Kamini Arora (Dolly's mother) Nasser Abdullah as Rajesh Kapoor's secretary Yuvika Chaudhary as Dolly Arora (Om Kapoor's friend) Shawar Ali as Himself Lin Laishram as Om Kapoor's friend Cameo appearance Amitabh Bachchan as Himself Anil Kapoor as Himself Jackie Shroff as Himself Uday Chopra as Himself Abhishek Bachchan as Himself Akshay Kumar as Himself Ameesha Patel as Om Kapoor's co-actress in a film at Filmfare Awards Dia Mirza as Om Kapoor's co-actress in a film at Filmfare Awards Farah Khan as the woman who makes fun of Omi when the show ends Feroz Khan as Himself Gauri Khan as Herself Karan Johar as Himself Malaika Arora as Herself Vishal Dadlani as the director of Mohabbat Man, a superhero film Manikandan Velayutham as the director of Mind It, a parody of action films Priya Patil as Natasha, heroine of Apahij Pyar Rakesh Roshan as Himself Rishi Kapoor as the special host of Filmfare Awards who gives the award to Om Kapoor Shabana Azmi as Herself Subhash Ghai as Himself while shooting his iconic film Karz Yash Chopra as Himself Special appearance during the \"Deewangi Deewangi\" song (in order of appearance) Rani Mukerji Zayed Khan Vidya Balan Jeetendra Tusshar Kapoor Priyanka Chopra Shilpa Shetty Dharmendra Shabana Azmi Urmila Matondkar Karishma Kapoor Arbaaz Khan Malaika Arora Khan Dino Morea Amrita Arora Juhi Chawla Aftab Shivdasani Tabu Hashmi Govinda Ahuja Mithun Chakraborty Kajol Bobby Deol Preity Zinta Rekha Riteish Deshmukh Salman Khan Saif Ali Khan Sanjay Dutt Lara Dutta Suniel Shetty Production Development In 2002, Farah Khan worked as a choreographer for the musical Bombay Dreams in London, which she felt presented a \"clichéd and outdated version\" of the Indian film industry. She thought that the musical would not be successful if released in India.", "She thought that the musical would not be successful if released in India. She instead thought of a new story, writing her initial thoughts about the subject on Andrew Lloyd Webber's letterhead while staying in his house. Later in 2006, Farah began to work on her next project, which was tentatively titled Happy New Year.", "Later in 2006, Farah began to work on her next project, which was tentatively titled Happy New Year. Amid speculations that Shah Rukh Khan would star in Happy New Year, the actor rejected the first draft of the film, upon which Farah's husband and editor Shirish Kunder reminded her of the story she had conceived while in London.", "Amid speculations that Shah Rukh Khan would star in Happy New Year, the actor rejected the first draft of the film, upon which Farah's husband and editor Shirish Kunder reminded her of the story she had conceived while in London. Happy New Year, which was to mark Deepika Padukone's Hindi debut, was put on hiatus and revived more than 8 years later under the same title.", "Happy New Year, which was to mark Deepika Padukone's Hindi debut, was put on hiatus and revived more than 8 years later under the same title. Farah completed writing the first script of Om Shanti Om within two weeks.", "Farah completed writing the first script of Om Shanti Om within two weeks. She set the first half in the 1970s as she felt the Hindi films made during that period were much more influential than those made in other periods, particularly the 1980s, which she felt was a period when \"the worst movies were made\".", "She set the first half in the 1970s as she felt the Hindi films made during that period were much more influential than those made in other periods, particularly the 1980s, which she felt was a period when \"the worst movies were made\". She also included many references to the 1970s, which were also prevalent in films of that time.", "She also included many references to the 1970s, which were also prevalent in films of that time. She said, \"Everything in the first half is about the 70ssuch as the mother who overacts, mouthing clichéd dialogues. Then there are cabarets, badminton and other stuff popular during that era.\"", "Then there are cabarets, badminton and other stuff popular during that era.\" Shah Rukh's costumes were designed by Karan Johar, while Manish Malhotra designed Padukone's costumes. The rest of the cast had their costumes designed by Sanjeev Mulchadni. In addition to directing the film, Farah co-wrote the story with Mayur Puri and Mushtaq Shiekh.", "In addition to directing the film, Farah co-wrote the story with Mayur Puri and Mushtaq Shiekh. She was also the film's choreographer. Puri wrote the screenplay and dialogues. He completed the writing process in two months and rewrote the film's second half. Puri created the screenplay by writing his natural reaction to the characters as scenarios.", "Puri created the screenplay by writing his natural reaction to the characters as scenarios. He knew that despite being part of a crowd, junior artists do not want to be recognised as such, ruins their chances of landing a leading role in future. This was used in a sequence involving Shah Rukh and Talpade, who play junior artists.", "This was used in a sequence involving Shah Rukh and Talpade, who play junior artists. Puri blended different genres together in Om Shanti Om, which he felt was challenging. He used his personal memories from childhood for creating the 1970s. Shirish Kunder was the editor, while V. Manikandan was the cinematographer.", "Shirish Kunder was the editor, while V. Manikandan was the cinematographer. Sabu Cyril was the film's production designer. Sabu was first offered the Mani Ratnam-directed Guru (2007) at a time when Om Shanti Om was being planned, but ultimately chosen the latter due to his earlier commitment to Farah for her future project.", "Sabu was first offered the Mani Ratnam-directed Guru (2007) at a time when Om Shanti Om was being planned, but ultimately chosen the latter due to his earlier commitment to Farah for her future project. Farah used two particular dialogues in the film: \"When you want something badly, the whole universe conspires to give to you\" and \"In the end everything will be ok and if its not ok its not the end\".", "Farah used two particular dialogues in the film: \"When you want something badly, the whole universe conspires to give to you\" and \"In the end everything will be ok and if its not ok its not the end\". These were used as Khan felt that it reflected her philosophy in her life.", "These were used as Khan felt that it reflected her philosophy in her life. Farah stated that the film's opening scene was her most favourite in it. In 2008, Puri felt his most favourite dialogue from the ones he wrote would be the Filmfare Awards speech.", "In 2008, Puri felt his most favourite dialogue from the ones he wrote would be the Filmfare Awards speech. The film's title derives from the eponymous song from the film Karz (1980). Om is a Hindu mantra; Om Shanti Om roughly translates to \"Peace Be With You\".", "Om is a Hindu mantra; Om Shanti Om roughly translates to \"Peace Be With You\". The film opens with the grandeur shot of the most famous songs of Karz that is Om Shanti Om featuring Rishi Kapoor and SRK as junior artist standing in the crowd.", "The film opens with the grandeur shot of the most famous songs of Karz that is Om Shanti Om featuring Rishi Kapoor and SRK as junior artist standing in the crowd. Casting Shah Rukh was cast as the lead; he gained six packs for a song sequence. He felt Om Shanti Om was a \"happy film\".", "He felt Om Shanti Om was a \"happy film\". Farah was advised by Malaika Arora to cast Padukone as the female lead, who was suggested by Wendell Roddick, under whom Padukone was working. She was cast without a screen test.", "She was cast without a screen test. Khan felt that she was \"a beautiful, classic Indian beauty\" who fit the role of an actor of the 1970s. She was excited at the prospect of working with Shah Rukh and said, \"I've grown up watching [Shah Rukh] and always admired him so much.", "She was excited at the prospect of working with Shah Rukh and said, \"I've grown up watching [Shah Rukh] and always admired him so much. To get to work with him ... is quite wonderful. It was also fantastic that Farah showed faith in my talent and cast me opposite him.\"", "It was also fantastic that Farah showed faith in my talent and cast me opposite him.\" In preparation for her role, Padukone watched several films of actresses Helen and Hema Malini to study their body language. Her character was modelled after Malini and nicknamed Dreamy Girl after her the latter's nickname as Dream Girl.", "Her character was modelled after Malini and nicknamed Dreamy Girl after her the latter's nickname as Dream Girl. Rampal was approached by both Khan and Shah Rukh at the latter's New Year's Eve party. Rampal was initially reluctant to do the role as he felt it was \"too evil\" for someone like him.", "Rampal was initially reluctant to do the role as he felt it was \"too evil\" for someone like him. With persuasion from Shah Rukh, he agreed. Rampal wore a mustache in the film which was suggested by Shah Rukh. Shreyas Talpade played a supporting role as the best friend of Khan's character.", "Shreyas Talpade played a supporting role as the best friend of Khan's character. After the release of Iqbal (2005) and completing the filming of Dor, Talpade, who attended the same gym as Khan, was called for a narration of what would be Om Shanti Om. He agreed to do the role.", "He agreed to do the role. Kirron Kher, Bindu and Javed Sheikh also appear in the film. 31 Bollywood film actors appeared in cameo appearances for the song \"Deewangi Deewangi\". Other actors were also supposed to play cameos, including Fardeen Khan, who was arrested at Dubai airport in a drug case.", "Other actors were also supposed to play cameos, including Fardeen Khan, who was arrested at Dubai airport in a drug case. Dev Anand refused as he always played lead roles in his career. Dilip Kumar and Saira Banu didn't appear in the song, despite plans to include them.", "Dilip Kumar and Saira Banu didn't appear in the song, despite plans to include them. Amitabh Bachchan refused due to his son's wedding, while Aamir Khan refused due to Taare Zameen Pars (2007) pending editing. Khan had wanted the three Khans to appear together in a film.", "Khan had wanted the three Khans to appear together in a film. Rekha, who appears in the song, carried out 2 days of rehearsal for it. All those who appeared for the song received gifts, including a Blackberry phone and a Tag Heuer watch. Principal photography Om Shanti Om was made on a budget of ₹40 crore.", "Principal photography Om Shanti Om was made on a budget of ₹40 crore. The first scene to be filmed was one where Talpade's character tells Shah Rukh's character that he will be a hero; Shah Rukh was an hour late for filming.", "The first scene to be filmed was one where Talpade's character tells Shah Rukh's character that he will be a hero; Shah Rukh was an hour late for filming. Farah was pregnant with triplets while filming and experienced difficulties while shooting, she would constantly vomit while directing the film.", "Farah was pregnant with triplets while filming and experienced difficulties while shooting, she would constantly vomit while directing the film. The film was shot entirely in sync sound; Farah dismissed rumours of Padukone's voice being dubbed. In 2015, however, Mona Ghosh Shetty admitted to have dubbed for Padukone in the film.", "In 2015, however, Mona Ghosh Shetty admitted to have dubbed for Padukone in the film. The fake fight scene involving a stuffed tiger was inspired by a similar scene in the film Tarzan 303. Old cars owned by actors Rajesh Khanna and Hema Malini were used for filming for authenticity.", "Old cars owned by actors Rajesh Khanna and Hema Malini were used for filming for authenticity. A number of references to real life was also filmed, including a scene in which Om saves Shantipriya from a fire, which was a spoof of Sunil Dutt rescuing Nargis from a fire on the sets of Mother India (1957).", "A number of references to real life was also filmed, including a scene in which Om saves Shantipriya from a fire, which was a spoof of Sunil Dutt rescuing Nargis from a fire on the sets of Mother India (1957). For a shot involving a Filmfare Awards ceremony, Khan stood on the red carpet of an actual Filmfare Award ceremony and requested actors to dictate dialogues as she stated.", "For a shot involving a Filmfare Awards ceremony, Khan stood on the red carpet of an actual Filmfare Award ceremony and requested actors to dictate dialogues as she stated. The song \"Deewangi Deewangi\" was shot over a period of six days.", "The song \"Deewangi Deewangi\" was shot over a period of six days. The song \"Dhoom Taana\" has digitally altered guest appearances, which included Sunil Dutt from Amrapali (1966), Rajesh Khanna from Sachaa Jhutha (1970) and Jeetendra from Jay Vejay (1977).", "The song \"Dhoom Taana\" has digitally altered guest appearances, which included Sunil Dutt from Amrapali (1966), Rajesh Khanna from Sachaa Jhutha (1970) and Jeetendra from Jay Vejay (1977). Farah wanted to film Shakira for filming a special appearance had made her commit a few days for the role.", "Farah wanted to film Shakira for filming a special appearance had made her commit a few days for the role. Due to the uncertainty of her dates, the idea was scrapped. In February 2007, a filming schedule was completed in Film City.", "In February 2007, a filming schedule was completed in Film City. It was then reported that filming would move outdoors after Shah Rukh completed filming for Kaun Banega Crorepati.", "It was then reported that filming would move outdoors after Shah Rukh completed filming for Kaun Banega Crorepati. In October 2007, Abhishek Bachchan finished filming for his cameo appearance; he shot between 10 and 2 in the night for his screen time of about one and a half minutes.", "In October 2007, Abhishek Bachchan finished filming for his cameo appearance; he shot between 10 and 2 in the night for his screen time of about one and a half minutes. Filming of the last sequence and the end-credit song was done in Film City.", "Filming of the last sequence and the end-credit song was done in Film City. Farah continued the tradition of featuring an end-credits song beginning with Main Hoon Na (2004). Om Shanti Om was produced by Shah Rukh's wife Gauri Khan under their Red Chillies Entertainment banner.", "Om Shanti Om was produced by Shah Rukh's wife Gauri Khan under their Red Chillies Entertainment banner. While Marching Ants handled the publicity design, Gauri was the presenter. Shyam Kaushal, Amar Shetty and Shah Rukh were the action directors. The film's final reel length was 4013.94 ft (1223.45 m).", "The film's final reel length was 4013.94 ft (1223.45 m). Music Initially, A. R. Rahman was signed in to compose original songs and background score for the film but he opted out after disagreements with T-Series as he wanted them to share the copyrights of music between him and the lyricist.", "Music Initially, A. R. Rahman was signed in to compose original songs and background score for the film but he opted out after disagreements with T-Series as he wanted them to share the copyrights of music between him and the lyricist. The film score was composed by Sandeep Chowta while the original songs featured in Om Shanti Om were composed by the duo Vishal–Shekhar with lyrics by Javed Akhtar.", "The film score was composed by Sandeep Chowta while the original songs featured in Om Shanti Om were composed by the duo Vishal–Shekhar with lyrics by Javed Akhtar. One song was composed by Pyarelal of the Laxmikant-Pyarelal duo.", "One song was composed by Pyarelal of the Laxmikant-Pyarelal duo. The vocals are provided by KK, Sukhwinder Singh, Marianne, Nisha, Caralisa Monteiro, Shaan, Udit Narayan, Shreya Ghoshal, Sunidhi Chauhan, Rahul Saxena, Sonu Nigam, Rahat Fateh Ali Khan, Richa Sharma, Abhijeet Bhattacharya, DJ Aqeel, DJ G, Kiran Karnath, Jackie V, Nikhil Chinapa, DJ Nawed and Zoheb.", "The vocals are provided by KK, Sukhwinder Singh, Marianne, Nisha, Caralisa Monteiro, Shaan, Udit Narayan, Shreya Ghoshal, Sunidhi Chauhan, Rahul Saxena, Sonu Nigam, Rahat Fateh Ali Khan, Richa Sharma, Abhijeet Bhattacharya, DJ Aqeel, DJ G, Kiran Karnath, Jackie V, Nikhil Chinapa, DJ Nawed and Zoheb. They intended the soundtrack to be a tribute to the music of the 1960s and 1970s, while appealing to newer audiences at the same time.", "They intended the soundtrack to be a tribute to the music of the 1960s and 1970s, while appealing to newer audiences at the same time. Trade reports predicted the album to be commercially successful. The soundtrack album of Om Shanti Om was released on 15 August 2007 on CD.", "The soundtrack album of Om Shanti Om was released on 15 August 2007 on CD. Pyarelal of the Laxmikant-Pyarelal duo guest composed the title Dhoom Taana.", "Pyarelal of the Laxmikant-Pyarelal duo guest composed the title Dhoom Taana. He had stopped composing after the death of his partner Laxmikant, but after Farah Khan requested a song as tribute to the music of the 70s and the 80s, he agreed at the insistence of his wife and daughter.", "He had stopped composing after the death of his partner Laxmikant, but after Farah Khan requested a song as tribute to the music of the 70s and the 80s, he agreed at the insistence of his wife and daughter. The song was recorded with a 150-member-orchestra and traditional instruments like drums, tabla, dholak and dafli, a trademark of Laxmikant-Pyarelal.", "The song was recorded with a 150-member-orchestra and traditional instruments like drums, tabla, dholak and dafli, a trademark of Laxmikant-Pyarelal. He used more than 40 different percussion instruments.", "He used more than 40 different percussion instruments. In a soundtrack review, Joginder Tuteja of Bollywood Hungama gave it four stars out of five and opines, \"Om Shanti Om is easily one of the most complete scores by Vishal-Shekhar and Javed Akhtar.\"", "In a soundtrack review, Joginder Tuteja of Bollywood Hungama gave it four stars out of five and opines, \"Om Shanti Om is easily one of the most complete scores by Vishal-Shekhar and Javed Akhtar.\" Sukanya Verma of Rediff.com also gave it four stars out of five, applauding the tracks but criticised the \"Dark Side\" mix.", "Sukanya Verma of Rediff.com also gave it four stars out of five, applauding the tracks but criticised the \"Dark Side\" mix. She concludes her review by writing, \"Om Shanti Om is an out-and-out musical that captivates with its roaring polyphony and unabashed drama.\"", "She concludes her review by writing, \"Om Shanti Om is an out-and-out musical that captivates with its roaring polyphony and unabashed drama.\" Aakash Gandhi of Planet Bollywood gave a rating of 8.5 stars out of 10 and writes, \"not only have [Vishal–Shekhar] proven themselves in terms of musical ingenuity and quality, they have shown us the confidence, the poise, and the ability to step up to the plate and hit a grand-slam when they’re called upon to do so.\"", "Aakash Gandhi of Planet Bollywood gave a rating of 8.5 stars out of 10 and writes, \"not only have [Vishal–Shekhar] proven themselves in terms of musical ingenuity and quality, they have shown us the confidence, the poise, and the ability to step up to the plate and hit a grand-slam when they’re called upon to do so.\" He further gave them a \"standing ovation\".", "He further gave them a \"standing ovation\". Writing for AllMusic, Bhaskar Gupta gave the album 4.5 stars out of five and praises the composers, writing, \"Vishal-Shekhar finally delivered a soundtrack that could be deemed their signature offering.\"", "Writing for AllMusic, Bhaskar Gupta gave the album 4.5 stars out of five and praises the composers, writing, \"Vishal-Shekhar finally delivered a soundtrack that could be deemed their signature offering.\" Vishal–Shekhar was nominated for the Best Music Director at the 53rd Filmfare Awards, Producers Guild Awards 2008 and Zee Cine Awards 2008, winning for Best Composer at the 2nd Asian Film Awards.", "Vishal–Shekhar was nominated for the Best Music Director at the 53rd Filmfare Awards, Producers Guild Awards 2008 and Zee Cine Awards 2008, winning for Best Composer at the 2nd Asian Film Awards. Vishal Dadlani was alone nominated for Best Lyrics for \"Ajab Si\" at the Filmfare and Producers Film Guild award ceremonies.", "Vishal Dadlani was alone nominated for Best Lyrics for \"Ajab Si\" at the Filmfare and Producers Film Guild award ceremonies. Akhtar was nominated for Best Lyrics at the Filmfare and Zee Cine awards, winning at the 9th IIFA Awards for \"Main Agar Kahoon\".", "Akhtar was nominated for Best Lyrics at the Filmfare and Zee Cine awards, winning at the 9th IIFA Awards for \"Main Agar Kahoon\". It was the highest-selling music album of the year in India, with sales of around 2 million units.", "It was the highest-selling music album of the year in India, with sales of around 2 million units. Release Om Shanti Om created a record of sorts by going in for an unheard of 2000 prints (worldwide) release.", "Release Om Shanti Om created a record of sorts by going in for an unheard of 2000 prints (worldwide) release. This was the highest number of prints (including digital) for any Indian movie at the time of its release.", "This was the highest number of prints (including digital) for any Indian movie at the time of its release. Om Shanti Om set another record for registered pre-advance booking of 18,000 tickets in a chain of theatres in Delhi a few days before the advance booking was to start. A special screening was conducted for Bollywood actors.", "A special screening was conducted for Bollywood actors. Red Chillies Entertainment had reportedly sold the world rights for the film to Eros International for an amount between Rs. 720–750 million. Baba Films, a production and distribution company, had offered a record Rs.", "Baba Films, a production and distribution company, had offered a record Rs. 110 million for the rights to the Mumbai Circuit, surpassing the highest amount ever paid for the territory. As a marketing strategy, Amul advertised Shah Rukh.", "As a marketing strategy, Amul advertised Shah Rukh. Nina Davuluri's talent for Miss America 2014 was a Hindi Film fusion dance choreographed by Nakul Dev Mahajan and performed to Dhoom Taana. It was the first time Hindi Film ever appeared on the Miss America stage and Davuluri is the first Indian American to win the competition.", "It was the first time Hindi Film ever appeared on the Miss America stage and Davuluri is the first Indian American to win the competition. Om Shanti Om was remade into a Japanese musical titled Oomu Shanti Oumu. A book, titled The Making of Om Shanti Om written by Mushtaq Sheikh, was released after the release of the film.", "A book, titled The Making of Om Shanti Om written by Mushtaq Sheikh, was released after the release of the film. The book gives an insight into the production and happenings behind the camera of the film.", "The book gives an insight into the production and happenings behind the camera of the film. Controversy One of the leading actors of the film, Manoj Kumar planned to sue the makers of Om Shanti Om for showing his body double in bad taste.", "Controversy One of the leading actors of the film, Manoj Kumar planned to sue the makers of Om Shanti Om for showing his body double in bad taste. Kumar added, \"Are the Mumbai police so stupid that they can't recognise Manoj Kumar and lathicharge him in the '70s when he was a star?\".", "Kumar added, \"Are the Mumbai police so stupid that they can't recognise Manoj Kumar and lathicharge him in the '70s when he was a star?\". Kumar also alleged that Shahrukh Khan is communal. Later, in a press conference, Shahrukh Khan and director Farah Khan accepted their mistake and apologised for the matter.", "Later, in a press conference, Shahrukh Khan and director Farah Khan accepted their mistake and apologised for the matter. Farah Khan even offered to cut the scene which Manoj Kumar felt was hurtful, but Kumar refused on grounds that, as Farah had stated, \"I [Farah Khan] am like his daughter.", "Farah Khan even offered to cut the scene which Manoj Kumar felt was hurtful, but Kumar refused on grounds that, as Farah had stated, \"I [Farah Khan] am like his daughter. He said, 'Betiyaan maafi nahi maangti' (Daughters don't ask for forgiveness).", "He said, 'Betiyaan maafi nahi maangti' (Daughters don't ask for forgiveness). I told him that he could've called me and scolded me.\"", "I told him that he could've called me and scolded me.\" Later, Kumar said that though this incident was hurtful to him, he wishes to forgive, ignore, and move on, saying that he prefers to \"see Ram in everyone and ignore the Ravana.\"", "Later, Kumar said that though this incident was hurtful to him, he wishes to forgive, ignore, and move on, saying that he prefers to \"see Ram in everyone and ignore the Ravana.\" In 2008, before the film's television premiere on Sony TV, Manoj Kumar filed for a stay on the television release, at civil court in Mumbai.", "In 2008, before the film's television premiere on Sony TV, Manoj Kumar filed for a stay on the television release, at civil court in Mumbai. On 8 August 2008, he won permanent injunction on the scenes in Om Shanti Om that lampooned him.", "On 8 August 2008, he won permanent injunction on the scenes in Om Shanti Om that lampooned him. The court ordered the producers and Sony Entertainment Television, to edit the Manoj Kumar look-alike scenes before showing the film on the channel on 10 August 2008.", "The court ordered the producers and Sony Entertainment Television, to edit the Manoj Kumar look-alike scenes before showing the film on the channel on 10 August 2008. It also ordered that the film could not be shown in any media—TV, DVD or Internet—without the scene being deleted.", "It also ordered that the film could not be shown in any media—TV, DVD or Internet—without the scene being deleted. Plagiarism allegations On 7 August 2008, before its television release, scriptwriter Ajay Monga moved the Bombay High Court alleging that the basic storyline of the film was lifted from a film script he had emailed to Shah Rukh Khan in 2006.", "Plagiarism allegations On 7 August 2008, before its television release, scriptwriter Ajay Monga moved the Bombay High Court alleging that the basic storyline of the film was lifted from a film script he had emailed to Shah Rukh Khan in 2006. According to the petition, \"Monga, along with one more writer Hemant Hegde, had registered the script with the Cine Writers Association (CWA) in September 2005.", "According to the petition, \"Monga, along with one more writer Hemant Hegde, had registered the script with the Cine Writers Association (CWA) in September 2005. In January 2008, Cine Writers Association (CWA) rejected Monga's appeal at a special Executive Committee meeting.", "In January 2008, Cine Writers Association (CWA) rejected Monga's appeal at a special Executive Committee meeting. Thereafter, he approached the court to stay the film's screening on television.", "Thereafter, he approached the court to stay the film's screening on television. Though, on 6 August the court rejected Monga's plea for seeking a stay on the television telecast, it directed all the respondents including Shahrukh Khan, Farah Khan, Red Chillies Entertainment, Gauri Khan (director Red Chillies) and film's co-writer Mushtaq Sheikh, to file their say by the next hearing on 29 September 2008.", "Though, on 6 August the court rejected Monga's plea for seeking a stay on the television telecast, it directed all the respondents including Shahrukh Khan, Farah Khan, Red Chillies Entertainment, Gauri Khan (director Red Chillies) and film's co-writer Mushtaq Sheikh, to file their say by the next hearing on 29 September 2008. In November 2008, the Film Writers' association sent a communication to Red Chillies and Ajay Monga that it had found similarities in Om Shanti Om and Monga's script.", "In November 2008, the Film Writers' association sent a communication to Red Chillies and Ajay Monga that it had found similarities in Om Shanti Om and Monga's script. The similarities were more than mere coincidences according to Sooni Taraporewala who chaired a special committee that has investigated the case on behalf of the Film Writers' association.", "The similarities were more than mere coincidences according to Sooni Taraporewala who chaired a special committee that has investigated the case on behalf of the Film Writers' association. Another allegation of plagiarism came from Rinki Bhattacharya, daughter of late Bimal Roy, who directed Madhumati (1958).", "Another allegation of plagiarism came from Rinki Bhattacharya, daughter of late Bimal Roy, who directed Madhumati (1958). She threatened legal action against Red Chillies Entertainment and the producer-director of Om Shanti Om, as she felt that the film's second half was similar to Madhumati, also a rebirth saga.", "She threatened legal action against Red Chillies Entertainment and the producer-director of Om Shanti Om, as she felt that the film's second half was similar to Madhumati, also a rebirth saga. Reception Critical response India Om Shanti Om was received positively by Indian film critics.", "Reception Critical response India Om Shanti Om was received positively by Indian film critics. Taran Adarsh of Bollywood Hungama gave it four stars out of five and writes, \"Om Shanti Om is Bollywood masala in its truest form and also, at its best\" but notes, \"the second half could've been crisper\".", "Taran Adarsh of Bollywood Hungama gave it four stars out of five and writes, \"Om Shanti Om is Bollywood masala in its truest form and also, at its best\" but notes, \"the second half could've been crisper\". Khalid Mohamed of Hindustan Times gave the film four stars out of five and appreciated the performances, observing how Rampal is \"consistently first-rate as the suave villain\" while Padukone is \"fantastic, so surprisingly assured that you marvel at her poised debut\".", "Khalid Mohamed of Hindustan Times gave the film four stars out of five and appreciated the performances, observing how Rampal is \"consistently first-rate as the suave villain\" while Padukone is \"fantastic, so surprisingly assured that you marvel at her poised debut\". He notes that \"the enterprise belongs to Shah Rukh Khan, who tackles comedy, high drama and action with his signature stylespontaneous and intuitively intelligent.", "He notes that \"the enterprise belongs to Shah Rukh Khan, who tackles comedy, high drama and action with his signature stylespontaneous and intuitively intelligent. Six-pack or no-packs, he's the entertainer of the year in this valentine to the movies.\"", "Six-pack or no-packs, he's the entertainer of the year in this valentine to the movies.\" Nikhat Kazmi of The Times of India gave the film three and a half stars out of five and writes, \"Farah Khan's re-birth saga literally makes an art of retro and paints the seventies pop culture in Andy Warholish strokes\".", "Nikhat Kazmi of The Times of India gave the film three and a half stars out of five and writes, \"Farah Khan's re-birth saga literally makes an art of retro and paints the seventies pop culture in Andy Warholish strokes\". She called it an \"unabashed tribute\" to Karz.", "She called it an \"unabashed tribute\" to Karz. Raja Sen of Rediff.com gave it three and a half stars out of five and applauded the performances of Shah Rukh, Padukone and Talpade.", "Raja Sen of Rediff.com gave it three and a half stars out of five and applauded the performances of Shah Rukh, Padukone and Talpade. He writes, \"Om Shanti Om is an exultant, heady, joyous film reveling in Bollywood, and as at most parties where the bubbly flows free, there is much silly giggling and tremendous immaturity.\"", "He writes, \"Om Shanti Om is an exultant, heady, joyous film reveling in Bollywood, and as at most parties where the bubbly flows free, there is much silly giggling and tremendous immaturity.\" He criticised the dialogues and excessive cameos in the film.", "He criticised the dialogues and excessive cameos in the film. Rajeev Masand of CNN-News18 gave the film three stars out of five and writes, \"Unpretentious and completely transparent in its intentions, Om Shanti Om is an entertainer in the true sense of the word, mixing up genre elements like comedy, drama, action and emotion to create a heady broth of Manmohan Desai-style exaggerated entertainment.\"", "Rajeev Masand of CNN-News18 gave the film three stars out of five and writes, \"Unpretentious and completely transparent in its intentions, Om Shanti Om is an entertainer in the true sense of the word, mixing up genre elements like comedy, drama, action and emotion to create a heady broth of Manmohan Desai-style exaggerated entertainment.\" He compliments the dialogues \"which so cleverly incorporates Bollywood's oldest clichés into these characters' everyday parlance.\"", "He compliments the dialogues \"which so cleverly incorporates Bollywood's oldest clichés into these characters' everyday parlance.\" A commentator for Indo-Asian News Service felt that Shah Rukh's acting was repetitive and writes, \"He needs to curtail his unwarranted superstar mannerisms even in a total masala film like Om Shanti Om\", while complimenting the performances of Padukone, Rampal and Talpade.", "A commentator for Indo-Asian News Service felt that Shah Rukh's acting was repetitive and writes, \"He needs to curtail his unwarranted superstar mannerisms even in a total masala film like Om Shanti Om\", while complimenting the performances of Padukone, Rampal and Talpade. Sudish Kamnath of The Hindu stated that the film is \"an unabashed celebration of willing suspension of disbelief, calling it a \"light-hearted tribute to Hindi cinema the way we know it and love it\".", "Sudish Kamnath of The Hindu stated that the film is \"an unabashed celebration of willing suspension of disbelief, calling it a \"light-hearted tribute to Hindi cinema the way we know it and love it\". He praised the performances of Shah Rukh, Padukone and Talpade, while criticising Rampal and Kher.", "He praised the performances of Shah Rukh, Padukone and Talpade, while criticising Rampal and Kher. He also praised the various spoofs, especially the ones directed at Manoj Kumar, Sanjay Leela Bhansali and Abhishek Bachchan.", "He also praised the various spoofs, especially the ones directed at Manoj Kumar, Sanjay Leela Bhansali and Abhishek Bachchan. Writing for SantaBanta.com, Subhash K. Jha gave it one star out of five and criticised the spoofs \"which keeps swinging from homage to imitation with infuriating artifice\", writing, \"The mood is one of patronizing and condescension rather than genuine admiration for an era that's gone with the wind\".", "Writing for SantaBanta.com, Subhash K. Jha gave it one star out of five and criticised the spoofs \"which keeps swinging from homage to imitation with infuriating artifice\", writing, \"The mood is one of patronizing and condescension rather than genuine admiration for an era that's gone with the wind\". Overseas On the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, Om Shanti Om holds an approval rating of 76%, based on 17 reviews with an average score of 7.21/10.", "Overseas On the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, Om Shanti Om holds an approval rating of 76%, based on 17 reviews with an average score of 7.21/10. Tajpal Rathore of BBC gave it 4 out of 5 stars as well and stated, \"Both a homage to and parody of Hindi Films, this cinematic feast delivered straight from the heart of the film industry will have you glued to your seats till the end.\"", "Tajpal Rathore of BBC gave it 4 out of 5 stars as well and stated, \"Both a homage to and parody of Hindi Films, this cinematic feast delivered straight from the heart of the film industry will have you glued to your seats till the end.\" Mark Medley of National Post gave 3 stars and stated, \"The film is a mess for all the right reasons; elements of comedy, drama, romance, action and the supernatural are packed in.", "Mark Medley of National Post gave 3 stars and stated, \"The film is a mess for all the right reasons; elements of comedy, drama, romance, action and the supernatural are packed in. But really, the plot is just a vehicle to get from one song-and-dance number to the next.\"", "But really, the plot is just a vehicle to get from one song-and-dance number to the next.\" AOL gave the film 3 out of 5 stars stating, \"The movie consists of all the elements that are essentially called the 'navratnas' of Indian cinema – from joy to grief to romance to revenge.", "AOL gave the film 3 out of 5 stars stating, \"The movie consists of all the elements that are essentially called the 'navratnas' of Indian cinema – from joy to grief to romance to revenge. And she mixes these well to cook up a potboiler, which is sure to be a runaway hit.\"", "And she mixes these well to cook up a potboiler, which is sure to be a runaway hit.\" Box office Om Shanti Om opened across 878 cinemas in 2000 prints worldwide. The film's net gross (after deducting entertainment tax) was in India.", "The film's net gross (after deducting entertainment tax) was in India. The film collected US$2.78 million in the United Kingdom, US$3.6 million in North America and US$3.7 million collectively from the rest of the world, which resulted in total overseas collections of $10,080,000, the 4th largest of all time as of 2010.", "The film collected US$2.78 million in the United Kingdom, US$3.6 million in North America and US$3.7 million collectively from the rest of the world, which resulted in total overseas collections of $10,080,000, the 4th largest of all time as of 2010. As a result of these collections, a worldwide gross of was accumulated.", "As a result of these collections, a worldwide gross of was accumulated. Awards and nominations Further reading Footnotes References External links Red Chillies Entertainment films 2007 films Indian films 2000s Hindi-language films Films about reincarnation Indian ghost films Paranormal films Films directed by Farah Khan Films involved in plagiarism controversies Films about actors Films scored by Vishal–Shekhar Films whose production designer won the Best Production Design National Film Award Films about Bollywood Cultural depictions of actors Cultural depictions of Rajesh Khanna" ]

[ "Sheldon Adelson", "Israeli press" ]

[ "Dr. Sheldon Wallace is a fictional character in the ABC drama Private Practice, a spin-off of Grey's Anatomy. He is portrayed by Brian Benben.\n\nHistory\nSheldon's father was a surgeon. He originally wanted to be a surgeon but switched to psychiatry during his intern year.\n\nDr. Sheldon Wallace is a board-certified psychiatrist with extensive training in general adult and adolescent psychotherapy as well as diagnostic evaluation. Dr. Wallace trained at Stanford Medical School but also spent time serving in the National Guard, where he honed his darts skills.\n\nStorylines\n\nSeason 2\nIn season 2 of Private Practice, Sheldon is hired by Charlotte King as the psychiatrist for Pacific Wellcare where he meets and starts up a relationship with fellow psychiatrist Violet Turner. Sheldon initially had problems in his relationship with Violet in the bedroom because he feels inadequate, but he later works them out. When Violet gets pregnant, Sheldon tells her he loves her and proposes to her, despite not knowing who the father is. Violet doesn't answer straight away, and Pete instead tells Violet he should have fought for her and loves her, and she chooses Pete over Sheldon. Ultimately, Pete lets it slip that Violet has chosen him. Sheldon sadly but gracefully steps aside.\n\nSeason 3\nIn Season 3 of Private Practice, Sheldon is among the group blaming himself for what has happened to Violet, and he and Pete get into a fight. Later, Sheldon requests a paternity to test on Violet's son, Lucas, and the tests reveal Pete to be the father and Sheldon once again gracefully backs away.\n\nThroughout the season Sheldon struggles to find his place in the practice and ultimately pursues a relationship with Charlotte who is still in love with Cooper. The two grow even closer but Charlotte's heart is clearly with Cooper. In the season finale he professes his love for Charlotte and is heartbroken when she gets engaged to Cooper.\n\nSeason 4\nIn Season 4 of Private Practice, Sheldon continues to be the resident \"therapist\" to all his friends and colleagues. Amelia Shepherd makes sexual advances on him based on what both Charlotte and Violet have to say about their past sexual experiences with him and they tell Amelia that Sheldon plays hard to get. Early in the season he inadvertently discovers the identity of the man who raped Charlotte; he had interviewed the man, Lee McHenry, the night she was attacked and he had her blood on him. He later confronts McHenry, telling him he knows that McHenry will rape again. He starts an affair with a writer who gave Violet's new book a bad review despite the warning from Cooper that the affair is going to jeopardise his friendship with Violet.\n\nSeason 5\nDuring this season Sheldon finds himself trying to help Pete after his heart attack and Violet after she is reinstated and allowed to practice medicine. The one person he can't help is Amelia, as he is firmly against her helping her friend commit physician-assisted suicide. After Amelia's friend kills herself, Amelia goes on a drug binge and begins using with her boyfriend, and later fiancé. During an intervention, Sheldon constantly tries to reason and talk with Amelia who tells him she will never love him. After Amelia checks into rehab, she and Sheldon talk and visit one another and seem to be on track for resuming their friendship.\n\nSeason 6\n\nSheldon is treating a patient that has thoughts of the sexual nature toward little girls. One night, this man is at the hospital the same night a little girl goes missing. Sheldon immediately thinks it is this man and runs to the room he is in to find him still in there and apologizes right away but the patient does not want to see Sheldon anymore. That same night Sheldon runs into a woman at the vending machine. Her candy got stuck, he tries to hit it loose with no avail, so he puts in money to get it to go out for her.\n\nEventually this patient goes to see Sheldon again, saying he is getting better and has a lady friend named Alyssa. Sheldon thinks it's the little girl that went missing but has no proof. As the sessions go on, things seem to be going wrong with “Alyssa” and Sheldon goes to the cops saying he knows he's breaking protocol but he thinks his patient has the missing girl. The cops say they cannot go on a hunch. Sheldon has another session and confronts him. Then he has cops come to put him in a psychiatric hold saying he threatened to hurt himself. Sheldon then tells the cops that his patient confessed to having the little girl. The cops and Sheldon go to the house and the little girl is indeed in the basement alive.\n\nWhile all that was going on, Sheldon finds out he has prostate cancer. He begins going to radiation every day. The woman from the vending machine, whose name is Miranda, is going to radiation right before him each day as well. They connect instantly but Miranda only wants to exchange pleasantries because she has terminal cancer. Eventually, their connection can't keep them apart and they fall for one another.\n\nOne day Miranda falls and is rushed to the hospital. She has a seizure. Her cancer is getting worse. She signs herself out of the hospital against medical advice. Sheldon is upset at her for this. She tells Sheldon to leave. She says please do this for me and go! He won't so she walks away. He goes to work, talks with Sam and Jake, admits he is madly in love and quits. Sheldon then goes to find Miranda. He tells her he will be with her until the last moment and that he loves her. He says he is not walking away and she asks what they will do with the rest of her life? He says anything since he quit his job. We then see them at an exotic location as they hold hands laying together on the beach.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nABC Bio of Sheldon Wallace\n\nFictional psychiatrists\nPrivate Practice (TV series) characters\nTelevision characters introduced in 2008\nMale characters in television", "The phrase \"What would Jesus do?\", often abbreviated to WWJD, became popular particularly in the United States in the late 1800s after the widely read book by Charles Sheldon entitled, In His Steps: What Would Jesus Do. The phrase had a resurgence in the US and elsewhere in the 1990s and as a personal motto for adherents of Christianity who used the phrase as a reminder of their belief in a moral imperative to act in a manner that would demonstrate the love of Jesus through the actions of the adherents.\n\nIn popular consciousness, the acronym signifying the question—WWJD—is associated with a type of bracelet or wristband which became a popular accessory for members of Christian youth groups, both Catholic and Protestant, in the 1990s.\n\nHistory\n\nTheological background\n\nThe Roman Catholic Church emphasizes the concept of Imitatio Christi (imitation of Christ), which is summarized well in the English phrase \"What Would Jesus Do?\"\n\nJohn Wesley, the founder of the Methodist Church, in 1766 postulated the concept of Christian perfection, a moment in the life of a Christian at which the regeneration effectuated by the Holy Spirit results in a \"perfection in love\" which means that at least at that moment one is being motivated wholly by love of God and neighbor, with no taint of sin or ulterior motives in effect. While such Christian perfection is expressed in outward action, it is also the effect of grace. Indeed, Wesley could speak of sanctification by faith as an analogous doctrine to the more widely held belief in justification by faith. Because Christian perfection is also visible in outward good works and a rigorously moral lifestyle, adherents of the Holiness movement assumed that a perfectly moral lifestyle is a consequence (not the cause) of the state of grace and ultimate salvation.\n\nEarlier appearances of the term, 1420s–1891\nCharles Spurgeon, a well-known evangelical Baptist preacher in London, used the phrase \"what would Jesus do\" in quotation marks several times in a sermon he gave on June 28, 1891. In his sermon he cites the source of the phrase as a book written in Latin by Thomas à Kempis between 1418 and 1427, Imitatio Christi (The Imitation of Christ).\n\nThe Rev. A.B. Simpson, founder of the Christian and Missionary Alliance Church, wrote both the lyrics and music of a Gospel Hymn \"What Would Jesus Do\" with a copyright date of 1891. It can be found at #669 in Hymns of the Christian Life.\n\n1896 novel\nCharles Sheldon's 1896 book In His Steps was subtitled \"What Would Jesus Do?\" Sheldon's novel grew out of a series of sermons he delivered in his Congregationalist church in Topeka, Kansas. Unlike the previous nuances mentioned above, Sheldon's theology was shaped by a commitment to Christian Socialism. The ethos of Sheldon's approach to the Christian life was expressed in this phrase \"What Would Jesus Do\", with Jesus being a moral example as well as a Saviour figure. Sheldon's ideas coalesced with those that formed into the Social Gospel espoused by Walter Rauschenbusch. Indeed, Rauschenbusch acknowledged that his Social Gospel owed its inspiration directly to Sheldon's novel, and Sheldon himself identified his own theology with the Social Gospel.\n\nDue to a mistake by the original publisher, the copyright for Sheldon's novel was never established and multiple publishers were able to print and sell the novel. This caused the novel to be easily affordable and it sold 30 million copies worldwide, making it one of the top 50 bestselling novels ever.\n\nIn this popular novel (it had been translated into 21 languages by 1935), Rev. Henry Maxwell encounters a homeless man who challenges him to take seriously the imitation of Christ. The homeless man has difficulty understanding why, in his view, so many Christians ignore the poor:\n\nI heard some people singing at a church prayer meeting the other night,\n\n\"All for Jesus, all for Jesus,\nAll my being's ransomed powers,\nAll my thoughts, and all my doings,\nAll my days, and all my hours.\"\n\nand I kept wondering as I sat on the steps outside just what they meant by it. It seems to me there's an awful lot of trouble in the world that somehow wouldn't exist if all the people who sing such songs went and lived them out. I suppose I don't understand. But what would Jesus do? Is that what you mean by following His steps? It seems to me sometimes as if the people in the big churches had good clothes and nice houses to live in, and money to spend for luxuries, and could go away on summer vacations and all that, while the people outside the churches, thousands of them, I mean, die in tenements, and walk the streets for jobs, and never have a piano or a picture in the house, and grow up in misery and drunkenness and sin.\"\n\nThis leads to many of the novel's characters asking, \"What would Jesus do?\" when faced with decisions of some importance. This has the effect of making the characters embrace Christianity more seriously and to focus on what they see as its core — the life of Christ.\n\nIn 1993, Garrett W. Sheldon (great-grandson of the original author) and Deborah Morris published What Would Jesus Do? : a contemporary retelling of Charles M. Sheldon's classic In His Steps. Garrett Sheldon states that his updated version \"is based on many actual events in the lives of believers.\"\n\nIt is possible that Sheldon was familiar with either Spurgeon or Thomas, or that he was independently inspired.\n\n1990s\nA youth group leader at Calvary Reformed Church in Holland, Michigan, named Janie Tinklenberg, began a grassroots movement to help the teenagers in her group remember the phrase; it spread worldwide in the 1990s among Christian youth, who wore bracelets bearing the initials WWJD. Later, a sequel bracelet was generated with the initials \"FROG,\" to provide an answer to \"WWJD.\" FROG was an acronym for \"Fully Rely On God.\"\n\n2000s\nIn 2005, Garry Wills wrote \"What Jesus Meant\", in which he examined \"What Would Jesus Really Do\" (also a book review in Esquire Magazine).\n\n2010s\nIn April 2010 a film, WWJD, starring Adam Gregory and based on In His Steps by Charles Sheldon, was released on DVD.\nOn March 31, 2015, a sequel film was released WWJD What Would Jesus Do? The Journey Continues. The second film using the moniker WWJD II was The Woodcarver which was released in 2012. It has a similar theme but different characters.\n\nParodies\nThe expression has become a snowclone, sometimes for humorous effect. For example, What Would Jesus Buy?, \"What Would Lincoln Do?\", \"What Would Brian Boitano Do?\", \"What Would Mary Marvel Do?\", \"What Would Johnny Cash Do?\", and \"What would Tintin do?\".\n\nManagement and leadership\n\nThe term \"What Would Jesus Do?\" or \"WWJD\" is also perceived as a fundamental management and leadership principle given Jesus' methodology of going to the marketplace to preach and lead by example. In modern management principles, more academic and professional references are going to the gemba or Management by Walking Around.\n\nSee also\n\nChristian ethics\nChoose the right\nJesusism\nThe Law of Christ\nMinistry of Jesus\nSermon on the Mount\n\nReferences \n\n1990s fads and trends\nCultural depictions of Jesus\nEnglish phrases\nSlogans\nSnowclones\n1890s neologisms" ]

[ "Sheldon Gary Adelson (; August 4, 1933 – January 11, 2021) was an American businessman, investor, political donor and philanthropist. He was the founder, chairman and chief executive officer of Las Vegas Sands Corporation, which owns the Marina Bay Sands in Singapore, and the parent company of Venetian Macao Limited, which operates The Venetian Las Vegas and the Sands Expo and Convention Center.", "He was the founder, chairman and chief executive officer of Las Vegas Sands Corporation, which owns the Marina Bay Sands in Singapore, and the parent company of Venetian Macao Limited, which operates The Venetian Las Vegas and the Sands Expo and Convention Center. He owned the Israeli daily newspaper Israel Hayom, the Israeli weekly newspaper Makor Rishon, and the American daily newspaper the Las Vegas Review-Journal.", "He owned the Israeli daily newspaper Israel Hayom, the Israeli weekly newspaper Makor Rishon, and the American daily newspaper the Las Vegas Review-Journal. Adelson created the Adelson Foundation in 2007, a private charity focusing on healthcare and support of Israel and the Jewish people.", "Adelson created the Adelson Foundation in 2007, a private charity focusing on healthcare and support of Israel and the Jewish people. He was a major contributor to Republican Party candidates and was often dubbed a \"kingmaker\" due to the size and frequency of his donations.", "He was a major contributor to Republican Party candidates and was often dubbed a \"kingmaker\" due to the size and frequency of his donations. He and his wife Miriam Adelson were Donald Trump's largest donors, providing the largest donation to Trump's 2016 campaign, his presidential inauguration, his defense fund against the Mueller investigation into Russian interference, and the 2020 campaign.", "He and his wife Miriam Adelson were Donald Trump's largest donors, providing the largest donation to Trump's 2016 campaign, his presidential inauguration, his defense fund against the Mueller investigation into Russian interference, and the 2020 campaign. He was also a major backer of Israel's prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu.", "He was also a major backer of Israel's prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu. In September 2020, Adelson was listed by Forbes as having a fortune of billion, making him the 28th-richest person in the world and 19th in the Forbes 400.", "In September 2020, Adelson was listed by Forbes as having a fortune of billion, making him the 28th-richest person in the world and 19th in the Forbes 400. Early life Adelson was born on August 4, 1933, and grew up in the Dorchester neighborhood of Boston, the son of Sarah (née Tonkin) and Arthur Adelson.", "Early life Adelson was born on August 4, 1933, and grew up in the Dorchester neighborhood of Boston, the son of Sarah (née Tonkin) and Arthur Adelson. He was Jewish. His father's family was of Ukrainian Jewish and Lithuanian Jewish ancestry.", "His father's family was of Ukrainian Jewish and Lithuanian Jewish ancestry. His mother immigrated from England, and Adelson said that his grandfather was a Welsh coal miner. His father was a taxi driver, and his mother ran a knitting shop.", "His father was a taxi driver, and his mother ran a knitting shop. He began his business career at the age of 12 when he borrowed $200 from his uncle () and purchased a license to sell newspapers in Boston.", "He began his business career at the age of 12 when he borrowed $200 from his uncle () and purchased a license to sell newspapers in Boston. In 1948, at the age of 15, he borrowed $10,000 () from his uncle to start a candy vending-machine business.", "In 1948, at the age of 15, he borrowed $10,000 () from his uncle to start a candy vending-machine business. He attended the City College of New York, but did not graduate. He attended trade school in a failed attempt to become a court reporter, then joined the army.", "He attended trade school in a failed attempt to become a court reporter, then joined the army. After being discharged from the army, he established a business selling toiletry kits, then started another business, De-Ice-It, which marketed a chemical spray that cleared ice from windshields. In the 1960s, he started a charter tour business.", "In the 1960s, he started a charter tour business. He soon became a millionaire, although by his thirties he had built and lost his fortune twice. Over the course of his business career, Adelson created almost 50 businesses, making him a serial entrepreneur.", "Over the course of his business career, Adelson created almost 50 businesses, making him a serial entrepreneur. Business career COMDEX In the late 1970s, Adelson and his partners developed the COMDEX trade shows for the computer industry, beginning in 1979.", "Business career COMDEX In the late 1970s, Adelson and his partners developed the COMDEX trade shows for the computer industry, beginning in 1979. It was one of the largest computer trade shows in the world through much of the 1980s and 1990s.", "It was one of the largest computer trade shows in the world through much of the 1980s and 1990s. In 1995, Adelson and his partners sold the Interface Group Show Division, including the COMDEX shows, to SoftBank Group of Japan for $862 million; Adelson's share was over $500 million.", "In 1995, Adelson and his partners sold the Interface Group Show Division, including the COMDEX shows, to SoftBank Group of Japan for $862 million; Adelson's share was over $500 million. Sands Casino Las Vegas, Nevada In 1988, Adelson purchased the Sands Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas for $110 million (approximately ).", "Sands Casino Las Vegas, Nevada In 1988, Adelson purchased the Sands Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas for $110 million (approximately ). The next year, he and his partners built the Sands Expo and Convention Center, then the only privately owned and operated convention center in the U.S.", "The next year, he and his partners built the Sands Expo and Convention Center, then the only privately owned and operated convention center in the U.S. In 1991, while honeymooning in Venice with his second wife, Miriam, Adelson came up with the idea for a mega-resort hotel.", "In 1991, while honeymooning in Venice with his second wife, Miriam, Adelson came up with the idea for a mega-resort hotel. He razed the Sands and spent $1.5 billion to construct The Venetian, a Venice-themed resort hotel and casino, which opened on May 3, 1999.", "He razed the Sands and spent $1.5 billion to construct The Venetian, a Venice-themed resort hotel and casino, which opened on May 3, 1999. Bethlehem, Pennsylvania In the late 2000s, Adelson and the company built a casino resort in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania.", "Bethlehem, Pennsylvania In the late 2000s, Adelson and the company built a casino resort in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. It is one of five stand-alone casinos that were awarded a slots license by the Pennsylvania Gaming Control Board in 2006. The casino opened May 22, 2009.", "The casino opened May 22, 2009. In 2010, during the Great Recession, Adelson told The Wall Street Journal \"If it were today, we probably wouldn't have started it.\" Macau Adelson led a project to bring Las Vegas Sands casinos to Macau.", "Macau Adelson led a project to bring Las Vegas Sands casinos to Macau. The Sands Macao became China's first Las Vegas-style casino when it opened in May 2004.", "The Sands Macao became China's first Las Vegas-style casino when it opened in May 2004. He recovered his initial $265-million investment in one year and, because he owned 69% of the stock, he increased his wealth when he took the stock public in December 2004.", "He recovered his initial $265-million investment in one year and, because he owned 69% of the stock, he increased his wealth when he took the stock public in December 2004. Following the opening of the Sands Macao, Adelson's personal wealth multiplied more than fourteen times.", "Following the opening of the Sands Macao, Adelson's personal wealth multiplied more than fourteen times. In August 2007, Adelson opened the $2.4 billion Venetian Macao Resort Hotel on Cotai and announced that he planned to create a massive, concentrated resort area he called the Cotai Strip, after its Las Vegas counterpart.", "In August 2007, Adelson opened the $2.4 billion Venetian Macao Resort Hotel on Cotai and announced that he planned to create a massive, concentrated resort area he called the Cotai Strip, after its Las Vegas counterpart. Adelson said that he planned to open more hotels under brands such as Four Seasons, Sheraton, and St. Regis.", "Adelson said that he planned to open more hotels under brands such as Four Seasons, Sheraton, and St. Regis. His Las Vegas Sands planned to invest $12 billion and build 20,000 hotel rooms on the Cotai Strip by 2010.", "His Las Vegas Sands planned to invest $12 billion and build 20,000 hotel rooms on the Cotai Strip by 2010. Adelson's company was reportedly under federal investigation over alleged violations of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act relating to payments made to a Macau lawyer.", "Adelson's company was reportedly under federal investigation over alleged violations of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act relating to payments made to a Macau lawyer. In 2015, Sands agreed to pay a $9 million settlement with the Securities and Exchange Commission, which included no admission of wrongdoing.", "In 2015, Sands agreed to pay a $9 million settlement with the Securities and Exchange Commission, which included no admission of wrongdoing. Marina Bay, Singapore In May 2006, Adelson's Las Vegas Sands was awarded a hotly contested license to construct a casino resort in Marina Bay, Singapore.", "Marina Bay, Singapore In May 2006, Adelson's Las Vegas Sands was awarded a hotly contested license to construct a casino resort in Marina Bay, Singapore. The new casino, Marina Bay Sands, opened in 2010 at a rumored cost of $5.5 billion.", "The new casino, Marina Bay Sands, opened in 2010 at a rumored cost of $5.5 billion. In 2010, when it opened, at a total cost of S$8 billion including land cost, the Marina Bay Sands (MBS) Complex of Singapore was the most expensive building in the world, ranking over the new development of World Trade Towers in Manhattan of New York and the Burj Khalifa of Dubai.", "In 2010, when it opened, at a total cost of S$8 billion including land cost, the Marina Bay Sands (MBS) Complex of Singapore was the most expensive building in the world, ranking over the new development of World Trade Towers in Manhattan of New York and the Burj Khalifa of Dubai. MBS Singapore includes stores at \"The Shoppes\", an ultraluxury indoor Venetian canal-lined exclusive shopping belt with tenants such as Ferrari, Chanel, the Theatre of Marina Bay and Convention Center for Sands Live concert series, multiple swimming pools, a rooftop infinity pool, night clubs in Maison pavilions on newly constructed mini islands, and 2,500 luxury hotel rooms.", "MBS Singapore includes stores at \"The Shoppes\", an ultraluxury indoor Venetian canal-lined exclusive shopping belt with tenants such as Ferrari, Chanel, the Theatre of Marina Bay and Convention Center for Sands Live concert series, multiple swimming pools, a rooftop infinity pool, night clubs in Maison pavilions on newly constructed mini islands, and 2,500 luxury hotel rooms. Other activities Israeli press In 2007, Adelson made an unsuccessful bid to purchase the Israeli newspaper Maariv.", "Other activities Israeli press In 2007, Adelson made an unsuccessful bid to purchase the Israeli newspaper Maariv. When this attempt failed, he proceeded with parallel plans to publish a free daily newspaper to compete with Israeli, a newspaper he had co-founded in 2006 but had left.", "When this attempt failed, he proceeded with parallel plans to publish a free daily newspaper to compete with Israeli, a newspaper he had co-founded in 2006 but had left. The first edition of the new newspaper, Israel Hayom, was published on July 30, 2007.", "The first edition of the new newspaper, Israel Hayom, was published on July 30, 2007. On March 31, 2014, Adelson received the go-ahead from a Jerusalem court to purchase Maariv and the conservative newspaper Makor Rishon.", "On March 31, 2014, Adelson received the go-ahead from a Jerusalem court to purchase Maariv and the conservative newspaper Makor Rishon. In 2016, Adelson's attorney announced that he does not own Israel Hayom, but that it is owned by a relative of his.", "In 2016, Adelson's attorney announced that he does not own Israel Hayom, but that it is owned by a relative of his. According to a Target Group Index (TGI) survey published in July 2011, Israel Hayom, which unlike all other Israeli newspapers is distributed for free, became the number-one daily newspaper (on weekdays) four years after its inception.", "According to a Target Group Index (TGI) survey published in July 2011, Israel Hayom, which unlike all other Israeli newspapers is distributed for free, became the number-one daily newspaper (on weekdays) four years after its inception. This survey found that Israel Hayom had a 39.3% weekday readership exposure, Yedioth Ahronoth 37%, Maariv 12.1%, and Haaretz 5.8%.", "This survey found that Israel Hayom had a 39.3% weekday readership exposure, Yedioth Ahronoth 37%, Maariv 12.1%, and Haaretz 5.8%. The Yedioth Ahronoth weekend edition was still leading with a 44.3% readership exposure, compared to 31% for the Israel Hayom weekend edition, 14.9% for Maariv, and 6.8% for Haaretz.", "The Yedioth Ahronoth weekend edition was still leading with a 44.3% readership exposure, compared to 31% for the Israel Hayom weekend edition, 14.9% for Maariv, and 6.8% for Haaretz. This trend was already observed by a TGI survey in July 2010.", "This trend was already observed by a TGI survey in July 2010. In 2011, the Israeli press said that Adelson was unhappy with the coverage on Israeli Channel 10 alleging he had acquired a casino license in Las Vegas inappropriately through political connections. The channel apologized after Adelson threatened a lawsuit.", "The channel apologized after Adelson threatened a lawsuit. This led to the resignations of the news chief, Reudor Benziman; the news editor, Ruti Yuval; and the news anchor, Guy Zohar, who objected to the apology.", "This led to the resignations of the news chief, Reudor Benziman; the news editor, Ruti Yuval; and the news anchor, Guy Zohar, who objected to the apology. After two months of deliberations, the Israeli Second Authority for Television and Radio ruled that although there were some flaws in the manner in which the apology had been conducted, the decision to apologize had been correct and appropriate.", "After two months of deliberations, the Israeli Second Authority for Television and Radio ruled that although there were some flaws in the manner in which the apology had been conducted, the decision to apologize had been correct and appropriate. Las Vegas Review-Journal In December 2015, Adelson purchased the Las Vegas Review-Journal newspaper.", "Las Vegas Review-Journal In December 2015, Adelson purchased the Las Vegas Review-Journal newspaper. The purchase was made through a limited liability company called News + Media Capital Group LLC and his involvement with the deal was initially kept secret.", "The purchase was made through a limited liability company called News + Media Capital Group LLC and his involvement with the deal was initially kept secret. A week after the purchase was announced, three Review-Journal reporters revealed that the deal had been orchestrated by Adelson's son-in-law Patrick Dumont on Adelson's behalf.", "A week after the purchase was announced, three Review-Journal reporters revealed that the deal had been orchestrated by Adelson's son-in-law Patrick Dumont on Adelson's behalf. Commentators described the $140 million paid for the paper as \"lavish\" and as a dramatic overpayment, and speculated that the move was a power play to further Adelson's business or political agendas.", "Commentators described the $140 million paid for the paper as \"lavish\" and as a dramatic overpayment, and speculated that the move was a power play to further Adelson's business or political agendas. Within a few weeks the paper's editor stepped down in a \"voluntary buyout\".", "Within a few weeks the paper's editor stepped down in a \"voluntary buyout\". In January 2016, a set of editorial principles were drawn up and publicized to ensure the newspaper's independence and to deal with possible conflicts of interest involving Adelson's ownership.", "In January 2016, a set of editorial principles were drawn up and publicized to ensure the newspaper's independence and to deal with possible conflicts of interest involving Adelson's ownership. In February Craig Moon, a veteran of the Gannett organization, was announced as the new publisher and promptly withdrew those principles from publication.", "In February Craig Moon, a veteran of the Gannett organization, was announced as the new publisher and promptly withdrew those principles from publication. He also began to personally review, edit, and sometimes kill stories about an Adelson-promoted proposal for a new Las Vegas football stadium.", "He also began to personally review, edit, and sometimes kill stories about an Adelson-promoted proposal for a new Las Vegas football stadium. In the months since, reporters say that stories about Adelson, and particularly about an ongoing lawsuit involving his business dealings in Macau, have been heavily edited by top management.", "In the months since, reporters say that stories about Adelson, and particularly about an ongoing lawsuit involving his business dealings in Macau, have been heavily edited by top management. Many reporters and editors left the newspaper citing \"curtailed editorial freedom, murky business dealings and unethical managers.\"", "Many reporters and editors left the newspaper citing \"curtailed editorial freedom, murky business dealings and unethical managers.\" All three reporters who originally broke the story about Adelson's ownership have left.", "All three reporters who originally broke the story about Adelson's ownership have left. Longtime columnist John L. Smith, who had often written about Adelson and had been unsuccessfully sued for libel by him, resigned after he was told he could no longer write anything about Adelson.", "Longtime columnist John L. Smith, who had often written about Adelson and had been unsuccessfully sued for libel by him, resigned after he was told he could no longer write anything about Adelson. The Las Vegas Review-Journal was the first major newspaper nationwide to endorse Trump in 2016.", "The Las Vegas Review-Journal was the first major newspaper nationwide to endorse Trump in 2016. U.S. policy on Iran In a panel discussion at Yeshiva University on October 22, 2013, Adelson said that the United States must get tougher on the issue of Iran's suspected nuclear weapons program.", "U.S. policy on Iran In a panel discussion at Yeshiva University on October 22, 2013, Adelson said that the United States must get tougher on the issue of Iran's suspected nuclear weapons program. He said: \"You pick up your cell phone and you call somewhere in Nebraska and you say 'OK, let it go' and so there's an atomic weapon goes over, ballistic missiles in the middle of the desert that doesn't hurt a soul, maybe a couple of rattlesnakes and scorpions or whatever\".", "He said: \"You pick up your cell phone and you call somewhere in Nebraska and you say 'OK, let it go' and so there's an atomic weapon goes over, ballistic missiles in the middle of the desert that doesn't hurt a soul, maybe a couple of rattlesnakes and scorpions or whatever\". He explained that, after a show of force and a threat to also drop a nuclear bomb on Tehran, the U.S. should then say: if \"You [Iran] want to be peaceful, just reverse it all and we will guarantee that you can have a nuclear power plant for electricity purposes, energy purposes.\"", "He explained that, after a show of force and a threat to also drop a nuclear bomb on Tehran, the U.S. should then say: if \"You [Iran] want to be peaceful, just reverse it all and we will guarantee that you can have a nuclear power plant for electricity purposes, energy purposes.\" Adelson's spokesman told reporters that Adelson \"was obviously not speaking literally\" about using an atomic bomb in the desert, and that he was \"using hyperbole to make a point that ... actions speak louder than words\".", "Adelson's spokesman told reporters that Adelson \"was obviously not speaking literally\" about using an atomic bomb in the desert, and that he was \"using hyperbole to make a point that ... actions speak louder than words\". DeLay controversy During the Suen trial, Bill Weidner, the president of Adelson's Las Vegas Sands company, testified about a telephone conversation between Adelson and his friend then-House Majority Leader Tom DeLay (R-TX) about a bill proposed by Representative Tom Lantos (D) that would have prevented the U.S. Olympic Committee from voting in favor of the Chinese bid to host the 2008 Summer Olympics.", "DeLay controversy During the Suen trial, Bill Weidner, the president of Adelson's Las Vegas Sands company, testified about a telephone conversation between Adelson and his friend then-House Majority Leader Tom DeLay (R-TX) about a bill proposed by Representative Tom Lantos (D) that would have prevented the U.S. Olympic Committee from voting in favor of the Chinese bid to host the 2008 Summer Olympics. A few hours later, DeLay called back and told Adelson he could tell the mayor of Beijing \"this bill will never see the light of day\".", "A few hours later, DeLay called back and told Adelson he could tell the mayor of Beijing \"this bill will never see the light of day\". The resolution did not pass.", "The resolution did not pass. The resolution did not pass. Adelson testified in court that the demise of the resolution \"resulted from the press of other legislation, [not from] a deliberate move by DeLay to help his benefactor.\"", "Adelson testified in court that the demise of the resolution \"resulted from the press of other legislation, [not from] a deliberate move by DeLay to help his benefactor.\" Cannabis Fighting cannabis legalization was a personal passion of Adelson, whose son Mitchell died of an overdose of heroin and cocaine.", "Cannabis Fighting cannabis legalization was a personal passion of Adelson, whose son Mitchell died of an overdose of heroin and cocaine. Mitchell used cocaine and heroin from an early age. Adelson believed cannabis is a gateway drug.", "Adelson believed cannabis is a gateway drug. Andy Abboud, vice president of Las Vegas Sands, has stated that \"Pro-marijuana folks have awakened a sleeping giant in Sheldon and Miriam Adelson\".", "Andy Abboud, vice president of Las Vegas Sands, has stated that \"Pro-marijuana folks have awakened a sleeping giant in Sheldon and Miriam Adelson\". Israeli-American Council At the November 2017 conference of the Israeli-American Council (IAC), Adelson declared that the organization should become primarily a political lobbying group on Israel-related issues.", "Israeli-American Council At the November 2017 conference of the Israeli-American Council (IAC), Adelson declared that the organization should become primarily a political lobbying group on Israel-related issues. In contrast to the American Israel Public Affairs Committee (AIPAC), which supports a two-state solution and continued aid to the Palestinians, Adelson charted a course for IAC to oppose both of these positions; Adelson himself opposed a two-state solution.", "In contrast to the American Israel Public Affairs Committee (AIPAC), which supports a two-state solution and continued aid to the Palestinians, Adelson charted a course for IAC to oppose both of these positions; Adelson himself opposed a two-state solution. Israeli journalist Chemi Shalev said that IAC had not intended to become a political pressure group and that Adelson had \"hijacked\" it for his \"hard-right agenda\".", "Israeli journalist Chemi Shalev said that IAC had not intended to become a political pressure group and that Adelson had \"hijacked\" it for his \"hard-right agenda\". Internet gambling Adelson fought against internet-based gambling in his later life.", "Internet gambling Adelson fought against internet-based gambling in his later life. Despite the legalization, and acceptance from many Las Vegas Casino CEOs, Adelson poured money into candidates wanting to overturn state legislation that legalizes online gambling. In early 2015, Adelson publicly backed a bill introduced in the U.S. House of Representatives.", "In early 2015, Adelson publicly backed a bill introduced in the U.S. House of Representatives. The legislation, named the Restore America's Wire Act, has been met with mixed reviews by the Republican Party.", "The legislation, named the Restore America's Wire Act, has been met with mixed reviews by the Republican Party. Honors Adelson and his wife, Miriam Adelson, were presented with the Woodrow Wilson Award for Corporate Citizenship by the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars of the Smithsonian Institution on March 25, 2008.", "Honors Adelson and his wife, Miriam Adelson, were presented with the Woodrow Wilson Award for Corporate Citizenship by the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars of the Smithsonian Institution on March 25, 2008. Adelson received the Chairman's Award from the Nevada Policy Research Institute, a think tank in Las Vegas, for his efforts to advance free market principles in Nevada.", "Adelson received the Chairman's Award from the Nevada Policy Research Institute, a think tank in Las Vegas, for his efforts to advance free market principles in Nevada. In 2014, Adelson was named to CNBC's list of 200 people who have transformed business over the last 25 years.", "In 2014, Adelson was named to CNBC's list of 200 people who have transformed business over the last 25 years. Involvement in politics According to The New Yorker, Adelson began making major contributions to the Republican National Committee following clashes with labor unions at his Las Vegas properties.", "Involvement in politics According to The New Yorker, Adelson began making major contributions to the Republican National Committee following clashes with labor unions at his Las Vegas properties. The New Yorker article also quoted Shelley Berkley, a Nevada Democratic Party congresswoman, with whom Adelson had a long feud.", "The New Yorker article also quoted Shelley Berkley, a Nevada Democratic Party congresswoman, with whom Adelson had a long feud. She worked for him in the 1990s as vice-president of legal and governmental affairs, and said Adelson told her that \"old Democrats were with the union and he wanted to break the back of the union, consequently he had to break the back of the Democrats\".", "She worked for him in the 1990s as vice-president of legal and governmental affairs, and said Adelson told her that \"old Democrats were with the union and he wanted to break the back of the union, consequently he had to break the back of the Democrats\". The Boston Globe said that Adelson \"waged some bitter anti-union battles in Las Vegas\".", "The Boston Globe said that Adelson \"waged some bitter anti-union battles in Las Vegas\". Berkley is further quoted in The New Yorker article as saying that Adelson \"seeks to dominate politics and public policy through the raw power of money\".", "Berkley is further quoted in The New Yorker article as saying that Adelson \"seeks to dominate politics and public policy through the raw power of money\". In February 2012, Adelson told Forbes magazine that he was \"against very wealthy people attempting to or influencing elections.", "In February 2012, Adelson told Forbes magazine that he was \"against very wealthy people attempting to or influencing elections. But as long as it's doable I'm going to do it. Because I know that guys like Soros have been doing it for years, if not decades.", "Because I know that guys like Soros have been doing it for years, if not decades. And they stay below the radar by creating a network of corporations to funnel their money. I have my own philosophy and I'm not ashamed of it. I gave the money because there is no other legal way to do it.", "I gave the money because there is no other legal way to do it. I don't want to go through ten different corporations to hide my name. I'm proud of what I do and I'm not looking to escape recognition.\"", "I'm proud of what I do and I'm not looking to escape recognition.\" In 2005, Adelson and his wife each contributed $250,000 to the second inauguration of George W. Bush.", "In 2005, Adelson and his wife each contributed $250,000 to the second inauguration of George W. Bush. President George W. Bush appointed the Adelsons to serve on the Honorary Delegation to accompany him to Jerusalem for the celebration of the 60th anniversary of the State of Israel in May 2008.", "President George W. Bush appointed the Adelsons to serve on the Honorary Delegation to accompany him to Jerusalem for the celebration of the 60th anniversary of the State of Israel in May 2008. Adelson was the principal financial backer of Freedom's Watch, a now-defunct political advocacy group founded to counter the influence of George Soros and Democratic-leaning lobby groups such as MoveOn.org.", "Adelson was the principal financial backer of Freedom's Watch, a now-defunct political advocacy group founded to counter the influence of George Soros and Democratic-leaning lobby groups such as MoveOn.org. \"Almost all\" of the $30 million Freedom's Watch spent on the 2008 elections came from Adelson.", "\"Almost all\" of the $30 million Freedom's Watch spent on the 2008 elections came from Adelson. In 2010, Adelson donated $1 million to American Solutions for Winning the Future, a political action committee (PAC) supporting Republican former Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich.", "In 2010, Adelson donated $1 million to American Solutions for Winning the Future, a political action committee (PAC) supporting Republican former Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich. In December 2011, during Gingrich's bid for the U.S. presidency, Adelson spoke favorably of controversial remarks Gingrich had made about Palestinians, saying \"read the history of those who call themselves Palestinians, and you will hear why Gingrich said recently that the Palestinians are an invented people.\"", "In December 2011, during Gingrich's bid for the U.S. presidency, Adelson spoke favorably of controversial remarks Gingrich had made about Palestinians, saying \"read the history of those who call themselves Palestinians, and you will hear why Gingrich said recently that the Palestinians are an invented people.\" Adelson donated to U.S. Senate and House of Representatives candidates.", "Adelson donated to U.S. Senate and House of Representatives candidates. During the 2012 Republican Party presidential primaries, Adelson first supported Newt Gingrich and then the eventual nominee Mitt Romney. Altogether he spent $92 million supporting losing candidates during the 2012 United States presidential election cycle.", "Altogether he spent $92 million supporting losing candidates during the 2012 United States presidential election cycle. On January 7, 2012, Adelson bolstered Gingrich's then-faltering campaign with a $5-million donation to the pro-Gingrich super PAC Winning Our Future.", "On January 7, 2012, Adelson bolstered Gingrich's then-faltering campaign with a $5-million donation to the pro-Gingrich super PAC Winning Our Future. By the next day, the super PAC had reserved more than $3.4 million in advertising time in the South Carolina primary, which included production and distribution of a half-hour movie that portrayed Gingrich's political rival Mitt Romney as a \"predatory corporate raider\".", "By the next day, the super PAC had reserved more than $3.4 million in advertising time in the South Carolina primary, which included production and distribution of a half-hour movie that portrayed Gingrich's political rival Mitt Romney as a \"predatory corporate raider\". On January 23, Adelson's wife, Miriam, contributed an additional $5 million to the same organization with instructions to use it to advance a \"pro-Newt message\".", "On January 23, Adelson's wife, Miriam, contributed an additional $5 million to the same organization with instructions to use it to advance a \"pro-Newt message\". Adelson told Forbes that he was willing to donate as much as $100 million to Gingrich.", "Adelson told Forbes that he was willing to donate as much as $100 million to Gingrich. He also donated $5 million to the right-leaning super PAC Congressional Leadership Fund and over $60,000 to the Republican National Committee. In June 2012, Adelson donated $10 million to the pro-Romney PAC Restore Our Future.", "In June 2012, Adelson donated $10 million to the pro-Romney PAC Restore Our Future. In July, Adelson attended a Romney fundraiser held in Jerusalem. Adelson joined Woody Johnson, John Rakolta, Paul Singer, and several dozen other contributors on the trip.", "Adelson joined Woody Johnson, John Rakolta, Paul Singer, and several dozen other contributors on the trip. According to Bloomberg Businessweek, as of July Adelson had given Republicans more than $30 million for the 2012 election cycle.", "According to Bloomberg Businessweek, as of July Adelson had given Republicans more than $30 million for the 2012 election cycle. Romney believed that the People's Republic of China should have been pressured to drop its presumptively low fixed exchange rate policy; according to Bloomberg, Adelson would have benefitted financially in U.S. dollar terms through his interest in Chinese casinos if the Chinese yuan were to have appreciated.", "Romney believed that the People's Republic of China should have been pressured to drop its presumptively low fixed exchange rate policy; according to Bloomberg, Adelson would have benefitted financially in U.S. dollar terms through his interest in Chinese casinos if the Chinese yuan were to have appreciated. Early in 2014, Adelson donated $2.5 million to the Drug Free Florida Committee, the political committee trying to defeat Florida's Right to Medical Marijuana Initiative which would legalize medical cannabis in that state.", "Early in 2014, Adelson donated $2.5 million to the Drug Free Florida Committee, the political committee trying to defeat Florida's Right to Medical Marijuana Initiative which would legalize medical cannabis in that state. Later in 2014, Adelson donated an additional $1.5 million to the No On 2 campaign.", "Later in 2014, Adelson donated an additional $1.5 million to the No On 2 campaign. He believed that cannabis is a gateway drug. According to a 2014 Washington Post report, Adelson's strategy for the 2016 United States presidential election was to support a mainstream candidate capable of winning the presidency.", "According to a 2014 Washington Post report, Adelson's strategy for the 2016 United States presidential election was to support a mainstream candidate capable of winning the presidency. In March 2014 Adelson was set to hold one-on-one chats with possible candidates Jeb Bush, Chris Christie, Scott Walker, and John Kasich during the spring meeting of the Republican Jewish Coalition held at Adelson's hotel and casino The Venetian Las Vegas.", "In March 2014 Adelson was set to hold one-on-one chats with possible candidates Jeb Bush, Chris Christie, Scott Walker, and John Kasich during the spring meeting of the Republican Jewish Coalition held at Adelson's hotel and casino The Venetian Las Vegas. During the December 2015 Republican debate held at that same venue, Adelson held one-on-one meetings with several of the candidates prior to the start of the debate, including front runner Donald Trump.", "During the December 2015 Republican debate held at that same venue, Adelson held one-on-one meetings with several of the candidates prior to the start of the debate, including front runner Donald Trump. The bidding to become Adelson's favorite, and ultimately receive tens of millions in financial support, was informally called \"The Adelson Primary\".", "The bidding to become Adelson's favorite, and ultimately receive tens of millions in financial support, was informally called \"The Adelson Primary\". On May 13, 2016, he endorsed Trump for president, and pledged as much as $100 million to support his campaign. Adelson was later described as a Trump partisan.", "Adelson was later described as a Trump partisan. In October 2016, Adelson donated one million dollars to the campaign against Massachusetts ballot question 4 the Massachusetts Legalization, Regulation and Taxation of Marijuana Initiative which legalized marijuana for personal use. Adelson also donated $1,500,000 towards the unsuccessful effort to thwart the 2016 Florida medical Marijuana Legalization Initiative.", "Adelson also donated $1,500,000 towards the unsuccessful effort to thwart the 2016 Florida medical Marijuana Legalization Initiative. Adelson sat out the 2016 Republican primaries, with some early indicators at the beginning of 2016 interpreted as showing that Adelson favored Trump.", "Adelson sat out the 2016 Republican primaries, with some early indicators at the beginning of 2016 interpreted as showing that Adelson favored Trump. In May 2016, explaining his reasons for officially endorsing Donald Trump's presidential bid, Adelson cited the importance of CEO experience in a presidential nominee.", "In May 2016, explaining his reasons for officially endorsing Donald Trump's presidential bid, Adelson cited the importance of CEO experience in a presidential nominee. For the 2018 United States elections, Adelson donated approximately $113 million to the Republican Party through various conservative political action committees.", "For the 2018 United States elections, Adelson donated approximately $113 million to the Republican Party through various conservative political action committees. On January 31, 2019, ABC News reported that Adelson and his wife Miriam had contributed $500,000 to the Patriot Legal Expense Fund Trust, which was set up in 2018 to assist aides of President Trump under investigation by special counsel Robert Mueller's probe into Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections.", "On January 31, 2019, ABC News reported that Adelson and his wife Miriam had contributed $500,000 to the Patriot Legal Expense Fund Trust, which was set up in 2018 to assist aides of President Trump under investigation by special counsel Robert Mueller's probe into Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections. The contributions are the Trust's largest to date.", "The contributions are the Trust's largest to date. It was estimated Adelson would donate $200 million to Trump and the GOP for the 2020 election cycle.", "It was estimated Adelson would donate $200 million to Trump and the GOP for the 2020 election cycle. Given a call to Adelson by Trump in early August complaining that Adelson had not done enough for him, there was speculation that the amount of a donation could be affected.<ref>Isenstadt, Alex, Trump antagonizes GOP megadonor Adelson in heated phone call , Politico, August 8, 2020</ref> On October 15, 2020, Adelson gave $75 million to a Trump PAC, in a late push for reelection.", "Given a call to Adelson by Trump in early August complaining that Adelson had not done enough for him, there was speculation that the amount of a donation could be affected.<ref>Isenstadt, Alex, Trump antagonizes GOP megadonor Adelson in heated phone call , Politico, August 8, 2020</ref> On October 15, 2020, Adelson gave $75 million to a Trump PAC, in a late push for reelection. In the second half of October 2020, Adelson and his wife gave a further $35 million to three super-PACs supporting the Republican Party and Trump's re-election.", "In the second half of October 2020, Adelson and his wife gave a further $35 million to three super-PACs supporting the Republican Party and Trump's re-election. PACs to which the Adelsons donated in the 2020 cycle included Preserve America and the Senate Leadership Fund.", "PACs to which the Adelsons donated in the 2020 cycle included Preserve America and the Senate Leadership Fund. Donations On September 23, 2016, Adelson announced a $25 million donation to Trump's presidential campaign, as part of a $65 million donation to the Republican electoral campaign for 2016.", "Donations On September 23, 2016, Adelson announced a $25 million donation to Trump's presidential campaign, as part of a $65 million donation to the Republican electoral campaign for 2016. This rendered Adelson by far the biggest donor in either party (Republicans or Democrats) in the 2016 election cycle.", "This rendered Adelson by far the biggest donor in either party (Republicans or Democrats) in the 2016 election cycle. It also makes him by far the largest donor to Donald Trump's White House bid. Adelson was the largest donor to Trump's inaugural celebrations, with a $5 million donation to the celebrations.", "Adelson was the largest donor to Trump's inaugural celebrations, with a $5 million donation to the celebrations. According to federal records, from 2010 through 2020, Adelson and his wife donated more than $500 million to the Republican party campaigns and super PACs.", "According to federal records, from 2010 through 2020, Adelson and his wife donated more than $500 million to the Republican party campaigns and super PACs. Since 2007, the Adelson Family Foundation has made contributions totaling $140 million to Birthright Israel, which finances Jewish youth trips to Israel.", "Since 2007, the Adelson Family Foundation has made contributions totaling $140 million to Birthright Israel, which finances Jewish youth trips to Israel. He also donated $5 million to the Friends of the Israel Defense Forces in 2014. Adelson donated over $25 million to The Adelson Educational Campus in Las Vegas to build a high school.", "Adelson donated over $25 million to The Adelson Educational Campus in Las Vegas to build a high school. In 2006, Adelson contributed $25 million to the Yad Vashem Holocaust Martyrs' and Heroes' Remembrance Authority. Adelson also funded the private, Boston-based Miriam and Sheldon G. Adelson Medical Research Foundation.", "Adelson also funded the private, Boston-based Miriam and Sheldon G. Adelson Medical Research Foundation. This foundation initiated the Adelson Program in Neural Repair and Rehabilitation (APNRR) with $7.5 million donated to collaborating researchers at 10 universities.", "This foundation initiated the Adelson Program in Neural Repair and Rehabilitation (APNRR) with $7.5 million donated to collaborating researchers at 10 universities. Personal life Marriages In the 1970s, Sheldon Adelson lived in Massachusetts with his wife, Sandra, and her three children, Mitchell, Gary, and Shelley, whom Sheldon adopted when they were young.", "Personal life Marriages In the 1970s, Sheldon Adelson lived in Massachusetts with his wife, Sandra, and her three children, Mitchell, Gary, and Shelley, whom Sheldon adopted when they were young. The couple divorced in 1988.", "The couple divorced in 1988. The couple divorced in 1988. Adelson met Miriam Farbstein Ochshorn, a medical doctor, on a blind date the following year; they married in 1991. She was previously married to a Tel Aviv physician, Dr. Ariel Ochshorn, with whom she had two daughters.", "She was previously married to a Tel Aviv physician, Dr. Ariel Ochshorn, with whom she had two daughters. Miriam \"Miri\" Farbstein was born in Mandatory Palestine in 1945, to parents that fled Poland before the Holocaust and settled in the city of Haifa.", "Miriam \"Miri\" Farbstein was born in Mandatory Palestine in 1945, to parents that fled Poland before the Holocaust and settled in the city of Haifa. After earning a Bachelor of Science in Microbiology and Genetics from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and a medical degree from Tel Aviv University's Sackler Medical School, she went on to become the chief internist in an emergency room at Tel Aviv's Rokach (Hadassah) Hospital.", "After earning a Bachelor of Science in Microbiology and Genetics from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and a medical degree from Tel Aviv University's Sackler Medical School, she went on to become the chief internist in an emergency room at Tel Aviv's Rokach (Hadassah) Hospital. In 1993, she founded a substance abuse center and research clinic there, and in 2000, the couple opened the Dr. Miriam and Sheldon G. Adelson Research Clinic in Las Vegas.", "In 1993, she founded a substance abuse center and research clinic there, and in 2000, the couple opened the Dr. Miriam and Sheldon G. Adelson Research Clinic in Las Vegas. Litigation A June 2008 profile in The New Yorker detailed several controversies involving Adelson.", "Litigation A June 2008 profile in The New Yorker detailed several controversies involving Adelson. In 2008 Richard Suen, a Hong Kong businessman who had helped Adelson make connections with leading Chinese officials in order to obtain the Macau license, took Adelson to court in Las Vegas alleging he had reneged on his agreement to allow Suen to profit from the venture.", "In 2008 Richard Suen, a Hong Kong businessman who had helped Adelson make connections with leading Chinese officials in order to obtain the Macau license, took Adelson to court in Las Vegas alleging he had reneged on his agreement to allow Suen to profit from the venture. Suen won a $43.8 million judgement; in November 2010, the Nevada Supreme Court overturned the judgment and returned the case to the lower court for further consideration.", "Suen won a $43.8 million judgement; in November 2010, the Nevada Supreme Court overturned the judgment and returned the case to the lower court for further consideration. In the 2013 retrial, the jury awarded Suen a verdict for $70 million.", "In the 2013 retrial, the jury awarded Suen a verdict for $70 million. The judge added another $31.6 million in interest, bringing the total judgment against Adelson to $101.6 million. Adelson was in the process of appealing again.", "Adelson was in the process of appealing again. Adelson faced another trial over claims by three alleged \"middlemen\" in the deal who are suing for at least $450 million. In February 2013, the Las Vegas Sands, in a regulatory filing, acknowledged that it had likely violated federal law that prohibits the bribing of foreign officials.", "In February 2013, the Las Vegas Sands, in a regulatory filing, acknowledged that it had likely violated federal law that prohibits the bribing of foreign officials. Allegedly, Chinese officials were bribed to allow Adelson to build his Macau casino. Adelson successfully sued the London Daily Mail for libel in 2008.", "Adelson successfully sued the London Daily Mail for libel in 2008. The newspaper had accused him of pursuing \"despicable business practices\" and having \"habitually and corruptly bought political favour\".", "The newspaper had accused him of pursuing \"despicable business practices\" and having \"habitually and corruptly bought political favour\". Adelson won the libel case, which was described as \"a grave slur on Mr Adelson's personal integrity and business reputation,\" and he won a judgment of approximately £4 million, which he said he would donate to London's Royal Marsden Hospital.", "Adelson won the libel case, which was described as \"a grave slur on Mr Adelson's personal integrity and business reputation,\" and he won a judgment of approximately £4 million, which he said he would donate to London's Royal Marsden Hospital. In August 2012, the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee (DCCC), after being threatened with a libel suit, apologized and withdrew two blog posts that claimed Adelson had donated \"Chinese prostitution money\" to Republicans.", "In August 2012, the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee (DCCC), after being threatened with a libel suit, apologized and withdrew two blog posts that claimed Adelson had donated \"Chinese prostitution money\" to Republicans. Another organization, the National Jewish Democratic Council, posted on their website that Adelson \"personally approved\" of prostitution at his Macau resorts.", "Another organization, the National Jewish Democratic Council, posted on their website that Adelson \"personally approved\" of prostitution at his Macau resorts. Adelson sued for libel, but a federal judge dismissed the suit in September 2013, ordering Adelson to pay the NJDC's legal fees.", "Adelson sued for libel, but a federal judge dismissed the suit in September 2013, ordering Adelson to pay the NJDC's legal fees. Wealth In 2007, Adelson's estimated wealth was $26.5 billion, making him the third-richest person in the United States according to Forbes. and $26 billion for 2008.", "and $26 billion for 2008. In 2008, the share prices of the Las Vegas Sands Corp. plunged. In November 2008, Las Vegas Sands Corp. announced it might default on bonds that it had outstanding, signaling the potential bankruptcy of the concern.", "In November 2008, Las Vegas Sands Corp. announced it might default on bonds that it had outstanding, signaling the potential bankruptcy of the concern. Adelson lost $4 billion in 2008, more than any other American billionaire.Sheldon Adelson , daylife.com; accessed September 16, 2015.", "Adelson lost $4 billion in 2008, more than any other American billionaire.Sheldon Adelson , daylife.com; accessed September 16, 2015. In 2009, his net worth had declined from approximately $30 billion to $2 billion, a drop of 93%. He told ABC News \"So I lost $25 billion.", "He told ABC News \"So I lost $25 billion. I started out with zero ...[there is] no such thing as fear, not to an entrepreneur. Concern, yes. Fear, no\". In the Forbes 2009 world billionaires list, Adelson's ranking dropped to No.", "In the Forbes 2009 world billionaires list, Adelson's ranking dropped to No. 178 with a net worth of $3.4 billion, but by 2011, after his business had recovered, he was ranked as the world's 16th-richest man with a net worth of $23.3 billion.", "178 with a net worth of $3.4 billion, but by 2011, after his business had recovered, he was ranked as the world's 16th-richest man with a net worth of $23.3 billion. In 2013, Adelson earned a top ranking on Forbes Annual \"Biggest Winner\" List, his dramatic growth a result of the success of his casinos in Macau and Singapore, adding an estimated $15 billion to his net worth during the year.", "In 2013, Adelson earned a top ranking on Forbes Annual \"Biggest Winner\" List, his dramatic growth a result of the success of his casinos in Macau and Singapore, adding an estimated $15 billion to his net worth during the year. In 2013, Adelson was worth $37.2 billion according to Forbes'', and as of December 2014, his net worth was $30.4 billion.", "In 2013, Adelson was worth $37.2 billion according to Forbes'', and as of December 2014, his net worth was $30.4 billion. Adelson owned a fleet of private jets through Las Vegas Sands.", "Adelson owned a fleet of private jets through Las Vegas Sands. On January 2, 2017, Adelson's Airbus A340-500 jet set a record for the Ben Gurion International Airport by making the longest flight ever leaving the airport by flying nonstop to Honolulu, Hawaii, by way of the Arctic Ocean.", "On January 2, 2017, Adelson's Airbus A340-500 jet set a record for the Ben Gurion International Airport by making the longest flight ever leaving the airport by flying nonstop to Honolulu, Hawaii, by way of the Arctic Ocean. Illness and death In 2001, Adelson was diagnosed with peripheral neuropathy, which restricted his ability to stand and walk.", "Illness and death In 2001, Adelson was diagnosed with peripheral neuropathy, which restricted his ability to stand and walk. On February 28, 2019, Las Vegas Sands announced that Adelson was receiving treatment for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.", "On February 28, 2019, Las Vegas Sands announced that Adelson was receiving treatment for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. The news was disclosed after a Sands attorney claimed Adelson was too weak to sit for a deposition in a court case involving Richard Suen.", "The news was disclosed after a Sands attorney claimed Adelson was too weak to sit for a deposition in a court case involving Richard Suen. Sands spokesman Ron Reese said the side effects of Adelson's medical treatment had \"restricted his availability to travel or keep regular office hours” but had not “prevented him from fulfilling his duties as chairman and CEO” of Las Vegas Sands.", "Sands spokesman Ron Reese said the side effects of Adelson's medical treatment had \"restricted his availability to travel or keep regular office hours” but had not “prevented him from fulfilling his duties as chairman and CEO” of Las Vegas Sands. On January 11, 2021, Adelson died at his home in Malibu, California, at the age of 87, after long-term illnesses.", "On January 11, 2021, Adelson died at his home in Malibu, California, at the age of 87, after long-term illnesses. On January 14, 2021, Adelson's body arrived in Israel.", "On January 14, 2021, Adelson's body arrived in Israel. His coffin was draped in U.S. and Israeli flags and was on display at Ben Gurion Airport, where Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu came to pay his respects.", "His coffin was draped in U.S. and Israeli flags and was on display at Ben Gurion Airport, where Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu came to pay his respects. Adelson was laid to rest, the next day, in a small private ceremony on the Mount of Olives in Jerusalem.", "Adelson was laid to rest, the next day, in a small private ceremony on the Mount of Olives in Jerusalem. See also List of people and organizations named in the Paradise Papers References External links Campaign contributions in 2012 to outside spending groups at Center for Responsive Politics 1933 births 2021 deaths 20th-century American businesspeople 20th-century American newspaper publishers (people) 21st-century American businesspeople 21st-century American newspaper publishers (people) American billionaires American casino industry businesspeople American chairpersons of corporations American chemical industry businesspeople American chief executives in the media industry American chief executives of financial services companies American chief executives of travel and tourism industry companies American computer businesspeople American financiers American hoteliers American investment advisors American investors American people of Lithuanian-Jewish descent American people of Ukrainian-Jewish descent American people of Welsh descent American political fundraisers American real estate businesspeople American transportation businesspeople American Zionists Businesspeople from Boston Businesspeople from Nevada City College of New York alumni Deaths from cancer in California Deaths from lymphoma Jewish American philanthropists Military personnel from Massachusetts Nevada Republicans People from Dorchester, Massachusetts People from the Las Vegas Valley United States Army soldiers California Republicans People named in the Paradise Papers 21st-century American Jews Adelson family" ]

[ "Sheldon Adelson", "Israeli press", "What does Sheldon have to do with the Israeli press?", "he proceeded with parallel plans to publish a free daily newspaper to compete with Israeli, a newspaper he had co-founded in 2006" ]

[ "Edward Irvin Scott (known also as \"Irvin\" or \"E.I.\" Scott) was the founder of Scott Paper Company.\n\nHe was born on May 13, 1846, in N. Greenfield, New York, the son of Alexander Hamilton Scott and Sophronia Wood Seymour. He was educated at the District School, Juliet Garner's Select School in West Greenfield and Robb's Boys' Academy at Saratoga Springs, New York. During 1866–67, he studied two terms at Albany State Normal School, and became a school teacher. On Sep. 1, 1867, he joined his brother Thomas Seymour Scott in running a paper commission, which lasted for about 12-years.\n\nOn Aug. 22, 1872, he married Sarah Frances \"Fannie\" Hoyt, the daughter of Rev. Zerah T. Hoyt and Sarah Mariah Foote. They had two children, Arthur Hoyt Scott and Margaret, wife of Owen Moon.\n\nAround 1878, the paper commission failed, and the family lived in Camden, New Jersey,\n\nIrvin and brother Clarence Scott took the remaining proceeds and formed Scott Paper Company. Irvin reportedly borrowed $2,000 from his father-in-law and added the $300 the two brothers had to form the capital stock. Irvin became the first president.\n\nIn 1890, the family moved to Swarthmore, Pennsylvania, where he was Chief Burgess 1893–97. A large paper plant was established at Chester, Pennsylvania. Scott Paper Company was very successful, largely due to advertising, which stressed the safety and quality of paper tissue. Toilet paper had been considered an \"unmentionable\" product prior to this, and this strategy was instrumental in making Scott Paper Company the leading producer of bathroom tissue in the United States by 1890.\n\nOn Oct 08, 1916, Irvin's wife Fannie died, and he later married Fannie E. (Massey) Anderson, a widow. In 1920, Irvin retired from Scott Paper Company and son Arthur Hoyt Scott became the second president. His son-in-law Owen Moon was briefly the third president, after Arthur died in 1927. Irvin died on Apr 24, 1931 and was interred at Eastlawn Cemetery in Philadelphia.\n\nExternal links\n\n \n\n1846 births\n1931 deaths\nPeople from Greenfield, New York", "Frank Noel Hales (1878–1952) was a British psychologist and one of the founding members of the British Psychological Society.\n\nCareer\nHales was born in Saumur, France in 1878. \n\nIn 1900, he graduated from the University of Cambridge with BA first class in the Moral Sciences Tripos. His examiners included James Ward, Chair of Mental Philosophy and Logic at Cambridge, G.F. Stout, Reader in Mental Philosophy at the University of Oxford and Carveth Read who was to become the Grote professor of philosophy of mind and logic at University College London. He was awarded the Allen Scholarship in 1902.\n\nOn 3 May 1902, he presented a paper entitled A contribution to the analysis of the process of comparison to the second scientific meeting of the British Psychological Society. The other two speakers at the meeting were James Ward and W.H.R. Rivers. Later that year, on 6 December 1902, he presented a paper entitled The fluctuation of the dream image to another meeting of the society.\n \nIn 1903, the British Psychological Society was formally established. Hales was one of the ten founding members.\n \nHales published a paper entitled Materials for the psycho-genetic theory of comparison in the first volume of the British Journal of Psychology(1904-5). \n \nIn 1907, he emigrated to Canada. He initially lived in Montreal where he attempted to find work as a psychologist. Not being successful, he moved to British Columbia where he became a soybean farmer.\n\nReferences\n\n1878 births\n1952 deaths\nBritish psychologists" ]

[ "Sheldon Gary Adelson (; August 4, 1933 – January 11, 2021) was an American businessman, investor, political donor and philanthropist. He was the founder, chairman and chief executive officer of Las Vegas Sands Corporation, which owns the Marina Bay Sands in Singapore, and the parent company of Venetian Macao Limited, which operates The Venetian Las Vegas and the Sands Expo and Convention Center.", "He was the founder, chairman and chief executive officer of Las Vegas Sands Corporation, which owns the Marina Bay Sands in Singapore, and the parent company of Venetian Macao Limited, which operates The Venetian Las Vegas and the Sands Expo and Convention Center. He owned the Israeli daily newspaper Israel Hayom, the Israeli weekly newspaper Makor Rishon, and the American daily newspaper the Las Vegas Review-Journal.", "He owned the Israeli daily newspaper Israel Hayom, the Israeli weekly newspaper Makor Rishon, and the American daily newspaper the Las Vegas Review-Journal. Adelson created the Adelson Foundation in 2007, a private charity focusing on healthcare and support of Israel and the Jewish people.", "Adelson created the Adelson Foundation in 2007, a private charity focusing on healthcare and support of Israel and the Jewish people. He was a major contributor to Republican Party candidates and was often dubbed a \"kingmaker\" due to the size and frequency of his donations.", "He was a major contributor to Republican Party candidates and was often dubbed a \"kingmaker\" due to the size and frequency of his donations. He and his wife Miriam Adelson were Donald Trump's largest donors, providing the largest donation to Trump's 2016 campaign, his presidential inauguration, his defense fund against the Mueller investigation into Russian interference, and the 2020 campaign.", "He and his wife Miriam Adelson were Donald Trump's largest donors, providing the largest donation to Trump's 2016 campaign, his presidential inauguration, his defense fund against the Mueller investigation into Russian interference, and the 2020 campaign. He was also a major backer of Israel's prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu.", "He was also a major backer of Israel's prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu. In September 2020, Adelson was listed by Forbes as having a fortune of billion, making him the 28th-richest person in the world and 19th in the Forbes 400.", "In September 2020, Adelson was listed by Forbes as having a fortune of billion, making him the 28th-richest person in the world and 19th in the Forbes 400. Early life Adelson was born on August 4, 1933, and grew up in the Dorchester neighborhood of Boston, the son of Sarah (née Tonkin) and Arthur Adelson.", "Early life Adelson was born on August 4, 1933, and grew up in the Dorchester neighborhood of Boston, the son of Sarah (née Tonkin) and Arthur Adelson. He was Jewish. His father's family was of Ukrainian Jewish and Lithuanian Jewish ancestry.", "His father's family was of Ukrainian Jewish and Lithuanian Jewish ancestry. His mother immigrated from England, and Adelson said that his grandfather was a Welsh coal miner. His father was a taxi driver, and his mother ran a knitting shop.", "His father was a taxi driver, and his mother ran a knitting shop. He began his business career at the age of 12 when he borrowed $200 from his uncle () and purchased a license to sell newspapers in Boston.", "He began his business career at the age of 12 when he borrowed $200 from his uncle () and purchased a license to sell newspapers in Boston. In 1948, at the age of 15, he borrowed $10,000 () from his uncle to start a candy vending-machine business.", "In 1948, at the age of 15, he borrowed $10,000 () from his uncle to start a candy vending-machine business. He attended the City College of New York, but did not graduate. He attended trade school in a failed attempt to become a court reporter, then joined the army.", "He attended trade school in a failed attempt to become a court reporter, then joined the army. After being discharged from the army, he established a business selling toiletry kits, then started another business, De-Ice-It, which marketed a chemical spray that cleared ice from windshields. In the 1960s, he started a charter tour business.", "In the 1960s, he started a charter tour business. He soon became a millionaire, although by his thirties he had built and lost his fortune twice. Over the course of his business career, Adelson created almost 50 businesses, making him a serial entrepreneur.", "Over the course of his business career, Adelson created almost 50 businesses, making him a serial entrepreneur. Business career COMDEX In the late 1970s, Adelson and his partners developed the COMDEX trade shows for the computer industry, beginning in 1979.", "Business career COMDEX In the late 1970s, Adelson and his partners developed the COMDEX trade shows for the computer industry, beginning in 1979. It was one of the largest computer trade shows in the world through much of the 1980s and 1990s.", "It was one of the largest computer trade shows in the world through much of the 1980s and 1990s. In 1995, Adelson and his partners sold the Interface Group Show Division, including the COMDEX shows, to SoftBank Group of Japan for $862 million; Adelson's share was over $500 million.", "In 1995, Adelson and his partners sold the Interface Group Show Division, including the COMDEX shows, to SoftBank Group of Japan for $862 million; Adelson's share was over $500 million. Sands Casino Las Vegas, Nevada In 1988, Adelson purchased the Sands Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas for $110 million (approximately ).", "Sands Casino Las Vegas, Nevada In 1988, Adelson purchased the Sands Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas for $110 million (approximately ). The next year, he and his partners built the Sands Expo and Convention Center, then the only privately owned and operated convention center in the U.S.", "The next year, he and his partners built the Sands Expo and Convention Center, then the only privately owned and operated convention center in the U.S. In 1991, while honeymooning in Venice with his second wife, Miriam, Adelson came up with the idea for a mega-resort hotel.", "In 1991, while honeymooning in Venice with his second wife, Miriam, Adelson came up with the idea for a mega-resort hotel. He razed the Sands and spent $1.5 billion to construct The Venetian, a Venice-themed resort hotel and casino, which opened on May 3, 1999.", "He razed the Sands and spent $1.5 billion to construct The Venetian, a Venice-themed resort hotel and casino, which opened on May 3, 1999. Bethlehem, Pennsylvania In the late 2000s, Adelson and the company built a casino resort in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania.", "Bethlehem, Pennsylvania In the late 2000s, Adelson and the company built a casino resort in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. It is one of five stand-alone casinos that were awarded a slots license by the Pennsylvania Gaming Control Board in 2006. The casino opened May 22, 2009.", "The casino opened May 22, 2009. In 2010, during the Great Recession, Adelson told The Wall Street Journal \"If it were today, we probably wouldn't have started it.\" Macau Adelson led a project to bring Las Vegas Sands casinos to Macau.", "Macau Adelson led a project to bring Las Vegas Sands casinos to Macau. The Sands Macao became China's first Las Vegas-style casino when it opened in May 2004.", "The Sands Macao became China's first Las Vegas-style casino when it opened in May 2004. He recovered his initial $265-million investment in one year and, because he owned 69% of the stock, he increased his wealth when he took the stock public in December 2004.", "He recovered his initial $265-million investment in one year and, because he owned 69% of the stock, he increased his wealth when he took the stock public in December 2004. Following the opening of the Sands Macao, Adelson's personal wealth multiplied more than fourteen times.", "Following the opening of the Sands Macao, Adelson's personal wealth multiplied more than fourteen times. In August 2007, Adelson opened the $2.4 billion Venetian Macao Resort Hotel on Cotai and announced that he planned to create a massive, concentrated resort area he called the Cotai Strip, after its Las Vegas counterpart.", "In August 2007, Adelson opened the $2.4 billion Venetian Macao Resort Hotel on Cotai and announced that he planned to create a massive, concentrated resort area he called the Cotai Strip, after its Las Vegas counterpart. Adelson said that he planned to open more hotels under brands such as Four Seasons, Sheraton, and St. Regis.", "Adelson said that he planned to open more hotels under brands such as Four Seasons, Sheraton, and St. Regis. His Las Vegas Sands planned to invest $12 billion and build 20,000 hotel rooms on the Cotai Strip by 2010.", "His Las Vegas Sands planned to invest $12 billion and build 20,000 hotel rooms on the Cotai Strip by 2010. Adelson's company was reportedly under federal investigation over alleged violations of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act relating to payments made to a Macau lawyer.", "Adelson's company was reportedly under federal investigation over alleged violations of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act relating to payments made to a Macau lawyer. In 2015, Sands agreed to pay a $9 million settlement with the Securities and Exchange Commission, which included no admission of wrongdoing.", "In 2015, Sands agreed to pay a $9 million settlement with the Securities and Exchange Commission, which included no admission of wrongdoing. Marina Bay, Singapore In May 2006, Adelson's Las Vegas Sands was awarded a hotly contested license to construct a casino resort in Marina Bay, Singapore.", "Marina Bay, Singapore In May 2006, Adelson's Las Vegas Sands was awarded a hotly contested license to construct a casino resort in Marina Bay, Singapore. The new casino, Marina Bay Sands, opened in 2010 at a rumored cost of $5.5 billion.", "The new casino, Marina Bay Sands, opened in 2010 at a rumored cost of $5.5 billion. In 2010, when it opened, at a total cost of S$8 billion including land cost, the Marina Bay Sands (MBS) Complex of Singapore was the most expensive building in the world, ranking over the new development of World Trade Towers in Manhattan of New York and the Burj Khalifa of Dubai.", "In 2010, when it opened, at a total cost of S$8 billion including land cost, the Marina Bay Sands (MBS) Complex of Singapore was the most expensive building in the world, ranking over the new development of World Trade Towers in Manhattan of New York and the Burj Khalifa of Dubai. MBS Singapore includes stores at \"The Shoppes\", an ultraluxury indoor Venetian canal-lined exclusive shopping belt with tenants such as Ferrari, Chanel, the Theatre of Marina Bay and Convention Center for Sands Live concert series, multiple swimming pools, a rooftop infinity pool, night clubs in Maison pavilions on newly constructed mini islands, and 2,500 luxury hotel rooms.", "MBS Singapore includes stores at \"The Shoppes\", an ultraluxury indoor Venetian canal-lined exclusive shopping belt with tenants such as Ferrari, Chanel, the Theatre of Marina Bay and Convention Center for Sands Live concert series, multiple swimming pools, a rooftop infinity pool, night clubs in Maison pavilions on newly constructed mini islands, and 2,500 luxury hotel rooms. Other activities Israeli press In 2007, Adelson made an unsuccessful bid to purchase the Israeli newspaper Maariv.", "Other activities Israeli press In 2007, Adelson made an unsuccessful bid to purchase the Israeli newspaper Maariv. When this attempt failed, he proceeded with parallel plans to publish a free daily newspaper to compete with Israeli, a newspaper he had co-founded in 2006 but had left.", "When this attempt failed, he proceeded with parallel plans to publish a free daily newspaper to compete with Israeli, a newspaper he had co-founded in 2006 but had left. The first edition of the new newspaper, Israel Hayom, was published on July 30, 2007.", "The first edition of the new newspaper, Israel Hayom, was published on July 30, 2007. On March 31, 2014, Adelson received the go-ahead from a Jerusalem court to purchase Maariv and the conservative newspaper Makor Rishon.", "On March 31, 2014, Adelson received the go-ahead from a Jerusalem court to purchase Maariv and the conservative newspaper Makor Rishon. In 2016, Adelson's attorney announced that he does not own Israel Hayom, but that it is owned by a relative of his.", "In 2016, Adelson's attorney announced that he does not own Israel Hayom, but that it is owned by a relative of his. According to a Target Group Index (TGI) survey published in July 2011, Israel Hayom, which unlike all other Israeli newspapers is distributed for free, became the number-one daily newspaper (on weekdays) four years after its inception.", "According to a Target Group Index (TGI) survey published in July 2011, Israel Hayom, which unlike all other Israeli newspapers is distributed for free, became the number-one daily newspaper (on weekdays) four years after its inception. This survey found that Israel Hayom had a 39.3% weekday readership exposure, Yedioth Ahronoth 37%, Maariv 12.1%, and Haaretz 5.8%.", "This survey found that Israel Hayom had a 39.3% weekday readership exposure, Yedioth Ahronoth 37%, Maariv 12.1%, and Haaretz 5.8%. The Yedioth Ahronoth weekend edition was still leading with a 44.3% readership exposure, compared to 31% for the Israel Hayom weekend edition, 14.9% for Maariv, and 6.8% for Haaretz.", "The Yedioth Ahronoth weekend edition was still leading with a 44.3% readership exposure, compared to 31% for the Israel Hayom weekend edition, 14.9% for Maariv, and 6.8% for Haaretz. This trend was already observed by a TGI survey in July 2010.", "This trend was already observed by a TGI survey in July 2010. In 2011, the Israeli press said that Adelson was unhappy with the coverage on Israeli Channel 10 alleging he had acquired a casino license in Las Vegas inappropriately through political connections. The channel apologized after Adelson threatened a lawsuit.", "The channel apologized after Adelson threatened a lawsuit. This led to the resignations of the news chief, Reudor Benziman; the news editor, Ruti Yuval; and the news anchor, Guy Zohar, who objected to the apology.", "This led to the resignations of the news chief, Reudor Benziman; the news editor, Ruti Yuval; and the news anchor, Guy Zohar, who objected to the apology. After two months of deliberations, the Israeli Second Authority for Television and Radio ruled that although there were some flaws in the manner in which the apology had been conducted, the decision to apologize had been correct and appropriate.", "After two months of deliberations, the Israeli Second Authority for Television and Radio ruled that although there were some flaws in the manner in which the apology had been conducted, the decision to apologize had been correct and appropriate. Las Vegas Review-Journal In December 2015, Adelson purchased the Las Vegas Review-Journal newspaper.", "Las Vegas Review-Journal In December 2015, Adelson purchased the Las Vegas Review-Journal newspaper. The purchase was made through a limited liability company called News + Media Capital Group LLC and his involvement with the deal was initially kept secret.", "The purchase was made through a limited liability company called News + Media Capital Group LLC and his involvement with the deal was initially kept secret. A week after the purchase was announced, three Review-Journal reporters revealed that the deal had been orchestrated by Adelson's son-in-law Patrick Dumont on Adelson's behalf.", "A week after the purchase was announced, three Review-Journal reporters revealed that the deal had been orchestrated by Adelson's son-in-law Patrick Dumont on Adelson's behalf. Commentators described the $140 million paid for the paper as \"lavish\" and as a dramatic overpayment, and speculated that the move was a power play to further Adelson's business or political agendas.", "Commentators described the $140 million paid for the paper as \"lavish\" and as a dramatic overpayment, and speculated that the move was a power play to further Adelson's business or political agendas. Within a few weeks the paper's editor stepped down in a \"voluntary buyout\".", "Within a few weeks the paper's editor stepped down in a \"voluntary buyout\". In January 2016, a set of editorial principles were drawn up and publicized to ensure the newspaper's independence and to deal with possible conflicts of interest involving Adelson's ownership.", "In January 2016, a set of editorial principles were drawn up and publicized to ensure the newspaper's independence and to deal with possible conflicts of interest involving Adelson's ownership. In February Craig Moon, a veteran of the Gannett organization, was announced as the new publisher and promptly withdrew those principles from publication.", "In February Craig Moon, a veteran of the Gannett organization, was announced as the new publisher and promptly withdrew those principles from publication. He also began to personally review, edit, and sometimes kill stories about an Adelson-promoted proposal for a new Las Vegas football stadium.", "He also began to personally review, edit, and sometimes kill stories about an Adelson-promoted proposal for a new Las Vegas football stadium. In the months since, reporters say that stories about Adelson, and particularly about an ongoing lawsuit involving his business dealings in Macau, have been heavily edited by top management.", "In the months since, reporters say that stories about Adelson, and particularly about an ongoing lawsuit involving his business dealings in Macau, have been heavily edited by top management. Many reporters and editors left the newspaper citing \"curtailed editorial freedom, murky business dealings and unethical managers.\"", "Many reporters and editors left the newspaper citing \"curtailed editorial freedom, murky business dealings and unethical managers.\" All three reporters who originally broke the story about Adelson's ownership have left.", "All three reporters who originally broke the story about Adelson's ownership have left. Longtime columnist John L. Smith, who had often written about Adelson and had been unsuccessfully sued for libel by him, resigned after he was told he could no longer write anything about Adelson.", "Longtime columnist John L. Smith, who had often written about Adelson and had been unsuccessfully sued for libel by him, resigned after he was told he could no longer write anything about Adelson. The Las Vegas Review-Journal was the first major newspaper nationwide to endorse Trump in 2016.", "The Las Vegas Review-Journal was the first major newspaper nationwide to endorse Trump in 2016. U.S. policy on Iran In a panel discussion at Yeshiva University on October 22, 2013, Adelson said that the United States must get tougher on the issue of Iran's suspected nuclear weapons program.", "U.S. policy on Iran In a panel discussion at Yeshiva University on October 22, 2013, Adelson said that the United States must get tougher on the issue of Iran's suspected nuclear weapons program. He said: \"You pick up your cell phone and you call somewhere in Nebraska and you say 'OK, let it go' and so there's an atomic weapon goes over, ballistic missiles in the middle of the desert that doesn't hurt a soul, maybe a couple of rattlesnakes and scorpions or whatever\".", "He said: \"You pick up your cell phone and you call somewhere in Nebraska and you say 'OK, let it go' and so there's an atomic weapon goes over, ballistic missiles in the middle of the desert that doesn't hurt a soul, maybe a couple of rattlesnakes and scorpions or whatever\". He explained that, after a show of force and a threat to also drop a nuclear bomb on Tehran, the U.S. should then say: if \"You [Iran] want to be peaceful, just reverse it all and we will guarantee that you can have a nuclear power plant for electricity purposes, energy purposes.\"", "He explained that, after a show of force and a threat to also drop a nuclear bomb on Tehran, the U.S. should then say: if \"You [Iran] want to be peaceful, just reverse it all and we will guarantee that you can have a nuclear power plant for electricity purposes, energy purposes.\" Adelson's spokesman told reporters that Adelson \"was obviously not speaking literally\" about using an atomic bomb in the desert, and that he was \"using hyperbole to make a point that ... actions speak louder than words\".", "Adelson's spokesman told reporters that Adelson \"was obviously not speaking literally\" about using an atomic bomb in the desert, and that he was \"using hyperbole to make a point that ... actions speak louder than words\". DeLay controversy During the Suen trial, Bill Weidner, the president of Adelson's Las Vegas Sands company, testified about a telephone conversation between Adelson and his friend then-House Majority Leader Tom DeLay (R-TX) about a bill proposed by Representative Tom Lantos (D) that would have prevented the U.S. Olympic Committee from voting in favor of the Chinese bid to host the 2008 Summer Olympics.", "DeLay controversy During the Suen trial, Bill Weidner, the president of Adelson's Las Vegas Sands company, testified about a telephone conversation between Adelson and his friend then-House Majority Leader Tom DeLay (R-TX) about a bill proposed by Representative Tom Lantos (D) that would have prevented the U.S. Olympic Committee from voting in favor of the Chinese bid to host the 2008 Summer Olympics. A few hours later, DeLay called back and told Adelson he could tell the mayor of Beijing \"this bill will never see the light of day\".", "A few hours later, DeLay called back and told Adelson he could tell the mayor of Beijing \"this bill will never see the light of day\". The resolution did not pass.", "The resolution did not pass. The resolution did not pass. Adelson testified in court that the demise of the resolution \"resulted from the press of other legislation, [not from] a deliberate move by DeLay to help his benefactor.\"", "Adelson testified in court that the demise of the resolution \"resulted from the press of other legislation, [not from] a deliberate move by DeLay to help his benefactor.\" Cannabis Fighting cannabis legalization was a personal passion of Adelson, whose son Mitchell died of an overdose of heroin and cocaine.", "Cannabis Fighting cannabis legalization was a personal passion of Adelson, whose son Mitchell died of an overdose of heroin and cocaine. Mitchell used cocaine and heroin from an early age. Adelson believed cannabis is a gateway drug.", "Adelson believed cannabis is a gateway drug. Andy Abboud, vice president of Las Vegas Sands, has stated that \"Pro-marijuana folks have awakened a sleeping giant in Sheldon and Miriam Adelson\".", "Andy Abboud, vice president of Las Vegas Sands, has stated that \"Pro-marijuana folks have awakened a sleeping giant in Sheldon and Miriam Adelson\". Israeli-American Council At the November 2017 conference of the Israeli-American Council (IAC), Adelson declared that the organization should become primarily a political lobbying group on Israel-related issues.", "Israeli-American Council At the November 2017 conference of the Israeli-American Council (IAC), Adelson declared that the organization should become primarily a political lobbying group on Israel-related issues. In contrast to the American Israel Public Affairs Committee (AIPAC), which supports a two-state solution and continued aid to the Palestinians, Adelson charted a course for IAC to oppose both of these positions; Adelson himself opposed a two-state solution.", "In contrast to the American Israel Public Affairs Committee (AIPAC), which supports a two-state solution and continued aid to the Palestinians, Adelson charted a course for IAC to oppose both of these positions; Adelson himself opposed a two-state solution. Israeli journalist Chemi Shalev said that IAC had not intended to become a political pressure group and that Adelson had \"hijacked\" it for his \"hard-right agenda\".", "Israeli journalist Chemi Shalev said that IAC had not intended to become a political pressure group and that Adelson had \"hijacked\" it for his \"hard-right agenda\". Internet gambling Adelson fought against internet-based gambling in his later life.", "Internet gambling Adelson fought against internet-based gambling in his later life. Despite the legalization, and acceptance from many Las Vegas Casino CEOs, Adelson poured money into candidates wanting to overturn state legislation that legalizes online gambling. In early 2015, Adelson publicly backed a bill introduced in the U.S. House of Representatives.", "In early 2015, Adelson publicly backed a bill introduced in the U.S. House of Representatives. The legislation, named the Restore America's Wire Act, has been met with mixed reviews by the Republican Party.", "The legislation, named the Restore America's Wire Act, has been met with mixed reviews by the Republican Party. Honors Adelson and his wife, Miriam Adelson, were presented with the Woodrow Wilson Award for Corporate Citizenship by the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars of the Smithsonian Institution on March 25, 2008.", "Honors Adelson and his wife, Miriam Adelson, were presented with the Woodrow Wilson Award for Corporate Citizenship by the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars of the Smithsonian Institution on March 25, 2008. Adelson received the Chairman's Award from the Nevada Policy Research Institute, a think tank in Las Vegas, for his efforts to advance free market principles in Nevada.", "Adelson received the Chairman's Award from the Nevada Policy Research Institute, a think tank in Las Vegas, for his efforts to advance free market principles in Nevada. In 2014, Adelson was named to CNBC's list of 200 people who have transformed business over the last 25 years.", "In 2014, Adelson was named to CNBC's list of 200 people who have transformed business over the last 25 years. Involvement in politics According to The New Yorker, Adelson began making major contributions to the Republican National Committee following clashes with labor unions at his Las Vegas properties.", "Involvement in politics According to The New Yorker, Adelson began making major contributions to the Republican National Committee following clashes with labor unions at his Las Vegas properties. The New Yorker article also quoted Shelley Berkley, a Nevada Democratic Party congresswoman, with whom Adelson had a long feud.", "The New Yorker article also quoted Shelley Berkley, a Nevada Democratic Party congresswoman, with whom Adelson had a long feud. She worked for him in the 1990s as vice-president of legal and governmental affairs, and said Adelson told her that \"old Democrats were with the union and he wanted to break the back of the union, consequently he had to break the back of the Democrats\".", "She worked for him in the 1990s as vice-president of legal and governmental affairs, and said Adelson told her that \"old Democrats were with the union and he wanted to break the back of the union, consequently he had to break the back of the Democrats\". The Boston Globe said that Adelson \"waged some bitter anti-union battles in Las Vegas\".", "The Boston Globe said that Adelson \"waged some bitter anti-union battles in Las Vegas\". Berkley is further quoted in The New Yorker article as saying that Adelson \"seeks to dominate politics and public policy through the raw power of money\".", "Berkley is further quoted in The New Yorker article as saying that Adelson \"seeks to dominate politics and public policy through the raw power of money\". In February 2012, Adelson told Forbes magazine that he was \"against very wealthy people attempting to or influencing elections.", "In February 2012, Adelson told Forbes magazine that he was \"against very wealthy people attempting to or influencing elections. But as long as it's doable I'm going to do it. Because I know that guys like Soros have been doing it for years, if not decades.", "Because I know that guys like Soros have been doing it for years, if not decades. And they stay below the radar by creating a network of corporations to funnel their money. I have my own philosophy and I'm not ashamed of it. I gave the money because there is no other legal way to do it.", "I gave the money because there is no other legal way to do it. I don't want to go through ten different corporations to hide my name. I'm proud of what I do and I'm not looking to escape recognition.\"", "I'm proud of what I do and I'm not looking to escape recognition.\" In 2005, Adelson and his wife each contributed $250,000 to the second inauguration of George W. Bush.", "In 2005, Adelson and his wife each contributed $250,000 to the second inauguration of George W. Bush. President George W. Bush appointed the Adelsons to serve on the Honorary Delegation to accompany him to Jerusalem for the celebration of the 60th anniversary of the State of Israel in May 2008.", "President George W. Bush appointed the Adelsons to serve on the Honorary Delegation to accompany him to Jerusalem for the celebration of the 60th anniversary of the State of Israel in May 2008. Adelson was the principal financial backer of Freedom's Watch, a now-defunct political advocacy group founded to counter the influence of George Soros and Democratic-leaning lobby groups such as MoveOn.org.", "Adelson was the principal financial backer of Freedom's Watch, a now-defunct political advocacy group founded to counter the influence of George Soros and Democratic-leaning lobby groups such as MoveOn.org. \"Almost all\" of the $30 million Freedom's Watch spent on the 2008 elections came from Adelson.", "\"Almost all\" of the $30 million Freedom's Watch spent on the 2008 elections came from Adelson. In 2010, Adelson donated $1 million to American Solutions for Winning the Future, a political action committee (PAC) supporting Republican former Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich.", "In 2010, Adelson donated $1 million to American Solutions for Winning the Future, a political action committee (PAC) supporting Republican former Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich. In December 2011, during Gingrich's bid for the U.S. presidency, Adelson spoke favorably of controversial remarks Gingrich had made about Palestinians, saying \"read the history of those who call themselves Palestinians, and you will hear why Gingrich said recently that the Palestinians are an invented people.\"", "In December 2011, during Gingrich's bid for the U.S. presidency, Adelson spoke favorably of controversial remarks Gingrich had made about Palestinians, saying \"read the history of those who call themselves Palestinians, and you will hear why Gingrich said recently that the Palestinians are an invented people.\" Adelson donated to U.S. Senate and House of Representatives candidates.", "Adelson donated to U.S. Senate and House of Representatives candidates. During the 2012 Republican Party presidential primaries, Adelson first supported Newt Gingrich and then the eventual nominee Mitt Romney. Altogether he spent $92 million supporting losing candidates during the 2012 United States presidential election cycle.", "Altogether he spent $92 million supporting losing candidates during the 2012 United States presidential election cycle. On January 7, 2012, Adelson bolstered Gingrich's then-faltering campaign with a $5-million donation to the pro-Gingrich super PAC Winning Our Future.", "On January 7, 2012, Adelson bolstered Gingrich's then-faltering campaign with a $5-million donation to the pro-Gingrich super PAC Winning Our Future. By the next day, the super PAC had reserved more than $3.4 million in advertising time in the South Carolina primary, which included production and distribution of a half-hour movie that portrayed Gingrich's political rival Mitt Romney as a \"predatory corporate raider\".", "By the next day, the super PAC had reserved more than $3.4 million in advertising time in the South Carolina primary, which included production and distribution of a half-hour movie that portrayed Gingrich's political rival Mitt Romney as a \"predatory corporate raider\". On January 23, Adelson's wife, Miriam, contributed an additional $5 million to the same organization with instructions to use it to advance a \"pro-Newt message\".", "On January 23, Adelson's wife, Miriam, contributed an additional $5 million to the same organization with instructions to use it to advance a \"pro-Newt message\". Adelson told Forbes that he was willing to donate as much as $100 million to Gingrich.", "Adelson told Forbes that he was willing to donate as much as $100 million to Gingrich. He also donated $5 million to the right-leaning super PAC Congressional Leadership Fund and over $60,000 to the Republican National Committee. In June 2012, Adelson donated $10 million to the pro-Romney PAC Restore Our Future.", "In June 2012, Adelson donated $10 million to the pro-Romney PAC Restore Our Future. In July, Adelson attended a Romney fundraiser held in Jerusalem. Adelson joined Woody Johnson, John Rakolta, Paul Singer, and several dozen other contributors on the trip.", "Adelson joined Woody Johnson, John Rakolta, Paul Singer, and several dozen other contributors on the trip. According to Bloomberg Businessweek, as of July Adelson had given Republicans more than $30 million for the 2012 election cycle.", "According to Bloomberg Businessweek, as of July Adelson had given Republicans more than $30 million for the 2012 election cycle. Romney believed that the People's Republic of China should have been pressured to drop its presumptively low fixed exchange rate policy; according to Bloomberg, Adelson would have benefitted financially in U.S. dollar terms through his interest in Chinese casinos if the Chinese yuan were to have appreciated.", "Romney believed that the People's Republic of China should have been pressured to drop its presumptively low fixed exchange rate policy; according to Bloomberg, Adelson would have benefitted financially in U.S. dollar terms through his interest in Chinese casinos if the Chinese yuan were to have appreciated. Early in 2014, Adelson donated $2.5 million to the Drug Free Florida Committee, the political committee trying to defeat Florida's Right to Medical Marijuana Initiative which would legalize medical cannabis in that state.", "Early in 2014, Adelson donated $2.5 million to the Drug Free Florida Committee, the political committee trying to defeat Florida's Right to Medical Marijuana Initiative which would legalize medical cannabis in that state. Later in 2014, Adelson donated an additional $1.5 million to the No On 2 campaign.", "Later in 2014, Adelson donated an additional $1.5 million to the No On 2 campaign. He believed that cannabis is a gateway drug. According to a 2014 Washington Post report, Adelson's strategy for the 2016 United States presidential election was to support a mainstream candidate capable of winning the presidency.", "According to a 2014 Washington Post report, Adelson's strategy for the 2016 United States presidential election was to support a mainstream candidate capable of winning the presidency. In March 2014 Adelson was set to hold one-on-one chats with possible candidates Jeb Bush, Chris Christie, Scott Walker, and John Kasich during the spring meeting of the Republican Jewish Coalition held at Adelson's hotel and casino The Venetian Las Vegas.", "In March 2014 Adelson was set to hold one-on-one chats with possible candidates Jeb Bush, Chris Christie, Scott Walker, and John Kasich during the spring meeting of the Republican Jewish Coalition held at Adelson's hotel and casino The Venetian Las Vegas. During the December 2015 Republican debate held at that same venue, Adelson held one-on-one meetings with several of the candidates prior to the start of the debate, including front runner Donald Trump.", "During the December 2015 Republican debate held at that same venue, Adelson held one-on-one meetings with several of the candidates prior to the start of the debate, including front runner Donald Trump. The bidding to become Adelson's favorite, and ultimately receive tens of millions in financial support, was informally called \"The Adelson Primary\".", "The bidding to become Adelson's favorite, and ultimately receive tens of millions in financial support, was informally called \"The Adelson Primary\". On May 13, 2016, he endorsed Trump for president, and pledged as much as $100 million to support his campaign. Adelson was later described as a Trump partisan.", "Adelson was later described as a Trump partisan. In October 2016, Adelson donated one million dollars to the campaign against Massachusetts ballot question 4 the Massachusetts Legalization, Regulation and Taxation of Marijuana Initiative which legalized marijuana for personal use. Adelson also donated $1,500,000 towards the unsuccessful effort to thwart the 2016 Florida medical Marijuana Legalization Initiative.", "Adelson also donated $1,500,000 towards the unsuccessful effort to thwart the 2016 Florida medical Marijuana Legalization Initiative. Adelson sat out the 2016 Republican primaries, with some early indicators at the beginning of 2016 interpreted as showing that Adelson favored Trump.", "Adelson sat out the 2016 Republican primaries, with some early indicators at the beginning of 2016 interpreted as showing that Adelson favored Trump. In May 2016, explaining his reasons for officially endorsing Donald Trump's presidential bid, Adelson cited the importance of CEO experience in a presidential nominee.", "In May 2016, explaining his reasons for officially endorsing Donald Trump's presidential bid, Adelson cited the importance of CEO experience in a presidential nominee. For the 2018 United States elections, Adelson donated approximately $113 million to the Republican Party through various conservative political action committees.", "For the 2018 United States elections, Adelson donated approximately $113 million to the Republican Party through various conservative political action committees. On January 31, 2019, ABC News reported that Adelson and his wife Miriam had contributed $500,000 to the Patriot Legal Expense Fund Trust, which was set up in 2018 to assist aides of President Trump under investigation by special counsel Robert Mueller's probe into Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections.", "On January 31, 2019, ABC News reported that Adelson and his wife Miriam had contributed $500,000 to the Patriot Legal Expense Fund Trust, which was set up in 2018 to assist aides of President Trump under investigation by special counsel Robert Mueller's probe into Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections. The contributions are the Trust's largest to date.", "The contributions are the Trust's largest to date. It was estimated Adelson would donate $200 million to Trump and the GOP for the 2020 election cycle.", "It was estimated Adelson would donate $200 million to Trump and the GOP for the 2020 election cycle. Given a call to Adelson by Trump in early August complaining that Adelson had not done enough for him, there was speculation that the amount of a donation could be affected.<ref>Isenstadt, Alex, Trump antagonizes GOP megadonor Adelson in heated phone call , Politico, August 8, 2020</ref> On October 15, 2020, Adelson gave $75 million to a Trump PAC, in a late push for reelection.", "Given a call to Adelson by Trump in early August complaining that Adelson had not done enough for him, there was speculation that the amount of a donation could be affected.<ref>Isenstadt, Alex, Trump antagonizes GOP megadonor Adelson in heated phone call , Politico, August 8, 2020</ref> On October 15, 2020, Adelson gave $75 million to a Trump PAC, in a late push for reelection. In the second half of October 2020, Adelson and his wife gave a further $35 million to three super-PACs supporting the Republican Party and Trump's re-election.", "In the second half of October 2020, Adelson and his wife gave a further $35 million to three super-PACs supporting the Republican Party and Trump's re-election. PACs to which the Adelsons donated in the 2020 cycle included Preserve America and the Senate Leadership Fund.", "PACs to which the Adelsons donated in the 2020 cycle included Preserve America and the Senate Leadership Fund. Donations On September 23, 2016, Adelson announced a $25 million donation to Trump's presidential campaign, as part of a $65 million donation to the Republican electoral campaign for 2016.", "Donations On September 23, 2016, Adelson announced a $25 million donation to Trump's presidential campaign, as part of a $65 million donation to the Republican electoral campaign for 2016. This rendered Adelson by far the biggest donor in either party (Republicans or Democrats) in the 2016 election cycle.", "This rendered Adelson by far the biggest donor in either party (Republicans or Democrats) in the 2016 election cycle. It also makes him by far the largest donor to Donald Trump's White House bid. Adelson was the largest donor to Trump's inaugural celebrations, with a $5 million donation to the celebrations.", "Adelson was the largest donor to Trump's inaugural celebrations, with a $5 million donation to the celebrations. According to federal records, from 2010 through 2020, Adelson and his wife donated more than $500 million to the Republican party campaigns and super PACs.", "According to federal records, from 2010 through 2020, Adelson and his wife donated more than $500 million to the Republican party campaigns and super PACs. Since 2007, the Adelson Family Foundation has made contributions totaling $140 million to Birthright Israel, which finances Jewish youth trips to Israel.", "Since 2007, the Adelson Family Foundation has made contributions totaling $140 million to Birthright Israel, which finances Jewish youth trips to Israel. He also donated $5 million to the Friends of the Israel Defense Forces in 2014. Adelson donated over $25 million to The Adelson Educational Campus in Las Vegas to build a high school.", "Adelson donated over $25 million to The Adelson Educational Campus in Las Vegas to build a high school. In 2006, Adelson contributed $25 million to the Yad Vashem Holocaust Martyrs' and Heroes' Remembrance Authority. Adelson also funded the private, Boston-based Miriam and Sheldon G. Adelson Medical Research Foundation.", "Adelson also funded the private, Boston-based Miriam and Sheldon G. Adelson Medical Research Foundation. This foundation initiated the Adelson Program in Neural Repair and Rehabilitation (APNRR) with $7.5 million donated to collaborating researchers at 10 universities.", "This foundation initiated the Adelson Program in Neural Repair and Rehabilitation (APNRR) with $7.5 million donated to collaborating researchers at 10 universities. Personal life Marriages In the 1970s, Sheldon Adelson lived in Massachusetts with his wife, Sandra, and her three children, Mitchell, Gary, and Shelley, whom Sheldon adopted when they were young.", "Personal life Marriages In the 1970s, Sheldon Adelson lived in Massachusetts with his wife, Sandra, and her three children, Mitchell, Gary, and Shelley, whom Sheldon adopted when they were young. The couple divorced in 1988.", "The couple divorced in 1988. The couple divorced in 1988. Adelson met Miriam Farbstein Ochshorn, a medical doctor, on a blind date the following year; they married in 1991. She was previously married to a Tel Aviv physician, Dr. Ariel Ochshorn, with whom she had two daughters.", "She was previously married to a Tel Aviv physician, Dr. Ariel Ochshorn, with whom she had two daughters. Miriam \"Miri\" Farbstein was born in Mandatory Palestine in 1945, to parents that fled Poland before the Holocaust and settled in the city of Haifa.", "Miriam \"Miri\" Farbstein was born in Mandatory Palestine in 1945, to parents that fled Poland before the Holocaust and settled in the city of Haifa. After earning a Bachelor of Science in Microbiology and Genetics from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and a medical degree from Tel Aviv University's Sackler Medical School, she went on to become the chief internist in an emergency room at Tel Aviv's Rokach (Hadassah) Hospital.", "After earning a Bachelor of Science in Microbiology and Genetics from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and a medical degree from Tel Aviv University's Sackler Medical School, she went on to become the chief internist in an emergency room at Tel Aviv's Rokach (Hadassah) Hospital. In 1993, she founded a substance abuse center and research clinic there, and in 2000, the couple opened the Dr. Miriam and Sheldon G. Adelson Research Clinic in Las Vegas.", "In 1993, she founded a substance abuse center and research clinic there, and in 2000, the couple opened the Dr. Miriam and Sheldon G. Adelson Research Clinic in Las Vegas. Litigation A June 2008 profile in The New Yorker detailed several controversies involving Adelson.", "Litigation A June 2008 profile in The New Yorker detailed several controversies involving Adelson. In 2008 Richard Suen, a Hong Kong businessman who had helped Adelson make connections with leading Chinese officials in order to obtain the Macau license, took Adelson to court in Las Vegas alleging he had reneged on his agreement to allow Suen to profit from the venture.", "In 2008 Richard Suen, a Hong Kong businessman who had helped Adelson make connections with leading Chinese officials in order to obtain the Macau license, took Adelson to court in Las Vegas alleging he had reneged on his agreement to allow Suen to profit from the venture. Suen won a $43.8 million judgement; in November 2010, the Nevada Supreme Court overturned the judgment and returned the case to the lower court for further consideration.", "Suen won a $43.8 million judgement; in November 2010, the Nevada Supreme Court overturned the judgment and returned the case to the lower court for further consideration. In the 2013 retrial, the jury awarded Suen a verdict for $70 million.", "In the 2013 retrial, the jury awarded Suen a verdict for $70 million. The judge added another $31.6 million in interest, bringing the total judgment against Adelson to $101.6 million. Adelson was in the process of appealing again.", "Adelson was in the process of appealing again. Adelson faced another trial over claims by three alleged \"middlemen\" in the deal who are suing for at least $450 million. In February 2013, the Las Vegas Sands, in a regulatory filing, acknowledged that it had likely violated federal law that prohibits the bribing of foreign officials.", "In February 2013, the Las Vegas Sands, in a regulatory filing, acknowledged that it had likely violated federal law that prohibits the bribing of foreign officials. Allegedly, Chinese officials were bribed to allow Adelson to build his Macau casino. Adelson successfully sued the London Daily Mail for libel in 2008.", "Adelson successfully sued the London Daily Mail for libel in 2008. The newspaper had accused him of pursuing \"despicable business practices\" and having \"habitually and corruptly bought political favour\".", "The newspaper had accused him of pursuing \"despicable business practices\" and having \"habitually and corruptly bought political favour\". Adelson won the libel case, which was described as \"a grave slur on Mr Adelson's personal integrity and business reputation,\" and he won a judgment of approximately £4 million, which he said he would donate to London's Royal Marsden Hospital.", "Adelson won the libel case, which was described as \"a grave slur on Mr Adelson's personal integrity and business reputation,\" and he won a judgment of approximately £4 million, which he said he would donate to London's Royal Marsden Hospital. In August 2012, the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee (DCCC), after being threatened with a libel suit, apologized and withdrew two blog posts that claimed Adelson had donated \"Chinese prostitution money\" to Republicans.", "In August 2012, the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee (DCCC), after being threatened with a libel suit, apologized and withdrew two blog posts that claimed Adelson had donated \"Chinese prostitution money\" to Republicans. Another organization, the National Jewish Democratic Council, posted on their website that Adelson \"personally approved\" of prostitution at his Macau resorts.", "Another organization, the National Jewish Democratic Council, posted on their website that Adelson \"personally approved\" of prostitution at his Macau resorts. Adelson sued for libel, but a federal judge dismissed the suit in September 2013, ordering Adelson to pay the NJDC's legal fees.", "Adelson sued for libel, but a federal judge dismissed the suit in September 2013, ordering Adelson to pay the NJDC's legal fees. Wealth In 2007, Adelson's estimated wealth was $26.5 billion, making him the third-richest person in the United States according to Forbes. and $26 billion for 2008.", "and $26 billion for 2008. In 2008, the share prices of the Las Vegas Sands Corp. plunged. In November 2008, Las Vegas Sands Corp. announced it might default on bonds that it had outstanding, signaling the potential bankruptcy of the concern.", "In November 2008, Las Vegas Sands Corp. announced it might default on bonds that it had outstanding, signaling the potential bankruptcy of the concern. Adelson lost $4 billion in 2008, more than any other American billionaire.Sheldon Adelson , daylife.com; accessed September 16, 2015.", "Adelson lost $4 billion in 2008, more than any other American billionaire.Sheldon Adelson , daylife.com; accessed September 16, 2015. In 2009, his net worth had declined from approximately $30 billion to $2 billion, a drop of 93%. He told ABC News \"So I lost $25 billion.", "He told ABC News \"So I lost $25 billion. I started out with zero ...[there is] no such thing as fear, not to an entrepreneur. Concern, yes. Fear, no\". In the Forbes 2009 world billionaires list, Adelson's ranking dropped to No.", "In the Forbes 2009 world billionaires list, Adelson's ranking dropped to No. 178 with a net worth of $3.4 billion, but by 2011, after his business had recovered, he was ranked as the world's 16th-richest man with a net worth of $23.3 billion.", "178 with a net worth of $3.4 billion, but by 2011, after his business had recovered, he was ranked as the world's 16th-richest man with a net worth of $23.3 billion. In 2013, Adelson earned a top ranking on Forbes Annual \"Biggest Winner\" List, his dramatic growth a result of the success of his casinos in Macau and Singapore, adding an estimated $15 billion to his net worth during the year.", "In 2013, Adelson earned a top ranking on Forbes Annual \"Biggest Winner\" List, his dramatic growth a result of the success of his casinos in Macau and Singapore, adding an estimated $15 billion to his net worth during the year. In 2013, Adelson was worth $37.2 billion according to Forbes'', and as of December 2014, his net worth was $30.4 billion.", "In 2013, Adelson was worth $37.2 billion according to Forbes'', and as of December 2014, his net worth was $30.4 billion. Adelson owned a fleet of private jets through Las Vegas Sands.", "Adelson owned a fleet of private jets through Las Vegas Sands. On January 2, 2017, Adelson's Airbus A340-500 jet set a record for the Ben Gurion International Airport by making the longest flight ever leaving the airport by flying nonstop to Honolulu, Hawaii, by way of the Arctic Ocean.", "On January 2, 2017, Adelson's Airbus A340-500 jet set a record for the Ben Gurion International Airport by making the longest flight ever leaving the airport by flying nonstop to Honolulu, Hawaii, by way of the Arctic Ocean. Illness and death In 2001, Adelson was diagnosed with peripheral neuropathy, which restricted his ability to stand and walk.", "Illness and death In 2001, Adelson was diagnosed with peripheral neuropathy, which restricted his ability to stand and walk. On February 28, 2019, Las Vegas Sands announced that Adelson was receiving treatment for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.", "On February 28, 2019, Las Vegas Sands announced that Adelson was receiving treatment for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. The news was disclosed after a Sands attorney claimed Adelson was too weak to sit for a deposition in a court case involving Richard Suen.", "The news was disclosed after a Sands attorney claimed Adelson was too weak to sit for a deposition in a court case involving Richard Suen. Sands spokesman Ron Reese said the side effects of Adelson's medical treatment had \"restricted his availability to travel or keep regular office hours” but had not “prevented him from fulfilling his duties as chairman and CEO” of Las Vegas Sands.", "Sands spokesman Ron Reese said the side effects of Adelson's medical treatment had \"restricted his availability to travel or keep regular office hours” but had not “prevented him from fulfilling his duties as chairman and CEO” of Las Vegas Sands. On January 11, 2021, Adelson died at his home in Malibu, California, at the age of 87, after long-term illnesses.", "On January 11, 2021, Adelson died at his home in Malibu, California, at the age of 87, after long-term illnesses. On January 14, 2021, Adelson's body arrived in Israel.", "On January 14, 2021, Adelson's body arrived in Israel. His coffin was draped in U.S. and Israeli flags and was on display at Ben Gurion Airport, where Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu came to pay his respects.", "His coffin was draped in U.S. and Israeli flags and was on display at Ben Gurion Airport, where Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu came to pay his respects. Adelson was laid to rest, the next day, in a small private ceremony on the Mount of Olives in Jerusalem.", "Adelson was laid to rest, the next day, in a small private ceremony on the Mount of Olives in Jerusalem. See also List of people and organizations named in the Paradise Papers References External links Campaign contributions in 2012 to outside spending groups at Center for Responsive Politics 1933 births 2021 deaths 20th-century American businesspeople 20th-century American newspaper publishers (people) 21st-century American businesspeople 21st-century American newspaper publishers (people) American billionaires American casino industry businesspeople American chairpersons of corporations American chemical industry businesspeople American chief executives in the media industry American chief executives of financial services companies American chief executives of travel and tourism industry companies American computer businesspeople American financiers American hoteliers American investment advisors American investors American people of Lithuanian-Jewish descent American people of Ukrainian-Jewish descent American people of Welsh descent American political fundraisers American real estate businesspeople American transportation businesspeople American Zionists Businesspeople from Boston Businesspeople from Nevada City College of New York alumni Deaths from cancer in California Deaths from lymphoma Jewish American philanthropists Military personnel from Massachusetts Nevada Republicans People from Dorchester, Massachusetts People from the Las Vegas Valley United States Army soldiers California Republicans People named in the Paradise Papers 21st-century American Jews Adelson family" ]

[ "Sheldon Adelson", "Israeli press", "What does Sheldon have to do with the Israeli press?", "he proceeded with parallel plans to publish a free daily newspaper to compete with Israeli, a newspaper he had co-founded in 2006", "Was he successful at the paper?", "The first edition of the new newspaper, Israel Hayom, was published on July 30, 2007." ]

[ "Agym (Stream in English) is a Kyrgyz language biweekly newspaper published in Kyrgyzstan. It is privately owned.\n\nHistory and profile\nAgym, a Kyrgyz language biweekly paper, was established in 2001. The paper is published on Fridays. Bakyt Jamalidinov was the publisher at the initial period. Melis Eshimkanov was the owner of the biweekly. He also served as the editor-in-chief of Agym. Then Begaly Nargozuev became the publisher and owner. The paper was sold to Alexander Kim in February 2009.\n\nAs of 2007 Agym was an opposition paper in the country. It has an independent political leaning.\n\nIn 2009, the approximate circulation of Agym was 10,000 copies. It rose to 15,000 copies in 2011.\n\nSee also\n List of newspapers in Kyrgyzstan\n\nReferences\n\n2001 establishments in Kyrgyzstan\nPublications established in 2001\nNewspapers published in Kyrgyzstan\nKyrgyz-language newspapers\nBiweekly newspapers", "The Fairview Enterprise is a newspaper based in Fairview, Kansas. It was established in 1888.\n\nHistory\nThe Fairview Enterprise of Fairview, Kansas, was first printed on March 24, 1888. Col S. O. Grosbeck, formerly of Valley Falls, Kansas, was the owner and editor.\n\nThe first edition was a six column, eight page paper and four pages of ready print. When he started the Enterprise, he was not certain it would succeed so he did not invest his money in printing equipment. Instead the paper was printed for several years in Horton, Kansas. The first Enterprise office was just an editorial office and was part of Dr. Young’s office on Main Street. In August 1889 the office moved into another building on Main Street, opposite the Fairview Hotel, which allowed enough room for the growth of the paper. This office was large enough that there was space for the City Council and the Police headquarters to locate in the same office in 1890. It was with the March 14, 1891 issue that The Enterprise was printed in Fairview. Competition for The Enterprise was The Courier from 1893 to 1899. The Courier was published and edited by Charles Calnon. The Courier office burned in 1899 and the paper did not restart.\n\nIn the beginning a year’s subscription was only $1 and for an additional 65 cents you could also get the Topeka paper for a year. Other publications were also used in trying to get more citizens to subscribe such as Toledo Weekly Blade, Deomonest’s Family Magazine and Cosmopolitan Magazine.\n\nAt the time The Enterprise was started Fairview was two years old. The railroad was complete and furnishing incoming and outgoing business for the rapidly developing town. W. E. Moore was mayor; G. O. Grosbeck, Police judge; Thomas Gillan, Willis Scouten, J. F. Joss, W. C. Meyers and Dell McCarthy were councilmen. The town had a hotel, furniture store, dry goods store, hardware, elevator, coal yard, implements, Harness and saddlers business, two grocery stores, post office, meat market, barber shop, etc. and the town had a doctor.\n\nIn 1908 or 1909 Grosbeck sold the paper to Truman Williams. In 1911 J. R. Leonard became owner and in 1913 the paper changed hands three times—F. W. McKinnie, Drew McLaughlin and Clarence Unkefer were editors. In 1914 Charles Buck became owner and he built a building just south of the hotel for the paper office. Later it became the library, and in later years the building was moved away. Mr. Buck edited the paper until 1915 when North Worrell became owner. He was editor, owner and publisher until 1920 when he sold to Charles Ross. He kept it until 1923 when an elderly couple, Mr. and Mrs. L. A, McNeil bought it. Up to their ownership, type was set by hand. Some type setters were Charley Barnes, who was blind, and Wesley Marker, dwarf son of Ben Marker. The McNeil’s purchased the first linotype in 1927. Harold Parman was a young school teacher here and was interested in the machine, so he learned to operate it, and in 1928 he purchased the paper, and he and his wife, Helen Sawyer Parman, published it together until his death in June 1935. Mrs. Parman continued as owner and publisher until she leased the paper to Leaine Fanning in 1939, and she married Merle Fish and moved to a farm near Powhattan. Leaine bought the paper in 1945. She had been employed on the paper since September in 1935. The third linotype was purchased in time and the press was replaced by the press in use when the paper ceased publication in February 1987 because of illness of the editor. The paper resumed printing in February 1988 with a brand new method of printing—a computer, laserprinter and a copier. Leaine Fanning continued publishing the paper until her death on May 9, 1994. Leaine’s sister Louise Fanning stepped in and became editor and publisher of the paper. Louise printed the paper until her death on February 8, 2009, at which time the paper was taken over by a cousin Patsy (Schmitt) Weaver and her husband Rolland. Rolland died February 14, 2011 and Patsy on November 7, 2014 at which time the paper ceased being printed.\n\nThe paper had been published in the same building since 1931 on Commercial Street, until the death of Louise in 2009, when the building was sold and the paper relocated, at which time the old linotype equipment was donated to a local museum.\n\nA rebirth of The Fairview Enterprise happened in March 2015 when David Floyd Lambertson of Winchester, KS and Larry Gilbert of Kansas City, KS, both having grown up in Fairview, came together to keep the paper alive. Not living in the town, they rely on local volunteers to report the current events to them. They then layout the paper with the help of David's wife, Sacie (Hooper) Lambertson. The paper is then emailed to a printer, who prints the paper on newsprint and delivers it to them, and they in turn take it to the post office and have it mailed out to their subscribers. Subscribers are located from coast to coast. The paper, once a weekly publication is now printed every other week.\n\nReferences\n\nNewspapers published in Kansas" ]

[ "Sheldon Gary Adelson (; August 4, 1933 – January 11, 2021) was an American businessman, investor, political donor and philanthropist. He was the founder, chairman and chief executive officer of Las Vegas Sands Corporation, which owns the Marina Bay Sands in Singapore, and the parent company of Venetian Macao Limited, which operates The Venetian Las Vegas and the Sands Expo and Convention Center.", "He was the founder, chairman and chief executive officer of Las Vegas Sands Corporation, which owns the Marina Bay Sands in Singapore, and the parent company of Venetian Macao Limited, which operates The Venetian Las Vegas and the Sands Expo and Convention Center. He owned the Israeli daily newspaper Israel Hayom, the Israeli weekly newspaper Makor Rishon, and the American daily newspaper the Las Vegas Review-Journal.", "He owned the Israeli daily newspaper Israel Hayom, the Israeli weekly newspaper Makor Rishon, and the American daily newspaper the Las Vegas Review-Journal. Adelson created the Adelson Foundation in 2007, a private charity focusing on healthcare and support of Israel and the Jewish people.", "Adelson created the Adelson Foundation in 2007, a private charity focusing on healthcare and support of Israel and the Jewish people. He was a major contributor to Republican Party candidates and was often dubbed a \"kingmaker\" due to the size and frequency of his donations.", "He was a major contributor to Republican Party candidates and was often dubbed a \"kingmaker\" due to the size and frequency of his donations. He and his wife Miriam Adelson were Donald Trump's largest donors, providing the largest donation to Trump's 2016 campaign, his presidential inauguration, his defense fund against the Mueller investigation into Russian interference, and the 2020 campaign.", "He and his wife Miriam Adelson were Donald Trump's largest donors, providing the largest donation to Trump's 2016 campaign, his presidential inauguration, his defense fund against the Mueller investigation into Russian interference, and the 2020 campaign. He was also a major backer of Israel's prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu.", "He was also a major backer of Israel's prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu. In September 2020, Adelson was listed by Forbes as having a fortune of billion, making him the 28th-richest person in the world and 19th in the Forbes 400.", "In September 2020, Adelson was listed by Forbes as having a fortune of billion, making him the 28th-richest person in the world and 19th in the Forbes 400. Early life Adelson was born on August 4, 1933, and grew up in the Dorchester neighborhood of Boston, the son of Sarah (née Tonkin) and Arthur Adelson.", "Early life Adelson was born on August 4, 1933, and grew up in the Dorchester neighborhood of Boston, the son of Sarah (née Tonkin) and Arthur Adelson. He was Jewish. His father's family was of Ukrainian Jewish and Lithuanian Jewish ancestry.", "His father's family was of Ukrainian Jewish and Lithuanian Jewish ancestry. His mother immigrated from England, and Adelson said that his grandfather was a Welsh coal miner. His father was a taxi driver, and his mother ran a knitting shop.", "His father was a taxi driver, and his mother ran a knitting shop. He began his business career at the age of 12 when he borrowed $200 from his uncle () and purchased a license to sell newspapers in Boston.", "He began his business career at the age of 12 when he borrowed $200 from his uncle () and purchased a license to sell newspapers in Boston. In 1948, at the age of 15, he borrowed $10,000 () from his uncle to start a candy vending-machine business.", "In 1948, at the age of 15, he borrowed $10,000 () from his uncle to start a candy vending-machine business. He attended the City College of New York, but did not graduate. He attended trade school in a failed attempt to become a court reporter, then joined the army.", "He attended trade school in a failed attempt to become a court reporter, then joined the army. After being discharged from the army, he established a business selling toiletry kits, then started another business, De-Ice-It, which marketed a chemical spray that cleared ice from windshields. In the 1960s, he started a charter tour business.", "In the 1960s, he started a charter tour business. He soon became a millionaire, although by his thirties he had built and lost his fortune twice. Over the course of his business career, Adelson created almost 50 businesses, making him a serial entrepreneur.", "Over the course of his business career, Adelson created almost 50 businesses, making him a serial entrepreneur. Business career COMDEX In the late 1970s, Adelson and his partners developed the COMDEX trade shows for the computer industry, beginning in 1979.", "Business career COMDEX In the late 1970s, Adelson and his partners developed the COMDEX trade shows for the computer industry, beginning in 1979. It was one of the largest computer trade shows in the world through much of the 1980s and 1990s.", "It was one of the largest computer trade shows in the world through much of the 1980s and 1990s. In 1995, Adelson and his partners sold the Interface Group Show Division, including the COMDEX shows, to SoftBank Group of Japan for $862 million; Adelson's share was over $500 million.", "In 1995, Adelson and his partners sold the Interface Group Show Division, including the COMDEX shows, to SoftBank Group of Japan for $862 million; Adelson's share was over $500 million. Sands Casino Las Vegas, Nevada In 1988, Adelson purchased the Sands Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas for $110 million (approximately ).", "Sands Casino Las Vegas, Nevada In 1988, Adelson purchased the Sands Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas for $110 million (approximately ). The next year, he and his partners built the Sands Expo and Convention Center, then the only privately owned and operated convention center in the U.S.", "The next year, he and his partners built the Sands Expo and Convention Center, then the only privately owned and operated convention center in the U.S. In 1991, while honeymooning in Venice with his second wife, Miriam, Adelson came up with the idea for a mega-resort hotel.", "In 1991, while honeymooning in Venice with his second wife, Miriam, Adelson came up with the idea for a mega-resort hotel. He razed the Sands and spent $1.5 billion to construct The Venetian, a Venice-themed resort hotel and casino, which opened on May 3, 1999.", "He razed the Sands and spent $1.5 billion to construct The Venetian, a Venice-themed resort hotel and casino, which opened on May 3, 1999. Bethlehem, Pennsylvania In the late 2000s, Adelson and the company built a casino resort in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania.", "Bethlehem, Pennsylvania In the late 2000s, Adelson and the company built a casino resort in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. It is one of five stand-alone casinos that were awarded a slots license by the Pennsylvania Gaming Control Board in 2006. The casino opened May 22, 2009.", "The casino opened May 22, 2009. In 2010, during the Great Recession, Adelson told The Wall Street Journal \"If it were today, we probably wouldn't have started it.\" Macau Adelson led a project to bring Las Vegas Sands casinos to Macau.", "Macau Adelson led a project to bring Las Vegas Sands casinos to Macau. The Sands Macao became China's first Las Vegas-style casino when it opened in May 2004.", "The Sands Macao became China's first Las Vegas-style casino when it opened in May 2004. He recovered his initial $265-million investment in one year and, because he owned 69% of the stock, he increased his wealth when he took the stock public in December 2004.", "He recovered his initial $265-million investment in one year and, because he owned 69% of the stock, he increased his wealth when he took the stock public in December 2004. Following the opening of the Sands Macao, Adelson's personal wealth multiplied more than fourteen times.", "Following the opening of the Sands Macao, Adelson's personal wealth multiplied more than fourteen times. In August 2007, Adelson opened the $2.4 billion Venetian Macao Resort Hotel on Cotai and announced that he planned to create a massive, concentrated resort area he called the Cotai Strip, after its Las Vegas counterpart.", "In August 2007, Adelson opened the $2.4 billion Venetian Macao Resort Hotel on Cotai and announced that he planned to create a massive, concentrated resort area he called the Cotai Strip, after its Las Vegas counterpart. Adelson said that he planned to open more hotels under brands such as Four Seasons, Sheraton, and St. Regis.", "Adelson said that he planned to open more hotels under brands such as Four Seasons, Sheraton, and St. Regis. His Las Vegas Sands planned to invest $12 billion and build 20,000 hotel rooms on the Cotai Strip by 2010.", "His Las Vegas Sands planned to invest $12 billion and build 20,000 hotel rooms on the Cotai Strip by 2010. Adelson's company was reportedly under federal investigation over alleged violations of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act relating to payments made to a Macau lawyer.", "Adelson's company was reportedly under federal investigation over alleged violations of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act relating to payments made to a Macau lawyer. In 2015, Sands agreed to pay a $9 million settlement with the Securities and Exchange Commission, which included no admission of wrongdoing.", "In 2015, Sands agreed to pay a $9 million settlement with the Securities and Exchange Commission, which included no admission of wrongdoing. Marina Bay, Singapore In May 2006, Adelson's Las Vegas Sands was awarded a hotly contested license to construct a casino resort in Marina Bay, Singapore.", "Marina Bay, Singapore In May 2006, Adelson's Las Vegas Sands was awarded a hotly contested license to construct a casino resort in Marina Bay, Singapore. The new casino, Marina Bay Sands, opened in 2010 at a rumored cost of $5.5 billion.", "The new casino, Marina Bay Sands, opened in 2010 at a rumored cost of $5.5 billion. In 2010, when it opened, at a total cost of S$8 billion including land cost, the Marina Bay Sands (MBS) Complex of Singapore was the most expensive building in the world, ranking over the new development of World Trade Towers in Manhattan of New York and the Burj Khalifa of Dubai.", "In 2010, when it opened, at a total cost of S$8 billion including land cost, the Marina Bay Sands (MBS) Complex of Singapore was the most expensive building in the world, ranking over the new development of World Trade Towers in Manhattan of New York and the Burj Khalifa of Dubai. MBS Singapore includes stores at \"The Shoppes\", an ultraluxury indoor Venetian canal-lined exclusive shopping belt with tenants such as Ferrari, Chanel, the Theatre of Marina Bay and Convention Center for Sands Live concert series, multiple swimming pools, a rooftop infinity pool, night clubs in Maison pavilions on newly constructed mini islands, and 2,500 luxury hotel rooms.", "MBS Singapore includes stores at \"The Shoppes\", an ultraluxury indoor Venetian canal-lined exclusive shopping belt with tenants such as Ferrari, Chanel, the Theatre of Marina Bay and Convention Center for Sands Live concert series, multiple swimming pools, a rooftop infinity pool, night clubs in Maison pavilions on newly constructed mini islands, and 2,500 luxury hotel rooms. Other activities Israeli press In 2007, Adelson made an unsuccessful bid to purchase the Israeli newspaper Maariv.", "Other activities Israeli press In 2007, Adelson made an unsuccessful bid to purchase the Israeli newspaper Maariv. When this attempt failed, he proceeded with parallel plans to publish a free daily newspaper to compete with Israeli, a newspaper he had co-founded in 2006 but had left.", "When this attempt failed, he proceeded with parallel plans to publish a free daily newspaper to compete with Israeli, a newspaper he had co-founded in 2006 but had left. The first edition of the new newspaper, Israel Hayom, was published on July 30, 2007.", "The first edition of the new newspaper, Israel Hayom, was published on July 30, 2007. On March 31, 2014, Adelson received the go-ahead from a Jerusalem court to purchase Maariv and the conservative newspaper Makor Rishon.", "On March 31, 2014, Adelson received the go-ahead from a Jerusalem court to purchase Maariv and the conservative newspaper Makor Rishon. In 2016, Adelson's attorney announced that he does not own Israel Hayom, but that it is owned by a relative of his.", "In 2016, Adelson's attorney announced that he does not own Israel Hayom, but that it is owned by a relative of his. According to a Target Group Index (TGI) survey published in July 2011, Israel Hayom, which unlike all other Israeli newspapers is distributed for free, became the number-one daily newspaper (on weekdays) four years after its inception.", "According to a Target Group Index (TGI) survey published in July 2011, Israel Hayom, which unlike all other Israeli newspapers is distributed for free, became the number-one daily newspaper (on weekdays) four years after its inception. This survey found that Israel Hayom had a 39.3% weekday readership exposure, Yedioth Ahronoth 37%, Maariv 12.1%, and Haaretz 5.8%.", "This survey found that Israel Hayom had a 39.3% weekday readership exposure, Yedioth Ahronoth 37%, Maariv 12.1%, and Haaretz 5.8%. The Yedioth Ahronoth weekend edition was still leading with a 44.3% readership exposure, compared to 31% for the Israel Hayom weekend edition, 14.9% for Maariv, and 6.8% for Haaretz.", "The Yedioth Ahronoth weekend edition was still leading with a 44.3% readership exposure, compared to 31% for the Israel Hayom weekend edition, 14.9% for Maariv, and 6.8% for Haaretz. This trend was already observed by a TGI survey in July 2010.", "This trend was already observed by a TGI survey in July 2010. In 2011, the Israeli press said that Adelson was unhappy with the coverage on Israeli Channel 10 alleging he had acquired a casino license in Las Vegas inappropriately through political connections. The channel apologized after Adelson threatened a lawsuit.", "The channel apologized after Adelson threatened a lawsuit. This led to the resignations of the news chief, Reudor Benziman; the news editor, Ruti Yuval; and the news anchor, Guy Zohar, who objected to the apology.", "This led to the resignations of the news chief, Reudor Benziman; the news editor, Ruti Yuval; and the news anchor, Guy Zohar, who objected to the apology. After two months of deliberations, the Israeli Second Authority for Television and Radio ruled that although there were some flaws in the manner in which the apology had been conducted, the decision to apologize had been correct and appropriate.", "After two months of deliberations, the Israeli Second Authority for Television and Radio ruled that although there were some flaws in the manner in which the apology had been conducted, the decision to apologize had been correct and appropriate. Las Vegas Review-Journal In December 2015, Adelson purchased the Las Vegas Review-Journal newspaper.", "Las Vegas Review-Journal In December 2015, Adelson purchased the Las Vegas Review-Journal newspaper. The purchase was made through a limited liability company called News + Media Capital Group LLC and his involvement with the deal was initially kept secret.", "The purchase was made through a limited liability company called News + Media Capital Group LLC and his involvement with the deal was initially kept secret. A week after the purchase was announced, three Review-Journal reporters revealed that the deal had been orchestrated by Adelson's son-in-law Patrick Dumont on Adelson's behalf.", "A week after the purchase was announced, three Review-Journal reporters revealed that the deal had been orchestrated by Adelson's son-in-law Patrick Dumont on Adelson's behalf. Commentators described the $140 million paid for the paper as \"lavish\" and as a dramatic overpayment, and speculated that the move was a power play to further Adelson's business or political agendas.", "Commentators described the $140 million paid for the paper as \"lavish\" and as a dramatic overpayment, and speculated that the move was a power play to further Adelson's business or political agendas. Within a few weeks the paper's editor stepped down in a \"voluntary buyout\".", "Within a few weeks the paper's editor stepped down in a \"voluntary buyout\". In January 2016, a set of editorial principles were drawn up and publicized to ensure the newspaper's independence and to deal with possible conflicts of interest involving Adelson's ownership.", "In January 2016, a set of editorial principles were drawn up and publicized to ensure the newspaper's independence and to deal with possible conflicts of interest involving Adelson's ownership. In February Craig Moon, a veteran of the Gannett organization, was announced as the new publisher and promptly withdrew those principles from publication.", "In February Craig Moon, a veteran of the Gannett organization, was announced as the new publisher and promptly withdrew those principles from publication. He also began to personally review, edit, and sometimes kill stories about an Adelson-promoted proposal for a new Las Vegas football stadium.", "He also began to personally review, edit, and sometimes kill stories about an Adelson-promoted proposal for a new Las Vegas football stadium. In the months since, reporters say that stories about Adelson, and particularly about an ongoing lawsuit involving his business dealings in Macau, have been heavily edited by top management.", "In the months since, reporters say that stories about Adelson, and particularly about an ongoing lawsuit involving his business dealings in Macau, have been heavily edited by top management. Many reporters and editors left the newspaper citing \"curtailed editorial freedom, murky business dealings and unethical managers.\"", "Many reporters and editors left the newspaper citing \"curtailed editorial freedom, murky business dealings and unethical managers.\" All three reporters who originally broke the story about Adelson's ownership have left.", "All three reporters who originally broke the story about Adelson's ownership have left. Longtime columnist John L. Smith, who had often written about Adelson and had been unsuccessfully sued for libel by him, resigned after he was told he could no longer write anything about Adelson.", "Longtime columnist John L. Smith, who had often written about Adelson and had been unsuccessfully sued for libel by him, resigned after he was told he could no longer write anything about Adelson. The Las Vegas Review-Journal was the first major newspaper nationwide to endorse Trump in 2016.", "The Las Vegas Review-Journal was the first major newspaper nationwide to endorse Trump in 2016. U.S. policy on Iran In a panel discussion at Yeshiva University on October 22, 2013, Adelson said that the United States must get tougher on the issue of Iran's suspected nuclear weapons program.", "U.S. policy on Iran In a panel discussion at Yeshiva University on October 22, 2013, Adelson said that the United States must get tougher on the issue of Iran's suspected nuclear weapons program. He said: \"You pick up your cell phone and you call somewhere in Nebraska and you say 'OK, let it go' and so there's an atomic weapon goes over, ballistic missiles in the middle of the desert that doesn't hurt a soul, maybe a couple of rattlesnakes and scorpions or whatever\".", "He said: \"You pick up your cell phone and you call somewhere in Nebraska and you say 'OK, let it go' and so there's an atomic weapon goes over, ballistic missiles in the middle of the desert that doesn't hurt a soul, maybe a couple of rattlesnakes and scorpions or whatever\". He explained that, after a show of force and a threat to also drop a nuclear bomb on Tehran, the U.S. should then say: if \"You [Iran] want to be peaceful, just reverse it all and we will guarantee that you can have a nuclear power plant for electricity purposes, energy purposes.\"", "He explained that, after a show of force and a threat to also drop a nuclear bomb on Tehran, the U.S. should then say: if \"You [Iran] want to be peaceful, just reverse it all and we will guarantee that you can have a nuclear power plant for electricity purposes, energy purposes.\" Adelson's spokesman told reporters that Adelson \"was obviously not speaking literally\" about using an atomic bomb in the desert, and that he was \"using hyperbole to make a point that ... actions speak louder than words\".", "Adelson's spokesman told reporters that Adelson \"was obviously not speaking literally\" about using an atomic bomb in the desert, and that he was \"using hyperbole to make a point that ... actions speak louder than words\". DeLay controversy During the Suen trial, Bill Weidner, the president of Adelson's Las Vegas Sands company, testified about a telephone conversation between Adelson and his friend then-House Majority Leader Tom DeLay (R-TX) about a bill proposed by Representative Tom Lantos (D) that would have prevented the U.S. Olympic Committee from voting in favor of the Chinese bid to host the 2008 Summer Olympics.", "DeLay controversy During the Suen trial, Bill Weidner, the president of Adelson's Las Vegas Sands company, testified about a telephone conversation between Adelson and his friend then-House Majority Leader Tom DeLay (R-TX) about a bill proposed by Representative Tom Lantos (D) that would have prevented the U.S. Olympic Committee from voting in favor of the Chinese bid to host the 2008 Summer Olympics. A few hours later, DeLay called back and told Adelson he could tell the mayor of Beijing \"this bill will never see the light of day\".", "A few hours later, DeLay called back and told Adelson he could tell the mayor of Beijing \"this bill will never see the light of day\". The resolution did not pass.", "The resolution did not pass. The resolution did not pass. Adelson testified in court that the demise of the resolution \"resulted from the press of other legislation, [not from] a deliberate move by DeLay to help his benefactor.\"", "Adelson testified in court that the demise of the resolution \"resulted from the press of other legislation, [not from] a deliberate move by DeLay to help his benefactor.\" Cannabis Fighting cannabis legalization was a personal passion of Adelson, whose son Mitchell died of an overdose of heroin and cocaine.", "Cannabis Fighting cannabis legalization was a personal passion of Adelson, whose son Mitchell died of an overdose of heroin and cocaine. Mitchell used cocaine and heroin from an early age. Adelson believed cannabis is a gateway drug.", "Adelson believed cannabis is a gateway drug. Andy Abboud, vice president of Las Vegas Sands, has stated that \"Pro-marijuana folks have awakened a sleeping giant in Sheldon and Miriam Adelson\".", "Andy Abboud, vice president of Las Vegas Sands, has stated that \"Pro-marijuana folks have awakened a sleeping giant in Sheldon and Miriam Adelson\". Israeli-American Council At the November 2017 conference of the Israeli-American Council (IAC), Adelson declared that the organization should become primarily a political lobbying group on Israel-related issues.", "Israeli-American Council At the November 2017 conference of the Israeli-American Council (IAC), Adelson declared that the organization should become primarily a political lobbying group on Israel-related issues. In contrast to the American Israel Public Affairs Committee (AIPAC), which supports a two-state solution and continued aid to the Palestinians, Adelson charted a course for IAC to oppose both of these positions; Adelson himself opposed a two-state solution.", "In contrast to the American Israel Public Affairs Committee (AIPAC), which supports a two-state solution and continued aid to the Palestinians, Adelson charted a course for IAC to oppose both of these positions; Adelson himself opposed a two-state solution. Israeli journalist Chemi Shalev said that IAC had not intended to become a political pressure group and that Adelson had \"hijacked\" it for his \"hard-right agenda\".", "Israeli journalist Chemi Shalev said that IAC had not intended to become a political pressure group and that Adelson had \"hijacked\" it for his \"hard-right agenda\". Internet gambling Adelson fought against internet-based gambling in his later life.", "Internet gambling Adelson fought against internet-based gambling in his later life. Despite the legalization, and acceptance from many Las Vegas Casino CEOs, Adelson poured money into candidates wanting to overturn state legislation that legalizes online gambling. In early 2015, Adelson publicly backed a bill introduced in the U.S. House of Representatives.", "In early 2015, Adelson publicly backed a bill introduced in the U.S. House of Representatives. The legislation, named the Restore America's Wire Act, has been met with mixed reviews by the Republican Party.", "The legislation, named the Restore America's Wire Act, has been met with mixed reviews by the Republican Party. Honors Adelson and his wife, Miriam Adelson, were presented with the Woodrow Wilson Award for Corporate Citizenship by the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars of the Smithsonian Institution on March 25, 2008.", "Honors Adelson and his wife, Miriam Adelson, were presented with the Woodrow Wilson Award for Corporate Citizenship by the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars of the Smithsonian Institution on March 25, 2008. Adelson received the Chairman's Award from the Nevada Policy Research Institute, a think tank in Las Vegas, for his efforts to advance free market principles in Nevada.", "Adelson received the Chairman's Award from the Nevada Policy Research Institute, a think tank in Las Vegas, for his efforts to advance free market principles in Nevada. In 2014, Adelson was named to CNBC's list of 200 people who have transformed business over the last 25 years.", "In 2014, Adelson was named to CNBC's list of 200 people who have transformed business over the last 25 years. Involvement in politics According to The New Yorker, Adelson began making major contributions to the Republican National Committee following clashes with labor unions at his Las Vegas properties.", "Involvement in politics According to The New Yorker, Adelson began making major contributions to the Republican National Committee following clashes with labor unions at his Las Vegas properties. The New Yorker article also quoted Shelley Berkley, a Nevada Democratic Party congresswoman, with whom Adelson had a long feud.", "The New Yorker article also quoted Shelley Berkley, a Nevada Democratic Party congresswoman, with whom Adelson had a long feud. She worked for him in the 1990s as vice-president of legal and governmental affairs, and said Adelson told her that \"old Democrats were with the union and he wanted to break the back of the union, consequently he had to break the back of the Democrats\".", "She worked for him in the 1990s as vice-president of legal and governmental affairs, and said Adelson told her that \"old Democrats were with the union and he wanted to break the back of the union, consequently he had to break the back of the Democrats\". The Boston Globe said that Adelson \"waged some bitter anti-union battles in Las Vegas\".", "The Boston Globe said that Adelson \"waged some bitter anti-union battles in Las Vegas\". Berkley is further quoted in The New Yorker article as saying that Adelson \"seeks to dominate politics and public policy through the raw power of money\".", "Berkley is further quoted in The New Yorker article as saying that Adelson \"seeks to dominate politics and public policy through the raw power of money\". In February 2012, Adelson told Forbes magazine that he was \"against very wealthy people attempting to or influencing elections.", "In February 2012, Adelson told Forbes magazine that he was \"against very wealthy people attempting to or influencing elections. But as long as it's doable I'm going to do it. Because I know that guys like Soros have been doing it for years, if not decades.", "Because I know that guys like Soros have been doing it for years, if not decades. And they stay below the radar by creating a network of corporations to funnel their money. I have my own philosophy and I'm not ashamed of it. I gave the money because there is no other legal way to do it.", "I gave the money because there is no other legal way to do it. I don't want to go through ten different corporations to hide my name. I'm proud of what I do and I'm not looking to escape recognition.\"", "I'm proud of what I do and I'm not looking to escape recognition.\" In 2005, Adelson and his wife each contributed $250,000 to the second inauguration of George W. Bush.", "In 2005, Adelson and his wife each contributed $250,000 to the second inauguration of George W. Bush. President George W. Bush appointed the Adelsons to serve on the Honorary Delegation to accompany him to Jerusalem for the celebration of the 60th anniversary of the State of Israel in May 2008.", "President George W. Bush appointed the Adelsons to serve on the Honorary Delegation to accompany him to Jerusalem for the celebration of the 60th anniversary of the State of Israel in May 2008. Adelson was the principal financial backer of Freedom's Watch, a now-defunct political advocacy group founded to counter the influence of George Soros and Democratic-leaning lobby groups such as MoveOn.org.", "Adelson was the principal financial backer of Freedom's Watch, a now-defunct political advocacy group founded to counter the influence of George Soros and Democratic-leaning lobby groups such as MoveOn.org. \"Almost all\" of the $30 million Freedom's Watch spent on the 2008 elections came from Adelson.", "\"Almost all\" of the $30 million Freedom's Watch spent on the 2008 elections came from Adelson. In 2010, Adelson donated $1 million to American Solutions for Winning the Future, a political action committee (PAC) supporting Republican former Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich.", "In 2010, Adelson donated $1 million to American Solutions for Winning the Future, a political action committee (PAC) supporting Republican former Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich. In December 2011, during Gingrich's bid for the U.S. presidency, Adelson spoke favorably of controversial remarks Gingrich had made about Palestinians, saying \"read the history of those who call themselves Palestinians, and you will hear why Gingrich said recently that the Palestinians are an invented people.\"", "In December 2011, during Gingrich's bid for the U.S. presidency, Adelson spoke favorably of controversial remarks Gingrich had made about Palestinians, saying \"read the history of those who call themselves Palestinians, and you will hear why Gingrich said recently that the Palestinians are an invented people.\" Adelson donated to U.S. Senate and House of Representatives candidates.", "Adelson donated to U.S. Senate and House of Representatives candidates. During the 2012 Republican Party presidential primaries, Adelson first supported Newt Gingrich and then the eventual nominee Mitt Romney. Altogether he spent $92 million supporting losing candidates during the 2012 United States presidential election cycle.", "Altogether he spent $92 million supporting losing candidates during the 2012 United States presidential election cycle. On January 7, 2012, Adelson bolstered Gingrich's then-faltering campaign with a $5-million donation to the pro-Gingrich super PAC Winning Our Future.", "On January 7, 2012, Adelson bolstered Gingrich's then-faltering campaign with a $5-million donation to the pro-Gingrich super PAC Winning Our Future. By the next day, the super PAC had reserved more than $3.4 million in advertising time in the South Carolina primary, which included production and distribution of a half-hour movie that portrayed Gingrich's political rival Mitt Romney as a \"predatory corporate raider\".", "By the next day, the super PAC had reserved more than $3.4 million in advertising time in the South Carolina primary, which included production and distribution of a half-hour movie that portrayed Gingrich's political rival Mitt Romney as a \"predatory corporate raider\". On January 23, Adelson's wife, Miriam, contributed an additional $5 million to the same organization with instructions to use it to advance a \"pro-Newt message\".", "On January 23, Adelson's wife, Miriam, contributed an additional $5 million to the same organization with instructions to use it to advance a \"pro-Newt message\". Adelson told Forbes that he was willing to donate as much as $100 million to Gingrich.", "Adelson told Forbes that he was willing to donate as much as $100 million to Gingrich. He also donated $5 million to the right-leaning super PAC Congressional Leadership Fund and over $60,000 to the Republican National Committee. In June 2012, Adelson donated $10 million to the pro-Romney PAC Restore Our Future.", "In June 2012, Adelson donated $10 million to the pro-Romney PAC Restore Our Future. In July, Adelson attended a Romney fundraiser held in Jerusalem. Adelson joined Woody Johnson, John Rakolta, Paul Singer, and several dozen other contributors on the trip.", "Adelson joined Woody Johnson, John Rakolta, Paul Singer, and several dozen other contributors on the trip. According to Bloomberg Businessweek, as of July Adelson had given Republicans more than $30 million for the 2012 election cycle.", "According to Bloomberg Businessweek, as of July Adelson had given Republicans more than $30 million for the 2012 election cycle. Romney believed that the People's Republic of China should have been pressured to drop its presumptively low fixed exchange rate policy; according to Bloomberg, Adelson would have benefitted financially in U.S. dollar terms through his interest in Chinese casinos if the Chinese yuan were to have appreciated.", "Romney believed that the People's Republic of China should have been pressured to drop its presumptively low fixed exchange rate policy; according to Bloomberg, Adelson would have benefitted financially in U.S. dollar terms through his interest in Chinese casinos if the Chinese yuan were to have appreciated. Early in 2014, Adelson donated $2.5 million to the Drug Free Florida Committee, the political committee trying to defeat Florida's Right to Medical Marijuana Initiative which would legalize medical cannabis in that state.", "Early in 2014, Adelson donated $2.5 million to the Drug Free Florida Committee, the political committee trying to defeat Florida's Right to Medical Marijuana Initiative which would legalize medical cannabis in that state. Later in 2014, Adelson donated an additional $1.5 million to the No On 2 campaign.", "Later in 2014, Adelson donated an additional $1.5 million to the No On 2 campaign. He believed that cannabis is a gateway drug. According to a 2014 Washington Post report, Adelson's strategy for the 2016 United States presidential election was to support a mainstream candidate capable of winning the presidency.", "According to a 2014 Washington Post report, Adelson's strategy for the 2016 United States presidential election was to support a mainstream candidate capable of winning the presidency. In March 2014 Adelson was set to hold one-on-one chats with possible candidates Jeb Bush, Chris Christie, Scott Walker, and John Kasich during the spring meeting of the Republican Jewish Coalition held at Adelson's hotel and casino The Venetian Las Vegas.", "In March 2014 Adelson was set to hold one-on-one chats with possible candidates Jeb Bush, Chris Christie, Scott Walker, and John Kasich during the spring meeting of the Republican Jewish Coalition held at Adelson's hotel and casino The Venetian Las Vegas. During the December 2015 Republican debate held at that same venue, Adelson held one-on-one meetings with several of the candidates prior to the start of the debate, including front runner Donald Trump.", "During the December 2015 Republican debate held at that same venue, Adelson held one-on-one meetings with several of the candidates prior to the start of the debate, including front runner Donald Trump. The bidding to become Adelson's favorite, and ultimately receive tens of millions in financial support, was informally called \"The Adelson Primary\".", "The bidding to become Adelson's favorite, and ultimately receive tens of millions in financial support, was informally called \"The Adelson Primary\". On May 13, 2016, he endorsed Trump for president, and pledged as much as $100 million to support his campaign. Adelson was later described as a Trump partisan.", "Adelson was later described as a Trump partisan. In October 2016, Adelson donated one million dollars to the campaign against Massachusetts ballot question 4 the Massachusetts Legalization, Regulation and Taxation of Marijuana Initiative which legalized marijuana for personal use. Adelson also donated $1,500,000 towards the unsuccessful effort to thwart the 2016 Florida medical Marijuana Legalization Initiative.", "Adelson also donated $1,500,000 towards the unsuccessful effort to thwart the 2016 Florida medical Marijuana Legalization Initiative. Adelson sat out the 2016 Republican primaries, with some early indicators at the beginning of 2016 interpreted as showing that Adelson favored Trump.", "Adelson sat out the 2016 Republican primaries, with some early indicators at the beginning of 2016 interpreted as showing that Adelson favored Trump. In May 2016, explaining his reasons for officially endorsing Donald Trump's presidential bid, Adelson cited the importance of CEO experience in a presidential nominee.", "In May 2016, explaining his reasons for officially endorsing Donald Trump's presidential bid, Adelson cited the importance of CEO experience in a presidential nominee. For the 2018 United States elections, Adelson donated approximately $113 million to the Republican Party through various conservative political action committees.", "For the 2018 United States elections, Adelson donated approximately $113 million to the Republican Party through various conservative political action committees. On January 31, 2019, ABC News reported that Adelson and his wife Miriam had contributed $500,000 to the Patriot Legal Expense Fund Trust, which was set up in 2018 to assist aides of President Trump under investigation by special counsel Robert Mueller's probe into Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections.", "On January 31, 2019, ABC News reported that Adelson and his wife Miriam had contributed $500,000 to the Patriot Legal Expense Fund Trust, which was set up in 2018 to assist aides of President Trump under investigation by special counsel Robert Mueller's probe into Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections. The contributions are the Trust's largest to date.", "The contributions are the Trust's largest to date. It was estimated Adelson would donate $200 million to Trump and the GOP for the 2020 election cycle.", "It was estimated Adelson would donate $200 million to Trump and the GOP for the 2020 election cycle. Given a call to Adelson by Trump in early August complaining that Adelson had not done enough for him, there was speculation that the amount of a donation could be affected.<ref>Isenstadt, Alex, Trump antagonizes GOP megadonor Adelson in heated phone call , Politico, August 8, 2020</ref> On October 15, 2020, Adelson gave $75 million to a Trump PAC, in a late push for reelection.", "Given a call to Adelson by Trump in early August complaining that Adelson had not done enough for him, there was speculation that the amount of a donation could be affected.<ref>Isenstadt, Alex, Trump antagonizes GOP megadonor Adelson in heated phone call , Politico, August 8, 2020</ref> On October 15, 2020, Adelson gave $75 million to a Trump PAC, in a late push for reelection. In the second half of October 2020, Adelson and his wife gave a further $35 million to three super-PACs supporting the Republican Party and Trump's re-election.", "In the second half of October 2020, Adelson and his wife gave a further $35 million to three super-PACs supporting the Republican Party and Trump's re-election. PACs to which the Adelsons donated in the 2020 cycle included Preserve America and the Senate Leadership Fund.", "PACs to which the Adelsons donated in the 2020 cycle included Preserve America and the Senate Leadership Fund. Donations On September 23, 2016, Adelson announced a $25 million donation to Trump's presidential campaign, as part of a $65 million donation to the Republican electoral campaign for 2016.", "Donations On September 23, 2016, Adelson announced a $25 million donation to Trump's presidential campaign, as part of a $65 million donation to the Republican electoral campaign for 2016. This rendered Adelson by far the biggest donor in either party (Republicans or Democrats) in the 2016 election cycle.", "This rendered Adelson by far the biggest donor in either party (Republicans or Democrats) in the 2016 election cycle. It also makes him by far the largest donor to Donald Trump's White House bid. Adelson was the largest donor to Trump's inaugural celebrations, with a $5 million donation to the celebrations.", "Adelson was the largest donor to Trump's inaugural celebrations, with a $5 million donation to the celebrations. According to federal records, from 2010 through 2020, Adelson and his wife donated more than $500 million to the Republican party campaigns and super PACs.", "According to federal records, from 2010 through 2020, Adelson and his wife donated more than $500 million to the Republican party campaigns and super PACs. Since 2007, the Adelson Family Foundation has made contributions totaling $140 million to Birthright Israel, which finances Jewish youth trips to Israel.", "Since 2007, the Adelson Family Foundation has made contributions totaling $140 million to Birthright Israel, which finances Jewish youth trips to Israel. He also donated $5 million to the Friends of the Israel Defense Forces in 2014. Adelson donated over $25 million to The Adelson Educational Campus in Las Vegas to build a high school.", "Adelson donated over $25 million to The Adelson Educational Campus in Las Vegas to build a high school. In 2006, Adelson contributed $25 million to the Yad Vashem Holocaust Martyrs' and Heroes' Remembrance Authority. Adelson also funded the private, Boston-based Miriam and Sheldon G. Adelson Medical Research Foundation.", "Adelson also funded the private, Boston-based Miriam and Sheldon G. Adelson Medical Research Foundation. This foundation initiated the Adelson Program in Neural Repair and Rehabilitation (APNRR) with $7.5 million donated to collaborating researchers at 10 universities.", "This foundation initiated the Adelson Program in Neural Repair and Rehabilitation (APNRR) with $7.5 million donated to collaborating researchers at 10 universities. Personal life Marriages In the 1970s, Sheldon Adelson lived in Massachusetts with his wife, Sandra, and her three children, Mitchell, Gary, and Shelley, whom Sheldon adopted when they were young.", "Personal life Marriages In the 1970s, Sheldon Adelson lived in Massachusetts with his wife, Sandra, and her three children, Mitchell, Gary, and Shelley, whom Sheldon adopted when they were young. The couple divorced in 1988.", "The couple divorced in 1988. The couple divorced in 1988. Adelson met Miriam Farbstein Ochshorn, a medical doctor, on a blind date the following year; they married in 1991. She was previously married to a Tel Aviv physician, Dr. Ariel Ochshorn, with whom she had two daughters.", "She was previously married to a Tel Aviv physician, Dr. Ariel Ochshorn, with whom she had two daughters. Miriam \"Miri\" Farbstein was born in Mandatory Palestine in 1945, to parents that fled Poland before the Holocaust and settled in the city of Haifa.", "Miriam \"Miri\" Farbstein was born in Mandatory Palestine in 1945, to parents that fled Poland before the Holocaust and settled in the city of Haifa. After earning a Bachelor of Science in Microbiology and Genetics from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and a medical degree from Tel Aviv University's Sackler Medical School, she went on to become the chief internist in an emergency room at Tel Aviv's Rokach (Hadassah) Hospital.", "After earning a Bachelor of Science in Microbiology and Genetics from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and a medical degree from Tel Aviv University's Sackler Medical School, she went on to become the chief internist in an emergency room at Tel Aviv's Rokach (Hadassah) Hospital. In 1993, she founded a substance abuse center and research clinic there, and in 2000, the couple opened the Dr. Miriam and Sheldon G. Adelson Research Clinic in Las Vegas.", "In 1993, she founded a substance abuse center and research clinic there, and in 2000, the couple opened the Dr. Miriam and Sheldon G. Adelson Research Clinic in Las Vegas. Litigation A June 2008 profile in The New Yorker detailed several controversies involving Adelson.", "Litigation A June 2008 profile in The New Yorker detailed several controversies involving Adelson. In 2008 Richard Suen, a Hong Kong businessman who had helped Adelson make connections with leading Chinese officials in order to obtain the Macau license, took Adelson to court in Las Vegas alleging he had reneged on his agreement to allow Suen to profit from the venture.", "In 2008 Richard Suen, a Hong Kong businessman who had helped Adelson make connections with leading Chinese officials in order to obtain the Macau license, took Adelson to court in Las Vegas alleging he had reneged on his agreement to allow Suen to profit from the venture. Suen won a $43.8 million judgement; in November 2010, the Nevada Supreme Court overturned the judgment and returned the case to the lower court for further consideration.", "Suen won a $43.8 million judgement; in November 2010, the Nevada Supreme Court overturned the judgment and returned the case to the lower court for further consideration. In the 2013 retrial, the jury awarded Suen a verdict for $70 million.", "In the 2013 retrial, the jury awarded Suen a verdict for $70 million. The judge added another $31.6 million in interest, bringing the total judgment against Adelson to $101.6 million. Adelson was in the process of appealing again.", "Adelson was in the process of appealing again. Adelson faced another trial over claims by three alleged \"middlemen\" in the deal who are suing for at least $450 million. In February 2013, the Las Vegas Sands, in a regulatory filing, acknowledged that it had likely violated federal law that prohibits the bribing of foreign officials.", "In February 2013, the Las Vegas Sands, in a regulatory filing, acknowledged that it had likely violated federal law that prohibits the bribing of foreign officials. Allegedly, Chinese officials were bribed to allow Adelson to build his Macau casino. Adelson successfully sued the London Daily Mail for libel in 2008.", "Adelson successfully sued the London Daily Mail for libel in 2008. The newspaper had accused him of pursuing \"despicable business practices\" and having \"habitually and corruptly bought political favour\".", "The newspaper had accused him of pursuing \"despicable business practices\" and having \"habitually and corruptly bought political favour\". Adelson won the libel case, which was described as \"a grave slur on Mr Adelson's personal integrity and business reputation,\" and he won a judgment of approximately £4 million, which he said he would donate to London's Royal Marsden Hospital.", "Adelson won the libel case, which was described as \"a grave slur on Mr Adelson's personal integrity and business reputation,\" and he won a judgment of approximately £4 million, which he said he would donate to London's Royal Marsden Hospital. In August 2012, the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee (DCCC), after being threatened with a libel suit, apologized and withdrew two blog posts that claimed Adelson had donated \"Chinese prostitution money\" to Republicans.", "In August 2012, the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee (DCCC), after being threatened with a libel suit, apologized and withdrew two blog posts that claimed Adelson had donated \"Chinese prostitution money\" to Republicans. Another organization, the National Jewish Democratic Council, posted on their website that Adelson \"personally approved\" of prostitution at his Macau resorts.", "Another organization, the National Jewish Democratic Council, posted on their website that Adelson \"personally approved\" of prostitution at his Macau resorts. Adelson sued for libel, but a federal judge dismissed the suit in September 2013, ordering Adelson to pay the NJDC's legal fees.", "Adelson sued for libel, but a federal judge dismissed the suit in September 2013, ordering Adelson to pay the NJDC's legal fees. Wealth In 2007, Adelson's estimated wealth was $26.5 billion, making him the third-richest person in the United States according to Forbes. and $26 billion for 2008.", "and $26 billion for 2008. In 2008, the share prices of the Las Vegas Sands Corp. plunged. In November 2008, Las Vegas Sands Corp. announced it might default on bonds that it had outstanding, signaling the potential bankruptcy of the concern.", "In November 2008, Las Vegas Sands Corp. announced it might default on bonds that it had outstanding, signaling the potential bankruptcy of the concern. Adelson lost $4 billion in 2008, more than any other American billionaire.Sheldon Adelson , daylife.com; accessed September 16, 2015.", "Adelson lost $4 billion in 2008, more than any other American billionaire.Sheldon Adelson , daylife.com; accessed September 16, 2015. In 2009, his net worth had declined from approximately $30 billion to $2 billion, a drop of 93%. He told ABC News \"So I lost $25 billion.", "He told ABC News \"So I lost $25 billion. I started out with zero ...[there is] no such thing as fear, not to an entrepreneur. Concern, yes. Fear, no\". In the Forbes 2009 world billionaires list, Adelson's ranking dropped to No.", "In the Forbes 2009 world billionaires list, Adelson's ranking dropped to No. 178 with a net worth of $3.4 billion, but by 2011, after his business had recovered, he was ranked as the world's 16th-richest man with a net worth of $23.3 billion.", "178 with a net worth of $3.4 billion, but by 2011, after his business had recovered, he was ranked as the world's 16th-richest man with a net worth of $23.3 billion. In 2013, Adelson earned a top ranking on Forbes Annual \"Biggest Winner\" List, his dramatic growth a result of the success of his casinos in Macau and Singapore, adding an estimated $15 billion to his net worth during the year.", "In 2013, Adelson earned a top ranking on Forbes Annual \"Biggest Winner\" List, his dramatic growth a result of the success of his casinos in Macau and Singapore, adding an estimated $15 billion to his net worth during the year. In 2013, Adelson was worth $37.2 billion according to Forbes'', and as of December 2014, his net worth was $30.4 billion.", "In 2013, Adelson was worth $37.2 billion according to Forbes'', and as of December 2014, his net worth was $30.4 billion. Adelson owned a fleet of private jets through Las Vegas Sands.", "Adelson owned a fleet of private jets through Las Vegas Sands. On January 2, 2017, Adelson's Airbus A340-500 jet set a record for the Ben Gurion International Airport by making the longest flight ever leaving the airport by flying nonstop to Honolulu, Hawaii, by way of the Arctic Ocean.", "On January 2, 2017, Adelson's Airbus A340-500 jet set a record for the Ben Gurion International Airport by making the longest flight ever leaving the airport by flying nonstop to Honolulu, Hawaii, by way of the Arctic Ocean. Illness and death In 2001, Adelson was diagnosed with peripheral neuropathy, which restricted his ability to stand and walk.", "Illness and death In 2001, Adelson was diagnosed with peripheral neuropathy, which restricted his ability to stand and walk. On February 28, 2019, Las Vegas Sands announced that Adelson was receiving treatment for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.", "On February 28, 2019, Las Vegas Sands announced that Adelson was receiving treatment for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. The news was disclosed after a Sands attorney claimed Adelson was too weak to sit for a deposition in a court case involving Richard Suen.", "The news was disclosed after a Sands attorney claimed Adelson was too weak to sit for a deposition in a court case involving Richard Suen. Sands spokesman Ron Reese said the side effects of Adelson's medical treatment had \"restricted his availability to travel or keep regular office hours” but had not “prevented him from fulfilling his duties as chairman and CEO” of Las Vegas Sands.", "Sands spokesman Ron Reese said the side effects of Adelson's medical treatment had \"restricted his availability to travel or keep regular office hours” but had not “prevented him from fulfilling his duties as chairman and CEO” of Las Vegas Sands. On January 11, 2021, Adelson died at his home in Malibu, California, at the age of 87, after long-term illnesses.", "On January 11, 2021, Adelson died at his home in Malibu, California, at the age of 87, after long-term illnesses. On January 14, 2021, Adelson's body arrived in Israel.", "On January 14, 2021, Adelson's body arrived in Israel. His coffin was draped in U.S. and Israeli flags and was on display at Ben Gurion Airport, where Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu came to pay his respects.", "His coffin was draped in U.S. and Israeli flags and was on display at Ben Gurion Airport, where Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu came to pay his respects. Adelson was laid to rest, the next day, in a small private ceremony on the Mount of Olives in Jerusalem.", "Adelson was laid to rest, the next day, in a small private ceremony on the Mount of Olives in Jerusalem. See also List of people and organizations named in the Paradise Papers References External links Campaign contributions in 2012 to outside spending groups at Center for Responsive Politics 1933 births 2021 deaths 20th-century American businesspeople 20th-century American newspaper publishers (people) 21st-century American businesspeople 21st-century American newspaper publishers (people) American billionaires American casino industry businesspeople American chairpersons of corporations American chemical industry businesspeople American chief executives in the media industry American chief executives of financial services companies American chief executives of travel and tourism industry companies American computer businesspeople American financiers American hoteliers American investment advisors American investors American people of Lithuanian-Jewish descent American people of Ukrainian-Jewish descent American people of Welsh descent American political fundraisers American real estate businesspeople American transportation businesspeople American Zionists Businesspeople from Boston Businesspeople from Nevada City College of New York alumni Deaths from cancer in California Deaths from lymphoma Jewish American philanthropists Military personnel from Massachusetts Nevada Republicans People from Dorchester, Massachusetts People from the Las Vegas Valley United States Army soldiers California Republicans People named in the Paradise Papers 21st-century American Jews Adelson family" ]

[ "Sheldon Adelson", "Israeli press", "What does Sheldon have to do with the Israeli press?", "he proceeded with parallel plans to publish a free daily newspaper to compete with Israeli, a newspaper he had co-founded in 2006", "Was he successful at the paper?", "The first edition of the new newspaper, Israel Hayom, was published on July 30, 2007.", "Was he the owner of the paper?", "he had co-founded", "Who also owned the paper?", "I don't know." ]

[ "The Madison Times Weekly is a weekly African-American newspaper in Madison in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. Civil rights activist Betty Franklin-Hammonds established the paper in April 1991. It was initially a sister publication of the Milwaukee Times, which had bought the Wisconsin Free Press, a Black-focused paper that published sporadically in Madison in the 1980s. Hammonds stated that the paper operated separately within its first few months. Hammonds started the paper as a resource for the under-served African-American community; the paper soon expanded its focus to various minority communities. In 1992 the paper joined with WORT radio, WYOU community television, and the online service DANEnet to create the Neighborhood Network, to cover local news and serve local activists.\n\nFollowing Hammonds' death at age 56 in 1999, her husband David became publisher, and remained majority owner. Jonathan Gramling, a \"longtime friend and associate\" of the Franklin-Hammonds family, took over as editor. Under Gramling's direction, the paper added more full color photography, and increased its event coverage. In 2002, amid a nationwide industry slump, the paper experienced financial challenges, prompting staffing cuts. David described the newspaper as a community-oriented enterprise, rather than a financial investment. The paper's circulation was about 8,500 in 2004.\n\nLocal politician and bureaucrat Ray Allen purchased the paper in 2005. Though Allen stated at the time that he did not plan significant personnel changes, Gramling, who had recently won a human rights award, announced his intention to leave the paper shortly after the acquisition.\n\nAllen sold it to Courier Communications, the parent company of the Milwaukee Courier and WNOV-AM radio, in 2014. The two newspapers had been sharing editorial and advertising content for about a year prior to the sale; at the time of the acquisition, the two papers had a combined circulation of 55,000.\n\nReferences \n\nNewspapers published in Wisconsin\nAfrican-American newspapers\nMadison, Wisconsin", "Elgin Review is a weekly newspaper serving Elgin, Nebraska and surrounding counties of Antelope, Boone, and Wheeler.\n\nThe paper is owned by Dennis and Lynell Morgan and its circulation is estimated at 1,167 copies.\n\nHistory \nThe Elgin Review was established January 1, 1897 by Mr. McCord and Ernest S. Scofield as a weekly non-partisan publication. Ernest S. Scofield fully took over the paper later in 1897. Records of the Elgin Review before 1906 are somewhat unclear, since no files of the paper were kept before that year.\n\nBenjamin W. McKeen purchased the paper in 1903. Charles H. Stockdale purchased the paper on February 1, 1908. During the 15 years of Stockdale's ownership, the subscription list and influence of the Elgin Review was expanded. There was also various improvements in the plant and equipment. In May 1916, work began on the present brick building that houses the Review. A short time later, the first linotype typesetting machine was installed at the newspaper. This machine did away with much of the arduous \"hand setting\" of type, improved the appearance of the newspaper and allowed Stockdale to provide better service to printing customers. Also under Stockdale's ownership, a cylinder press and folding machine were added to the operation, further streamlining production of the newspaper.\n\nA.C. Gardner moved to Elgin from Albion to take over ownership of the Review on December 1, 1922. He operated the paper through most of the \"Dirty Thirties\" and sold it on December 1, 1936, to F. Valdemar Peterson. Peterson, who was Superintendent of Elgin Public Schools at the time, had served as a contributing editor of the paper for several years. He was Governor of Nebraska from 1947 until 1953.\n \nPeterson published the paper between 1936 and 1946. He became more involved in politics in 1939, serving as the campaign manager for Hugh A. Butler, who was running for Congress. He also served as secretary for Governor Dwight Griswold until 1942, when he left to serve two years in the air service command of the army. Val Peterson sold the paper in 1946 to run for and become Governor of Nebraska. Val Peterson sold the Review to his brother, Fred, on December 1, 1946, and Fred operated the business until October 13, 1947, when he sold to George F. and Leona Voorhies. \nThe Voorhies had the longest tenure at the helm of the Review, operating the paper for 31 years.\n\nOn January 1, 1978, the paper was passed to Jim E. and Julianne K. Dickerson. Operations and printing methods changed greatly during the newspaper's history. One of the biggest changes came when the paper was converted from letterpress to offset production in the early 1970s. The Review was printed each week at Neligh News and Leader central plant, but most other production chores and commercial printing were done in Elgin. The Dickersons added to and updated much of the equipment at the Review. During the 11 years, they installed new typesetting equipment, a complete darkroom system with process camera and a business computer. The front of the building was replaced in November, 1980. Jim Dickerson served as president of the Nebraska Press Association in 1998.\n \nOn April 1, 2007 the paper was purchased by Dennis and Lynell Morgan. The Morgans are both graduates of journalism programs in Nebraska. Dennis from Kearney State College in 1981 and Lynell from the University of Nebraska-Lincoln in 1984. They have been employed in newspaper businesses since the 1980s. When they purchased the paper in 2007, the Morgans updated not only the design of the newspaper to make it more appealing but also changed out the equipment that the paper is designed on. Taking advantage of the most current technology available, the newspaper office operates off of several state-of-the-art computers for both newspaper design and the business side of newspapers. Photos, done by both of the Morgans, are being taken on newer Nikon digital cameras. While the newspaper itself is printed out of town, common business printing and more is done in-house on professional printing equipment, ensuring quality printing. \nThe Elgin Review has also embraced media trends. Highlights from each week's newspaper are available to viewers via the newspapers website, www.elginreview.com, plus the paper routinely posts news briefs on social media sites to give readers news-on-the-go. Subscribers can also receive the Elgin Review in pdf form for those who don't want to wait for the print edition to arrive in the mail. Dennis Morgan served two terms as president of the Nebraska Press Association, in 2014 and 2015.\n\nAwards\n\nReferences\n\nNewspapers published in Nebraska" ]

[ "Sheldon Gary Adelson (; August 4, 1933 – January 11, 2021) was an American businessman, investor, political donor and philanthropist. He was the founder, chairman and chief executive officer of Las Vegas Sands Corporation, which owns the Marina Bay Sands in Singapore, and the parent company of Venetian Macao Limited, which operates The Venetian Las Vegas and the Sands Expo and Convention Center.", "He was the founder, chairman and chief executive officer of Las Vegas Sands Corporation, which owns the Marina Bay Sands in Singapore, and the parent company of Venetian Macao Limited, which operates The Venetian Las Vegas and the Sands Expo and Convention Center. He owned the Israeli daily newspaper Israel Hayom, the Israeli weekly newspaper Makor Rishon, and the American daily newspaper the Las Vegas Review-Journal.", "He owned the Israeli daily newspaper Israel Hayom, the Israeli weekly newspaper Makor Rishon, and the American daily newspaper the Las Vegas Review-Journal. Adelson created the Adelson Foundation in 2007, a private charity focusing on healthcare and support of Israel and the Jewish people.", "Adelson created the Adelson Foundation in 2007, a private charity focusing on healthcare and support of Israel and the Jewish people. He was a major contributor to Republican Party candidates and was often dubbed a \"kingmaker\" due to the size and frequency of his donations.", "He was a major contributor to Republican Party candidates and was often dubbed a \"kingmaker\" due to the size and frequency of his donations. He and his wife Miriam Adelson were Donald Trump's largest donors, providing the largest donation to Trump's 2016 campaign, his presidential inauguration, his defense fund against the Mueller investigation into Russian interference, and the 2020 campaign.", "He and his wife Miriam Adelson were Donald Trump's largest donors, providing the largest donation to Trump's 2016 campaign, his presidential inauguration, his defense fund against the Mueller investigation into Russian interference, and the 2020 campaign. He was also a major backer of Israel's prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu.", "He was also a major backer of Israel's prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu. In September 2020, Adelson was listed by Forbes as having a fortune of billion, making him the 28th-richest person in the world and 19th in the Forbes 400.", "In September 2020, Adelson was listed by Forbes as having a fortune of billion, making him the 28th-richest person in the world and 19th in the Forbes 400. Early life Adelson was born on August 4, 1933, and grew up in the Dorchester neighborhood of Boston, the son of Sarah (née Tonkin) and Arthur Adelson.", "Early life Adelson was born on August 4, 1933, and grew up in the Dorchester neighborhood of Boston, the son of Sarah (née Tonkin) and Arthur Adelson. He was Jewish. His father's family was of Ukrainian Jewish and Lithuanian Jewish ancestry.", "His father's family was of Ukrainian Jewish and Lithuanian Jewish ancestry. His mother immigrated from England, and Adelson said that his grandfather was a Welsh coal miner. His father was a taxi driver, and his mother ran a knitting shop.", "His father was a taxi driver, and his mother ran a knitting shop. He began his business career at the age of 12 when he borrowed $200 from his uncle () and purchased a license to sell newspapers in Boston.", "He began his business career at the age of 12 when he borrowed $200 from his uncle () and purchased a license to sell newspapers in Boston. In 1948, at the age of 15, he borrowed $10,000 () from his uncle to start a candy vending-machine business.", "In 1948, at the age of 15, he borrowed $10,000 () from his uncle to start a candy vending-machine business. He attended the City College of New York, but did not graduate. He attended trade school in a failed attempt to become a court reporter, then joined the army.", "He attended trade school in a failed attempt to become a court reporter, then joined the army. After being discharged from the army, he established a business selling toiletry kits, then started another business, De-Ice-It, which marketed a chemical spray that cleared ice from windshields. In the 1960s, he started a charter tour business.", "In the 1960s, he started a charter tour business. He soon became a millionaire, although by his thirties he had built and lost his fortune twice. Over the course of his business career, Adelson created almost 50 businesses, making him a serial entrepreneur.", "Over the course of his business career, Adelson created almost 50 businesses, making him a serial entrepreneur. Business career COMDEX In the late 1970s, Adelson and his partners developed the COMDEX trade shows for the computer industry, beginning in 1979.", "Business career COMDEX In the late 1970s, Adelson and his partners developed the COMDEX trade shows for the computer industry, beginning in 1979. It was one of the largest computer trade shows in the world through much of the 1980s and 1990s.", "It was one of the largest computer trade shows in the world through much of the 1980s and 1990s. In 1995, Adelson and his partners sold the Interface Group Show Division, including the COMDEX shows, to SoftBank Group of Japan for $862 million; Adelson's share was over $500 million.", "In 1995, Adelson and his partners sold the Interface Group Show Division, including the COMDEX shows, to SoftBank Group of Japan for $862 million; Adelson's share was over $500 million. Sands Casino Las Vegas, Nevada In 1988, Adelson purchased the Sands Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas for $110 million (approximately ).", "Sands Casino Las Vegas, Nevada In 1988, Adelson purchased the Sands Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas for $110 million (approximately ). The next year, he and his partners built the Sands Expo and Convention Center, then the only privately owned and operated convention center in the U.S.", "The next year, he and his partners built the Sands Expo and Convention Center, then the only privately owned and operated convention center in the U.S. In 1991, while honeymooning in Venice with his second wife, Miriam, Adelson came up with the idea for a mega-resort hotel.", "In 1991, while honeymooning in Venice with his second wife, Miriam, Adelson came up with the idea for a mega-resort hotel. He razed the Sands and spent $1.5 billion to construct The Venetian, a Venice-themed resort hotel and casino, which opened on May 3, 1999.", "He razed the Sands and spent $1.5 billion to construct The Venetian, a Venice-themed resort hotel and casino, which opened on May 3, 1999. Bethlehem, Pennsylvania In the late 2000s, Adelson and the company built a casino resort in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania.", "Bethlehem, Pennsylvania In the late 2000s, Adelson and the company built a casino resort in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. It is one of five stand-alone casinos that were awarded a slots license by the Pennsylvania Gaming Control Board in 2006. The casino opened May 22, 2009.", "The casino opened May 22, 2009. In 2010, during the Great Recession, Adelson told The Wall Street Journal \"If it were today, we probably wouldn't have started it.\" Macau Adelson led a project to bring Las Vegas Sands casinos to Macau.", "Macau Adelson led a project to bring Las Vegas Sands casinos to Macau. The Sands Macao became China's first Las Vegas-style casino when it opened in May 2004.", "The Sands Macao became China's first Las Vegas-style casino when it opened in May 2004. He recovered his initial $265-million investment in one year and, because he owned 69% of the stock, he increased his wealth when he took the stock public in December 2004.", "He recovered his initial $265-million investment in one year and, because he owned 69% of the stock, he increased his wealth when he took the stock public in December 2004. Following the opening of the Sands Macao, Adelson's personal wealth multiplied more than fourteen times.", "Following the opening of the Sands Macao, Adelson's personal wealth multiplied more than fourteen times. In August 2007, Adelson opened the $2.4 billion Venetian Macao Resort Hotel on Cotai and announced that he planned to create a massive, concentrated resort area he called the Cotai Strip, after its Las Vegas counterpart.", "In August 2007, Adelson opened the $2.4 billion Venetian Macao Resort Hotel on Cotai and announced that he planned to create a massive, concentrated resort area he called the Cotai Strip, after its Las Vegas counterpart. Adelson said that he planned to open more hotels under brands such as Four Seasons, Sheraton, and St. Regis.", "Adelson said that he planned to open more hotels under brands such as Four Seasons, Sheraton, and St. Regis. His Las Vegas Sands planned to invest $12 billion and build 20,000 hotel rooms on the Cotai Strip by 2010.", "His Las Vegas Sands planned to invest $12 billion and build 20,000 hotel rooms on the Cotai Strip by 2010. Adelson's company was reportedly under federal investigation over alleged violations of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act relating to payments made to a Macau lawyer.", "Adelson's company was reportedly under federal investigation over alleged violations of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act relating to payments made to a Macau lawyer. In 2015, Sands agreed to pay a $9 million settlement with the Securities and Exchange Commission, which included no admission of wrongdoing.", "In 2015, Sands agreed to pay a $9 million settlement with the Securities and Exchange Commission, which included no admission of wrongdoing. Marina Bay, Singapore In May 2006, Adelson's Las Vegas Sands was awarded a hotly contested license to construct a casino resort in Marina Bay, Singapore.", "Marina Bay, Singapore In May 2006, Adelson's Las Vegas Sands was awarded a hotly contested license to construct a casino resort in Marina Bay, Singapore. The new casino, Marina Bay Sands, opened in 2010 at a rumored cost of $5.5 billion.", "The new casino, Marina Bay Sands, opened in 2010 at a rumored cost of $5.5 billion. In 2010, when it opened, at a total cost of S$8 billion including land cost, the Marina Bay Sands (MBS) Complex of Singapore was the most expensive building in the world, ranking over the new development of World Trade Towers in Manhattan of New York and the Burj Khalifa of Dubai.", "In 2010, when it opened, at a total cost of S$8 billion including land cost, the Marina Bay Sands (MBS) Complex of Singapore was the most expensive building in the world, ranking over the new development of World Trade Towers in Manhattan of New York and the Burj Khalifa of Dubai. MBS Singapore includes stores at \"The Shoppes\", an ultraluxury indoor Venetian canal-lined exclusive shopping belt with tenants such as Ferrari, Chanel, the Theatre of Marina Bay and Convention Center for Sands Live concert series, multiple swimming pools, a rooftop infinity pool, night clubs in Maison pavilions on newly constructed mini islands, and 2,500 luxury hotel rooms.", "MBS Singapore includes stores at \"The Shoppes\", an ultraluxury indoor Venetian canal-lined exclusive shopping belt with tenants such as Ferrari, Chanel, the Theatre of Marina Bay and Convention Center for Sands Live concert series, multiple swimming pools, a rooftop infinity pool, night clubs in Maison pavilions on newly constructed mini islands, and 2,500 luxury hotel rooms. Other activities Israeli press In 2007, Adelson made an unsuccessful bid to purchase the Israeli newspaper Maariv.", "Other activities Israeli press In 2007, Adelson made an unsuccessful bid to purchase the Israeli newspaper Maariv. When this attempt failed, he proceeded with parallel plans to publish a free daily newspaper to compete with Israeli, a newspaper he had co-founded in 2006 but had left.", "When this attempt failed, he proceeded with parallel plans to publish a free daily newspaper to compete with Israeli, a newspaper he had co-founded in 2006 but had left. The first edition of the new newspaper, Israel Hayom, was published on July 30, 2007.", "The first edition of the new newspaper, Israel Hayom, was published on July 30, 2007. On March 31, 2014, Adelson received the go-ahead from a Jerusalem court to purchase Maariv and the conservative newspaper Makor Rishon.", "On March 31, 2014, Adelson received the go-ahead from a Jerusalem court to purchase Maariv and the conservative newspaper Makor Rishon. In 2016, Adelson's attorney announced that he does not own Israel Hayom, but that it is owned by a relative of his.", "In 2016, Adelson's attorney announced that he does not own Israel Hayom, but that it is owned by a relative of his. According to a Target Group Index (TGI) survey published in July 2011, Israel Hayom, which unlike all other Israeli newspapers is distributed for free, became the number-one daily newspaper (on weekdays) four years after its inception.", "According to a Target Group Index (TGI) survey published in July 2011, Israel Hayom, which unlike all other Israeli newspapers is distributed for free, became the number-one daily newspaper (on weekdays) four years after its inception. This survey found that Israel Hayom had a 39.3% weekday readership exposure, Yedioth Ahronoth 37%, Maariv 12.1%, and Haaretz 5.8%.", "This survey found that Israel Hayom had a 39.3% weekday readership exposure, Yedioth Ahronoth 37%, Maariv 12.1%, and Haaretz 5.8%. The Yedioth Ahronoth weekend edition was still leading with a 44.3% readership exposure, compared to 31% for the Israel Hayom weekend edition, 14.9% for Maariv, and 6.8% for Haaretz.", "The Yedioth Ahronoth weekend edition was still leading with a 44.3% readership exposure, compared to 31% for the Israel Hayom weekend edition, 14.9% for Maariv, and 6.8% for Haaretz. This trend was already observed by a TGI survey in July 2010.", "This trend was already observed by a TGI survey in July 2010. In 2011, the Israeli press said that Adelson was unhappy with the coverage on Israeli Channel 10 alleging he had acquired a casino license in Las Vegas inappropriately through political connections. The channel apologized after Adelson threatened a lawsuit.", "The channel apologized after Adelson threatened a lawsuit. This led to the resignations of the news chief, Reudor Benziman; the news editor, Ruti Yuval; and the news anchor, Guy Zohar, who objected to the apology.", "This led to the resignations of the news chief, Reudor Benziman; the news editor, Ruti Yuval; and the news anchor, Guy Zohar, who objected to the apology. After two months of deliberations, the Israeli Second Authority for Television and Radio ruled that although there were some flaws in the manner in which the apology had been conducted, the decision to apologize had been correct and appropriate.", "After two months of deliberations, the Israeli Second Authority for Television and Radio ruled that although there were some flaws in the manner in which the apology had been conducted, the decision to apologize had been correct and appropriate. Las Vegas Review-Journal In December 2015, Adelson purchased the Las Vegas Review-Journal newspaper.", "Las Vegas Review-Journal In December 2015, Adelson purchased the Las Vegas Review-Journal newspaper. The purchase was made through a limited liability company called News + Media Capital Group LLC and his involvement with the deal was initially kept secret.", "The purchase was made through a limited liability company called News + Media Capital Group LLC and his involvement with the deal was initially kept secret. A week after the purchase was announced, three Review-Journal reporters revealed that the deal had been orchestrated by Adelson's son-in-law Patrick Dumont on Adelson's behalf.", "A week after the purchase was announced, three Review-Journal reporters revealed that the deal had been orchestrated by Adelson's son-in-law Patrick Dumont on Adelson's behalf. Commentators described the $140 million paid for the paper as \"lavish\" and as a dramatic overpayment, and speculated that the move was a power play to further Adelson's business or political agendas.", "Commentators described the $140 million paid for the paper as \"lavish\" and as a dramatic overpayment, and speculated that the move was a power play to further Adelson's business or political agendas. Within a few weeks the paper's editor stepped down in a \"voluntary buyout\".", "Within a few weeks the paper's editor stepped down in a \"voluntary buyout\". In January 2016, a set of editorial principles were drawn up and publicized to ensure the newspaper's independence and to deal with possible conflicts of interest involving Adelson's ownership.", "In January 2016, a set of editorial principles were drawn up and publicized to ensure the newspaper's independence and to deal with possible conflicts of interest involving Adelson's ownership. In February Craig Moon, a veteran of the Gannett organization, was announced as the new publisher and promptly withdrew those principles from publication.", "In February Craig Moon, a veteran of the Gannett organization, was announced as the new publisher and promptly withdrew those principles from publication. He also began to personally review, edit, and sometimes kill stories about an Adelson-promoted proposal for a new Las Vegas football stadium.", "He also began to personally review, edit, and sometimes kill stories about an Adelson-promoted proposal for a new Las Vegas football stadium. In the months since, reporters say that stories about Adelson, and particularly about an ongoing lawsuit involving his business dealings in Macau, have been heavily edited by top management.", "In the months since, reporters say that stories about Adelson, and particularly about an ongoing lawsuit involving his business dealings in Macau, have been heavily edited by top management. Many reporters and editors left the newspaper citing \"curtailed editorial freedom, murky business dealings and unethical managers.\"", "Many reporters and editors left the newspaper citing \"curtailed editorial freedom, murky business dealings and unethical managers.\" All three reporters who originally broke the story about Adelson's ownership have left.", "All three reporters who originally broke the story about Adelson's ownership have left. Longtime columnist John L. Smith, who had often written about Adelson and had been unsuccessfully sued for libel by him, resigned after he was told he could no longer write anything about Adelson.", "Longtime columnist John L. Smith, who had often written about Adelson and had been unsuccessfully sued for libel by him, resigned after he was told he could no longer write anything about Adelson. The Las Vegas Review-Journal was the first major newspaper nationwide to endorse Trump in 2016.", "The Las Vegas Review-Journal was the first major newspaper nationwide to endorse Trump in 2016. U.S. policy on Iran In a panel discussion at Yeshiva University on October 22, 2013, Adelson said that the United States must get tougher on the issue of Iran's suspected nuclear weapons program.", "U.S. policy on Iran In a panel discussion at Yeshiva University on October 22, 2013, Adelson said that the United States must get tougher on the issue of Iran's suspected nuclear weapons program. He said: \"You pick up your cell phone and you call somewhere in Nebraska and you say 'OK, let it go' and so there's an atomic weapon goes over, ballistic missiles in the middle of the desert that doesn't hurt a soul, maybe a couple of rattlesnakes and scorpions or whatever\".", "He said: \"You pick up your cell phone and you call somewhere in Nebraska and you say 'OK, let it go' and so there's an atomic weapon goes over, ballistic missiles in the middle of the desert that doesn't hurt a soul, maybe a couple of rattlesnakes and scorpions or whatever\". He explained that, after a show of force and a threat to also drop a nuclear bomb on Tehran, the U.S. should then say: if \"You [Iran] want to be peaceful, just reverse it all and we will guarantee that you can have a nuclear power plant for electricity purposes, energy purposes.\"", "He explained that, after a show of force and a threat to also drop a nuclear bomb on Tehran, the U.S. should then say: if \"You [Iran] want to be peaceful, just reverse it all and we will guarantee that you can have a nuclear power plant for electricity purposes, energy purposes.\" Adelson's spokesman told reporters that Adelson \"was obviously not speaking literally\" about using an atomic bomb in the desert, and that he was \"using hyperbole to make a point that ... actions speak louder than words\".", "Adelson's spokesman told reporters that Adelson \"was obviously not speaking literally\" about using an atomic bomb in the desert, and that he was \"using hyperbole to make a point that ... actions speak louder than words\". DeLay controversy During the Suen trial, Bill Weidner, the president of Adelson's Las Vegas Sands company, testified about a telephone conversation between Adelson and his friend then-House Majority Leader Tom DeLay (R-TX) about a bill proposed by Representative Tom Lantos (D) that would have prevented the U.S. Olympic Committee from voting in favor of the Chinese bid to host the 2008 Summer Olympics.", "DeLay controversy During the Suen trial, Bill Weidner, the president of Adelson's Las Vegas Sands company, testified about a telephone conversation between Adelson and his friend then-House Majority Leader Tom DeLay (R-TX) about a bill proposed by Representative Tom Lantos (D) that would have prevented the U.S. Olympic Committee from voting in favor of the Chinese bid to host the 2008 Summer Olympics. A few hours later, DeLay called back and told Adelson he could tell the mayor of Beijing \"this bill will never see the light of day\".", "A few hours later, DeLay called back and told Adelson he could tell the mayor of Beijing \"this bill will never see the light of day\". The resolution did not pass.", "The resolution did not pass. The resolution did not pass. Adelson testified in court that the demise of the resolution \"resulted from the press of other legislation, [not from] a deliberate move by DeLay to help his benefactor.\"", "Adelson testified in court that the demise of the resolution \"resulted from the press of other legislation, [not from] a deliberate move by DeLay to help his benefactor.\" Cannabis Fighting cannabis legalization was a personal passion of Adelson, whose son Mitchell died of an overdose of heroin and cocaine.", "Cannabis Fighting cannabis legalization was a personal passion of Adelson, whose son Mitchell died of an overdose of heroin and cocaine. Mitchell used cocaine and heroin from an early age. Adelson believed cannabis is a gateway drug.", "Adelson believed cannabis is a gateway drug. Andy Abboud, vice president of Las Vegas Sands, has stated that \"Pro-marijuana folks have awakened a sleeping giant in Sheldon and Miriam Adelson\".", "Andy Abboud, vice president of Las Vegas Sands, has stated that \"Pro-marijuana folks have awakened a sleeping giant in Sheldon and Miriam Adelson\". Israeli-American Council At the November 2017 conference of the Israeli-American Council (IAC), Adelson declared that the organization should become primarily a political lobbying group on Israel-related issues.", "Israeli-American Council At the November 2017 conference of the Israeli-American Council (IAC), Adelson declared that the organization should become primarily a political lobbying group on Israel-related issues. In contrast to the American Israel Public Affairs Committee (AIPAC), which supports a two-state solution and continued aid to the Palestinians, Adelson charted a course for IAC to oppose both of these positions; Adelson himself opposed a two-state solution.", "In contrast to the American Israel Public Affairs Committee (AIPAC), which supports a two-state solution and continued aid to the Palestinians, Adelson charted a course for IAC to oppose both of these positions; Adelson himself opposed a two-state solution. Israeli journalist Chemi Shalev said that IAC had not intended to become a political pressure group and that Adelson had \"hijacked\" it for his \"hard-right agenda\".", "Israeli journalist Chemi Shalev said that IAC had not intended to become a political pressure group and that Adelson had \"hijacked\" it for his \"hard-right agenda\". Internet gambling Adelson fought against internet-based gambling in his later life.", "Internet gambling Adelson fought against internet-based gambling in his later life. Despite the legalization, and acceptance from many Las Vegas Casino CEOs, Adelson poured money into candidates wanting to overturn state legislation that legalizes online gambling. In early 2015, Adelson publicly backed a bill introduced in the U.S. House of Representatives.", "In early 2015, Adelson publicly backed a bill introduced in the U.S. House of Representatives. The legislation, named the Restore America's Wire Act, has been met with mixed reviews by the Republican Party.", "The legislation, named the Restore America's Wire Act, has been met with mixed reviews by the Republican Party. Honors Adelson and his wife, Miriam Adelson, were presented with the Woodrow Wilson Award for Corporate Citizenship by the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars of the Smithsonian Institution on March 25, 2008.", "Honors Adelson and his wife, Miriam Adelson, were presented with the Woodrow Wilson Award for Corporate Citizenship by the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars of the Smithsonian Institution on March 25, 2008. Adelson received the Chairman's Award from the Nevada Policy Research Institute, a think tank in Las Vegas, for his efforts to advance free market principles in Nevada.", "Adelson received the Chairman's Award from the Nevada Policy Research Institute, a think tank in Las Vegas, for his efforts to advance free market principles in Nevada. In 2014, Adelson was named to CNBC's list of 200 people who have transformed business over the last 25 years.", "In 2014, Adelson was named to CNBC's list of 200 people who have transformed business over the last 25 years. Involvement in politics According to The New Yorker, Adelson began making major contributions to the Republican National Committee following clashes with labor unions at his Las Vegas properties.", "Involvement in politics According to The New Yorker, Adelson began making major contributions to the Republican National Committee following clashes with labor unions at his Las Vegas properties. The New Yorker article also quoted Shelley Berkley, a Nevada Democratic Party congresswoman, with whom Adelson had a long feud.", "The New Yorker article also quoted Shelley Berkley, a Nevada Democratic Party congresswoman, with whom Adelson had a long feud. She worked for him in the 1990s as vice-president of legal and governmental affairs, and said Adelson told her that \"old Democrats were with the union and he wanted to break the back of the union, consequently he had to break the back of the Democrats\".", "She worked for him in the 1990s as vice-president of legal and governmental affairs, and said Adelson told her that \"old Democrats were with the union and he wanted to break the back of the union, consequently he had to break the back of the Democrats\". The Boston Globe said that Adelson \"waged some bitter anti-union battles in Las Vegas\".", "The Boston Globe said that Adelson \"waged some bitter anti-union battles in Las Vegas\". Berkley is further quoted in The New Yorker article as saying that Adelson \"seeks to dominate politics and public policy through the raw power of money\".", "Berkley is further quoted in The New Yorker article as saying that Adelson \"seeks to dominate politics and public policy through the raw power of money\". In February 2012, Adelson told Forbes magazine that he was \"against very wealthy people attempting to or influencing elections.", "In February 2012, Adelson told Forbes magazine that he was \"against very wealthy people attempting to or influencing elections. But as long as it's doable I'm going to do it. Because I know that guys like Soros have been doing it for years, if not decades.", "Because I know that guys like Soros have been doing it for years, if not decades. And they stay below the radar by creating a network of corporations to funnel their money. I have my own philosophy and I'm not ashamed of it. I gave the money because there is no other legal way to do it.", "I gave the money because there is no other legal way to do it. I don't want to go through ten different corporations to hide my name. I'm proud of what I do and I'm not looking to escape recognition.\"", "I'm proud of what I do and I'm not looking to escape recognition.\" In 2005, Adelson and his wife each contributed $250,000 to the second inauguration of George W. Bush.", "In 2005, Adelson and his wife each contributed $250,000 to the second inauguration of George W. Bush. President George W. Bush appointed the Adelsons to serve on the Honorary Delegation to accompany him to Jerusalem for the celebration of the 60th anniversary of the State of Israel in May 2008.", "President George W. Bush appointed the Adelsons to serve on the Honorary Delegation to accompany him to Jerusalem for the celebration of the 60th anniversary of the State of Israel in May 2008. Adelson was the principal financial backer of Freedom's Watch, a now-defunct political advocacy group founded to counter the influence of George Soros and Democratic-leaning lobby groups such as MoveOn.org.", "Adelson was the principal financial backer of Freedom's Watch, a now-defunct political advocacy group founded to counter the influence of George Soros and Democratic-leaning lobby groups such as MoveOn.org. \"Almost all\" of the $30 million Freedom's Watch spent on the 2008 elections came from Adelson.", "\"Almost all\" of the $30 million Freedom's Watch spent on the 2008 elections came from Adelson. In 2010, Adelson donated $1 million to American Solutions for Winning the Future, a political action committee (PAC) supporting Republican former Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich.", "In 2010, Adelson donated $1 million to American Solutions for Winning the Future, a political action committee (PAC) supporting Republican former Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich. In December 2011, during Gingrich's bid for the U.S. presidency, Adelson spoke favorably of controversial remarks Gingrich had made about Palestinians, saying \"read the history of those who call themselves Palestinians, and you will hear why Gingrich said recently that the Palestinians are an invented people.\"", "In December 2011, during Gingrich's bid for the U.S. presidency, Adelson spoke favorably of controversial remarks Gingrich had made about Palestinians, saying \"read the history of those who call themselves Palestinians, and you will hear why Gingrich said recently that the Palestinians are an invented people.\" Adelson donated to U.S. Senate and House of Representatives candidates.", "Adelson donated to U.S. Senate and House of Representatives candidates. During the 2012 Republican Party presidential primaries, Adelson first supported Newt Gingrich and then the eventual nominee Mitt Romney. Altogether he spent $92 million supporting losing candidates during the 2012 United States presidential election cycle.", "Altogether he spent $92 million supporting losing candidates during the 2012 United States presidential election cycle. On January 7, 2012, Adelson bolstered Gingrich's then-faltering campaign with a $5-million donation to the pro-Gingrich super PAC Winning Our Future.", "On January 7, 2012, Adelson bolstered Gingrich's then-faltering campaign with a $5-million donation to the pro-Gingrich super PAC Winning Our Future. By the next day, the super PAC had reserved more than $3.4 million in advertising time in the South Carolina primary, which included production and distribution of a half-hour movie that portrayed Gingrich's political rival Mitt Romney as a \"predatory corporate raider\".", "By the next day, the super PAC had reserved more than $3.4 million in advertising time in the South Carolina primary, which included production and distribution of a half-hour movie that portrayed Gingrich's political rival Mitt Romney as a \"predatory corporate raider\". On January 23, Adelson's wife, Miriam, contributed an additional $5 million to the same organization with instructions to use it to advance a \"pro-Newt message\".", "On January 23, Adelson's wife, Miriam, contributed an additional $5 million to the same organization with instructions to use it to advance a \"pro-Newt message\". Adelson told Forbes that he was willing to donate as much as $100 million to Gingrich.", "Adelson told Forbes that he was willing to donate as much as $100 million to Gingrich. He also donated $5 million to the right-leaning super PAC Congressional Leadership Fund and over $60,000 to the Republican National Committee. In June 2012, Adelson donated $10 million to the pro-Romney PAC Restore Our Future.", "In June 2012, Adelson donated $10 million to the pro-Romney PAC Restore Our Future. In July, Adelson attended a Romney fundraiser held in Jerusalem. Adelson joined Woody Johnson, John Rakolta, Paul Singer, and several dozen other contributors on the trip.", "Adelson joined Woody Johnson, John Rakolta, Paul Singer, and several dozen other contributors on the trip. According to Bloomberg Businessweek, as of July Adelson had given Republicans more than $30 million for the 2012 election cycle.", "According to Bloomberg Businessweek, as of July Adelson had given Republicans more than $30 million for the 2012 election cycle. Romney believed that the People's Republic of China should have been pressured to drop its presumptively low fixed exchange rate policy; according to Bloomberg, Adelson would have benefitted financially in U.S. dollar terms through his interest in Chinese casinos if the Chinese yuan were to have appreciated.", "Romney believed that the People's Republic of China should have been pressured to drop its presumptively low fixed exchange rate policy; according to Bloomberg, Adelson would have benefitted financially in U.S. dollar terms through his interest in Chinese casinos if the Chinese yuan were to have appreciated. Early in 2014, Adelson donated $2.5 million to the Drug Free Florida Committee, the political committee trying to defeat Florida's Right to Medical Marijuana Initiative which would legalize medical cannabis in that state.", "Early in 2014, Adelson donated $2.5 million to the Drug Free Florida Committee, the political committee trying to defeat Florida's Right to Medical Marijuana Initiative which would legalize medical cannabis in that state. Later in 2014, Adelson donated an additional $1.5 million to the No On 2 campaign.", "Later in 2014, Adelson donated an additional $1.5 million to the No On 2 campaign. He believed that cannabis is a gateway drug. According to a 2014 Washington Post report, Adelson's strategy for the 2016 United States presidential election was to support a mainstream candidate capable of winning the presidency.", "According to a 2014 Washington Post report, Adelson's strategy for the 2016 United States presidential election was to support a mainstream candidate capable of winning the presidency. In March 2014 Adelson was set to hold one-on-one chats with possible candidates Jeb Bush, Chris Christie, Scott Walker, and John Kasich during the spring meeting of the Republican Jewish Coalition held at Adelson's hotel and casino The Venetian Las Vegas.", "In March 2014 Adelson was set to hold one-on-one chats with possible candidates Jeb Bush, Chris Christie, Scott Walker, and John Kasich during the spring meeting of the Republican Jewish Coalition held at Adelson's hotel and casino The Venetian Las Vegas. During the December 2015 Republican debate held at that same venue, Adelson held one-on-one meetings with several of the candidates prior to the start of the debate, including front runner Donald Trump.", "During the December 2015 Republican debate held at that same venue, Adelson held one-on-one meetings with several of the candidates prior to the start of the debate, including front runner Donald Trump. The bidding to become Adelson's favorite, and ultimately receive tens of millions in financial support, was informally called \"The Adelson Primary\".", "The bidding to become Adelson's favorite, and ultimately receive tens of millions in financial support, was informally called \"The Adelson Primary\". On May 13, 2016, he endorsed Trump for president, and pledged as much as $100 million to support his campaign. Adelson was later described as a Trump partisan.", "Adelson was later described as a Trump partisan. In October 2016, Adelson donated one million dollars to the campaign against Massachusetts ballot question 4 the Massachusetts Legalization, Regulation and Taxation of Marijuana Initiative which legalized marijuana for personal use. Adelson also donated $1,500,000 towards the unsuccessful effort to thwart the 2016 Florida medical Marijuana Legalization Initiative.", "Adelson also donated $1,500,000 towards the unsuccessful effort to thwart the 2016 Florida medical Marijuana Legalization Initiative. Adelson sat out the 2016 Republican primaries, with some early indicators at the beginning of 2016 interpreted as showing that Adelson favored Trump.", "Adelson sat out the 2016 Republican primaries, with some early indicators at the beginning of 2016 interpreted as showing that Adelson favored Trump. In May 2016, explaining his reasons for officially endorsing Donald Trump's presidential bid, Adelson cited the importance of CEO experience in a presidential nominee.", "In May 2016, explaining his reasons for officially endorsing Donald Trump's presidential bid, Adelson cited the importance of CEO experience in a presidential nominee. For the 2018 United States elections, Adelson donated approximately $113 million to the Republican Party through various conservative political action committees.", "For the 2018 United States elections, Adelson donated approximately $113 million to the Republican Party through various conservative political action committees. On January 31, 2019, ABC News reported that Adelson and his wife Miriam had contributed $500,000 to the Patriot Legal Expense Fund Trust, which was set up in 2018 to assist aides of President Trump under investigation by special counsel Robert Mueller's probe into Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections.", "On January 31, 2019, ABC News reported that Adelson and his wife Miriam had contributed $500,000 to the Patriot Legal Expense Fund Trust, which was set up in 2018 to assist aides of President Trump under investigation by special counsel Robert Mueller's probe into Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections. The contributions are the Trust's largest to date.", "The contributions are the Trust's largest to date. It was estimated Adelson would donate $200 million to Trump and the GOP for the 2020 election cycle.", "It was estimated Adelson would donate $200 million to Trump and the GOP for the 2020 election cycle. Given a call to Adelson by Trump in early August complaining that Adelson had not done enough for him, there was speculation that the amount of a donation could be affected.<ref>Isenstadt, Alex, Trump antagonizes GOP megadonor Adelson in heated phone call , Politico, August 8, 2020</ref> On October 15, 2020, Adelson gave $75 million to a Trump PAC, in a late push for reelection.", "Given a call to Adelson by Trump in early August complaining that Adelson had not done enough for him, there was speculation that the amount of a donation could be affected.<ref>Isenstadt, Alex, Trump antagonizes GOP megadonor Adelson in heated phone call , Politico, August 8, 2020</ref> On October 15, 2020, Adelson gave $75 million to a Trump PAC, in a late push for reelection. In the second half of October 2020, Adelson and his wife gave a further $35 million to three super-PACs supporting the Republican Party and Trump's re-election.", "In the second half of October 2020, Adelson and his wife gave a further $35 million to three super-PACs supporting the Republican Party and Trump's re-election. PACs to which the Adelsons donated in the 2020 cycle included Preserve America and the Senate Leadership Fund.", "PACs to which the Adelsons donated in the 2020 cycle included Preserve America and the Senate Leadership Fund. Donations On September 23, 2016, Adelson announced a $25 million donation to Trump's presidential campaign, as part of a $65 million donation to the Republican electoral campaign for 2016.", "Donations On September 23, 2016, Adelson announced a $25 million donation to Trump's presidential campaign, as part of a $65 million donation to the Republican electoral campaign for 2016. This rendered Adelson by far the biggest donor in either party (Republicans or Democrats) in the 2016 election cycle.", "This rendered Adelson by far the biggest donor in either party (Republicans or Democrats) in the 2016 election cycle. It also makes him by far the largest donor to Donald Trump's White House bid. Adelson was the largest donor to Trump's inaugural celebrations, with a $5 million donation to the celebrations.", "Adelson was the largest donor to Trump's inaugural celebrations, with a $5 million donation to the celebrations. According to federal records, from 2010 through 2020, Adelson and his wife donated more than $500 million to the Republican party campaigns and super PACs.", "According to federal records, from 2010 through 2020, Adelson and his wife donated more than $500 million to the Republican party campaigns and super PACs. Since 2007, the Adelson Family Foundation has made contributions totaling $140 million to Birthright Israel, which finances Jewish youth trips to Israel.", "Since 2007, the Adelson Family Foundation has made contributions totaling $140 million to Birthright Israel, which finances Jewish youth trips to Israel. He also donated $5 million to the Friends of the Israel Defense Forces in 2014. Adelson donated over $25 million to The Adelson Educational Campus in Las Vegas to build a high school.", "Adelson donated over $25 million to The Adelson Educational Campus in Las Vegas to build a high school. In 2006, Adelson contributed $25 million to the Yad Vashem Holocaust Martyrs' and Heroes' Remembrance Authority. Adelson also funded the private, Boston-based Miriam and Sheldon G. Adelson Medical Research Foundation.", "Adelson also funded the private, Boston-based Miriam and Sheldon G. Adelson Medical Research Foundation. This foundation initiated the Adelson Program in Neural Repair and Rehabilitation (APNRR) with $7.5 million donated to collaborating researchers at 10 universities.", "This foundation initiated the Adelson Program in Neural Repair and Rehabilitation (APNRR) with $7.5 million donated to collaborating researchers at 10 universities. Personal life Marriages In the 1970s, Sheldon Adelson lived in Massachusetts with his wife, Sandra, and her three children, Mitchell, Gary, and Shelley, whom Sheldon adopted when they were young.", "Personal life Marriages In the 1970s, Sheldon Adelson lived in Massachusetts with his wife, Sandra, and her three children, Mitchell, Gary, and Shelley, whom Sheldon adopted when they were young. The couple divorced in 1988.", "The couple divorced in 1988. The couple divorced in 1988. Adelson met Miriam Farbstein Ochshorn, a medical doctor, on a blind date the following year; they married in 1991. She was previously married to a Tel Aviv physician, Dr. Ariel Ochshorn, with whom she had two daughters.", "She was previously married to a Tel Aviv physician, Dr. Ariel Ochshorn, with whom she had two daughters. Miriam \"Miri\" Farbstein was born in Mandatory Palestine in 1945, to parents that fled Poland before the Holocaust and settled in the city of Haifa.", "Miriam \"Miri\" Farbstein was born in Mandatory Palestine in 1945, to parents that fled Poland before the Holocaust and settled in the city of Haifa. After earning a Bachelor of Science in Microbiology and Genetics from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and a medical degree from Tel Aviv University's Sackler Medical School, she went on to become the chief internist in an emergency room at Tel Aviv's Rokach (Hadassah) Hospital.", "After earning a Bachelor of Science in Microbiology and Genetics from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and a medical degree from Tel Aviv University's Sackler Medical School, she went on to become the chief internist in an emergency room at Tel Aviv's Rokach (Hadassah) Hospital. In 1993, she founded a substance abuse center and research clinic there, and in 2000, the couple opened the Dr. Miriam and Sheldon G. Adelson Research Clinic in Las Vegas.", "In 1993, she founded a substance abuse center and research clinic there, and in 2000, the couple opened the Dr. Miriam and Sheldon G. Adelson Research Clinic in Las Vegas. Litigation A June 2008 profile in The New Yorker detailed several controversies involving Adelson.", "Litigation A June 2008 profile in The New Yorker detailed several controversies involving Adelson. In 2008 Richard Suen, a Hong Kong businessman who had helped Adelson make connections with leading Chinese officials in order to obtain the Macau license, took Adelson to court in Las Vegas alleging he had reneged on his agreement to allow Suen to profit from the venture.", "In 2008 Richard Suen, a Hong Kong businessman who had helped Adelson make connections with leading Chinese officials in order to obtain the Macau license, took Adelson to court in Las Vegas alleging he had reneged on his agreement to allow Suen to profit from the venture. Suen won a $43.8 million judgement; in November 2010, the Nevada Supreme Court overturned the judgment and returned the case to the lower court for further consideration.", "Suen won a $43.8 million judgement; in November 2010, the Nevada Supreme Court overturned the judgment and returned the case to the lower court for further consideration. In the 2013 retrial, the jury awarded Suen a verdict for $70 million.", "In the 2013 retrial, the jury awarded Suen a verdict for $70 million. The judge added another $31.6 million in interest, bringing the total judgment against Adelson to $101.6 million. Adelson was in the process of appealing again.", "Adelson was in the process of appealing again. Adelson faced another trial over claims by three alleged \"middlemen\" in the deal who are suing for at least $450 million. In February 2013, the Las Vegas Sands, in a regulatory filing, acknowledged that it had likely violated federal law that prohibits the bribing of foreign officials.", "In February 2013, the Las Vegas Sands, in a regulatory filing, acknowledged that it had likely violated federal law that prohibits the bribing of foreign officials. Allegedly, Chinese officials were bribed to allow Adelson to build his Macau casino. Adelson successfully sued the London Daily Mail for libel in 2008.", "Adelson successfully sued the London Daily Mail for libel in 2008. The newspaper had accused him of pursuing \"despicable business practices\" and having \"habitually and corruptly bought political favour\".", "The newspaper had accused him of pursuing \"despicable business practices\" and having \"habitually and corruptly bought political favour\". Adelson won the libel case, which was described as \"a grave slur on Mr Adelson's personal integrity and business reputation,\" and he won a judgment of approximately £4 million, which he said he would donate to London's Royal Marsden Hospital.", "Adelson won the libel case, which was described as \"a grave slur on Mr Adelson's personal integrity and business reputation,\" and he won a judgment of approximately £4 million, which he said he would donate to London's Royal Marsden Hospital. In August 2012, the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee (DCCC), after being threatened with a libel suit, apologized and withdrew two blog posts that claimed Adelson had donated \"Chinese prostitution money\" to Republicans.", "In August 2012, the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee (DCCC), after being threatened with a libel suit, apologized and withdrew two blog posts that claimed Adelson had donated \"Chinese prostitution money\" to Republicans. Another organization, the National Jewish Democratic Council, posted on their website that Adelson \"personally approved\" of prostitution at his Macau resorts.", "Another organization, the National Jewish Democratic Council, posted on their website that Adelson \"personally approved\" of prostitution at his Macau resorts. Adelson sued for libel, but a federal judge dismissed the suit in September 2013, ordering Adelson to pay the NJDC's legal fees.", "Adelson sued for libel, but a federal judge dismissed the suit in September 2013, ordering Adelson to pay the NJDC's legal fees. Wealth In 2007, Adelson's estimated wealth was $26.5 billion, making him the third-richest person in the United States according to Forbes. and $26 billion for 2008.", "and $26 billion for 2008. In 2008, the share prices of the Las Vegas Sands Corp. plunged. In November 2008, Las Vegas Sands Corp. announced it might default on bonds that it had outstanding, signaling the potential bankruptcy of the concern.", "In November 2008, Las Vegas Sands Corp. announced it might default on bonds that it had outstanding, signaling the potential bankruptcy of the concern. Adelson lost $4 billion in 2008, more than any other American billionaire.Sheldon Adelson , daylife.com; accessed September 16, 2015.", "Adelson lost $4 billion in 2008, more than any other American billionaire.Sheldon Adelson , daylife.com; accessed September 16, 2015. In 2009, his net worth had declined from approximately $30 billion to $2 billion, a drop of 93%. He told ABC News \"So I lost $25 billion.", "He told ABC News \"So I lost $25 billion. I started out with zero ...[there is] no such thing as fear, not to an entrepreneur. Concern, yes. Fear, no\". In the Forbes 2009 world billionaires list, Adelson's ranking dropped to No.", "In the Forbes 2009 world billionaires list, Adelson's ranking dropped to No. 178 with a net worth of $3.4 billion, but by 2011, after his business had recovered, he was ranked as the world's 16th-richest man with a net worth of $23.3 billion.", "178 with a net worth of $3.4 billion, but by 2011, after his business had recovered, he was ranked as the world's 16th-richest man with a net worth of $23.3 billion. In 2013, Adelson earned a top ranking on Forbes Annual \"Biggest Winner\" List, his dramatic growth a result of the success of his casinos in Macau and Singapore, adding an estimated $15 billion to his net worth during the year.", "In 2013, Adelson earned a top ranking on Forbes Annual \"Biggest Winner\" List, his dramatic growth a result of the success of his casinos in Macau and Singapore, adding an estimated $15 billion to his net worth during the year. In 2013, Adelson was worth $37.2 billion according to Forbes'', and as of December 2014, his net worth was $30.4 billion.", "In 2013, Adelson was worth $37.2 billion according to Forbes'', and as of December 2014, his net worth was $30.4 billion. Adelson owned a fleet of private jets through Las Vegas Sands.", "Adelson owned a fleet of private jets through Las Vegas Sands. On January 2, 2017, Adelson's Airbus A340-500 jet set a record for the Ben Gurion International Airport by making the longest flight ever leaving the airport by flying nonstop to Honolulu, Hawaii, by way of the Arctic Ocean.", "On January 2, 2017, Adelson's Airbus A340-500 jet set a record for the Ben Gurion International Airport by making the longest flight ever leaving the airport by flying nonstop to Honolulu, Hawaii, by way of the Arctic Ocean. Illness and death In 2001, Adelson was diagnosed with peripheral neuropathy, which restricted his ability to stand and walk.", "Illness and death In 2001, Adelson was diagnosed with peripheral neuropathy, which restricted his ability to stand and walk. On February 28, 2019, Las Vegas Sands announced that Adelson was receiving treatment for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.", "On February 28, 2019, Las Vegas Sands announced that Adelson was receiving treatment for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. The news was disclosed after a Sands attorney claimed Adelson was too weak to sit for a deposition in a court case involving Richard Suen.", "The news was disclosed after a Sands attorney claimed Adelson was too weak to sit for a deposition in a court case involving Richard Suen. Sands spokesman Ron Reese said the side effects of Adelson's medical treatment had \"restricted his availability to travel or keep regular office hours” but had not “prevented him from fulfilling his duties as chairman and CEO” of Las Vegas Sands.", "Sands spokesman Ron Reese said the side effects of Adelson's medical treatment had \"restricted his availability to travel or keep regular office hours” but had not “prevented him from fulfilling his duties as chairman and CEO” of Las Vegas Sands. On January 11, 2021, Adelson died at his home in Malibu, California, at the age of 87, after long-term illnesses.", "On January 11, 2021, Adelson died at his home in Malibu, California, at the age of 87, after long-term illnesses. On January 14, 2021, Adelson's body arrived in Israel.", "On January 14, 2021, Adelson's body arrived in Israel. His coffin was draped in U.S. and Israeli flags and was on display at Ben Gurion Airport, where Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu came to pay his respects.", "His coffin was draped in U.S. and Israeli flags and was on display at Ben Gurion Airport, where Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu came to pay his respects. Adelson was laid to rest, the next day, in a small private ceremony on the Mount of Olives in Jerusalem.", "Adelson was laid to rest, the next day, in a small private ceremony on the Mount of Olives in Jerusalem. See also List of people and organizations named in the Paradise Papers References External links Campaign contributions in 2012 to outside spending groups at Center for Responsive Politics 1933 births 2021 deaths 20th-century American businesspeople 20th-century American newspaper publishers (people) 21st-century American businesspeople 21st-century American newspaper publishers (people) American billionaires American casino industry businesspeople American chairpersons of corporations American chemical industry businesspeople American chief executives in the media industry American chief executives of financial services companies American chief executives of travel and tourism industry companies American computer businesspeople American financiers American hoteliers American investment advisors American investors American people of Lithuanian-Jewish descent American people of Ukrainian-Jewish descent American people of Welsh descent American political fundraisers American real estate businesspeople American transportation businesspeople American Zionists Businesspeople from Boston Businesspeople from Nevada City College of New York alumni Deaths from cancer in California Deaths from lymphoma Jewish American philanthropists Military personnel from Massachusetts Nevada Republicans People from Dorchester, Massachusetts People from the Las Vegas Valley United States Army soldiers California Republicans People named in the Paradise Papers 21st-century American Jews Adelson family" ]

[ "Sheldon Adelson", "Israeli press", "What does Sheldon have to do with the Israeli press?", "he proceeded with parallel plans to publish a free daily newspaper to compete with Israeli, a newspaper he had co-founded in 2006", "Was he successful at the paper?", "The first edition of the new newspaper, Israel Hayom, was published on July 30, 2007.", "Was he the owner of the paper?", "he had co-founded", "Who also owned the paper?", "I don't know.", "Did he make changes at the paper?", "Adelson received the go-ahead from a Jerusalem court to purchase Maariv and the conservative newspaper Makor Rishon. In", "Did he own any other papers?", "I don't know." ]

[ "The Paper of Montgomery County is a daily newspaper in Montgomery County, Indiana. Its first issue was dated November 24, 2004; The Paper currently publishes Monday-Saturday, and is delivered to subscribers through the U.S. Postal Service. In 2005, The Paper acquired The Weekly of West Central Indiana. On Tuesdays, the publication is free of charge and circulated more widely, under a joint \"The Paper/Weekly\" flag.\n\nThe Paper was conceived by Gaildene Hamilton, who for many years served as editor of the Journal Review, the county's other daily newspaper. Hamilton did not get to see the first issue go to press; she died suddenly in July 2004.\n\nThe Paper is owned by a group of 10 local business people, including publisher Tim Timmons.\n \n\"The Paper of Montgomery County Indiana is a daily newspaper devoted to promoting the people and events of Montgomery County,\" according to the mission statement on its website. The Paper also partners with Indianapolis television station WTHR for news-gathering.\n\nSee also\nList of newspapers in Indiana\n\nExternal links\nThe Paper of Montgomery County\nIndiana Newspaper Abandons Home Delivery Service, Will Use U.S. Mail \n\nNewspapers published in Indiana", "The Pennsylvania Report is an independent bi-weekly subscription-based political newspaper published in Pennsylvania. It is \"widely read by the state's political junkies.\" It was founded in 1985 by David Buffington, a former public relations worker for the Pennsylvania Government.\n\nIt provides confidential reports on \"personalities, events and trends\" within the politics of Pennsylvania. Annual features include \"The PA Report 100,\" profiling 100 individuals the editors think are \"most likely to have an impact on government and politics\" in Pennsylvania that year, and \"The Political Stock Exchange,\" ranking the relative value of political personalities to their cause. The annual \"Legislative All Star Team\" provides a tongue-in-cheek baseball team composed of legislators.\n\nFeatures and exclusive interviews in the Pennsylvania Report frequently appear in other publications, including the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette and the Philadelphia City Paper.\n\nFormer editor David Buffington is frequently quoted regarding issues of Pennsylvania politics.\n\nThe results of a Pennsylvania Report poll regarding the 1994 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election was reported in the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. In an article about freshman legislator Shawn Flaherty, the Pittsburgh City Paper noted that he had been dubbed \"Rookie of the Year\" by the Pennsylvania Report.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nPennsylvania Report Issues\n\nNewspapers published in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania\nPublications established in 1985\nAmerican political websites\nPolitics of Pennsylvania\n1985 establishments in Pennsylvania" ]

[ "Sheldon Gary Adelson (; August 4, 1933 – January 11, 2021) was an American businessman, investor, political donor and philanthropist. He was the founder, chairman and chief executive officer of Las Vegas Sands Corporation, which owns the Marina Bay Sands in Singapore, and the parent company of Venetian Macao Limited, which operates The Venetian Las Vegas and the Sands Expo and Convention Center.", "He was the founder, chairman and chief executive officer of Las Vegas Sands Corporation, which owns the Marina Bay Sands in Singapore, and the parent company of Venetian Macao Limited, which operates The Venetian Las Vegas and the Sands Expo and Convention Center. He owned the Israeli daily newspaper Israel Hayom, the Israeli weekly newspaper Makor Rishon, and the American daily newspaper the Las Vegas Review-Journal.", "He owned the Israeli daily newspaper Israel Hayom, the Israeli weekly newspaper Makor Rishon, and the American daily newspaper the Las Vegas Review-Journal. Adelson created the Adelson Foundation in 2007, a private charity focusing on healthcare and support of Israel and the Jewish people.", "Adelson created the Adelson Foundation in 2007, a private charity focusing on healthcare and support of Israel and the Jewish people. He was a major contributor to Republican Party candidates and was often dubbed a \"kingmaker\" due to the size and frequency of his donations.", "He was a major contributor to Republican Party candidates and was often dubbed a \"kingmaker\" due to the size and frequency of his donations. He and his wife Miriam Adelson were Donald Trump's largest donors, providing the largest donation to Trump's 2016 campaign, his presidential inauguration, his defense fund against the Mueller investigation into Russian interference, and the 2020 campaign.", "He and his wife Miriam Adelson were Donald Trump's largest donors, providing the largest donation to Trump's 2016 campaign, his presidential inauguration, his defense fund against the Mueller investigation into Russian interference, and the 2020 campaign. He was also a major backer of Israel's prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu.", "He was also a major backer of Israel's prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu. In September 2020, Adelson was listed by Forbes as having a fortune of billion, making him the 28th-richest person in the world and 19th in the Forbes 400.", "In September 2020, Adelson was listed by Forbes as having a fortune of billion, making him the 28th-richest person in the world and 19th in the Forbes 400. Early life Adelson was born on August 4, 1933, and grew up in the Dorchester neighborhood of Boston, the son of Sarah (née Tonkin) and Arthur Adelson.", "Early life Adelson was born on August 4, 1933, and grew up in the Dorchester neighborhood of Boston, the son of Sarah (née Tonkin) and Arthur Adelson. He was Jewish. His father's family was of Ukrainian Jewish and Lithuanian Jewish ancestry.", "His father's family was of Ukrainian Jewish and Lithuanian Jewish ancestry. His mother immigrated from England, and Adelson said that his grandfather was a Welsh coal miner. His father was a taxi driver, and his mother ran a knitting shop.", "His father was a taxi driver, and his mother ran a knitting shop. He began his business career at the age of 12 when he borrowed $200 from his uncle () and purchased a license to sell newspapers in Boston.", "He began his business career at the age of 12 when he borrowed $200 from his uncle () and purchased a license to sell newspapers in Boston. In 1948, at the age of 15, he borrowed $10,000 () from his uncle to start a candy vending-machine business.", "In 1948, at the age of 15, he borrowed $10,000 () from his uncle to start a candy vending-machine business. He attended the City College of New York, but did not graduate. He attended trade school in a failed attempt to become a court reporter, then joined the army.", "He attended trade school in a failed attempt to become a court reporter, then joined the army. After being discharged from the army, he established a business selling toiletry kits, then started another business, De-Ice-It, which marketed a chemical spray that cleared ice from windshields. In the 1960s, he started a charter tour business.", "In the 1960s, he started a charter tour business. He soon became a millionaire, although by his thirties he had built and lost his fortune twice. Over the course of his business career, Adelson created almost 50 businesses, making him a serial entrepreneur.", "Over the course of his business career, Adelson created almost 50 businesses, making him a serial entrepreneur. Business career COMDEX In the late 1970s, Adelson and his partners developed the COMDEX trade shows for the computer industry, beginning in 1979.", "Business career COMDEX In the late 1970s, Adelson and his partners developed the COMDEX trade shows for the computer industry, beginning in 1979. It was one of the largest computer trade shows in the world through much of the 1980s and 1990s.", "It was one of the largest computer trade shows in the world through much of the 1980s and 1990s. In 1995, Adelson and his partners sold the Interface Group Show Division, including the COMDEX shows, to SoftBank Group of Japan for $862 million; Adelson's share was over $500 million.", "In 1995, Adelson and his partners sold the Interface Group Show Division, including the COMDEX shows, to SoftBank Group of Japan for $862 million; Adelson's share was over $500 million. Sands Casino Las Vegas, Nevada In 1988, Adelson purchased the Sands Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas for $110 million (approximately ).", "Sands Casino Las Vegas, Nevada In 1988, Adelson purchased the Sands Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas for $110 million (approximately ). The next year, he and his partners built the Sands Expo and Convention Center, then the only privately owned and operated convention center in the U.S.", "The next year, he and his partners built the Sands Expo and Convention Center, then the only privately owned and operated convention center in the U.S. In 1991, while honeymooning in Venice with his second wife, Miriam, Adelson came up with the idea for a mega-resort hotel.", "In 1991, while honeymooning in Venice with his second wife, Miriam, Adelson came up with the idea for a mega-resort hotel. He razed the Sands and spent $1.5 billion to construct The Venetian, a Venice-themed resort hotel and casino, which opened on May 3, 1999.", "He razed the Sands and spent $1.5 billion to construct The Venetian, a Venice-themed resort hotel and casino, which opened on May 3, 1999. Bethlehem, Pennsylvania In the late 2000s, Adelson and the company built a casino resort in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania.", "Bethlehem, Pennsylvania In the late 2000s, Adelson and the company built a casino resort in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. It is one of five stand-alone casinos that were awarded a slots license by the Pennsylvania Gaming Control Board in 2006. The casino opened May 22, 2009.", "The casino opened May 22, 2009. In 2010, during the Great Recession, Adelson told The Wall Street Journal \"If it were today, we probably wouldn't have started it.\" Macau Adelson led a project to bring Las Vegas Sands casinos to Macau.", "Macau Adelson led a project to bring Las Vegas Sands casinos to Macau. The Sands Macao became China's first Las Vegas-style casino when it opened in May 2004.", "The Sands Macao became China's first Las Vegas-style casino when it opened in May 2004. He recovered his initial $265-million investment in one year and, because he owned 69% of the stock, he increased his wealth when he took the stock public in December 2004.", "He recovered his initial $265-million investment in one year and, because he owned 69% of the stock, he increased his wealth when he took the stock public in December 2004. Following the opening of the Sands Macao, Adelson's personal wealth multiplied more than fourteen times.", "Following the opening of the Sands Macao, Adelson's personal wealth multiplied more than fourteen times. In August 2007, Adelson opened the $2.4 billion Venetian Macao Resort Hotel on Cotai and announced that he planned to create a massive, concentrated resort area he called the Cotai Strip, after its Las Vegas counterpart.", "In August 2007, Adelson opened the $2.4 billion Venetian Macao Resort Hotel on Cotai and announced that he planned to create a massive, concentrated resort area he called the Cotai Strip, after its Las Vegas counterpart. Adelson said that he planned to open more hotels under brands such as Four Seasons, Sheraton, and St. Regis.", "Adelson said that he planned to open more hotels under brands such as Four Seasons, Sheraton, and St. Regis. His Las Vegas Sands planned to invest $12 billion and build 20,000 hotel rooms on the Cotai Strip by 2010.", "His Las Vegas Sands planned to invest $12 billion and build 20,000 hotel rooms on the Cotai Strip by 2010. Adelson's company was reportedly under federal investigation over alleged violations of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act relating to payments made to a Macau lawyer.", "Adelson's company was reportedly under federal investigation over alleged violations of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act relating to payments made to a Macau lawyer. In 2015, Sands agreed to pay a $9 million settlement with the Securities and Exchange Commission, which included no admission of wrongdoing.", "In 2015, Sands agreed to pay a $9 million settlement with the Securities and Exchange Commission, which included no admission of wrongdoing. Marina Bay, Singapore In May 2006, Adelson's Las Vegas Sands was awarded a hotly contested license to construct a casino resort in Marina Bay, Singapore.", "Marina Bay, Singapore In May 2006, Adelson's Las Vegas Sands was awarded a hotly contested license to construct a casino resort in Marina Bay, Singapore. The new casino, Marina Bay Sands, opened in 2010 at a rumored cost of $5.5 billion.", "The new casino, Marina Bay Sands, opened in 2010 at a rumored cost of $5.5 billion. In 2010, when it opened, at a total cost of S$8 billion including land cost, the Marina Bay Sands (MBS) Complex of Singapore was the most expensive building in the world, ranking over the new development of World Trade Towers in Manhattan of New York and the Burj Khalifa of Dubai.", "In 2010, when it opened, at a total cost of S$8 billion including land cost, the Marina Bay Sands (MBS) Complex of Singapore was the most expensive building in the world, ranking over the new development of World Trade Towers in Manhattan of New York and the Burj Khalifa of Dubai. MBS Singapore includes stores at \"The Shoppes\", an ultraluxury indoor Venetian canal-lined exclusive shopping belt with tenants such as Ferrari, Chanel, the Theatre of Marina Bay and Convention Center for Sands Live concert series, multiple swimming pools, a rooftop infinity pool, night clubs in Maison pavilions on newly constructed mini islands, and 2,500 luxury hotel rooms.", "MBS Singapore includes stores at \"The Shoppes\", an ultraluxury indoor Venetian canal-lined exclusive shopping belt with tenants such as Ferrari, Chanel, the Theatre of Marina Bay and Convention Center for Sands Live concert series, multiple swimming pools, a rooftop infinity pool, night clubs in Maison pavilions on newly constructed mini islands, and 2,500 luxury hotel rooms. Other activities Israeli press In 2007, Adelson made an unsuccessful bid to purchase the Israeli newspaper Maariv.", "Other activities Israeli press In 2007, Adelson made an unsuccessful bid to purchase the Israeli newspaper Maariv. When this attempt failed, he proceeded with parallel plans to publish a free daily newspaper to compete with Israeli, a newspaper he had co-founded in 2006 but had left.", "When this attempt failed, he proceeded with parallel plans to publish a free daily newspaper to compete with Israeli, a newspaper he had co-founded in 2006 but had left. The first edition of the new newspaper, Israel Hayom, was published on July 30, 2007.", "The first edition of the new newspaper, Israel Hayom, was published on July 30, 2007. On March 31, 2014, Adelson received the go-ahead from a Jerusalem court to purchase Maariv and the conservative newspaper Makor Rishon.", "On March 31, 2014, Adelson received the go-ahead from a Jerusalem court to purchase Maariv and the conservative newspaper Makor Rishon. In 2016, Adelson's attorney announced that he does not own Israel Hayom, but that it is owned by a relative of his.", "In 2016, Adelson's attorney announced that he does not own Israel Hayom, but that it is owned by a relative of his. According to a Target Group Index (TGI) survey published in July 2011, Israel Hayom, which unlike all other Israeli newspapers is distributed for free, became the number-one daily newspaper (on weekdays) four years after its inception.", "According to a Target Group Index (TGI) survey published in July 2011, Israel Hayom, which unlike all other Israeli newspapers is distributed for free, became the number-one daily newspaper (on weekdays) four years after its inception. This survey found that Israel Hayom had a 39.3% weekday readership exposure, Yedioth Ahronoth 37%, Maariv 12.1%, and Haaretz 5.8%.", "This survey found that Israel Hayom had a 39.3% weekday readership exposure, Yedioth Ahronoth 37%, Maariv 12.1%, and Haaretz 5.8%. The Yedioth Ahronoth weekend edition was still leading with a 44.3% readership exposure, compared to 31% for the Israel Hayom weekend edition, 14.9% for Maariv, and 6.8% for Haaretz.", "The Yedioth Ahronoth weekend edition was still leading with a 44.3% readership exposure, compared to 31% for the Israel Hayom weekend edition, 14.9% for Maariv, and 6.8% for Haaretz. This trend was already observed by a TGI survey in July 2010.", "This trend was already observed by a TGI survey in July 2010. In 2011, the Israeli press said that Adelson was unhappy with the coverage on Israeli Channel 10 alleging he had acquired a casino license in Las Vegas inappropriately through political connections. The channel apologized after Adelson threatened a lawsuit.", "The channel apologized after Adelson threatened a lawsuit. This led to the resignations of the news chief, Reudor Benziman; the news editor, Ruti Yuval; and the news anchor, Guy Zohar, who objected to the apology.", "This led to the resignations of the news chief, Reudor Benziman; the news editor, Ruti Yuval; and the news anchor, Guy Zohar, who objected to the apology. After two months of deliberations, the Israeli Second Authority for Television and Radio ruled that although there were some flaws in the manner in which the apology had been conducted, the decision to apologize had been correct and appropriate.", "After two months of deliberations, the Israeli Second Authority for Television and Radio ruled that although there were some flaws in the manner in which the apology had been conducted, the decision to apologize had been correct and appropriate. Las Vegas Review-Journal In December 2015, Adelson purchased the Las Vegas Review-Journal newspaper.", "Las Vegas Review-Journal In December 2015, Adelson purchased the Las Vegas Review-Journal newspaper. The purchase was made through a limited liability company called News + Media Capital Group LLC and his involvement with the deal was initially kept secret.", "The purchase was made through a limited liability company called News + Media Capital Group LLC and his involvement with the deal was initially kept secret. A week after the purchase was announced, three Review-Journal reporters revealed that the deal had been orchestrated by Adelson's son-in-law Patrick Dumont on Adelson's behalf.", "A week after the purchase was announced, three Review-Journal reporters revealed that the deal had been orchestrated by Adelson's son-in-law Patrick Dumont on Adelson's behalf. Commentators described the $140 million paid for the paper as \"lavish\" and as a dramatic overpayment, and speculated that the move was a power play to further Adelson's business or political agendas.", "Commentators described the $140 million paid for the paper as \"lavish\" and as a dramatic overpayment, and speculated that the move was a power play to further Adelson's business or political agendas. Within a few weeks the paper's editor stepped down in a \"voluntary buyout\".", "Within a few weeks the paper's editor stepped down in a \"voluntary buyout\". In January 2016, a set of editorial principles were drawn up and publicized to ensure the newspaper's independence and to deal with possible conflicts of interest involving Adelson's ownership.", "In January 2016, a set of editorial principles were drawn up and publicized to ensure the newspaper's independence and to deal with possible conflicts of interest involving Adelson's ownership. In February Craig Moon, a veteran of the Gannett organization, was announced as the new publisher and promptly withdrew those principles from publication.", "In February Craig Moon, a veteran of the Gannett organization, was announced as the new publisher and promptly withdrew those principles from publication. He also began to personally review, edit, and sometimes kill stories about an Adelson-promoted proposal for a new Las Vegas football stadium.", "He also began to personally review, edit, and sometimes kill stories about an Adelson-promoted proposal for a new Las Vegas football stadium. In the months since, reporters say that stories about Adelson, and particularly about an ongoing lawsuit involving his business dealings in Macau, have been heavily edited by top management.", "In the months since, reporters say that stories about Adelson, and particularly about an ongoing lawsuit involving his business dealings in Macau, have been heavily edited by top management. Many reporters and editors left the newspaper citing \"curtailed editorial freedom, murky business dealings and unethical managers.\"", "Many reporters and editors left the newspaper citing \"curtailed editorial freedom, murky business dealings and unethical managers.\" All three reporters who originally broke the story about Adelson's ownership have left.", "All three reporters who originally broke the story about Adelson's ownership have left. Longtime columnist John L. Smith, who had often written about Adelson and had been unsuccessfully sued for libel by him, resigned after he was told he could no longer write anything about Adelson.", "Longtime columnist John L. Smith, who had often written about Adelson and had been unsuccessfully sued for libel by him, resigned after he was told he could no longer write anything about Adelson. The Las Vegas Review-Journal was the first major newspaper nationwide to endorse Trump in 2016.", "The Las Vegas Review-Journal was the first major newspaper nationwide to endorse Trump in 2016. U.S. policy on Iran In a panel discussion at Yeshiva University on October 22, 2013, Adelson said that the United States must get tougher on the issue of Iran's suspected nuclear weapons program.", "U.S. policy on Iran In a panel discussion at Yeshiva University on October 22, 2013, Adelson said that the United States must get tougher on the issue of Iran's suspected nuclear weapons program. He said: \"You pick up your cell phone and you call somewhere in Nebraska and you say 'OK, let it go' and so there's an atomic weapon goes over, ballistic missiles in the middle of the desert that doesn't hurt a soul, maybe a couple of rattlesnakes and scorpions or whatever\".", "He said: \"You pick up your cell phone and you call somewhere in Nebraska and you say 'OK, let it go' and so there's an atomic weapon goes over, ballistic missiles in the middle of the desert that doesn't hurt a soul, maybe a couple of rattlesnakes and scorpions or whatever\". He explained that, after a show of force and a threat to also drop a nuclear bomb on Tehran, the U.S. should then say: if \"You [Iran] want to be peaceful, just reverse it all and we will guarantee that you can have a nuclear power plant for electricity purposes, energy purposes.\"", "He explained that, after a show of force and a threat to also drop a nuclear bomb on Tehran, the U.S. should then say: if \"You [Iran] want to be peaceful, just reverse it all and we will guarantee that you can have a nuclear power plant for electricity purposes, energy purposes.\" Adelson's spokesman told reporters that Adelson \"was obviously not speaking literally\" about using an atomic bomb in the desert, and that he was \"using hyperbole to make a point that ... actions speak louder than words\".", "Adelson's spokesman told reporters that Adelson \"was obviously not speaking literally\" about using an atomic bomb in the desert, and that he was \"using hyperbole to make a point that ... actions speak louder than words\". DeLay controversy During the Suen trial, Bill Weidner, the president of Adelson's Las Vegas Sands company, testified about a telephone conversation between Adelson and his friend then-House Majority Leader Tom DeLay (R-TX) about a bill proposed by Representative Tom Lantos (D) that would have prevented the U.S. Olympic Committee from voting in favor of the Chinese bid to host the 2008 Summer Olympics.", "DeLay controversy During the Suen trial, Bill Weidner, the president of Adelson's Las Vegas Sands company, testified about a telephone conversation between Adelson and his friend then-House Majority Leader Tom DeLay (R-TX) about a bill proposed by Representative Tom Lantos (D) that would have prevented the U.S. Olympic Committee from voting in favor of the Chinese bid to host the 2008 Summer Olympics. A few hours later, DeLay called back and told Adelson he could tell the mayor of Beijing \"this bill will never see the light of day\".", "A few hours later, DeLay called back and told Adelson he could tell the mayor of Beijing \"this bill will never see the light of day\". The resolution did not pass.", "The resolution did not pass. The resolution did not pass. Adelson testified in court that the demise of the resolution \"resulted from the press of other legislation, [not from] a deliberate move by DeLay to help his benefactor.\"", "Adelson testified in court that the demise of the resolution \"resulted from the press of other legislation, [not from] a deliberate move by DeLay to help his benefactor.\" Cannabis Fighting cannabis legalization was a personal passion of Adelson, whose son Mitchell died of an overdose of heroin and cocaine.", "Cannabis Fighting cannabis legalization was a personal passion of Adelson, whose son Mitchell died of an overdose of heroin and cocaine. Mitchell used cocaine and heroin from an early age. Adelson believed cannabis is a gateway drug.", "Adelson believed cannabis is a gateway drug. Andy Abboud, vice president of Las Vegas Sands, has stated that \"Pro-marijuana folks have awakened a sleeping giant in Sheldon and Miriam Adelson\".", "Andy Abboud, vice president of Las Vegas Sands, has stated that \"Pro-marijuana folks have awakened a sleeping giant in Sheldon and Miriam Adelson\". Israeli-American Council At the November 2017 conference of the Israeli-American Council (IAC), Adelson declared that the organization should become primarily a political lobbying group on Israel-related issues.", "Israeli-American Council At the November 2017 conference of the Israeli-American Council (IAC), Adelson declared that the organization should become primarily a political lobbying group on Israel-related issues. In contrast to the American Israel Public Affairs Committee (AIPAC), which supports a two-state solution and continued aid to the Palestinians, Adelson charted a course for IAC to oppose both of these positions; Adelson himself opposed a two-state solution.", "In contrast to the American Israel Public Affairs Committee (AIPAC), which supports a two-state solution and continued aid to the Palestinians, Adelson charted a course for IAC to oppose both of these positions; Adelson himself opposed a two-state solution. Israeli journalist Chemi Shalev said that IAC had not intended to become a political pressure group and that Adelson had \"hijacked\" it for his \"hard-right agenda\".", "Israeli journalist Chemi Shalev said that IAC had not intended to become a political pressure group and that Adelson had \"hijacked\" it for his \"hard-right agenda\". Internet gambling Adelson fought against internet-based gambling in his later life.", "Internet gambling Adelson fought against internet-based gambling in his later life. Despite the legalization, and acceptance from many Las Vegas Casino CEOs, Adelson poured money into candidates wanting to overturn state legislation that legalizes online gambling. In early 2015, Adelson publicly backed a bill introduced in the U.S. House of Representatives.", "In early 2015, Adelson publicly backed a bill introduced in the U.S. House of Representatives. The legislation, named the Restore America's Wire Act, has been met with mixed reviews by the Republican Party.", "The legislation, named the Restore America's Wire Act, has been met with mixed reviews by the Republican Party. Honors Adelson and his wife, Miriam Adelson, were presented with the Woodrow Wilson Award for Corporate Citizenship by the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars of the Smithsonian Institution on March 25, 2008.", "Honors Adelson and his wife, Miriam Adelson, were presented with the Woodrow Wilson Award for Corporate Citizenship by the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars of the Smithsonian Institution on March 25, 2008. Adelson received the Chairman's Award from the Nevada Policy Research Institute, a think tank in Las Vegas, for his efforts to advance free market principles in Nevada.", "Adelson received the Chairman's Award from the Nevada Policy Research Institute, a think tank in Las Vegas, for his efforts to advance free market principles in Nevada. In 2014, Adelson was named to CNBC's list of 200 people who have transformed business over the last 25 years.", "In 2014, Adelson was named to CNBC's list of 200 people who have transformed business over the last 25 years. Involvement in politics According to The New Yorker, Adelson began making major contributions to the Republican National Committee following clashes with labor unions at his Las Vegas properties.", "Involvement in politics According to The New Yorker, Adelson began making major contributions to the Republican National Committee following clashes with labor unions at his Las Vegas properties. The New Yorker article also quoted Shelley Berkley, a Nevada Democratic Party congresswoman, with whom Adelson had a long feud.", "The New Yorker article also quoted Shelley Berkley, a Nevada Democratic Party congresswoman, with whom Adelson had a long feud. She worked for him in the 1990s as vice-president of legal and governmental affairs, and said Adelson told her that \"old Democrats were with the union and he wanted to break the back of the union, consequently he had to break the back of the Democrats\".", "She worked for him in the 1990s as vice-president of legal and governmental affairs, and said Adelson told her that \"old Democrats were with the union and he wanted to break the back of the union, consequently he had to break the back of the Democrats\". The Boston Globe said that Adelson \"waged some bitter anti-union battles in Las Vegas\".", "The Boston Globe said that Adelson \"waged some bitter anti-union battles in Las Vegas\". Berkley is further quoted in The New Yorker article as saying that Adelson \"seeks to dominate politics and public policy through the raw power of money\".", "Berkley is further quoted in The New Yorker article as saying that Adelson \"seeks to dominate politics and public policy through the raw power of money\". In February 2012, Adelson told Forbes magazine that he was \"against very wealthy people attempting to or influencing elections.", "In February 2012, Adelson told Forbes magazine that he was \"against very wealthy people attempting to or influencing elections. But as long as it's doable I'm going to do it. Because I know that guys like Soros have been doing it for years, if not decades.", "Because I know that guys like Soros have been doing it for years, if not decades. And they stay below the radar by creating a network of corporations to funnel their money. I have my own philosophy and I'm not ashamed of it. I gave the money because there is no other legal way to do it.", "I gave the money because there is no other legal way to do it. I don't want to go through ten different corporations to hide my name. I'm proud of what I do and I'm not looking to escape recognition.\"", "I'm proud of what I do and I'm not looking to escape recognition.\" In 2005, Adelson and his wife each contributed $250,000 to the second inauguration of George W. Bush.", "In 2005, Adelson and his wife each contributed $250,000 to the second inauguration of George W. Bush. President George W. Bush appointed the Adelsons to serve on the Honorary Delegation to accompany him to Jerusalem for the celebration of the 60th anniversary of the State of Israel in May 2008.", "President George W. Bush appointed the Adelsons to serve on the Honorary Delegation to accompany him to Jerusalem for the celebration of the 60th anniversary of the State of Israel in May 2008. Adelson was the principal financial backer of Freedom's Watch, a now-defunct political advocacy group founded to counter the influence of George Soros and Democratic-leaning lobby groups such as MoveOn.org.", "Adelson was the principal financial backer of Freedom's Watch, a now-defunct political advocacy group founded to counter the influence of George Soros and Democratic-leaning lobby groups such as MoveOn.org. \"Almost all\" of the $30 million Freedom's Watch spent on the 2008 elections came from Adelson.", "\"Almost all\" of the $30 million Freedom's Watch spent on the 2008 elections came from Adelson. In 2010, Adelson donated $1 million to American Solutions for Winning the Future, a political action committee (PAC) supporting Republican former Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich.", "In 2010, Adelson donated $1 million to American Solutions for Winning the Future, a political action committee (PAC) supporting Republican former Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich. In December 2011, during Gingrich's bid for the U.S. presidency, Adelson spoke favorably of controversial remarks Gingrich had made about Palestinians, saying \"read the history of those who call themselves Palestinians, and you will hear why Gingrich said recently that the Palestinians are an invented people.\"", "In December 2011, during Gingrich's bid for the U.S. presidency, Adelson spoke favorably of controversial remarks Gingrich had made about Palestinians, saying \"read the history of those who call themselves Palestinians, and you will hear why Gingrich said recently that the Palestinians are an invented people.\" Adelson donated to U.S. Senate and House of Representatives candidates.", "Adelson donated to U.S. Senate and House of Representatives candidates. During the 2012 Republican Party presidential primaries, Adelson first supported Newt Gingrich and then the eventual nominee Mitt Romney. Altogether he spent $92 million supporting losing candidates during the 2012 United States presidential election cycle.", "Altogether he spent $92 million supporting losing candidates during the 2012 United States presidential election cycle. On January 7, 2012, Adelson bolstered Gingrich's then-faltering campaign with a $5-million donation to the pro-Gingrich super PAC Winning Our Future.", "On January 7, 2012, Adelson bolstered Gingrich's then-faltering campaign with a $5-million donation to the pro-Gingrich super PAC Winning Our Future. By the next day, the super PAC had reserved more than $3.4 million in advertising time in the South Carolina primary, which included production and distribution of a half-hour movie that portrayed Gingrich's political rival Mitt Romney as a \"predatory corporate raider\".", "By the next day, the super PAC had reserved more than $3.4 million in advertising time in the South Carolina primary, which included production and distribution of a half-hour movie that portrayed Gingrich's political rival Mitt Romney as a \"predatory corporate raider\". On January 23, Adelson's wife, Miriam, contributed an additional $5 million to the same organization with instructions to use it to advance a \"pro-Newt message\".", "On January 23, Adelson's wife, Miriam, contributed an additional $5 million to the same organization with instructions to use it to advance a \"pro-Newt message\". Adelson told Forbes that he was willing to donate as much as $100 million to Gingrich.", "Adelson told Forbes that he was willing to donate as much as $100 million to Gingrich. He also donated $5 million to the right-leaning super PAC Congressional Leadership Fund and over $60,000 to the Republican National Committee. In June 2012, Adelson donated $10 million to the pro-Romney PAC Restore Our Future.", "In June 2012, Adelson donated $10 million to the pro-Romney PAC Restore Our Future. In July, Adelson attended a Romney fundraiser held in Jerusalem. Adelson joined Woody Johnson, John Rakolta, Paul Singer, and several dozen other contributors on the trip.", "Adelson joined Woody Johnson, John Rakolta, Paul Singer, and several dozen other contributors on the trip. According to Bloomberg Businessweek, as of July Adelson had given Republicans more than $30 million for the 2012 election cycle.", "According to Bloomberg Businessweek, as of July Adelson had given Republicans more than $30 million for the 2012 election cycle. Romney believed that the People's Republic of China should have been pressured to drop its presumptively low fixed exchange rate policy; according to Bloomberg, Adelson would have benefitted financially in U.S. dollar terms through his interest in Chinese casinos if the Chinese yuan were to have appreciated.", "Romney believed that the People's Republic of China should have been pressured to drop its presumptively low fixed exchange rate policy; according to Bloomberg, Adelson would have benefitted financially in U.S. dollar terms through his interest in Chinese casinos if the Chinese yuan were to have appreciated. Early in 2014, Adelson donated $2.5 million to the Drug Free Florida Committee, the political committee trying to defeat Florida's Right to Medical Marijuana Initiative which would legalize medical cannabis in that state.", "Early in 2014, Adelson donated $2.5 million to the Drug Free Florida Committee, the political committee trying to defeat Florida's Right to Medical Marijuana Initiative which would legalize medical cannabis in that state. Later in 2014, Adelson donated an additional $1.5 million to the No On 2 campaign.", "Later in 2014, Adelson donated an additional $1.5 million to the No On 2 campaign. He believed that cannabis is a gateway drug. According to a 2014 Washington Post report, Adelson's strategy for the 2016 United States presidential election was to support a mainstream candidate capable of winning the presidency.", "According to a 2014 Washington Post report, Adelson's strategy for the 2016 United States presidential election was to support a mainstream candidate capable of winning the presidency. In March 2014 Adelson was set to hold one-on-one chats with possible candidates Jeb Bush, Chris Christie, Scott Walker, and John Kasich during the spring meeting of the Republican Jewish Coalition held at Adelson's hotel and casino The Venetian Las Vegas.", "In March 2014 Adelson was set to hold one-on-one chats with possible candidates Jeb Bush, Chris Christie, Scott Walker, and John Kasich during the spring meeting of the Republican Jewish Coalition held at Adelson's hotel and casino The Venetian Las Vegas. During the December 2015 Republican debate held at that same venue, Adelson held one-on-one meetings with several of the candidates prior to the start of the debate, including front runner Donald Trump.", "During the December 2015 Republican debate held at that same venue, Adelson held one-on-one meetings with several of the candidates prior to the start of the debate, including front runner Donald Trump. The bidding to become Adelson's favorite, and ultimately receive tens of millions in financial support, was informally called \"The Adelson Primary\".", "The bidding to become Adelson's favorite, and ultimately receive tens of millions in financial support, was informally called \"The Adelson Primary\". On May 13, 2016, he endorsed Trump for president, and pledged as much as $100 million to support his campaign. Adelson was later described as a Trump partisan.", "Adelson was later described as a Trump partisan. In October 2016, Adelson donated one million dollars to the campaign against Massachusetts ballot question 4 the Massachusetts Legalization, Regulation and Taxation of Marijuana Initiative which legalized marijuana for personal use. Adelson also donated $1,500,000 towards the unsuccessful effort to thwart the 2016 Florida medical Marijuana Legalization Initiative.", "Adelson also donated $1,500,000 towards the unsuccessful effort to thwart the 2016 Florida medical Marijuana Legalization Initiative. Adelson sat out the 2016 Republican primaries, with some early indicators at the beginning of 2016 interpreted as showing that Adelson favored Trump.", "Adelson sat out the 2016 Republican primaries, with some early indicators at the beginning of 2016 interpreted as showing that Adelson favored Trump. In May 2016, explaining his reasons for officially endorsing Donald Trump's presidential bid, Adelson cited the importance of CEO experience in a presidential nominee.", "In May 2016, explaining his reasons for officially endorsing Donald Trump's presidential bid, Adelson cited the importance of CEO experience in a presidential nominee. For the 2018 United States elections, Adelson donated approximately $113 million to the Republican Party through various conservative political action committees.", "For the 2018 United States elections, Adelson donated approximately $113 million to the Republican Party through various conservative political action committees. On January 31, 2019, ABC News reported that Adelson and his wife Miriam had contributed $500,000 to the Patriot Legal Expense Fund Trust, which was set up in 2018 to assist aides of President Trump under investigation by special counsel Robert Mueller's probe into Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections.", "On January 31, 2019, ABC News reported that Adelson and his wife Miriam had contributed $500,000 to the Patriot Legal Expense Fund Trust, which was set up in 2018 to assist aides of President Trump under investigation by special counsel Robert Mueller's probe into Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections. The contributions are the Trust's largest to date.", "The contributions are the Trust's largest to date. It was estimated Adelson would donate $200 million to Trump and the GOP for the 2020 election cycle.", "It was estimated Adelson would donate $200 million to Trump and the GOP for the 2020 election cycle. Given a call to Adelson by Trump in early August complaining that Adelson had not done enough for him, there was speculation that the amount of a donation could be affected.<ref>Isenstadt, Alex, Trump antagonizes GOP megadonor Adelson in heated phone call , Politico, August 8, 2020</ref> On October 15, 2020, Adelson gave $75 million to a Trump PAC, in a late push for reelection.", "Given a call to Adelson by Trump in early August complaining that Adelson had not done enough for him, there was speculation that the amount of a donation could be affected.<ref>Isenstadt, Alex, Trump antagonizes GOP megadonor Adelson in heated phone call , Politico, August 8, 2020</ref> On October 15, 2020, Adelson gave $75 million to a Trump PAC, in a late push for reelection. In the second half of October 2020, Adelson and his wife gave a further $35 million to three super-PACs supporting the Republican Party and Trump's re-election.", "In the second half of October 2020, Adelson and his wife gave a further $35 million to three super-PACs supporting the Republican Party and Trump's re-election. PACs to which the Adelsons donated in the 2020 cycle included Preserve America and the Senate Leadership Fund.", "PACs to which the Adelsons donated in the 2020 cycle included Preserve America and the Senate Leadership Fund. Donations On September 23, 2016, Adelson announced a $25 million donation to Trump's presidential campaign, as part of a $65 million donation to the Republican electoral campaign for 2016.", "Donations On September 23, 2016, Adelson announced a $25 million donation to Trump's presidential campaign, as part of a $65 million donation to the Republican electoral campaign for 2016. This rendered Adelson by far the biggest donor in either party (Republicans or Democrats) in the 2016 election cycle.", "This rendered Adelson by far the biggest donor in either party (Republicans or Democrats) in the 2016 election cycle. It also makes him by far the largest donor to Donald Trump's White House bid. Adelson was the largest donor to Trump's inaugural celebrations, with a $5 million donation to the celebrations.", "Adelson was the largest donor to Trump's inaugural celebrations, with a $5 million donation to the celebrations. According to federal records, from 2010 through 2020, Adelson and his wife donated more than $500 million to the Republican party campaigns and super PACs.", "According to federal records, from 2010 through 2020, Adelson and his wife donated more than $500 million to the Republican party campaigns and super PACs. Since 2007, the Adelson Family Foundation has made contributions totaling $140 million to Birthright Israel, which finances Jewish youth trips to Israel.", "Since 2007, the Adelson Family Foundation has made contributions totaling $140 million to Birthright Israel, which finances Jewish youth trips to Israel. He also donated $5 million to the Friends of the Israel Defense Forces in 2014. Adelson donated over $25 million to The Adelson Educational Campus in Las Vegas to build a high school.", "Adelson donated over $25 million to The Adelson Educational Campus in Las Vegas to build a high school. In 2006, Adelson contributed $25 million to the Yad Vashem Holocaust Martyrs' and Heroes' Remembrance Authority. Adelson also funded the private, Boston-based Miriam and Sheldon G. Adelson Medical Research Foundation.", "Adelson also funded the private, Boston-based Miriam and Sheldon G. Adelson Medical Research Foundation. This foundation initiated the Adelson Program in Neural Repair and Rehabilitation (APNRR) with $7.5 million donated to collaborating researchers at 10 universities.", "This foundation initiated the Adelson Program in Neural Repair and Rehabilitation (APNRR) with $7.5 million donated to collaborating researchers at 10 universities. Personal life Marriages In the 1970s, Sheldon Adelson lived in Massachusetts with his wife, Sandra, and her three children, Mitchell, Gary, and Shelley, whom Sheldon adopted when they were young.", "Personal life Marriages In the 1970s, Sheldon Adelson lived in Massachusetts with his wife, Sandra, and her three children, Mitchell, Gary, and Shelley, whom Sheldon adopted when they were young. The couple divorced in 1988.", "The couple divorced in 1988. The couple divorced in 1988. Adelson met Miriam Farbstein Ochshorn, a medical doctor, on a blind date the following year; they married in 1991. She was previously married to a Tel Aviv physician, Dr. Ariel Ochshorn, with whom she had two daughters.", "She was previously married to a Tel Aviv physician, Dr. Ariel Ochshorn, with whom she had two daughters. Miriam \"Miri\" Farbstein was born in Mandatory Palestine in 1945, to parents that fled Poland before the Holocaust and settled in the city of Haifa.", "Miriam \"Miri\" Farbstein was born in Mandatory Palestine in 1945, to parents that fled Poland before the Holocaust and settled in the city of Haifa. After earning a Bachelor of Science in Microbiology and Genetics from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and a medical degree from Tel Aviv University's Sackler Medical School, she went on to become the chief internist in an emergency room at Tel Aviv's Rokach (Hadassah) Hospital.", "After earning a Bachelor of Science in Microbiology and Genetics from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and a medical degree from Tel Aviv University's Sackler Medical School, she went on to become the chief internist in an emergency room at Tel Aviv's Rokach (Hadassah) Hospital. In 1993, she founded a substance abuse center and research clinic there, and in 2000, the couple opened the Dr. Miriam and Sheldon G. Adelson Research Clinic in Las Vegas.", "In 1993, she founded a substance abuse center and research clinic there, and in 2000, the couple opened the Dr. Miriam and Sheldon G. Adelson Research Clinic in Las Vegas. Litigation A June 2008 profile in The New Yorker detailed several controversies involving Adelson.", "Litigation A June 2008 profile in The New Yorker detailed several controversies involving Adelson. In 2008 Richard Suen, a Hong Kong businessman who had helped Adelson make connections with leading Chinese officials in order to obtain the Macau license, took Adelson to court in Las Vegas alleging he had reneged on his agreement to allow Suen to profit from the venture.", "In 2008 Richard Suen, a Hong Kong businessman who had helped Adelson make connections with leading Chinese officials in order to obtain the Macau license, took Adelson to court in Las Vegas alleging he had reneged on his agreement to allow Suen to profit from the venture. Suen won a $43.8 million judgement; in November 2010, the Nevada Supreme Court overturned the judgment and returned the case to the lower court for further consideration.", "Suen won a $43.8 million judgement; in November 2010, the Nevada Supreme Court overturned the judgment and returned the case to the lower court for further consideration. In the 2013 retrial, the jury awarded Suen a verdict for $70 million.", "In the 2013 retrial, the jury awarded Suen a verdict for $70 million. The judge added another $31.6 million in interest, bringing the total judgment against Adelson to $101.6 million. Adelson was in the process of appealing again.", "Adelson was in the process of appealing again. Adelson faced another trial over claims by three alleged \"middlemen\" in the deal who are suing for at least $450 million. In February 2013, the Las Vegas Sands, in a regulatory filing, acknowledged that it had likely violated federal law that prohibits the bribing of foreign officials.", "In February 2013, the Las Vegas Sands, in a regulatory filing, acknowledged that it had likely violated federal law that prohibits the bribing of foreign officials. Allegedly, Chinese officials were bribed to allow Adelson to build his Macau casino. Adelson successfully sued the London Daily Mail for libel in 2008.", "Adelson successfully sued the London Daily Mail for libel in 2008. The newspaper had accused him of pursuing \"despicable business practices\" and having \"habitually and corruptly bought political favour\".", "The newspaper had accused him of pursuing \"despicable business practices\" and having \"habitually and corruptly bought political favour\". Adelson won the libel case, which was described as \"a grave slur on Mr Adelson's personal integrity and business reputation,\" and he won a judgment of approximately £4 million, which he said he would donate to London's Royal Marsden Hospital.", "Adelson won the libel case, which was described as \"a grave slur on Mr Adelson's personal integrity and business reputation,\" and he won a judgment of approximately £4 million, which he said he would donate to London's Royal Marsden Hospital. In August 2012, the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee (DCCC), after being threatened with a libel suit, apologized and withdrew two blog posts that claimed Adelson had donated \"Chinese prostitution money\" to Republicans.", "In August 2012, the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee (DCCC), after being threatened with a libel suit, apologized and withdrew two blog posts that claimed Adelson had donated \"Chinese prostitution money\" to Republicans. Another organization, the National Jewish Democratic Council, posted on their website that Adelson \"personally approved\" of prostitution at his Macau resorts.", "Another organization, the National Jewish Democratic Council, posted on their website that Adelson \"personally approved\" of prostitution at his Macau resorts. Adelson sued for libel, but a federal judge dismissed the suit in September 2013, ordering Adelson to pay the NJDC's legal fees.", "Adelson sued for libel, but a federal judge dismissed the suit in September 2013, ordering Adelson to pay the NJDC's legal fees. Wealth In 2007, Adelson's estimated wealth was $26.5 billion, making him the third-richest person in the United States according to Forbes. and $26 billion for 2008.", "and $26 billion for 2008. In 2008, the share prices of the Las Vegas Sands Corp. plunged. In November 2008, Las Vegas Sands Corp. announced it might default on bonds that it had outstanding, signaling the potential bankruptcy of the concern.", "In November 2008, Las Vegas Sands Corp. announced it might default on bonds that it had outstanding, signaling the potential bankruptcy of the concern. Adelson lost $4 billion in 2008, more than any other American billionaire.Sheldon Adelson , daylife.com; accessed September 16, 2015.", "Adelson lost $4 billion in 2008, more than any other American billionaire.Sheldon Adelson , daylife.com; accessed September 16, 2015. In 2009, his net worth had declined from approximately $30 billion to $2 billion, a drop of 93%. He told ABC News \"So I lost $25 billion.", "He told ABC News \"So I lost $25 billion. I started out with zero ...[there is] no such thing as fear, not to an entrepreneur. Concern, yes. Fear, no\". In the Forbes 2009 world billionaires list, Adelson's ranking dropped to No.", "In the Forbes 2009 world billionaires list, Adelson's ranking dropped to No. 178 with a net worth of $3.4 billion, but by 2011, after his business had recovered, he was ranked as the world's 16th-richest man with a net worth of $23.3 billion.", "178 with a net worth of $3.4 billion, but by 2011, after his business had recovered, he was ranked as the world's 16th-richest man with a net worth of $23.3 billion. In 2013, Adelson earned a top ranking on Forbes Annual \"Biggest Winner\" List, his dramatic growth a result of the success of his casinos in Macau and Singapore, adding an estimated $15 billion to his net worth during the year.", "In 2013, Adelson earned a top ranking on Forbes Annual \"Biggest Winner\" List, his dramatic growth a result of the success of his casinos in Macau and Singapore, adding an estimated $15 billion to his net worth during the year. In 2013, Adelson was worth $37.2 billion according to Forbes'', and as of December 2014, his net worth was $30.4 billion.", "In 2013, Adelson was worth $37.2 billion according to Forbes'', and as of December 2014, his net worth was $30.4 billion. Adelson owned a fleet of private jets through Las Vegas Sands.", "Adelson owned a fleet of private jets through Las Vegas Sands. On January 2, 2017, Adelson's Airbus A340-500 jet set a record for the Ben Gurion International Airport by making the longest flight ever leaving the airport by flying nonstop to Honolulu, Hawaii, by way of the Arctic Ocean.", "On January 2, 2017, Adelson's Airbus A340-500 jet set a record for the Ben Gurion International Airport by making the longest flight ever leaving the airport by flying nonstop to Honolulu, Hawaii, by way of the Arctic Ocean. Illness and death In 2001, Adelson was diagnosed with peripheral neuropathy, which restricted his ability to stand and walk.", "Illness and death In 2001, Adelson was diagnosed with peripheral neuropathy, which restricted his ability to stand and walk. On February 28, 2019, Las Vegas Sands announced that Adelson was receiving treatment for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.", "On February 28, 2019, Las Vegas Sands announced that Adelson was receiving treatment for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. The news was disclosed after a Sands attorney claimed Adelson was too weak to sit for a deposition in a court case involving Richard Suen.", "The news was disclosed after a Sands attorney claimed Adelson was too weak to sit for a deposition in a court case involving Richard Suen. Sands spokesman Ron Reese said the side effects of Adelson's medical treatment had \"restricted his availability to travel or keep regular office hours” but had not “prevented him from fulfilling his duties as chairman and CEO” of Las Vegas Sands.", "Sands spokesman Ron Reese said the side effects of Adelson's medical treatment had \"restricted his availability to travel or keep regular office hours” but had not “prevented him from fulfilling his duties as chairman and CEO” of Las Vegas Sands. On January 11, 2021, Adelson died at his home in Malibu, California, at the age of 87, after long-term illnesses.", "On January 11, 2021, Adelson died at his home in Malibu, California, at the age of 87, after long-term illnesses. On January 14, 2021, Adelson's body arrived in Israel.", "On January 14, 2021, Adelson's body arrived in Israel. His coffin was draped in U.S. and Israeli flags and was on display at Ben Gurion Airport, where Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu came to pay his respects.", "His coffin was draped in U.S. and Israeli flags and was on display at Ben Gurion Airport, where Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu came to pay his respects. Adelson was laid to rest, the next day, in a small private ceremony on the Mount of Olives in Jerusalem.", "Adelson was laid to rest, the next day, in a small private ceremony on the Mount of Olives in Jerusalem. See also List of people and organizations named in the Paradise Papers References External links Campaign contributions in 2012 to outside spending groups at Center for Responsive Politics 1933 births 2021 deaths 20th-century American businesspeople 20th-century American newspaper publishers (people) 21st-century American businesspeople 21st-century American newspaper publishers (people) American billionaires American casino industry businesspeople American chairpersons of corporations American chemical industry businesspeople American chief executives in the media industry American chief executives of financial services companies American chief executives of travel and tourism industry companies American computer businesspeople American financiers American hoteliers American investment advisors American investors American people of Lithuanian-Jewish descent American people of Ukrainian-Jewish descent American people of Welsh descent American political fundraisers American real estate businesspeople American transportation businesspeople American Zionists Businesspeople from Boston Businesspeople from Nevada City College of New York alumni Deaths from cancer in California Deaths from lymphoma Jewish American philanthropists Military personnel from Massachusetts Nevada Republicans People from Dorchester, Massachusetts People from the Las Vegas Valley United States Army soldiers California Republicans People named in the Paradise Papers 21st-century American Jews Adelson family" ]

[ "Blink-182", "Lineup change, California, and future (2015-present)" ]

[ "Rockwave Festival is a rock festival that takes place in Malakasa, Greece, near Athens. It is one of the most famous music festivals in Greece. The festival's history begins in 1996, but its popularity has spread since 2004. The festival's location was constantly being changed until 2004, when event park TerraVibe Park, located in Attica, became the permanent venue of the festival.\n\n2022 lineup\n\n2018 lineup\n\n2017 lineup\n\n2016 lineup\n\n2015 lineup\n\n2014 lineup\n\n2013 lineup\n\n2012 lineup\n\n2011 lineup\n\n2010 lineup\n\n2009 lineup\n\n2008 lineup\nMonday 31 March was the day when Didi Music-Big Star Promotion Ltd (music concert organizer), announced the names of the artists that would perform at Rockwave Festival 2008. Along with the names they introduced the changes in the festival's whole structure. \nThe festival is now divided in two stages, \"Terra\" stage and \"Vibe\" stage (that comes by the name of the event park \"TerraVibe\"). They also abolished the division of the \"Terra\" concert area into gates PL1 and PL2, lowered the high price of the tickets and retained the special area that is on the side of the field, where there is more comfort, as there are places to sit.\n\n2007 lineup\nWhen the band names were first announced, Stone Sour were included in the third day of the festival. Although the band cancelled a few of their dates in their European tour, My Dying Bride filled up their spot in the third day.\n\n2006 lineup\nW.A.S.P. were to play on the third day but did not perform due to health issues of Blackie Lawless.\n\n2005 lineup\n\n2004 lineup\nRunning Wild did not perform and were replaced by Gamma Ray. Muse were also to perform on the fourth day of the festival but cancelled and were replaced by Mogwai.\n\n2001 lineup\nThe festival took place in the Athens Olympic Velodrome (Athens Olympic Sports Complex) from 1 to 3 July.\nThe second day of the festival was cancelled by the Greek authorities, due to reasons of safety.\n\n2000 lineup\nThe festival took place in Tritsis Park in Ilion, Athens.\nIron Maiden cancelled their show at the third day, due to Janick Gers' accident at a previous show. The Flaming Lips also cancelled their show on the first day.\n\n1999 lineup\nThe festival took place in Agios Kosmas, Athens.\n\n1998 lineup\nThe festival took place in Freattyda, Piraeus.\n\n1997 lineup\nThe festival took place in Rizoupoli Stadium, now called Georgios Kamaras Stadium.\n\n1996 lineup\nThe first festival was called \"Rock of Gods\" and took place in the Dock 3 of the Piraeus harbour. \nMotörhead was included in the first day of the festival, but cancelled and Saxon filled up their spot. Foo Fighters were to play on the third day of the festival, but Dave Grohl broke his arm at a previous show and Violent Femmes took their place.\n\nExternal links\nRockwave Festival official Website (in Greek)\nTerra Vibe the festival hosting area\nDidi Music-Big Star Promotion Official Website (in Greek)\n\nRock festivals in Greece\nHeavy metal festivals\nMusic festivals in Greece\nMusic festivals established in 1996\nTourist attractions in Attica\nEvents in Attica\nElectronic music festivals in Greece\n1996 establishments in Greece\nSummer events in Greece", "Opal Butterfly was an English psychedelic rock band from Oxfordshire, that was active between 1968 and 1970. Although the band itself did not gain widespread success, the musicians did go on to conduct successful musical careers. The band featured Simon King (drums) and for a short time, Lemmy, who later joined Hawkwind. Further members were Robert \"Robbie\" Milne (lead guitar), Allan Love (lead vocals), Richard Bardey (bass), and Tommy Doherty (rhythm guitar). The band released three official singles of the heavy psychedelic rock style before disbanding.\n\nHistory\nBefore becoming Opal Butterfly, the group was known as Cardboard Heaven They were formed in 1967 in Oxfordshire. Their original lineup consisted of Roger Warner (bass) Robbie Milne (lead guitar) 17-year-old Simon King (drums) Alan Cobb (keyboards) and vocals shared by Stuart Thornhill and Denny Sutcliffe. Locally, they performed at clubs and dance halls with a repertoire of R&B and blues standards. Even though the group garnered a considerable following, Simon King would leave the group to form Opal Butterfly.\n\nOpal Butterfly \nLater in the year Simon King formed his new band and recruited Milne on Guitar. The remaining lineup were associates of the two and included Allan Love (vocals) Richard Bardey (bass) Tom Doherty (guitar) Regarding the name, Doherty stated \"Butterfly by itself was a bit dull, so we thought of something more colorful\".\n\nThe group began recording demos and received the interest of CBS Records. These included covers of \"I Had Too Much to Dream (Last Night)\" and \"Wind Up Toys\", both tracks by The Electric Prunes.\nIn 1968, the band released their first official recording \"Beautiful Beige\"/\"Speak Up\" which was described as a solid piece of harmonial psychedelic pop, but made no impactful gains. The group's most notable recordings came in 1969 with an organ-backed remake of The Who composition \"Mary Anne With The Shaky Hand\" with the B-side being \"My Gration Or?\". Despite radio play, the single only gained them local support and the band would revamp its lineup and change labels to Polydor. Most notably, the band acquired Lemmy Kilmister.\nKilmister met the band at a shop called The Chelsea Drug Store located in the Kings Rd Chelsea. He started a friendship with King who then asked him to join, and Kilmister would be a member until the group's decision to kick him a few months later. With the new label, the new lineup released a single, \"Groupie Girl\"/\"The Gigging Song\". For this final effort, the band returned to its roots as the songs were more blues influenced in nature. However, the single caused a slight uproar when the cover featured a nude woman and radio stations refused to play the single. Throughout 1969 into 1970 the band initiated a tour in Britain for sets of 90 minutes. They appeared in the Derek Ford film, Groupie Girl (1970), as \"Sweaty Betty\". Lemmy did not contribute to any recordings or the film. One last line-up change was formed but did not change the band's fortunes and they broke up in 1970. Kilmister and King would cooperate once again in Hawkwind.\n\nIn the meantime, Milne formed another Opal Butterfly line-up with replacement musicians, namely Ray Owen (vocals) David O'List (guitar), Stan Decker (bass) and Mike Burchett (drums) but this line-up only lasted a short while. Doherty and King formed their own version of Opal Butterfly and were not too pleased of Milne forming his own version, so in 1969 Milne joined the 'New Look Soul Band' who were later to become Fine China.\n\nDiscography\n? - \"I Had Too Much to Dream (Last Night)\" (Mantz, Tucker) b/w \"Wind-Up Toys\" (demo) \n1968 - \"Beautiful Beige\" b/w \"Speak Up\" (CBS single)\n1968 - \"Mary Anne with the Shaky Hand\" (Townshend) b/w \"My Gration Or?\" (single)\n1969 - \"Groupie Girl\" b/w \"The Gigging Song\" (Polydor single)\n1970 - Groupie Girl (soundtrack album, featured the two single tracks) Polydor 2383 031\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nStevelitchfield.com\nBiography\nGroupie Girl album cover\n\nMusical groups established in 1967\nMusical groups disestablished in 1970\nEnglish psychedelic rock music groups\nMusical groups from London" ]

[ "Blink-182 (stylized in all lowercase) is an American rock band formed in Poway, California, in 1992. Their current lineup consists of guitarist/vocalist Matt Skiba, bassist/vocalist Mark Hoppus, and drummer Travis Barker. Though their sound has diversified throughout their career, their musical style blends catchy pop melodies with fast-paced punk rock.", "Though their sound has diversified throughout their career, their musical style blends catchy pop melodies with fast-paced punk rock. Their lyrics center on relationships, adolescent frustration, and maturity—or lack thereof. The group emerged from a suburban, Southern California skate-punk scene and gained notoriety for high-energy live shows and irreverent humor.", "The group emerged from a suburban, Southern California skate-punk scene and gained notoriety for high-energy live shows and irreverent humor. After years of independent recording and touring, including stints on the Warped Tour, the group signed to MCA Records.", "After years of independent recording and touring, including stints on the Warped Tour, the group signed to MCA Records. Their biggest albums, Enema of the State (1999) and Take Off Your Pants and Jacket (2001), saw international success.", "Their biggest albums, Enema of the State (1999) and Take Off Your Pants and Jacket (2001), saw international success. Songs like \"All the Small Things\", \"Dammit\", \"I Miss You\", and \"What's My Age Again?\" became hit singles and MTV staples.", "became hit singles and MTV staples. Later efforts, including an untitled album (2003), marked stylistic shifts. DeLonge quit the group twice, both times a decade apart; since 2015, the band has included musician Matt Skiba, with whom they have continued to record and tour.", "DeLonge quit the group twice, both times a decade apart; since 2015, the band has included musician Matt Skiba, with whom they have continued to record and tour. Their most recent album, Nine, saw release in 2019.", "Their most recent album, Nine, saw release in 2019. Blink-182 is widely considered to be one of the most prominent and influential rock acts of the late twentieth century. Their straightforward approach and simple arrangements, which helped initiate pop-punk's mainstream rise, made them popular among generations of listeners.", "Their straightforward approach and simple arrangements, which helped initiate pop-punk's mainstream rise, made them popular among generations of listeners. Worldwide, the group has sold 50 million albums, and have moved 13 million copies in the U.S. History Formation and initial years (1992–1994) Blink-182 was formed in Poway, California, a suburb north of San Diego, in August 1992.", "Worldwide, the group has sold 50 million albums, and have moved 13 million copies in the U.S. History Formation and initial years (1992–1994) Blink-182 was formed in Poway, California, a suburb north of San Diego, in August 1992. Guitarist Tom DeLonge was expelled from Poway High for being inebriated at a basketball game, and was forced to attend another school, Rancho Bernardo High School, for one semester.", "Guitarist Tom DeLonge was expelled from Poway High for being inebriated at a basketball game, and was forced to attend another school, Rancho Bernardo High School, for one semester. There, he performed at a Battle of the Bands competition, where he was introduced to drummer Scott Raynor.", "There, he performed at a Battle of the Bands competition, where he was introduced to drummer Scott Raynor. He also befriended Kerry Key, who was also interested in punk rock music.", "He also befriended Kerry Key, who was also interested in punk rock music. Key was dating Anne Hoppus, sister of bassist Mark Hoppus, who had recently moved from Ridgecrest, California, to work at a record store and attend college.", "Key was dating Anne Hoppus, sister of bassist Mark Hoppus, who had recently moved from Ridgecrest, California, to work at a record store and attend college. Both Hoppus and DeLonge grew up listening to punk rock music, with both particularly enamored by the Descendents.", "Both Hoppus and DeLonge grew up listening to punk rock music, with both particularly enamored by the Descendents. Southern California had a large punk population in the early 1990s, aided by an active surfing, skating, and snowboarding scene.", "Southern California had a large punk population in the early 1990s, aided by an active surfing, skating, and snowboarding scene. In contrast to East Coast punk music, the West Coast wave of groups typically introduced more melodic aspects to the group's music. \"New York is gloomy, dark and cold. It makes different music.", "It makes different music. It makes different music. The Californian middle-class suburbs have nothing to be that bummed about,\" said DeLonge. Anne introduced her brother to DeLonge on August 1, 1992.", "Anne introduced her brother to DeLonge on August 1, 1992. The pair instantly connected and played for hours in DeLonge's garage, exchanging lyrics and co-writing songs—one of which became fan favorite \"Carousel\".", "The pair instantly connected and played for hours in DeLonge's garage, exchanging lyrics and co-writing songs—one of which became fan favorite \"Carousel\". Hoppus, hoping to impress DeLonge, fell from a lamppost in front of DeLonge's home and cracked his ankles, putting him in crutches for three weeks.", "Hoppus, hoping to impress DeLonge, fell from a lamppost in front of DeLonge's home and cracked his ankles, putting him in crutches for three weeks. The trio began to practice together in Raynor's bedroom, spending time writing music, seeing movies and punk concerts, and playing practical jokes.", "The trio began to practice together in Raynor's bedroom, spending time writing music, seeing movies and punk concerts, and playing practical jokes. The trio first operated under a variety of names, including Duck Tape and Figure 8, until DeLonge rechristened the band \"Blink\".", "The trio first operated under a variety of names, including Duck Tape and Figure 8, until DeLonge rechristened the band \"Blink\". Hoppus' girlfriend of the time was annoyed by his constant attention to the band, and demanded he make a choice between the band and her, which resulted in Hoppus leaving the band not long after its formation.", "Hoppus' girlfriend of the time was annoyed by his constant attention to the band, and demanded he make a choice between the band and her, which resulted in Hoppus leaving the band not long after its formation. Shortly thereafter, DeLonge and Raynor borrowed a four-track recorder from friend and collaborator Cam Jones and were preparing to record a demo tape, with Jones on bass.", "Shortly thereafter, DeLonge and Raynor borrowed a four-track recorder from friend and collaborator Cam Jones and were preparing to record a demo tape, with Jones on bass. Hoppus promptly broke up with his girlfriend and returned to the band. Flyswatter—a combination of original songs and punk covers—was recorded in Raynor's bedroom in May 1993.", "Flyswatter—a combination of original songs and punk covers—was recorded in Raynor's bedroom in May 1993. The band began booking shows, and were on stage nearly every weekend, even at Elks Lodges and YMCA centers.", "The band began booking shows, and were on stage nearly every weekend, even at Elks Lodges and YMCA centers. DeLonge called clubs constantly in San Diego asking for a spot to play, as well as local high schools, convincing them that Blink was a \"motivational band with a strong antidrug message\" in hopes to play at an assembly or lunch.", "DeLonge called clubs constantly in San Diego asking for a spot to play, as well as local high schools, convincing them that Blink was a \"motivational band with a strong antidrug message\" in hopes to play at an assembly or lunch. San Diego at this time was \"hardly a hotbed of [musical] activity\", according to journalist Joe Shooman, but the band's popularity grew as did punk rock concurrently in the mainstream.", "San Diego at this time was \"hardly a hotbed of [musical] activity\", according to journalist Joe Shooman, but the band's popularity grew as did punk rock concurrently in the mainstream. They quickly became part of a circuit that also included bands such as Ten Foot Pole and Unwritten Law, and Blink soon found its way onto the bill as the opening band for acts performing at Soma, a local all-ages venue.", "They quickly became part of a circuit that also included bands such as Ten Foot Pole and Unwritten Law, and Blink soon found its way onto the bill as the opening band for acts performing at Soma, a local all-ages venue. \"The biggest dreams we ever had when we started was to [headline] a show at Soma,\" Hoppus said later.", "\"The biggest dreams we ever had when we started was to [headline] a show at Soma,\" Hoppus said later. Meanwhile, Hoppus' manager at the record store, Patrick Secor, fronted the group money to properly record another demo at a local studio Doubletime.", "Meanwhile, Hoppus' manager at the record store, Patrick Secor, fronted the group money to properly record another demo at a local studio Doubletime. The result was Buddha (1994), which the members of the band viewed as the band's first legitimate release.", "The result was Buddha (1994), which the members of the band viewed as the band's first legitimate release. That year, however, Raynor's family relocated to Reno, Nevada, and he was briefly replaced by musician Mike Krull.", "That year, however, Raynor's family relocated to Reno, Nevada, and he was briefly replaced by musician Mike Krull. The band saved money and began flying Raynor out to shows, and he eventually moved back and in with Hoppus in mid-1995.", "The band saved money and began flying Raynor out to shows, and he eventually moved back and in with Hoppus in mid-1995. During that time, the band would record its first album, first music video, and develop a larger following.", "During that time, the band would record its first album, first music video, and develop a larger following. Early releases and touring (1995–1998) The heart of the local independent music scene was Cargo Records, which offered to sign the band on a \"trial basis,\" with help from O, guitarist for local punk band Fluf, and Brahm Goodis, a friend of the band whose father was president of the label.", "Early releases and touring (1995–1998) The heart of the local independent music scene was Cargo Records, which offered to sign the band on a \"trial basis,\" with help from O, guitarist for local punk band Fluf, and Brahm Goodis, a friend of the band whose father was president of the label. Hoppus was the only member to sign the contract, as DeLonge was at work at the time and Raynor was still a minor.", "Hoppus was the only member to sign the contract, as DeLonge was at work at the time and Raynor was still a minor. The band recorded their debut album—Cheshire Cat, released in February 1995—in three days at Westbeach Recorders in Los Angeles, fueled by both new songs and re-recordings of songs from previous demos.", "The band recorded their debut album—Cheshire Cat, released in February 1995—in three days at Westbeach Recorders in Los Angeles, fueled by both new songs and re-recordings of songs from previous demos. \"M+M's\", the band's first single, garnered local radio airplay from 91X, and Cargo offered the band a small budget to film a music video for it.", "\"M+M's\", the band's first single, garnered local radio airplay from 91X, and Cargo offered the band a small budget to film a music video for it. Meanwhile, the record also drew the attention of Irish band Blink. Unwilling to engage in a legal battle, the band agreed to change their name.", "Unwilling to engage in a legal battle, the band agreed to change their name. Cargo gave the band a week, but the trio put off the decision for more than two afterward.", "Cargo gave the band a week, but the trio put off the decision for more than two afterward. Eventually, Cargo called the trio, demanding that they \"change the name or [we'll] change it for you,\" after which the band decided on a random number, 182.", "Eventually, Cargo called the trio, demanding that they \"change the name or [we'll] change it for you,\" after which the band decided on a random number, 182. The band soon hired a manager, Rick DeVoe, who had worked with larger bands such as NOFX, Pennywise and The Offspring.", "The band soon hired a manager, Rick DeVoe, who had worked with larger bands such as NOFX, Pennywise and The Offspring. In addition, the group drew the attention of Rick and Jean Bonde of the Tahoe booking agency, who were responsible for \"spreading the name of the band far and wide.\"", "In addition, the group drew the attention of Rick and Jean Bonde of the Tahoe booking agency, who were responsible for \"spreading the name of the band far and wide.\" In late 1995, the trio embarked on their first national tour, promoting the surf video GoodTimes with Unwritten Law, Sprung Monkey and 7 Seconds.", "In late 1995, the trio embarked on their first national tour, promoting the surf video GoodTimes with Unwritten Law, Sprung Monkey and 7 Seconds. GoodTimes was directed by filmmaker Taylor Steele, who was a friend of DeVoe.", "GoodTimes was directed by filmmaker Taylor Steele, who was a friend of DeVoe. In preparation for the trek, the band members purchased their own tour van, which they nicknamed the Millennium Falcon.", "In preparation for the trek, the band members purchased their own tour van, which they nicknamed the Millennium Falcon. The GoodTimes tour extended outside the States with a leg in Australia; the trio were financially unable to go, but Pennywise's members paid for their plane tickets.", "The GoodTimes tour extended outside the States with a leg in Australia; the trio were financially unable to go, but Pennywise's members paid for their plane tickets. Fletcher Dragge, guitarist of Pennywise, believed in the band strongly.", "Fletcher Dragge, guitarist of Pennywise, believed in the band strongly. He demanded that Kevin Lyman, founder of the traveling rock-based Warped Tour, sign the band for its 1996 iteration, predicting they would become \"gigantic.\"", "He demanded that Kevin Lyman, founder of the traveling rock-based Warped Tour, sign the band for its 1996 iteration, predicting they would become \"gigantic.\" That year, the band toured heavily, with several domestic shows on and off the Warped Tour, trips to Canada and Japan, and more Australian dates.", "That year, the band toured heavily, with several domestic shows on and off the Warped Tour, trips to Canada and Japan, and more Australian dates. Australia were particularly receptive to the band and their humorous stage antics, which gained the band a reputation but also made them ostracized and considered a joke.", "Australia were particularly receptive to the band and their humorous stage antics, which gained the band a reputation but also made them ostracized and considered a joke. By March 1996, the trio began to accumulate a genuine buzz among major labels, resulting in a bidding war between Interscope, MCA and Epitaph.", "By March 1996, the trio began to accumulate a genuine buzz among major labels, resulting in a bidding war between Interscope, MCA and Epitaph. MCA promised the group complete artistic freedom and ultimately signed the band, but Raynor held a great affinity for Epitaph and began to feel half-invested in the band when they chose MCA.", "MCA promised the group complete artistic freedom and ultimately signed the band, but Raynor held a great affinity for Epitaph and began to feel half-invested in the band when they chose MCA. The group, discouraged by Cargo's lack of distribution and faith in the group, held no qualms about signing to a major label but were fiercely criticized in the punk community.", "The group, discouraged by Cargo's lack of distribution and faith in the group, held no qualms about signing to a major label but were fiercely criticized in the punk community. After nonstop touring, the trio began recording their follow-up LP, Dude Ranch, over the period of a month in late 1996 with producer Mark Trombino.", "After nonstop touring, the trio began recording their follow-up LP, Dude Ranch, over the period of a month in late 1996 with producer Mark Trombino. The record saw release the following June, and the band headed out on the 1997 Warped Tour.", "The record saw release the following June, and the band headed out on the 1997 Warped Tour. \"Dammit\", the album's second single, received heavy airplay on modern rock stations. Dude Ranch shipped gold by 1998, but an exhaustive touring schedule brought tensions among the trio.", "Dude Ranch shipped gold by 1998, but an exhaustive touring schedule brought tensions among the trio. Raynor had been drinking heavily to offset personal issues, and he was fired by DeLonge and Hoppus in mid-1998 despite agreeing to attend rehab and quit drinking.", "Raynor had been drinking heavily to offset personal issues, and he was fired by DeLonge and Hoppus in mid-1998 despite agreeing to attend rehab and quit drinking. Travis Barker, drummer for tour-mate The Aquabats, filled in for Raynor, learning the 20-song setlist in 45 minutes before the first show.", "Travis Barker, drummer for tour-mate The Aquabats, filled in for Raynor, learning the 20-song setlist in 45 minutes before the first show. By July, he joined the band full-time and later that year, the band entered the studio with producer Jerry Finn to begin work on their third album.", "By July, he joined the band full-time and later that year, the band entered the studio with producer Jerry Finn to begin work on their third album. Mainstream breakthrough and continued success (1999–2004) With the release of the group's third album Enema of the State in June 1999, Blink-182 was catapulted to stardom and became the biggest pop-punk act of the era.", "Mainstream breakthrough and continued success (1999–2004) With the release of the group's third album Enema of the State in June 1999, Blink-182 was catapulted to stardom and became the biggest pop-punk act of the era. Three singles were released from the record—\"What's My Age Again?", "Three singles were released from the record—\"What's My Age Again? \", \"All the Small Things\", and \"Adam's Song\"—which became major radio hits.", "\", \"All the Small Things\", and \"Adam's Song\"—which became major radio hits. \"All the Small Things\" became a number-one hit on the Modern Rock Tracks chart, and also became a crossover hit, peaking at number six on the Billboard Hot 100 chart.", "\"All the Small Things\" became a number-one hit on the Modern Rock Tracks chart, and also became a crossover hit, peaking at number six on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. The band's relationship with MTV cemented their status as video stars; all three singles became staples on the network and TRL mainstays.", "The band's relationship with MTV cemented their status as video stars; all three singles became staples on the network and TRL mainstays. Enema of the State was an enormous commercial success, although the band was criticized as synthesized, manufactured pop only remotely resembling punk, and pigeonholed as a joke act due to the puerile slant of their singles and associated videos.", "Enema of the State was an enormous commercial success, although the band was criticized as synthesized, manufactured pop only remotely resembling punk, and pigeonholed as a joke act due to the puerile slant of their singles and associated videos. The album has sold over 15 million copies worldwide and had a considerable effect on pop punk music, inspiring a \"second wave\" of the genre and numerous acolytes.", "The album has sold over 15 million copies worldwide and had a considerable effect on pop punk music, inspiring a \"second wave\" of the genre and numerous acolytes. Following that success, as well as their first arena tour and cameo appearances in film and TV (American Pie), the band recorded their fourth album, the comically titled Take Off Your Pants and Jacket (2001).", "Following that success, as well as their first arena tour and cameo appearances in film and TV (American Pie), the band recorded their fourth album, the comically titled Take Off Your Pants and Jacket (2001). It became their first number one album in the U.S., Canada, and Germany, and spawned the singles \"The Rock Show\", \"Stay Together for the Kids\" and \"First Date\".", "It became their first number one album in the U.S., Canada, and Germany, and spawned the singles \"The Rock Show\", \"Stay Together for the Kids\" and \"First Date\". Jerry Finn returned to produce the record and was a key architect of the \"polished\" pop punk sound; according to journalist James Montgomery, writing for MTV News, the veteran engineer \"served as an invaluable member of the Blink team: part adviser, part impartial observer, he helped smooth out tensions and hone their multiplatinum sound.\"", "Jerry Finn returned to produce the record and was a key architect of the \"polished\" pop punk sound; according to journalist James Montgomery, writing for MTV News, the veteran engineer \"served as an invaluable member of the Blink team: part adviser, part impartial observer, he helped smooth out tensions and hone their multiplatinum sound.\" Recording sessions were sometimes contentious, as DeLonge strove for heavier-sounding guitar riffs.", "Recording sessions were sometimes contentious, as DeLonge strove for heavier-sounding guitar riffs. With time off from touring, he felt a desire to broaden his musical palette, and channeled his chronic back pain and resulting frustration into Box Car Racer (2002), an LP that emulates his post-hardcore influences, such as Fugazi and Refused.", "With time off from touring, he felt a desire to broaden his musical palette, and channeled his chronic back pain and resulting frustration into Box Car Racer (2002), an LP that emulates his post-hardcore influences, such as Fugazi and Refused. He invited Barker to record drums for the project, in order to refrain from hiring a studio musician.", "He invited Barker to record drums for the project, in order to refrain from hiring a studio musician. Box Car Racer rapidly evolved into a side project for the duo, launching the singles \"I Feel So\" and \"There Is\", in addition to two national tours throughout 2002.", "Box Car Racer rapidly evolved into a side project for the duo, launching the singles \"I Feel So\" and \"There Is\", in addition to two national tours throughout 2002. Though DeLonge claimed Hoppus was not intentionally left out, Hoppus felt betrayed, and the event created great division within the trio for some time and was an unresolved tension at the forefront of the band's later hiatus.", "Though DeLonge claimed Hoppus was not intentionally left out, Hoppus felt betrayed, and the event created great division within the trio for some time and was an unresolved tension at the forefront of the band's later hiatus. In the meantime, Barker also parlayed his love of hip-hop into the rap rock outfit Transplants, a collaboration with Rancid's Tim Armstrong.", "In the meantime, Barker also parlayed his love of hip-hop into the rap rock outfit Transplants, a collaboration with Rancid's Tim Armstrong. The band regrouped in 2003 to record its fifth studio album, infusing experimentalist elements into its usual pop punk sound, inspired by lifestyle changes (the band members all became fathers before the album was released) and side projects.", "The band regrouped in 2003 to record its fifth studio album, infusing experimentalist elements into its usual pop punk sound, inspired by lifestyle changes (the band members all became fathers before the album was released) and side projects. Blink-182 was released in November 2003 through Geffen Records, which absorbed sister label MCA earlier that year.", "Blink-182 was released in November 2003 through Geffen Records, which absorbed sister label MCA earlier that year. The worldwide touring schedule, which saw the band travel to Japan and Australia, also found the three performing for troops stationed in the Persian Gulf during the first year of the Iraq War.", "The worldwide touring schedule, which saw the band travel to Japan and Australia, also found the three performing for troops stationed in the Persian Gulf during the first year of the Iraq War. Critics generally complimented the new, more \"mature\" direction taken for the album and its lead singles \"Feeling This\" and \"I Miss You\" charted high, with the latter becoming the group's second number one hit on the Billboard Modern Rock Tracks chart.", "Critics generally complimented the new, more \"mature\" direction taken for the album and its lead singles \"Feeling This\" and \"I Miss You\" charted high, with the latter becoming the group's second number one hit on the Billboard Modern Rock Tracks chart. Fans, however, were split by the new direction, and tensions within the band—stemming from the grueling schedule and DeLonge's desire to spend more time with his family—started to become evident.", "Fans, however, were split by the new direction, and tensions within the band—stemming from the grueling schedule and DeLonge's desire to spend more time with his family—started to become evident. Hiatus, side projects, and Barker's plane crash (2005–2008) In February 2005, Geffen issued a press statement announcing the band's \"indefinite hiatus.\"", "Hiatus, side projects, and Barker's plane crash (2005–2008) In February 2005, Geffen issued a press statement announcing the band's \"indefinite hiatus.\" The band had broken up after members' arguments regarding their future and recording process.", "The band had broken up after members' arguments regarding their future and recording process. DeLonge felt increasingly conflicted both about his creative freedom within the group and the toll touring was taking on his family life. He eventually expressed his desire to take a half-year respite from touring in order to spend more time with family.", "He eventually expressed his desire to take a half-year respite from touring in order to spend more time with family. Hoppus and Barker were dismayed by his decision, which they felt was an overly long break. Rehearsals for a benefit concert grew contentious, rooted in the trio's increasing bitterness toward one another.", "Rehearsals for a benefit concert grew contentious, rooted in the trio's increasing bitterness toward one another. DeLonge considered his bandmates' priorities \"mad, mad different,\" coming to the conclusion that the trio had simply grown apart as they aged, had families, and reached fame.", "DeLonge considered his bandmates' priorities \"mad, mad different,\" coming to the conclusion that the trio had simply grown apart as they aged, had families, and reached fame. The breakdown in communication led to heated exchanges, resulting in his exit from the group.", "The breakdown in communication led to heated exchanges, resulting in his exit from the group. DeLonge briefly disappeared from public eye, making no appearances, granting no interviews and remaining silent until September 2005, when he announced his new project, Angels & Airwaves, promising \"the greatest rock and roll revolution for this generation.\"", "DeLonge briefly disappeared from public eye, making no appearances, granting no interviews and remaining silent until September 2005, when he announced his new project, Angels & Airwaves, promising \"the greatest rock and roll revolution for this generation.\" He later revealed he was addicted to painkillers at the time for his chronic back pain, noting that his grandiose statements seemed outlandish.", "He later revealed he was addicted to painkillers at the time for his chronic back pain, noting that his grandiose statements seemed outlandish. The group released two albums in 2006 and 2007: the RIAA gold-certified We Don't Need to Whisper and I-Empire. In the interim, Hoppus and Barker also continued playing music together in +44.", "In the interim, Hoppus and Barker also continued playing music together in +44. +44's debut, When Your Heart Stops Beating, was released in 2006 but stalled commercially and received mixed reviews. Meanwhile, Barker starred in the MTV reality series Meet the Barkers with his then-wife, former Miss USA Shanna Moakler.", "Meanwhile, Barker starred in the MTV reality series Meet the Barkers with his then-wife, former Miss USA Shanna Moakler. The couple's later split, reconciliation and subsequent breakup made them tabloid favorites.", "The couple's later split, reconciliation and subsequent breakup made them tabloid favorites. Barker also launched a shoe line and worked on hip-hop remixs, as well as with the Transplants and TRV$DJAM, a collaboration with friend Adam Goldstein (DJ AM).", "Barker also launched a shoe line and worked on hip-hop remixs, as well as with the Transplants and TRV$DJAM, a collaboration with friend Adam Goldstein (DJ AM). During the hiatus, Hoppus shifted his attention to hosting a podcast and producing albums (most notably Commit This to Memory by former tour-mate Motion City Soundtrack).", "During the hiatus, Hoppus shifted his attention to hosting a podcast and producing albums (most notably Commit This to Memory by former tour-mate Motion City Soundtrack). The band members did not speak from their breakup until 2008. That August, former producer Jerry Finn suffered a cerebral hemorrhage and died.", "That August, former producer Jerry Finn suffered a cerebral hemorrhage and died. The following month, Barker and Goldstein were involved in a plane crash that killed four people, leaving them the only two survivors. Barker sustained second and third degree burns and developed posttraumatic stress disorder, and the accident resulted in sixteen surgeries and multiple blood transfusions.", "Barker sustained second and third degree burns and developed posttraumatic stress disorder, and the accident resulted in sixteen surgeries and multiple blood transfusions. Goldstein's injuries were less severe, but the following year, he died from a drug overdose.", "Goldstein's injuries were less severe, but the following year, he died from a drug overdose. Hoppus was alerted about Barker's accident by a phone call in the middle of the night and jumped on the next flight to the burn center. DeLonge quickly reached out to his former bandmate, mailing him a letter and photograph.", "DeLonge quickly reached out to his former bandmate, mailing him a letter and photograph. The trio eventually met up in the hospital, laying the grounds for what was going to be the band's reunion. Eventually, an arrangement was made for the trio to meet up at Hoppus and Barker's Los Angeles studio in October 2008.", "Eventually, an arrangement was made for the trio to meet up at Hoppus and Barker's Los Angeles studio in October 2008. The three opened up, discussing the events of the hiatus and their break-up, and DeLonge was the first to approach the subject of reuniting.", "The three opened up, discussing the events of the hiatus and their break-up, and DeLonge was the first to approach the subject of reuniting. Hoppus remembered: \"I remember [Tom] said, 'So, what do you guys think? Where are your heads at?'", "Where are your heads at?' And I said, 'I think we should continue with what we've been doing for the past 17 years. I think we should get back on the road and back in the studio and do what we love doing.", "I think we should get back on the road and back in the studio and do what we love doing. Reunion years (2009–2014) For the first time in nearly five years, the band appeared on stage together as presenters at the February 2009 Grammy Awards, and announced their reunion.", "Reunion years (2009–2014) For the first time in nearly five years, the band appeared on stage together as presenters at the February 2009 Grammy Awards, and announced their reunion. The trio embarked on a reunion tour of North America from July to October 2009, with a European trek following from August to September 2010.", "The trio embarked on a reunion tour of North America from July to October 2009, with a European trek following from August to September 2010. Barker, suffering from a fear of flying after his accident, traveled via bus domestically and by an ocean liner for overseas dates.", "Barker, suffering from a fear of flying after his accident, traveled via bus domestically and by an ocean liner for overseas dates. The recording process for Neighborhoods, the band's sixth studio album, was stalled by its studio autonomy, tours, managers, and personal projects.", "The recording process for Neighborhoods, the band's sixth studio album, was stalled by its studio autonomy, tours, managers, and personal projects. DeLonge recorded at his studio in San Diego while Hoppus and Barker recorded in Los Angeles—an extension of their strained communication.", "DeLonge recorded at his studio in San Diego while Hoppus and Barker recorded in Los Angeles—an extension of their strained communication. The self-produced album—their first without Jerry Finn since Enema of the State—was released in September 2011 and peaked at number two on the Billboard 200.", "The self-produced album—their first without Jerry Finn since Enema of the State—was released in September 2011 and peaked at number two on the Billboard 200. Its singles—\"Up All Night\" and \"After Midnight\"—only attracted modest chart success, and label Interscope was reportedly disappointed with album sales.", "Its singles—\"Up All Night\" and \"After Midnight\"—only attracted modest chart success, and label Interscope was reportedly disappointed with album sales. The band continued to tour in the early 2010s, \"despite growing evidence of remaining friction\" between the members, according to AllMusic biographer John Bush.", "The band continued to tour in the early 2010s, \"despite growing evidence of remaining friction\" between the members, according to AllMusic biographer John Bush. They headlined the 10th Annual Honda Civic Tour in North America in 2011 with My Chemical Romance, and launched a 20th Anniversary Tour the next year.", "They headlined the 10th Annual Honda Civic Tour in North America in 2011 with My Chemical Romance, and launched a 20th Anniversary Tour the next year. For that tour, the band played in Europe twice, North America, and Australia; drummer Brooks Wackerman filled-in for Barker, as he was not yet ready to fly.", "For that tour, the band played in Europe twice, North America, and Australia; drummer Brooks Wackerman filled-in for Barker, as he was not yet ready to fly. Additionally, the trio pursued a tenth anniversary celebration of Blink-182 with a series of shows, and played the Reading and Leeds Festivals; it was the band's fourth appearance at the festival and second headlining slot.", "Additionally, the trio pursued a tenth anniversary celebration of Blink-182 with a series of shows, and played the Reading and Leeds Festivals; it was the band's fourth appearance at the festival and second headlining slot. The band also parted ways with longtime label Interscope, self-releasing their next project, Dogs Eating Dogs, an EP.", "The band also parted ways with longtime label Interscope, self-releasing their next project, Dogs Eating Dogs, an EP. DeLonge's final performance with the group was at the Wine Amplified Festival in Las Vegas, Nevada on October 11, 2014. The reunion of the band has been characterized as dysfunctional by both Barker and DeLonge.", "The reunion of the band has been characterized as dysfunctional by both Barker and DeLonge. Hoppus commented on this era of the band in a later interview: \"Everything was always very contentious. There was always just a strange vibe. [...] I knew there was something wrong.\"", "[...] I knew there was something wrong.\" In his memoir, Can I Say, Barker claims DeLonge's behavior on tour was \"introverted\" until \"money started coming in,\" after which \"he'd get excited about Blink.\" He states DeLonge abruptly quit sometime in mid-2014, and rejoined the following day.", "He states DeLonge abruptly quit sometime in mid-2014, and rejoined the following day. The group planned to begin writing their seventh album in January 2015, which had continually seen delays.", "The group planned to begin writing their seventh album in January 2015, which had continually seen delays. \"I'd do interviews and I just felt awful for fans because they were promised albums for years and we couldn't do it,\" Barker later said.", "\"I'd do interviews and I just felt awful for fans because they were promised albums for years and we couldn't do it,\" Barker later said. A record deal was finalized and sessions were booked before DeLonge's manager informed the band he intended to spend more time on \"non-musical activities\" and indefinitely depart the group.", "A record deal was finalized and sessions were booked before DeLonge's manager informed the band he intended to spend more time on \"non-musical activities\" and indefinitely depart the group. In his own statement, DeLonge remarked that he \"Never planned on quitting, [I] just find it hard as hell to commit.\"", "In his own statement, DeLonge remarked that he \"Never planned on quitting, [I] just find it hard as hell to commit.\" After these events, Barker summarized the band's reunion: \"Why Blink even got back together in the first place is questionable.\"", "After these events, Barker summarized the band's reunion: \"Why Blink even got back together in the first place is questionable.\" Lineup change and recent years (2015–present) Hoppus and Barker decided to continue on without DeLonge, and enlisted Alkaline Trio vocalist/guitarist Matt Skiba to \"fill in\" for three shows in March 2015.", "Lineup change and recent years (2015–present) Hoppus and Barker decided to continue on without DeLonge, and enlisted Alkaline Trio vocalist/guitarist Matt Skiba to \"fill in\" for three shows in March 2015. Hoppus and Skiba had been wanting to work together musically for several years, so he was the first and only person considered for the role.", "Hoppus and Skiba had been wanting to work together musically for several years, so he was the first and only person considered for the role. After legal battles with DeLonge were worked out, Skiba joined Blink-182 as an official member and began preparations for new music.", "After legal battles with DeLonge were worked out, Skiba joined Blink-182 as an official member and began preparations for new music. Initially, it was not made clear behind DeLonge departure until Barker revealed in 2019 that the guitarist wanted to pursue his company To the Stars... Academy of Arts & Sciences full-time, which is devoted to investigating UFOs.", "Initially, it was not made clear behind DeLonge departure until Barker revealed in 2019 that the guitarist wanted to pursue his company To the Stars... Academy of Arts & Sciences full-time, which is devoted to investigating UFOs. DeLonge said \"from every ounce of my being\" that he was meant to do this.", "DeLonge said \"from every ounce of my being\" that he was meant to do this. The resulting album, California, was produced by John Feldmann. He was the group's first new producer since longtime collaborator Jerry Finn. California was recorded between January and March 2016.", "California was recorded between January and March 2016. The band, as well as Feldmann, would regularly spend \"18 hours\" in the studio a day, aiming to start and complete multiple songs in that timeframe. \"We all wanted to write the best record that we could [...] It does feel like a new beginning.", "\"We all wanted to write the best record that we could [...] It does feel like a new beginning. It feels like when we used to tour and sleep in the van because that's all we wanted to do is play rock music,\" said Hoppus.", "It feels like when we used to tour and sleep in the van because that's all we wanted to do is play rock music,\" said Hoppus. Upon its July 2016 release, California became the band's second number-one album on the Billboard 200, and first in 15 years; it also reached the top for the first time in the United Kingdom.", "Upon its July 2016 release, California became the band's second number-one album on the Billboard 200, and first in 15 years; it also reached the top for the first time in the United Kingdom. Its lead single, \"Bored to Death\", became the group's first number one single in 12 years.", "Its lead single, \"Bored to Death\", became the group's first number one single in 12 years. The band supported the album with a large headlining tour across North America between July and October 2016, and a European leg in June and July 2017.", "The band supported the album with a large headlining tour across North America between July and October 2016, and a European leg in June and July 2017. A deluxe edition of California—essentially a double album including songs left off the original album—was issued in 2017. California earned the band their first nomination for Best Rock Album at the Grammy Awards.", "California earned the band their first nomination for Best Rock Album at the Grammy Awards. Critical reviews of the album, however, were mixed; many considered Feldmann's input and the throwback nature of the songs as formulaic. The trio moved from independent service BMG to major-label Columbia for their eighth studio effort, Nine (2019).", "The trio moved from independent service BMG to major-label Columbia for their eighth studio effort, Nine (2019). While Nine builds upon their partnership with Feldmann, it also utilizes additional outside producers and songwriters. Musically, the LP augments the band's pop punk sound with hip hop-inspired programming, as well as electronics.", "Musically, the LP augments the band's pop punk sound with hip hop-inspired programming, as well as electronics. In the interim, the trio embarked on a celebratory tour marking the twentieth anniversary of their breakthrough effort, Enema of the State. In recent years, each member has explored side projects as well.", "In recent years, each member has explored side projects as well. Skiba returned to Alkaline Trio for their ninth album, Is This Thing Cursed? (2018), while Hoppus formed Simple Creatures, an electropop outfit with All Time Low frontman Alex Gaskarth, with whom he released two EPs throughout 2019.", "(2018), while Hoppus formed Simple Creatures, an electropop outfit with All Time Low frontman Alex Gaskarth, with whom he released two EPs throughout 2019. Lastly, Barker has focused his energies in collaborating with rappers Lil Nas X, Machine Gun Kelly, and XXXTentacion, among others.", "Lastly, Barker has focused his energies in collaborating with rappers Lil Nas X, Machine Gun Kelly, and XXXTentacion, among others. Blink have also worked with several artists, jointly issuing singles with XXXTentacion, Lil Wayne, Goody Grace, Steve Aoki, Powfu, Oliver Tree, and the Chainsmokers.", "Blink have also worked with several artists, jointly issuing singles with XXXTentacion, Lil Wayne, Goody Grace, Steve Aoki, Powfu, Oliver Tree, and the Chainsmokers. That same year, The New York Times Magazine listed Blink-182 among hundreds of artists whose material was destroyed in the 2008 Universal fire.", "That same year, The New York Times Magazine listed Blink-182 among hundreds of artists whose material was destroyed in the 2008 Universal fire. On August 7, 2020, the band released a new single titled \"Quarantine\", which was recorded without Skiba's involvement due to lack of a home recording studio.", "On August 7, 2020, the band released a new single titled \"Quarantine\", which was recorded without Skiba's involvement due to lack of a home recording studio. Later in the same month, Hoppus stated that the band was working on a new EP scheduled for release in 2021, in addition to announcing a song with Juice Wrld — neither have been released at the moment.", "Later in the same month, Hoppus stated that the band was working on a new EP scheduled for release in 2021, in addition to announcing a song with Juice Wrld — neither have been released at the moment. Though Barker had confirmed a 2021 release, the year ended without one.", "Though Barker had confirmed a 2021 release, the year ended without one. On June 23, 2021, Hoppus confirmed that he had received a cancer diagnosis and had been receiving treatment in secret for the last three months.", "On June 23, 2021, Hoppus confirmed that he had received a cancer diagnosis and had been receiving treatment in secret for the last three months. After his cancer diagnosis, it was reported by sources that Hoppus had met with DeLonge and Barker together at his home to discuss old problems, personal issues, and Hoppus' cancer diagnosis.", "After his cancer diagnosis, it was reported by sources that Hoppus had met with DeLonge and Barker together at his home to discuss old problems, personal issues, and Hoppus' cancer diagnosis. Hoppus was declared cancer-free later that year, but would continue screening every six months.", "Hoppus was declared cancer-free later that year, but would continue screening every six months. Musical style, lyrical themes, and influences Blink-182's musical style is mainly considered pop punk, a genre that combines influences of pop music with traditional punk rock.", "Musical style, lyrical themes, and influences Blink-182's musical style is mainly considered pop punk, a genre that combines influences of pop music with traditional punk rock. Throughout the band's career, though their sound has diversified, a large component of the band's music favors fast tempos, catchy melodies, prominent electric guitar with distortion, and power chord changes.", "Throughout the band's career, though their sound has diversified, a large component of the band's music favors fast tempos, catchy melodies, prominent electric guitar with distortion, and power chord changes. Earlier albums by the band have also been tagged with the label skate punk, owing to the skater subculture that was important to their youth.", "Earlier albums by the band have also been tagged with the label skate punk, owing to the skater subculture that was important to their youth. In addition, the band has also been classified under the umbrella of alternative rock as a whole.", "In addition, the band has also been classified under the umbrella of alternative rock as a whole. The band have claimed punk rock group the Descendents to be their greatest influence on a number of occasions.", "The band have claimed punk rock group the Descendents to be their greatest influence on a number of occasions. They have also named the Beatles, the Ramones, the Beach Boys, the Cure, Depeche Mode, U2, Stiff Little Fingers, All, Dinosaur Jr., NOFX, Bad Religion, Refused, Fugazi, Screeching Weasel, The Vandals, the Queers, and Jimmy Eat World as inspirations.", "They have also named the Beatles, the Ramones, the Beach Boys, the Cure, Depeche Mode, U2, Stiff Little Fingers, All, Dinosaur Jr., NOFX, Bad Religion, Refused, Fugazi, Screeching Weasel, The Vandals, the Queers, and Jimmy Eat World as inspirations. Common lyrical themes for the band involve relationships, suburbia, toilet humor, and teen angst.", "Common lyrical themes for the band involve relationships, suburbia, toilet humor, and teen angst. Hoppus and DeLonge, and later Skiba, split songwriting duty, and much of their lyrics tend toward autobiography.", "Hoppus and DeLonge, and later Skiba, split songwriting duty, and much of their lyrics tend toward autobiography. According to Nitsuh Abebe, of New York, the band's biggest recurring topic is maturity—\"more specifically, their lack of it, their attitude toward their lack of it, or their eventual wide-eyed exploration of it\".", "According to Nitsuh Abebe, of New York, the band's biggest recurring topic is maturity—\"more specifically, their lack of it, their attitude toward their lack of it, or their eventual wide-eyed exploration of it\". One of the band's biggest singles, \"What's My Age Again?", "One of the band's biggest singles, \"What's My Age Again? \", specifically addresses the Peter Pan syndrome, while \"Dammit\", the band's first mainstream hit single, contains the hook \"Well, I guess this is growing up.\"", "\", specifically addresses the Peter Pan syndrome, while \"Dammit\", the band's first mainstream hit single, contains the hook \"Well, I guess this is growing up.\" Albums such as Take Off Your Pants and Jacket near-exclusively deal in toilet humor and teen-centered lyrics, leading Rolling Stone to dub it a concept album chronicling adolescence.", "Albums such as Take Off Your Pants and Jacket near-exclusively deal in toilet humor and teen-centered lyrics, leading Rolling Stone to dub it a concept album chronicling adolescence. For Hoppus, these themes were not exclusively adolescent: \"The things that happen to you in high school are the same things that happen your entire life.", "For Hoppus, these themes were not exclusively adolescent: \"The things that happen to you in high school are the same things that happen your entire life. You can fall in love at sixty; you can get rejected at eighty.\"", "You can fall in love at sixty; you can get rejected at eighty.\" Mid-career albums, such as Neighborhoods (2011), explore darker territory, such as depression and loss. More recent efforts, like California (2016), aim for universality but also focus on miscommunication and loss of identity.", "More recent efforts, like California (2016), aim for universality but also focus on miscommunication and loss of identity. Musically, the band's sound has progressed throughout their 25-year career. Tom DeLonge's guitar style, which trades solos for riffs, is often down-stroked and power-chord heavy, with large amounts of palm muting.", "Tom DeLonge's guitar style, which trades solos for riffs, is often down-stroked and power-chord heavy, with large amounts of palm muting. His later work guitar work heavily delves into effects, exploring ambience and delay prominently. Many Blink songs center on the I–V–vi–IV progression. As a bassist, Hoppus is known for his well-defined midrange tone.", "As a bassist, Hoppus is known for his well-defined midrange tone. Since the band is a trio, he approaches his role as a combination of being a rhythm guitarist and bassist.", "Since the band is a trio, he approaches his role as a combination of being a rhythm guitarist and bassist. Early albums, such as Cheshire Cat (1995) and Dude Ranch (1997), were recorded with original drummer Scott Raynor, and consist of fast-paced, double-time songs.", "Early albums, such as Cheshire Cat (1995) and Dude Ranch (1997), were recorded with original drummer Scott Raynor, and consist of fast-paced, double-time songs. Drummer Travis Barker diversified the band's sound rhythmically when he joined in 1998.", "Drummer Travis Barker diversified the band's sound rhythmically when he joined in 1998. Throughout their discography, Barker's drumming references myriad musical genres, including Afro-Cuban music, bossa nova, reggae, and hip hop. Barker grew up playing in marching band, and it still influences his drum fills and kit setup.", "Barker grew up playing in marching band, and it still influences his drum fills and kit setup. Blink-182 were considered more radio-friendly than their predecessors. Jon Caramanica of The New York Times writes that the band \"[took] punk's already playful core and [gave] it a shiny, accessible polish.\"", "Jon Caramanica of The New York Times writes that the band \"[took] punk's already playful core and [gave] it a shiny, accessible polish.\" Luke Lewis, writing for Total Guitar in 2003, summarized it aptly: \"They wrote catchy songs, radio stations played them.\"", "Luke Lewis, writing for Total Guitar in 2003, summarized it aptly: \"They wrote catchy songs, radio stations played them.\" The band's biggest hit, \"All the Small Things\", was written partially because DeLonge figured the label might want a song for radio.", "The band's biggest hit, \"All the Small Things\", was written partially because DeLonge figured the label might want a song for radio. \"It was obvious from the beginning it would fit that format,\" he told Lewis. \"There's nothing wrong with that.", "\"There's nothing wrong with that. We don't want obstacles between us and our audience.\" However, the band's conventional appeal, as well as partnerships with MTV, boardsport companies, and clothing brands, led to accusations that they were betraying the independent spirit of punk rock.", "However, the band's conventional appeal, as well as partnerships with MTV, boardsport companies, and clothing brands, led to accusations that they were betraying the independent spirit of punk rock. DeLonge commented on the band's mainstream appeal in an interview in 2014: Legacy Blink-182 was one of the most popular rock bands at the turn of the millennium, and spearheaded the second wave of pop punk and its journey into the mainstream.", "DeLonge commented on the band's mainstream appeal in an interview in 2014: Legacy Blink-182 was one of the most popular rock bands at the turn of the millennium, and spearheaded the second wave of pop punk and its journey into the mainstream. The glossy production instantly set Blink-182 apart from the other crossover punk acts of the era, such as Green Day.", "The glossy production instantly set Blink-182 apart from the other crossover punk acts of the era, such as Green Day. Its third LP Enema of the State catapulted the band to stardom, creating what New York Abebe described as a \"blanket immersion among America's twenty-some million teenagers.\"", "Its third LP Enema of the State catapulted the band to stardom, creating what New York Abebe described as a \"blanket immersion among America's twenty-some million teenagers.\" At the band's commercial peak, albums such as Take Off Your Pants and Jacket and Enema sold over 14 and 15 million copies worldwide, respectively.", "At the band's commercial peak, albums such as Take Off Your Pants and Jacket and Enema sold over 14 and 15 million copies worldwide, respectively. According to Kelefa Sanneh of The New Yorker, Blink-182 \"spawned more imitators than any American rock band since Nirvana.", "According to Kelefa Sanneh of The New Yorker, Blink-182 \"spawned more imitators than any American rock band since Nirvana. Their seeming ordinariness convinced a generation of goofy punks that maybe they, too, could turn out deceptively simple songs as well constructed as anything on the pop chart.", "Their seeming ordinariness convinced a generation of goofy punks that maybe they, too, could turn out deceptively simple songs as well constructed as anything on the pop chart. And their prankish camaraderie made fans feel like members of their extended social circle.\"", "And their prankish camaraderie made fans feel like members of their extended social circle.\" Most Blink-182 songs are fairly straightforward and easy to play on guitar, making them perfect practice for beginner musicians.", "Most Blink-182 songs are fairly straightforward and easy to play on guitar, making them perfect practice for beginner musicians. Lewis of Total Guitar notes that this was key in influencing a generation of kids to \"pick up the guitar and form bands of their own.\"", "Lewis of Total Guitar notes that this was key in influencing a generation of kids to \"pick up the guitar and form bands of their own.\" Despite this, the band never received particularly glowing reviews, with many reviewers dismissing them as a joke.", "Despite this, the band never received particularly glowing reviews, with many reviewers dismissing them as a joke. British publication NME was particularly critical of the trio, with reviewer Steven Wells begging them to \"fuck right off,\" comparing them to \"that sanitised, castrated, shrink-wrapped 'new wave' crap that the major US record companies pumped out circa 1981 in their belated attempt to jump on the 'punk' bandwagon.\"", "British publication NME was particularly critical of the trio, with reviewer Steven Wells begging them to \"fuck right off,\" comparing them to \"that sanitised, castrated, shrink-wrapped 'new wave' crap that the major US record companies pumped out circa 1981 in their belated attempt to jump on the 'punk' bandwagon.\" Nevertheless, subsequent reviews of the band's discography have been more positive.", "Nevertheless, subsequent reviews of the band's discography have been more positive. Andy Greenwald of Blender wrote, \"the quick transformation from nudists to near geniuses is down-right astonishing.\" James Montgomery of MTV said that \"despite their maturation, Blink never took themselves particularly seriously, which was another reason they were so accessible.\"", "James Montgomery of MTV said that \"despite their maturation, Blink never took themselves particularly seriously, which was another reason they were so accessible.\" A new generation of rock fans found the Blink sound \"hugely influential,\" according to Nicole Frehsée of Rolling Stone.", "A new generation of rock fans found the Blink sound \"hugely influential,\" according to Nicole Frehsée of Rolling Stone. Sanneh concurred: in his 2021 book Major Labels, he calls the band a \"generational touchstone\", arguing their sound and humor aged gracefully.", "Sanneh concurred: in his 2021 book Major Labels, he calls the band a \"generational touchstone\", arguing their sound and humor aged gracefully. In 2011, Jon Caramanica of The New York Times asserted that \"no punk band of the 1990s has been more influential than Blink-182,\" stating that even as the band receded after their initial 2005 split, \"its sound and style could be heard in the muscular pop punk of Fall Out Boy or in the current wave of high-gloss Warped Tour punk bands, like All Time Low and The Maine.\"", "In 2011, Jon Caramanica of The New York Times asserted that \"no punk band of the 1990s has been more influential than Blink-182,\" stating that even as the band receded after their initial 2005 split, \"its sound and style could be heard in the muscular pop punk of Fall Out Boy or in the current wave of high-gloss Warped Tour punk bands, like All Time Low and The Maine.\" Montgomery concurs: \"...without them, there'd be no Fall Out Boy, no Paramore, or no Fueled by Ramen Records.\"", "Montgomery concurs: \"...without them, there'd be no Fall Out Boy, no Paramore, or no Fueled by Ramen Records.\" Maria Sherman of The Village Voice took this a step further, writing \"Apart from the sound, Blink's ideology has been popularized [...] their presence is everywhere.\"", "Maria Sherman of The Village Voice took this a step further, writing \"Apart from the sound, Blink's ideology has been popularized [...] their presence is everywhere.\" \"When it comes to having inestimable influence, Blink-182 might well be contemporary punk's version of the Beatles\", wrote Scott Heisel in a 2009 Alternative Press cover story on the band.", "\"When it comes to having inestimable influence, Blink-182 might well be contemporary punk's version of the Beatles\", wrote Scott Heisel in a 2009 Alternative Press cover story on the band. The same magazine later ranked Blink the fourth of the \"30 Most Influential Bands of the Past 30 Years,\" just behind Radiohead, Fugazi, and Nirvana.", "The same magazine later ranked Blink the fourth of the \"30 Most Influential Bands of the Past 30 Years,\" just behind Radiohead, Fugazi, and Nirvana. Bands such as Panic!", "Bands such as Panic! Bands such as Panic! at the Disco and All Time Low originated covering Blink-182 songs, while You Me at Six, and 5 Seconds of Summer have also named the band as influences.", "at the Disco and All Time Low originated covering Blink-182 songs, while You Me at Six, and 5 Seconds of Summer have also named the band as influences. \"Anyone in our genre would be lying if they said they weren't influenced by Blink-182,\" said Joel Madden of Good Charlotte.", "\"Anyone in our genre would be lying if they said they weren't influenced by Blink-182,\" said Joel Madden of Good Charlotte. The band's influence extends beyond pop-punk groups as well: the band has been cited as an influence by Avril Lavigne, Best Coast, DIIV, FIDLAR, Grimes, Male Bonding, Neck Deep, Mumford & Sons, A Day To Remember, Owl City, Charly Bliss, Tucker Beathard, Joyce Manor, Wavves, and the Chainsmokers; the latter even mentioned the band in the lyrics of their number-one hit song \"Closer\".", "The band's influence extends beyond pop-punk groups as well: the band has been cited as an influence by Avril Lavigne, Best Coast, DIIV, FIDLAR, Grimes, Male Bonding, Neck Deep, Mumford & Sons, A Day To Remember, Owl City, Charly Bliss, Tucker Beathard, Joyce Manor, Wavves, and the Chainsmokers; the latter even mentioned the band in the lyrics of their number-one hit song \"Closer\". Band members Current members Mark Hoppus – bass guitar, vocals Travis Barker – drums, percussion Matt Skiba – guitars, vocals Former members Scott Raynor – drums Tom DeLonge – guitars, vocals Former touring musicians Cam Jones – bass guitar Mike Krull – drums Byron McMackin – drums Josh Freese – drums Damon DeLaPaz – drums Brooks Wackerman – drums Timeline Discography Cheshire Cat (1995) Dude Ranch (1997) Enema of the State (1999) Take Off Your Pants and Jacket (2001) Blink-182 (2003) Neighborhoods (2011) California (2016) Nine (2019) Awards and nominations References Bibliography External links Alternative rock groups from California American musical trios Articles which contain graphical timelines Kerrang!", "Band members Current members Mark Hoppus – bass guitar, vocals Travis Barker – drums, percussion Matt Skiba – guitars, vocals Former members Scott Raynor – drums Tom DeLonge – guitars, vocals Former touring musicians Cam Jones – bass guitar Mike Krull – drums Byron McMackin – drums Josh Freese – drums Damon DeLaPaz – drums Brooks Wackerman – drums Timeline Discography Cheshire Cat (1995) Dude Ranch (1997) Enema of the State (1999) Take Off Your Pants and Jacket (2001) Blink-182 (2003) Neighborhoods (2011) California (2016) Nine (2019) Awards and nominations References Bibliography External links Alternative rock groups from California American musical trios Articles which contain graphical timelines Kerrang! Awards winners MCA Records artists MTV Europe Music Award winners Musical groups disestablished in 2005 Musical groups established in 1992 Musical groups from San Diego Musical groups reestablished in 2009 People from Poway, California Pop punk groups from California Punk rock groups from California Skate punk groups" ]

[ "Blink-182", "Lineup change, California, and future (2015-present)", "When did the lineup change", "Hoppus and Barker decided to continue on without DeLonge, and enlisted Alkaline Trio vocalist/guitarist Matt Skiba to \"fill in\"" ]

[ "Demos is the first full-length album by Alkaline Trio singer/guitarist Matt Skiba. It is composed of demos that Skiba has recorded into his computer. Skiba released the project on Asian Man Records, which was Alkaline Trio's label for their first two full-length albums, Goddamnit and Maybe I'll Catch Fire. Four of the songs from this release, namely \"Angel of Deaf,\" \"Haven't You,\" \"How The Hell Did We Get Here,\" and \"Nausea (Cruel and Unusual),\" were later rerecorded and released on Babylon, Skiba's first album with his band The Sekrets. On that release, however, \"Nausea (Cruel and Unusual)\" underwent lyrical alterations and was renamed \"Olivia.\"\n\nTrack listing\nAll songs written and performed by Matt Skiba.\n\nReferences\n\n2010 debut albums\nDemo albums\nMatt Skiba albums", "Prevent This Tragedy is a song by American rock band, Alkaline Trio, released on their 2005 album, Crimson. The song was written by Matt Skiba, Dan Andriano, and Derek Grant.\n\nBackground \n\"Prevent This Tragedy\" was written about the West Memphis Three; a group of teenagers convicted of murdering three children in 1993. The case became highly controversial due to all three juveniles being found guilty with what the general public believed to be a severe lack of evidence against them.\n\nMany members of the music community showed their support over the years to have the West Memphis Three released from prison. Alkaline Trio in particular became heavily involved with a yearly awareness day for the three, while guitarist, Matt Skiba, corresponded with Damien Echols, the only one of the three men who had been sentenced to death row, in an effort to save his life. Skiba also stated that they had also been a major influence on not only writing Crimson, but the majority of the band's activities for over a decade.\"That was something that we, and myself in particular, were driven and influenced by. Especially Damien’s situation, because he was facing the death sentence. He was on his third and last appeal, and then they were going to kill him. It was a personal statement about someone who was facing imminent death as a young person.” - Matt Skiba\n\nReception \nCritics have praised \"Prevent This Tragedy\" for helping to spread awareness for the case of the West Memphis Three. Mala Mortensa of Alternative Press praised the song's narrative, and noted how much more emotional it is now that all three men have been released from prison, but have yet to be fully exonerated.\n\nPersonnel \nPersonnel per Crimson booklet.\n\nAlkaline Trio\n\n Matt Skiba – guitars, lead vocals, songwriting\n Dan Andriano – bass, backing vocals, songwriting\n Derek Grant – drums, backing vocals, songwriting\n\nAdditional musicians\n\n Warren Fitzgerald – additional string arrangements\n\nReferences \n\nAlkaline Trio songs\n2005 songs\nSongs written by Matt Skiba\nSongs written by Dan Andriano\nSongs written by Derek Grant (drummer)" ]

[ "Blink-182 (stylized in all lowercase) is an American rock band formed in Poway, California, in 1992. Their current lineup consists of guitarist/vocalist Matt Skiba, bassist/vocalist Mark Hoppus, and drummer Travis Barker. Though their sound has diversified throughout their career, their musical style blends catchy pop melodies with fast-paced punk rock.", "Though their sound has diversified throughout their career, their musical style blends catchy pop melodies with fast-paced punk rock. Their lyrics center on relationships, adolescent frustration, and maturity—or lack thereof. The group emerged from a suburban, Southern California skate-punk scene and gained notoriety for high-energy live shows and irreverent humor.", "The group emerged from a suburban, Southern California skate-punk scene and gained notoriety for high-energy live shows and irreverent humor. After years of independent recording and touring, including stints on the Warped Tour, the group signed to MCA Records.", "After years of independent recording and touring, including stints on the Warped Tour, the group signed to MCA Records. Their biggest albums, Enema of the State (1999) and Take Off Your Pants and Jacket (2001), saw international success.", "Their biggest albums, Enema of the State (1999) and Take Off Your Pants and Jacket (2001), saw international success. Songs like \"All the Small Things\", \"Dammit\", \"I Miss You\", and \"What's My Age Again?\" became hit singles and MTV staples.", "became hit singles and MTV staples. Later efforts, including an untitled album (2003), marked stylistic shifts. DeLonge quit the group twice, both times a decade apart; since 2015, the band has included musician Matt Skiba, with whom they have continued to record and tour.", "DeLonge quit the group twice, both times a decade apart; since 2015, the band has included musician Matt Skiba, with whom they have continued to record and tour. Their most recent album, Nine, saw release in 2019.", "Their most recent album, Nine, saw release in 2019. Blink-182 is widely considered to be one of the most prominent and influential rock acts of the late twentieth century. Their straightforward approach and simple arrangements, which helped initiate pop-punk's mainstream rise, made them popular among generations of listeners.", "Their straightforward approach and simple arrangements, which helped initiate pop-punk's mainstream rise, made them popular among generations of listeners. Worldwide, the group has sold 50 million albums, and have moved 13 million copies in the U.S. History Formation and initial years (1992–1994) Blink-182 was formed in Poway, California, a suburb north of San Diego, in August 1992.", "Worldwide, the group has sold 50 million albums, and have moved 13 million copies in the U.S. History Formation and initial years (1992–1994) Blink-182 was formed in Poway, California, a suburb north of San Diego, in August 1992. Guitarist Tom DeLonge was expelled from Poway High for being inebriated at a basketball game, and was forced to attend another school, Rancho Bernardo High School, for one semester.", "Guitarist Tom DeLonge was expelled from Poway High for being inebriated at a basketball game, and was forced to attend another school, Rancho Bernardo High School, for one semester. There, he performed at a Battle of the Bands competition, where he was introduced to drummer Scott Raynor.", "There, he performed at a Battle of the Bands competition, where he was introduced to drummer Scott Raynor. He also befriended Kerry Key, who was also interested in punk rock music.", "He also befriended Kerry Key, who was also interested in punk rock music. Key was dating Anne Hoppus, sister of bassist Mark Hoppus, who had recently moved from Ridgecrest, California, to work at a record store and attend college.", "Key was dating Anne Hoppus, sister of bassist Mark Hoppus, who had recently moved from Ridgecrest, California, to work at a record store and attend college. Both Hoppus and DeLonge grew up listening to punk rock music, with both particularly enamored by the Descendents.", "Both Hoppus and DeLonge grew up listening to punk rock music, with both particularly enamored by the Descendents. Southern California had a large punk population in the early 1990s, aided by an active surfing, skating, and snowboarding scene.", "Southern California had a large punk population in the early 1990s, aided by an active surfing, skating, and snowboarding scene. In contrast to East Coast punk music, the West Coast wave of groups typically introduced more melodic aspects to the group's music. \"New York is gloomy, dark and cold. It makes different music.", "It makes different music. It makes different music. The Californian middle-class suburbs have nothing to be that bummed about,\" said DeLonge. Anne introduced her brother to DeLonge on August 1, 1992.", "Anne introduced her brother to DeLonge on August 1, 1992. The pair instantly connected and played for hours in DeLonge's garage, exchanging lyrics and co-writing songs—one of which became fan favorite \"Carousel\".", "The pair instantly connected and played for hours in DeLonge's garage, exchanging lyrics and co-writing songs—one of which became fan favorite \"Carousel\". Hoppus, hoping to impress DeLonge, fell from a lamppost in front of DeLonge's home and cracked his ankles, putting him in crutches for three weeks.", "Hoppus, hoping to impress DeLonge, fell from a lamppost in front of DeLonge's home and cracked his ankles, putting him in crutches for three weeks. The trio began to practice together in Raynor's bedroom, spending time writing music, seeing movies and punk concerts, and playing practical jokes.", "The trio began to practice together in Raynor's bedroom, spending time writing music, seeing movies and punk concerts, and playing practical jokes. The trio first operated under a variety of names, including Duck Tape and Figure 8, until DeLonge rechristened the band \"Blink\".", "The trio first operated under a variety of names, including Duck Tape and Figure 8, until DeLonge rechristened the band \"Blink\". Hoppus' girlfriend of the time was annoyed by his constant attention to the band, and demanded he make a choice between the band and her, which resulted in Hoppus leaving the band not long after its formation.", "Hoppus' girlfriend of the time was annoyed by his constant attention to the band, and demanded he make a choice between the band and her, which resulted in Hoppus leaving the band not long after its formation. Shortly thereafter, DeLonge and Raynor borrowed a four-track recorder from friend and collaborator Cam Jones and were preparing to record a demo tape, with Jones on bass.", "Shortly thereafter, DeLonge and Raynor borrowed a four-track recorder from friend and collaborator Cam Jones and were preparing to record a demo tape, with Jones on bass. Hoppus promptly broke up with his girlfriend and returned to the band. Flyswatter—a combination of original songs and punk covers—was recorded in Raynor's bedroom in May 1993.", "Flyswatter—a combination of original songs and punk covers—was recorded in Raynor's bedroom in May 1993. The band began booking shows, and were on stage nearly every weekend, even at Elks Lodges and YMCA centers.", "The band began booking shows, and were on stage nearly every weekend, even at Elks Lodges and YMCA centers. DeLonge called clubs constantly in San Diego asking for a spot to play, as well as local high schools, convincing them that Blink was a \"motivational band with a strong antidrug message\" in hopes to play at an assembly or lunch.", "DeLonge called clubs constantly in San Diego asking for a spot to play, as well as local high schools, convincing them that Blink was a \"motivational band with a strong antidrug message\" in hopes to play at an assembly or lunch. San Diego at this time was \"hardly a hotbed of [musical] activity\", according to journalist Joe Shooman, but the band's popularity grew as did punk rock concurrently in the mainstream.", "San Diego at this time was \"hardly a hotbed of [musical] activity\", according to journalist Joe Shooman, but the band's popularity grew as did punk rock concurrently in the mainstream. They quickly became part of a circuit that also included bands such as Ten Foot Pole and Unwritten Law, and Blink soon found its way onto the bill as the opening band for acts performing at Soma, a local all-ages venue.", "They quickly became part of a circuit that also included bands such as Ten Foot Pole and Unwritten Law, and Blink soon found its way onto the bill as the opening band for acts performing at Soma, a local all-ages venue. \"The biggest dreams we ever had when we started was to [headline] a show at Soma,\" Hoppus said later.", "\"The biggest dreams we ever had when we started was to [headline] a show at Soma,\" Hoppus said later. Meanwhile, Hoppus' manager at the record store, Patrick Secor, fronted the group money to properly record another demo at a local studio Doubletime.", "Meanwhile, Hoppus' manager at the record store, Patrick Secor, fronted the group money to properly record another demo at a local studio Doubletime. The result was Buddha (1994), which the members of the band viewed as the band's first legitimate release.", "The result was Buddha (1994), which the members of the band viewed as the band's first legitimate release. That year, however, Raynor's family relocated to Reno, Nevada, and he was briefly replaced by musician Mike Krull.", "That year, however, Raynor's family relocated to Reno, Nevada, and he was briefly replaced by musician Mike Krull. The band saved money and began flying Raynor out to shows, and he eventually moved back and in with Hoppus in mid-1995.", "The band saved money and began flying Raynor out to shows, and he eventually moved back and in with Hoppus in mid-1995. During that time, the band would record its first album, first music video, and develop a larger following.", "During that time, the band would record its first album, first music video, and develop a larger following. Early releases and touring (1995–1998) The heart of the local independent music scene was Cargo Records, which offered to sign the band on a \"trial basis,\" with help from O, guitarist for local punk band Fluf, and Brahm Goodis, a friend of the band whose father was president of the label.", "Early releases and touring (1995–1998) The heart of the local independent music scene was Cargo Records, which offered to sign the band on a \"trial basis,\" with help from O, guitarist for local punk band Fluf, and Brahm Goodis, a friend of the band whose father was president of the label. Hoppus was the only member to sign the contract, as DeLonge was at work at the time and Raynor was still a minor.", "Hoppus was the only member to sign the contract, as DeLonge was at work at the time and Raynor was still a minor. The band recorded their debut album—Cheshire Cat, released in February 1995—in three days at Westbeach Recorders in Los Angeles, fueled by both new songs and re-recordings of songs from previous demos.", "The band recorded their debut album—Cheshire Cat, released in February 1995—in three days at Westbeach Recorders in Los Angeles, fueled by both new songs and re-recordings of songs from previous demos. \"M+M's\", the band's first single, garnered local radio airplay from 91X, and Cargo offered the band a small budget to film a music video for it.", "\"M+M's\", the band's first single, garnered local radio airplay from 91X, and Cargo offered the band a small budget to film a music video for it. Meanwhile, the record also drew the attention of Irish band Blink. Unwilling to engage in a legal battle, the band agreed to change their name.", "Unwilling to engage in a legal battle, the band agreed to change their name. Cargo gave the band a week, but the trio put off the decision for more than two afterward.", "Cargo gave the band a week, but the trio put off the decision for more than two afterward. Eventually, Cargo called the trio, demanding that they \"change the name or [we'll] change it for you,\" after which the band decided on a random number, 182.", "Eventually, Cargo called the trio, demanding that they \"change the name or [we'll] change it for you,\" after which the band decided on a random number, 182. The band soon hired a manager, Rick DeVoe, who had worked with larger bands such as NOFX, Pennywise and The Offspring.", "The band soon hired a manager, Rick DeVoe, who had worked with larger bands such as NOFX, Pennywise and The Offspring. In addition, the group drew the attention of Rick and Jean Bonde of the Tahoe booking agency, who were responsible for \"spreading the name of the band far and wide.\"", "In addition, the group drew the attention of Rick and Jean Bonde of the Tahoe booking agency, who were responsible for \"spreading the name of the band far and wide.\" In late 1995, the trio embarked on their first national tour, promoting the surf video GoodTimes with Unwritten Law, Sprung Monkey and 7 Seconds.", "In late 1995, the trio embarked on their first national tour, promoting the surf video GoodTimes with Unwritten Law, Sprung Monkey and 7 Seconds. GoodTimes was directed by filmmaker Taylor Steele, who was a friend of DeVoe.", "GoodTimes was directed by filmmaker Taylor Steele, who was a friend of DeVoe. In preparation for the trek, the band members purchased their own tour van, which they nicknamed the Millennium Falcon.", "In preparation for the trek, the band members purchased their own tour van, which they nicknamed the Millennium Falcon. The GoodTimes tour extended outside the States with a leg in Australia; the trio were financially unable to go, but Pennywise's members paid for their plane tickets.", "The GoodTimes tour extended outside the States with a leg in Australia; the trio were financially unable to go, but Pennywise's members paid for their plane tickets. Fletcher Dragge, guitarist of Pennywise, believed in the band strongly.", "Fletcher Dragge, guitarist of Pennywise, believed in the band strongly. He demanded that Kevin Lyman, founder of the traveling rock-based Warped Tour, sign the band for its 1996 iteration, predicting they would become \"gigantic.\"", "He demanded that Kevin Lyman, founder of the traveling rock-based Warped Tour, sign the band for its 1996 iteration, predicting they would become \"gigantic.\" That year, the band toured heavily, with several domestic shows on and off the Warped Tour, trips to Canada and Japan, and more Australian dates.", "That year, the band toured heavily, with several domestic shows on and off the Warped Tour, trips to Canada and Japan, and more Australian dates. Australia were particularly receptive to the band and their humorous stage antics, which gained the band a reputation but also made them ostracized and considered a joke.", "Australia were particularly receptive to the band and their humorous stage antics, which gained the band a reputation but also made them ostracized and considered a joke. By March 1996, the trio began to accumulate a genuine buzz among major labels, resulting in a bidding war between Interscope, MCA and Epitaph.", "By March 1996, the trio began to accumulate a genuine buzz among major labels, resulting in a bidding war between Interscope, MCA and Epitaph. MCA promised the group complete artistic freedom and ultimately signed the band, but Raynor held a great affinity for Epitaph and began to feel half-invested in the band when they chose MCA.", "MCA promised the group complete artistic freedom and ultimately signed the band, but Raynor held a great affinity for Epitaph and began to feel half-invested in the band when they chose MCA. The group, discouraged by Cargo's lack of distribution and faith in the group, held no qualms about signing to a major label but were fiercely criticized in the punk community.", "The group, discouraged by Cargo's lack of distribution and faith in the group, held no qualms about signing to a major label but were fiercely criticized in the punk community. After nonstop touring, the trio began recording their follow-up LP, Dude Ranch, over the period of a month in late 1996 with producer Mark Trombino.", "After nonstop touring, the trio began recording their follow-up LP, Dude Ranch, over the period of a month in late 1996 with producer Mark Trombino. The record saw release the following June, and the band headed out on the 1997 Warped Tour.", "The record saw release the following June, and the band headed out on the 1997 Warped Tour. \"Dammit\", the album's second single, received heavy airplay on modern rock stations. Dude Ranch shipped gold by 1998, but an exhaustive touring schedule brought tensions among the trio.", "Dude Ranch shipped gold by 1998, but an exhaustive touring schedule brought tensions among the trio. Raynor had been drinking heavily to offset personal issues, and he was fired by DeLonge and Hoppus in mid-1998 despite agreeing to attend rehab and quit drinking.", "Raynor had been drinking heavily to offset personal issues, and he was fired by DeLonge and Hoppus in mid-1998 despite agreeing to attend rehab and quit drinking. Travis Barker, drummer for tour-mate The Aquabats, filled in for Raynor, learning the 20-song setlist in 45 minutes before the first show.", "Travis Barker, drummer for tour-mate The Aquabats, filled in for Raynor, learning the 20-song setlist in 45 minutes before the first show. By July, he joined the band full-time and later that year, the band entered the studio with producer Jerry Finn to begin work on their third album.", "By July, he joined the band full-time and later that year, the band entered the studio with producer Jerry Finn to begin work on their third album. Mainstream breakthrough and continued success (1999–2004) With the release of the group's third album Enema of the State in June 1999, Blink-182 was catapulted to stardom and became the biggest pop-punk act of the era.", "Mainstream breakthrough and continued success (1999–2004) With the release of the group's third album Enema of the State in June 1999, Blink-182 was catapulted to stardom and became the biggest pop-punk act of the era. Three singles were released from the record—\"What's My Age Again?", "Three singles were released from the record—\"What's My Age Again? \", \"All the Small Things\", and \"Adam's Song\"—which became major radio hits.", "\", \"All the Small Things\", and \"Adam's Song\"—which became major radio hits. \"All the Small Things\" became a number-one hit on the Modern Rock Tracks chart, and also became a crossover hit, peaking at number six on the Billboard Hot 100 chart.", "\"All the Small Things\" became a number-one hit on the Modern Rock Tracks chart, and also became a crossover hit, peaking at number six on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. The band's relationship with MTV cemented their status as video stars; all three singles became staples on the network and TRL mainstays.", "The band's relationship with MTV cemented their status as video stars; all three singles became staples on the network and TRL mainstays. Enema of the State was an enormous commercial success, although the band was criticized as synthesized, manufactured pop only remotely resembling punk, and pigeonholed as a joke act due to the puerile slant of their singles and associated videos.", "Enema of the State was an enormous commercial success, although the band was criticized as synthesized, manufactured pop only remotely resembling punk, and pigeonholed as a joke act due to the puerile slant of their singles and associated videos. The album has sold over 15 million copies worldwide and had a considerable effect on pop punk music, inspiring a \"second wave\" of the genre and numerous acolytes.", "The album has sold over 15 million copies worldwide and had a considerable effect on pop punk music, inspiring a \"second wave\" of the genre and numerous acolytes. Following that success, as well as their first arena tour and cameo appearances in film and TV (American Pie), the band recorded their fourth album, the comically titled Take Off Your Pants and Jacket (2001).", "Following that success, as well as their first arena tour and cameo appearances in film and TV (American Pie), the band recorded their fourth album, the comically titled Take Off Your Pants and Jacket (2001). It became their first number one album in the U.S., Canada, and Germany, and spawned the singles \"The Rock Show\", \"Stay Together for the Kids\" and \"First Date\".", "It became their first number one album in the U.S., Canada, and Germany, and spawned the singles \"The Rock Show\", \"Stay Together for the Kids\" and \"First Date\". Jerry Finn returned to produce the record and was a key architect of the \"polished\" pop punk sound; according to journalist James Montgomery, writing for MTV News, the veteran engineer \"served as an invaluable member of the Blink team: part adviser, part impartial observer, he helped smooth out tensions and hone their multiplatinum sound.\"", "Jerry Finn returned to produce the record and was a key architect of the \"polished\" pop punk sound; according to journalist James Montgomery, writing for MTV News, the veteran engineer \"served as an invaluable member of the Blink team: part adviser, part impartial observer, he helped smooth out tensions and hone their multiplatinum sound.\" Recording sessions were sometimes contentious, as DeLonge strove for heavier-sounding guitar riffs.", "Recording sessions were sometimes contentious, as DeLonge strove for heavier-sounding guitar riffs. With time off from touring, he felt a desire to broaden his musical palette, and channeled his chronic back pain and resulting frustration into Box Car Racer (2002), an LP that emulates his post-hardcore influences, such as Fugazi and Refused.", "With time off from touring, he felt a desire to broaden his musical palette, and channeled his chronic back pain and resulting frustration into Box Car Racer (2002), an LP that emulates his post-hardcore influences, such as Fugazi and Refused. He invited Barker to record drums for the project, in order to refrain from hiring a studio musician.", "He invited Barker to record drums for the project, in order to refrain from hiring a studio musician. Box Car Racer rapidly evolved into a side project for the duo, launching the singles \"I Feel So\" and \"There Is\", in addition to two national tours throughout 2002.", "Box Car Racer rapidly evolved into a side project for the duo, launching the singles \"I Feel So\" and \"There Is\", in addition to two national tours throughout 2002. Though DeLonge claimed Hoppus was not intentionally left out, Hoppus felt betrayed, and the event created great division within the trio for some time and was an unresolved tension at the forefront of the band's later hiatus.", "Though DeLonge claimed Hoppus was not intentionally left out, Hoppus felt betrayed, and the event created great division within the trio for some time and was an unresolved tension at the forefront of the band's later hiatus. In the meantime, Barker also parlayed his love of hip-hop into the rap rock outfit Transplants, a collaboration with Rancid's Tim Armstrong.", "In the meantime, Barker also parlayed his love of hip-hop into the rap rock outfit Transplants, a collaboration with Rancid's Tim Armstrong. The band regrouped in 2003 to record its fifth studio album, infusing experimentalist elements into its usual pop punk sound, inspired by lifestyle changes (the band members all became fathers before the album was released) and side projects.", "The band regrouped in 2003 to record its fifth studio album, infusing experimentalist elements into its usual pop punk sound, inspired by lifestyle changes (the band members all became fathers before the album was released) and side projects. Blink-182 was released in November 2003 through Geffen Records, which absorbed sister label MCA earlier that year.", "Blink-182 was released in November 2003 through Geffen Records, which absorbed sister label MCA earlier that year. The worldwide touring schedule, which saw the band travel to Japan and Australia, also found the three performing for troops stationed in the Persian Gulf during the first year of the Iraq War.", "The worldwide touring schedule, which saw the band travel to Japan and Australia, also found the three performing for troops stationed in the Persian Gulf during the first year of the Iraq War. Critics generally complimented the new, more \"mature\" direction taken for the album and its lead singles \"Feeling This\" and \"I Miss You\" charted high, with the latter becoming the group's second number one hit on the Billboard Modern Rock Tracks chart.", "Critics generally complimented the new, more \"mature\" direction taken for the album and its lead singles \"Feeling This\" and \"I Miss You\" charted high, with the latter becoming the group's second number one hit on the Billboard Modern Rock Tracks chart. Fans, however, were split by the new direction, and tensions within the band—stemming from the grueling schedule and DeLonge's desire to spend more time with his family—started to become evident.", "Fans, however, were split by the new direction, and tensions within the band—stemming from the grueling schedule and DeLonge's desire to spend more time with his family—started to become evident. Hiatus, side projects, and Barker's plane crash (2005–2008) In February 2005, Geffen issued a press statement announcing the band's \"indefinite hiatus.\"", "Hiatus, side projects, and Barker's plane crash (2005–2008) In February 2005, Geffen issued a press statement announcing the band's \"indefinite hiatus.\" The band had broken up after members' arguments regarding their future and recording process.", "The band had broken up after members' arguments regarding their future and recording process. DeLonge felt increasingly conflicted both about his creative freedom within the group and the toll touring was taking on his family life. He eventually expressed his desire to take a half-year respite from touring in order to spend more time with family.", "He eventually expressed his desire to take a half-year respite from touring in order to spend more time with family. Hoppus and Barker were dismayed by his decision, which they felt was an overly long break. Rehearsals for a benefit concert grew contentious, rooted in the trio's increasing bitterness toward one another.", "Rehearsals for a benefit concert grew contentious, rooted in the trio's increasing bitterness toward one another. DeLonge considered his bandmates' priorities \"mad, mad different,\" coming to the conclusion that the trio had simply grown apart as they aged, had families, and reached fame.", "DeLonge considered his bandmates' priorities \"mad, mad different,\" coming to the conclusion that the trio had simply grown apart as they aged, had families, and reached fame. The breakdown in communication led to heated exchanges, resulting in his exit from the group.", "The breakdown in communication led to heated exchanges, resulting in his exit from the group. DeLonge briefly disappeared from public eye, making no appearances, granting no interviews and remaining silent until September 2005, when he announced his new project, Angels & Airwaves, promising \"the greatest rock and roll revolution for this generation.\"", "DeLonge briefly disappeared from public eye, making no appearances, granting no interviews and remaining silent until September 2005, when he announced his new project, Angels & Airwaves, promising \"the greatest rock and roll revolution for this generation.\" He later revealed he was addicted to painkillers at the time for his chronic back pain, noting that his grandiose statements seemed outlandish.", "He later revealed he was addicted to painkillers at the time for his chronic back pain, noting that his grandiose statements seemed outlandish. The group released two albums in 2006 and 2007: the RIAA gold-certified We Don't Need to Whisper and I-Empire. In the interim, Hoppus and Barker also continued playing music together in +44.", "In the interim, Hoppus and Barker also continued playing music together in +44. +44's debut, When Your Heart Stops Beating, was released in 2006 but stalled commercially and received mixed reviews. Meanwhile, Barker starred in the MTV reality series Meet the Barkers with his then-wife, former Miss USA Shanna Moakler.", "Meanwhile, Barker starred in the MTV reality series Meet the Barkers with his then-wife, former Miss USA Shanna Moakler. The couple's later split, reconciliation and subsequent breakup made them tabloid favorites.", "The couple's later split, reconciliation and subsequent breakup made them tabloid favorites. Barker also launched a shoe line and worked on hip-hop remixs, as well as with the Transplants and TRV$DJAM, a collaboration with friend Adam Goldstein (DJ AM).", "Barker also launched a shoe line and worked on hip-hop remixs, as well as with the Transplants and TRV$DJAM, a collaboration with friend Adam Goldstein (DJ AM). During the hiatus, Hoppus shifted his attention to hosting a podcast and producing albums (most notably Commit This to Memory by former tour-mate Motion City Soundtrack).", "During the hiatus, Hoppus shifted his attention to hosting a podcast and producing albums (most notably Commit This to Memory by former tour-mate Motion City Soundtrack). The band members did not speak from their breakup until 2008. That August, former producer Jerry Finn suffered a cerebral hemorrhage and died.", "That August, former producer Jerry Finn suffered a cerebral hemorrhage and died. The following month, Barker and Goldstein were involved in a plane crash that killed four people, leaving them the only two survivors. Barker sustained second and third degree burns and developed posttraumatic stress disorder, and the accident resulted in sixteen surgeries and multiple blood transfusions.", "Barker sustained second and third degree burns and developed posttraumatic stress disorder, and the accident resulted in sixteen surgeries and multiple blood transfusions. Goldstein's injuries were less severe, but the following year, he died from a drug overdose.", "Goldstein's injuries were less severe, but the following year, he died from a drug overdose. Hoppus was alerted about Barker's accident by a phone call in the middle of the night and jumped on the next flight to the burn center. DeLonge quickly reached out to his former bandmate, mailing him a letter and photograph.", "DeLonge quickly reached out to his former bandmate, mailing him a letter and photograph. The trio eventually met up in the hospital, laying the grounds for what was going to be the band's reunion. Eventually, an arrangement was made for the trio to meet up at Hoppus and Barker's Los Angeles studio in October 2008.", "Eventually, an arrangement was made for the trio to meet up at Hoppus and Barker's Los Angeles studio in October 2008. The three opened up, discussing the events of the hiatus and their break-up, and DeLonge was the first to approach the subject of reuniting.", "The three opened up, discussing the events of the hiatus and their break-up, and DeLonge was the first to approach the subject of reuniting. Hoppus remembered: \"I remember [Tom] said, 'So, what do you guys think? Where are your heads at?'", "Where are your heads at?' And I said, 'I think we should continue with what we've been doing for the past 17 years. I think we should get back on the road and back in the studio and do what we love doing.", "I think we should get back on the road and back in the studio and do what we love doing. Reunion years (2009–2014) For the first time in nearly five years, the band appeared on stage together as presenters at the February 2009 Grammy Awards, and announced their reunion.", "Reunion years (2009–2014) For the first time in nearly five years, the band appeared on stage together as presenters at the February 2009 Grammy Awards, and announced their reunion. The trio embarked on a reunion tour of North America from July to October 2009, with a European trek following from August to September 2010.", "The trio embarked on a reunion tour of North America from July to October 2009, with a European trek following from August to September 2010. Barker, suffering from a fear of flying after his accident, traveled via bus domestically and by an ocean liner for overseas dates.", "Barker, suffering from a fear of flying after his accident, traveled via bus domestically and by an ocean liner for overseas dates. The recording process for Neighborhoods, the band's sixth studio album, was stalled by its studio autonomy, tours, managers, and personal projects.", "The recording process for Neighborhoods, the band's sixth studio album, was stalled by its studio autonomy, tours, managers, and personal projects. DeLonge recorded at his studio in San Diego while Hoppus and Barker recorded in Los Angeles—an extension of their strained communication.", "DeLonge recorded at his studio in San Diego while Hoppus and Barker recorded in Los Angeles—an extension of their strained communication. The self-produced album—their first without Jerry Finn since Enema of the State—was released in September 2011 and peaked at number two on the Billboard 200.", "The self-produced album—their first without Jerry Finn since Enema of the State—was released in September 2011 and peaked at number two on the Billboard 200. Its singles—\"Up All Night\" and \"After Midnight\"—only attracted modest chart success, and label Interscope was reportedly disappointed with album sales.", "Its singles—\"Up All Night\" and \"After Midnight\"—only attracted modest chart success, and label Interscope was reportedly disappointed with album sales. The band continued to tour in the early 2010s, \"despite growing evidence of remaining friction\" between the members, according to AllMusic biographer John Bush.", "The band continued to tour in the early 2010s, \"despite growing evidence of remaining friction\" between the members, according to AllMusic biographer John Bush. They headlined the 10th Annual Honda Civic Tour in North America in 2011 with My Chemical Romance, and launched a 20th Anniversary Tour the next year.", "They headlined the 10th Annual Honda Civic Tour in North America in 2011 with My Chemical Romance, and launched a 20th Anniversary Tour the next year. For that tour, the band played in Europe twice, North America, and Australia; drummer Brooks Wackerman filled-in for Barker, as he was not yet ready to fly.", "For that tour, the band played in Europe twice, North America, and Australia; drummer Brooks Wackerman filled-in for Barker, as he was not yet ready to fly. Additionally, the trio pursued a tenth anniversary celebration of Blink-182 with a series of shows, and played the Reading and Leeds Festivals; it was the band's fourth appearance at the festival and second headlining slot.", "Additionally, the trio pursued a tenth anniversary celebration of Blink-182 with a series of shows, and played the Reading and Leeds Festivals; it was the band's fourth appearance at the festival and second headlining slot. The band also parted ways with longtime label Interscope, self-releasing their next project, Dogs Eating Dogs, an EP.", "The band also parted ways with longtime label Interscope, self-releasing their next project, Dogs Eating Dogs, an EP. DeLonge's final performance with the group was at the Wine Amplified Festival in Las Vegas, Nevada on October 11, 2014. The reunion of the band has been characterized as dysfunctional by both Barker and DeLonge.", "The reunion of the band has been characterized as dysfunctional by both Barker and DeLonge. Hoppus commented on this era of the band in a later interview: \"Everything was always very contentious. There was always just a strange vibe. [...] I knew there was something wrong.\"", "[...] I knew there was something wrong.\" In his memoir, Can I Say, Barker claims DeLonge's behavior on tour was \"introverted\" until \"money started coming in,\" after which \"he'd get excited about Blink.\" He states DeLonge abruptly quit sometime in mid-2014, and rejoined the following day.", "He states DeLonge abruptly quit sometime in mid-2014, and rejoined the following day. The group planned to begin writing their seventh album in January 2015, which had continually seen delays.", "The group planned to begin writing their seventh album in January 2015, which had continually seen delays. \"I'd do interviews and I just felt awful for fans because they were promised albums for years and we couldn't do it,\" Barker later said.", "\"I'd do interviews and I just felt awful for fans because they were promised albums for years and we couldn't do it,\" Barker later said. A record deal was finalized and sessions were booked before DeLonge's manager informed the band he intended to spend more time on \"non-musical activities\" and indefinitely depart the group.", "A record deal was finalized and sessions were booked before DeLonge's manager informed the band he intended to spend more time on \"non-musical activities\" and indefinitely depart the group. In his own statement, DeLonge remarked that he \"Never planned on quitting, [I] just find it hard as hell to commit.\"", "In his own statement, DeLonge remarked that he \"Never planned on quitting, [I] just find it hard as hell to commit.\" After these events, Barker summarized the band's reunion: \"Why Blink even got back together in the first place is questionable.\"", "After these events, Barker summarized the band's reunion: \"Why Blink even got back together in the first place is questionable.\" Lineup change and recent years (2015–present) Hoppus and Barker decided to continue on without DeLonge, and enlisted Alkaline Trio vocalist/guitarist Matt Skiba to \"fill in\" for three shows in March 2015.", "Lineup change and recent years (2015–present) Hoppus and Barker decided to continue on without DeLonge, and enlisted Alkaline Trio vocalist/guitarist Matt Skiba to \"fill in\" for three shows in March 2015. Hoppus and Skiba had been wanting to work together musically for several years, so he was the first and only person considered for the role.", "Hoppus and Skiba had been wanting to work together musically for several years, so he was the first and only person considered for the role. After legal battles with DeLonge were worked out, Skiba joined Blink-182 as an official member and began preparations for new music.", "After legal battles with DeLonge were worked out, Skiba joined Blink-182 as an official member and began preparations for new music. Initially, it was not made clear behind DeLonge departure until Barker revealed in 2019 that the guitarist wanted to pursue his company To the Stars... Academy of Arts & Sciences full-time, which is devoted to investigating UFOs.", "Initially, it was not made clear behind DeLonge departure until Barker revealed in 2019 that the guitarist wanted to pursue his company To the Stars... Academy of Arts & Sciences full-time, which is devoted to investigating UFOs. DeLonge said \"from every ounce of my being\" that he was meant to do this.", "DeLonge said \"from every ounce of my being\" that he was meant to do this. The resulting album, California, was produced by John Feldmann. He was the group's first new producer since longtime collaborator Jerry Finn. California was recorded between January and March 2016.", "California was recorded between January and March 2016. The band, as well as Feldmann, would regularly spend \"18 hours\" in the studio a day, aiming to start and complete multiple songs in that timeframe. \"We all wanted to write the best record that we could [...] It does feel like a new beginning.", "\"We all wanted to write the best record that we could [...] It does feel like a new beginning. It feels like when we used to tour and sleep in the van because that's all we wanted to do is play rock music,\" said Hoppus.", "It feels like when we used to tour and sleep in the van because that's all we wanted to do is play rock music,\" said Hoppus. Upon its July 2016 release, California became the band's second number-one album on the Billboard 200, and first in 15 years; it also reached the top for the first time in the United Kingdom.", "Upon its July 2016 release, California became the band's second number-one album on the Billboard 200, and first in 15 years; it also reached the top for the first time in the United Kingdom. Its lead single, \"Bored to Death\", became the group's first number one single in 12 years.", "Its lead single, \"Bored to Death\", became the group's first number one single in 12 years. The band supported the album with a large headlining tour across North America between July and October 2016, and a European leg in June and July 2017.", "The band supported the album with a large headlining tour across North America between July and October 2016, and a European leg in June and July 2017. A deluxe edition of California—essentially a double album including songs left off the original album—was issued in 2017. California earned the band their first nomination for Best Rock Album at the Grammy Awards.", "California earned the band their first nomination for Best Rock Album at the Grammy Awards. Critical reviews of the album, however, were mixed; many considered Feldmann's input and the throwback nature of the songs as formulaic. The trio moved from independent service BMG to major-label Columbia for their eighth studio effort, Nine (2019).", "The trio moved from independent service BMG to major-label Columbia for their eighth studio effort, Nine (2019). While Nine builds upon their partnership with Feldmann, it also utilizes additional outside producers and songwriters. Musically, the LP augments the band's pop punk sound with hip hop-inspired programming, as well as electronics.", "Musically, the LP augments the band's pop punk sound with hip hop-inspired programming, as well as electronics. In the interim, the trio embarked on a celebratory tour marking the twentieth anniversary of their breakthrough effort, Enema of the State. In recent years, each member has explored side projects as well.", "In recent years, each member has explored side projects as well. Skiba returned to Alkaline Trio for their ninth album, Is This Thing Cursed? (2018), while Hoppus formed Simple Creatures, an electropop outfit with All Time Low frontman Alex Gaskarth, with whom he released two EPs throughout 2019.", "(2018), while Hoppus formed Simple Creatures, an electropop outfit with All Time Low frontman Alex Gaskarth, with whom he released two EPs throughout 2019. Lastly, Barker has focused his energies in collaborating with rappers Lil Nas X, Machine Gun Kelly, and XXXTentacion, among others.", "Lastly, Barker has focused his energies in collaborating with rappers Lil Nas X, Machine Gun Kelly, and XXXTentacion, among others. Blink have also worked with several artists, jointly issuing singles with XXXTentacion, Lil Wayne, Goody Grace, Steve Aoki, Powfu, Oliver Tree, and the Chainsmokers.", "Blink have also worked with several artists, jointly issuing singles with XXXTentacion, Lil Wayne, Goody Grace, Steve Aoki, Powfu, Oliver Tree, and the Chainsmokers. That same year, The New York Times Magazine listed Blink-182 among hundreds of artists whose material was destroyed in the 2008 Universal fire.", "That same year, The New York Times Magazine listed Blink-182 among hundreds of artists whose material was destroyed in the 2008 Universal fire. On August 7, 2020, the band released a new single titled \"Quarantine\", which was recorded without Skiba's involvement due to lack of a home recording studio.", "On August 7, 2020, the band released a new single titled \"Quarantine\", which was recorded without Skiba's involvement due to lack of a home recording studio. Later in the same month, Hoppus stated that the band was working on a new EP scheduled for release in 2021, in addition to announcing a song with Juice Wrld — neither have been released at the moment.", "Later in the same month, Hoppus stated that the band was working on a new EP scheduled for release in 2021, in addition to announcing a song with Juice Wrld — neither have been released at the moment. Though Barker had confirmed a 2021 release, the year ended without one.", "Though Barker had confirmed a 2021 release, the year ended without one. On June 23, 2021, Hoppus confirmed that he had received a cancer diagnosis and had been receiving treatment in secret for the last three months.", "On June 23, 2021, Hoppus confirmed that he had received a cancer diagnosis and had been receiving treatment in secret for the last three months. After his cancer diagnosis, it was reported by sources that Hoppus had met with DeLonge and Barker together at his home to discuss old problems, personal issues, and Hoppus' cancer diagnosis.", "After his cancer diagnosis, it was reported by sources that Hoppus had met with DeLonge and Barker together at his home to discuss old problems, personal issues, and Hoppus' cancer diagnosis. Hoppus was declared cancer-free later that year, but would continue screening every six months.", "Hoppus was declared cancer-free later that year, but would continue screening every six months. Musical style, lyrical themes, and influences Blink-182's musical style is mainly considered pop punk, a genre that combines influences of pop music with traditional punk rock.", "Musical style, lyrical themes, and influences Blink-182's musical style is mainly considered pop punk, a genre that combines influences of pop music with traditional punk rock. Throughout the band's career, though their sound has diversified, a large component of the band's music favors fast tempos, catchy melodies, prominent electric guitar with distortion, and power chord changes.", "Throughout the band's career, though their sound has diversified, a large component of the band's music favors fast tempos, catchy melodies, prominent electric guitar with distortion, and power chord changes. Earlier albums by the band have also been tagged with the label skate punk, owing to the skater subculture that was important to their youth.", "Earlier albums by the band have also been tagged with the label skate punk, owing to the skater subculture that was important to their youth. In addition, the band has also been classified under the umbrella of alternative rock as a whole.", "In addition, the band has also been classified under the umbrella of alternative rock as a whole. The band have claimed punk rock group the Descendents to be their greatest influence on a number of occasions.", "The band have claimed punk rock group the Descendents to be their greatest influence on a number of occasions. They have also named the Beatles, the Ramones, the Beach Boys, the Cure, Depeche Mode, U2, Stiff Little Fingers, All, Dinosaur Jr., NOFX, Bad Religion, Refused, Fugazi, Screeching Weasel, The Vandals, the Queers, and Jimmy Eat World as inspirations.", "They have also named the Beatles, the Ramones, the Beach Boys, the Cure, Depeche Mode, U2, Stiff Little Fingers, All, Dinosaur Jr., NOFX, Bad Religion, Refused, Fugazi, Screeching Weasel, The Vandals, the Queers, and Jimmy Eat World as inspirations. Common lyrical themes for the band involve relationships, suburbia, toilet humor, and teen angst.", "Common lyrical themes for the band involve relationships, suburbia, toilet humor, and teen angst. Hoppus and DeLonge, and later Skiba, split songwriting duty, and much of their lyrics tend toward autobiography.", "Hoppus and DeLonge, and later Skiba, split songwriting duty, and much of their lyrics tend toward autobiography. According to Nitsuh Abebe, of New York, the band's biggest recurring topic is maturity—\"more specifically, their lack of it, their attitude toward their lack of it, or their eventual wide-eyed exploration of it\".", "According to Nitsuh Abebe, of New York, the band's biggest recurring topic is maturity—\"more specifically, their lack of it, their attitude toward their lack of it, or their eventual wide-eyed exploration of it\". One of the band's biggest singles, \"What's My Age Again?", "One of the band's biggest singles, \"What's My Age Again? \", specifically addresses the Peter Pan syndrome, while \"Dammit\", the band's first mainstream hit single, contains the hook \"Well, I guess this is growing up.\"", "\", specifically addresses the Peter Pan syndrome, while \"Dammit\", the band's first mainstream hit single, contains the hook \"Well, I guess this is growing up.\" Albums such as Take Off Your Pants and Jacket near-exclusively deal in toilet humor and teen-centered lyrics, leading Rolling Stone to dub it a concept album chronicling adolescence.", "Albums such as Take Off Your Pants and Jacket near-exclusively deal in toilet humor and teen-centered lyrics, leading Rolling Stone to dub it a concept album chronicling adolescence. For Hoppus, these themes were not exclusively adolescent: \"The things that happen to you in high school are the same things that happen your entire life.", "For Hoppus, these themes were not exclusively adolescent: \"The things that happen to you in high school are the same things that happen your entire life. You can fall in love at sixty; you can get rejected at eighty.\"", "You can fall in love at sixty; you can get rejected at eighty.\" Mid-career albums, such as Neighborhoods (2011), explore darker territory, such as depression and loss. More recent efforts, like California (2016), aim for universality but also focus on miscommunication and loss of identity.", "More recent efforts, like California (2016), aim for universality but also focus on miscommunication and loss of identity. Musically, the band's sound has progressed throughout their 25-year career. Tom DeLonge's guitar style, which trades solos for riffs, is often down-stroked and power-chord heavy, with large amounts of palm muting.", "Tom DeLonge's guitar style, which trades solos for riffs, is often down-stroked and power-chord heavy, with large amounts of palm muting. His later work guitar work heavily delves into effects, exploring ambience and delay prominently. Many Blink songs center on the I–V–vi–IV progression. As a bassist, Hoppus is known for his well-defined midrange tone.", "As a bassist, Hoppus is known for his well-defined midrange tone. Since the band is a trio, he approaches his role as a combination of being a rhythm guitarist and bassist.", "Since the band is a trio, he approaches his role as a combination of being a rhythm guitarist and bassist. Early albums, such as Cheshire Cat (1995) and Dude Ranch (1997), were recorded with original drummer Scott Raynor, and consist of fast-paced, double-time songs.", "Early albums, such as Cheshire Cat (1995) and Dude Ranch (1997), were recorded with original drummer Scott Raynor, and consist of fast-paced, double-time songs. Drummer Travis Barker diversified the band's sound rhythmically when he joined in 1998.", "Drummer Travis Barker diversified the band's sound rhythmically when he joined in 1998. Throughout their discography, Barker's drumming references myriad musical genres, including Afro-Cuban music, bossa nova, reggae, and hip hop. Barker grew up playing in marching band, and it still influences his drum fills and kit setup.", "Barker grew up playing in marching band, and it still influences his drum fills and kit setup. Blink-182 were considered more radio-friendly than their predecessors. Jon Caramanica of The New York Times writes that the band \"[took] punk's already playful core and [gave] it a shiny, accessible polish.\"", "Jon Caramanica of The New York Times writes that the band \"[took] punk's already playful core and [gave] it a shiny, accessible polish.\" Luke Lewis, writing for Total Guitar in 2003, summarized it aptly: \"They wrote catchy songs, radio stations played them.\"", "Luke Lewis, writing for Total Guitar in 2003, summarized it aptly: \"They wrote catchy songs, radio stations played them.\" The band's biggest hit, \"All the Small Things\", was written partially because DeLonge figured the label might want a song for radio.", "The band's biggest hit, \"All the Small Things\", was written partially because DeLonge figured the label might want a song for radio. \"It was obvious from the beginning it would fit that format,\" he told Lewis. \"There's nothing wrong with that.", "\"There's nothing wrong with that. We don't want obstacles between us and our audience.\" However, the band's conventional appeal, as well as partnerships with MTV, boardsport companies, and clothing brands, led to accusations that they were betraying the independent spirit of punk rock.", "However, the band's conventional appeal, as well as partnerships with MTV, boardsport companies, and clothing brands, led to accusations that they were betraying the independent spirit of punk rock. DeLonge commented on the band's mainstream appeal in an interview in 2014: Legacy Blink-182 was one of the most popular rock bands at the turn of the millennium, and spearheaded the second wave of pop punk and its journey into the mainstream.", "DeLonge commented on the band's mainstream appeal in an interview in 2014: Legacy Blink-182 was one of the most popular rock bands at the turn of the millennium, and spearheaded the second wave of pop punk and its journey into the mainstream. The glossy production instantly set Blink-182 apart from the other crossover punk acts of the era, such as Green Day.", "The glossy production instantly set Blink-182 apart from the other crossover punk acts of the era, such as Green Day. Its third LP Enema of the State catapulted the band to stardom, creating what New York Abebe described as a \"blanket immersion among America's twenty-some million teenagers.\"", "Its third LP Enema of the State catapulted the band to stardom, creating what New York Abebe described as a \"blanket immersion among America's twenty-some million teenagers.\" At the band's commercial peak, albums such as Take Off Your Pants and Jacket and Enema sold over 14 and 15 million copies worldwide, respectively.", "At the band's commercial peak, albums such as Take Off Your Pants and Jacket and Enema sold over 14 and 15 million copies worldwide, respectively. According to Kelefa Sanneh of The New Yorker, Blink-182 \"spawned more imitators than any American rock band since Nirvana.", "According to Kelefa Sanneh of The New Yorker, Blink-182 \"spawned more imitators than any American rock band since Nirvana. Their seeming ordinariness convinced a generation of goofy punks that maybe they, too, could turn out deceptively simple songs as well constructed as anything on the pop chart.", "Their seeming ordinariness convinced a generation of goofy punks that maybe they, too, could turn out deceptively simple songs as well constructed as anything on the pop chart. And their prankish camaraderie made fans feel like members of their extended social circle.\"", "And their prankish camaraderie made fans feel like members of their extended social circle.\" Most Blink-182 songs are fairly straightforward and easy to play on guitar, making them perfect practice for beginner musicians.", "Most Blink-182 songs are fairly straightforward and easy to play on guitar, making them perfect practice for beginner musicians. Lewis of Total Guitar notes that this was key in influencing a generation of kids to \"pick up the guitar and form bands of their own.\"", "Lewis of Total Guitar notes that this was key in influencing a generation of kids to \"pick up the guitar and form bands of their own.\" Despite this, the band never received particularly glowing reviews, with many reviewers dismissing them as a joke.", "Despite this, the band never received particularly glowing reviews, with many reviewers dismissing them as a joke. British publication NME was particularly critical of the trio, with reviewer Steven Wells begging them to \"fuck right off,\" comparing them to \"that sanitised, castrated, shrink-wrapped 'new wave' crap that the major US record companies pumped out circa 1981 in their belated attempt to jump on the 'punk' bandwagon.\"", "British publication NME was particularly critical of the trio, with reviewer Steven Wells begging them to \"fuck right off,\" comparing them to \"that sanitised, castrated, shrink-wrapped 'new wave' crap that the major US record companies pumped out circa 1981 in their belated attempt to jump on the 'punk' bandwagon.\" Nevertheless, subsequent reviews of the band's discography have been more positive.", "Nevertheless, subsequent reviews of the band's discography have been more positive. Andy Greenwald of Blender wrote, \"the quick transformation from nudists to near geniuses is down-right astonishing.\" James Montgomery of MTV said that \"despite their maturation, Blink never took themselves particularly seriously, which was another reason they were so accessible.\"", "James Montgomery of MTV said that \"despite their maturation, Blink never took themselves particularly seriously, which was another reason they were so accessible.\" A new generation of rock fans found the Blink sound \"hugely influential,\" according to Nicole Frehsée of Rolling Stone.", "A new generation of rock fans found the Blink sound \"hugely influential,\" according to Nicole Frehsée of Rolling Stone. Sanneh concurred: in his 2021 book Major Labels, he calls the band a \"generational touchstone\", arguing their sound and humor aged gracefully.", "Sanneh concurred: in his 2021 book Major Labels, he calls the band a \"generational touchstone\", arguing their sound and humor aged gracefully. In 2011, Jon Caramanica of The New York Times asserted that \"no punk band of the 1990s has been more influential than Blink-182,\" stating that even as the band receded after their initial 2005 split, \"its sound and style could be heard in the muscular pop punk of Fall Out Boy or in the current wave of high-gloss Warped Tour punk bands, like All Time Low and The Maine.\"", "In 2011, Jon Caramanica of The New York Times asserted that \"no punk band of the 1990s has been more influential than Blink-182,\" stating that even as the band receded after their initial 2005 split, \"its sound and style could be heard in the muscular pop punk of Fall Out Boy or in the current wave of high-gloss Warped Tour punk bands, like All Time Low and The Maine.\" Montgomery concurs: \"...without them, there'd be no Fall Out Boy, no Paramore, or no Fueled by Ramen Records.\"", "Montgomery concurs: \"...without them, there'd be no Fall Out Boy, no Paramore, or no Fueled by Ramen Records.\" Maria Sherman of The Village Voice took this a step further, writing \"Apart from the sound, Blink's ideology has been popularized [...] their presence is everywhere.\"", "Maria Sherman of The Village Voice took this a step further, writing \"Apart from the sound, Blink's ideology has been popularized [...] their presence is everywhere.\" \"When it comes to having inestimable influence, Blink-182 might well be contemporary punk's version of the Beatles\", wrote Scott Heisel in a 2009 Alternative Press cover story on the band.", "\"When it comes to having inestimable influence, Blink-182 might well be contemporary punk's version of the Beatles\", wrote Scott Heisel in a 2009 Alternative Press cover story on the band. The same magazine later ranked Blink the fourth of the \"30 Most Influential Bands of the Past 30 Years,\" just behind Radiohead, Fugazi, and Nirvana.", "The same magazine later ranked Blink the fourth of the \"30 Most Influential Bands of the Past 30 Years,\" just behind Radiohead, Fugazi, and Nirvana. Bands such as Panic!", "Bands such as Panic! Bands such as Panic! at the Disco and All Time Low originated covering Blink-182 songs, while You Me at Six, and 5 Seconds of Summer have also named the band as influences.", "at the Disco and All Time Low originated covering Blink-182 songs, while You Me at Six, and 5 Seconds of Summer have also named the band as influences. \"Anyone in our genre would be lying if they said they weren't influenced by Blink-182,\" said Joel Madden of Good Charlotte.", "\"Anyone in our genre would be lying if they said they weren't influenced by Blink-182,\" said Joel Madden of Good Charlotte. The band's influence extends beyond pop-punk groups as well: the band has been cited as an influence by Avril Lavigne, Best Coast, DIIV, FIDLAR, Grimes, Male Bonding, Neck Deep, Mumford & Sons, A Day To Remember, Owl City, Charly Bliss, Tucker Beathard, Joyce Manor, Wavves, and the Chainsmokers; the latter even mentioned the band in the lyrics of their number-one hit song \"Closer\".", "The band's influence extends beyond pop-punk groups as well: the band has been cited as an influence by Avril Lavigne, Best Coast, DIIV, FIDLAR, Grimes, Male Bonding, Neck Deep, Mumford & Sons, A Day To Remember, Owl City, Charly Bliss, Tucker Beathard, Joyce Manor, Wavves, and the Chainsmokers; the latter even mentioned the band in the lyrics of their number-one hit song \"Closer\". Band members Current members Mark Hoppus – bass guitar, vocals Travis Barker – drums, percussion Matt Skiba – guitars, vocals Former members Scott Raynor – drums Tom DeLonge – guitars, vocals Former touring musicians Cam Jones – bass guitar Mike Krull – drums Byron McMackin – drums Josh Freese – drums Damon DeLaPaz – drums Brooks Wackerman – drums Timeline Discography Cheshire Cat (1995) Dude Ranch (1997) Enema of the State (1999) Take Off Your Pants and Jacket (2001) Blink-182 (2003) Neighborhoods (2011) California (2016) Nine (2019) Awards and nominations References Bibliography External links Alternative rock groups from California American musical trios Articles which contain graphical timelines Kerrang!", "Band members Current members Mark Hoppus – bass guitar, vocals Travis Barker – drums, percussion Matt Skiba – guitars, vocals Former members Scott Raynor – drums Tom DeLonge – guitars, vocals Former touring musicians Cam Jones – bass guitar Mike Krull – drums Byron McMackin – drums Josh Freese – drums Damon DeLaPaz – drums Brooks Wackerman – drums Timeline Discography Cheshire Cat (1995) Dude Ranch (1997) Enema of the State (1999) Take Off Your Pants and Jacket (2001) Blink-182 (2003) Neighborhoods (2011) California (2016) Nine (2019) Awards and nominations References Bibliography External links Alternative rock groups from California American musical trios Articles which contain graphical timelines Kerrang! Awards winners MCA Records artists MTV Europe Music Award winners Musical groups disestablished in 2005 Musical groups established in 1992 Musical groups from San Diego Musical groups reestablished in 2009 People from Poway, California Pop punk groups from California Punk rock groups from California Skate punk groups" ]